diff options
Diffstat (limited to '35191-8.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 35191-8.txt | 1967 |
1 files changed, 1967 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/35191-8.txt b/35191-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aea79a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/35191-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1967 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some notes on the bibliography of the +Philippines, by Thomas Cooke Middleton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Some notes on the bibliography of the Philippines + +Author: Thomas Cooke Middleton + +Release Date: February 7, 2011 [EBook #35191] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team for Project Gutenberg at +https://www.pgdp.net/ + + + + + + + + Bulletin + of + The Free Library + of Philadelphia + + Number 4 + + + SOME NOTES ON THE + BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE + PHILIPPINES + + + By + + Rev. THOMAS COOKE MIDDLETON, D.D., O.S.A. + + + December, 1900 + + + + + + + Copyright, 1900, + by + The Free Library of Philadelphia. + + Press of + Edward Stern & Co., Inc. + Philadelphia + + + + + + +PREFACE. + + +So many inquiries have been made in the Free Library of Philadelphia +for information concerning the history and literature of the +Philippines, that an earnest effort was made some time ago to gather +together books bearing on these subjects. The fact that a short +catalogue of Philippine literature, prepared by the bibliographer, +W. E. Retana, comprises as many as three thousand separate works, +is a matter known to comparatively few persons, and it was therefore +with considerable interest that the Philobiblon Club of Philadelphia +obtained the promise of the Rev. Thomas Cooke Middleton that he would +read a paper upon the bibliography of the Philippines before the +Club. This Bulletin is a copy of that paper, as read in substance, +and it would have been published several months since but for the +unfortunate loss of the manuscript in the office of the newspaper to +which the author had confided it. In answer to the urgent requests +of the members of the Philobiblon Club, Father Middleton very kindly +re-wrote it and consented that it should be printed by the Free +Library of Philadelphia for the use of the students and patrons of +the Library. An evil fate, however, seemed to pursue the manuscript, +and within four days after it had been completed for the second time +it perished in the great fire which destroyed the printing house of +J. B. Lippincott Co. Once more the author took courage, and again +wrote out the paper, and these facts are recorded both as a matter +of interest, and to explain why this Bulletin has been so long delayed. + +A collection of books on the subject of the Philippines is being +gradually accumulated, and it seems desirable both to furnish the +readers in the Library with information upon the subject, and also +to take an opportunity to counteract the popular misapprehension as +to what has been done by the residents of the Philippines in the way +of literature. + +Since the collection of works on this subject was commenced the Free +Library has prepared and mimeographed from time to time for the use +of its readers "Finding Lists" of the books on the shelves relating +to the Philippine Islands. The latest of these lists, prepared May 4, +1900, shows that fifty-four volumes have been collected and also gives +references to nearly six hundred magazine articles in the Library. + +Possibly one of the most interesting books received in the Library +is the Flora de Filipinas, consisting of four folio volumes of text +(printed in Spanish and Latin on the same page) and two of colored +lithographed plates. It was published at Manila 1877-1883 for the +friars of St. Augustine under the direction of H. Ex. the late +Sebastiano Vidal y Soler, assisted scientifically by the able +botanists, the Rev. Fathers Fr. Andres Naves and Fr. Celestino +Fernández Villar, both of the Augustinian order of friars. It was +composed from manuscripts of the late Father Blanco of the same +order. The plates were drawn and colored from nature by native artists, +and sent to Barcelona where they were lithographed, and after six +hundred copies were printed off, the stones were destroyed. As will +be noticed, in many cases the specimens are given both in fruit and +flower, necessitating in most instances a gathering of the specimens +at distinct seasons of the year. + +The book was published as a serial work, two or three parts with four +plates each (with corresponding descriptions) appearing monthly. There +were several stoppages during the printing of the work, caused by +a large fire at one time and an earthquake at another, from both of +which the printing establishment at which the book was being published +suffered. In this manner the time occupied in the publication was +prolonged. + +The original editor was Sr. Domingo Vidal, who unfortunately, after +only two or three parts of the work had been given out, was obliged +to leave the Islands on account of poor health. Several months later +he died and his brother, who had assumed the editorship, upon his +departure from Manila, continued the work until it was finished. + +The Trustees of the Free Library of Philadelphia desire to express +their thanks to the Rev. Dr. Middleton for the contribution to +bibliography which follows. A short index has been added, which +it is believed will fit the paper for general use. Many thanks are +due to Mr. John Ashhurst for his assistance in this tedious part of +the Bulletin. + + + John Thomson. + + + + + + +INTRODUCTORY. + + +The following pages, embodying a survey (on a broad scale) of the chief +characteristics of Philippine intellectual energy, in its various lines +of art, science, letters, seem an objective worthy of the American +scholar, who, to his own large group of aboriginal tongues at home, +has now to add to his field of study a similarly far-reaching family +of the many-toned dialects of Malaysia,--twenty-seven idioms at least +in number,--according to Retana's tabulation, whereof I give a list +drawn from his latest bibliography of the Philippines, [1] where, +enumerating the various works published in the several dialects in +use in that archipelago, he has summarized them in the following table: + + + Bisaya, or Visaya, generic name for Titles. + 1. Cebuano, Isle of Cebú | + 2. Panayano, Hiligayno and Harayo, Isle of Panay | 352 + 3. Leyte, or Leite, and Sámar Isles | + 4. Tagalo, Isle of Luzon 230 + 5. Ilocano, ibid. 143 + 6. Bícol, or Vícol, ibid. 61 + 7. Pangasinán, ibid. 24 + 8. Pampango, ibid. 22 + 9. Ibanag, ibid. 15 + 10. Moro-Maguindánao 8 + 11. Cuyono 7 + 12. Tiruray 6 + 13. Bagobo 3 + 14. Aeta, or Negrito, Isle of Negros 2 + 15. Gaddan, Isle of Luzon 2 + 16. Isinay, ibid. 2 + 17. Joloano 2 + 18. Manobo, Isle of Mindanao 2 + 19. Tagbanúa, Isle of Paragua 2 + 20. Tino, or Zambale, Isle of Luzon 2 + 21. Batanes, or Vatanes, Isle (of same name) 1 + 22. Bilaan 1 + 23. Bisaya-montés, Isle of Mindanao 1 + 24. Calamiano 1 + 25. Egongot, or Ilongote, Isle of Luzon 1 + 26. Samal 1 + 27. Tagacaolo 1 + + +This bibliography, which we rightly may term wealthy in its two +thousand six hundred and ninety-seven titles [2] of numbered pieces +of literature, besides being based largely on the author's own choice +collection of Philippina, cites also fourteen other bibliographies +of that archipelago. [3] + +In his own list of Philippine languages, or branch-tongues, of this +quarter of Malaysia, in all (as he gives them) thirty-seven in number, +some are mentioned, that, except in a broad sense, will not easily +be recognized as members of the distinctively Philippine family; such +as Sanscrit, Chinese, Japanese, Javanese, Nahuatl of Central America, +along with Kanaka or Ponapé, [4] Chamorro and Malgacho, or Malagasy, +as we more familiarly style it, three dialects spoken in lands outside +of the Philippine zone,--of Yap, or Guap, in the eastern Carolines, +the Marianas, or Ladrones, and Madagascar respectively. + +Wherefore, subtracting these nine foreign localized idiom-groups along +with Malay (presumably ancestral tongue of the Philippines, as of +other western Polynesian languages), though herein many scholars hold +that Aeta, or Papuan, is mother, I have reduced the idioms peculiar +(in large measure) to that archipelago itself to the number (given +ahead)--twenty-seven. + +On this question of race and idiom unity Zúñiga, whom I cite +frequently in this sketch, says that the vocabularies of New Zealand, +New Holland, New Guinea, and part of New Hebrides (gathered by Captain +Cook) were all easily understood by him through his familiarity with +Philippine dialects; that, moreover, from his knowledge of the racial +and linguistic characteristics of nearly all South Sea islanders, +especially of the peoples from Madagascar to Easter Island, including +(he distinctly declares) the natives of the Friendly, or Society +Isles, of the Sandwich and Marquesas groups, he was of opinion that +aboriginal stock of all, in tongue and blood, including even the +natives of Central America, was Aeta, or Papuan, otherwise styled +(in the Philippines) Negrito. [5] As far back as the early part of the +seventeenth century this same question of race and language identity +of the Philippine people was treated by the Jesuit Chirino, of whom we +shall say more further on; then later by another Jesuit scholar, at one +time provincial superior of his society in the Philippines, Francisco +Colín, in his Lavor evangelica, (Madrid, 1663); and by Lorenzo Hervás +y Panduro, a linguist of deserved eminence in the world of letters, +formerly Jesuit. See his Catalogo (in six quarto vols., Madrid, +1800-1805), and you will learn very much about many strange things, +among others, that the theory maintained by the English Wallace, +the German Blumentritt, and later ethnologists, as to the identity of +these Polynesians--Papuans and Malays--perhaps the only one now held +by scholars--is venerably old, by two centuries and more. But really, +in view of the apparently irreconcilable opinions of linguists on +this topic, further discussion of it seems unprofitable. + +As concerns the Philippines themselves, neither have their isles +all been numbered, nor their sub-races and branch-idioms classified, +except in what we may style a generic scheme. + +Back now to our bibliographer. No study in mere humanities, it seems, +could be more fascinating to your all-round scholar, and more fruitful +especially to anthropologist, than with the guidance of Retana and +other like gifted students of Philippina, to enlarge somewhat on this +bibliographical theme, since in letters chiefly do men of upright mind +find equipment for meditation of spirit, main source of all healthful, +sober, intellectual recreation and work. + +Our list of Philippina, as you will notice, although given merely in +outline, embraces in its sweep across the literary horizon of that +quarter of Malaysia many works of recognized merit in the several lines +of intellectual energy--of history, archæology, ethnology, philology +and natural philosophy; books, all of them, which, if perchance not +masterpieces according to the higher standard of Caucasian scholarship, +will yet be acknowledged of much interest, nay, of great value in +the inspiration and development of scientific thought. + +In this bibliographical skeleton, then, I shall point out those +sources of information anent the Philippine Islands, wherein the +scholar can best find a general description or history of them, the +most trustworthy works on their very varied and multiform language, +as well as other topics cognate with these. Hence these sub-sections +into which my paper is split: (1) Works of General Information; (2) +Authorities on Philippine Dialects; (3) Some Literary Curios among +Philippina; (4) Philippine Presses; (5) Introduction of Printing into +the Philippines. + +First, I name the chief works of reference, [6] of the highest, most +authoritative character, bearing on the distinctive peculiarities of +the Philippines,--works that will be recognized as serviceable to the +general reader and scholar, to him that seeks to learn of the history +of that archipelago, of its antiquities, and characteristics of the +many tribes that people it,--of their customs, religious beliefs, +superstitions and rites; of the fauna, flora, geology of those +islands; in brief, of whatever refers to this part of Malaysia. For +no matter how much the Malay,--Javan, Bornese, Sumatran, as well +as Philippinian--has been civilized--Christianized, so far (as +must be conceded) he has not become Caucasian in mind, nor will, nor +spirit. He remains as he was, (nor any wonder), wholly Asiatic. Albeit, +for three centuries and upwards, taught, ruled, elevated (at times, +too, disedified) by white men, the Malay, or brown man, is not, +perhaps never will be, employed by Europeans, save in very limited +sphere, in wholly subordinate trusts, whether in commerce, trade, +or whatsoever other field of human activity. + + + + + + +I. + +WORKS OF GENERAL INFORMATION. + + +But let us on to our list of works of general reading. Sifting the +treasure-stores of authorities named in Retana and others, I find +the following books of most value and service, whereof, though some +few among them, and for that matter the highest in their respective +classes, are no longer in print, yet these very masterpieces, if +not obtainable by purchase, like many another priceless blessing, +still are worth knowing by title to book-lover and scholar, who, +if perchance he cannot have these repertories of human lore on his +shelves, will know at least by what title to seek them on others. + +Of the Philippines and their neighboring archipelagos these works +rank of the highest worth: + +The history of Mindanao, Jolo, and their adjacent islands (Madrid, +1667), written by the Jesuit, Francisco Combés--the most ancient +detailed account of that region of Polynesia, known as the Archipelago +del Sur, and invaluable beyond other guides to the ethnologist +especially. + +Then an account of the establishment of Christianity in the Marianas +Islands (Madrid, 1670?) similarly the oldest and at the same time most +reliable history of these Ladrones, or robber, islands, so styled by +early Spanish voyagers because of the thievish proclivities of the +natives, every one of them in theory and practice an annexationist and +protectionist to the back-bone, till the Jesuit missionary and scholar, +Diego Luis de Sanvitores, author of this history, rechristened them +Marianas, in honor (according to some chroniclers) of Doña Mariana +of Austria, Queen of Spain, in loving and tenderest-hearted homage +(according to others) of the Blessed Virgin, whose rosary that savant +was wont to recite every day. [7] + +Then the story of the various religious missions in the Philippines +entrusted to members of his Society by another Jesuit, Pedro +Murillo Velarde (Manila, 1749), a rare and valuable work, whereof +an accompanying chart, drawn in 1734, should, strictly speaking, be +styled the earliest detailed topographical map of the Philippines. From +the pen of the same scholar issued, too, an historical geography +of that archipelago (Madrid, 1752), of much worth, the same as his +chart, for its scientific details--albeit little known, it seems, +to Philippinologists. + +Then we have the rare and deeply interesting history (Madrid, 1756) of +some tribes in Luzon, hardest to convert--the Igorrotes, Tinguianes, +Apayaos and Adanes, four races of Indians in the hill-country of +Ilocos and Pangasinán, in spiritual charge of the Augustinians, +a member of which brotherhood, Manuel Carillo, is the author. + +Another book, that because of its manifold literary merit, of +historical accuracy and statistical detail, is styled by Retana +"an historical work par excellence," is the general history of the +Philippines (Sampaloc, 1788-1792), by the Recoleto missionary, Juan +de la Concepción, copious source of varied and valuable information, +wherein--albeit somewhat prolix in style, at times, too, rather +digressive--the author may fairly be said to be without rival. + +Then comes the descriptive and historical account of the Marianas +Islands (Madrid, 1875), by Felipe La Corte y Ruano Calderón, the best +work on that little-known archipelago, and a rich source of general +information anent these Malaysian islands. + +On the botany of the Philippines, a monumental work of the highest +character is the Philippine Flora (classified according to the sexual +system of Linnæus), by the Augustinian, Manuel Blanco, printed at +Manila, first in 1837, again in 1845, and finally republished a +third time in 1877-1883, in superb style, in four folio volumes of +text in Spanish and Latin, embellished with two volumes of colored +lithographed plates descriptive of the plants, flowers and fruits +of those islands. One of the co-laborers on the third edition of +this Flora was Ignacio Mercado, a Philippine botanist himself, and +professed member of the Augustinian brotherhood. + +The same Father Blanco also translated into Tagal the French physician +Tissot's work on medicine, enriched with his own life-long observations +on Philippine plant-lore. + +Along with Blanco's Flora should be named the catalogue of fauna +of the Philippines (Manila, 1895-1896), by the Dominican zoologist, +Casto de Elera, an expert in that line of biological science,--a work +in folio (in three volumes) of two thousand three hundred pages and +upwards, termed by Retana not only a monumental work--easily to be +believed--but one unique of its character. + +The geology of the islands (Madrid, 1840?), treated by Isidro +Sainz de Baranda, government inspector of mines, besides being well +worth reading, is the earliest study on this topic made on strictly +scientific lines. + +Two works, sole representatives of their kind, are named by Retana +as of singular value to the physician not only, but to ethnologist +and scholar especially,--one the Embriologia Sagrada (Manila, 1856), +by the Recoleto missionary Gregorio Sanz, written in aid of his fellow +caretakers of souls, whose services in behalf of suffering humanity in +out-of-the-way districts were often called upon by the natives, whose +practice of the curing art, based on their own traditional formulas, +especially in cases of child-bearing, was, despite the efforts of the +missionary to uproot their unnatural and utterly heathen disregard for +human life, attended too often with destruction of progeny and mother. + +The other repository of singular and very curious information is a +treatise in Visaya-Cebuano and Spanish by another Recoleto evangelist, +Manuel Vilches (Manila, 1877), written similarly in benefit of +Indian sick, the Manual, that is, of the Visaya Physician, or native +doctor--mediquillo, as in the Philippines these votaries of Hippocrates +are styled, a work praised by Retana as replete with Indian plant-lore. + +The richest and most valuable collection of statistics relating to +the Philippines, so at least acknowledged by experts, more reliable +too than the Spanish government's own work, is the Estado general +of all the pueblos--Christianized settlements--in the islands, drawn +up by the Dominican archbishop of Manila, Pedro Payo (Manila, 1886), +whereof the data were gathered by his vicars-forane and parochial-cures +throughout the archipelago. While the most artistic map of Luzon, +so styled by Retana, is the chart of that island (Madrid, 1883), +published in four sheets by Enrique D'Almonte y Muriel. + +With mention of two other authors I close this section of +Philippina,--one the history of the islands, or rather a detailed +account of his travels therein, by the Augustinian scholar and +voyager Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Sampaloc, 1803), a work known by +its Spanish title as Estadismo de las Filipinas o mis viajes, which, +translated into English by John Maver, was published in London in 1814; +and lately edited by Retana himself at Madrid in 1893. + +As will be easily apparent to even the most cursory reader, Zúñiga's +travels, critical throughout in spirit, display on well nigh every +page the results of keen observation of affairs during his wanderings, +combined moreover with sober reflections on the character and condition +of the various races of people of the chief Philippine islands. + +In acknowledgment of its scientific worth, Retana has enriched Zúñiga's +history (in the edition just noted) with twelve scholarly appendices +replete with copious erudition, among other topics on the ethnography +and geography of the islands; on animals, plants, and minerals. In +these appendices, too, will be found copious bibliographies on special +topics, as trade, commerce, the não de Acapulco, taxation, finance, +and the like. + +And,--I feel that attention shall be called thereto, first because +the subject itself is deeply interesting to lovers especially of +folk-lore, then again, because commonly much misunderstood,--in one +of his appendices to Zúñiga (ii *66-*83), Retana has reproduced some +twenty-five pages of a Pangasinán Charm Book, covered with strange +words--jumbles, most of them, of mutilated Church Latin, with crosses +and queer-looking symbols. This charm-book in MS. (as are all its +fellows), whereof copies without count are circulated among the lowest, +most superstitious classes of islanders--Indians and meztizos, that is, +Spaniard, or Chinese, mixed with native,--is wont to be worn around +the neck, in the disguise of a Catholic scapular, as safeguard to +the wearer against perils of any kind, chiefly the knife, or bullet, +of his enemy. Again,--I am quoting Retana, who gives his own personal +experiences in Luzon,--so jealously and closely (he says) do these +Indian charm-bearers guard their secret heathenish practice from their +missionaries, who, for ages, albeit not always with good result, have +been striving to detach their wards from such superstitious usages, +that the same scholar and curio-hunter, despite his keenest research +in Luzon, has never been able to catch even a glimpse but of three +of these pagan scapularies, the ones shown to him by a Dominican +missionary, Father Casimiro Lafuente, for many years cure at the +pueblo of Santa Barbara, in Pangasinán, now (1893) a member of the +house of his brotherhood at Avila, in Spain. Moreover, it appears, +from the same Retana, that Father Lafuente, so many years resident +in the islands, had never succeeded in unearthing other scapularies +than these self-same three. + +Many other forms of heathenism, some of them not even yet wholly banned +from the Philippines, the reader will find described in another of +Retana's works--de Aniterías (Madrid, 1894). + +Zúñiga also tells all worth knowing of the abominable rites practised +among Luzonians,--of their Nonos, Duendes, the Pag-Papasipin, Tigbalag, +Patianac, Bongsol, and Bilao. Much of what he says regarding the +attachment of these peoples to unclean and impious ceremonies he +has gathered from that rarest of books--one copy only believed to +be extant, at the colonial museum of the Augustinians at Valladolid +(in Spain), the Práctica (Manila, 1731), of Father Tomás Ortiz, +one-time missionary of that brotherhood in China, then for thirty +years resident in Luzon, where he died in 1742. + +Better, however, consult Zúñiga himself, [8] and the notes thereon by +Retana, who singularly has failed to insert Ortiz' Práctica in his +Biblioteca, and you will find much of interest;--among other things +about tattooing, common practice at one time among all Polynesians, +the same as among our own aborigines, until taught more refined ways +by Christian missionaries; and about wakes too,--solemn ceremonials +of grief, with banquetting and chants--on the occasion of the death +of kindred. [9] + +Anent these and similar breaches of the Divine commands against +Satanism, it is surprising (I would observe) to reflect how many +forms of spirit and idol-worship [10] are (to their degradation +be it said) common with Malaysian and Caucasian. (See in our own +periodicals, published presumably by bright-minded, clean-souled +Christian philosophers, yes, see in these oracles of our fireside, +advertisements of magicians, diviners, fortune-tellers, charm-workers, +not to speak of other law breakers, whose mere self-interest seems +to have dulled all true intellective sense.) + +The last authority on general topics I name here as invaluable as +well as deeply interesting to the scholar is the Encyclopedia (in +two volumes) of the Augustinian travelers, Manuel Buzeta and Felipe +Bravo (Madrid, 1851)--a work replete with most varied information +along with statistics, now, of course, out of date, on the ethnology, +geography, topography, dialects, customs and rites of the aborigines +in the Philippine archipelago. + +Barring, as is only fair, any eulogy on the antiquated features of +this Encyclopedia, which yet will be recognized of much service to +the historian, the writer himself, who herein is supported among +others by Retana, would style this monument of varied scholarship +and research a masterpiece of all-round learning; within its lines +an indispensable guide to every Philippinologist. + +Such, then, are the books most trustworthy and serviceable in their +respective fields of history, antiquities, ethnology, and other +sciences relating to Philippina. + +Before leaving this subject to dwell on Philippinian linguistics, +I venture a brief digression on a class of works of general historic +character--repertories of all ethnic science, little known, however, +albeit to their serious disadvantage, to most students, and prized only +by your true-hearted book-lover, who has sense to value what he reads +for its own worth mainly, not because stamped with popular approval. + +These are annals of the religious brotherhoods in the East, to +be recognized in Retana and other catalogues under the various +titles of chronicles--sometimes as Conquistas, a by no means +unfamiliar term--stories, that is, of the conquest of heathendom, +woven oftentimes, no doubt, as recreation by the missionary amid +his cares; sometimes as relief from thoughts of his far-away native +land--journals, as it were, drawn up by the wanderer, who, besides +being traveler, usually was a more or less keen-eyed observer, at home +wherever Providence sent him; where, too, he studied (for self-interest +was also at stake) whatever regarded the natives in his care--the +lands they dwelt in, the skies above them, the waters around them. + +Scholars such as these on life-long service in their foreign homes +were wont to make themselves conversant with every characteristic +of the natives--with the language first of all, then the legends, +poetry, chants; with the traditions and customs of the people, the +industries and sports of their dusky-hued friends and brothers. + +As a rule, these plain, simply-told recitals of matters of fact, +chronicle among other curios of literature, all kinds of even the +most out-of-the-way learning anent the races of men; of plants and +animals, of the various oftentimes most singular phenomena of air, +earth, and water--subjects, all of them, of eagerest quest on the +part of scientist, ethnologist, linguist, philosopher, naturalist. + +These stories, albeit at times verbose, at others digressive, +will be acknowledged by the honest-minded critic as rich, indeed, +in many-sided lore, enough to repay amply whatever time or trouble +you have spent in their reading. + +With the exception of one collection of missionary annals--the +Relations of the Jesuits in North America; now being edited by +Reuben Gold Thwaites, Secretary of the State Historical Society of +Wisconsin--I know of no exact counterpart in the field of English +literature to these delightful narratives of old-time missionary +travelers, Maver's translation of Zúñiga's Estadismo, in 1814, being +not only out of print, but I suppose unpurchasable. + +With the aid of such monuments as these--all original records of +old-time conquistadores and their fellow-missionaries in the Americas, +it has resulted (to the delight and blessing of students) that the +cyclopedias of Americana (thirty nine volumes of them), wherein you +will find enshrined whatever is worthy of preservation in the various +chequered cycles of aboriginal and Spanish polity and art, massed +together by the Western historian Bancroft, are veritably invaluable to +the antiquarian, besides being wholesome and refreshing food for men of +intellective genius, as therein, along with abundant matter for romance +and epic, you will see unraveled and laid bare many a drama of life. + + + + + + +II. + +AUTHORITIES ON PHILIPPINE DIALECTS. + + +Now a few words anent the chief authorities on Philippine +linguistics--treatises, namely, bearing on the various dialects +employed in that archipelago, twenty-seven in number, as observed +ahead, all, however, akin in their common stock--Malay, of which these +idioms, or patois, are daughters, yet with countless, sharply-marked +differences between one another. + +A working knowledge of the many fashions of speech so much needed +as obvious, nay, indispensable to traveler or missionary, will be +gained most quickly and thoroughly, it should be premised, from books +of two-fold character,--(1) namely, from grammars and dictionaries +of the several idioms, based on scientific rules of philology; then +(2) from devotional works--books of Christian piety, very numerous +in the Philippines, as are religious manuals, prayer-, sermon-, +and confession-books, whereof titles abound in Retana, all pretty +much from the busy pen of missionaries themselves, to whose zeal +and ability in the instruction of their brown and black many-tongued +wards is due largely, nay, wholly, whatever of humanizing, Christian +character is found in Malaysia, as in fact is true also in other +countries now civilized and enlightened, albeit once barbarian. + +In his latest bibliography, [11] where the number of published +works in each of the twenty-seven dialects of the Philippines is +set down by Retana, you will observe from a study of his lists, that +though in many dialects there are no grammars so entitled, or other +scientific aids to learning a given idiom, yet there are many works +of religious cast printed therein,--hand-books of practical religion, +which you will find useful beyond measure to linguists. Since from +these prayer-books, wherein are set down plainly the simplest and +commonest rules of Christian ethical conduct, you can easily gather +a working knowledge of the language itself, as the missionary who +composed them was careful to put matters of every-day interest in the +plain, every-day speech of the islanders. Before closing this brief +digression on manuals of piety, I must observe what will prove very +useful, I judge, to the scholar, that with works of the first class, +as grammars and dictionaries, is to be associated on shelf and desk +a goodly number of works of another class--books and treatises that +bear the name Arte = Aids to Learning, whereof you will encounter +very many in Retana. + +The Arte of a given dialect, as will be found true also in a measure +for grammars and other school-manuals, will be recognized as a +compendium of not only literary rules, but of many practical maxims of +daily life, whereby the pupils are urged not only to correct speech, +but to upright conduct as well through sobriety, piety to the Supreme +Being, obedience to rulers, respect for parents and fellows, according +to the noblest ideals of refined Christian manhood and womanhood. Thus, +with grammar were taught ethics; with politics, religion. + +Referring here to class-books in the Philippines, where from +the earliest years of the conquest every pueblo had its school of +primary instruction, it will not be irrelevant to point out the fact +very stoutly that though education (as admitted by well-nigh every +chronicler) was primitive in character,--and in the sixteenth and +seventeenth centuries where was it not? yet the course of instruction +given in the common schools of bamboo-thatch was (as results amply +testify) deep and solid enough for the intellectual calibre of the +people. Since, so far as known, Malaysia, however saintly, heroic, +innocent, the same as our own aborigines, albeit now civilized +for three centuries and upwards, has, despite the heartiest aid +in teachers and funds, fairly lavished on them by Church and state, +turned out no man of shining mark, no scholar, no artist, no genius in +statecraft or commerce. The first college-institution with pretensions +to higher courses of intellectual training was opened (formally at +least) by the Jesuits in 1601, less than half a century, that is, +after the arrival of Europeans in Luzon. + +In regard to common Indian schools, so zealously guarded by the +Leyes de las Indias, I have picked up here and there from old-time +chroniclers scraps of many ordinances passed by the crown relative to +their foundation and conduct. Among them the following bits of quaint +old-fashioned oversight of the dominies in charge. Thus, in 1754, I +have read that each maestro of a mission-school was to get, in lieu +of support, "a peso and one caban--a measure--of rice a month." (A +caban was equal to 75 litres, about the same number of quarts, +English.) Again, every mission-priest was called upon to supply (free +to his pupils) "paper and ink." Moreover, as early as the beginning of +the century just closing, in 1817, it was ordained that boys' schools +were to be kept on the ground-floor of the mission-house; while the +girls were to be taught at their mistress' home. (Malaysia--thus it +was ordained--was not to experiment with the "co-educational theory.") + +Now for the promised works of chief authority on Philippine +linguistics,--monuments of the various dialects of that archipelago, +that, along with their purely technical value to the student of idioms, +will be acknowledged as useful to scholars in even far different +lines of intellectual play. + +Of the best works for the study of Visaya, or Bisaya, first dialect +in the islands acquired by missionary and conquistador, wherein he +gives 352 titles (p. xxix), Retana has the following: "Up to a few +years ago the dictionary held in highest repute by linguists was the +work of the Augustinian scholar Alonso de Méntrida," a vocabulary of +the Hiligueina, or Hiligayno, and Haraya tongues--two of the three +chief dialects spoken in Panay, not very different from the Visaya +of Cebú, used, however, by the less cultured tribes of hillsmen in +that island. This vocabulary, first printed in 1637, and in 1841 +republished at Manila, with diagrams of Indian alphabets, enlarged in +another edition in 1842, by a brother missionary, Julián Martín, has +now been supplanted by the Visaya-Spanish dictionary (in two volumes), +of another Augustinian scholar, Juan Félix de la Encarnación, printed +at Manila, first, in 1851-1852, then in 1866 and again in 1885. + +Another work deserving of praise is the Arte of the Visaya idiom +in use in the islands of Sámar and Leite (Binondo, 1872), composed +by the Franciscan traveler, Antonio Figuerroa, in which latter +language--Leite, that with slight changes is similar to Cebuano, +the first grammar was published by the Jesuit missionary, Domingo +Ezquerra, in 1662. + +Helpful, too, as much as the former Arte in philology is the Christian +Doctrine translated into Visaya-Cebuano by the Recoleto scholar and +orator, Tomás de San Jerónimo, known to his contemporaries as "the +Cicero of Cebú." His school-book re-issued at Binondo in 1876 is a +reprint of his edition of 1731. + +Of the Tagal dialect,--a form of speech so hard to acquire with nicety +that, according to a Spanish saying, one needs therefor "un año de +arte y dos de bahaque," [12] that is to say, unless I am wrong in +my interpretation of the last word--"bahaque" which likely is Aeta, +the scholar needs "a year of study and two of practice." + +The earliest Tagal Arte, so styled in chronicles, for what with the +universal destructive touch of time, and in Luzon especially, the +voracity of that pest of librarians, the anay,--an ant that in a few +hours, it is said, will devour a library,--cases as well as books, +not a sole copy, apparently, has survived, was composed in 1580 +by the Augustinian voyager and missionary, Agustín de Albuquerque, +fourth superior of his brotherhood in the Philippines, and printed +at Manila in 1637. + +In Tagal the works most highly praised are the following: The Critical +Treatise on Tagalisms (Mexico, 1742), by the Franciscan linguist, +Melchior Oyanguren, the only work known wherein that tongue is +contrasted on scientific lines with the classic Latin, Greek, and +Hebrew, and Mandarin Chinese. The author was moved to prepare his +manual for the instruction of his brother missionaries prior to their +entrance into their field of work in Luzon. + +The Tagal dictionary, by the Jesuit missionary, Juan de Noceda, and +others of his society (Manila, 1754), a lexicographical treasure, +was reprinted at Valladolid in 1836, and (in its most highly-prized +form) again, in 1860, at Manila, with valuable additions by some +Augustinian experts. + +For the scholar unacquainted with Latin, the most serviceable work +for learning Tagal is the Essay on Tagal Grammar (Manila, 1878), +composed by the Recoleto missionary and linguist, Toribio Minguella de +la Merced, whose Grammar (in the same language) for the use of children +(Manila, 1886) was adopted for schools by the Spanish government. + +While another helpful work for the study of that same dialect is the +Tagal catechism, by the Augustinian, Luis de Amezquita, a popular +booklet, first printed in 1666, and (in its thirteenth edition) +in 1880, at Manila. + +A rare and precious treatise, praised for its critical spirit, is +the study on Tagal poetry--a compendium of that dialect reprinted +at Sampaloc in 1787, from the first edition of 1703; and again at +Manila, in 1879, by another member of the same brotherhood, Gaspar de +San Agustín, author, besides, of one of the most valued Conquistas, +or histories of the islands. + +For the study of Tagal refrains--for this people is ballad-lover to +the core--and similar turns of speech, an excellent work, one unique +of its kind, is the Colección (Guadalupe, 1890), by two well-known +Franciscan linguists, Gregorio Martín and Mariano Martínez Cuadrado. + +The Tagal Arte (Sampaloc, 1745), along with a manual (also in Tagal) +for the administration of the Sacraments, composed by the Franciscan +missionary, Sebastián de Totanes, "is" (according to our bibliographer) +"the best edition of the best grammar" written by missionaries of +that order. + +In Ilocano, another of the unnumbered dialects of Luzon, there is a +good dictionary (Manila, 1849), by the Augustinian scholar, Andrés +Carro (aided by others of his brotherhood)--the first work of its +kind, reprinted only a few years ago, in 1888. Serviceable, too, for +the study of the same dialect--Ilocano--as doubtless easy to obtain, +is the Catecismo, by another member of that same order, Francisco López +(Manila, 1877), whereof editions fairly without number have issued. + +In Batanes, or Vatanes, a dialect used in the islets north of Luzon, +mission-field of the Dominicans, hard to reach, nor easy at best to +live in, is composed the Catechism of the Christian Doctrine (Manila, +1834), by a missionary of that order--the only work, perhaps, printed +in that language, wherein Retana states he is about to edit a grammar +and dictionary. In his Biblioteca (p. 51) he gives the Ave Maria in +Batanes, Ibanag and Ilocano, in order to show (he says) the diversities +between these idioms. + +The Pampanga Arte (Manila, 1729), by the Augustinian, Diego Bergaño, an +estimable aid to the would-be learner of that language, was reissued at +Sampaloc in 1736. By the same author is a dictionary of Pampanga--the +only work of its class, printed at Manila, first in 1732, and again +in 1860. + +In the Ibanag tongue, otherwise Ibanay or Cagayan, the dictionary by +the Dominican linguist, José Bugarín, and companions (Manila, 1854), +we have what Retana styles a masterpiece of philological craft, +"the first and (in fact) only vocabulary of that dialect" whereof +of all Philippine tongues "the orthography is the most difficult to +manage." In another place, however (p. 102), he has named another +Ibanag dictionary (Manila, 1867), constructed from Dominican MSS., +to which similarly (by error I suppose) he has awarded seniority of +press. Prior to the above date--1854--in that vast region of Cagayan, +where, by the way, is grown the choicest tobacco in the Philippines, +the missionaries, for generation and generation of island-pupils had +relied wholly on MS. copies of Padre Bugarín's dictionary. + +In Pangasinán, or Caboalan, dialect used in the province of the +same name in Luzon, we have another linguistic treasure--the Arte +of Mariano Pellicer, of the same brotherhood, reprinted at Manila, +in 1862, from the edition of 1690, whereof in the course of time, +as writers tell us, it came to pass that up to about the middle of +the present century only one copy survived. Then re-cast by Pellicer, +in 1840, it was re-published by him some twenty years later. + +Of the Cuyona dialect I note two works of merit,--one (p. 113) an +explanation of the Christian Doctrine (Manila, 1871), by the Recoleto +missionary, Pedro Gibert de Santa Eulalia, edited by the Dominican +Mariano Cuartero, first bishop of St. Isabel, or Elizabeth, of Jaro, +in the island of Panay, one of the four suffragans of Manila, an +industrious scholar, editor of many works in Indian dialects, whom the +reader, however, is not to confound with another prelate of the same +name, Recoleto bishop of Nueva Segovia, in Luzon, nephew of the former, +who, in this one respect, was like his uncle--author of no book: +while the other Cuyona treasure, whereof there are very few in that +language, ("poquisimos libros," says Retana, p. 230), seven titles +in all comprising the bibliography of that tongue, is the Plan of +Religion (Manila, 1886), by the same industrious and scholarly Gibert. + +In the Gaddan idiom, wherein only two books have been printed, +both very devotional in character, is a Catechism (Manila, 1833), +and the Pathway to Heaven (ib., 1873), by Dominican missionaries in +the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela, in Luzon. + +In the Aeta language of the Negritos, or little black men, perhaps the +primitive race of the Philippines--whose name I have encountered in +many forms of spelling, as Ata, Ataa, Aeta, Agta, Aita, Ita, Itaa, +[13] there are similarly, only two works known to Retana, whose +bibliographical notices have been of so much value,--one a Report +on the Philippine Islands (Paris, 1885), addressed to the French +Minister of Public Instruction by J. Montano, a book of over two +hundred and nine pages, illumined with numerous phototypes, and, +what renders it of exceptional value, enriched with vocabularies, +"the first," Retana declares, in Aeta, Bilaan, Manobo (of the natives +of Mindanao), Sámal and Tagacaolo dialects. + +As companion volume to the above, though far smaller in bulk, is a +little treatise (Dresden, 1893), of double authorship, the German +A. B. Meyer giving therein a very interesting Aeta vocabulary, and +his Dutch co-laborer, H. Kern, a comparative study of the same tongue, +which he traces to Malay ancestry. + +For the study of Chamorro, idiom of the Marianas Islands, one +will find serviceable the little book of devotions (Manila, 1887), +with counsels for the worthy reception of the Sacraments of God, +(p. 248)--the only work, in fact, we have in this dialect, by the +Recoleto linguist and traveler, Aniceto Ibáñez del Carmen. + +Finally, with three other samples of the Philippine press as proofs +of the variety of its polyglot fonts, and I shall have done with this +digression on the many languages used in this part of Polynesia,--one +a grammar in the dialect of Yap or Guap (p. 248), in the western +Caroline archipelago (Manila, 1888), composed apparently by the +Capuchin missionary, Ambrosio de Valencia; the second (p. 332) +a Hispano-Kanaka dictionary (Tambóbong, 1892), by another Capuchin +wanderer, according to Retana, Agustín María de Ariñez. While the +last, a work, as will readily be acknowledged, of interest as well +as importance to ethnologists, linguists, Americanists especially, +is the list of Nahuatlisms of Costa Rica (San José de Costa Rica, +1892), by Juan Fernández Ferraz, a goodly-sized volume of over two +hundred pages, wherein, on purely linguistic grounds, the author +has maintained the kinship of our own Central Americans and the +Philippinians, from the fact especially that in the respective +countries of these two antipodal peoples, abound very many terms of +every-day use, with identical spelling and meaning. In his Biblioteca +(p. 340), Retana has gathered a few of these homonyms and synonyms. + +Such, then, are the chief authorities on language among our Philippina +that, while entertaining, nay instructing the philologist, will +delight also the general student, the writers whereof, as the reader +will not be slow to observe, were in far larger number all churchmen +and missionaries. + +In fact, of the 1142 authors, whose works he has enumerated +(Biblioteca, xxxv-xxxvi), Retana states that four hundred and sixty-six +are ecclesiastics, that is, ninety-eight secular clergymen and three +hundred and sixty-eight members of religious brotherhoods, whereof +the Augustinians--the writer's own order--numbering one hundred and +forty-one authors, inclusive of thirty-seven Recoletos--the bare-footed +branch of that fraternity--figure highest. Next in rank, we have one +hundred Dominicans, then fifty-seven Jesuits, fifty-six Franciscans, +and fourteen authors of orders not specified. + +Of these brotherhoods, who thus in Malaysia, as in other quarters +of the globe, brought forth so brilliant an array of scholars and +philanthropists, the first-named, the Augustinians, with Legazpi, +crossing two oceans and one continent therefore, found a home in the +Philippines at the conquest of that archipelago in 1565; in 1577 the +first Franciscans reached the isles; in 1581, the Dominicans, with +the first bishop of Manila (by actual possession), Domingo Salazar, +member of the same brotherhood, accompanied too by some Jesuits, +while the Recoletos first crossed the Pacific in 1611. + +These churchmen, with very few exceptions Spanish, with later on a +sprinkling of Portuguese, Dutchmen, Germans, Italians and Irishmen, +scholars, as a rule, of fair repute, some even of European eminence, +from their advent into Polynesia, besides their care in implanting +Christian altruism, wherewith only (as history attests) thrive +science and art, have toiled ever since to imbue these islanders, +whom they found heathen--without letters, laws, or settled abode--with +learning, the arts of husbandry, building, carving, painting, weaving, +and the like graces of intellectual grandeur--in brief, with whatever +of civilization now marks Malaysian genius. + +From Manila, as centre of intellectual enlightenment for all +eastern Asiatic and Polynesian lands in the sixteenth century, were +transplanted the germs of philanthropy--of wisdom and charity--to +Borneo, the Carolines, Moluccas, as well as the mainland of Asia, +to China and Japan, while in India the Portuguese, with headquarters +at Goa, fulfilled the same destiny as their Iberian brothers. + +Speaking of the heroism of these self-exiled churchmen and worshipers +of the Christian Minerva in Asiatic tropics, I quote the words of +the famed French savant, Elisée Reclus, a witness, by the way, in no +measure partial to cloister life. In his Universal Geography [14] +he declares that "Los Filipinos son de los pueblos mas civilizados +del Extremo Oriente. Los han civilizado los frailes"--that is, +"The Philippines are one of the most civilized people of the Far +East. The friars have civilized them." + + + + + + +III. + +SOME LITERARY CURIOS AMONG PHILIPPINA. + + +Among the curios of artistic and literary cast, your bright-minded +reader, if on the alert to spy anything deserving of notice, will find +here and there in Retana's pages enshrined many a bit of out-of-the-way +information. The following half dozen or so of oddities will probably +be acknowledged, not unworthy of mention among these Philippina: + +They are La Razon: A Plea Against Certain Vexatious Encroachments of +the Crown on Mexican and Manila Trade, by José Nuño de Villavicencio +(Sampaloc, 1737), which bears on its cover the most tasty design by +Philippine burin--a plate illustrative of the contents of the Plea, +engraved by Francisco Suárez, a Tagal artist. + +El Cosmopolita--The Cosmopolitan--(Manila, 1895-1896), the first +periodical (p. 458), with phototypes, published in the islands. + +The first Almanac and Guide-Book for strangers and travelers, with +a Map of the Archipelago, was issued at Manila for the year 1834. + +The newspaper--El Ilocano--a bi-weekly, published in Spanish and +Ilocano at Manila (p. 464), from 1889 to 1896 (?) was the first +periodical written in Indian dialect. + +Again, another periodical--El Hogar (p. 464), The Fireside--a +weekly, of 16 pages, started at Manila in 1892, under the direction +of Madam Amparo Gómez de la Serna, was the first paper devoted +to science, letters, beaux-arts, and useful information published +almost exclusively in the interests of women, while the Revista de +Filipinas (p. 132), a bi-weekly, that, starting at Manila in 1875, +lived only two years, is the worthiest of Philippine periodicals, +noticeable chiefly for the deeply scientific cast of its papers. + +The Romancero Filipino, a work of fancy (Manila, 1892), by Manuel +Romero Aquino, is styled (p. 554) by Retana the neatest and best +piece of work by Philippine pen. + +While The American Soldier, a four-page daily newspaper, whereof +the opening number is dated Manila, September 10, 1898, is the +first periodical, maybe print of any sort, in the English language, +published in the islands. + +With the foregoing extravaganzas of literature we note that the series +of Philippine periodicals, which in Retana's own collection number +(he says) one hundred and twelve, in their entirety do not surpass +one hundred and sixty. Of his own he gives the titles (Biblioteca, +xxiii-xxviii) from Del Superior Gobierno, the first newspaper issued +in the islands, with the imprint of Manila, August 8, 1811, down to +the latest--Thé Kon Leche (Tea and Milk)--a four-page weekly satirical +periodical, with illustrations (in two colors), published at Manila +in 1898. + +The oldest piece of what we may style distinctively Philippine +literature, whereof, moreover, only one copy is believed to be extant, +albeit printed abroad in Europe, is an Account of Legazpi's Expedition +from Mexico to Cebú in 1565, sent from Seville to one Miguel Salvador, +of Valencia, and printed one year later at Barcelona. This Copia--thus +entitled in Retana--heads his list of Philippina, a study of which, +with the supplement (p. 505 et seq.), discloses the fact that of +the books that head his Biblioteca, the first nineteen were printed +abroad--eighteen in Europe; that is, nine in Spain, at Barcelona, +Madrid, Burgos, Valencia and Seville; seven in Italy, at Rome, Genoa +and Venice; one each in France, at Paris, and in Flanders, at Antwerp +("Amberes" in the Spanish), where a Mendoza's History of China was +printed in 1596, by Bellero; and the nineteenth in Mexico. + +The first fruit itself of the Philippine press--thus styled by Retana, +though mistakenly, we judge--was the Spanish-Japanese Dictionary of +1630, on which I will make some remarks when treating of the early +Philippine press. + +Moreover, it is noticeable that of these earliest Philippina not one of +them treats distinctively of religious matters, but--with the exception +of two, Fragoso's and Acosta's Botanies, or works on Eastern flora--are +wholly historical in character, embracing, as they do, along with the +Copia of 1566, eleven editions of the still estimable history of China +and other Asiatic lands, by the Augustinian traveler, Juan González +de Mendoza, whereof the Roman edition (by Vincenzo Acolti in 1585) +gives plates illustrative of Chinese typographical symbols--the first +shown to Europeans. Of this history, it may be observed, thirty-eight +editions have appeared in all--in Latin, Spanish, Italian, French, +German, Dutch, and English. Among these early Philippina--to continue +our analysis--is a history of that archipelago, by the Franciscan +chronicler, Marcelo de Ribadeneyra; a report on the same islands, by +the Jesuit scholar, Pedro Chirino--the first work of its kind published +in Europe (Rome, 1604), with diagrams of Philippine characters--signs, +namely, employed by the natives in writing, whereof, says Retana, +"a miserable edition" was printed at Manila in 1890. Then follow +other works, among them a story of the conquest of the Moluccas, one +of the sixteenth century names of the Philippines, a work of utmost +value to the historical writer, composed by the presbyter, Bartolomé +Leonardo de Argensola (Madrid, 1609); then a trustworthy account of +the triumph of Spanish arms in the Philippines, by Antonio de Morga, +auditor-general of the crown in those colonies, printed in Mexico in +1609; and lastly the report of Governor Francisco Guzman de Tello, +eleventh captain-general of those islands (Seville, 1598?). + +The two merely scientific works, alluded to ahead, are "Discourses on +Aromatic Things--Plants, Fruit, and the like simple Medicines employed +in the East Indies," composed by Juan Fragoso, a rare and curious work +(Madrid, 1572); and a Treatise on the Drugs and Medicines used in the +East Indies, with plates representing various plants, by Cristóbal +Acosta, published first in Spanish at Burgos in 1578; in Latin (in +two editions) in 1582 and 1593; in French (also in two editions) +in 1602 and 1619; lastly in English in 1604. + + + + + + +IV. + +PHILIPPINE PRESSES. + + +Now for a description of the different printing-presses--or, rather, +places--in the Philippines, from the earliest named by Retana in his +Biblioteca, in all fourteen distinct localities, where printing was +carried on in the three islands of Luzon, Panay and Cebú. + +1.--From an analysis of the titles I find that Manila ranks earliest, +where (with limitations to be set later) a printing-press was +established in 1630, in which year, at the Dominican College of +St. Thomas, a Spanish-Japanese dictionary, the work of Portuguese +Jesuit missionaries and scholars, now translated into Spanish, was +printed by Tomás Pinpin, a native Tagal, and Jacinto Magaurlua. This +dictionary (now extremely rare), even though not the first book +printed in the islands, as stated by Retana, must yet be ranked among +the earliest specimens of Philippine literature. + +In his Bibliography three different titles (we may observe) bear +the imprint of Manila, with the name of this city spelled according +to the ancient aboriginal form, albeit but slightly varied from +the present--"Maynila"--otherwise, as I have read it, "Mainilla," +a variant in orthography one encounters in old chronicles--a Tagal +word (it seems) signifying a species of shrub or bush, in the Spanish +rendered arbusto, that in 1571 was found to cover the site of the new +city projected by the conquistadores, under the leadership of Miguel +López de Legazpi. + +In this same year, it may be added, the site of the future metropolis +of Malaysia was taken possession of by Spanish arms, with due +observance of ceremonial, sealed with the three local chieftains, +[15] Lacandola, Matandá and Soliman, by blood-bargain--pacto de +sangre. [16] Here, too, at Manila, the second church in Malaysia +devoted to the Supreme Being, the first having been founded at Cebú, +was dedicated the same year (1571) to God, under the most fitting title +of the Conversion of St. Paul the Apostle, first great missionary to +heathendom. At Cebú, by agreement with Chief Tupas, the standard of +Christian comity--the Cross--had been reared in 1565, and its church +dedicated in honor of St. Michael Archangel, name-saint of Legazpi, +though shortly after rechristened El Santo Niño--the Holy Child--its +title to-day. + +The three works then printed at "Maynila," or Bush Town, in Luzon, +are a Manual of Devotions to St. Roch, translated into Tagal by the +Augustinian missionary, Esteban Diez, a skilled Tagalist, in 1820; +a periodical--the Revista Católica--whereof the first and only number +(p. 309) was issued in 1890; and lastly, a weekly paper (the same as +the former) in Tagal, published in 1896. + +2.--The second place to witness the establishment of a press +was Sampaloc, in Zambales province, in Luzon, where, in 1736, +at the Franciscan convent of Our Lady of Loreto, was printed the +Augustinian Diego Bergaño's Arte, in Pampanga--first fruit, it seems, +of typographical genius in that pueblo. While the last imprint with the +name of Sampaloc is an almanac, or church calendar, for the year 1838 +(more probably, however, printed the year ahead), when the old press, +founded by Franciscan friars a hundred years before, disappears. + +3.--At Tayabas, in the province of the same name, in Luzon (p. 31), +was printed a Tagal dictionary, by the Franciscan, Totanes, now +supplanted, however, by Noceda's far superior work on philological +score, especially with the additions made thereto by the Augustinians +in the Manila edition of 1860. This Tayabas imprint is the only work +I have encountered with the name of that pueblo. + +4.--The first Cavite imprint (p. 38) dates (it seems) from 1815--a +church calendar for the following year; while the last, with the +name of this Manila suburb written, however, with a K--"Kavite"--is +an appeal of the revolutionary party in 1898 (p. 451), under the +official seal of the Gobierno Dictatorial de Filipinas. + +5.--Binondo is the fifth place, whereof the first work--statistical +reports of Franciscan missionaries--was printed in 1865; the last, +José Patricio Clemente's Moral Lectures for Youth (p. 540), in +1872. In regard, however, to this town, it should be observed that +in his earlier bibliography (ed. 1893) Retana names a work printed +by Pinpin in the Hospital of St. Gabriel, at Binondo, in 1623. + +6.--At Vigan, the old Villa Fernandina of the Ilocos, known also to +Spaniards as Nueva Segovia, a city founded in the sixteenth century +by Juan Salcedo, one of the captains under Legazpi, and so christened +by him in memory of his native place in Spain, but now known as Lalo, +or Lal-lo,--here was started a Sunday newspaper, El Eco de Vigan, +published in Ilocano in 1883, that died, however, a year after birth. + +7.--In Iloilo (on the island of Panay) was printed, in 1885, the +pastoral letter of Alejandro Arrué, Recoleto bishop of St. Isabel, +or Elizabeth, of Jaro. + +8.--Then comes Guadalupe, eighth place on our list, a sanctuary village +on the left bank of the river Tasig, a couple of leagues from Manila, +a shrine founded by Augustinians in 1601, in honor of St. Nicholas, +the wonder-worker of Tolentino, a place visited yearly by great numbers +of Chinese Confucians, as well as Christians, who hold that saint in +highest and most singular veneration. At Guadalupe, in 1886, issued +two works from the orphanage press--An Abridgment of the Christian +Doctrine of Pouguet and Fleuri, drawn up in Bisaya by Father Mateo +Pérez, Augustinian cure of Argao; and Lozano's Novena to St. Thomas +of Villanova. The last imprint of Guadalupe--a Tagal Catechism, by +Luis de Amezquita, a brother missionary of Pérez--bears the date 1890. + +9.--The earliest sample of Cebú print--the island where, under +Legazpi, three centuries earlier, civilization first found a footing in +Malaysia--is a work that elicits from Retana remarkable praise, in view +of the difficulties that attended its printing; the paper--such was the +dearth in the Visayas of proper material for good press-work--being +of five or six different qualities in body, make, color. This work, +that I think we may style a triumph of adaptive art, is the Ensayo +para una Galería de Asturianos ilustres, a genealogical monument +(in three volumes), by the Augustinian antiquary, Fabiáno Rodríguez, +begun in 1888 and completed in 1893. While the last Cebú imprint, +a government statistical report on crime and the like, is dated 1892. + +10.--Tambóbong, a pueblo near the coast, in Tondo province, about +three miles from Manila, comes tenth in our list, where, at the +orphan asylum of Our Lady of Consolation, in 1889, was printed a +weekly newspaper--the Revista Católica de Filipinas--discontinued +in 1896. While the last imprint from this press--An Abridgment of +the History of Spain (of only eight pages)--was issued, presumably, +in 1897. + +11.--At Nueva Caceres, or Camarines, in Luzon, a town founded in +the sixteenth century by Governor Francisco Sande, in memory of his +birthplace in Estremadura, but now known even officially as Naga, +the first work bearing the name of that pueblo--a hand-book of +devotions--issued from the press of the Sagrada Familia, in 1893; and +two years later (in 1895) the last--A Life of St. Monica and her son, +St. Augustine--written, the same as the former, in Bícol dialect. + +12.--In 1895, we read the earliest printed samples of Malabón art--a +poetical tribute of gratitude to Our Lady of Welcome--Bien-Venida, +one of the many titles of the Mother of God, so dear to Philippine +soul, by Fructuoso Arias Camisón, from the orphan-press of Our Lady +of Consolation (in care of Augustinians). Only once, it may be noted, +is the name of this pueblo--encountered quite frequently in Retana, +the same (he says) as Tambóbong, written "Malabóng," a somewhat unusual +form of spelling--employed by Manuel Sastrón, in his description of +Batangas, printed in 1895. + +From several specimens of Malabón press-work, now before me, I may +observe that, for accuracy in composition, neatness--in brief, of +general excellence in workmanship--these samples of the orphanage +establishment at Malabón would not fail to honor even a Philadelphia +craftsman. + +Two years ago (in 1898), just prior to the siege of Manila, under +the care of two Fathers and four lay-brothers of the Augustinians, +resident at this orphan asylum, one hundred and one lads were being +taught the following trades: 13 compositors, 12 press-workers, 30 +bookbinders, 3 gilders, 43 candlemakers, while 44 other youngsters, +too small for hard work, were, the same as their seniors, given food, +clothing, and shelter; [17] while similarly, at Mandaloya orphan +asylum for girls, conducted by twenty-two sisters (of the same order), +a hundred and twenty-two lassies were taught music (piano), painting, +drawing, embroidery, flower-, lace- and dress-making, hair-dressing, +laundry-work, and sewing. [18] + +But alas! it is feared that through the grim fate of war a like +disaster, as has wrecked many another fair shrine of learning and +art in countries even nearer our own, has befallen our studios +and laboratories at Malabón and Mandaloya, that therefrom their +inmates--orphans, instructors and care-takers are now wanderers, +with their treasures ravished, their homes destroyed. + +13.--Then we meet with a work printed in 1896, at the revolutionary +press at Imus, in Cavite province, in Luzon,--a proclamation (in +Tagal)--the only imprint bearing the name of this pueblo. + +14.--Finally, in 1898, at Mandaloyon, or Mandaloya (named ahead), +an old hacienda of the Augustinians in Tondo province, in Luzon, +the morning-paper--La República Filipina--began publication with +the flag of the new-born republic in colors for heading,--the first +journal of the Tagal insurgents, that had so much to do in bringing +about the downfall of Spanish rule in the Philippines. + +Before concluding this section on early presses, we may add the +references made by Retana to other Philippine prints than the ones +given in his Biblioteca. In a former work [19] he states that by +certain writers, whom he names, presses were said to have been +established on the isle of Luzon, viz: at Bacolor in 1619; Macabebe +in 1621; and Tayabas in 1703. Similarly, he cites two works, named by +the Franciscan antiquarian Huerta as having been printed at Manila +earlier than the Bugarín dictionary--the Devocion Tagalog in 1610; +and a Diccionario in 1613, both (according to Huerta) from the press +of Tomás Pinpin, the Tagal printer. Moreover, under the heading of +"Manila" and "Pinpin," Retana gives the dates of several still older +imprints than the Japanese dictionary of 1630, which in his Biblioteca +has been accorded the honor of senior of the Philippine press. + +The reason for the omission of these titles in Retana's later +bibliography, that otherwise would seem unaccountable, is perhaps a +doubt as to their genuinity. But why he should fail to mention this +flaw in their line of ancestral title, is like many another perplexing +problem that the scholar is apt to encounter in his wanderings through +the shadowy, albeit delightful and fascinating realm of letters. + +We now pass on to the question of the introduction of the press into +the Philippines. + + + + + + +V. + +INTRODUCTION OF PRINTING INTO THE PHILIPPINES. + + +As regards the introduction of printing itself into that archipelago, +wherein (as writers agree) the first press was set to work in the +opening years of the seventeenth century, yet there is dispute as to +two points,--the precise date, namely, when the printing-press was +first established there, and the country whence it was carried to +those islands. + +Though in his Biblioteca Retana inferentially states that the +Spanish-Japanese Dictionary of 1630 was the earliest Philippine +imprint, yet in another work of a few years ahead, one of his +numerous valuable appendices to Zúñiga's Travels, [20] the same +author has maintained, rightly and soundly enough it would seem, +a wholly different opinion. There he reproduces the title-page of a +work printed twenty years earlier, in 1610, which he himself saw in +the Museo Biblioteca de Ultramar, whereof the title (he declares) +is as follows: + +Arte y Reglas | de la Lengua | Tagala. | Por el Padre. F. Fray +Francisco de. S. Joseph de la | Orde de. S. Domingo Predicador General +en la Prouincia | de. N. Señora del Rosario de las Islas Filipinas. | + +[Here the Grand Seal of the Dominican Order (in wood) with this +legend:] + +| Mihi avtem ab | sit glorianisi incruce Dñi Ñri IESVXPIAD--| GAL. 6. | + +| En el Partido de Bataan | galo, Año de 1610. | + +Substantially the aforesaid title means that the book--a Tagal +grammar--was composed by Father Francisco de S. Joseph (whose +family-name (as otherwise known) was Blancas), of the Dominican Order, +preacher-general of his province of Our Lady of the Rosary in the +Philippines, and printed at Bataan, A.D. 1610. [21] + +In one of his Appendices to Zúñiga, [22] Retana affirms that the +printer of this Arte was the Tagal Tomás Pinpin. + +Why, then, with this sample of early Philippine typography before his +eyes, presumably yet extant on the shelves of the Museo de Ultramar, +Retana (whose interesting description of Blancas' Arte of 1610 will +shortly follow) should have deemed it right to omit all mention +of it in his latest bibliography, wherein, so far as I can read, +there is not the slightest reference to it, seems truly a literary +conundrum--one that, for me at least, baffles all power of solution. + +However, accepting facts in the world of letters, as in the objective +universe of God's creation, as they stand, as we see them and know +them, with the guidance of Retana himself, we now proceed (as promised) +to a description of this Tagal grammar, the earliest specimen of +Philippine typography known at least to be extant. + +Blancas' Arte is a book printed on rice paper--papel de arroz--with +a preface of sixteen unnumbered pages and three hundred and eleven +(of text) numbered, that is, three hundred and twenty-seven in all, +yet in one instance wrongly paged, since the observant eye of our +bibliographer has detected that what really is page 157 in the Arte +has been printed "156," the body of the grammar thus comprising, +not 311 pages, as the printer has made it, but in reality 312. + +On the verso of the title (that is, page 2) are given various licenses +to print, issued among other officials by Miguel Ruiz of Binondoc +(an old form apparently for the town now known as Binondo), this +permit being dated February 6, 1609. Then follow the licenses of +Father Blancas' own provincial superior, dated Manila, June 3, and +another official's, whose name (Retana says) is missing by reason of +the page having been torn, dated from Quiapo, on (month too wanting) +24, of the same year--1609--with the former. + +On the third page, with the date July 28, 1609, we read the names of +several Manila church-officers, eight in all, licensing Father Blancas' +Arte, among them the dean of the cathedral-chapter of Manila, the +archdeacon Arellano, and Pedro de Rojas, who, as secretary apparently +of that body, adds his attestation to the chapter-action above. + +From pages 4 to part of 7 is a Tagal Hymn to the Holy Virgin, Mother +of Our Lord; then following the finale of this hymn, a prayer to God, +Almighty Giver of all intellectual light, for power to be granted His +servants to learn of His wisdom and ability to tell it to the Tagals. + +Then, following some ancient Tagal characters, comes the grammar in +chief, which has been printed (as is obvious) [23] from type, bearing +distinct marks of use. Wherefore, since we have now concluded Retana's +description of this Arte, we, in turn, may observe--the inference seems +lawful--that our Bataan press of 1610 had been at work before that +year, and Father Blancas' Arte is not the earliest Philippine imprint. + +A point made by Retana with reference to Bataan, place of imprint on +the title thereof, is to this effect that instead of Bataan, name (he +says) of a province, and in olden time of a very unimportant pueblo +(known, however, more correctly as "Batan"), [24] one should read +Abucay, capital of the province of Bataan, a far likelier place for +the establishment of a printing-office. [25] + +So much, then, for the still more ancient work than Bugarín's +dictionary of 1630. + +But how much earlier than 1610, date of the Tagal Arte, or in what part +of the Philippine archipelago, the press was at work, is a puzzle, +that relying on the only authorities bearing in any manner on the +priority of the press, we shall now seek to unravel. + +When referring to this question of early typography [26] Retana +declares that there are only two authors that treat of the introduction +of the press into the Philippines,--one the history of his province +(of the Holy Rosary), which with the Philippines embraced also China +and Japan, by the Dominican traveler and missionary, Father Diego +Aduarte, whose work, published at Manila, in 1640, is the second +title in our Biblioteca, bearing the name of that city as place +of imprint, and the only old-time authority (in print) treating of +ancient Malaysian typography. + +The other is a history (published a few years ago) entitled La Orden +de Predicadores, of the Dominicans (Madrid, 1884), by a member of that +brotherhood, Father Martínez-Vigil, at one time resident at Manila, +where he held a chair in the university of that city, and now (1900) +bishop of Oviedo in Spain. + +We shall, therefore, summon these two witnesses in the question in +point of primeval Philippina. + +Aduarte's reference to early typography [27] contains substantially +the following statements: that living with the Fathers of his Order +(at Binondo) was a Christian Chinese, named Juan de Vera, a most +worthy man, printer by trade, who had learned his art at home, and +"the first printer" in the Philippines; that moreover he was employed +by Father Blancas in getting out divers hand-books of devotion for +the Indians, as well as for the missionaries themselves; and that +as the said Juan was a good worker, always busy at his trade, he +printed very many books, among them a Memorial of the Christian life; +book on the postrimerias--that is, the Four Great Last Truths--Death, +Judgment, Heaven, Hell; Preparation for Communion; Confession-Book; +the Mysteries of the Rosary; an Arte for the Tagals, or Aid to learn +Spanish, and the like. Such are the titles of some of the books +printed at Binondo by Juan de Vera. + +Commenting on the above statements of Aduarte, our bibliographer, +however, makes this very sensible observation,--the omission, namely, +of any positive information on two points of utmost importance to +the antiquary and historian,--at what time, that is, was de Vera's +press set up in the Philippines; and whence was it brought to those +islands? Anent the first press it is noteworthy (according to the +unanimous opinion of critics) that it certainly was not carried thither +from Spain, though maybe sent over from Mexico, where printing was +established in the early years of the sixteenth century, Retana, +however, maintaining as likelier that the first printing-outfit +introduced into the Philippines was brought thither from Japan, where +(as we otherwise know) a book, the Sanctos no Gosagueo, or Compendium +of the Lives of the Saints, was printed at the Jesuit College at +Katsusa, in 1591. In the same kingdom I find printed (at another +Jesuit College) at "Nangasaki," in 1603, the Vocabulario de Japón, +Japanese ancestor of the old Bugarín dictionary elsewhere referred to +(in this paper) as having been published at Manila in 1630. [28] In +Japan,--the fact is worth noting,--ten different works were printed +in Roman characters prior to the year 1599. + +But let us return to Luzon. If Aduarte is right in his assertion +that Juan de Vera was "the first printer in the Philippines," then +the press was at work prior to the year 1610, and the Tagal Arte +(just described) is not the forerunner of Philippine imprints. + +So much for one of Retana's oracles. Now pass we on to consider the +second and only other writer that, with original sources at hand, +has treated of this bibliographical problem, Father Martínez-Vigil, +who, in the story of his order (named ahead) mentions this fact, that +when resident at Manila he was shown a very rich codex--a MS.--of over +six hundred folios, on Chinese paper, in perfect condition, for many +reasons (all duly set forth) of unassailable authenticity, and albeit +(he remarks) somewhat hard to decipher, except to a palæontologist, yet +written with marvelous clearness and neatness of penmanship. In this +MS., which (the Father says) was written during the years 1609-1610, +besides an account of all notable occurrences in the islands from 1581 +to 1606, with which latter year the story ends, four years earlier, you +should observe, than Pinpin's Arte of 1610, are also to be read these +words: "Los que primero imprimieron fueron del órden de San Agustín +el P. Fr. Juan de Villanueva, algunos tratadillos; mas del órden de +Sto. Domingo el P. Fr. Francisco de San Joseph cosas mayores y de +mas tomo el primero que escribió en lengua araya fué de la Compañia." + +Whereof, the meaning substantially is, that "the first printers (in +the Philippines) were of the Order of St. Augustine, among them Father +Juan de Villanueva, publisher of some small treatises--tratadillos; +then others of the Order of St. Dominic, of whom Father Francisco +de San Joseph printed works of larger bulk, and was the first of his +brethren to write in araya (Tagal?)." + +Here then, in these quotations from two Dominican monuments--Aduarte's +history and the MS. (quoted by Martínez-Vigil), the latter ending +with events of the year 1606--you have all that antiquity tells of +the introduction of the printing-press into the Philippines. + +To the assertion (in the MS.), relative to the Augustinian press, +may be appended an item or so in regard to the art-establishment of +that order at Lubao, in Pampanga province in Luzon, which I have +picked up from one of their chroniclers, Gaspar de San Agustín, +a Tagal and Visaya linguist, who died, some say at Tondo, others +at Manila, in 1724, after nearly fifty years' mission-service in +the islands. In his history (Madrid, 1698), are the following words +in reference to Lubao convent: "Se han celebrado en este Convento +algunos Capitulos intermedios y mucho tiempo huvo Estudios menores de +Gramatica y Retorica; y teniamos tambien en él una muy buena Imprenta, +traida del Japón, en que se imprimian muchos libros, assi en la lengua +Española como Pampanga y Tagala." [29] + +In brief, that is, Father Gaspar says that "in Lubao convent, where the +order maintained a school of grammar and rhetoric, there was a press +(brought from Japan), whereon many books were printed in Spanish, +Pampanga, and Tagal." May we not, then, be justified in surmising +that this Lubao press was the one referred to in the MS. adduced by +Martínez-Vigil, that attributes to Augustinians the introduction +of typography into the Philippines? And, moreover, since the said +ancient MS. ends with the year 1606, that this Lubao press was at +work at a still earlier date? + +But, enough. With no originals at hand, we feel disinclined to pursue +this topic further as to the priority of printing in the islands, +nor do we care to press the question, whether, namely, the first book +of Philippine manufacture was Bugarín's dictionary of 1630, Blancas' +Arte of 1610, or the Lubao tratadillos of 1606. + +In our own colonies (we may observe) printing was introduced, first at +Cambridge in Massachusetts, in 1638; while in Pennsylvania the first +book printed--an almanac--by William Bradford, of Philadelphia, is +dated 1685, a full half century later, that is, than the introduction +of this "art preservative of arts" into Malaysia. + + + + + + +NOTES + + +[1] See his Catálogo Abreviado de la Biblioteca Filipina (Madrid, +1898), pp. xxix-xxxi. + +[2] These figures are given by Retana--a faulty enumeration, however, +in that they fail to include all the titles in his work. Thus +(p. 338), instead of a series-number we read four ciphers, to be met +with elsewhere the same as his bis mark (pp. 59, 90, 118, 565). Again +Méntrida's Arte and Diccionario of 1637, mentioned twice (Nos. 100, +173) have not been entered by Retana in his lists; neither has the +first edition (Tayabas, 1703,) of Santos' Tagal dictionary, (pp. 31, +32.). In reality then, instead of only 2697 titles in his Biblioteca, +one should count, I venture to guess, at least some twenty or thirty +more than are given. + +[3] Biblioteca, vii-xi. + +[4] Singularly varied are the names given by writers to this +dialect of Yap, as Bonabe, Bonibet, Bornabi, Funopet, Panapee, +Ponapé, Puynipet, while to the French the island itself is known as +Ascension. (Art. "Caroline Islands," Encycl. Brit.) + +[5] Read, however, his observations thereon in full in his Estadismo, +i, 426-429. The same opinion as to Aeta being mother-tongue in the +Philippines is pronounced also by Buzeta, ii, 49. + +[6] Throughout this sketch, unless otherwise noted, I follow only +Spanish authorities. + +[7] See the Augustinian Zúñiga's Estadismo ii, *395, to which further +reference will be made. + +[8] Estadismo, i, 426-429. + +[9] For these usages, see Zúñiga, Estadismo, i, 533-534. + +[10] Various heathen rites, practised by these islanders, are +described in Buzeta (i, 60, etc.), as well as names of deities, +and other enormities of man's distortion of truth. + +[11] Biblioteca, xxix-xxxi. + +[12] Relative to this term bahaque, which I have met only once, +in the Historia Franciscana, (parte I, lib. i, cap. 39,) is the +following description of the black men, the Aetas, or negroes, of +Negros, "andan totalmente desnudos," (the author says,) "y solo traen +cubiertas las partes verendas con unos como Lienzos, tirantes de atrás +á adelante, que se llamen Bahaques, los quales hacen de cortesas de +Arboles majadas con gran tiento, de modo que ay algunos, que parecen +Lienzo fino; y rodeandose por la Cintura un Bejúco, en el amarran el +Bahaque por sus dos extremos." See Zúñiga, i, 423, wherefore, perhaps, +the significance of bahaque in the proverb. + +[13] Retana's Appendix G, in Zúñiga's Estadismo, ii, *492. + +[14] This quotation is from page 28 of Apostolado de la Prensa, No. 82 +(Madrid, 1898), which locates it in tome xiv, p. 541, of Reclus. + +[15] In old Spanish chronicles it is a common thing to meet such titles +of these Indian rulers, as Ladia, Radia, Raxa, and Rajá. Lacandola +was rajah of Manila. + +[16] The Augustinian chronicler, Grijalva, is one of the earliest +writers to describe this rite, which, according to him, is performed as +follows: "La cerimonia se haze, sacando delos pechos delos que contraen +la amistad una poca de sangre, y mezelando la una, y la otra en un +poco de vino, le veuen por iguales partes los contrayentes." (Cronaca +del Orden, from 1533-1592, Mexico (in the Augustinian Convent), +1624.) Quotation from Zúñiga, ii, 215. From Buzeta, i, 395, it appears +that blood-bargain was first entered into by Legazpi (in 1565) at +Bohol, with Chief Sicatuna. + +[17] From the report of the Orphanage for 1897-1898, in Estado General, +Malabón, 1898. + +[18] From the report of the Orphanage at Mandaloya, in Estado +(as ahead). + +[19] See Appendix B, in Zúñiga's Estadismo, ii, *105-*123, where +Retana has given, with a list of the early presses in the Philippines, +the names of the printers. + +[20] Zúñiga Estadismo, ii, 101. + +[21] Provinces of the other friars in Malaysia (including the +Philippines) are entitled as follows: Augustinians--Most Holy Name of +Jesus; Franciscans--St. Gregory the Great; Hospitallers--St. Raphael +Archangel; Recoletos--St. Nicholas of Tolentino. + +[22] Zúñiga Estadismo, Appendice B, ii, *103, *104, and *115. + +[23] Thus Retana, ii, *103 (as above). + +[24] Zúñiga Estadismo, ii, *350. + +[25] Id., ii, *104-*105. + +[26] Id., ii, *95-*100. + +[27] For the original in full (too long to quote here) see Retana in +Estadismo (as above), ii, *95-*98, where it covers nearly three pages. + +[28] The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan. 1591-1610. By Ernest Mason +Satow. [Privately printed.] 1888, where you will find reproduced in +photographic fac-simile the title-page of the above-named books. + +[29] Zúñiga, Estadismo, ii, *111-*112. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some notes on the bibliography of the +Philippines, by Thomas Cooke Middleton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES *** + +***** This file should be named 35191-8.txt or 35191-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/1/9/35191/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team for Project Gutenberg at +https://www.pgdp.net/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |