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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some notes on the bibliography of the
+Philippines, by Thomas Cooke Middleton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Some notes on the bibliography of the Philippines
+
+Author: Thomas Cooke Middleton
+
+Release Date: February 7, 2011 [EBook #35191]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team for Project Gutenberg at
+https://www.pgdp.net/
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                Bulletin
+                                   of
+                            The Free Library
+                            of Philadelphia
+
+                                Number 4
+
+
+                           SOME NOTES ON THE
+                          BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE
+                              PHILIPPINES
+
+
+                                   By
+
+               Rev. THOMAS COOKE MIDDLETON, D.D., O.S.A.
+
+
+                             December, 1900
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                            Copyright, 1900,
+                                   by
+                   The Free Library of Philadelphia.
+
+                                Press of
+                        Edward Stern & Co., Inc.
+                              Philadelphia
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+So many inquiries have been made in the Free Library of Philadelphia
+for information concerning the history and literature of the
+Philippines, that an earnest effort was made some time ago to gather
+together books bearing on these subjects. The fact that a short
+catalogue of Philippine literature, prepared by the bibliographer,
+W. E. Retana, comprises as many as three thousand separate works,
+is a matter known to comparatively few persons, and it was therefore
+with considerable interest that the Philobiblon Club of Philadelphia
+obtained the promise of the Rev. Thomas Cooke Middleton that he would
+read a paper upon the bibliography of the Philippines before the
+Club. This Bulletin is a copy of that paper, as read in substance,
+and it would have been published several months since but for the
+unfortunate loss of the manuscript in the office of the newspaper to
+which the author had confided it. In answer to the urgent requests
+of the members of the Philobiblon Club, Father Middleton very kindly
+re-wrote it and consented that it should be printed by the Free
+Library of Philadelphia for the use of the students and patrons of
+the Library. An evil fate, however, seemed to pursue the manuscript,
+and within four days after it had been completed for the second time
+it perished in the great fire which destroyed the printing house of
+J. B. Lippincott Co. Once more the author took courage, and again
+wrote out the paper, and these facts are recorded both as a matter
+of interest, and to explain why this Bulletin has been so long delayed.
+
+A collection of books on the subject of the Philippines is being
+gradually accumulated, and it seems desirable both to furnish the
+readers in the Library with information upon the subject, and also
+to take an opportunity to counteract the popular misapprehension as
+to what has been done by the residents of the Philippines in the way
+of literature.
+
+Since the collection of works on this subject was commenced the Free
+Library has prepared and mimeographed from time to time for the use
+of its readers "Finding Lists" of the books on the shelves relating
+to the Philippine Islands. The latest of these lists, prepared May 4,
+1900, shows that fifty-four volumes have been collected and also gives
+references to nearly six hundred magazine articles in the Library.
+
+Possibly one of the most interesting books received in the Library
+is the Flora de Filipinas, consisting of four folio volumes of text
+(printed in Spanish and Latin on the same page) and two of colored
+lithographed plates. It was published at Manila 1877-1883 for the
+friars of St. Augustine under the direction of H. Ex. the late
+Sebastiano Vidal y Soler, assisted scientifically by the able
+botanists, the Rev. Fathers Fr. Andres Naves and Fr. Celestino
+Fernández Villar, both of the Augustinian order of friars. It was
+composed from manuscripts of the late Father Blanco of the same
+order. The plates were drawn and colored from nature by native artists,
+and sent to Barcelona where they were lithographed, and after six
+hundred copies were printed off, the stones were destroyed. As will
+be noticed, in many cases the specimens are given both in fruit and
+flower, necessitating in most instances a gathering of the specimens
+at distinct seasons of the year.
+
+The book was published as a serial work, two or three parts with four
+plates each (with corresponding descriptions) appearing monthly. There
+were several stoppages during the printing of the work, caused by
+a large fire at one time and an earthquake at another, from both of
+which the printing establishment at which the book was being published
+suffered. In this manner the time occupied in the publication was
+prolonged.
+
+The original editor was Sr. Domingo Vidal, who unfortunately, after
+only two or three parts of the work had been given out, was obliged
+to leave the Islands on account of poor health. Several months later
+he died and his brother, who had assumed the editorship, upon his
+departure from Manila, continued the work until it was finished.
+
+The Trustees of the Free Library of Philadelphia desire to express
+their thanks to the Rev. Dr. Middleton for the contribution to
+bibliography which follows. A short index has been added, which
+it is believed will fit the paper for general use. Many thanks are
+due to Mr. John Ashhurst for his assistance in this tedious part of
+the Bulletin.
+
+
+    John Thomson.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY.
+
+
+The following pages, embodying a survey (on a broad scale) of the chief
+characteristics of Philippine intellectual energy, in its various lines
+of art, science, letters, seem an objective worthy of the American
+scholar, who, to his own large group of aboriginal tongues at home,
+has now to add to his field of study a similarly far-reaching family
+of the many-toned dialects of Malaysia,--twenty-seven idioms at least
+in number,--according to Retana's tabulation, whereof I give a list
+drawn from his latest bibliography of the Philippines, [1] where,
+enumerating the various works published in the several dialects in
+use in that archipelago, he has summarized them in the following table:
+
+
+        Bisaya, or Visaya, generic name for Titles.
+     1. Cebuano, Isle of Cebú                          |
+     2. Panayano, Hiligayno and Harayo, Isle of Panay  | 352
+     3. Leyte, or Leite, and Sámar Isles               |
+     4. Tagalo, Isle of Luzon                            230
+     5. Ilocano, ibid.                                   143
+     6. Bícol, or Vícol, ibid.                            61
+     7. Pangasinán, ibid.                                 24
+     8. Pampango, ibid.                                   22
+     9. Ibanag, ibid.                                     15
+    10. Moro-Maguindánao                                   8
+    11. Cuyono                                             7
+    12. Tiruray                                            6
+    13. Bagobo                                             3
+    14. Aeta, or Negrito, Isle of Negros                   2
+    15. Gaddan, Isle of Luzon                              2
+    16. Isinay, ibid.                                      2
+    17. Joloano                                            2
+    18. Manobo, Isle of Mindanao                           2
+    19. Tagbanúa, Isle of Paragua                          2
+    20. Tino, or Zambale, Isle of Luzon                    2
+    21. Batanes, or Vatanes, Isle (of same name)           1
+    22. Bilaan                                             1
+    23. Bisaya-montés, Isle of Mindanao                    1
+    24. Calamiano                                          1
+    25. Egongot, or Ilongote, Isle of Luzon                1
+    26. Samal                                              1
+    27. Tagacaolo                                          1
+
+
+This bibliography, which we rightly may term wealthy in its two
+thousand six hundred and ninety-seven titles [2] of numbered pieces
+of literature, besides being based largely on the author's own choice
+collection of Philippina, cites also fourteen other bibliographies
+of that archipelago. [3]
+
+In his own list of Philippine languages, or branch-tongues, of this
+quarter of Malaysia, in all (as he gives them) thirty-seven in number,
+some are mentioned, that, except in a broad sense, will not easily
+be recognized as members of the distinctively Philippine family; such
+as Sanscrit, Chinese, Japanese, Javanese, Nahuatl of Central America,
+along with Kanaka or Ponapé, [4] Chamorro and Malgacho, or Malagasy,
+as we more familiarly style it, three dialects spoken in lands outside
+of the Philippine zone,--of Yap, or Guap, in the eastern Carolines,
+the Marianas, or Ladrones, and Madagascar respectively.
+
+Wherefore, subtracting these nine foreign localized idiom-groups along
+with Malay (presumably ancestral tongue of the Philippines, as of
+other western Polynesian languages), though herein many scholars hold
+that Aeta, or Papuan, is mother, I have reduced the idioms peculiar
+(in large measure) to that archipelago itself to the number (given
+ahead)--twenty-seven.
+
+On this question of race and idiom unity Zúñiga, whom I cite
+frequently in this sketch, says that the vocabularies of New Zealand,
+New Holland, New Guinea, and part of New Hebrides (gathered by Captain
+Cook) were all easily understood by him through his familiarity with
+Philippine dialects; that, moreover, from his knowledge of the racial
+and linguistic characteristics of nearly all South Sea islanders,
+especially of the peoples from Madagascar to Easter Island, including
+(he distinctly declares) the natives of the Friendly, or Society
+Isles, of the Sandwich and Marquesas groups, he was of opinion that
+aboriginal stock of all, in tongue and blood, including even the
+natives of Central America, was Aeta, or Papuan, otherwise styled
+(in the Philippines) Negrito. [5] As far back as the early part of the
+seventeenth century this same question of race and language identity
+of the Philippine people was treated by the Jesuit Chirino, of whom we
+shall say more further on; then later by another Jesuit scholar, at one
+time provincial superior of his society in the Philippines, Francisco
+Colín, in his Lavor evangelica, (Madrid, 1663); and by Lorenzo Hervás
+y Panduro, a linguist of deserved eminence in the world of letters,
+formerly Jesuit. See his Catalogo (in six quarto vols., Madrid,
+1800-1805), and you will learn very much about many strange things,
+among others, that the theory maintained by the English Wallace,
+the German Blumentritt, and later ethnologists, as to the identity of
+these Polynesians--Papuans and Malays--perhaps the only one now held
+by scholars--is venerably old, by two centuries and more. But really,
+in view of the apparently irreconcilable opinions of linguists on
+this topic, further discussion of it seems unprofitable.
+
+As concerns the Philippines themselves, neither have their isles
+all been numbered, nor their sub-races and branch-idioms classified,
+except in what we may style a generic scheme.
+
+Back now to our bibliographer. No study in mere humanities, it seems,
+could be more fascinating to your all-round scholar, and more fruitful
+especially to anthropologist, than with the guidance of Retana and
+other like gifted students of Philippina, to enlarge somewhat on this
+bibliographical theme, since in letters chiefly do men of upright mind
+find equipment for meditation of spirit, main source of all healthful,
+sober, intellectual recreation and work.
+
+Our list of Philippina, as you will notice, although given merely in
+outline, embraces in its sweep across the literary horizon of that
+quarter of Malaysia many works of recognized merit in the several lines
+of intellectual energy--of history, archæology, ethnology, philology
+and natural philosophy; books, all of them, which, if perchance not
+masterpieces according to the higher standard of Caucasian scholarship,
+will yet be acknowledged of much interest, nay, of great value in
+the inspiration and development of scientific thought.
+
+In this bibliographical skeleton, then, I shall point out those
+sources of information anent the Philippine Islands, wherein the
+scholar can best find a general description or history of them, the
+most trustworthy works on their very varied and multiform language,
+as well as other topics cognate with these. Hence these sub-sections
+into which my paper is split: (1) Works of General Information; (2)
+Authorities on Philippine Dialects; (3) Some Literary Curios among
+Philippina; (4) Philippine Presses; (5) Introduction of Printing into
+the Philippines.
+
+First, I name the chief works of reference, [6] of the highest, most
+authoritative character, bearing on the distinctive peculiarities of
+the Philippines,--works that will be recognized as serviceable to the
+general reader and scholar, to him that seeks to learn of the history
+of that archipelago, of its antiquities, and characteristics of the
+many tribes that people it,--of their customs, religious beliefs,
+superstitions and rites; of the fauna, flora, geology of those
+islands; in brief, of whatever refers to this part of Malaysia. For
+no matter how much the Malay,--Javan, Bornese, Sumatran, as well
+as Philippinian--has been civilized--Christianized, so far (as
+must be conceded) he has not become Caucasian in mind, nor will, nor
+spirit. He remains as he was, (nor any wonder), wholly Asiatic. Albeit,
+for three centuries and upwards, taught, ruled, elevated (at times,
+too, disedified) by white men, the Malay, or brown man, is not,
+perhaps never will be, employed by Europeans, save in very limited
+sphere, in wholly subordinate trusts, whether in commerce, trade,
+or whatsoever other field of human activity.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+WORKS OF GENERAL INFORMATION.
+
+
+But let us on to our list of works of general reading. Sifting the
+treasure-stores of authorities named in Retana and others, I find
+the following books of most value and service, whereof, though some
+few among them, and for that matter the highest in their respective
+classes, are no longer in print, yet these very masterpieces, if
+not obtainable by purchase, like many another priceless blessing,
+still are worth knowing by title to book-lover and scholar, who,
+if perchance he cannot have these repertories of human lore on his
+shelves, will know at least by what title to seek them on others.
+
+Of the Philippines and their neighboring archipelagos these works
+rank of the highest worth:
+
+The history of Mindanao, Jolo, and their adjacent islands (Madrid,
+1667), written by the Jesuit, Francisco Combés--the most ancient
+detailed account of that region of Polynesia, known as the Archipelago
+del Sur, and invaluable beyond other guides to the ethnologist
+especially.
+
+Then an account of the establishment of Christianity in the Marianas
+Islands (Madrid, 1670?) similarly the oldest and at the same time most
+reliable history of these Ladrones, or robber, islands, so styled by
+early Spanish voyagers because of the thievish proclivities of the
+natives, every one of them in theory and practice an annexationist and
+protectionist to the back-bone, till the Jesuit missionary and scholar,
+Diego Luis de Sanvitores, author of this history, rechristened them
+Marianas, in honor (according to some chroniclers) of Doña Mariana
+of Austria, Queen of Spain, in loving and tenderest-hearted homage
+(according to others) of the Blessed Virgin, whose rosary that savant
+was wont to recite every day. [7]
+
+Then the story of the various religious missions in the Philippines
+entrusted to members of his Society by another Jesuit, Pedro
+Murillo Velarde (Manila, 1749), a rare and valuable work, whereof
+an accompanying chart, drawn in 1734, should, strictly speaking, be
+styled the earliest detailed topographical map of the Philippines. From
+the pen of the same scholar issued, too, an historical geography
+of that archipelago (Madrid, 1752), of much worth, the same as his
+chart, for its scientific details--albeit little known, it seems,
+to Philippinologists.
+
+Then we have the rare and deeply interesting history (Madrid, 1756) of
+some tribes in Luzon, hardest to convert--the Igorrotes, Tinguianes,
+Apayaos and Adanes, four races of Indians in the hill-country of
+Ilocos and Pangasinán, in spiritual charge of the Augustinians,
+a member of which brotherhood, Manuel Carillo, is the author.
+
+Another book, that because of its manifold literary merit, of
+historical accuracy and statistical detail, is styled by Retana
+"an historical work par excellence," is the general history of the
+Philippines (Sampaloc, 1788-1792), by the Recoleto missionary, Juan
+de la Concepción, copious source of varied and valuable information,
+wherein--albeit somewhat prolix in style, at times, too, rather
+digressive--the author may fairly be said to be without rival.
+
+Then comes the descriptive and historical account of the Marianas
+Islands (Madrid, 1875), by Felipe La Corte y Ruano Calderón, the best
+work on that little-known archipelago, and a rich source of general
+information anent these Malaysian islands.
+
+On the botany of the Philippines, a monumental work of the highest
+character is the Philippine Flora (classified according to the sexual
+system of Linnæus), by the Augustinian, Manuel Blanco, printed at
+Manila, first in 1837, again in 1845, and finally republished a
+third time in 1877-1883, in superb style, in four folio volumes of
+text in Spanish and Latin, embellished with two volumes of colored
+lithographed plates descriptive of the plants, flowers and fruits
+of those islands. One of the co-laborers on the third edition of
+this Flora was Ignacio Mercado, a Philippine botanist himself, and
+professed member of the Augustinian brotherhood.
+
+The same Father Blanco also translated into Tagal the French physician
+Tissot's work on medicine, enriched with his own life-long observations
+on Philippine plant-lore.
+
+Along with Blanco's Flora should be named the catalogue of fauna
+of the Philippines (Manila, 1895-1896), by the Dominican zoologist,
+Casto de Elera, an expert in that line of biological science,--a work
+in folio (in three volumes) of two thousand three hundred pages and
+upwards, termed by Retana not only a monumental work--easily to be
+believed--but one unique of its character.
+
+The geology of the islands (Madrid, 1840?), treated by Isidro
+Sainz de Baranda, government inspector of mines, besides being well
+worth reading, is the earliest study on this topic made on strictly
+scientific lines.
+
+Two works, sole representatives of their kind, are named by Retana
+as of singular value to the physician not only, but to ethnologist
+and scholar especially,--one the Embriologia Sagrada (Manila, 1856),
+by the Recoleto missionary Gregorio Sanz, written in aid of his fellow
+caretakers of souls, whose services in behalf of suffering humanity in
+out-of-the-way districts were often called upon by the natives, whose
+practice of the curing art, based on their own traditional formulas,
+especially in cases of child-bearing, was, despite the efforts of the
+missionary to uproot their unnatural and utterly heathen disregard for
+human life, attended too often with destruction of progeny and mother.
+
+The other repository of singular and very curious information is a
+treatise in Visaya-Cebuano and Spanish by another Recoleto evangelist,
+Manuel Vilches (Manila, 1877), written similarly in benefit of
+Indian sick, the Manual, that is, of the Visaya Physician, or native
+doctor--mediquillo, as in the Philippines these votaries of Hippocrates
+are styled, a work praised by Retana as replete with Indian plant-lore.
+
+The richest and most valuable collection of statistics relating to
+the Philippines, so at least acknowledged by experts, more reliable
+too than the Spanish government's own work, is the Estado general
+of all the pueblos--Christianized settlements--in the islands, drawn
+up by the Dominican archbishop of Manila, Pedro Payo (Manila, 1886),
+whereof the data were gathered by his vicars-forane and parochial-cures
+throughout the archipelago. While the most artistic map of Luzon,
+so styled by Retana, is the chart of that island (Madrid, 1883),
+published in four sheets by Enrique D'Almonte y Muriel.
+
+With mention of two other authors I close this section of
+Philippina,--one the history of the islands, or rather a detailed
+account of his travels therein, by the Augustinian scholar and
+voyager Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Sampaloc, 1803), a work known by
+its Spanish title as Estadismo de las Filipinas o mis viajes, which,
+translated into English by John Maver, was published in London in 1814;
+and lately edited by Retana himself at Madrid in 1893.
+
+As will be easily apparent to even the most cursory reader, Zúñiga's
+travels, critical throughout in spirit, display on well nigh every
+page the results of keen observation of affairs during his wanderings,
+combined moreover with sober reflections on the character and condition
+of the various races of people of the chief Philippine islands.
+
+In acknowledgment of its scientific worth, Retana has enriched Zúñiga's
+history (in the edition just noted) with twelve scholarly appendices
+replete with copious erudition, among other topics on the ethnography
+and geography of the islands; on animals, plants, and minerals. In
+these appendices, too, will be found copious bibliographies on special
+topics, as trade, commerce, the não de Acapulco, taxation, finance,
+and the like.
+
+And,--I feel that attention shall be called thereto, first because
+the subject itself is deeply interesting to lovers especially of
+folk-lore, then again, because commonly much misunderstood,--in one
+of his appendices to Zúñiga (ii *66-*83), Retana has reproduced some
+twenty-five pages of a Pangasinán Charm Book, covered with strange
+words--jumbles, most of them, of mutilated Church Latin, with crosses
+and queer-looking symbols. This charm-book in MS. (as are all its
+fellows), whereof copies without count are circulated among the lowest,
+most superstitious classes of islanders--Indians and meztizos, that is,
+Spaniard, or Chinese, mixed with native,--is wont to be worn around
+the neck, in the disguise of a Catholic scapular, as safeguard to
+the wearer against perils of any kind, chiefly the knife, or bullet,
+of his enemy. Again,--I am quoting Retana, who gives his own personal
+experiences in Luzon,--so jealously and closely (he says) do these
+Indian charm-bearers guard their secret heathenish practice from their
+missionaries, who, for ages, albeit not always with good result, have
+been striving to detach their wards from such superstitious usages,
+that the same scholar and curio-hunter, despite his keenest research
+in Luzon, has never been able to catch even a glimpse but of three
+of these pagan scapularies, the ones shown to him by a Dominican
+missionary, Father Casimiro Lafuente, for many years cure at the
+pueblo of Santa Barbara, in Pangasinán, now (1893) a member of the
+house of his brotherhood at Avila, in Spain. Moreover, it appears,
+from the same Retana, that Father Lafuente, so many years resident
+in the islands, had never succeeded in unearthing other scapularies
+than these self-same three.
+
+Many other forms of heathenism, some of them not even yet wholly banned
+from the Philippines, the reader will find described in another of
+Retana's works--de Aniterías (Madrid, 1894).
+
+Zúñiga also tells all worth knowing of the abominable rites practised
+among Luzonians,--of their Nonos, Duendes, the Pag-Papasipin, Tigbalag,
+Patianac, Bongsol, and Bilao. Much of what he says regarding the
+attachment of these peoples to unclean and impious ceremonies he
+has gathered from that rarest of books--one copy only believed to
+be extant, at the colonial museum of the Augustinians at Valladolid
+(in Spain), the Práctica (Manila, 1731), of Father Tomás Ortiz,
+one-time missionary of that brotherhood in China, then for thirty
+years resident in Luzon, where he died in 1742.
+
+Better, however, consult Zúñiga himself, [8] and the notes thereon by
+Retana, who singularly has failed to insert Ortiz' Práctica in his
+Biblioteca, and you will find much of interest;--among other things
+about tattooing, common practice at one time among all Polynesians,
+the same as among our own aborigines, until taught more refined ways
+by Christian missionaries; and about wakes too,--solemn ceremonials
+of grief, with banquetting and chants--on the occasion of the death
+of kindred. [9]
+
+Anent these and similar breaches of the Divine commands against
+Satanism, it is surprising (I would observe) to reflect how many
+forms of spirit and idol-worship [10] are (to their degradation
+be it said) common with Malaysian and Caucasian. (See in our own
+periodicals, published presumably by bright-minded, clean-souled
+Christian philosophers, yes, see in these oracles of our fireside,
+advertisements of magicians, diviners, fortune-tellers, charm-workers,
+not to speak of other law breakers, whose mere self-interest seems
+to have dulled all true intellective sense.)
+
+The last authority on general topics I name here as invaluable as
+well as deeply interesting to the scholar is the Encyclopedia (in
+two volumes) of the Augustinian travelers, Manuel Buzeta and Felipe
+Bravo (Madrid, 1851)--a work replete with most varied information
+along with statistics, now, of course, out of date, on the ethnology,
+geography, topography, dialects, customs and rites of the aborigines
+in the Philippine archipelago.
+
+Barring, as is only fair, any eulogy on the antiquated features of
+this Encyclopedia, which yet will be recognized of much service to
+the historian, the writer himself, who herein is supported among
+others by Retana, would style this monument of varied scholarship
+and research a masterpiece of all-round learning; within its lines
+an indispensable guide to every Philippinologist.
+
+Such, then, are the books most trustworthy and serviceable in their
+respective fields of history, antiquities, ethnology, and other
+sciences relating to Philippina.
+
+Before leaving this subject to dwell on Philippinian linguistics,
+I venture a brief digression on a class of works of general historic
+character--repertories of all ethnic science, little known, however,
+albeit to their serious disadvantage, to most students, and prized only
+by your true-hearted book-lover, who has sense to value what he reads
+for its own worth mainly, not because stamped with popular approval.
+
+These are annals of the religious brotherhoods in the East, to
+be recognized in Retana and other catalogues under the various
+titles of chronicles--sometimes as Conquistas, a by no means
+unfamiliar term--stories, that is, of the conquest of heathendom,
+woven oftentimes, no doubt, as recreation by the missionary amid
+his cares; sometimes as relief from thoughts of his far-away native
+land--journals, as it were, drawn up by the wanderer, who, besides
+being traveler, usually was a more or less keen-eyed observer, at home
+wherever Providence sent him; where, too, he studied (for self-interest
+was also at stake) whatever regarded the natives in his care--the
+lands they dwelt in, the skies above them, the waters around them.
+
+Scholars such as these on life-long service in their foreign homes
+were wont to make themselves conversant with every characteristic
+of the natives--with the language first of all, then the legends,
+poetry, chants; with the traditions and customs of the people, the
+industries and sports of their dusky-hued friends and brothers.
+
+As a rule, these plain, simply-told recitals of matters of fact,
+chronicle among other curios of literature, all kinds of even the
+most out-of-the-way learning anent the races of men; of plants and
+animals, of the various oftentimes most singular phenomena of air,
+earth, and water--subjects, all of them, of eagerest quest on the
+part of scientist, ethnologist, linguist, philosopher, naturalist.
+
+These stories, albeit at times verbose, at others digressive,
+will be acknowledged by the honest-minded critic as rich, indeed,
+in many-sided lore, enough to repay amply whatever time or trouble
+you have spent in their reading.
+
+With the exception of one collection of missionary annals--the
+Relations of the Jesuits in North America; now being edited by
+Reuben Gold Thwaites, Secretary of the State Historical Society of
+Wisconsin--I know of no exact counterpart in the field of English
+literature to these delightful narratives of old-time missionary
+travelers, Maver's translation of Zúñiga's Estadismo, in 1814, being
+not only out of print, but I suppose unpurchasable.
+
+With the aid of such monuments as these--all original records of
+old-time conquistadores and their fellow-missionaries in the Americas,
+it has resulted (to the delight and blessing of students) that the
+cyclopedias of Americana (thirty nine volumes of them), wherein you
+will find enshrined whatever is worthy of preservation in the various
+chequered cycles of aboriginal and Spanish polity and art, massed
+together by the Western historian Bancroft, are veritably invaluable to
+the antiquarian, besides being wholesome and refreshing food for men of
+intellective genius, as therein, along with abundant matter for romance
+and epic, you will see unraveled and laid bare many a drama of life.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+AUTHORITIES ON PHILIPPINE DIALECTS.
+
+
+Now a few words anent the chief authorities on Philippine
+linguistics--treatises, namely, bearing on the various dialects
+employed in that archipelago, twenty-seven in number, as observed
+ahead, all, however, akin in their common stock--Malay, of which these
+idioms, or patois, are daughters, yet with countless, sharply-marked
+differences between one another.
+
+A working knowledge of the many fashions of speech so much needed
+as obvious, nay, indispensable to traveler or missionary, will be
+gained most quickly and thoroughly, it should be premised, from books
+of two-fold character,--(1) namely, from grammars and dictionaries
+of the several idioms, based on scientific rules of philology; then
+(2) from devotional works--books of Christian piety, very numerous
+in the Philippines, as are religious manuals, prayer-, sermon-,
+and confession-books, whereof titles abound in Retana, all pretty
+much from the busy pen of missionaries themselves, to whose zeal
+and ability in the instruction of their brown and black many-tongued
+wards is due largely, nay, wholly, whatever of humanizing, Christian
+character is found in Malaysia, as in fact is true also in other
+countries now civilized and enlightened, albeit once barbarian.
+
+In his latest bibliography, [11] where the number of published
+works in each of the twenty-seven dialects of the Philippines is
+set down by Retana, you will observe from a study of his lists, that
+though in many dialects there are no grammars so entitled, or other
+scientific aids to learning a given idiom, yet there are many works
+of religious cast printed therein,--hand-books of practical religion,
+which you will find useful beyond measure to linguists. Since from
+these prayer-books, wherein are set down plainly the simplest and
+commonest rules of Christian ethical conduct, you can easily gather
+a working knowledge of the language itself, as the missionary who
+composed them was careful to put matters of every-day interest in the
+plain, every-day speech of the islanders. Before closing this brief
+digression on manuals of piety, I must observe what will prove very
+useful, I judge, to the scholar, that with works of the first class,
+as grammars and dictionaries, is to be associated on shelf and desk
+a goodly number of works of another class--books and treatises that
+bear the name Arte = Aids to Learning, whereof you will encounter
+very many in Retana.
+
+The Arte of a given dialect, as will be found true also in a measure
+for grammars and other school-manuals, will be recognized as a
+compendium of not only literary rules, but of many practical maxims of
+daily life, whereby the pupils are urged not only to correct speech,
+but to upright conduct as well through sobriety, piety to the Supreme
+Being, obedience to rulers, respect for parents and fellows, according
+to the noblest ideals of refined Christian manhood and womanhood. Thus,
+with grammar were taught ethics; with politics, religion.
+
+Referring here to class-books in the Philippines, where from
+the earliest years of the conquest every pueblo had its school of
+primary instruction, it will not be irrelevant to point out the fact
+very stoutly that though education (as admitted by well-nigh every
+chronicler) was primitive in character,--and in the sixteenth and
+seventeenth centuries where was it not? yet the course of instruction
+given in the common schools of bamboo-thatch was (as results amply
+testify) deep and solid enough for the intellectual calibre of the
+people. Since, so far as known, Malaysia, however saintly, heroic,
+innocent, the same as our own aborigines, albeit now civilized
+for three centuries and upwards, has, despite the heartiest aid
+in teachers and funds, fairly lavished on them by Church and state,
+turned out no man of shining mark, no scholar, no artist, no genius in
+statecraft or commerce. The first college-institution with pretensions
+to higher courses of intellectual training was opened (formally at
+least) by the Jesuits in 1601, less than half a century, that is,
+after the arrival of Europeans in Luzon.
+
+In regard to common Indian schools, so zealously guarded by the
+Leyes de las Indias, I have picked up here and there from old-time
+chroniclers scraps of many ordinances passed by the crown relative to
+their foundation and conduct. Among them the following bits of quaint
+old-fashioned oversight of the dominies in charge. Thus, in 1754, I
+have read that each maestro of a mission-school was to get, in lieu
+of support, "a peso and one caban--a measure--of rice a month." (A
+caban was equal to 75 litres, about the same number of quarts,
+English.) Again, every mission-priest was called upon to supply (free
+to his pupils) "paper and ink." Moreover, as early as the beginning of
+the century just closing, in 1817, it was ordained that boys' schools
+were to be kept on the ground-floor of the mission-house; while the
+girls were to be taught at their mistress' home. (Malaysia--thus it
+was ordained--was not to experiment with the "co-educational theory.")
+
+Now for the promised works of chief authority on Philippine
+linguistics,--monuments of the various dialects of that archipelago,
+that, along with their purely technical value to the student of idioms,
+will be acknowledged as useful to scholars in even far different
+lines of intellectual play.
+
+Of the best works for the study of Visaya, or Bisaya, first dialect
+in the islands acquired by missionary and conquistador, wherein he
+gives 352 titles (p. xxix), Retana has the following: "Up to a few
+years ago the dictionary held in highest repute by linguists was the
+work of the Augustinian scholar Alonso de Méntrida," a vocabulary of
+the Hiligueina, or Hiligayno, and Haraya tongues--two of the three
+chief dialects spoken in Panay, not very different from the Visaya
+of Cebú, used, however, by the less cultured tribes of hillsmen in
+that island. This vocabulary, first printed in 1637, and in 1841
+republished at Manila, with diagrams of Indian alphabets, enlarged in
+another edition in 1842, by a brother missionary, Julián Martín, has
+now been supplanted by the Visaya-Spanish dictionary (in two volumes),
+of another Augustinian scholar, Juan Félix de la Encarnación, printed
+at Manila, first, in 1851-1852, then in 1866 and again in 1885.
+
+Another work deserving of praise is the Arte of the Visaya idiom
+in use in the islands of Sámar and Leite (Binondo, 1872), composed
+by the Franciscan traveler, Antonio Figuerroa, in which latter
+language--Leite, that with slight changes is similar to Cebuano,
+the first grammar was published by the Jesuit missionary, Domingo
+Ezquerra, in 1662.
+
+Helpful, too, as much as the former Arte in philology is the Christian
+Doctrine translated into Visaya-Cebuano by the Recoleto scholar and
+orator, Tomás de San Jerónimo, known to his contemporaries as "the
+Cicero of Cebú." His school-book re-issued at Binondo in 1876 is a
+reprint of his edition of 1731.
+
+Of the Tagal dialect,--a form of speech so hard to acquire with nicety
+that, according to a Spanish saying, one needs therefor "un año de
+arte y dos de bahaque," [12] that is to say, unless I am wrong in
+my interpretation of the last word--"bahaque" which likely is Aeta,
+the scholar needs "a year of study and two of practice."
+
+The earliest Tagal Arte, so styled in chronicles, for what with the
+universal destructive touch of time, and in Luzon especially, the
+voracity of that pest of librarians, the anay,--an ant that in a few
+hours, it is said, will devour a library,--cases as well as books,
+not a sole copy, apparently, has survived, was composed in 1580
+by the Augustinian voyager and missionary, Agustín de Albuquerque,
+fourth superior of his brotherhood in the Philippines, and printed
+at Manila in 1637.
+
+In Tagal the works most highly praised are the following: The Critical
+Treatise on Tagalisms (Mexico, 1742), by the Franciscan linguist,
+Melchior Oyanguren, the only work known wherein that tongue is
+contrasted on scientific lines with the classic Latin, Greek, and
+Hebrew, and Mandarin Chinese. The author was moved to prepare his
+manual for the instruction of his brother missionaries prior to their
+entrance into their field of work in Luzon.
+
+The Tagal dictionary, by the Jesuit missionary, Juan de Noceda, and
+others of his society (Manila, 1754), a lexicographical treasure,
+was reprinted at Valladolid in 1836, and (in its most highly-prized
+form) again, in 1860, at Manila, with valuable additions by some
+Augustinian experts.
+
+For the scholar unacquainted with Latin, the most serviceable work
+for learning Tagal is the Essay on Tagal Grammar (Manila, 1878),
+composed by the Recoleto missionary and linguist, Toribio Minguella de
+la Merced, whose Grammar (in the same language) for the use of children
+(Manila, 1886) was adopted for schools by the Spanish government.
+
+While another helpful work for the study of that same dialect is the
+Tagal catechism, by the Augustinian, Luis de Amezquita, a popular
+booklet, first printed in 1666, and (in its thirteenth edition)
+in 1880, at Manila.
+
+A rare and precious treatise, praised for its critical spirit, is
+the study on Tagal poetry--a compendium of that dialect reprinted
+at Sampaloc in 1787, from the first edition of 1703; and again at
+Manila, in 1879, by another member of the same brotherhood, Gaspar de
+San Agustín, author, besides, of one of the most valued Conquistas,
+or histories of the islands.
+
+For the study of Tagal refrains--for this people is ballad-lover to
+the core--and similar turns of speech, an excellent work, one unique
+of its kind, is the Colección (Guadalupe, 1890), by two well-known
+Franciscan linguists, Gregorio Martín and Mariano Martínez Cuadrado.
+
+The Tagal Arte (Sampaloc, 1745), along with a manual (also in Tagal)
+for the administration of the Sacraments, composed by the Franciscan
+missionary, Sebastián de Totanes, "is" (according to our bibliographer)
+"the best edition of the best grammar" written by missionaries of
+that order.
+
+In Ilocano, another of the unnumbered dialects of Luzon, there is a
+good dictionary (Manila, 1849), by the Augustinian scholar, Andrés
+Carro (aided by others of his brotherhood)--the first work of its
+kind, reprinted only a few years ago, in 1888. Serviceable, too, for
+the study of the same dialect--Ilocano--as doubtless easy to obtain,
+is the Catecismo, by another member of that same order, Francisco López
+(Manila, 1877), whereof editions fairly without number have issued.
+
+In Batanes, or Vatanes, a dialect used in the islets north of Luzon,
+mission-field of the Dominicans, hard to reach, nor easy at best to
+live in, is composed the Catechism of the Christian Doctrine (Manila,
+1834), by a missionary of that order--the only work, perhaps, printed
+in that language, wherein Retana states he is about to edit a grammar
+and dictionary. In his Biblioteca (p. 51) he gives the Ave Maria in
+Batanes, Ibanag and Ilocano, in order to show (he says) the diversities
+between these idioms.
+
+The Pampanga Arte (Manila, 1729), by the Augustinian, Diego Bergaño, an
+estimable aid to the would-be learner of that language, was reissued at
+Sampaloc in 1736. By the same author is a dictionary of Pampanga--the
+only work of its class, printed at Manila, first in 1732, and again
+in 1860.
+
+In the Ibanag tongue, otherwise Ibanay or Cagayan, the dictionary by
+the Dominican linguist, José Bugarín, and companions (Manila, 1854),
+we have what Retana styles a masterpiece of philological craft,
+"the first and (in fact) only vocabulary of that dialect" whereof
+of all Philippine tongues "the orthography is the most difficult to
+manage." In another place, however (p. 102), he has named another
+Ibanag dictionary (Manila, 1867), constructed from Dominican MSS.,
+to which similarly (by error I suppose) he has awarded seniority of
+press. Prior to the above date--1854--in that vast region of Cagayan,
+where, by the way, is grown the choicest tobacco in the Philippines,
+the missionaries, for generation and generation of island-pupils had
+relied wholly on MS. copies of Padre Bugarín's dictionary.
+
+In Pangasinán, or Caboalan, dialect used in the province of the
+same name in Luzon, we have another linguistic treasure--the Arte
+of Mariano Pellicer, of the same brotherhood, reprinted at Manila,
+in 1862, from the edition of 1690, whereof in the course of time,
+as writers tell us, it came to pass that up to about the middle of
+the present century only one copy survived. Then re-cast by Pellicer,
+in 1840, it was re-published by him some twenty years later.
+
+Of the Cuyona dialect I note two works of merit,--one (p. 113) an
+explanation of the Christian Doctrine (Manila, 1871), by the Recoleto
+missionary, Pedro Gibert de Santa Eulalia, edited by the Dominican
+Mariano Cuartero, first bishop of St. Isabel, or Elizabeth, of Jaro,
+in the island of Panay, one of the four suffragans of Manila, an
+industrious scholar, editor of many works in Indian dialects, whom the
+reader, however, is not to confound with another prelate of the same
+name, Recoleto bishop of Nueva Segovia, in Luzon, nephew of the former,
+who, in this one respect, was like his uncle--author of no book:
+while the other Cuyona treasure, whereof there are very few in that
+language, ("poquisimos libros," says Retana, p. 230), seven titles
+in all comprising the bibliography of that tongue, is the Plan of
+Religion (Manila, 1886), by the same industrious and scholarly Gibert.
+
+In the Gaddan idiom, wherein only two books have been printed,
+both very devotional in character, is a Catechism (Manila, 1833),
+and the Pathway to Heaven (ib., 1873), by Dominican missionaries in
+the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela, in Luzon.
+
+In the Aeta language of the Negritos, or little black men, perhaps the
+primitive race of the Philippines--whose name I have encountered in
+many forms of spelling, as Ata, Ataa, Aeta, Agta, Aita, Ita, Itaa,
+[13] there are similarly, only two works known to Retana, whose
+bibliographical notices have been of so much value,--one a Report
+on the Philippine Islands (Paris, 1885), addressed to the French
+Minister of Public Instruction by J. Montano, a book of over two
+hundred and nine pages, illumined with numerous phototypes, and,
+what renders it of exceptional value, enriched with vocabularies,
+"the first," Retana declares, in Aeta, Bilaan, Manobo (of the natives
+of Mindanao), Sámal and Tagacaolo dialects.
+
+As companion volume to the above, though far smaller in bulk, is a
+little treatise (Dresden, 1893), of double authorship, the German
+A. B. Meyer giving therein a very interesting Aeta vocabulary, and
+his Dutch co-laborer, H. Kern, a comparative study of the same tongue,
+which he traces to Malay ancestry.
+
+For the study of Chamorro, idiom of the Marianas Islands, one
+will find serviceable the little book of devotions (Manila, 1887),
+with counsels for the worthy reception of the Sacraments of God,
+(p. 248)--the only work, in fact, we have in this dialect, by the
+Recoleto linguist and traveler, Aniceto Ibáñez del Carmen.
+
+Finally, with three other samples of the Philippine press as proofs
+of the variety of its polyglot fonts, and I shall have done with this
+digression on the many languages used in this part of Polynesia,--one
+a grammar in the dialect of Yap or Guap (p. 248), in the western
+Caroline archipelago (Manila, 1888), composed apparently by the
+Capuchin missionary, Ambrosio de Valencia; the second (p. 332)
+a Hispano-Kanaka dictionary (Tambóbong, 1892), by another Capuchin
+wanderer, according to Retana, Agustín María de Ariñez. While the
+last, a work, as will readily be acknowledged, of interest as well
+as importance to ethnologists, linguists, Americanists especially,
+is the list of Nahuatlisms of Costa Rica (San José de Costa Rica,
+1892), by Juan Fernández Ferraz, a goodly-sized volume of over two
+hundred pages, wherein, on purely linguistic grounds, the author
+has maintained the kinship of our own Central Americans and the
+Philippinians, from the fact especially that in the respective
+countries of these two antipodal peoples, abound very many terms of
+every-day use, with identical spelling and meaning. In his Biblioteca
+(p. 340), Retana has gathered a few of these homonyms and synonyms.
+
+Such, then, are the chief authorities on language among our Philippina
+that, while entertaining, nay instructing the philologist, will
+delight also the general student, the writers whereof, as the reader
+will not be slow to observe, were in far larger number all churchmen
+and missionaries.
+
+In fact, of the 1142 authors, whose works he has enumerated
+(Biblioteca, xxxv-xxxvi), Retana states that four hundred and sixty-six
+are ecclesiastics, that is, ninety-eight secular clergymen and three
+hundred and sixty-eight members of religious brotherhoods, whereof
+the Augustinians--the writer's own order--numbering one hundred and
+forty-one authors, inclusive of thirty-seven Recoletos--the bare-footed
+branch of that fraternity--figure highest. Next in rank, we have one
+hundred Dominicans, then fifty-seven Jesuits, fifty-six Franciscans,
+and fourteen authors of orders not specified.
+
+Of these brotherhoods, who thus in Malaysia, as in other quarters
+of the globe, brought forth so brilliant an array of scholars and
+philanthropists, the first-named, the Augustinians, with Legazpi,
+crossing two oceans and one continent therefore, found a home in the
+Philippines at the conquest of that archipelago in 1565; in 1577 the
+first Franciscans reached the isles; in 1581, the Dominicans, with
+the first bishop of Manila (by actual possession), Domingo Salazar,
+member of the same brotherhood, accompanied too by some Jesuits,
+while the Recoletos first crossed the Pacific in 1611.
+
+These churchmen, with very few exceptions Spanish, with later on a
+sprinkling of Portuguese, Dutchmen, Germans, Italians and Irishmen,
+scholars, as a rule, of fair repute, some even of European eminence,
+from their advent into Polynesia, besides their care in implanting
+Christian altruism, wherewith only (as history attests) thrive
+science and art, have toiled ever since to imbue these islanders,
+whom they found heathen--without letters, laws, or settled abode--with
+learning, the arts of husbandry, building, carving, painting, weaving,
+and the like graces of intellectual grandeur--in brief, with whatever
+of civilization now marks Malaysian genius.
+
+From Manila, as centre of intellectual enlightenment for all
+eastern Asiatic and Polynesian lands in the sixteenth century, were
+transplanted the germs of philanthropy--of wisdom and charity--to
+Borneo, the Carolines, Moluccas, as well as the mainland of Asia,
+to China and Japan, while in India the Portuguese, with headquarters
+at Goa, fulfilled the same destiny as their Iberian brothers.
+
+Speaking of the heroism of these self-exiled churchmen and worshipers
+of the Christian Minerva in Asiatic tropics, I quote the words of
+the famed French savant, Elisée Reclus, a witness, by the way, in no
+measure partial to cloister life. In his Universal Geography [14]
+he declares that "Los Filipinos son de los pueblos mas civilizados
+del Extremo Oriente. Los han civilizado los frailes"--that is,
+"The Philippines are one of the most civilized people of the Far
+East. The friars have civilized them."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+SOME LITERARY CURIOS AMONG PHILIPPINA.
+
+
+Among the curios of artistic and literary cast, your bright-minded
+reader, if on the alert to spy anything deserving of notice, will find
+here and there in Retana's pages enshrined many a bit of out-of-the-way
+information. The following half dozen or so of oddities will probably
+be acknowledged, not unworthy of mention among these Philippina:
+
+They are La Razon: A Plea Against Certain Vexatious Encroachments of
+the Crown on Mexican and Manila Trade, by José Nuño de Villavicencio
+(Sampaloc, 1737), which bears on its cover the most tasty design by
+Philippine burin--a plate illustrative of the contents of the Plea,
+engraved by Francisco Suárez, a Tagal artist.
+
+El Cosmopolita--The Cosmopolitan--(Manila, 1895-1896), the first
+periodical (p. 458), with phototypes, published in the islands.
+
+The first Almanac and Guide-Book for strangers and travelers, with
+a Map of the Archipelago, was issued at Manila for the year 1834.
+
+The newspaper--El Ilocano--a bi-weekly, published in Spanish and
+Ilocano at Manila (p. 464), from 1889 to 1896 (?) was the first
+periodical written in Indian dialect.
+
+Again, another periodical--El Hogar (p. 464), The Fireside--a
+weekly, of 16 pages, started at Manila in 1892, under the direction
+of Madam Amparo Gómez de la Serna, was the first paper devoted
+to science, letters, beaux-arts, and useful information published
+almost exclusively in the interests of women, while the Revista de
+Filipinas (p. 132), a bi-weekly, that, starting at Manila in 1875,
+lived only two years, is the worthiest of Philippine periodicals,
+noticeable chiefly for the deeply scientific cast of its papers.
+
+The Romancero Filipino, a work of fancy (Manila, 1892), by Manuel
+Romero Aquino, is styled (p. 554) by Retana the neatest and best
+piece of work by Philippine pen.
+
+While The American Soldier, a four-page daily newspaper, whereof
+the opening number is dated Manila, September 10, 1898, is the
+first periodical, maybe print of any sort, in the English language,
+published in the islands.
+
+With the foregoing extravaganzas of literature we note that the series
+of Philippine periodicals, which in Retana's own collection number
+(he says) one hundred and twelve, in their entirety do not surpass
+one hundred and sixty. Of his own he gives the titles (Biblioteca,
+xxiii-xxviii) from Del Superior Gobierno, the first newspaper issued
+in the islands, with the imprint of Manila, August 8, 1811, down to
+the latest--Thé Kon Leche (Tea and Milk)--a four-page weekly satirical
+periodical, with illustrations (in two colors), published at Manila
+in 1898.
+
+The oldest piece of what we may style distinctively Philippine
+literature, whereof, moreover, only one copy is believed to be extant,
+albeit printed abroad in Europe, is an Account of Legazpi's Expedition
+from Mexico to Cebú in 1565, sent from Seville to one Miguel Salvador,
+of Valencia, and printed one year later at Barcelona. This Copia--thus
+entitled in Retana--heads his list of Philippina, a study of which,
+with the supplement (p. 505 et seq.), discloses the fact that of
+the books that head his Biblioteca, the first nineteen were printed
+abroad--eighteen in Europe; that is, nine in Spain, at Barcelona,
+Madrid, Burgos, Valencia and Seville; seven in Italy, at Rome, Genoa
+and Venice; one each in France, at Paris, and in Flanders, at Antwerp
+("Amberes" in the Spanish), where a Mendoza's History of China was
+printed in 1596, by Bellero; and the nineteenth in Mexico.
+
+The first fruit itself of the Philippine press--thus styled by Retana,
+though mistakenly, we judge--was the Spanish-Japanese Dictionary of
+1630, on which I will make some remarks when treating of the early
+Philippine press.
+
+Moreover, it is noticeable that of these earliest Philippina not one of
+them treats distinctively of religious matters, but--with the exception
+of two, Fragoso's and Acosta's Botanies, or works on Eastern flora--are
+wholly historical in character, embracing, as they do, along with the
+Copia of 1566, eleven editions of the still estimable history of China
+and other Asiatic lands, by the Augustinian traveler, Juan González
+de Mendoza, whereof the Roman edition (by Vincenzo Acolti in 1585)
+gives plates illustrative of Chinese typographical symbols--the first
+shown to Europeans. Of this history, it may be observed, thirty-eight
+editions have appeared in all--in Latin, Spanish, Italian, French,
+German, Dutch, and English. Among these early Philippina--to continue
+our analysis--is a history of that archipelago, by the Franciscan
+chronicler, Marcelo de Ribadeneyra; a report on the same islands, by
+the Jesuit scholar, Pedro Chirino--the first work of its kind published
+in Europe (Rome, 1604), with diagrams of Philippine characters--signs,
+namely, employed by the natives in writing, whereof, says Retana,
+"a miserable edition" was printed at Manila in 1890. Then follow
+other works, among them a story of the conquest of the Moluccas, one
+of the sixteenth century names of the Philippines, a work of utmost
+value to the historical writer, composed by the presbyter, Bartolomé
+Leonardo de Argensola (Madrid, 1609); then a trustworthy account of
+the triumph of Spanish arms in the Philippines, by Antonio de Morga,
+auditor-general of the crown in those colonies, printed in Mexico in
+1609; and lastly the report of Governor Francisco Guzman de Tello,
+eleventh captain-general of those islands (Seville, 1598?).
+
+The two merely scientific works, alluded to ahead, are "Discourses on
+Aromatic Things--Plants, Fruit, and the like simple Medicines employed
+in the East Indies," composed by Juan Fragoso, a rare and curious work
+(Madrid, 1572); and a Treatise on the Drugs and Medicines used in the
+East Indies, with plates representing various plants, by Cristóbal
+Acosta, published first in Spanish at Burgos in 1578; in Latin (in
+two editions) in 1582 and 1593; in French (also in two editions)
+in 1602 and 1619; lastly in English in 1604.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+PHILIPPINE PRESSES.
+
+
+Now for a description of the different printing-presses--or, rather,
+places--in the Philippines, from the earliest named by Retana in his
+Biblioteca, in all fourteen distinct localities, where printing was
+carried on in the three islands of Luzon, Panay and Cebú.
+
+1.--From an analysis of the titles I find that Manila ranks earliest,
+where (with limitations to be set later) a printing-press was
+established in 1630, in which year, at the Dominican College of
+St. Thomas, a Spanish-Japanese dictionary, the work of Portuguese
+Jesuit missionaries and scholars, now translated into Spanish, was
+printed by Tomás Pinpin, a native Tagal, and Jacinto Magaurlua. This
+dictionary (now extremely rare), even though not the first book
+printed in the islands, as stated by Retana, must yet be ranked among
+the earliest specimens of Philippine literature.
+
+In his Bibliography three different titles (we may observe) bear
+the imprint of Manila, with the name of this city spelled according
+to the ancient aboriginal form, albeit but slightly varied from
+the present--"Maynila"--otherwise, as I have read it, "Mainilla,"
+a variant in orthography one encounters in old chronicles--a Tagal
+word (it seems) signifying a species of shrub or bush, in the Spanish
+rendered arbusto, that in 1571 was found to cover the site of the new
+city projected by the conquistadores, under the leadership of Miguel
+López de Legazpi.
+
+In this same year, it may be added, the site of the future metropolis
+of Malaysia was taken possession of by Spanish arms, with due
+observance of ceremonial, sealed with the three local chieftains,
+[15] Lacandola, Matandá and Soliman, by blood-bargain--pacto de
+sangre. [16] Here, too, at Manila, the second church in Malaysia
+devoted to the Supreme Being, the first having been founded at Cebú,
+was dedicated the same year (1571) to God, under the most fitting title
+of the Conversion of St. Paul the Apostle, first great missionary to
+heathendom. At Cebú, by agreement with Chief Tupas, the standard of
+Christian comity--the Cross--had been reared in 1565, and its church
+dedicated in honor of St. Michael Archangel, name-saint of Legazpi,
+though shortly after rechristened El Santo Niño--the Holy Child--its
+title to-day.
+
+The three works then printed at "Maynila," or Bush Town, in Luzon,
+are a Manual of Devotions to St. Roch, translated into Tagal by the
+Augustinian missionary, Esteban Diez, a skilled Tagalist, in 1820;
+a periodical--the Revista Católica--whereof the first and only number
+(p. 309) was issued in 1890; and lastly, a weekly paper (the same as
+the former) in Tagal, published in 1896.
+
+2.--The second place to witness the establishment of a press
+was Sampaloc, in Zambales province, in Luzon, where, in 1736,
+at the Franciscan convent of Our Lady of Loreto, was printed the
+Augustinian Diego Bergaño's Arte, in Pampanga--first fruit, it seems,
+of typographical genius in that pueblo. While the last imprint with the
+name of Sampaloc is an almanac, or church calendar, for the year 1838
+(more probably, however, printed the year ahead), when the old press,
+founded by Franciscan friars a hundred years before, disappears.
+
+3.--At Tayabas, in the province of the same name, in Luzon (p. 31),
+was printed a Tagal dictionary, by the Franciscan, Totanes, now
+supplanted, however, by Noceda's far superior work on philological
+score, especially with the additions made thereto by the Augustinians
+in the Manila edition of 1860. This Tayabas imprint is the only work
+I have encountered with the name of that pueblo.
+
+4.--The first Cavite imprint (p. 38) dates (it seems) from 1815--a
+church calendar for the following year; while the last, with the
+name of this Manila suburb written, however, with a K--"Kavite"--is
+an appeal of the revolutionary party in 1898 (p. 451), under the
+official seal of the Gobierno Dictatorial de Filipinas.
+
+5.--Binondo is the fifth place, whereof the first work--statistical
+reports of Franciscan missionaries--was printed in 1865; the last,
+José Patricio Clemente's Moral Lectures for Youth (p. 540), in
+1872. In regard, however, to this town, it should be observed that
+in his earlier bibliography (ed. 1893) Retana names a work printed
+by Pinpin in the Hospital of St. Gabriel, at Binondo, in 1623.
+
+6.--At Vigan, the old Villa Fernandina of the Ilocos, known also to
+Spaniards as Nueva Segovia, a city founded in the sixteenth century
+by Juan Salcedo, one of the captains under Legazpi, and so christened
+by him in memory of his native place in Spain, but now known as Lalo,
+or Lal-lo,--here was started a Sunday newspaper, El Eco de Vigan,
+published in Ilocano in 1883, that died, however, a year after birth.
+
+7.--In Iloilo (on the island of Panay) was printed, in 1885, the
+pastoral letter of Alejandro Arrué, Recoleto bishop of St. Isabel,
+or Elizabeth, of Jaro.
+
+8.--Then comes Guadalupe, eighth place on our list, a sanctuary village
+on the left bank of the river Tasig, a couple of leagues from Manila,
+a shrine founded by Augustinians in 1601, in honor of St. Nicholas,
+the wonder-worker of Tolentino, a place visited yearly by great numbers
+of Chinese Confucians, as well as Christians, who hold that saint in
+highest and most singular veneration. At Guadalupe, in 1886, issued
+two works from the orphanage press--An Abridgment of the Christian
+Doctrine of Pouguet and Fleuri, drawn up in Bisaya by Father Mateo
+Pérez, Augustinian cure of Argao; and Lozano's Novena to St. Thomas
+of Villanova. The last imprint of Guadalupe--a Tagal Catechism, by
+Luis de Amezquita, a brother missionary of Pérez--bears the date 1890.
+
+9.--The earliest sample of Cebú print--the island where, under
+Legazpi, three centuries earlier, civilization first found a footing in
+Malaysia--is a work that elicits from Retana remarkable praise, in view
+of the difficulties that attended its printing; the paper--such was the
+dearth in the Visayas of proper material for good press-work--being
+of five or six different qualities in body, make, color. This work,
+that I think we may style a triumph of adaptive art, is the Ensayo
+para una Galería de Asturianos ilustres, a genealogical monument
+(in three volumes), by the Augustinian antiquary, Fabiáno Rodríguez,
+begun in 1888 and completed in 1893. While the last Cebú imprint,
+a government statistical report on crime and the like, is dated 1892.
+
+10.--Tambóbong, a pueblo near the coast, in Tondo province, about
+three miles from Manila, comes tenth in our list, where, at the
+orphan asylum of Our Lady of Consolation, in 1889, was printed a
+weekly newspaper--the Revista Católica de Filipinas--discontinued
+in 1896. While the last imprint from this press--An Abridgment of
+the History of Spain (of only eight pages)--was issued, presumably,
+in 1897.
+
+11.--At Nueva Caceres, or Camarines, in Luzon, a town founded in
+the sixteenth century by Governor Francisco Sande, in memory of his
+birthplace in Estremadura, but now known even officially as Naga,
+the first work bearing the name of that pueblo--a hand-book of
+devotions--issued from the press of the Sagrada Familia, in 1893; and
+two years later (in 1895) the last--A Life of St. Monica and her son,
+St. Augustine--written, the same as the former, in Bícol dialect.
+
+12.--In 1895, we read the earliest printed samples of Malabón art--a
+poetical tribute of gratitude to Our Lady of Welcome--Bien-Venida,
+one of the many titles of the Mother of God, so dear to Philippine
+soul, by Fructuoso Arias Camisón, from the orphan-press of Our Lady
+of Consolation (in care of Augustinians). Only once, it may be noted,
+is the name of this pueblo--encountered quite frequently in Retana,
+the same (he says) as Tambóbong, written "Malabóng," a somewhat unusual
+form of spelling--employed by Manuel Sastrón, in his description of
+Batangas, printed in 1895.
+
+From several specimens of Malabón press-work, now before me, I may
+observe that, for accuracy in composition, neatness--in brief, of
+general excellence in workmanship--these samples of the orphanage
+establishment at Malabón would not fail to honor even a Philadelphia
+craftsman.
+
+Two years ago (in 1898), just prior to the siege of Manila, under
+the care of two Fathers and four lay-brothers of the Augustinians,
+resident at this orphan asylum, one hundred and one lads were being
+taught the following trades: 13 compositors, 12 press-workers, 30
+bookbinders, 3 gilders, 43 candlemakers, while 44 other youngsters,
+too small for hard work, were, the same as their seniors, given food,
+clothing, and shelter; [17] while similarly, at Mandaloya orphan
+asylum for girls, conducted by twenty-two sisters (of the same order),
+a hundred and twenty-two lassies were taught music (piano), painting,
+drawing, embroidery, flower-, lace- and dress-making, hair-dressing,
+laundry-work, and sewing. [18]
+
+But alas! it is feared that through the grim fate of war a like
+disaster, as has wrecked many another fair shrine of learning and
+art in countries even nearer our own, has befallen our studios
+and laboratories at Malabón and Mandaloya, that therefrom their
+inmates--orphans, instructors and care-takers are now wanderers,
+with their treasures ravished, their homes destroyed.
+
+13.--Then we meet with a work printed in 1896, at the revolutionary
+press at Imus, in Cavite province, in Luzon,--a proclamation (in
+Tagal)--the only imprint bearing the name of this pueblo.
+
+14.--Finally, in 1898, at Mandaloyon, or Mandaloya (named ahead),
+an old hacienda of the Augustinians in Tondo province, in Luzon,
+the morning-paper--La República Filipina--began publication with
+the flag of the new-born republic in colors for heading,--the first
+journal of the Tagal insurgents, that had so much to do in bringing
+about the downfall of Spanish rule in the Philippines.
+
+Before concluding this section on early presses, we may add the
+references made by Retana to other Philippine prints than the ones
+given in his Biblioteca. In a former work [19] he states that by
+certain writers, whom he names, presses were said to have been
+established on the isle of Luzon, viz: at Bacolor in 1619; Macabebe
+in 1621; and Tayabas in 1703. Similarly, he cites two works, named by
+the Franciscan antiquarian Huerta as having been printed at Manila
+earlier than the Bugarín dictionary--the Devocion Tagalog in 1610;
+and a Diccionario in 1613, both (according to Huerta) from the press
+of Tomás Pinpin, the Tagal printer. Moreover, under the heading of
+"Manila" and "Pinpin," Retana gives the dates of several still older
+imprints than the Japanese dictionary of 1630, which in his Biblioteca
+has been accorded the honor of senior of the Philippine press.
+
+The reason for the omission of these titles in Retana's later
+bibliography, that otherwise would seem unaccountable, is perhaps a
+doubt as to their genuinity. But why he should fail to mention this
+flaw in their line of ancestral title, is like many another perplexing
+problem that the scholar is apt to encounter in his wanderings through
+the shadowy, albeit delightful and fascinating realm of letters.
+
+We now pass on to the question of the introduction of the press into
+the Philippines.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+INTRODUCTION OF PRINTING INTO THE PHILIPPINES.
+
+
+As regards the introduction of printing itself into that archipelago,
+wherein (as writers agree) the first press was set to work in the
+opening years of the seventeenth century, yet there is dispute as to
+two points,--the precise date, namely, when the printing-press was
+first established there, and the country whence it was carried to
+those islands.
+
+Though in his Biblioteca Retana inferentially states that the
+Spanish-Japanese Dictionary of 1630 was the earliest Philippine
+imprint, yet in another work of a few years ahead, one of his
+numerous valuable appendices to Zúñiga's Travels, [20] the same
+author has maintained, rightly and soundly enough it would seem,
+a wholly different opinion. There he reproduces the title-page of a
+work printed twenty years earlier, in 1610, which he himself saw in
+the Museo Biblioteca de Ultramar, whereof the title (he declares)
+is as follows:
+
+Arte y Reglas | de la Lengua | Tagala. | Por el Padre. F. Fray
+Francisco de. S. Joseph de la | Orde de. S. Domingo Predicador General
+en la Prouincia | de. N. Señora del Rosario de las Islas Filipinas. |
+
+[Here the Grand Seal of the Dominican Order (in wood) with this
+legend:]
+
+| Mihi avtem ab | sit glorianisi incruce Dñi Ñri IESVXPIAD--| GAL. 6. |
+
+| En el Partido de Bataan | galo, Año de 1610. |
+
+Substantially the aforesaid title means that the book--a Tagal
+grammar--was composed by Father Francisco de S. Joseph (whose
+family-name (as otherwise known) was Blancas), of the Dominican Order,
+preacher-general of his province of Our Lady of the Rosary in the
+Philippines, and printed at Bataan, A.D. 1610. [21]
+
+In one of his Appendices to Zúñiga, [22] Retana affirms that the
+printer of this Arte was the Tagal Tomás Pinpin.
+
+Why, then, with this sample of early Philippine typography before his
+eyes, presumably yet extant on the shelves of the Museo de Ultramar,
+Retana (whose interesting description of Blancas' Arte of 1610 will
+shortly follow) should have deemed it right to omit all mention
+of it in his latest bibliography, wherein, so far as I can read,
+there is not the slightest reference to it, seems truly a literary
+conundrum--one that, for me at least, baffles all power of solution.
+
+However, accepting facts in the world of letters, as in the objective
+universe of God's creation, as they stand, as we see them and know
+them, with the guidance of Retana himself, we now proceed (as promised)
+to a description of this Tagal grammar, the earliest specimen of
+Philippine typography known at least to be extant.
+
+Blancas' Arte is a book printed on rice paper--papel de arroz--with
+a preface of sixteen unnumbered pages and three hundred and eleven
+(of text) numbered, that is, three hundred and twenty-seven in all,
+yet in one instance wrongly paged, since the observant eye of our
+bibliographer has detected that what really is page 157 in the Arte
+has been printed "156," the body of the grammar thus comprising,
+not 311 pages, as the printer has made it, but in reality 312.
+
+On the verso of the title (that is, page 2) are given various licenses
+to print, issued among other officials by Miguel Ruiz of Binondoc
+(an old form apparently for the town now known as Binondo), this
+permit being dated February 6, 1609. Then follow the licenses of
+Father Blancas' own provincial superior, dated Manila, June 3, and
+another official's, whose name (Retana says) is missing by reason of
+the page having been torn, dated from Quiapo, on (month too wanting)
+24, of the same year--1609--with the former.
+
+On the third page, with the date July 28, 1609, we read the names of
+several Manila church-officers, eight in all, licensing Father Blancas'
+Arte, among them the dean of the cathedral-chapter of Manila, the
+archdeacon Arellano, and Pedro de Rojas, who, as secretary apparently
+of that body, adds his attestation to the chapter-action above.
+
+From pages 4 to part of 7 is a Tagal Hymn to the Holy Virgin, Mother
+of Our Lord; then following the finale of this hymn, a prayer to God,
+Almighty Giver of all intellectual light, for power to be granted His
+servants to learn of His wisdom and ability to tell it to the Tagals.
+
+Then, following some ancient Tagal characters, comes the grammar in
+chief, which has been printed (as is obvious) [23] from type, bearing
+distinct marks of use. Wherefore, since we have now concluded Retana's
+description of this Arte, we, in turn, may observe--the inference seems
+lawful--that our Bataan press of 1610 had been at work before that
+year, and Father Blancas' Arte is not the earliest Philippine imprint.
+
+A point made by Retana with reference to Bataan, place of imprint on
+the title thereof, is to this effect that instead of Bataan, name (he
+says) of a province, and in olden time of a very unimportant pueblo
+(known, however, more correctly as "Batan"), [24] one should read
+Abucay, capital of the province of Bataan, a far likelier place for
+the establishment of a printing-office. [25]
+
+So much, then, for the still more ancient work than Bugarín's
+dictionary of 1630.
+
+But how much earlier than 1610, date of the Tagal Arte, or in what part
+of the Philippine archipelago, the press was at work, is a puzzle,
+that relying on the only authorities bearing in any manner on the
+priority of the press, we shall now seek to unravel.
+
+When referring to this question of early typography [26] Retana
+declares that there are only two authors that treat of the introduction
+of the press into the Philippines,--one the history of his province
+(of the Holy Rosary), which with the Philippines embraced also China
+and Japan, by the Dominican traveler and missionary, Father Diego
+Aduarte, whose work, published at Manila, in 1640, is the second
+title in our Biblioteca, bearing the name of that city as place
+of imprint, and the only old-time authority (in print) treating of
+ancient Malaysian typography.
+
+The other is a history (published a few years ago) entitled La Orden
+de Predicadores, of the Dominicans (Madrid, 1884), by a member of that
+brotherhood, Father Martínez-Vigil, at one time resident at Manila,
+where he held a chair in the university of that city, and now (1900)
+bishop of Oviedo in Spain.
+
+We shall, therefore, summon these two witnesses in the question in
+point of primeval Philippina.
+
+Aduarte's reference to early typography [27] contains substantially
+the following statements: that living with the Fathers of his Order
+(at Binondo) was a Christian Chinese, named Juan de Vera, a most
+worthy man, printer by trade, who had learned his art at home, and
+"the first printer" in the Philippines; that moreover he was employed
+by Father Blancas in getting out divers hand-books of devotion for
+the Indians, as well as for the missionaries themselves; and that
+as the said Juan was a good worker, always busy at his trade, he
+printed very many books, among them a Memorial of the Christian life;
+book on the postrimerias--that is, the Four Great Last Truths--Death,
+Judgment, Heaven, Hell; Preparation for Communion; Confession-Book;
+the Mysteries of the Rosary; an Arte for the Tagals, or Aid to learn
+Spanish, and the like. Such are the titles of some of the books
+printed at Binondo by Juan de Vera.
+
+Commenting on the above statements of Aduarte, our bibliographer,
+however, makes this very sensible observation,--the omission, namely,
+of any positive information on two points of utmost importance to
+the antiquary and historian,--at what time, that is, was de Vera's
+press set up in the Philippines; and whence was it brought to those
+islands? Anent the first press it is noteworthy (according to the
+unanimous opinion of critics) that it certainly was not carried thither
+from Spain, though maybe sent over from Mexico, where printing was
+established in the early years of the sixteenth century, Retana,
+however, maintaining as likelier that the first printing-outfit
+introduced into the Philippines was brought thither from Japan, where
+(as we otherwise know) a book, the Sanctos no Gosagueo, or Compendium
+of the Lives of the Saints, was printed at the Jesuit College at
+Katsusa, in 1591. In the same kingdom I find printed (at another
+Jesuit College) at "Nangasaki," in 1603, the Vocabulario de Japón,
+Japanese ancestor of the old Bugarín dictionary elsewhere referred to
+(in this paper) as having been published at Manila in 1630. [28] In
+Japan,--the fact is worth noting,--ten different works were printed
+in Roman characters prior to the year 1599.
+
+But let us return to Luzon. If Aduarte is right in his assertion
+that Juan de Vera was "the first printer in the Philippines," then
+the press was at work prior to the year 1610, and the Tagal Arte
+(just described) is not the forerunner of Philippine imprints.
+
+So much for one of Retana's oracles. Now pass we on to consider the
+second and only other writer that, with original sources at hand,
+has treated of this bibliographical problem, Father Martínez-Vigil,
+who, in the story of his order (named ahead) mentions this fact, that
+when resident at Manila he was shown a very rich codex--a MS.--of over
+six hundred folios, on Chinese paper, in perfect condition, for many
+reasons (all duly set forth) of unassailable authenticity, and albeit
+(he remarks) somewhat hard to decipher, except to a palæontologist, yet
+written with marvelous clearness and neatness of penmanship. In this
+MS., which (the Father says) was written during the years 1609-1610,
+besides an account of all notable occurrences in the islands from 1581
+to 1606, with which latter year the story ends, four years earlier, you
+should observe, than Pinpin's Arte of 1610, are also to be read these
+words: "Los que primero imprimieron fueron del órden de San Agustín
+el P. Fr. Juan de Villanueva, algunos tratadillos; mas del órden de
+Sto. Domingo el P. Fr. Francisco de San Joseph cosas mayores y de
+mas tomo el primero que escribió en lengua araya fué de la Compañia."
+
+Whereof, the meaning substantially is, that "the first printers (in
+the Philippines) were of the Order of St. Augustine, among them Father
+Juan de Villanueva, publisher of some small treatises--tratadillos;
+then others of the Order of St. Dominic, of whom Father Francisco
+de San Joseph printed works of larger bulk, and was the first of his
+brethren to write in araya (Tagal?)."
+
+Here then, in these quotations from two Dominican monuments--Aduarte's
+history and the MS. (quoted by Martínez-Vigil), the latter ending
+with events of the year 1606--you have all that antiquity tells of
+the introduction of the printing-press into the Philippines.
+
+To the assertion (in the MS.), relative to the Augustinian press,
+may be appended an item or so in regard to the art-establishment of
+that order at Lubao, in Pampanga province in Luzon, which I have
+picked up from one of their chroniclers, Gaspar de San Agustín,
+a Tagal and Visaya linguist, who died, some say at Tondo, others
+at Manila, in 1724, after nearly fifty years' mission-service in
+the islands. In his history (Madrid, 1698), are the following words
+in reference to Lubao convent: "Se han celebrado en este Convento
+algunos Capitulos intermedios y mucho tiempo huvo Estudios menores de
+Gramatica y Retorica; y teniamos tambien en él una muy buena Imprenta,
+traida del Japón, en que se imprimian muchos libros, assi en la lengua
+Española como Pampanga y Tagala." [29]
+
+In brief, that is, Father Gaspar says that "in Lubao convent, where the
+order maintained a school of grammar and rhetoric, there was a press
+(brought from Japan), whereon many books were printed in Spanish,
+Pampanga, and Tagal." May we not, then, be justified in surmising
+that this Lubao press was the one referred to in the MS. adduced by
+Martínez-Vigil, that attributes to Augustinians the introduction
+of typography into the Philippines? And, moreover, since the said
+ancient MS. ends with the year 1606, that this Lubao press was at
+work at a still earlier date?
+
+But, enough. With no originals at hand, we feel disinclined to pursue
+this topic further as to the priority of printing in the islands,
+nor do we care to press the question, whether, namely, the first book
+of Philippine manufacture was Bugarín's dictionary of 1630, Blancas'
+Arte of 1610, or the Lubao tratadillos of 1606.
+
+In our own colonies (we may observe) printing was introduced, first at
+Cambridge in Massachusetts, in 1638; while in Pennsylvania the first
+book printed--an almanac--by William Bradford, of Philadelphia, is
+dated 1685, a full half century later, that is, than the introduction
+of this "art preservative of arts" into Malaysia.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+[1] See his Catálogo Abreviado de la Biblioteca Filipina (Madrid,
+1898), pp. xxix-xxxi.
+
+[2] These figures are given by Retana--a faulty enumeration, however,
+in that they fail to include all the titles in his work. Thus
+(p. 338), instead of a series-number we read four ciphers, to be met
+with elsewhere the same as his bis mark (pp. 59, 90, 118, 565). Again
+Méntrida's Arte and Diccionario of 1637, mentioned twice (Nos. 100,
+173) have not been entered by Retana in his lists; neither has the
+first edition (Tayabas, 1703,) of Santos' Tagal dictionary, (pp. 31,
+32.). In reality then, instead of only 2697 titles in his Biblioteca,
+one should count, I venture to guess, at least some twenty or thirty
+more than are given.
+
+[3] Biblioteca, vii-xi.
+
+[4] Singularly varied are the names given by writers to this
+dialect of Yap, as Bonabe, Bonibet, Bornabi, Funopet, Panapee,
+Ponapé, Puynipet, while to the French the island itself is known as
+Ascension. (Art. "Caroline Islands," Encycl. Brit.)
+
+[5] Read, however, his observations thereon in full in his Estadismo,
+i, 426-429. The same opinion as to Aeta being mother-tongue in the
+Philippines is pronounced also by Buzeta, ii, 49.
+
+[6] Throughout this sketch, unless otherwise noted, I follow only
+Spanish authorities.
+
+[7] See the Augustinian Zúñiga's Estadismo ii, *395, to which further
+reference will be made.
+
+[8] Estadismo, i, 426-429.
+
+[9] For these usages, see Zúñiga, Estadismo, i, 533-534.
+
+[10] Various heathen rites, practised by these islanders, are
+described in Buzeta (i, 60, etc.), as well as names of deities,
+and other enormities of man's distortion of truth.
+
+[11] Biblioteca, xxix-xxxi.
+
+[12] Relative to this term bahaque, which I have met only once,
+in the Historia Franciscana, (parte I, lib. i, cap. 39,) is the
+following description of the black men, the Aetas, or negroes, of
+Negros, "andan totalmente desnudos," (the author says,) "y solo traen
+cubiertas las partes verendas con unos como Lienzos, tirantes de atrás
+á adelante, que se llamen Bahaques, los quales hacen de cortesas de
+Arboles majadas con gran tiento, de modo que ay algunos, que parecen
+Lienzo fino; y rodeandose por la Cintura un Bejúco, en el amarran el
+Bahaque por sus dos extremos." See Zúñiga, i, 423, wherefore, perhaps,
+the significance of bahaque in the proverb.
+
+[13] Retana's Appendix G, in Zúñiga's Estadismo, ii, *492.
+
+[14] This quotation is from page 28 of Apostolado de la Prensa, No. 82
+(Madrid, 1898), which locates it in tome xiv, p. 541, of Reclus.
+
+[15] In old Spanish chronicles it is a common thing to meet such titles
+of these Indian rulers, as Ladia, Radia, Raxa, and Rajá. Lacandola
+was rajah of Manila.
+
+[16] The Augustinian chronicler, Grijalva, is one of the earliest
+writers to describe this rite, which, according to him, is performed as
+follows: "La cerimonia se haze, sacando delos pechos delos que contraen
+la amistad una poca de sangre, y mezelando la una, y la otra en un
+poco de vino, le veuen por iguales partes los contrayentes." (Cronaca
+del Orden, from 1533-1592, Mexico (in the Augustinian Convent),
+1624.) Quotation from Zúñiga, ii, 215. From Buzeta, i, 395, it appears
+that blood-bargain was first entered into by Legazpi (in 1565) at
+Bohol, with Chief Sicatuna.
+
+[17] From the report of the Orphanage for 1897-1898, in Estado General,
+Malabón, 1898.
+
+[18] From the report of the Orphanage at Mandaloya, in Estado
+(as ahead).
+
+[19] See Appendix B, in Zúñiga's Estadismo, ii, *105-*123, where
+Retana has given, with a list of the early presses in the Philippines,
+the names of the printers.
+
+[20] Zúñiga Estadismo, ii, 101.
+
+[21] Provinces of the other friars in Malaysia (including the
+Philippines) are entitled as follows: Augustinians--Most Holy Name of
+Jesus; Franciscans--St. Gregory the Great; Hospitallers--St. Raphael
+Archangel; Recoletos--St. Nicholas of Tolentino.
+
+[22] Zúñiga Estadismo, Appendice B, ii, *103, *104, and *115.
+
+[23] Thus Retana, ii, *103 (as above).
+
+[24] Zúñiga Estadismo, ii, *350.
+
+[25] Id., ii, *104-*105.
+
+[26] Id., ii, *95-*100.
+
+[27] For the original in full (too long to quote here) see Retana in
+Estadismo (as above), ii, *95-*98, where it covers nearly three pages.
+
+[28] The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan. 1591-1610. By Ernest Mason
+Satow. [Privately printed.] 1888, where you will find reproduced in
+photographic fac-simile the title-page of the above-named books.
+
+[29] Zúñiga, Estadismo, ii, *111-*112.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some notes on the bibliography of the
+Philippines, by Thomas Cooke Middleton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES ***
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