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diff --git a/35021.txt b/35021.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1407f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/35021.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3515 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Indian Stories Retold From St. Nicholas, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Indian Stories Retold From St. Nicholas + +Author: Various + +Release Date: January 21, 2011 [EBook #35021] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDIAN STORIES RETOLD *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +INDIAN STORIES + + + + +HISTORICAL STORIES RETOLD FROM ST. NICHOLAS MAGAZINE IN FIVE VOLUMES + + + INDIAN STORIES + A mirror of Indian ideas, customs, and + adventures. + + COLONIAL STORIES + Stirring tales of the rude frontier life of + early times. + + REVOLUTIONARY STORIES + Heroic deeds, and especially children's + part in them. + + CIVIL WAR STORIES + Thrilling stories of the great struggle, + both on land and sea. + + OUR HOLIDAYS + Something of their meaning and spirit. + +Each about 200 pages. Full cloth, 12mo. + +THE CENTURY CO. + +[Illustration: AN INDIAN HORSE-RACE--COMING OVER THE SCRATCH + +_Drawing by Frederic Remington_] + + + + +INDIAN STORIES + +RETOLD FROM ST. NICHOLAS + +[Illustration] + + PUBLISHED BY THE CENTURY CO. + NEW YORK MCMVII + + + + + Copyright, 1877, 1878, 1879, by + SCRIBNER & CO. + + Copyright, 1884, 1888, 1889, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1899, 1900, 1904, by + THE CENTURY CO. + + THE DEVINNE PRESS + + + + +PUBLISHER'S NOTE + + +THIS collection of Indian stories is the first in a series of volumes of +historic tales retold from "St. Nicholas." + +The books do not pretend to give anything like connected history, but by +means of the story that thrills and interests they impart the real +spirit of the times they depict in a way no youthful reader will be +likely to forget. + +Most of the stories in this book a boy of eight or nine can read for +himself, and these are the years of his school life when he is being +taught something of our colonial history and of the myths and legends of +primitive man. Thus these stories, while delighting many children and +tempting them to read "out of hours," will serve a very useful +purpose. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + PAGE + + ONATOGA'S SACRIFICE _John Dimitry_ 1 + + WAUKEWA'S EAGLE _James Buckham_ 10 + + A FOURTH OF JULY AMONG THE INDIANS _W. P. Hooper_ 22 + + A BOY'S VISIT TO CHIEF JOSEPH _Erskine Wood_ 43 + + LITTLE MOCCASIN'S RIDE ON THE THUNDER-HORSE 54 + _Colonel Guido Ilges_ + + THE LITTLE FIRST MAN AND THE LITTLE FIRST WOMAN 74 + _William M. Cary_ + + FUN AMONG THE RED BOYS _Julian Ralph_ 87 + + THE CHILDREN OF ZUNI _Maria Brace Kimball_ 100 + + THE INDIAN GIRL AND HER MESSENGER-BIRD _George W. Ranck_ 112 + + HOW THE STONE-AGE CHILDREN PLAYED _Charles C. Abbott_ 115 + + GAMES AND SPORTS OF THE INDIAN BOY 123 + _Dr. Charles Alexander Eastman_ + + AN OLD-TIME THANKSGIVING _M. Eloise Talbot_ 136 + + SOME INDIAN DOLLS _Olive Thorne Miller_ 155 + + THE WALKING PURCHASE _George Wheeler_ 159 + + THE FIRST AMERICANS _F. S. Dellenbaugh_ 171 + + + + +INDIAN STORIES + + + + +INDIAN LULLABY + + + Sleep, sleep, my boy; the Chippewas + Are far away--are far away. + Sleep, sleep, my boy; prepare to meet + The foe by day--the foe by day! + The cowards will not dare to fight + Till morning break--till morning break. + Sleep, sleep, my child, while still 'tis night; + Then bravely wake--then bravely wake! + + + + +INDIAN STORIES + + + + +ONATOGA'S SACRIFICE + +BY JOHN DIMITRY + + +ONCE, in the long ago, before the white man had heard of the continent +on which we live, red men, who were brave and knew not what fear was in +battle, trembled at the mention of a great man-eating bird that had +lived before the time told of in the traditions known of their oldest +chiefs. + +This bird, which, according to the Indian legends, ate men, was known as +the PIASAU. + +The favorite haunt of this terrible bird was a bluff on the Mississippi +River, a short distance above the site of the present city of Alton, +Illinois. There it was said to lie in wait, and to keep watch over the +broad, open prairies. Whenever some rash Indian ventured out alone to +hunt upon this fatal ground, he became the monster's prey. The legend +says that the bird, swooping down with the fierce swiftness of a hawk, +seized upon its victim and bore him to a gloomy cave wherein it made its +horrid feasts. The monster must have had an insatiable appetite or a +prolonged existence, for tradition declares that it depopulated whole +villages. Then it was that the wise men began to see visions and to +prophesy the speedy extinction of the tribe. Years of its ravages +followed one upon another, until at length, according to the legend, was +lost all reckoning of the time when first that strange, foul creature +came to scourge their sunny plains. The aged men, whose youth was but a +dim memory, could say only that the bird was as it had always been. None +like it had ever been heard of save in vague traditions. + +There was one, Onatoga, who began to ponder. + +[Illustration: ONATOGA IN THE FOREST] + +Now, Onatoga was the great leader of the Illini; one whose name was +spoken with awe even in the distant wigwams north of the Great Lake. +Long had he grieved and wondered over the will of the Great Spirit; that +he should look upon the men of the Western prairies, not as warriors, +but as deer or bison, only fit to fill the maw of so pestilent a thing +as this monstrous bird! Before the new moon began to grow upon the +face of the sky, Onatoga's resolve was taken. He would go to some spot +deep in the forest where by fasting and prayer his spirit would become +so pure that the Great Master of Life would hear him and once again be +kind and turn His face back, in light, upon the Illini. + +Stealing away from his tribe in the night, he plunged far into the +trackless forest. Then, blackening his face, for a whole moon he fasted. +The moon waxed full and then waned; but no vision came to assure him +that the Great Spirit had heard his prayers. Only one more night +remained. Wearied and sorrow-worn, he closed his eyes. But, through the +deep sleep that fell upon him, came the voice of the Great Spirit. And +this is the message that came to Onatoga, as he lay sleeping in body +but, in his soul, awake: + +"Arise, Chief of the Illini! Thou shalt save thy race. Choose thou +twenty of thy warriors; noble-hearted, strong-armed, eagle-eyed. Put in +each warrior's hand a bow. Give to each an arrow dipped in the venom of +the snake. Seek then the man whose heart loveth the Great Spirit. Let +him not fear to look the Piasau in the face; but see that the warriors, +with ready bows, stand near in the shadow of the trees." + +Onatoga awoke; strong, though he had fasted a month; happy, though he +knew he was soon to die! Who, but he, the Great Chief of the Illini, +should die for his people--for was it not death to look on the face of +the Piasau? + +Binding his moccasins firmly upon his feet, he washed the marks of grief +from his face, and painted it with the brightest vermilion and blue. +Thus, in the splendid colors of a triumphant warrior, he returned +homeward. All was silent in the village when, in the gray light of early +day, he entered his lodge. Soon the joyful news was known. From lodge to +lodge it spread until the last wigwam was reached. Onatoga's quest was +successful! + +Then the warriors began to gather. Furtively, even in their gladness, +they sought his lodge, for the fear of the Piasau was over all. A solemn +awe fell upon them as they gathered around the chief, who, it was +whispered, had heard the voice of the Great Spirit. Without, on that +high bluff, they knew that the fiend-bird crouched, waiting for the +morning light to reveal its prey. Within, in sorrowing silence, they +heard how the people could be saved; but the hearts of the warriors were +heavy. All knew the sacrifice demanded--their bravest and their best! + +[Illustration: "ONATOGA, NEVER CEASING HIS CHANT, FACED THE PIASAU +FEARLESSLY"] + +Onatoga chose his twenty warriors and appointed them their place, where +the rolling prairie was broken by the edge of the forest. Then, when the +sun shot its first long shafts of light across the level grasses, the +chief walked slowly forth and stood alone upon the prairie. The world in +the morning light was beautiful to Onatoga's eyes. The flowers beneath +his feet seemed to smile, and poured forth richest perfumes; the sun was +glorious in its golden breast-plate, to do him honor; while the lark and +the mock-bird sang his praise in joyous songs. + +He had not long to wait. Soon, afar off, the dreaded Piasau was seen +moving heavily through the clear morning air. Onatoga, drawing himself +to the full measure of his lofty height, raised his death-song. The dull +flutter of huge wings came nearer, and a great shadow came rushing over +the sunlit fields. Onatoga, never ceasing his chant, faced the Piasau +fearlessly. A sudden fierce swoop downward! In that very moment, twenty +poisoned arrows, loosed by twenty faithful hands, sped true to their +aim. With a scream that the bluffs sent rolling back in sharp and +deafening echoes, the foul monster dropped dead! The Great Spirit loved +the man who had been willing to sacrifice his life for his people. In +the very instant when death seemed sure, he covered the heart of Onatoga +with a shield; and he suffered not the wind to blow aside a single arrow +from its mark,--the body of the fated Piasau. + +[Illustration: "CUNNING CARVERS CUT DEEP INTO THE ROCK THE FORM OF THE +PIASAU"] + +Great were the rejoicings that followed and rich were the feasts that +were held in honor of Onatoga. The Illini resolved that the story of the +great deliverance and of the courageous love of Onatoga should not die, +though they themselves should pass away. The cunning carvers of the +tribe cut deep into the living rock of the bluff the terrible form of +the Piasau. And, in later years, when young children asked the meaning +of this great figure, so unlike any of the birds that they knew upon +their rivers and their prairies, then the fathers would tell them the +story of the Piasau, and how the Great Spirit had found, in Onatoga, a +warrior who loved his fellow-men better than he loved his own life. + + + + +WAUKEWA'S EAGLE + +BY JAMES BUCKHAM + + +ONE day, when the Indian boy Waukewa was hunting along the +mountain-side, he found a young eagle with a broken wing, lying at the +base of a cliff. The bird had fallen from an aery on a ledge high above, +and being too young to fly, had fluttered down the cliff and injured +itself so severely that it was likely to die. When Waukewa saw it he was +about to drive one of his sharp arrows through its body, for the passion +of the hunter was strong in him, and the eagle plunders many a fine fish +from the Indian's drying-frame. But a gentler impulse came to him as he +saw the young bird quivering with pain and fright at his feet, and he +slowly unbent his bow, put the arrow in his quiver, and stooped over the +panting eaglet. For fully a minute the wild eyes of the wounded bird and +the eyes of the Indian boy, growing gentler and softer as he gazed, +looked into one another. Then the struggling and panting of the young +eagle ceased; the wild, frightened look passed out of its eyes, and it +suffered Waukewa to pass his hand gently over its ruffled and draggled +feathers. The fierce instinct to fight, to defend its threatened life, +yielded to the charm of the tenderness and pity expressed in the boy's +eyes; and from that moment Waukewa and the eagle were friends. + +Waukewa went slowly home to his father's lodge, bearing the wounded +eaglet in his arms. He carried it so gently that the broken wing gave no +twinge of pain, and the bird lay perfectly still, never offering to +strike with its sharp beak the hands that clasped it. + +Warming some water over the fire at the lodge, Waukewa bathed the broken +wing of the eagle and bound it up with soft strips of skin. Then he made +a nest of ferns and grass inside the lodge, and laid the bird in it. The +boy's mother looked on with shining eyes. Her heart was very tender. +From girlhood she had loved all the creatures of the woods, and it +pleased her to see some of her own gentle spirit waking in the boy. + +When Waukewa's father returned from hunting, he would have caught up the +young eagle and wrung its neck. But the boy pleaded with him so +eagerly, stooping over the captive and defending it with his small +hands, that the stern warrior laughed and called him his "little +squaw-heart." "Keep it, then," he said, "and nurse it until it is well. +But then you must let it go, for we will not raise up a thief in the +lodges." So Waukewa promised that when the eagle's wing was healed and +grown so that it could fly, he would carry it forth and give it its +freedom. + +It was a month--or, as the Indians say, a moon--before the young eagle's +wing had fully mended and the bird was old enough and strong enough to +fly. And in the meantime Waukewa cared for it and fed it daily, and the +friendship between the boy and the bird grew very strong. + +[Illustration: "THE YOUNG EAGLE ROSE TOWARD THE SKY"] + +But at last the time came when the willing captive must be freed. So +Waukewa carried it far away from the Indian lodges, where none of the +young braves might see it hovering over and be tempted to shoot their +arrows at it, and there he let it go. The young eagle rose toward the +sky in great circles, rejoicing in its freedom and its strange, new +power of flight. But when Waukewa began to move away from the spot, it +came swooping down again; and all day long it followed him through the +woods as he hunted. At dusk, when Waukewa shaped his course for the +Indian lodges, the eagle would have accompanied him. But the boy +suddenly slipped into a hollow tree and hid, and after a long time the +eagle stopped sweeping about in search of him and flew slowly and sadly +away. + +Summer passed, and then winter; and spring came again, with its flowers +and birds and swarming fish in the lakes and streams. Then it was that +all the Indians, old and young, braves and squaws, pushed their light +canoes out from shore and with spear and hook waged pleasant war against +the salmon and the red-spotted trout. After winter's long imprisonment, +it was such joy to toss in the sunshine and the warm wind and catch +savory fish to take the place of dried meats and corn! + +Above the great falls of the Apahoqui the salmon sported in the cool, +swinging current, darting under the lee of the rocks and leaping full +length in the clear spring air. Nowhere else were such salmon to be +speared as those which lay among the riffles at the head of the Apahoqui +rapids. But only the most daring braves ventured to seek them there, for +the current was strong, and should a light canoe once pass the +danger-point and get caught in the rush of the rapids, nothing could +save it from going over the roaring falls. + +Very early in the morning of a clear April day, just as the sun was +rising splendidly over the mountains, Waukewa launched his canoe a +half-mile above the rapids of the Apahoqui, and floated downward, spear +in hand, among the salmon-riffles. He was the only one of the Indian +lads who dared fish above the falls. But he had been there often, and +never yet had his watchful eye and his strong paddle suffered the +current to carry his canoe beyond the danger-point. This morning he was +alone on the river, having risen long before daylight to be first at the +sport. + +The riffles were full of salmon, big, lusty fellows, who glided about +the canoe on every side in an endless silver stream. Waukewa plunged his +spear right and left, and tossed one glittering victim after another +into the bark canoe. So absorbed in the sport was he that for once he +did not notice when the head of the rapids was reached and the canoe +began to glide more swiftly among the rocks. But suddenly he looked up, +caught his paddle, and dipped it wildly in the swirling water. The canoe +swung sidewise, shivered, held its own against the torrent, and then +slowly, inch by inch, began to creep upstream toward the shore. But +suddenly there was a loud, cruel snap, and the paddle parted in the +boy's hands, broken just above the blade! Waukewa gave a cry of +despairing agony. Then he bent to the gunwale of his canoe and with the +shattered blade fought desperately against the current. But it was +useless. The racing torrent swept him downward; the hungry falls roared +tauntingly in his ears. + +Then the Indian boy knelt calmly upright in the canoe, facing the mist +of the falls, and folded his arms. His young face was stern and lofty. +He had lived like a brave hitherto--now he would die like one. + +Faster and faster sped the doomed canoe toward the great cataract. The +black rocks glided away on either side like phantoms. The roar of the +terrible waters became like thunder in the boy's ears. But still he +gazed calmly and sternly ahead, facing his fate as a brave Indian +should. At last he began to chant the death-song, which he had learned +from the older braves. In a few moments all would be over. But he would +come before the Great Spirit with a fearless hymn upon his lips. + +Suddenly a shadow fell across the canoe. Waukewa lifted his eyes and +saw a great eagle hovering over, with dangling legs, and a spread of +wings that blotted out the sun. Once more the eyes of the Indian boy and +the eagle met; and now it was the eagle who was master! + +[Illustration: "HE AND THE STRUGGLING EAGLE WERE FLOATING OUTWARD AND +DOWNWARD"] + +With a glad cry the Indian boy stood up in his canoe, and the eagle +hovered lower. Now the canoe tossed up on that great swelling wave that +climbs to the cataract's edge, and the boy lifted his hands and caught +the legs of the eagle. The next moment he looked down into the awful +gulf of waters from its very verge. The canoe was snatched from beneath +him and plunged down the black wall of the cataract; but he and the +struggling eagle were floating outward and downward through the cloud of +mist. The cataract roared terribly, like a wild beast robbed of its +prey. The spray beat and blinded, the air rushed upward as they fell. +But the eagle struggled on with his burden. He fought his way out of the +mist and the flying spray. His great wings threshed the air with a +whistling sound. Down, down they sank, the boy and the eagle, but ever +farther from the precipice of water and the boiling whirlpool below. At +length, with a fluttering plunge, the eagle dropped on a sand-bar below +the whirlpool, and he and the Indian boy lay there a minute, +breathless and exhausted. Then the eagle slowly lifted himself, took the +air under his free wings, and soared away, while the Indian boy knelt on +the sand, with shining eyes following the great bird till he faded into +the gray of the cliffs. + + + + +A FOURTH OF JULY AMONG THE INDIANS + +BY W. P. HOOPER + + +INDIANS--real Indians--real, live Indians--were what we, like all boys, +wanted to see; and this was why, after leaving the railroad on which we +had been traveling for several days and nights, we found ourselves at +last in a big canvas-covered wagon lumbering across the monotonous +prairie. + +[Illustration] + +We were on our way to see a celebration of the Fourth of July at a +Dakota Indian agency. + +It was late in the afternoon of a hot summer's day. We had been riding +since early morning, and had not met a living creature--not even a bird +or a snake. Only those who have experienced it know how wearying to the +eyes it is to gaze all day long, and see nothing but the sky and the +grass. + +However, an hour before sunset we _did_ see something. At first, it +looked like a mere speck against the sky; then it seemed like a bush or +a shrub; but it rapidly increased in size as we approached. Then, with +the aid of our field-glass, we saw it was a man on horseback. No, not +exactly that, either; it was an Indian chief riding an Indian pony. Now, +I have seen Indians in the East--"Dime Museum Indians." I have seen the +Indians who travel with the circus--yes, and I have seen the untutored +savages who sell bead-work at Niagara Falls; but this one was +different--he was quite different. I felt sure that he was a genuine +Indian. He was unlike the Indians I had seen in the East. The most +striking difference was that this one presented a grand unwashed effect. +It must have required years of patient industry in avoiding the +wash-bowl, and great good luck in dodging the passing showers, for him +to acquire the rich effect of color which he displayed. Though it was +one of July's hottest days, he had on his head an arrangement made of +fur, with head trimmings and four black-tipped feathers; a long braid of +his hair, wound with strips of fur, hung down in front of each ear, and +strings of beads ornamented his neck. He wore a calico shirt, with tin +bands on his arms above the elbow; a blanket was wrapped around his +waist; his leggings had strips of beautiful bright bead-work, and his +moccasins were ornamented in the same style. But in his right hand he +was holding a most murderous-looking instrument. It was a long wooden +club, into one end of which three sharp, shining steel knife-blades were +set. Though I had been complaining of the heat, still I now felt chilly +as I looked at the weapon, and saw how well it matched the expression of +his cruel mouth and piercing eyes. + +He passed on while we were trying to make a sketch of him. However, the +next day, an interpreter brought him around, and, for a small piece of +tobacco, he was glad to pose while the sketch was being finished. We +learned his name was "Can-h-des-ka-wan-ji-dan" (One Hoop). + +[Illustration: "ONE HOOP" IN HIS SUMMER COSTUME] + +A few moments later, we passed an iron post set firmly into the ground. +It marked one of the boundaries of the Indian Reservation. We were now +on a tract of land set aside by the United States Government as the +living-ground of sixteen hundred "Santee" Sioux Indians. We soon saw +more Indians, who, like us, seemed to be moving toward the little +village at the Indian agency. Each group had put their belongings into a +big bundle, and strapped it upon long poles, which were fastened at one +end to the back of a pony. In this bundle the little papooses rode in +great comfort, looking like blackbirds peering from a nest. In some +cases, an older child would be riding in great glee on the pony's back +among the poles. The family baggage seemed about equally distributed +between the pony and the squaw who led him. She was preceded by her lord +and master, the noble red Indian, who carried no load except his long +pipe. + +The next thing of interest was what is called a Red River wagon. It was +simply a cart with two large wheels, the whole vehicle made of wood. As +the axles are never oiled, the Red River carry-all keeps up a most +terrible squeaking. This charming music-box was drawn by one ox, and +contained an Indian, who was driving with a whip. His wife and children +were seated on the bottom of this jolting and shrieking cart. + +[Illustration: AN INDIAN ENCAMPMENT FOR THE NIGHT] + +As we neared the agency buildings, we passed many Indians who had +settled for the night. They chose the wooded ravines, near streams, by +which to put up their tents, or "tepees," which consisted of long poles +covered with patched and smoke-stained canvas, with two openings, one +at the top for a "smoke-hole" and the other for a door, through which +any one must crawl in order to enter the domestic circle of the gentle +savage. We entered several tepees, making ourselves welcome by gifts of +tobacco to every member of the family. That night, after reaching the +agency and retiring to our beds, we dreamed of smoking great big pipes, +with stems a mile long, which were passed to us by horrible-looking +black witches. But morning came at last,--and _such_ a morning! + +That Fourth of July morning I shall never forget. We were awakened by +the most blood-curdling yells that ever pierced the ears of three white +boys. It was the Indian war-whoop. I found myself instinctively feeling +for my back hair, and regretting the distance to the railroad. We +lingered indoors in a rather terrified condition, until we found out +that this was simply the beginning of the day's celebration. It was the +"sham-fight," but it looked real enough when the Indians came tearing +by, their ponies seeming to enter into the excitement as thoroughly as +their riders. There were some five hundred, in full frills and +war-paint, and all giving those terrible yells. + +Their costumes were simple, but gay in color--paint, feathers, and more +paint, with an occasional shirt. + +For weapons they carried guns, rifles, and long spears. Bows and arrows +seemed to be out of style. A few had round shields on their left arms. + +Most of the tepees had been collected together and pitched so as to form +a large circle, and their wagons were placed outside this circle so as +to make a sort of protection for the defending party. The attacking +party, brandishing their weapons in the air with increased yells, rushed +their excited and panting ponies up the slope toward the tepees, where +they were met by a rapid discharge of blank cartridges and powder. Some +of the ponies became frightened and unmanageable, several riders were +unhorsed, and general confusion prevailed. The intrenched party, in the +meantime, rushed out from behind their defenses, climbing on top of +their wagons, yelling and dancing around like demons. Added to this, the +sight of several riderless ponies flying wildly from the tumult made the +sham-fight have a terribly realistic look. + +After the excitement was over, the regular games which had been arranged +for the day began. + +[Illustration: THE SHAM-FIGHT] + +In the foot-races, the costumes were so slight that there was nothing to +describe--simply paint in fancy patterns, moccasins, and a girdle of red +flannel. But how they could run! I did not suppose anything on two legs +could go so fast. The lacrosse costumes were bright and attractive. The +leader of one side wore a shirt of soft, tanned buck-skin, bead-work and +embroidery on the front, long fringe on the shoulders, bands around the +arms, and deep fringe on the bottom of the skirt. The legs were bare to +the knee, and from there down to the toes was one mass of fine +glittering bead-work. In the game, there were a hundred Indians engaged +on each side. The game was long, but exciting, being skilfully played. +The grounds extended about a mile in length. The ball was the size of a +common baseball, and felt almost as solid as a rock, the center being of +lead. The shape of the Indian lacrosse stick is shown in the sketch. + +Then came games on horseback. But the most interesting performance of +the whole day, and one in which they all manifested an absorbing +interest, was the dinner. + +At 3 A.M. several oxen had been butchered, and from that time till the +dinner was served all the old squaws had their hands full. Fires were +made in long lines, poles placed over them, and high black pots, +kettles, and zinc pails filled with a combination of things, including +beef and water, were suspended there and carefully tended by ancient +Indian ladies in picturesque, witch-like costumes, who gently stirred +the boiling bouillion with pieces of wood, while other seemingly more +ancient and worn-out-looking squaws brought great bundles of wood from +the ravines, tied up in blankets and swung over their shoulders. Think +of a dinner for sixteen hundred noble chiefs and braves, stalwart +head-men, young bucks, old squaws, girls, and children! And such +queer-looking children--some dressed in full war costume, some in the +most approved dancing dresses. + +[Illustration: SHA-KE-TO-PA, A YOUNG BRAVE] + +[Illustration: "TAKING A SPOONFUL OF THE SOUP, HE POURED IT UPON THE +GROUND."] + +One little boy, whose name was Sha-ke-to-pa (Four Nails), had five +feathers--big ones, too--in his hair. His face was painted; he wore +great round ear-rings, and rows of beads and claws around his neck; +bands of beads on his little bare brown arms; embroidered leggings and +beautiful moccasins, and a long piece of red cloth hanging from his +waist. In fact, he was as gaily dressed as a grown-up Indian man, and he +had a cunning little war-club, all ornamented and painted. When the +dinner was nearly ready, the men began to seat themselves in a long +curved line. Behind them, the women and children were gathered. When +everything was ready, a chief wearing a long arrangement of feathers +hanging from his back hair and several bead pouches across his +shoulders, with a long staff in his left hand, walked into the center of +the circle. Taking a spoonful of the soup, he held it high in the air, +and then, turning slowly around, chanting a song, he poured the contents +of the spoon upon the ground. This, an interpreter explained to us, was +done to appease the spirits of the air. After this, the old squaws +limped nimbly around with the pails of soup and other food, serving the +men. After they were all bountifully and repeatedly helped, the women +and children, who had been patiently waiting, were allowed to gather +about the fragments and half-empty pots and finish the repast, which +they did with neatness and despatch. + +[Illustration: A WAITRESS] + +Then the warriors lay around and smoked their long-stem pipes, while the +young men prepared for the pony races. + +The first of the races was "open to all," and more than a hundred ponies +and their riders were arranged in a row. Some of the ponies were very +spirited, and seemed fully to realize what was going to take place, and +they would persist in pushing ahead of the line. Then the other riders +would start their ponies; then the whole line would have to be reformed. +But finally they were all started, and such shouting, and such waving of +whips in the air!--and how the little ponies did jump! When the race was +over, how we all crowded around the winner, and how proud the pony as +well as the rider seemed to feel! Now we had a better chance to examine +the ponies than ever before, and some were very handsome. And such +prices! Think of buying a beautiful three-year-old cream-colored pony +for twenty dollars! + +But as the hour of sunset approached, the interest in the races +vanished, and so did most of the braves. They sought the seclusion of +their bowers, to adorn themselves for the grand "grass dance," which was +to begin at sunset. + +What a contrast between their every-day dress and their dancing +costumes! The former consists of a blanket more or less tattered and +torn, while the gorgeousness of the latter discourages a description in +words; so I refer you to the pictures. Of course, we were eager to +purchase some of the Indian finery, but it was a bad time to trade +successfully with the Indians. They were too much taken up with the +pleasures of the day to care to turn an honest penny by parting with any +of their ornaments. However, we succeeded in buying a big war-club set +with knives, some pipes with carved stems a yard long, a few +knife-sheaths and pouches, glittering with beads, and several pairs of +beautiful moccasins,--most of which now adorn a New York studio. + +[Illustration: HOLIDAY CLOTHES AND EVERY-DAY CLOTHES] + +Soon the highly decorated red men silently assembled inside a large +space inclosed by bushes stuck into the ground. This was their +dance-hall. The squaws were again shut out, as, according to Santee +Sioux custom, they are not allowed to join in the dances with the men. +The Indians, as they came in, sat quietly down around the sides of the +inclosure. The musicians were gathered around a big drum, on which they +pounded with short sticks, while they sang a sort of wild, weird chant. +The effect, to an uneducated white man's ear, was rather depressing, but +it seemed very pleasing to the Indians. + +The ball was opened by an old chief, who, rising slowly, beckoned the +others to follow him. In his right hand the leader carried a wooden gun, +ornamented with eagles' feathers; in the left he held a short stick, +with bells attached to it. He wore a cap of otter skin, from which hung +a long train. His face was carefully painted in stripes of blue and +yellow. + +[Illustration: THE DANCE] + +At first, they all moved slowly, jumping twice on each foot; then, as +the musicians struck up a more lively pounding and a more inspiring +song, the dancers moved with more rapidity, giving an occasional shout +and waving their arms in the air. As they grew warmer and more excited, +the musicians redoubled their exertions on the drum and changed their +singing into prolonged howls; then one of them, dropping his drumsticks, +sprang to his feet, and, waving his hands over his head, he yelled till +he was breathless, urging on the dancers. This seemed to be the +finishing touch. The orchestra and dancers seemed to vie with each other +as to who should make the greater noise. Their yells were deafening, +and, brandishing their knives and tomahawks, they sprang around with +wonderful agility. Of course, this intense excitement could last but a +short time; the voices of the musicians began to fail, and, finally, +with one last grand effort, they all gave a terrible shout, and then all +was silence. The dancers crawled back to their places around the +inclosure, and sank exhausted on the grass. But soon some supple brave +regained enough strength to rise. The musicians slowly recommenced, +other dancers came forward, and the "mad dance" was again in full blast. +And thus the revels went on, hour after hour, all night, and continued +even through the following day. But there was a curious fascination +about it, and, tired as we were after the long day, we stood there +looking on hour after hour. Finally, after midnight had passed, we +gathered our Indian purchases about us, including two beautiful ponies, +and began our return trip toward the railroad and civilization. But +the monotonous sound of the Indian drum followed us mile after mile over +the prairie; in fact, it followed us much better than my new spotted +pony. + +My arm aches now, as I remember how that pony hung back. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration: CHIEF JOSEPH] + + + + +A BOY'S VISIT TO CHIEF JOSEPH + +BY ERSKINE WOOD + + [NOTE: The author of the sketch "A Boy's Visit to + Chief Joseph" was Erskine Wood, a boy thirteen + years old. He was then an expert shot with the + rifle, and had brought down not only small game, + but bear, wolves, and deer. A true woodsman, he + was also a skilled archer and angler, having + camped alone in the woods, and lived upon the game + secured by shooting and fishing. + + When Chief Joseph, of the Nez Perce Indians, went + to the national capital, he met Erskine, and + invited the young hunter to visit his camp some + summer. So in July, 1892, the boy started alone + from Portland, Oregon, carrying his guns, bows, + rods, and blanket, and made his own way to Chief + Joseph's camp on the Nespilem River. + + The Indians received him hospitably, and he took + part in their annual fall hunt. He was even + adopted into the tribe by the chief, and, + according to their custom, received an Indian + name, _Ishem-tux-il-pilp_,--"Red Moon." + + Chief Joseph's band was the remnant of the tribe + which, under his leadership, fought the United + States army so gallantly in 1877; they carried on + a running fight of about eleven hundred miles in + one summer. + + When Erskine visited him, the chief was in every + way most kind and hospitable to his young guest. + + C. E. S. WOOD.] + + +I LEFT Portland on the third of July, 1892, to visit Chief Joseph, who +was chief of the Nez Perce Indians. They lived on the Colville Agency, +two or three hundred miles north of the city of Spokane, in the State of +Washington. + +I arrived at Davenport, Washington, on the fourth of July. There was no +stage, so I had to stay all night. I left for Fort Spokane next day, +arriving at about seven in the evening. As we did not start for Nespilem +until the seventh, I went and visited Colonel Cook, commanding officer +at the fort. I stayed all night, and next morning I helped the soldiers +load cartridges at the magazine. That afternoon I watched the soldiers +shooting volleys at the target range. We started for Nespilem in a wagon +at three o'clock in the morning. + +The next day I went fishing in the morning, and in the afternoon I went +up the creek again, fishing with Doctor Latham. He was doctor at the +Indian agency. The next day I went down to Joseph's camp, where I stayed +the rest of the time--about five months--alone with the Indians. The +doctor and the teamster returned to the agency. During my first day in +the camp, I wrote a letter to my mother, and bought a beaded leather +belt from one of the squaws. I stayed about camp most of the first day; +but in the afternoon I went fishing, and caught a nice string of trout. + +The Indian camp is usually in two or more long rows of tepees. Sometimes +two or three families occupy one lodge. When they are hunting and drying +meat for their winter supply, several lodges are put together, making +one big lodge about thirty feet long, in which are two or three fires +instead of one. They say that it dries the meat better. + +When game gets scarce, camp is broken and moved to a different place. +The men and boys catch the horses, and then the squaws have to put on +the pack-saddles (made of bone and covered with untanned deer-hide) and +pack them. The men sit around smoking and talking. When all is ready, +the different families set out, driving their spare horses and +pack-horses in front of them. The men generally hunt in the early +morning; they get up at about two o'clock, take a vapor bath, get +breakfast, and start to hunt at about three. Sometimes they hunt on +horseback, and sometimes on foot. They come back at about ten or eleven +o'clock, and if they have been on foot and have been successful they +take a horse and go and bring in the game. The meat is always divided. +If Chief Joseph is there, he divides it; and if he is not there, +somebody is chosen to fill his place. They believe that if the heads or +horns of the slain deer are left on the ground, the other deer feel +insulted and will go away, and that would spoil the hunting in that +neighborhood. So the heads and horns are hung up in trees. They think, +too, that when anybody dies, his spirit hovers around the spot for +several days afterward, and so they always move the lodge. I was sitting +with Joseph in the tepee once, when a lizard crawled in. I discovered +it, and showed it to Joseph. He was very solemn, and I asked him what +was the matter. "A medicine-man sent it here to do me harm. You have +very good eyes to discover the tricks of the medicine-men." I was going +to throw it into the fire, but he stopped me, saying: "If you burn it, +it will make the medicine-men angry. You must kill it some other way." + +The Indians' calendars are little square sticks of wood about eight +inches long. Every day they file a little notch, and on Sunday a little +hole is made. When any one dies, the notch is painted red or black. When +they are home at Nespilem, they all meet out on the prairie on certain +days, and have horse-racing. They run for about two miles. When they are +on the home-stretch, about half a mile from the goal, a lot of men get +behind them and fire pistols and whip the horses. + +I was out grouse-hunting with Niky Mowitz, my Indian companion, and we +started a deer. We were near the camp, and he proposed to run around in +front of the deer and head it for camp. So we started, and the way he +got over those rocks was a wonder! If we had not had the dogs, we might +have succeeded; but as soon as they caught sight of the deer, they went +after it like mad, and we did not see it again. Niky Mowitz is a nephew +and adopted son of Chief Joseph; his father was killed in the Nez Perce +war of 1877. In the fall hunt the boys are not allowed to go grouse- or +pheasant-hunting without first getting permission of the chief in +command. And it is never granted to them until the boys have driven the +horses to water and counted them to see if any are missing. + +The game that the boys play most has to be played out in open country, +where there are no sticks or underbrush. They get a little hoop, or some +of them have a little iron ring, about two inches across. Then they +range themselves in rows, and one rolls the ring on the ground, and the +others try to throw spears through it. The spears are straight sticks +about three feet and a half long, with two or three little branches cut +short at the end, to keep the spear from going clear through the ring. + +The Indians take "Turkish," or vapor, baths. They have a little house in +the shape of a half globe, made of willow sticks, covered with sods and +dirt until it is about a foot thick and perfectly tight. A hole is dug +in the house and filled with hot rocks. The Indians (usually about four) +crowd in, and then one pours hot water on the hot rocks, making a lot of +steam. They keep this up until one's back commences to burn, and then he +gives a little yell, and somebody outside tilts up the door (a blanket), +and they all come out and jump at once into the cold mountain-stream. +This bath is taken just before going hunting, as they think that the +deer cannot scent them after it. + +Only the boys indulge in wrestling. They fold their hands behind each +other's backs, and try to throw each other by force, or by bending the +back backward. Tripping is unfair, in their opinion. + +The country is full of game, and we killed many deer and a cinnamon +bear. In the evening, when they come home, they talk about the day's +hunt, and what they saw and did. The one that killed the bear said that +when he first saw the bear it was about fifteen yards off, and coming +for him with open jaws, and growling and roaring like everything. He +fired and wounded it. It stopped and stood on its hind legs, roaring +worse than ever. While this was going on, the Indian slipped around and +shot it through the heart. I cut off the claws and made a necklace out +of them. The next day they dug a hole nine feet in diameter and built a +big fire in it, and piled rocks all over the fire to heat them. In the +meantime the squaws had cut a lot of fir-boughs and brought the +bear-meat. When the fire had burned down, and the rocks were red hot, +all the coals and things that would smoke were raked out, and sticks +laid across the hole (it was about three feet deep). Then the fir-boughs +were dipped in water and laid over the sticks. And then meat was laid +on, and then more fir-boughs, and then the fat (the fat between the hide +and flesh of a bear is taken off whole) is laid on, and then more +fir-boughs dipped and sprinkled with water. Then come two or three +blankets, and, last of all, the whole thing is covered with earth until +it is perfectly tight. After about two hours everything is removed, and +the water that has been put on the boughs has steamed the meat +thoroughly. Then Chief Joseph comes and cuts it up, and every family +gets a portion. I helped the squaws cook some wild carrots once (they +cook them just as they do the bear, except that they let them cook all +night), and Joseph said that I must not do squaws' work: that a brave +must hunt, fish, fight, and take care of the horses; but a squaw must +put up the tepees, cook, sew, make moccasins and clothes, tan the hides, +and take care of the household goods. + +The boys take care of the horses. They catch them and drive them to and +from their watering-places; and the rest of the time they hunt with bows +and arrows (the boys don't have guns), and fish and play games. The +Indian dogs are fine grouse- and pheasant-hunters, scenting the game +from a long distance, and going and treeing them; and they will stay +there and bark until the men come. The dogs are exactly like coyotes, +except that they are smaller. + +[Illustration: ERSKINE WOOD--NAMED BY CHIEF JOSEPH "ISHEM-TUX-IL-PILP" +OR "RED MOON"] + +Many people have said that the Indian is lazy. In the summer he takes +care of his horses, hunts enough to keep fresh meat, fishes, and plays +games. But in the fall, when they are getting their winter meat, they +get up regularly every morning at two o'clock and start to hunt. And if +the Indian has been successful, as he usually is, he seldom gets home +before five o'clock. And the next morning it is the same thing, while +hoar-frost is all over the ground. In the Fall Hunt, I was out in the +mountains with them seventy-five miles from Nespilem (where Joseph's +camp was, and about one hundred and fifty miles from the agency), and it +was about the 15th of November; and if I had not gone home then, I would +not have been able to go until spring. So Niky Mowitz brought me in to +Nespilem, and we made the trip (seventy-six miles) in one day. We +started at about eight o'clock in the morning, on our ponies. We had not +been gone more than an hour when the dogs started a deer; we rode very +fast, and tried to get a sight of it, but we couldn't. + +Chief Joseph did not go to the mountains with us on this hunt, and we +reached his tent in Nespilem at about ten o'clock. When we got to the +tent, one of Joseph's squaws cooked us some supper; and on the third day +after that, I went to Wilbur, a little town on the railroad, and from +there to Portland, where papa met me at the train. + + + + +LITTLE MOCCASIN'S RIDE ON THE THUNDER-HORSE + +BY COLONEL GUIDO ILGES + + +"LITTLE MOCCASIN" was, at the time we speak of, fourteen years old, and +about as mischievous a boy as could be found anywhere in the Big Horn +mountains. Unlike his comrades of the same age, who had already killed +buffaloes and stolen horses from the white men and the Crow Indians, +with whom Moccasin's tribe, the Uncapapas, were at war, he preferred to +lie under a shady tree in the summer, or around the campfire in winter, +listening to the conversation of the old men and women, instead of going +upon expeditions with the warriors and the hunters. + +The Uncapapas are a very powerful and numerous tribe of the great Sioux +Nation, and before Uncle Sam's soldiers captured and removed them, and +before the Northern Pacific Railroad entered the territory of Montana, +they occupied the beautiful valleys of the Rosebud, Big and Little Horn, +Powder and Redstone rivers, all of which empty into the grand +Yellowstone Valley. In those days, before the white man had set foot +upon these grounds, there was plenty of game, such as buffalo, elk, +antelope, deer, and bear; and, as the Uncapapas were great hunters and +good shots, the camp of Indians to which Little Moccasin belonged always +had plenty of meat to eat and plenty of robes and hides to sell and +trade for horses and guns, for powder and ball, for sugar and coffee, +and for paint and flour. Little Moccasin showed more appetite than any +other Indian in camp. In fact, he was always hungry, and used to eat at +all hours, day and night. Buffalo meat he liked the best, particularly +the part taken from the hump, which is so tender that it almost melts in +the mouth. + +When Indian boys have had a hearty dinner of good meat, they generally +feel very happy and very lively. When hungry, they are sad and dull. + +This was probably the reason why Little Moccasin was always so full of +mischief, and always inventing tricks to play upon the other boys. He +was a precocious and observing youngster, full of quaint and original +ideas--never at a loss for expedients. + +But he was once made to feel very sorry for having played a trick, and I +must tell my young readers how it happened. + +"Running Antelope," one of the great warriors and the most noted orator +of the tribe, had returned from a hunt, and Mrs. Antelope was frying for +him a nice buffalo steak--about as large as two big fists--over the +coals. Little Moccasin, who lived in the next street of tents, smelled +the feast, and concluded that he would have some of it. In the darkness +of the night he slowly and carefully crawled toward the spot where +Mistress Antelope sat holding in one hand a long stick, at the end of +which the steak was frying. Little Moccasin watched her closely, and, +seeing that she frequently placed her other hand upon the ground beside +her and leaned upon it for support, he soon formed a plan for making her +drop the steak. + +He had once or twice in his life seen a pin, but he had never owned one, +and he could not have known what use is sometimes made of them by bad +white boys. He had noticed, however, that some of the leaves of the +larger varieties of the prickly-pear cactus-plant are covered with many +thorns, as long and as sharp as an ordinary pin. + +So when Mrs. Antelope again sat down and looked at the meat to see if it +was done, he slyly placed half-a-dozen of the cactus leaves upon the +very spot of ground upon which Mrs. Antelope had before rested her left +hand. + +Then the young mischief crawled noiselessly into the shade and waited +for his opportunity, which came immediately. + +When the unsuspecting Mrs. Antelope again leaned upon the ground, and +felt the sharp points of the cactus leaves, she uttered a scream, and +dropped from her other hand the stick and the steak, thinking only of +relief from the sharp pain. + +Then, on the instant, the young rascal seized the stick and tried to run +away with it. But Running Antelope caught him by his long hair, and gave +him a severe whipping, declaring that he was a good-for-nothing boy, and +calling him a "coffee-cooler" and a "squaw." + +The other boys, hearing the rumpus, came running up to see the fun, and +they laughed and danced over poor Little Moccasin's distress. Often +afterward they called him "coffee-cooler"; which meant that he was +cowardly and faint-hearted, and that he preferred staying in camp +around the fire, drinking coffee, to taking part in the manly sports of +hunting and stealing expeditions. + +The night after the whipping, Little Moccasin could not sleep. The +disgrace of the whipping and the name applied to him were too much for +his vanity. He even lost his appetite, and refused some very nice +prairie-dog stew which his mother offered him. + +He was thinking of something else. He must do something brave--perform +some great deed which no other Indian had ever performed--in order to +remove this stain upon his character. + +But what should it be? Should he go out alone and kill a bear? He had +never fired a gun, and was afraid that the bear might eat him. Should he +attack the Crow camp single-handed? No, no--not he; they would catch him +and scalp him alive. + +All night long he was thinking and planning; but when daylight came, he +had reached no conclusion. He must wait for the Great Spirit to give him +some ideas. + +During the following day he refused all food and kept drawing his belt +tighter and tighter around his waist every hour, till, by evening, he +had reached the last notch. This method of appeasing the pangs of +hunger, adopted by the Indians when they have nothing to eat, is said to +be very effective. + +In a week's time Little Moccasin had grown almost as thin as a +bean-pole, but no inspiration had yet revealed what he could do to +redeem himself. + +About this time a roving band of Cheyennes, who had been down to the +mouth of the Little Missouri, and beyond, entered the camp upon a +friendly visit. Feasting and dancing were kept up day and night, in +honor of the guests; but Little Moccasin lay hidden in the woods nearly +all the time. + +During the night of the second day of their stay, he quietly stole to +the rear of the great council-tepee, to listen to the pow-wow then going +on. Perhaps he would there learn some words of wisdom which would give +him an idea how to carry out his great undertaking. + +After "Black Catfish," the great Cheyenne warrior, had related in the +flowery language of his tribe some reminiscences of his many fights and +brave deeds, "Strong Heart" spoke. Then there was silence for many +minutes, during which the pipe of peace made the rounds, each warrior +taking two or three puffs, blowing the smoke through the nose, pointing +toward heaven, and then handing the pipe to his left-hand neighbor. + +"Strong Heart," "Crazy Dog," "Bow-String," "Dog-Fox," and "Smooth +Elkhorn" spoke of the country they had just passed through. + +Then again the pipe of peace was handed round, amid profound silence. + +"Black Pipe," who was bent and withered with the wear and exposure of +seventy-nine winters, and who trembled like some leafless tree shaken by +the wind, but who was sound in mind and memory, then told the Uncapapas, +for the first time, of the approach of a great number of white men, who +were measuring the ground with long chains, and who were being followed +by "Thundering Horses" and "Houses on Wheels." (He was referring to the +surveying parties of the Northern Pacific Railway Company, who were just +then at work on the crossing of the Little Missouri.) + +With heart beating wildly, Little Moccasin listened to this strange +story and then retired to his own blankets in his father's tepee. + +Now he had found the opportunity he so long had sought! He would go +across the mountains, all by himself, look at the thundering horses and +the houses on wheels. He then would know more than any one in the tribe, +and return to the camp,--a hero! + +At early morn, having provided himself with a bow and a quiver full of +arrows, without informing any one of his plan he stole out of camp, and, +running at full speed, crossed the nearest mountain to the East. + +Allowing himself little time for rest, pushing forward by day and night, +and after fording many of the smaller mountain-streams, on the evening +of the third day of his travel he came upon what he believed to be a +well-traveled road. But--how strange!--there were two endless iron rails +lying side by side upon the ground. Such a curious sight he had never +beheld. There were also large poles, with glass caps, and connected by +wire, standing along the roadside. What could all this mean? + +Poor Little Moccasin's brain became so bewildered that he hardly noticed +the approach of a freight-train drawn by the "Thundering Horse." + +There was a shrill, long-drawn whistle, and immense clouds of black +smoke; and the Thundering Horse was sniffing and snorting at a great +rate, emitting from its nostrils large streams of steaming vapor. +Besides all this, the earth, in the neighborhood of where Little +Moccasin stood, shook and trembled as if in great fear; and to him the +terrible noises the horse made were perfectly appalling. + +Gradually the snorts, and the puffing, and the terrible noise lessened, +until, all at once, they entirely ceased. The train had come to a +stand-still at a watering tank, where the Thundering Horse was given its +drink. + +The rear car, or "House on Wheels," as old Black Pipe had called it, +stood in close proximity to Little Moccasin,--who, in his bewilderment +and fright at the sight of these strange moving houses, had been unable +to move a step. + +But as no harm had come to him from the terrible monster, Moccasin's +heart, which had sunk down to the region of his toes, began to rise +again; and the curiosity inherent in every Indian boy mastered fear. + +He moved up, and down, and around the great House on Wheels; then he +touched it in many places, first with the tip-end of one finger, and +finally with both hands. If he could only detach a small piece from the +house to take back to camp with him as a trophy and as a proof of his +daring achievement! But it was too solid, and all made of heavy wood and +iron. + +At the rear end of the train there was a ladder, which the now brave +Little Moccasin ascended with the quickness of a squirrel to see what +there was on top. + +It was gradually growing dark, and suddenly he saw (as he really +believed) the full moon approaching him. He did not know that it was the +headlight of a locomotive coming from the opposite direction. + +Absorbed in this new and glorious sight, he did not notice the starting +of his own car, until it was too late, for, while the car moved, he +dared not let go his hold upon the brake-wheel. + +There he was, being carried with lightning speed into a far-off, unknown +country, over bridges, by the sides of deep ravines, and along the +slopes of steep mountains. + +But the Thundering Horse never tired nor grew thirsty again during the +entire night. + +At last, soon after the break of day, there came the same shrill whistle +which had frightened him so much on the previous day; and, soon after, +the train stopped at Miles City. + +But, unfortunately for our little hero, there were a great many white +people in sight; and he was compelled to lie flat upon the roof of his +car, in order to escape notice. He had heard so much of the cruelty of +the white men that he dared not trust himself among them. + +Soon they started again, and Little Moccasin was compelled to proceed on +his involuntary journey, which took him away from home and into unknown +dangers. + +At noon, the cars stopped on the open prairie to let Thundering Horse +drink again. Quickly, and without being detected by any of the trainmen, +he dropped to the ground from his high and perilous position. Then the +train left him--all alone in an unknown country. + +Alone? Not exactly; for, within a few minutes, half a dozen Crow +Indians, mounted on swift ponies, are by his side, and are lashing him +with whips and lassoes. + +He has fallen into the hands of the deadliest enemies of his tribe, and +has been recognized by the cut of his hair and the shape of his +moccasins. + +When they tired of their sport in beating poor Little Moccasin so +cruelly, they dismounted and tied his hands behind his back. + +Then they sat down upon the ground to have a smoke and to deliberate +about the treatment of the captive. + +During the very severe whipping, and while they were tying his hands, +though it gave him great pain, Little Moccasin never uttered a groan. +Indian-like, he had made up his mind to "die game," and not to give his +enemies the satisfaction of gloating over his sufferings. This, as will +be seen, saved his life. + +The leader of the Crows, "Iron Bull," was in favor of burning the hated +Uncapapa at a stake, then and there; but "Spotted Eagle," "Blind Owl," +and "Hungry Wolf" called attention to the youth and bravery of the +captive, who had endured the lashing without any sign of fear. Then the +two other Crows took the same view. This decided poor Moccasin's fate; +and he understood it all, although he did not speak the Crow language, +for he was a great sign-talker, and had watched them very closely during +their council. + +Blind Owl, who seemed the most kind-hearted of the party, lifted the boy +upon his pony, Blind Owl himself getting up in front, and they rode at +full speed westward to their large encampment, where they arrived after +sunset. + +Little Moccasin was then relieved of his bonds, which had benumbed his +hands during the long ride, and a large dish of boiled meat was given to +him. This, in his famished condition, he relished very much. An old +squaw, one of the wives of Blind Owl, and a Sioux captive, took pity on +him, and gave him a warm place with plenty of blankets in her own tepee, +where he enjoyed a good rest. + +During his stay with the Crows, Little Moccasin was made to do the work, +which usually falls to the lot of the squaws; and which was imposed upon +him as a punishment upon a brave enemy, designed to break his proud +spirit. He was treated as a slave, made to haul wood and draw water, do +the cooking, and clean game. Many of the Crow boys wanted to kill him, +but his foster-mother, "Old Looking-Glass," protected him; and, besides, +they feared that the soldiers of Fort Custer might hear of it, if he was +killed, and punish them. + +Many weeks thus passed, and the poor little captive grew more despondent +and weaker in body every day. Often his foster-mother would talk to him +in his own language, and tell him to be of good cheer; but he was +terribly homesick and longed to get back to the mountains on the +Rosebud, to tell the story of his daring and become the hero which he +had started out to be. + +One night, after everybody had gone to sleep in camp, and the fires had +gone out, Old Looking-Glass, who had seemed to be soundly sleeping, +approached his bed and gently touched his face. Looking up, he saw that +she held a forefinger pressed against her lips, intimating that he must +keep silence, and that she was beckoning him to go outside. + +There she soon joined him; then, putting her arm around his neck, she +hastened out of the camp and across the nearest hills. + +When they had gone about five miles away from camp, they came upon a +pretty little mouse-colored pony, which Old Looking-Glass had hidden +there for Little Moccasin on the previous day. + +She made him mount the pony, which she called "Blue Wing," and bade him +fly toward the rising sun, where he would find white people who would +protect and take care of him. + +[Illustration: "THEY CAME UPON A PRETTY LITTLE MOUSE-COLORED PONY"] + +Old Looking-Glass then kissed Little Moccasin upon both cheeks and the +forehead, while the tears ran down her wrinkled face; she also folded +her hands upon her breast and, looking up to the heavens, said a prayer, +in which she asked the Great Spirit to protect and save the poor boy in +his flight. + +After she had whispered some indistinct words into the ear of Blue Wing +(who seemed to understand her, for he nodded his head approvingly), she +bade Little Moccasin be off, and advised him not to rest this side of +the white man's settlement, as the Crows would soon discover his +absence, and would follow him on their fleetest ponies. + +"But Blue Wing will save you! He can outrun them all!" + +These were her parting words, as he galloped away. + +In a short time the sun rose over the nearest hill, and Little Moccasin +then knew that he was going in the right direction. He felt very happy +to be free again, although sorry to leave behind his kind-hearted +foster-mother, Looking-Glass. He made up his mind that after a few +years, when he had grown big and become a warrior, he would go and +capture her from the hated Crows and take her to his own tepee. + +He was so happy in this thought that he had not noticed how swiftly +time passed, and that already the sun stood over his head; neither had +he urged Blue Wing to run his swiftest; but that good little animal kept +up a steady dog-trot, without, as yet, showing the least sign of being +tired. + +But what was the sudden noise which was heard behind him? Quickly he +turned his head, and, to his horror, he beheld about fifty mounted Crows +coming toward him at a run, and swinging in their hands guns, pistols, +clubs, and knives! + +His old enemy, Iron Bull, was in advance, and under his right arm he +carried a long lance, with which he intended to spear Little Moccasin. + +Moccasin's heart stood still for a moment with fear; he knew that this +time they would surely kill him if caught. He seemed to have lost all +power of action. + +Nearer and nearer came Iron Bull, shouting at the top of his voice. + +But Blue Wing now seemed to understand the danger of Moccasin's +situation; he pricked up his ears, snorted a few times, made several +short jumps, fully to arouse Moccasin, who remained paralyzed with fear, +and then, like a bird, fairly flew over the prairie, as if his little +hoofs were not touching the ground. + +Little Moccasin, too, was now awakened to his peril, and he patted and +encouraged Blue Wing; while, from time to time, he looked back over his +shoulder to watch the approach of Iron Bull. + +Thus they went, on and on; over ditches and streams, rocks and hills, +through gulches and valleys. Blue Wing was doing nobly, but the pace +could not last forever. + +Iron Bull was now only about five hundred yards behind and gaining on +him. + +Little Moccasin felt the cold sweat pouring down his face. He had no +firearm, or he would have stopped to shoot at Iron Bull. + +Blue Wing's whole body seemed to tremble beneath his young rider, as if +the pony was making a last desperate effort, before giving up from +exhaustion. + +Unfortunately, Little Moccasin did not know how to pray, or he might +have found some comfort and help thereby; but in those moments, when a +terrible death was so near to him, he did the next best thing: he +thought of his mother and his father, of his little sisters and +brothers, and also of Looking-Glass, his kind old foster-mother. + +Then he felt better and was imbued with fresh courage. He again looked +back, gave one loud, defiant yell at Iron Bull, and then went out of +sight over some high ground. + +Ki-yi-yi-yi! There is the railroad station just in front, only about +three hundred yards away. He sees white men around the buildings, who +will protect him. + +At this moment Blue Wing utters one deep groan, stumbles, and falls to +the ground. Fortunately, though, Little Moccasin has received no hurt. +He jumps up, and runs toward the station as fast as his weary legs can +carry him. + +At this very moment Iron Bull with several of his braves came in sight +again, and, realizing the helpless condition of the boy, they all gave a +shout of joy, thinking that in a few minutes they would capture and kill +him. + +But their shouting had been heard by some of the white men, who at once +concluded to protect the boy, if he deserved aid. + +Little Moccasin and Iron Bull reached the door of the station-building +at nearly the same moment; but the former had time enough to dart inside +and hide under the table of the telegraph operator. + +When Iron Bull and several other Crows rushed in to pull the boy from +underneath the table, the operator quickly took from the table drawer a +revolver, and with it drove the murderous Crows from the premises. + +Then the boy had to tell his story, and he was believed. All took pity +upon his forlorn condition, and his brave flight made them his friends. + +In the evening Blue Wing came up to where Little Moccasin was resting +and awaiting the arrival of the next train, which was to take him back +to his own home. + +Then they both were put aboard a lightning-express train, which took +them to within a short distance of the old camp on the Rosebud. + +When Little Moccasin arrived at his father's tepee, riding beautiful +Blue Wing, now rested and frisky, the whole camp flocked around him; and +when he told them of his great daring, of his capture and his escape, +Running Antelope, the big warrior of the Uncapapas and the most noted +orator of the tribe, proclaimed him a true hero, and then and there +begged his pardon for having called him a "coffee-cooler." In the +evening Little Moccasin was honored by a great feast, and the name of +"Rushing Lightning," _Wakee-wata-keepee_, was bestowed upon him--and by +that name he is known to this day. + + + + +THE LITTLE FIRST MAN AND THE LITTLE FIRST WOMAN + +AN INDIAN LEGEND + +BY WILLIAM M. CARY + + [This story has been told to the children of the + Dacotah Indians for very many years, having been + handed down from generation to generation; and it + is now listened to by Indian children with as much + interest as it excited in the red-skinned boys and + girls of a thousand years ago.] + + +ON the bank of one of the many branches of the Missouri River--or "Big +Muddy," as it is called by the Indians on account of the color of its +waters--there lived a little boy and a little girl. These children were +very small indeed, being no bigger than a man's finger, but very +handsome, well formed, and also quite strong, considering their size. +There were no men and women in the world at that time, and none of the +people who told the story knew how these two small folk came to be +living on the banks of the river. Some persons thought that they might +have been little beavers, or little turtles, who were so smart that +they turned into a boy and a girl; but nothing about this is known for +certain. These small people lived in a tiny lodge near the river, +feeding upon the berries that grew along the shore. These were of great +variety and many delicious flavors. There were wild currants, +raspberries, gooseberries, service-berries, wild plums and grapes; and +of most of these, one was sufficient to make a meal for both of the +children. + +The little girl was very fond of the boy, and watched over and tended +him with great care. She made him a tiny bow from a blade of grass, with +arrows to match, and he hunted grasshoppers, crickets, butterflies, and +many other small creatures. She then made him a hunting-shirt, or coat, +from the skin of a humming-bird, ornamented with brilliant little stones +and tiny shells found in the sand. She loved him so dearly that no work +was too much when done for him. + +[Illustration: TELLING THE STORY OF THE LITTLE FIRST MAN AND THE LITTLE +FIRST WOMAN] + +One day he was out hunting on the prairie; and, feeling tired from an +unusually long tramp, he lay down to rest and soon fell fast asleep. The +wind began to rise, after the heat of the day; but this made him sleep +the sounder, and he knew nothing of the storm that was threatening. The +clouds rolled over from the northwestern horizon, like an army of +blankets torn and ragged. With flashing lightning, the thunder-god let +loose his powers, and peal after peal went echoing loudly through the +canyons, up over the hills, and down into prairies where the quaking-asp +shivered, the willows waved, and the tall blue-grass rolled, as the +wind passed over, like a tempest-tossed sea. Only the stubborn aloes, +the Spanish-bayonet, and the prickly-pears kept their position. But the +storm was as brief as it was violent; and, gradually subsiding, it +passed to the southeast, leaving nothing but a bank of clouds behind the +horizon. Everything was drenched by the heavy rain. The flowers hung +their heads, or lay crushed from the weight of water on their tender +petals, vainly struggling to rise and rejoice that the storm had passed +away. The sage-brush looked more silvery than ever, clothed with myriads +of rain-drops, which beaded its tiny leaves. Through all the storm our +little hero slept, the feathers of his hunting-coat wet and flattened by +the rain. When the sun came out again and shone upon him, it dried and +shriveled this little coat until it cracked and fell off him like the +shell of an egg from a newly hatched chicken. He soon began to feel +uncomfortable, and woke up. Evening was fast approaching; the blue-jay +chattered, the prairie-chicken was calling its young brood to rest under +its wings for the night, the cricket had at last sung himself to sleep, +and all nature seemed to be getting ready for a long rest. Our boy, +however, had no thought of further sleep. His active mind was thinking +how he could revenge himself upon the sun for his treatment of him, in +thus ruining his coat. The shadows on the plains deepened into gloom and +darkness, but still he thought and planned out his revenge. Early in the +morning he started for home. The little girl had been anxiously watching +for him all night, and came out to meet him, much rejoiced at his safe +return; but when she saw the condition of his coat, on which she had +labored with so much care and love, she was very much grieved. Her tears +only made him more angry with the sun, and he set himself to planning +with greater determination by what means he could annoy this enemy. At +last a bright idea struck him, and he at once told it to the girl. She +was delighted, and admired him the more for his shrewdness. They soon +put their plans into practice, and began plaiting a rope of grasses. + +This was a great undertaking, as the rope had to be very long. Many +moons came and went before this rope was finished, and, when the task +was completed, the next thing to be considered was, how they should +carry or transport it to the place where the sun rises in the morning. +This question puzzled them greatly, for the rope was very large and +heavy, and the distance was very great. + +[Illustration: "HE HUNTED GRASSHOPPERS"] + +All the animals at that time were very small tween compared to the +field-mouse, which was then the largest quadruped in the whole world, +twice the size of any buffalo. The horse, or, as the Indians call it, +"shungatonga," meaning elk-dog, did not then exist. It was a long time +before the children could find a field-mouse to whom they could appeal +for aid. At last they found one at home, sitting comfortably under an +immense fern. + +[Illustration: "AT HOME, UNDER AN IMMENSE FERN"] + +The little boy then went up to him, and, after relating his troubles, +asked if he would assist in carrying the rope. Mountains had to be +crossed, rivers swum or forded, according to their depth, wide expanses +of prairie to be passed over, forests skirted, swamps waded, and lakes +circled before the rope and its makers could reach the place where the +sun rises. The field-mouse, after much consideration, agreed to help the +pair, and they began their preparations by winding the rope into a great +coil, which they packed on the back of the field-mouse. On the top of +this the boy and girl seated themselves, and the journey began. When +they came to a river which must be crossed by swimming, the rope was +taken off the mouse and unwound; then he would take one end in his +mouth, and swim to the other side, letting it trail out after him as he +swam. This performance had to be repeated many times before the whole +rope was landed on the opposite bank. When this was done, he had to swim +across again and fetch the little pair, seating them on his forehead. + +[Illustration: ON THE JOURNEY] + +It was hard work for the mouse, but the little boy encouraged him to his +work by promises of reward and compliments on his extraordinary +strength. The high mountains were crossed with great toil, and while +they were on the dry plains the travelers suffered for want of water. +The sun had dried up everything, and it almost seemed as if he +understood their object, for he poured down upon them his hottest rays. +Several changes of the seasons, and many moons, had come and gone before +they reached the dense forest from behind which the sun was accustomed +to rise. They managed to arrive at this big forest at night, so that the +sun should not see them, and then they screened themselves in the woods, +resting there for several days. When, at last, they felt rested and +refreshed, they began their work at nightfall, and the first thing they +did was to uncoil the rope. The little boy then took one end of it in +his teeth, and climbed up one of the trees at the extreme edge of the +woods, where he spread it out in the branches, making loops and +slip-knots here and there all over, from one tree to another, until the +rope looked like an immense net. Then the mouse, finding his services no +longer needed, left them and wandered far away. + +[Illustration: THE FIELD-MOUSE CARRYING THE LITTLE PAIR ACROSS A RIVER] + +As morning approached, the two children quitted the wood, everything +being in readiness, and retired to a distance to watch the result of +their work. Soon they espied a pale light gleaming behind the forest and +gradually becoming brighter and brighter. On came the sun, rolling up in +all his grandeur and fast approaching the rope, while the two little +hearts were beating quickly down below. In a moment he had reached the +network of rope, and then, before he knew it, he was entangled in its +meshes, and found himself thoroughly entrapped! What a proud moment for +our hero! He compared his own size with that of the sun, and his delight +seemed beyond bounds as he and the little girl watched the sun +struggling to free himself, getting red with fury and rage, and pouring +out his burning heat on all surrounding things. The leaves shriveled and +dropped from the trees, the branches could be seen to smoke, the grass +curled up and withered, and at last the forest began to burn as the heat +became more intense. It seemed as if all nature was on fire. The joy of +the children now turned into fear. The elk, deer, and buffalo came +rushing out of the woods. The birds circled, shrieking and crying, and +all living things seemed wild with fear. + +[Illustration: THE CONSULTATION] + +At last the field-mouse called the animals together for a consultation +as to what was best to be done. They held a brief council, for no time +could be lost. The elk spoke up and said that as the mouse had gone to +so much trouble to carry the rope to entrap the sun, he was the one who +ought to set him free from his entanglement. This was generally agreed +to, and, besides, the field-mouse was the largest animal, and had such +sharp and strong teeth that it would be easy for him to gnaw through any +rope. + +It was getting hotter and hotter: something must be done quickly. The +sun was blazing with rage! The field-mouse finally yielded to the wishes +of his fellow-animals; and, rushing into the wood, through the terrible +heat and smoke, he gnawed the rope, but in doing so was melted down to +his present size. The sun then rapidly arose, and everything soon became +all right again. + +The fact of the little man trapping the sun and causing so much mischief +proved his superiority over the other animals, and they have feared him +ever since. And, according to the Indian belief, this little man and +little woman were the father and mother of all the tribes of men. + + + + +FUN AMONG THE RED BOYS + +BY JULIAN RALPH + + +VARIOUS as are the customs of the Indians, it is their savage, warlike +natures that we are most apt to remember. Few of us, in fact, ever think +of Indian children at all, except at the sight of a picture of them. +Little has been told or written about the boy and girl red folk, and it +would puzzle most of my readers to say what they suppose these children +of nature look like, or do to amuse themselves, or how they are brought +up. It will astonish most city people to hear that red children are very +like white children, just as a lady who was out on the plains a few +years ago was astonished to find that they had skins as smooth and soft +as any lady's--no, smoother and softer than that: as delicate and lovely +as any dear little baby's here in New York. This lady was visiting the +Blackfeet in my company, and she was so surprised, when she happened to +touch one little red boy's bare arm, that she went about pinching a +dozen chubby-faced boys and girls to make herself sure that all their +skins were like the coats of ripe peaches to the touch. + +Whether the Indians really love their children, or know what genuine +love or affection is, I cannot say; but they are so proud and careful of +their little ones that it amounts to the same thing so far as the +youngsters are concerned. Boy babies are always most highly prized, +because they will grow up into warriors. + +The little that is taught to Indian boys must seem to them much more +like fun than instruction. They must hear the fairy stories and the +gabble of the medicine-men or conjurers, and the tales of bloody fights +and brave and cunning deeds which make the histories of their tribes. +They learn not to take what does not belong to them unless it belongs to +an enemy. They learn not to be impudent to any one stronger and bigger +than themselves; they learn how to track animals and men, how to go +without food when there is not any, how to eat up all there is _at once_ +when any food is to be had, how to ride and shoot and run and paddle, +and smoke very mild tobacco. As for the rest, they "just grow," like +Topsy, and are as emotional and fanciful and wilful as any very little +white child ever was. They never get over being so. The older they grow +to be, the older children they become, for they are all very much like +spoiled children as long as they live. + +The first Indians I ever saw, outside of a show, were boys at play. They +were Onondagas, on their reservation near Syracuse, New York. They were +big boys of from sixteen to twenty years old, and the game they were +playing was "snow-snakes." The earth was covered with snow, and by +dragging a stout log through this covering they had made a narrow gutter +or trough about 500 or 700 feet long. Each youth had his snow-snake, +which is a stick about eight feet long, and shaped something like a +spear. All the snow-snakes were alike, less than an inch wide, half an +inch thick, flat on the under side, rounded on top, and with a very +slight turn upward at the point to suggest a serpent's head. The +"snakes" were all smoothed and of heavy hard wood. The game was to see +who could send his the farthest along the gutter in the snow. The young +men grasped their snakes at the very end, ran a few steps, and shot the +sticks along the trough. As one after another sped along the snow, the +serpent-like heads kept bobbing up and down over the rough surface of +the gutter precisely like so many snakes. I bought a snow-snake, but, +though I have tried again and again, I cannot get the knack of throwing +it. + +[Illustration: ONONDAGA INDIAN BOYS PLAYING AT "SNOW-SNAKES"] + +But I have since seen Indian boys of many tribes at play, and one time I +saw more than a hundred and fifty "let loose," as our own children are +in a country school-yard at recess. To be sure, theirs is a perpetual +recess, and they were at home among the tents of their people, the +Canada Blackfeet, on the plains, within sight of the Rocky Mountains. +The smoke-browned tepees, crowned with projecting pole-ends, and painted +with figures of animals and with gaudy patterns, were set around in a +great circle, and the children were playing in the open, grassy space in +the center. Their fathers and mothers were as wild as any Indians, +except one or two tribes, on the continent, but nothing of their savage +natures showed in these merry, lively, laughing, bright-faced little +ragamuffins. At their play they laughed and screamed and hallooed. Some +were running foot-races, some were wrestling, some were on the backs of +scampering ponies; for they are sometimes put on horseback when they are +no more than three years old. Such were their sports, for Indian boys +play games to make them sure of aim, certain of foot, quick in motion, +and supple in body, so that they can shoot and fight and ride and hunt +and run well. To be able to run fast is a necessary accomplishment for +an Indian. What they call "runners" are important men in every tribe. +They are the messenger men, and many a one among them has run a hundred +miles in a day. They cultivate running by means of foot-races. In war +they agree with the poet who sang: + + "For he who fights and runs away + May live to fight another day"; + +and afterward, if they were taken prisoners, they had a chance for life, +in the old days, if they could run fast enough to escape their captors +and the spears and bullets of their pursuers. + +A very popular game that attracted most of the Blackfeet boys was the +throwing of darts, or little white hand-arrows, along the grass. The +game was to see who could throw his arrow farthest in a straight line. +At times the air was full of the white missiles where the boys were +playing, and they fell like rain upon the grass. + +In another part of the field were some larger boys with rude bows with +which to shoot these same darts. These boys were playing a favorite +Blackfeet game. Each one had a disk or solid wheel of sheet-iron or +lead, and the game was to see who could roll his disk the farthest, +while all the others shot at it to tip it over and bring it to a stop. +The boys made splendid shots at the swift-moving little wheels, and from +greater distances than you would imagine. + +They play with arrows so frequently that it is no wonder they are good +marksmen; yet you would be surprised to see how frequently they bring +down the birds, rabbits, and gophers which abound on the plains. The +houses of these plump little drab-colored creatures are holes in the +turf, and as you ride along the plains you will see them everywhere +around, sitting up on their haunches with their tiny fore paws held idle +and limp before them, and their bead-like, bright eyes looking at you +most trustingly--until you come just so near, when pop! suddenly down +goes little Mr. Gopher in his hole. You may be sure the Indian boys find +great sport in shooting at these comical little creatures. But the boys +take a mean advantage of the fact that the restless gophers cannot stay +still in one place any great length of time. When one pops into a hole +it is only for a minute, and during that minute the Indian boy softly +and deftly arranges a snare around the hole, so that when the gopher +pops up again the snare can be jerked and the animal captured. + +We gave the boys in the Blackfeet camp great sport by standing at a +distance of a hundred yards from all of them and offering a silver +quarter to whichever boy got to us first. You should have seen the +stampede that followed the signal, "Go!" Blankets were dropped, +moccasins fell off, boys stumbled and others fell atop of them, their +black locks flew in the breeze, and the air was noisy with yelling and +laughter. + +These boys spin tops, but their "top-time" is the winter, when snow is +on the ground and is crusted hard. Their tops are made of lead or some +other metal, and are mere little circular plates which they cover with +red flannel and ornament with tiny knots or wisps of cord all around the +edges. These are spun with whips and look very pretty on the icy white +playgrounds. Nearly all Indian boys play ball, but not as we do, for +their only idea of the game is the girlish one of pitching and catching. +All their games are the simplest, and lack the rules which we lay down +to make our sports difficult and exciting. + +The boys of the Papago tribe in the Southwest have a game which the +fellows in Harvard and Yale would form rules about, if they played it, +until it became very lively indeed. These Indian boys make dumb-bells of +woven buckskin or rawhide. They weave them tight and stiff, and then +soak them in a sort of red mud which sticks like paint. They dry them, +and then the queer toys are ready for use. To play the game they mark +off goals, one for each band or "side" of players. The object of each +side is to send its dumb-bells over to the goal of the enemy. The +dumb-bells are tossed with sticks that are thrust under them as they lie +on the ground. The perverse things will not go straight or far, and a +rod is a pretty good throw for one. The sport quickly grows exciting, +and the players are soon battling in a heap, almost as if they were +playing at foot-ball. + +[Illustration: "YOU SHOULD HAVE SEEN THE STAMPEDE THAT FOLLOWED THE +SIGNAL, 'GO!'"] + +These are games that will not wear out while there are Indian boys to +play them. On the oldest reservations, where even the grandfathers of +the Indians now alive were shut up and fed by their government, the boys +still play the old games. But wherever one travels to-day, even among +the wildest tribes, a new era is seen to have begun as the result of +the Indian schools, and Indian boys are being taught things more useful +than any they ever knew before. The brightest boys in the various tribes +are selected to be sent to these schools, and it is hoped that what they +learn will make all the others anxious to imitate white men's ways. + +[Illustration: COPY IN BLACK AND WHITE OF A COLOR-DRAWING BY AN INDIAN +BOY] + + + + +THE CHILDREN OF ZUNI + +BY MARIA BRACE KIMBALL + + "Little Indian, Sioux or Crow, + Little frosty Eskimo, + Little Turk or Japanee, + Oh, don't you wish that you were me?" + + +SO says the well-fed, well-dressed, well-housed little Scotchman in +Robert Louis Stevenson's rhyme. But I don't believe that the small +Indians of Zuni would care at all to change places with the little "me" +of Edinburgh or New York. In their village of mud and stone, on the +sunny plains of New Mexico, they have lived for centuries in perfect +contentment. Fine houses, green parks, and merry streets would be +nothing to them; hats and parasols, candies and ice-cream would make +them stare; and mere cleanliness would only astonish them. Indeed, if +they saw us washing our faces and brushing our hair every day, they +would probably one and all cry out in Zuni words: + + "Oh, don't you wish that you were _me_?" + +The little half-civilized children of Zuni so aroused our curiosity that +we drove through forty miles of sand and sage-brush, from the railroad +at Fort Wingate, to pay them a visit. As the Indians do not provide for +travelers, we took our hotel with us--tents, beds, and food--and camped +just outside their village. The village looks like a huge beehive made +of clay and stuck fast to the top of a sandy knoll. The hive is filled +with a mass of cells--three hundred single rooms, placed side by side +and piled in rows one on top of another. In each of these rooms lives a +Zuni family. There are no inside stairways leading from story to story, +but if the boys and girls living in one row wish to pay a visit to a +house above them, they must go outdoors and climb a ladder. On the slope +between the village and the Zuni River are a number of small +vegetable-gardens, each one inclosed by a mud wall. Zuni has no inns, no +shops, no saloons, not even proper streets, but only narrow alleys that +thread their way through the strange town. As we walked through the +village, all the world came out to see us. Girls and boys clustered on +the roofs or sat on the ovens,--queer little cones of mud which seem to +grow up out of the house-tops,--while fathers, mothers, and babies +peered out from dark doorways, to stare at the visitors. When we had +finished our tour of the roofs and alleys, we were hospitably invited +indoors; even there the children followed us, and as we glanced up to a +hole in the ceiling which served as a window, a girl's laughing face +filled the opening. We must have looked strange enough in our hats and +gloves and long skirts. + +The Zuni child spends his early days in a cradle. But a cradle in +Zuni-land does not mean down pillows, silken coverlets, and fluffy +laces; it is only a flat board, just the length of the baby, with a hood +like a doll's buggy-top over the head. Upon this hard bed the baby is +bound like a mummy--the coverings wound round and round him until the +little fellow cannot move except to open his mouth and eyes. Sometimes +he is unrolled, and looks out into the bare whitewashed room, blinks at +the fire burning on the hearth, and fixes his eyes earnestly on the wolf +and cougar skins that serve as chairs and beds and carpets in the Zuni +home. + +[Illustration: A ZUNI FAMILY ON THE MARCH] + +By the time he is two or three years old, he has grown into a plump +little bronze creature, with the straightest of coarse black hair and +the biggest and roundest of black eyes. He is now out of the cradle, and +trots about the house and the village. When the weather is bad he wears +a small coarse shirt, and always a necklace of beads or turquoise. + +As he grows older, he adds a pair of loose cotton trousers to his +costume, and, if anything more is needed to keep him warm, he girds on +his blanket, just as his forefathers have done in all the three hundred +years since white men first knew the Zunis. His long hair, either flying +loosely in the wind or tied back with a band of some red stuff, serves +him both as hair and as hat. + +His little sister, however, has a more elaborate dress. Her mama weaves +it for her, as she does her own, in a rude loom. She makes two square +blankets of black cotton, finishes them neatly across top and bottom, +sews them together at the sides with red yarn, and the dress is ready to +try on. It always fits perfectly, as the part which forms the skirt is +simply held in place by a sash, and the waist is made by drawing two +corners of the blankets up over the left shoulder. The sash, woven in +gay colors, is also the work of Mama Zuni. A long, narrow piece of +cotton cloth is draped from the other shoulder, and swings easily about, +serving as pocket, shawl, or pinafore. In cold weather, moccasins, +leggings, and blankets are also worn. These articles, too, are made at +home. While the mother is the dressmaker and tailor, the father is the +family shoemaker. A few of the Zuni girls have dresses like those of +American girls. These clothes have come to them through the +mission-school which adjoins the village. + +The Zunis have a language of their own--no very easy one for boys and +girls to learn, judging from its many-syllabled, harsh-sounding words. +They also speak a little Spanish, as does nearly everybody in New +Mexico. + +The little Zunis amuse themselves with running, wrestling, jumping, and +playing at grown folks, just as civilized children do. They have their +bows and arrows, their rag-dolls,--strapped like real babies to +cradles,--and their shinny sticks and balls. The children also make +themselves useful at home. The older girls take care of their younger +brothers and sisters, and the boys tend the goats. There are large herds +of goats belonging to the village, and they must be taken every morning +to graze on the plain, and brought home at night to be shut up in the +corrals, or folds, safe from prowling wolves. + +The little children often go with their mothers to draw water from the +village well, about a hundred yards from the houses. At the top of a +flight of stone steps they wait, playing about in the sand, while their +mothers go down to the spring. There the women fill the jars, then, +poising them on their heads, climb the hill and mount the ladders to +their homes. As all the water used by the village has to be brought to +it in these _ollas_ (water-jars), carried on the women's heads, it is +not surprising that the boys' clothes are grimy and the girls have +apparently never known what it is to wash their faces. + +The _ollas_, which answer the purpose of family china and of +kitchen-ware, are made by the Zuni women from the clay of the +river-bank. The wet earth is shaped by hand into jars of all sorts and +sizes; the jars are then painted with gay colors, in queer patterns, and +burned. It is a pretty sight, of an evening, to see the fires of the +kilns dotted all over the terraces of the village. Each piece of pottery +is shut up inside a little wall of chips, which are set on fire; when +the chips are burned up, the article is baked and ready for use. The +Zuni mamas make not only the jars for family use, but also clay toys for +the children, curious rattles, dolls' moccasins, owls, eagles, horses, +and other childish treasures. + +[Illustration: ON THE WAY TO FORT WINGATE] + +The Zuni has learned that American coffee and tobacco are better than +Indian herb tea and willow bark. As he must have ready money in order to +buy such articles, he has contrived various ways of earning a few +_reales_ (Spanish for shillings). When spring comes and the snows have +melted, he collects the jars and bowls and trinkets that have been made +during the winter, ties them up in the several corners of his blanket, +and trudges off to market at Fort Wingate, forty miles away. Bows and +arrows, and canes made from a singular cactus which grows near Zuni, are +also added to the stock in trade. If the Indian is lucky enough to own a +burro, he and one of the boys mount the patient creature, while the +family, big and little, with some of the neighbors, complete the party. +Once in the garrison, the Zuni family need only walk up and down to +advertise their wares; the boys and girls help to carry the jars, while +the babies follow. The group, with its bright blankets and gay +pottery, soon attracts attention and sales begin on the sidewalks and +verandas. Little is said by the Zuni merchants, but when the bargaining +is finished, they stand silent, waiting with a hungry look for the usual +invitation to the kitchen. There, seated in a circle on the floor, they +gratefully eat and drink whatever is set before them. Their store of +words does not include "Thank you," but their faces brighten, and the +older people politely shake hands with a "Bueno, bueno, senora" ("Good, +good, madame"), while the babies munch and crumble their cake and cry +for more, just as our own white babies do. The thoughtful mamas do not +forget the miles of "home stretch" before the family, and wisely tuck +away in their blankets the last bits of cheese and crackers. + +When they have looked over the fort, tasted its bread and coffee, and +sold their cargo, they cheerfully go home to their mud village and +Indian habits. Old and young, they all are children, easily pleased, +contented with things as they are, and quite certain in their own minds +that the Zuni way is the right way to live. + + + + +THE INDIAN GIRL AND HER MESSENGER-BIRD + +BY GEORGE W. RANCK + + +ONCE upon a time, there was an Indian who lived in a big wood on the +banks of a beautiful river, and he did nothing all day long but catch +fish and hunt wild deer. Well, this Indian had two lovely little +daughters, and he named one Sunbeam, because she was so bright and +cheerful, and the other he called Starlight, because, he said, her sweet +eyes twinkled like the stars. + +Sunbeam and Starlight were as gay as butterflies, and as busy as bees, +from morning till night. They ran races under the shady trees, made +bouquets of wild flowers, swung on grape-vine swings, turned berries and +acorns into beads, and dressed their glossy black hair with bright +feathers that beautiful birds had dropped. They loved each other so +much, and were so happy together, that they never knew what trouble +meant until, one day, Starlight got very sick, and before the big moon +came over the tree-tops the sweet Indian child had closed her starry +eyes in death, and rested for the last time upon her soft, little +deerskin bed. And now, for the first time, Sunbeam's heart was full of +grief. She could not play, for Starlight was gone, she knew not where; +so she took the bright feathers out of her hair, and sat down by the +river and cried and cried for Starlight to come back to her. But when +her father told her that Starlight was gone to the Spirit-land of love +and beauty, and would be happy for ever and ever, Sunbeam was comforted. + +"Now," said she, "I know where darling Starlight is, and I can kiss her +and talk to her again." + +Sunbeam had heard her people say that the birds were messengers from the +Spirit-land. So she hunted through the woods until she found a little +song-bird, that was too young to fly, fast asleep in its nest. She +carried it gently home, put it into a cage, and watched over it and fed +it tenderly day after day until its wings grew strong and it filled the +woods with its music. Then she carried it in her soft little hands to +Starlight's grave; and after she had loaded it with kisses and messages +of love for Starlight, she told it never to cease its sweetest song or +fold its shining wings until it had flown to the Spirit-land. She let it +go, and the glad bird, as it rose above the tall green trees, poured +forth a song more joyful than any that Sunbeam had ever heard. Higher +and higher it flew, and sweeter and sweeter grew its song, until at last +both its form and its music were lost in the floating summer clouds. + +Then Sunbeam ran swiftly over the soft grass to her father, and told +him, with a bright smile and a light heart, that she had talked with +dear Starlight, and had kissed her sweet rosy mouth again; and Sunbeam +was once more her father's bright and happy little Indian girl. + + + + +HOW THE STONE-AGE CHILDREN PLAYED + +BY CHARLES C. ABBOTT + + +NOT long since I wandered along a pretty brook that rippled through a +narrow valley. I was on the lookout for whatever birds might be +wandering that way, but saw nothing of special interest. So, to while +away the time, I commenced geologizing; and, as I plodded along my +lonely way, I saw everywhere traces of an older time, when the sparkling +rivulet that now only harbors pretty salamanders was a deep creek, +tenanted by many of our larger fishes. + +How fast the earth from the valley's slopes may have been loosened by +frost and washed by freshet, and carried down to fill up the old bed of +the stream, we will not stop to inquire; for other traces of this older +time were also met with here. As I turned over the loose earth by the +brook-side, and gathered here and there a pretty pebble, I chanced upon +a little arrow-point. + +Whoever has made a collection, be it of postage stamps or birds' eggs, +knows full well how securing one coveted specimen but increases +eagerness for others; and so was it with me that pleasant afternoon. +Just one pretty arrow-point cured me of my laziness, banished every +trace of fatigue, and filled me with the interest of eager search; and I +dug and sifted and washed the sandy soil for yards along the brook-side, +until I had gathered at least a score of curious relics of the +long-departed red men, or rather of the games and sports and pastimes of +the red men's hardy and active children. + +[Illustration: THE HATCHET] + +For centuries before Columbus discovered San Salvador, the red men (or +Indians, as they are usually called) roamed over all the great continent +of North America, and having no knowledge of iron as a metal, they were +forced to make of stone or bone all their weapons, hunting and +household implements. From this fact they are called, when referring to +those early times, a stone-age people, and so, of course, the boys and +girls of that time were stone-age children. + +But it is not to be supposed that, because the children of savages, they +were altogether unlike the youngsters of to-day. In one respect, at +least, they were quite the same--they were very fond of play. + +Their play, however, was not like the games of to-day, as you may see by +the pictures of their toys. We might, perhaps, call the principal game +of the boys "Playing Man," for the little stone implements, here +pictured, are only miniatures of the great stone axes and long +spear-points of their fathers. + +In one particular these old-time children were really in advance of the +youngsters of to-day; they not only did, in play, what their parents did +in earnest, but they realized, in part, the results of their playful +labor. A good old Moravian missionary says: "Little boys are frequently +seen wading in shallow brooks, shooting small fishes with their bows and +arrows." Going a-fishing, then, as now, was good fun; but to shoot +fishes with a bow and arrow is not an easy thing to do, and this is one +way these stone-age children played, and played to better advantage than +most of my young readers can. + +Among the stone-age children's toys that I gathered that afternoon, were +those of which we have pictures. The first is a very pretty stone +hatchet, very carefully shaped, and still quite sharp. It has been +worked out from a porphyry pebble, and in every way, except size, it is +the same as hundreds that still are to be found lying about the fields. + +No red man would ever deign to use such an insignificant-looking ax, and +so we must suppose it to have been a toy hatchet for some little fellow +that chopped away at saplings, or, perhaps, knocked over some poor +squirrel or rabbit; for our good old Moravian friend, the missionary, +also tells us that "the boys learn to climb trees when very young, both +to catch birds and to exercise their sight, which, by this method, is +rendered so quick that in hunting they see objects at an amazing +distance." Their play, then, became an excellent schooling for them; and +if they did nothing but play it was not a loss of time. + +The five little arrow-points figured in the second picture are among +those I found in the valley. The ax was not far away, and both it and +they may have belonged to the same bold and active young hunter. All of +these arrow-points are very neatly made. + +[Illustration: ARROW-HEADS] + +The same missionary tells us that these young red men of the forest +"exercise themselves very early with bows and arrows, and in shooting at +a mark. As they grow up, they acquire a remarkable dexterity in shooting +birds, squirrels, and small game." + +Every boy remembers his first penknife, and, whether it had one or three +blades, was proud enough of it; but how different the fortune of the +stone-age children, in this matter of a pocket-knife! In the third +picture is shown a piece of flint that was doubtless chipped into this +shape that it might be used as a knife. + +I have found scores of such knives in the fields that extend along the +little valley, and a few came to light in my search that afternoon in +the brook-side sands and gravel. So, if this chipped flint is a knife, +then, as in modern times, the children were whittlers. + +[Illustration: FLINT KNIFE] + +Of course, our boys nowadays would be puzzled to cut a willow whistle or +mend the baby's go-cart with such a knife as this; but still, it will +not do to despise stone cutlery. The big canoe at the Centennial, that +took up so much room in the Government Building,--a boat sixty feet +long,--was made in quite recent times, and only stone knives and +hatchets were used in the process. + +I found too, in that afternoon walk, some curiously shaped splinters of +jasper, which at first did not seem very well adapted to any purpose; +and yet, although mere fragments, they had every appearance of having +been purposely shaped, and not of accidental resemblances to a hook or +sickle blade. When I got home, I read that perfect specimens, mine being +certainly pieces of the same form, had been found away off in Norway; +and Professor Nilsson, who has carefully studied the whole subject, says +they are fish-hooks. + +Instead of my broken ones, we have in the fourth illustration some +uninjured specimens of these fish-hooks from Norway. Two are made of +flint, the largest one being bone; and hooks of exactly the same +patterns really have been found within half a mile of the little valley +I worked in that afternoon. + +The fish-hooks shown in our picture have been thought to be best adapted +for, and really used in, capturing cod-fish in salt water, and perch and +pike in inland lakes. The broken hooks I found were fully as large; and +so the little brook that now ripples down the valley, when a large +stream, must have had a good many big fishes in it, or the stone-age +fishermen would not have brought their fishing-hooks, and have lost +them, along this remnant of a larger stream. + +But it must not be supposed that only children in this bygone era did +the fishing for their tribe. Just as the men captured the larger game, +so they took the bigger fishes; but it is scarcely probable that the +boys who waded the little brooks with bows and arrows would remain +content with that, and, long before they were men, doubtless they were +adepts in catching the more valuable fishes that abounded, in Indian +times, in all our rivers. + +So, fishing, I think, was another way in which the stone-age children +played. + +[Illustration: FISH-HOOKS] + + + + +GAMES AND SPORTS OF THE INDIAN BOY + +BY DR. CHARLES ALEXANDER EASTMAN + + [These are actual recollections of the wild life. + The Indian boy whose experiences are described + wrote them out himself many years afterward when, + having graduated at Dartmouth College and the + Boston University School of Medicine, he had + become an educated man, and a physician among his + own people.] + + +THE Indian boy was a prince of the wilderness. He had but very little +work to do during the period of his boyhood. His principal occupation +was the practising of a few simple but rigid rules in the arts of +warfare and the chase. Aside from this, he was master of his time. + +Whatever was required of us boys was quickly performed; then the field +was clear for our games and plays. There was always keen competition +between us. We felt very much as our fathers did in hunting and +war--each one strove to excel all the others. It is true that our savage +life was a precarious one, and full of dreadful catastrophes; however, +this never prevented us from enjoying our sports to the fullest extent. +As we left our tepees in the morning, we were never sure that our scalps +would not dangle from a pole in the afternoon! It was an uncertain life, +to be sure. Yet we observed that the fawns skipped and played happily +while the gray wolves might be peeping forth from behind the hills, +ready to tear them limb from limb. + +Our sports were molded by the life and customs of our people--indeed, we +practised only what we expected to do when grown. Our games were feats +with the bow and arrow, foot and pony races, wrestling, swimming, and +imitations of the customs and habits of our fathers. We had sham fights +with mud balls and willow wands, we played lacrosse, made war upon bees, +shot winter arrows (which were used only in that season), and coasted +upon ribs of animals and buffalo-robes. + +Our games with bow and arrow were usually combined with hunting; but as +I shall take hunting for the subject of another letter, I will speak +only of such as were purely plays. + +No sooner did the boys get together than they divided into squads, and +chose sides; then a leading arrow was shot at random into the air. +Before it fell to the ground, a volley from the bows of the +participants followed. Each player was quick to see the direction and +speed of the leading arrow, and he tried to send his own with the same +speed and at an equal height, so that when it fell it would be closer +than any of the others to the first. + +It was considered out of place to shoot an arrow by first sighting the +object aimed at. This was usually impracticable, because the object was +almost always in motion, while the hunter himself was often on the back +of a pony in full gallop. Therefore, it was the offhand shot that the +Indian boy sought to master. There was another game with arrows which +was characterized by gambling, and was generally confined to the men. + +The races were an every-day occurrence. At noon the boys were usually +gathered by some pleasant sheet of water, and as soon as the ponies were +watered, they were allowed to graze for an hour or two, while the boys +stripped for their noonday sports. A boy might say, "I can't run, but I +challenge you for fifty paces," to some other whom he considered his +equal. A former hero, when beaten, would often explain his defeat by +saying, "I had drunk too much water!" Boys of all ages were paired for +a "spin," and the little red men cheered on their favorites with spirit! +As soon as this was ended, the pony races followed. All the speedy +ponies were picked out, and riders chosen. If a boy said, "I cannot +ride," what a shout went up! Such derision! + +Last of all came the swimming. A little urchin would hang to his pony's +long tail, while the latter held only his head above water and glided +sportively along. Finally the animals were driven into a fine field of +grass, and we turned our attention to other games. + +Lacrosse was an older game, and was confined entirely to the Sisseton +and Santee Sioux. Shinny, such as is enjoyed by white boys on ice, is +now played by the western Sioux. The "moccasin-game," although sometimes +played by the boys, was intended mainly for adults. + +The "mud-and-willow" fight was rather a severe and dangerous sport. A +lump of soft clay was stuck on one end of a limber and springy willow +wand, to be thrown with considerable force--as boys throw apples from +sticks. When there were fifty or a hundred on each side, the battle +became warm; but anything to arouse the bravery of Indian boys seemed to +them a good and wholesome sport. + +Wrestling was largely indulged in by all of us. It may seem odd, but the +wrestling was by a great number of boys at once--from ten to any number +on a side. It was really a battle, but each one chose his own opponent. +The rule was that if a boy sat down, he was let alone; but as long as he +remained standing within the field he was open to an attack. No one +struck with the hand, but all manner of tripping with legs and feet and +hurting with the knees was allowed; altogether it was an exhausting +pastime--fully equal to the American game of foot-ball. Only the boy who +was an athlete could really enjoy it. + +One of our most curious sports was a war upon the nests of wild bees. We +imagined ourselves about to make an attack upon the Chippewas or some +other tribal foe. We all painted and stole cautiously upon the nest; +then, with a rush and a war-whoop, sprang upon the object of our attack +and endeavored to destroy it. But it seemed that the bees were always on +the alert, and never entirely surprised; for they always raised quite as +many scalps as did their bold assailants! After the onslaught upon the +bees was ended, we usually followed it by a pretended scalp-dance. + +On the occasion of my first experience in this mode of warfare, there +were two other little boys who also were novices. One of them, +particularly, was too young to indulge in such an exploit. As it was the +custom of the Indians, when they killed or wounded an enemy on the +battle-field, to announce the act in a loud voice, we did the same. My +friend Little Wound (as I will call him, for I do not remember his +name), being quite small, was unable to reach the nest until it had been +well trampled upon and broken, and the insects had made a counter charge +with such vigor as to repulse and scatter our numbers in every +direction. However, he evidently did not want to retreat without any +honors; so he bravely jumped upon the nest and yelled: + +"I, brave Little Wound, to-day kill the only fierce enemy!" + +Scarcely was the last word uttered when he screamed as if stabbed to the +heart. One of his older companions shouted: + +"Dive into the water! Run! Dive into the water!" for there was a lake +near by. This advice he obeyed. + +[Illustration: INDIAN BOYS PLAYING "FOLLOW MY LEADER"] + +When we had reassembled and were indulging in our mimic dance, Little +Wound was not allowed to dance. He was considered not to be in +existence--he had been "killed" by our enemies, the Bee tribe. Poor +little fellow! His tear-stained face was sad and ashamed, as he sat on a +fallen log and watched the dance. Although he might well have styled +himself one of the noble dead who had died for their country, yet he was +not unmindful that he had _screamed_, and that this weakness would be +apt to recur to him many times in the future. + +We had some quiet plays which we alternated with the more severe and +warlike ones. Among them were throwing wands and snow-arrows. In the +winter we coasted much. We had no "double-rippers" nor toboggans, but +six or seven of the long ribs of a buffalo, fastened together at the +larger end, answered all practical purposes. Sometimes a strip of +bass-wood bark, four feet long and half a foot wide, was used with much +skill. We stood on one end and held the other, using the inside of the +bark for the outside, and thus coasted down long hills with remarkable +speed. + +Sometimes we played "Medicine Dance." This to us was almost what +"playing church" is among white children. Our people seem to think it an +act of irreverence to imitate these dances, but we children thought +otherwise; therefore we quite frequently enjoyed in secret one of these +performances. We used to observe all the important ceremonies and +customs attending it, and it required something of an actor to reproduce +the dramatic features of the dance. The real dances usually occupied a +day and a night, and the program was long and varied, so that it was not +easy to execute all the details perfectly; but the Indian children are +born imitators. + +I was often selected as choirmaster on these occasions, for I had +happened to learn many of the medicine songs, and was quite an apt +mimic. My grandmother, who was a noted medicine woman, on hearing of +these sacrilegious acts (as she called them), warned me that if any of +the medicine men should learn of my conduct, they would punish me +terribly by shriveling my limbs with slow disease. + +Occasionally we also played "white man." Our knowledge of the pale-face +was limited, but we had learned that he brought goods whenever he came, +and that our people exchanged furs for his merchandise. We also knew, +somehow, that his complexion was white, that he wore short hair on his +head and long hair on his face, and that he had coat, trousers, and +hat, and did not patronize blankets in the daytime. This was the picture +we had formed of the white man. So we painted two or three of our number +with white clay, and put on them birchen hats, which we sewed up for the +occasion, fastened a piece of fur to their chins for a beard, and +altered their costume as much as lay within our power. The white of the +birch-bark was made to answer for their white shirts. Their merchandise +consisted of sand for sugar, wild beans for coffee, dried leaves for +tea, pulverized earth for gunpowder, pebbles for bullets, and clear +water for dangerous "fire-water." We traded for these goods with skins +of squirrels, rabbits, and small birds. + +When we played "hunting buffalo" we would send a few good runners off on +the open prairie with meat and other edibles; then start a few of our +swiftest runners to chase them and capture the food. Once we were +engaged in this sport when a real hunt by the men was going on near by; +yet we did not realize that it was so close until, in the midst of our +play, an immense buffalo appeared, coming at full speed directly toward +us. Our mimic buffalo hunt turned into a very real "buffalo scare"! As +it was near the edge of a forest, we soon disappeared among the leaves +like a covey of young prairie-chickens, and some hid in the bushes while +others took refuge in tall trees. + +In the water we always had fun. When we had no ponies, we often had +swimming-matches of our own, and we sometimes made rafts with which we +crossed lakes and rivers. It was a common thing to "duck" a young or +timid boy, or to carry him into deep water to struggle as best he might. + +I remember a perilous ride with a companion on an unmanageable log, when +we both were less than seven years old. The older boys had put us on +this uncertain bark and pushed us out into the swift current of the +river. I cannot speak for my comrade in distress, but I can say now that +I would rather ride on a wild bronco any day than try to stay on and +steady a short log in a river. I never knew how we managed to prevent a +shipwreck on that voyage, and to reach the shore! + +We had many curious wild pets. There were young foxes, bears, wolves, +fawns, raccoons, buffalo calves, and birds of all kinds, tamed by +various boys. My pets were different at different times, but I +particularly remember one. I once had a grizzly cub for a pet, and so +far as he and I were concerned our relations were charming and very +close. But I hardly know whether he made more enemies for me or I for +him. It was his custom to treat unmercifully every boy who injured me. +He was despised for his conduct in my interest, and I was hated on +account of his interference. + +[Illustration: COPY IN BLACK AND WHITE OF A COLOR-DRAWING BY AN INDIAN +BOY] + + + + +AN OLD-TIME THANKSGIVING + +BY M. ELOISE TALBOT + + +LITTLE PRUDENCE stood by the window, with her face pressed hard against +it. She was not looking out; she could not do that, for the +window-frame, instead of being filled with clear panes of glass, had +oiled paper stretched tightly across it. + +It was a very curious window, indeed, and it transmitted a dull light +into a very curious room. The floor was of uncovered boards; the walls +were built of logs of wood with the bark still clinging to them in +places, and overhead were great rafters from which hung suspended many +things--swords and corselets, coats, bundles of dried herbs, pots and +pans. + +The furniture was very simple. In the center of the room was a wooden +table, scoured to whiteness, stiff-backed chairs were ranged against the +wall, and a dresser, where pewter cups and platters stood in shining +rows, adorned the farther corner. In a wide chimney-place a royal fire +was blazing, and before it stood Prudence's mother, carefully stirring +some mixture in an iron pot which hung upon a crane. Within the circle +of the firelight, which played upon her yellow hair and turned it to +ruddy gold, Mehitable, Prudence's sister, stepped rapidly to and fro, +her spinning-wheel making a humming accompaniment to the crackling of +the blaze. + +Prudence turned to watch her, pushing farther back a little white cap +which pressed upon her short curls; for she was a little Puritan maiden, +living in the town of Plymouth, and it was not the present year of our +Lord, but about two hundred and eighty-four years ago. She was a very +different Prudence from what she would have been if she had been living +now, and it was a very different Plymouth from the pleasant town we know +to-day, with its many houses climbing up the hill, and the busy people +in its streets. There were only seven houses then, and they stood in one +line leading to the water, and there was but one building besides--a +square wooden affair with palisades, which served as a church on +Sundays, a fort when enemies were feared, and a storehouse all the +time. Beyond these nothing could be seen but woods--trackless, unknown +forests--and, away to the east, the ocean, where the waves were booming +with a lonesome sound. + +It was not quite a year before that Prudence's father had stood with the +other brave colonists on the deck of the _Mayflower_, and had looked +with eager eyes upon the shore of the New World. This first year in +Massachusetts had on the whole been a happy one for Prudence. During the +cold winter which followed their landing, she had indeed cast longing +thoughts toward the home in Holland which they had left; and especially +did she long for the Dutch home when she was hungry, and the provisions +which had been brought on the ship were scanty; but she had forgotten +all such longings in the bounty given by the summer, and now it seemed +to her there was no more beautiful place in the world than this New +England. + +It was Prudence's father who opened the door and came in, carrying on +his shoulder an ax with which he had been felling trees for the winter's +fuel. Prudence never could get over the queer feeling it gave her to see +her father thus employed. When they lived in Holland, he was always +writing and studying in books of many languages, but here he did little +else than work in the fields, for it was only so that the early settlers +obtained their daily bread. He leaned his ax in a corner, and came +toward the fire, rubbing his hands to get out the cold. + +"I have news for you, dear heart, to-night," he said to his wife. "I +have just come from the granary, and indeed there is goodly store laid +up of corn and rye, and game that has been shot in the forest. The +children's mouths will not hunger this winter." + +"Praised be the Lord!" replied his wife, fervently. "But what is your +news?" + +"The governor hath decided to hold a thanksgiving for the bountiful +harvest, and on the appointed day is a great feast to be spread; and he +hath sent a messenger to bid Massasoit to break bread with us." + +"Massasoit the Indian?" + +"Ay; but a friendly Indian. He will come, and many of his braves with +him. You will be kept busy, my heart, with the other housewives to bake +sufficient food for this company." + +"Oh, mother, _may_ I go?" cried Prudence, her eyes dancing with +excitement, clutching at her mother's skirts; but her father continued: + +"How now, Mehitable? The news of a coming feast does not seem to make +you merry as it was wont to do in Holland." + +Mehitable was grave, and there was even a tear in her eye. + +"I know," cried Joel, who was two years older than Prudence; "she is +thinking of John Andrews, who is across the sea." + +But the father frowned, and the mother said, "Peace, foolish children!" +as she placed the porridge on the table. + +So Prudence and Joel drew up their benches, and said no more. Chairs and +conversation did not belong to children in those days; they sat on +little stools and kept silence. That did not keep them from thinking. A +thanksgiving feast! What could it be? The only thanksgiving they knew +about meant such long prayers in church that the little people grew very +tired before the end--but a feast!--that would be something new and +interesting. + +The feast was to be held on the following Thursday; so, during all the +days between, the house was full of the stir of brewing and baking. +Prudence polished the apples, and Joel pounded the corn, in eager +anticipation; but when the day arrived a disappointment awaited them, +for their father decreed that they should remain at home. + +"You are over-young, my little Prudence, and Joel is over-bold; besides +which, he must stay and care for you." + +"And do neither of you leave the house while your father and I are +away," added the mother. "I shall not have a moment's peace of mind, if +I think you are wandering outside alone." + +"I will bring you back a Dutch cake, my little sister," whispered +Mehitable, who looked sweeter than ever in her best attire of black silk +and a lace kerchief, which with an unwilling heart she had put on in +obedience to her mother's command. + +But when the elders were gone the disappointment and loneliness were too +much for the children. Prudence, being a girl, sat down in a corner and +cried; while Joel, being a boy, got angry, and strode up and down the +room with his hands in his pockets. + +"It is too bad!" he burst out suddenly. "The greedy, grown-up people, I +believe they want all the food themselves! It's a downright shame to +keep us at home!" + +"Joel!" gasped Prudence, horrified--"father and mother!" + +"Well, I know," admitted Joel, more mildly; "but they need not have shut +us up in the house as if we were babies. Prudence, let's go out in the +yard and play, if we can't do anything else." + +"But mother forbade us," said Prudence. + +"I know. But then, of course, she only meant we must not go into the +woods for fear of wild beasts. There is no danger here by the doorsteps, +and father won't care; _he's_ not afraid!" + +"I--don't--know," faltered Prudence. + +"Well, _I'm_ going, anyway," said Joel, resolutely, taking his hat from +the peg. "Ah, do come too, Prudence!" he added persuasively. + +So Prudence, though she knew in her heart it was a naughty thing to do, +took off her cap, and tying her little Puritan bonnet under her chin, +followed Joel through the door. + +Once outside, I am afraid their scruples were soon forgotten. All the +sunshine of the summer and the sparkling air of the winter were fused +together to make a wonderful November day. The children felt like colts +just loosed, and ran and shouted together till, if there had not been a +good deal of noise also at the stone house where the feast was being +spread, their shrill little voices must surely have been heard there. + +All at once Joel caught Prudence by the arm. + +"Hush!" he exclaimed. "Look!" + +A beautiful gray squirrel ran across the grass in front of them. It +stopped, poising its little head and intently listening. + +"I'm going to catch him," whispered Joel, excitedly. "Father said if I +could catch one, he would make me a cage for it. Come along." + +He tiptoed softly forward, but the squirrel heard and was up and away in +an instant. Joel pursued, and Prudence ran after him. Such a chase as +the little creature gave them--up on the fence, under the stones, across +the fields, and finally straight to the woods, with the children panting +and stumbling after, still keeping him in sight. Breath and patience +gave out at last; but when they stopped, where were they? In the very +heart of the forest, where the dead leaves rustled, and the sunlight +slanted down upon them, and the squirrel, safe in the top of a tree, +chattered angrily. + +"Never saw--anything run--so fast," panted Joel in disgust. +"I--give--him up. We had better go back, Prudence. Why--but--I don't +think I know the way!" + +Prudence's lip quivered, and her eyes filled. + +"That's just like a girl!" said Joel, harshly, "to go and cry the first +thing." + +"I don't care," cried Prudence, indignation burning away her tears; "you +brought me into this, anyhow, Joel, and now you ought to get me out." + +This was so obviously true that Joel had no retort at hand. Besides, he +did not like to see Prudence unhappy. So, after a moment, he put his arm +around her. + +"Never mind, Prue," he said; "I think if we try together, we can find +the way home." + +But though they walked until their feet were weary, they could find no +familiar spot. + +When they came out of the woods at last, it was only to find themselves +unexpectedly on the sandy beach of the ocean. They sat down on two +stones, and looked at each other in silence. Joel began to feel even his +bravery giving way. All at once they heard a sound of soft feet, and a +low, sweet voice said: + +"How do, English!" + +A little Indian boy stood before them. He wore a garment of skins, and a +tiny bow and quiver hung upon his back. His feet were bare, and he +walked so lightly that the children could hardly hear his tread. +Prudence, in fright, shrank close to her brother; but Joel had seen many +Indians during their year in the New World, and the stranger's eyes were +so bright and soft that the white boy returned the Indian's salutation. +Then, plunging his hand into his pocket, Joel brought forth a handful of +nut-meats, and held them out for an offering. + +[Illustration: "'HOW DO, ENGLISH!'"] + +The little Indian smiled delightedly, and politely took a few--not all. +Having munched the kernels gravely, the new-comer began to dance. + +It was a most remarkable dance. It was first a stately measure, +accompanied by many poisings on his toes, and liftings of his head, from +which the wind blew back his straight black hair; but gradually his +motions grew faster and more furious, his slow steps changed to running, +he turned, he twisted his lithe body into all possible contorted shapes, +he threw his arms high above his head, waving them wildly, he took great +leaps into the air, and finally, when his dance had lasted about fifteen +minutes, several amazing somersaults brought him breathless, but still +smiling, to the children's feet. + +His spectators had been shouting with delight during the whole +performance, and now asked him eager questions. What was his name? How +did he learn to dance? Could he not speak any more English? But to all +their inquiries he only shook his head, and at last sat down beside +them, motionless now as any little bronze statue, and looked steadily +out to sea. + +Prudence's head drooped upon her brother's shoulder. + +"I'm rather tired, Joel," she said wistfully; "don't you think we could +get to Plymouth pretty soon?" + +"I don't know," said Joel, despondently. + +At the words the Indian boy sprang to his feet. He ran toward the woods, +then stopped, and beckoned them to follow. + +"He is going in the wrong direction, I am sure," said Joel, shaking his +head. + +The boy stamped on the ground with impatience, and, running back, seized +Prudence's hand, and gently pulled her forward. + +"Plymout'!" he said, in his strange accent. + +The children looked at each other. + +"We might as well try him," said Joel. + +The boy clapped his hands together, and ran on before them into the +forest. It was a weary journey, over bogs and fallen trees, and seemed +three times as long as when they had come. A wasp once stung Prudence on +the cheek, making her cry out with pain; but quick as thought the little +Indian caught up a pellet of clay, and plastered it upon the wound, and, +marvelous to relate, before many minutes the sharp pain had quite gone +away. + +The woods seemed gradually to grow a little more open, and pretty soon +they heard the distant tinkle of a cow-bell. At last (Prudence held her +breath for fear it might not be true) they emerged suddenly into the +clearing, and home lay before them. + +They found they had made a complete circle since they started. + +Their little guide stooped and picked up a gaudy-colored feather from +the ground. He examined it closely, and then he shouted aloud, and began +to run toward the storehouse as fast as his sturdy legs could carry him. + +"I want to see mother," said Prudence, half crying with fatigue; so they +ran all together across the clearing. + +All this while the feast had been progressing. About noontime the great +Massasoit, chief of the Indian tribe called the Wampanoags, had emerged +from the forest with all his tallest braves in single file behind him. +They wore their best beaver-skins, and their heads were gay with nodding +feathers. They were received at the door of the storehouse by their +English entertainers, who also wore the bravest attire that Puritan +custom allowed. They gave the braves a hearty welcome. + +Within, the long table fairly groaned with abundance of good cheer; for +the housewives had vied with one another to provide the fattest game and +the daintiest dishes that Dutch or English housewifery had taught them. + +After asking a blessing, they all sat down, the stalwart colonists and +their fair-haired women side by side with the taciturn Indians. The +white men felt that the best way to thank God for the harvest was to +share it with their dark-skinned brethren, who had first taught them to +plant and raise the maize which now furnished the table. + +Governor Bradford sat at the head of the table. He hoped much from this +feast; first, that it might cement the friendship between the colonists +and their Indian neighbors, the Wampanoags; and, second, that the news +of it might induce the neighboring tribes, which were still partly +hostile, to live in peace with the settlers. But though food and talk +passed blithely round among the other guests, the governor saw, with +growing dismay, that the great Massasoit sat frowning and depressed. The +governor was not long in learning the cause. The interpreter, observing +the governor's uneasiness, whispered in his ear that in a recent war +with the Narragansetts, Massasoit's only child, a boy, was missed and +was thought to have been taken prisoner, and of course put to death, +after the cruel savage custom. + +Toward the end of the feast, drink was served to every guest. For the +first time Massasoit showed animation. He seized his cup, and lifted it +in the air, and cried aloud in his native tongue, as he sprang to his +feet: + + "May plague and famine seize the Narragansetts!" + +At that very moment the house-door opened, and a pretty group appeared +upon the threshold. Two English children stood there, as fair and rosy +as the May-time, and between them a dark, lithe little Indian with +sparkling eyes. + +Prudence ran straight to her mother. + +Massasoit paused and trembled; then, as his cup fell and shivered upon +the ground, he crossed the room in one stride, and caught the Indian boy +in his arms, looking at him as if he could never see enough. + +Governor Bradford knew in an instant that the lost child had been +restored, even without the Indian warrior's shout of triumph, and +Massasoit's passionate exclamation: "Light of my eyes--staff of my +footsteps!--thou art come back to me--the warmth of my heart, the +sunlight of my wigwam!" + +[Illustration: "'THOU ART COME BACK TO ME--THE WARMTH OF MY HEART, THE +SUNLIGHT OF MY WIGWAM!' EXCLAIMED MASSASOIT"] + +The rejoicing was so great that no one thought of chiding Joel and +Prudence for their disobedience. The governor himself gave Joel a +large slice of pudding, and Prudence told all her adventures, throned +upon her father's knee, wearing around her neck a string of wampum which +the grateful Massasoit had hung there. + +"And, oh!" she exclaimed, "while the Indian boy was dancing for Joel and +me, I looked out to sea, and I saw such a wonderful bird--a great white +bird, flying along close to the water, and rising up and down. It was +many times greater than the swans in Amsterdam!" + +"Was it, my little maid?" said the good governor, laying his hand on her +head, and then he exchanged a keen look with Prudence's father, saying +nothing more. But when the guests had departed, bearing home the Indian +boy in triumph, none was so early as the governor to reach the seashore; +and it was his call that brought the colonists to see the good ship +_Fortune_ (Prudence's "great white bird") already rounding the point, +and making ready to cast anchor in Plymouth harbor. + +Ah, then indeed the great guns rang out from the shore to hail the ship, +and the ship's cannon boomed a quick reply, and the whole little town +was full and running over with glad welcome for the second English +vessel to land upon our Massachusetts coast. + +In the evening a happy circle gathered round the fire in the house of +Prudence's father, and there was eager talk, for all had much to learn +and to tell. + +"I know now," said Joel to Prudence, as they sat side by side--"I know +now what Thanksgiving means. It means plenty to eat." + +Prudence looked at the dear faces around her, at Mehitable's sweet +smile, and at the shining eyes of John Andrews, for he had been a +passenger by the _Fortune_. + +"Perhaps," she replied; "but I think, Joel, that we have Thanksgiving +because we are so glad to be all together once more." + +This first Thanksgiving happened long ago, but out of it all our later +ones have grown; and when we think of the glad meetings of long-parted +parents and sons and daughters, of the merry frolics with brothers and +sisters and cousins, which come upon Thanksgiving Day, in spite of our +bountiful dinner-tables we shall agree with Prudence that it is the +happy family party which makes the pleasure, after all. + + + + +SOME INDIAN DOLLS + +BY OLIVE THORNE MILLER + + +AMONG the wild Indians of our country is surely the last place one would +look for toys, and travelers have said they had none; but a closer look +brings some to light. On the desk before me sit two dear creatures, just +arrived from Dakota Territory. They were made by some loving mother of +the Gros Ventre tribe of Indians. But the unfortunate little redskin +girl for whom they were intended never received them after all, for they +were bought by a white man, and sent to New York to sit for their +picture for you. + +They are a queer-looking pair, dressed in the most elegant Gros Ventre +style. They are eighteen inches tall, made of cloth, with their noses +sewed on, and their faces well colored; not only made red, like the +skin, but with painted features. The Indian doll has a gentle +expression, with mild eyes, but the squaw has a wild look, as though +she were very much scared to find herself in a white man's tepee. Both +have long hair in a braid over each ear, but the brave has also a +quantity hanging down his back, and a crest standing up on top--perhaps +as "scalp-lock." + +[Illustration: DOLLS FROM DAKOTA TERRITORY] + +The dress of the lady resembles, in style and material, a bathing-suit. +It is of blue flannel, trimmed with red braid, a long blouse and +leggings of the same. She has also moccasins, and a string of blue beads +around her neck, besides little dots of beads all over her waist. The +suit of the warrior is similar in style, but the blouse is of unbleached +muslin, daubed with streaks of red paint, and trimmed with braid, also +red. Across his breast he wears an elaborate ornament of white beads, +gorgeous to behold. + +Beside these Gros Ventre dolls stand another pair, from a Canada tribe; +the squaw dragging a six-inch-long toboggan loaded with tent and poles, +while the warrior carries his snow-shoes. She is dressed in red and +black flannel, with calico blouse and cloth hood; tin bracelets are on +her arms, and her breast bears an ornament like a dinner-plate, also of +tin. Her lord and master wears a dandyish suit of white canton-flannel, +fuzzy side out, a calico shirt, red necktie, and likewise a hood and tin +dinner-plate. They are made of wood, with joints at hip and shoulder, +and the faces are carved and painted. Wild dolls are curious and +interesting. Let me tell you of a few others I have seen. + +The little Moquis girls have wooden dolls of different sizes and +degrees. The best have arms and legs, are dressed in one garment of +coarse cotton, and instead of hair have feathers sticking out of their +heads, like the ends of a feather duster. + +A lower grade of Moquis doll has no limbs, but is gaily painted in +stripes, and wears beads as big as its fist would be, if it had one. +This looks as you would with a string of oranges around your neck. The +poorest of all, which has evidently been loved by some poor little +Indian girl, has in place of a head a sprig of evergreen. How did the +white man get hold of a treasure like this? Is the little owner grown +up? Is she laid to sleep under the daisies? Or was this doll left behind +in a hurried flight of the Moquis village before an enemy? + +It isn't an Edison doll; it can't talk,--so we shall never know. + + + + +THE WALKING PURCHASE + +BY GEORGE WHEELER + + +IN the early twilight of a September morning, more than one hundred and +sixty years ago, a remarkable company might have been seen gathering +about a large chestnut-tree at the cross-roads near the Friends' +meeting-house in Wrightstown, Pennsylvania. It is doubtful whether any +one of us could have guessed what the meeting meant. Most of the party +were Quakers in wide-brimmed hats and plain dress, and if it had been +First-day instead of Third-day, we might have thought they were +gathering under the well-known tree for a neighborly chat before +"meeting." Nor was it a warlike rendezvous; for the war-cry of the +Lenni-Lenape had never yet been raised against the "Children of Mignon" +(Elder Brother), as the followers of William Penn were called; and in a +little group somewhat apart were a few athletic Indians in peaceful +garb and friendly attitude. But it evidently was an important meeting, +for here were several prominent officials, including even so notable a +person as Proprietor Thomas Penn. + +In 1686, fifty-one years before this, William Penn bought from the +Lenni-Lenape, or Delaware Indians, a section bounded on the east by the +Delaware, on the west by the Neshaminy, and extending to the north from +his previous purchases "as far as a man can go in a day and a half." No +effort was made to fix the northern boundary until the Indians, becoming +uneasy at the encroachments of the settlers, asked to have the line +definitely marked. On August 25, 1737, after several conferences between +the Delawares and William Penn's sons, John and Thomas, who, after their +father's death, became proprietors of Pennsylvania, the treaty of 1686 +was confirmed, and a day was appointed for beginning the walk. This +explains why the crowd was gathering about the old chestnut-tree in the +early dawn of that day, September 19, 1737. + +"Ready!" called out Sheriff Smith. + +[Illustration: "THE THREE MEN STEPPED FROM THE CROWD AND PLACED THEIR +RIGHT HANDS UPON THE TREE"] + +At the word, James Yeates, a native of New England, "tall, slim, of much +ability and speed of foot," Solomon Jennings, "a remarkably stout and +strong man," and Edward Marshall, a well-known hunter, over six feet +tall, and noted as a walker, stepped from the crowd and placed their +right hands upon the tree. + +Thomas Penn had promised five pounds in money and five hundred acres of +land to the walker who covered the greatest distance; and these three +men were to contest for the prize. Just as the edge of the sun showed +above the horizon, Sheriff Smith gave the word, and the race began. + +Yeates quickly took up the lead, stepping lightly. Then came Jennings, +accompanied by two Indians, who were there to see that the walking was +fairly done. Closely following them were men on horseback, including the +sheriff and the surveyor-general. Thomas Penn himself followed the party +for some distance. Far in the rear came Marshall, walking in a careless +manner, swinging a hatchet in one hand, "to balance himself," and at +intervals munching a dry biscuit, of which he carried a small supply. He +seemed to have forgotten a resolution he had made to "win the prize of +five hundred acres of land, or lose his life in the attempt." + +Thomas Penn had secretly sent out a preliminary party to blaze the +trees along the line of the walk for as great a distance as it was +thought possible for a man to walk in eighteen hours. So, when the +wilderness was reached, the walkers still had the best and most direct +course clearly marked out for them. The Indians soon protested against +the speed, saying over and over: "That's not fair. You run. You were to +walk." But the treaty said, "As far as a man can _go_," and the walkers +were following it in letter, if not in spirit, as they hurried along. +Their protests being disregarded, the Indians endeavored to delay the +progress by stopping to rest; but the white men dismounted, and allowed +the Indians to ride, and thus pushed on as rapidly as ever. At last the +Indians refused to go any farther, and left the party. + +Before Lehigh River was reached Jennings was exhausted, gave up the +race, and lagged behind in the company of followers. His health was +shattered, and he lived only a few years. + +That night the party slept on the north side of the Lehigh Mountains, +half a mile from the Indian village of Hokendauqua. Next morning, while +some of the party searched for the horses which had strayed away during +the night, others went to the village to request Lappawinzoe, the +chief, to send other Indians to accompany the walkers. He angrily +replied: "You have all the good land now, and you may as well take the +bad, too." One old Indian, indignant at the stories of how the white men +rushed along in their greed to get as much land as possible, remarked in +a tone of deep disgust: "No sit down to smoke; no shoot squirrel; but +lun, lun, lun, all day long." + +Scarcely had the last half-day's walk begun before Yeates, who was a +drinking man, was overcome by the tremendous exertions and intemperance +of the previous day. He stumbled at the edge of Big Creek, and rolled, +helpless, down the bank into the water. When rescued he was entirely +blind, and his death followed within three days. + +Marshall still pressed on. Passing the last of the blazed trees which +had hitherto guided him, he seized a compass offered by Surveyor-General +Eastburn, and by its aid still continued his onward course. At last, +Sheriff Smith, who for some time had frequently looked at his watch, +called, "Halt!" Marshall instantly threw himself at full length, and +grasped a sapling. Here was the starting-point for the northern boundary +of the purchase of 1686, sixty-eight miles from the old chestnut-tree +at Wrightstown, and very close to where Mauch Chunk stands to-day. The +walk was twice as long as the Indians expected it to be. + +Unfortunately for the Delawares, they knew too little of legal +technicalities to notice that the deed did not state in what direction +the northern boundary was to be drawn. They naturally expected it to be +drawn to the nearest point on the Delaware. But the surveyor-general, to +please Penn, decided that the line should run at right angles to the +direction of the walk, which was almost exactly northwest. Draw a line +from Mauch Chunk to the Delaware so that if extended it would pass +through New York city, and another to the point where New York, New +Jersey, and Pennsylvania meet. The first is the Indian's idea of the +just way to lay out the northern boundary; the second is the line which +Surveyor-General Eastburn actually finished marking out in four days +after Marshall's walk ended. + +And so the three hundred thousand acres which the Indians would have +given to the Penns as the result of Marshall's walk were increased to +half a million by taking selfish advantage of a flaw in the deed. + +[Illustration: "THE INDIANS PROTESTED AGAINST THE SPEED"] + +The Lenni-Lenape had loved and trusted William Penn because he always +dealt openly and fairly with them. "We will live in love with William +Penn and his children," said they, "as long as the sun and moon shall +shine." But the wrongs inflicted on them in the "walking purchase" +aroused the deepest indignation. "Next May," said Lappawinzoe, "we will +go to Philadelphia, each one with a buckskin to repay the presents and +take back our land again." It was too late, however, for this to be +done. + +At last, in 1741, the Indians determined to resort to arms to secure +justice. But the Iroquois, to whom the Delawares had long been subject, +came to the aid of the Penns, and the last hope of righting the wrong +was gone forever. + +There seems a sort of poetic justice in the later experiences of the +principal men in the affair. Marshall never got his five hundred acres +of land, and his wife was killed in an attack by the Indians. Eastburn +was repudiated by Thomas Penn, and his heirs were notified that they +"need not expect the least favor." Penn himself was brought before the +king and forced to disown many of his acts and agents in a most +humiliating manner. + +But all this did not repair the injury to the Delawares, and they never +again owned, as a tribe, a single inch along the river from which they +took their name. + +A small monument, erected by the Bucks County Historical Society, marks +the spot where the old chestnut-tree formerly stood. In order that this +might not seem to condone an unworthy deed, the monument was dedicated, +not to those who made or conducted the walk, but to the Lenni-Lenape +Indians--"not to the wrong, but to the persons wronged." + +The inscription on the stone reads: + + TO THE MEMORY OF THE LENNI-LENAPE INDIANS, + ANCIENT OWNERS OF THIS REGION, + THESE STONES ARE PLACED AT + THIS SPOT, THE STARTING-POINT + OF THE + + "INDIAN WALK," + + September 19, 1737. + + + + +THE FIRST AMERICANS + +BY F. S. DELLENBAUGH + + +IN the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Spaniards who had +followed Columbus and Cortes to the New World worked their way northward +into the region that is now New Mexico and Arizona, they found to their +surprise a people dwelling there in well-constructed, flat-roofed houses +of stone. They gave to these people the name of _Pueblos_, or villagers, +to distinguish them from the wild tribes; and by this name they have +been known in general ever since, though each village and cluster of +villages has its distinctive title. + +The Pueblos, instead of roaming about, subsisting on chance game, +cultivated Indian corn so largely that they ordinarily were able to +store a supply to provide against the possibility of future famine; and +such is still their custom. Not only had they made this progress in +agriculture and architecture, but they had also done something in the +way of manufacturing, especially in the making of pottery and weaving of +blankets. Their pottery was varied in shape and ornamentation and +skilfully modeled without the aid of a wheel. Of the potter's wheel they +are ignorant to this day, still following the practice of their +forefathers in this matter as in many others. Their blankets of cotton +were unique in their designs; and these designs are perpetuated to-day +in woolen material, as well as in cotton, though the latter is now used +principally in the sacred ceremonies. + +Those towns nearest to Santa Fe (which itself was originally a Pueblo +village and is, probably, the oldest town inhabited by white people in +the United States) came most directly under the influence of the +Spaniards. They made Santa Fe their seat of government, and gradually +many Spanish customs prevailed among the natives in this part of the +country. The Spanish priests, following the army of invasion, soon made +converts, and eventually the barbarous rites of the people in the towns +near Santa Fe were abolished in favor of Christianity. Churches of +adobe, or sun-dried brick, were erected, and the Christian religion was +in time accepted by numerous communities. + +The towns at a distance were not so easy of access, and hence longer +maintained their independence, supporting and favoring the smoldering +discontent of those in other localities whose prejudices or patriotism +resented the Spanish dominion. These native patriots believed the +salvation of their country demanded the expulsion of these domineering +foreigners from their land. We cannot blame them for thus regarding the +Spaniards, for we should certainly resent any interference by foreign +powers with our affairs, and the Pueblos were, in many respects, a +civilized people and had governed themselves for centuries before the +Spaniards appeared in their territories. Secretly, these patriots worked +to arouse their fellow-countrymen against the intruders, hoping to +succeed in a revolution which should annihilate the Spanish power and +restore the ancient rites and customs. Several of these conspiracies +were discovered by the Spanish Governor-General, and the conspirators +paid for their patriotism with their lives; but, in a few years, others +took their places, and while peace seemed to smile on all the land, a +volcano was seething under the very feet of the invaders. + +There had been so much internal dissension among the Pueblos over +religion and over water-privileges (often a matter of the utmost +importance in those arid lands) before the arrival of the Spaniards, +that concerted action must have been difficult to bring about; but at +last, near the end of the seventeenth century, there was a mighty +uprising, the foreigners were driven out of the country, and retreated +into Mexico, and those villages which had been under the Spanish yoke +revived their native ceremonies, which had been in disuse for a full +century. + +Meanwhile the Spaniards were not content to let slip so easily this +accession to their king's domain. Collecting a stronger army, General +Vargas returned, and conquered village after village, until the +rebellion was extinguished for all time. Never since that day have the +Pueblos shown a warlike spirit, having accepted their subjugation as +inevitable. They were made citizens by Spain, but since their territory +became a portion of the United States they have ranked politically with +the other Indians. The last locality to be brought under subjection was +the Province of Tusayan, the home of the Mokis. + +[Illustration: A PUEBLO INDIAN BESIDE AN EAGLE-CAGE] + +At that time this province was so difficult to reach, that the horses +of the Spanish general's troops were completely demoralized, and he was +therefore obliged to omit a visit to Oraibi, the largest and furthest +removed of the villages. He had, however, met with little resistance +from the inhabitants, and, doubtless, did not deem the Mokis a warlike +race. After the departure of Vargas, the Mokis continued their old ways +and were seldom visited, so that even now, three and a half centuries +after the first visit of the Spaniards, they remain nearly in their +original condition. + +Next to the Moki towns, the Pueblo of Zuni maintained its primitive +customs to the greatest extent, and from similar causes. + +The illustration is from a photograph made in Zuni by Mr. Hillers, +photographer of the Bureau of Ethnology, and shows one of the natives, +dressed in the costume of to-day, beside an eagle-cage. The costume is +composed of simple materials, the trousers being of unbleached cotton, +the shirt of calico, and the turban generally of some soft red cloth. +The Mokis wear their hair cut straight across the eyebrows in a sort of +"bang," then straight back even with the bottom of the ear, the rest +being made up into a knob behind. All are particular about their +ornaments, caring little for any common sorts of beads, but treasuring +coral, turquoise, and silver. + +The eagle is sacred among Pueblos who have not abandoned their native +religion, and the feathers are used in religious ceremonies. For this +reason the eagle is protected and every feather preserved. His +nesting-places are carefully watched, and often visited, so that a +supply of feathers, from little downy ones no larger than a twenty-five +cent piece to the stiff and long ones from the wing and tail, are +preserved in every family,--the first, or downy ones, to breathe their +prayers upon; the larger ones for other sacred uses. Sometimes several +"prayers" are fastened to one little twig that all may proceed together +to their destination. There is something very poetic in this breathing +of a prayer upon a feather from the breast of an eagle--in flight the +king of birds, familiar with regions which man can know only through +sight. + +The Navajos have no reverence for the bird. They make raids upon the +nesting-places where for centuries the Mokis have obtained feathers, and +these raids are a common source of trouble between the two tribes. + +None of the present buildings of the Pueblos are equal in masonry to the +ruins common throughout the region. These were ruins even when the +Spaniards arrived, and, consequently, it is supposed that a superior +people once occupied the country, who may, however, have been either +ancestors or kindred to the Pueblos. In time the question may be solved +through the numerous legends illustrated in pottery decoration, for all +the decorations have a meaning, and the legends are handed down by word +of mouth from father to son. Once when the legends were being discussed, +Pow-it-iwa, an old Moki, poetically remarked to a friend of mine, "Many +have passed by the house of my fathers, and none has stopped to ask +where they have gone; but we of our family live to-day to teach our +children concerning the past." + + + + +ANIMAL STORIES + +RETOLD FROM + +ST. NICHOLAS MAGAZINE + +IN SIX VOLUMES. EDITED BY M. H. CARTER, DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE, NEW YORK +TRAINING SCHOOL FOR TEACHERS + + ABOUT ANIMALS + Interesting facts about animals in general. + + BEAR STORIES + Information and adventure. + + CAT STORIES + Dealing with the cat as a pet. + + STORIES OF BRAVE DOGS + Showing the dog's love and devotion to man. + + LION AND TIGER STORIES + Stories of adventure. + + PANTHER STORIES + Stories of adventure. + + EACH ABOUT 200 PAGES, FULL CLOTH, 12MO + THE CENTURY CO. + + + + +GEOGRAPHICAL STORIES RETOLD FROM ST. NICHOLAS MAGAZINE IN SIX VOLUMES + +A Series of Books of Adventure, Travel and Description, chiefly in the +Great Sections of the United States + + WESTERN FRONTIER STORIES + Stories of the early West, full of adventure. + + STORIES OF THE GREAT LAKES + Niagara and our great chain of Inland Seas. + + ISLAND STORIES + Stories of our island dependencies and of many other islands. + + STORIES OF STRANGE SIGHTS + Descriptions of natural wonders, curious places and unusual sights. + + SEA STORIES + Tales of shipwreck and adventures at sea. + + SOUTHERN STORIES + Pictures, scenes and stories of our Sunny South. + + Each about 200 pages. 50 illustrations. + Full cloth, 12mo. + THE CENTURY CO. + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Note: + +Page 134, "racoons" changed to "raccoons" (fawns, raccoons, buffalo) + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Indian Stories Retold From St. Nicholas, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDIAN STORIES RETOLD *** + +***** This file should be named 35021.txt or 35021.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/0/2/35021/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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