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+Project Gutenberg's Indian Stories Retold From St. Nicholas, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Indian Stories Retold From St. Nicholas
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: January 21, 2011 [EBook #35021]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDIAN STORIES RETOLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INDIAN STORIES
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL STORIES RETOLD FROM ST. NICHOLAS MAGAZINE IN FIVE VOLUMES
+
+
+          INDIAN STORIES
+          A mirror of Indian ideas, customs, and
+          adventures.
+
+          COLONIAL STORIES
+          Stirring tales of the rude frontier life of
+          early times.
+
+          REVOLUTIONARY STORIES
+          Heroic deeds, and especially children's
+          part in them.
+
+          CIVIL WAR STORIES
+          Thrilling stories of the great struggle,
+          both on land and sea.
+
+          OUR HOLIDAYS
+          Something of their meaning and spirit.
+
+Each about 200 pages. Full cloth, 12mo.
+
+THE CENTURY CO.
+
+[Illustration: AN INDIAN HORSE-RACE--COMING OVER THE SCRATCH
+
+_Drawing by Frederic Remington_]
+
+
+
+
+INDIAN STORIES
+
+RETOLD FROM ST. NICHOLAS
+
+[Illustration]
+
+          PUBLISHED BY THE CENTURY CO.
+          NEW YORK     MCMVII
+
+
+
+
+  Copyright, 1877, 1878, 1879, by
+  SCRIBNER & CO.
+
+  Copyright, 1884, 1888, 1889, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1899, 1900, 1904, by
+  THE CENTURY CO.
+
+  THE DEVINNE PRESS
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHER'S NOTE
+
+
+THIS collection of Indian stories is the first in a series of volumes of
+historic tales retold from "St. Nicholas."
+
+The books do not pretend to give anything like connected history, but by
+means of the story that thrills and interests they impart the real
+spirit of the times they depict in a way no youthful reader will be
+likely to forget.
+
+Most of the stories in this book a boy of eight or nine can read for
+himself, and these are the years of his school life when he is being
+taught something of our colonial history and of the myths and legends of
+primitive man. Thus these stories, while delighting many children and
+tempting them to read "out of hours," will serve a very useful
+purpose.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                            PAGE
+
+  ONATOGA'S SACRIFICE                        _John Dimitry_    1
+
+  WAUKEWA'S EAGLE                           _James Buckham_   10
+
+  A FOURTH OF JULY AMONG THE INDIANS         _W. P. Hooper_   22
+
+  A BOY'S VISIT TO CHIEF JOSEPH              _Erskine Wood_   43
+
+  LITTLE MOCCASIN'S RIDE ON THE THUNDER-HORSE                 54
+                                      _Colonel Guido Ilges_
+
+  THE LITTLE FIRST MAN AND THE LITTLE FIRST WOMAN             74
+                                          _William M. Cary_
+
+  FUN AMONG THE RED BOYS                     _Julian Ralph_   87
+
+  THE CHILDREN OF ZUNI                _Maria Brace Kimball_  100
+
+  THE INDIAN GIRL AND HER MESSENGER-BIRD  _George W. Ranck_  112
+
+  HOW THE STONE-AGE CHILDREN PLAYED     _Charles C. Abbott_  115
+
+  GAMES AND SPORTS OF THE INDIAN BOY                         123
+                            _Dr. Charles Alexander Eastman_
+
+  AN OLD-TIME THANKSGIVING               _M. Eloise Talbot_  136
+
+  SOME INDIAN DOLLS                   _Olive Thorne Miller_  155
+
+  THE WALKING PURCHASE                     _George Wheeler_  159
+
+  THE FIRST AMERICANS                   _F. S. Dellenbaugh_  171
+
+
+
+
+INDIAN STORIES
+
+
+
+
+INDIAN LULLABY
+
+
+    Sleep, sleep, my boy; the Chippewas
+      Are far away--are far away.
+    Sleep, sleep, my boy; prepare to meet
+      The foe by day--the foe by day!
+    The cowards will not dare to fight
+      Till morning break--till morning break.
+    Sleep, sleep, my child, while still 'tis night;
+      Then bravely wake--then bravely wake!
+
+
+
+
+INDIAN STORIES
+
+
+
+
+ONATOGA'S SACRIFICE
+
+BY JOHN DIMITRY
+
+
+ONCE, in the long ago, before the white man had heard of the continent
+on which we live, red men, who were brave and knew not what fear was in
+battle, trembled at the mention of a great man-eating bird that had
+lived before the time told of in the traditions known of their oldest
+chiefs.
+
+This bird, which, according to the Indian legends, ate men, was known as
+the PIASAU.
+
+The favorite haunt of this terrible bird was a bluff on the Mississippi
+River, a short distance above the site of the present city of Alton,
+Illinois. There it was said to lie in wait, and to keep watch over the
+broad, open prairies. Whenever some rash Indian ventured out alone to
+hunt upon this fatal ground, he became the monster's prey. The legend
+says that the bird, swooping down with the fierce swiftness of a hawk,
+seized upon its victim and bore him to a gloomy cave wherein it made its
+horrid feasts. The monster must have had an insatiable appetite or a
+prolonged existence, for tradition declares that it depopulated whole
+villages. Then it was that the wise men began to see visions and to
+prophesy the speedy extinction of the tribe. Years of its ravages
+followed one upon another, until at length, according to the legend, was
+lost all reckoning of the time when first that strange, foul creature
+came to scourge their sunny plains. The aged men, whose youth was but a
+dim memory, could say only that the bird was as it had always been. None
+like it had ever been heard of save in vague traditions.
+
+There was one, Onatoga, who began to ponder.
+
+[Illustration: ONATOGA IN THE FOREST]
+
+Now, Onatoga was the great leader of the Illini; one whose name was
+spoken with awe even in the distant wigwams north of the Great Lake.
+Long had he grieved and wondered over the will of the Great Spirit; that
+he should look upon the men of the Western prairies, not as warriors,
+but as deer or bison, only fit to fill the maw of so pestilent a thing
+as this monstrous bird! Before the new moon began to grow upon the
+face of the sky, Onatoga's resolve was taken. He would go to some spot
+deep in the forest where by fasting and prayer his spirit would become
+so pure that the Great Master of Life would hear him and once again be
+kind and turn His face back, in light, upon the Illini.
+
+Stealing away from his tribe in the night, he plunged far into the
+trackless forest. Then, blackening his face, for a whole moon he fasted.
+The moon waxed full and then waned; but no vision came to assure him
+that the Great Spirit had heard his prayers. Only one more night
+remained. Wearied and sorrow-worn, he closed his eyes. But, through the
+deep sleep that fell upon him, came the voice of the Great Spirit. And
+this is the message that came to Onatoga, as he lay sleeping in body
+but, in his soul, awake:
+
+"Arise, Chief of the Illini! Thou shalt save thy race. Choose thou
+twenty of thy warriors; noble-hearted, strong-armed, eagle-eyed. Put in
+each warrior's hand a bow. Give to each an arrow dipped in the venom of
+the snake. Seek then the man whose heart loveth the Great Spirit. Let
+him not fear to look the Piasau in the face; but see that the warriors,
+with ready bows, stand near in the shadow of the trees."
+
+Onatoga awoke; strong, though he had fasted a month; happy, though he
+knew he was soon to die! Who, but he, the Great Chief of the Illini,
+should die for his people--for was it not death to look on the face of
+the Piasau?
+
+Binding his moccasins firmly upon his feet, he washed the marks of grief
+from his face, and painted it with the brightest vermilion and blue.
+Thus, in the splendid colors of a triumphant warrior, he returned
+homeward. All was silent in the village when, in the gray light of early
+day, he entered his lodge. Soon the joyful news was known. From lodge to
+lodge it spread until the last wigwam was reached. Onatoga's quest was
+successful!
+
+Then the warriors began to gather. Furtively, even in their gladness,
+they sought his lodge, for the fear of the Piasau was over all. A solemn
+awe fell upon them as they gathered around the chief, who, it was
+whispered, had heard the voice of the Great Spirit. Without, on that
+high bluff, they knew that the fiend-bird crouched, waiting for the
+morning light to reveal its prey. Within, in sorrowing silence, they
+heard how the people could be saved; but the hearts of the warriors were
+heavy. All knew the sacrifice demanded--their bravest and their best!
+
+[Illustration: "ONATOGA, NEVER CEASING HIS CHANT, FACED THE PIASAU
+FEARLESSLY"]
+
+Onatoga chose his twenty warriors and appointed them their place, where
+the rolling prairie was broken by the edge of the forest. Then, when the
+sun shot its first long shafts of light across the level grasses, the
+chief walked slowly forth and stood alone upon the prairie. The world in
+the morning light was beautiful to Onatoga's eyes. The flowers beneath
+his feet seemed to smile, and poured forth richest perfumes; the sun was
+glorious in its golden breast-plate, to do him honor; while the lark and
+the mock-bird sang his praise in joyous songs.
+
+He had not long to wait. Soon, afar off, the dreaded Piasau was seen
+moving heavily through the clear morning air. Onatoga, drawing himself
+to the full measure of his lofty height, raised his death-song. The dull
+flutter of huge wings came nearer, and a great shadow came rushing over
+the sunlit fields. Onatoga, never ceasing his chant, faced the Piasau
+fearlessly. A sudden fierce swoop downward! In that very moment, twenty
+poisoned arrows, loosed by twenty faithful hands, sped true to their
+aim. With a scream that the bluffs sent rolling back in sharp and
+deafening echoes, the foul monster dropped dead! The Great Spirit loved
+the man who had been willing to sacrifice his life for his people. In
+the very instant when death seemed sure, he covered the heart of Onatoga
+with a shield; and he suffered not the wind to blow aside a single arrow
+from its mark,--the body of the fated Piasau.
+
+[Illustration: "CUNNING CARVERS CUT DEEP INTO THE ROCK THE FORM OF THE
+PIASAU"]
+
+Great were the rejoicings that followed and rich were the feasts that
+were held in honor of Onatoga. The Illini resolved that the story of the
+great deliverance and of the courageous love of Onatoga should not die,
+though they themselves should pass away. The cunning carvers of the
+tribe cut deep into the living rock of the bluff the terrible form of
+the Piasau. And, in later years, when young children asked the meaning
+of this great figure, so unlike any of the birds that they knew upon
+their rivers and their prairies, then the fathers would tell them the
+story of the Piasau, and how the Great Spirit had found, in Onatoga, a
+warrior who loved his fellow-men better than he loved his own life.
+
+
+
+
+WAUKEWA'S EAGLE
+
+BY JAMES BUCKHAM
+
+
+ONE day, when the Indian boy Waukewa was hunting along the
+mountain-side, he found a young eagle with a broken wing, lying at the
+base of a cliff. The bird had fallen from an aery on a ledge high above,
+and being too young to fly, had fluttered down the cliff and injured
+itself so severely that it was likely to die. When Waukewa saw it he was
+about to drive one of his sharp arrows through its body, for the passion
+of the hunter was strong in him, and the eagle plunders many a fine fish
+from the Indian's drying-frame. But a gentler impulse came to him as he
+saw the young bird quivering with pain and fright at his feet, and he
+slowly unbent his bow, put the arrow in his quiver, and stooped over the
+panting eaglet. For fully a minute the wild eyes of the wounded bird and
+the eyes of the Indian boy, growing gentler and softer as he gazed,
+looked into one another. Then the struggling and panting of the young
+eagle ceased; the wild, frightened look passed out of its eyes, and it
+suffered Waukewa to pass his hand gently over its ruffled and draggled
+feathers. The fierce instinct to fight, to defend its threatened life,
+yielded to the charm of the tenderness and pity expressed in the boy's
+eyes; and from that moment Waukewa and the eagle were friends.
+
+Waukewa went slowly home to his father's lodge, bearing the wounded
+eaglet in his arms. He carried it so gently that the broken wing gave no
+twinge of pain, and the bird lay perfectly still, never offering to
+strike with its sharp beak the hands that clasped it.
+
+Warming some water over the fire at the lodge, Waukewa bathed the broken
+wing of the eagle and bound it up with soft strips of skin. Then he made
+a nest of ferns and grass inside the lodge, and laid the bird in it. The
+boy's mother looked on with shining eyes. Her heart was very tender.
+From girlhood she had loved all the creatures of the woods, and it
+pleased her to see some of her own gentle spirit waking in the boy.
+
+When Waukewa's father returned from hunting, he would have caught up the
+young eagle and wrung its neck. But the boy pleaded with him so
+eagerly, stooping over the captive and defending it with his small
+hands, that the stern warrior laughed and called him his "little
+squaw-heart." "Keep it, then," he said, "and nurse it until it is well.
+But then you must let it go, for we will not raise up a thief in the
+lodges." So Waukewa promised that when the eagle's wing was healed and
+grown so that it could fly, he would carry it forth and give it its
+freedom.
+
+It was a month--or, as the Indians say, a moon--before the young eagle's
+wing had fully mended and the bird was old enough and strong enough to
+fly. And in the meantime Waukewa cared for it and fed it daily, and the
+friendship between the boy and the bird grew very strong.
+
+[Illustration: "THE YOUNG EAGLE ROSE TOWARD THE SKY"]
+
+But at last the time came when the willing captive must be freed. So
+Waukewa carried it far away from the Indian lodges, where none of the
+young braves might see it hovering over and be tempted to shoot their
+arrows at it, and there he let it go. The young eagle rose toward the
+sky in great circles, rejoicing in its freedom and its strange, new
+power of flight. But when Waukewa began to move away from the spot, it
+came swooping down again; and all day long it followed him through the
+woods as he hunted. At dusk, when Waukewa shaped his course for the
+Indian lodges, the eagle would have accompanied him. But the boy
+suddenly slipped into a hollow tree and hid, and after a long time the
+eagle stopped sweeping about in search of him and flew slowly and sadly
+away.
+
+Summer passed, and then winter; and spring came again, with its flowers
+and birds and swarming fish in the lakes and streams. Then it was that
+all the Indians, old and young, braves and squaws, pushed their light
+canoes out from shore and with spear and hook waged pleasant war against
+the salmon and the red-spotted trout. After winter's long imprisonment,
+it was such joy to toss in the sunshine and the warm wind and catch
+savory fish to take the place of dried meats and corn!
+
+Above the great falls of the Apahoqui the salmon sported in the cool,
+swinging current, darting under the lee of the rocks and leaping full
+length in the clear spring air. Nowhere else were such salmon to be
+speared as those which lay among the riffles at the head of the Apahoqui
+rapids. But only the most daring braves ventured to seek them there, for
+the current was strong, and should a light canoe once pass the
+danger-point and get caught in the rush of the rapids, nothing could
+save it from going over the roaring falls.
+
+Very early in the morning of a clear April day, just as the sun was
+rising splendidly over the mountains, Waukewa launched his canoe a
+half-mile above the rapids of the Apahoqui, and floated downward, spear
+in hand, among the salmon-riffles. He was the only one of the Indian
+lads who dared fish above the falls. But he had been there often, and
+never yet had his watchful eye and his strong paddle suffered the
+current to carry his canoe beyond the danger-point. This morning he was
+alone on the river, having risen long before daylight to be first at the
+sport.
+
+The riffles were full of salmon, big, lusty fellows, who glided about
+the canoe on every side in an endless silver stream. Waukewa plunged his
+spear right and left, and tossed one glittering victim after another
+into the bark canoe. So absorbed in the sport was he that for once he
+did not notice when the head of the rapids was reached and the canoe
+began to glide more swiftly among the rocks. But suddenly he looked up,
+caught his paddle, and dipped it wildly in the swirling water. The canoe
+swung sidewise, shivered, held its own against the torrent, and then
+slowly, inch by inch, began to creep upstream toward the shore. But
+suddenly there was a loud, cruel snap, and the paddle parted in the
+boy's hands, broken just above the blade! Waukewa gave a cry of
+despairing agony. Then he bent to the gunwale of his canoe and with the
+shattered blade fought desperately against the current. But it was
+useless. The racing torrent swept him downward; the hungry falls roared
+tauntingly in his ears.
+
+Then the Indian boy knelt calmly upright in the canoe, facing the mist
+of the falls, and folded his arms. His young face was stern and lofty.
+He had lived like a brave hitherto--now he would die like one.
+
+Faster and faster sped the doomed canoe toward the great cataract. The
+black rocks glided away on either side like phantoms. The roar of the
+terrible waters became like thunder in the boy's ears. But still he
+gazed calmly and sternly ahead, facing his fate as a brave Indian
+should. At last he began to chant the death-song, which he had learned
+from the older braves. In a few moments all would be over. But he would
+come before the Great Spirit with a fearless hymn upon his lips.
+
+Suddenly a shadow fell across the canoe. Waukewa lifted his eyes and
+saw a great eagle hovering over, with dangling legs, and a spread of
+wings that blotted out the sun. Once more the eyes of the Indian boy and
+the eagle met; and now it was the eagle who was master!
+
+[Illustration: "HE AND THE STRUGGLING EAGLE WERE FLOATING OUTWARD AND
+DOWNWARD"]
+
+With a glad cry the Indian boy stood up in his canoe, and the eagle
+hovered lower. Now the canoe tossed up on that great swelling wave that
+climbs to the cataract's edge, and the boy lifted his hands and caught
+the legs of the eagle. The next moment he looked down into the awful
+gulf of waters from its very verge. The canoe was snatched from beneath
+him and plunged down the black wall of the cataract; but he and the
+struggling eagle were floating outward and downward through the cloud of
+mist. The cataract roared terribly, like a wild beast robbed of its
+prey. The spray beat and blinded, the air rushed upward as they fell.
+But the eagle struggled on with his burden. He fought his way out of the
+mist and the flying spray. His great wings threshed the air with a
+whistling sound. Down, down they sank, the boy and the eagle, but ever
+farther from the precipice of water and the boiling whirlpool below. At
+length, with a fluttering plunge, the eagle dropped on a sand-bar below
+the whirlpool, and he and the Indian boy lay there a minute,
+breathless and exhausted. Then the eagle slowly lifted himself, took the
+air under his free wings, and soared away, while the Indian boy knelt on
+the sand, with shining eyes following the great bird till he faded into
+the gray of the cliffs.
+
+
+
+
+A FOURTH OF JULY AMONG THE INDIANS
+
+BY W. P. HOOPER
+
+
+INDIANS--real Indians--real, live Indians--were what we, like all boys,
+wanted to see; and this was why, after leaving the railroad on which we
+had been traveling for several days and nights, we found ourselves at
+last in a big canvas-covered wagon lumbering across the monotonous
+prairie.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+We were on our way to see a celebration of the Fourth of July at a
+Dakota Indian agency.
+
+It was late in the afternoon of a hot summer's day. We had been riding
+since early morning, and had not met a living creature--not even a bird
+or a snake. Only those who have experienced it know how wearying to the
+eyes it is to gaze all day long, and see nothing but the sky and the
+grass.
+
+However, an hour before sunset we _did_ see something. At first, it
+looked like a mere speck against the sky; then it seemed like a bush or
+a shrub; but it rapidly increased in size as we approached. Then, with
+the aid of our field-glass, we saw it was a man on horseback. No, not
+exactly that, either; it was an Indian chief riding an Indian pony. Now,
+I have seen Indians in the East--"Dime Museum Indians." I have seen the
+Indians who travel with the circus--yes, and I have seen the untutored
+savages who sell bead-work at Niagara Falls; but this one was
+different--he was quite different. I felt sure that he was a genuine
+Indian. He was unlike the Indians I had seen in the East. The most
+striking difference was that this one presented a grand unwashed effect.
+It must have required years of patient industry in avoiding the
+wash-bowl, and great good luck in dodging the passing showers, for him
+to acquire the rich effect of color which he displayed. Though it was
+one of July's hottest days, he had on his head an arrangement made of
+fur, with head trimmings and four black-tipped feathers; a long braid of
+his hair, wound with strips of fur, hung down in front of each ear, and
+strings of beads ornamented his neck. He wore a calico shirt, with tin
+bands on his arms above the elbow; a blanket was wrapped around his
+waist; his leggings had strips of beautiful bright bead-work, and his
+moccasins were ornamented in the same style. But in his right hand he
+was holding a most murderous-looking instrument. It was a long wooden
+club, into one end of which three sharp, shining steel knife-blades were
+set. Though I had been complaining of the heat, still I now felt chilly
+as I looked at the weapon, and saw how well it matched the expression of
+his cruel mouth and piercing eyes.
+
+He passed on while we were trying to make a sketch of him. However, the
+next day, an interpreter brought him around, and, for a small piece of
+tobacco, he was glad to pose while the sketch was being finished. We
+learned his name was "Can-h-des-ka-wan-ji-dan" (One Hoop).
+
+[Illustration: "ONE HOOP" IN HIS SUMMER COSTUME]
+
+A few moments later, we passed an iron post set firmly into the ground.
+It marked one of the boundaries of the Indian Reservation. We were now
+on a tract of land set aside by the United States Government as the
+living-ground of sixteen hundred "Santee" Sioux Indians. We soon saw
+more Indians, who, like us, seemed to be moving toward the little
+village at the Indian agency. Each group had put their belongings into a
+big bundle, and strapped it upon long poles, which were fastened at one
+end to the back of a pony. In this bundle the little papooses rode in
+great comfort, looking like blackbirds peering from a nest. In some
+cases, an older child would be riding in great glee on the pony's back
+among the poles. The family baggage seemed about equally distributed
+between the pony and the squaw who led him. She was preceded by her lord
+and master, the noble red Indian, who carried no load except his long
+pipe.
+
+The next thing of interest was what is called a Red River wagon. It was
+simply a cart with two large wheels, the whole vehicle made of wood. As
+the axles are never oiled, the Red River carry-all keeps up a most
+terrible squeaking. This charming music-box was drawn by one ox, and
+contained an Indian, who was driving with a whip. His wife and children
+were seated on the bottom of this jolting and shrieking cart.
+
+[Illustration: AN INDIAN ENCAMPMENT FOR THE NIGHT]
+
+As we neared the agency buildings, we passed many Indians who had
+settled for the night. They chose the wooded ravines, near streams, by
+which to put up their tents, or "tepees," which consisted of long poles
+covered with patched and smoke-stained canvas, with two openings, one
+at the top for a "smoke-hole" and the other for a door, through which
+any one must crawl in order to enter the domestic circle of the gentle
+savage. We entered several tepees, making ourselves welcome by gifts of
+tobacco to every member of the family. That night, after reaching the
+agency and retiring to our beds, we dreamed of smoking great big pipes,
+with stems a mile long, which were passed to us by horrible-looking
+black witches. But morning came at last,--and _such_ a morning!
+
+That Fourth of July morning I shall never forget. We were awakened by
+the most blood-curdling yells that ever pierced the ears of three white
+boys. It was the Indian war-whoop. I found myself instinctively feeling
+for my back hair, and regretting the distance to the railroad. We
+lingered indoors in a rather terrified condition, until we found out
+that this was simply the beginning of the day's celebration. It was the
+"sham-fight," but it looked real enough when the Indians came tearing
+by, their ponies seeming to enter into the excitement as thoroughly as
+their riders. There were some five hundred, in full frills and
+war-paint, and all giving those terrible yells.
+
+Their costumes were simple, but gay in color--paint, feathers, and more
+paint, with an occasional shirt.
+
+For weapons they carried guns, rifles, and long spears. Bows and arrows
+seemed to be out of style. A few had round shields on their left arms.
+
+Most of the tepees had been collected together and pitched so as to form
+a large circle, and their wagons were placed outside this circle so as
+to make a sort of protection for the defending party. The attacking
+party, brandishing their weapons in the air with increased yells, rushed
+their excited and panting ponies up the slope toward the tepees, where
+they were met by a rapid discharge of blank cartridges and powder. Some
+of the ponies became frightened and unmanageable, several riders were
+unhorsed, and general confusion prevailed. The intrenched party, in the
+meantime, rushed out from behind their defenses, climbing on top of
+their wagons, yelling and dancing around like demons. Added to this, the
+sight of several riderless ponies flying wildly from the tumult made the
+sham-fight have a terribly realistic look.
+
+After the excitement was over, the regular games which had been arranged
+for the day began.
+
+[Illustration: THE SHAM-FIGHT]
+
+In the foot-races, the costumes were so slight that there was nothing to
+describe--simply paint in fancy patterns, moccasins, and a girdle of red
+flannel. But how they could run! I did not suppose anything on two legs
+could go so fast. The lacrosse costumes were bright and attractive. The
+leader of one side wore a shirt of soft, tanned buck-skin, bead-work and
+embroidery on the front, long fringe on the shoulders, bands around the
+arms, and deep fringe on the bottom of the skirt. The legs were bare to
+the knee, and from there down to the toes was one mass of fine
+glittering bead-work. In the game, there were a hundred Indians engaged
+on each side. The game was long, but exciting, being skilfully played.
+The grounds extended about a mile in length. The ball was the size of a
+common baseball, and felt almost as solid as a rock, the center being of
+lead. The shape of the Indian lacrosse stick is shown in the sketch.
+
+Then came games on horseback. But the most interesting performance of
+the whole day, and one in which they all manifested an absorbing
+interest, was the dinner.
+
+At 3 A.M. several oxen had been butchered, and from that time till the
+dinner was served all the old squaws had their hands full. Fires were
+made in long lines, poles placed over them, and high black pots,
+kettles, and zinc pails filled with a combination of things, including
+beef and water, were suspended there and carefully tended by ancient
+Indian ladies in picturesque, witch-like costumes, who gently stirred
+the boiling bouillion with pieces of wood, while other seemingly more
+ancient and worn-out-looking squaws brought great bundles of wood from
+the ravines, tied up in blankets and swung over their shoulders. Think
+of a dinner for sixteen hundred noble chiefs and braves, stalwart
+head-men, young bucks, old squaws, girls, and children! And such
+queer-looking children--some dressed in full war costume, some in the
+most approved dancing dresses.
+
+[Illustration: SHA-KE-TO-PA, A YOUNG BRAVE]
+
+[Illustration: "TAKING A SPOONFUL OF THE SOUP, HE POURED IT UPON THE
+GROUND."]
+
+One little boy, whose name was Sha-ke-to-pa (Four Nails), had five
+feathers--big ones, too--in his hair. His face was painted; he wore
+great round ear-rings, and rows of beads and claws around his neck;
+bands of beads on his little bare brown arms; embroidered leggings and
+beautiful moccasins, and a long piece of red cloth hanging from his
+waist. In fact, he was as gaily dressed as a grown-up Indian man, and he
+had a cunning little war-club, all ornamented and painted. When the
+dinner was nearly ready, the men began to seat themselves in a long
+curved line. Behind them, the women and children were gathered. When
+everything was ready, a chief wearing a long arrangement of feathers
+hanging from his back hair and several bead pouches across his
+shoulders, with a long staff in his left hand, walked into the center of
+the circle. Taking a spoonful of the soup, he held it high in the air,
+and then, turning slowly around, chanting a song, he poured the contents
+of the spoon upon the ground. This, an interpreter explained to us, was
+done to appease the spirits of the air. After this, the old squaws
+limped nimbly around with the pails of soup and other food, serving the
+men. After they were all bountifully and repeatedly helped, the women
+and children, who had been patiently waiting, were allowed to gather
+about the fragments and half-empty pots and finish the repast, which
+they did with neatness and despatch.
+
+[Illustration: A WAITRESS]
+
+Then the warriors lay around and smoked their long-stem pipes, while the
+young men prepared for the pony races.
+
+The first of the races was "open to all," and more than a hundred ponies
+and their riders were arranged in a row. Some of the ponies were very
+spirited, and seemed fully to realize what was going to take place, and
+they would persist in pushing ahead of the line. Then the other riders
+would start their ponies; then the whole line would have to be reformed.
+But finally they were all started, and such shouting, and such waving of
+whips in the air!--and how the little ponies did jump! When the race was
+over, how we all crowded around the winner, and how proud the pony as
+well as the rider seemed to feel! Now we had a better chance to examine
+the ponies than ever before, and some were very handsome. And such
+prices! Think of buying a beautiful three-year-old cream-colored pony
+for twenty dollars!
+
+But as the hour of sunset approached, the interest in the races
+vanished, and so did most of the braves. They sought the seclusion of
+their bowers, to adorn themselves for the grand "grass dance," which was
+to begin at sunset.
+
+What a contrast between their every-day dress and their dancing
+costumes! The former consists of a blanket more or less tattered and
+torn, while the gorgeousness of the latter discourages a description in
+words; so I refer you to the pictures. Of course, we were eager to
+purchase some of the Indian finery, but it was a bad time to trade
+successfully with the Indians. They were too much taken up with the
+pleasures of the day to care to turn an honest penny by parting with any
+of their ornaments. However, we succeeded in buying a big war-club set
+with knives, some pipes with carved stems a yard long, a few
+knife-sheaths and pouches, glittering with beads, and several pairs of
+beautiful moccasins,--most of which now adorn a New York studio.
+
+[Illustration: HOLIDAY CLOTHES AND EVERY-DAY CLOTHES]
+
+Soon the highly decorated red men silently assembled inside a large
+space inclosed by bushes stuck into the ground. This was their
+dance-hall. The squaws were again shut out, as, according to Santee
+Sioux custom, they are not allowed to join in the dances with the men.
+The Indians, as they came in, sat quietly down around the sides of the
+inclosure. The musicians were gathered around a big drum, on which they
+pounded with short sticks, while they sang a sort of wild, weird chant.
+The effect, to an uneducated white man's ear, was rather depressing, but
+it seemed very pleasing to the Indians.
+
+The ball was opened by an old chief, who, rising slowly, beckoned the
+others to follow him. In his right hand the leader carried a wooden gun,
+ornamented with eagles' feathers; in the left he held a short stick,
+with bells attached to it. He wore a cap of otter skin, from which hung
+a long train. His face was carefully painted in stripes of blue and
+yellow.
+
+[Illustration: THE DANCE]
+
+At first, they all moved slowly, jumping twice on each foot; then, as
+the musicians struck up a more lively pounding and a more inspiring
+song, the dancers moved with more rapidity, giving an occasional shout
+and waving their arms in the air. As they grew warmer and more excited,
+the musicians redoubled their exertions on the drum and changed their
+singing into prolonged howls; then one of them, dropping his drumsticks,
+sprang to his feet, and, waving his hands over his head, he yelled till
+he was breathless, urging on the dancers. This seemed to be the
+finishing touch. The orchestra and dancers seemed to vie with each other
+as to who should make the greater noise. Their yells were deafening,
+and, brandishing their knives and tomahawks, they sprang around with
+wonderful agility. Of course, this intense excitement could last but a
+short time; the voices of the musicians began to fail, and, finally,
+with one last grand effort, they all gave a terrible shout, and then all
+was silence. The dancers crawled back to their places around the
+inclosure, and sank exhausted on the grass. But soon some supple brave
+regained enough strength to rise. The musicians slowly recommenced,
+other dancers came forward, and the "mad dance" was again in full blast.
+And thus the revels went on, hour after hour, all night, and continued
+even through the following day. But there was a curious fascination
+about it, and, tired as we were after the long day, we stood there
+looking on hour after hour. Finally, after midnight had passed, we
+gathered our Indian purchases about us, including two beautiful ponies,
+and began our return trip toward the railroad and civilization. But
+the monotonous sound of the Indian drum followed us mile after mile over
+the prairie; in fact, it followed us much better than my new spotted
+pony.
+
+My arm aches now, as I remember how that pony hung back.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: CHIEF JOSEPH]
+
+
+
+
+A BOY'S VISIT TO CHIEF JOSEPH
+
+BY ERSKINE WOOD
+
+          [NOTE: The author of the sketch "A Boy's Visit to
+          Chief Joseph" was Erskine Wood, a boy thirteen
+          years old. He was then an expert shot with the
+          rifle, and had brought down not only small game,
+          but bear, wolves, and deer. A true woodsman, he
+          was also a skilled archer and angler, having
+          camped alone in the woods, and lived upon the game
+          secured by shooting and fishing.
+
+          When Chief Joseph, of the Nez Perce Indians, went
+          to the national capital, he met Erskine, and
+          invited the young hunter to visit his camp some
+          summer. So in July, 1892, the boy started alone
+          from Portland, Oregon, carrying his guns, bows,
+          rods, and blanket, and made his own way to Chief
+          Joseph's camp on the Nespilem River.
+
+          The Indians received him hospitably, and he took
+          part in their annual fall hunt. He was even
+          adopted into the tribe by the chief, and,
+          according to their custom, received an Indian
+          name, _Ishem-tux-il-pilp_,--"Red Moon."
+
+          Chief Joseph's band was the remnant of the tribe
+          which, under his leadership, fought the United
+          States army so gallantly in 1877; they carried on
+          a running fight of about eleven hundred miles in
+          one summer.
+
+          When Erskine visited him, the chief was in every
+          way most kind and hospitable to his young guest.
+
+                                            C. E. S. WOOD.]
+
+
+I LEFT Portland on the third of July, 1892, to visit Chief Joseph, who
+was chief of the Nez Perce Indians. They lived on the Colville Agency,
+two or three hundred miles north of the city of Spokane, in the State of
+Washington.
+
+I arrived at Davenport, Washington, on the fourth of July. There was no
+stage, so I had to stay all night. I left for Fort Spokane next day,
+arriving at about seven in the evening. As we did not start for Nespilem
+until the seventh, I went and visited Colonel Cook, commanding officer
+at the fort. I stayed all night, and next morning I helped the soldiers
+load cartridges at the magazine. That afternoon I watched the soldiers
+shooting volleys at the target range. We started for Nespilem in a wagon
+at three o'clock in the morning.
+
+The next day I went fishing in the morning, and in the afternoon I went
+up the creek again, fishing with Doctor Latham. He was doctor at the
+Indian agency. The next day I went down to Joseph's camp, where I stayed
+the rest of the time--about five months--alone with the Indians. The
+doctor and the teamster returned to the agency. During my first day in
+the camp, I wrote a letter to my mother, and bought a beaded leather
+belt from one of the squaws. I stayed about camp most of the first day;
+but in the afternoon I went fishing, and caught a nice string of trout.
+
+The Indian camp is usually in two or more long rows of tepees. Sometimes
+two or three families occupy one lodge. When they are hunting and drying
+meat for their winter supply, several lodges are put together, making
+one big lodge about thirty feet long, in which are two or three fires
+instead of one. They say that it dries the meat better.
+
+When game gets scarce, camp is broken and moved to a different place.
+The men and boys catch the horses, and then the squaws have to put on
+the pack-saddles (made of bone and covered with untanned deer-hide) and
+pack them. The men sit around smoking and talking. When all is ready,
+the different families set out, driving their spare horses and
+pack-horses in front of them. The men generally hunt in the early
+morning; they get up at about two o'clock, take a vapor bath, get
+breakfast, and start to hunt at about three. Sometimes they hunt on
+horseback, and sometimes on foot. They come back at about ten or eleven
+o'clock, and if they have been on foot and have been successful they
+take a horse and go and bring in the game. The meat is always divided.
+If Chief Joseph is there, he divides it; and if he is not there,
+somebody is chosen to fill his place. They believe that if the heads or
+horns of the slain deer are left on the ground, the other deer feel
+insulted and will go away, and that would spoil the hunting in that
+neighborhood. So the heads and horns are hung up in trees. They think,
+too, that when anybody dies, his spirit hovers around the spot for
+several days afterward, and so they always move the lodge. I was sitting
+with Joseph in the tepee once, when a lizard crawled in. I discovered
+it, and showed it to Joseph. He was very solemn, and I asked him what
+was the matter. "A medicine-man sent it here to do me harm. You have
+very good eyes to discover the tricks of the medicine-men." I was going
+to throw it into the fire, but he stopped me, saying: "If you burn it,
+it will make the medicine-men angry. You must kill it some other way."
+
+The Indians' calendars are little square sticks of wood about eight
+inches long. Every day they file a little notch, and on Sunday a little
+hole is made. When any one dies, the notch is painted red or black. When
+they are home at Nespilem, they all meet out on the prairie on certain
+days, and have horse-racing. They run for about two miles. When they are
+on the home-stretch, about half a mile from the goal, a lot of men get
+behind them and fire pistols and whip the horses.
+
+I was out grouse-hunting with Niky Mowitz, my Indian companion, and we
+started a deer. We were near the camp, and he proposed to run around in
+front of the deer and head it for camp. So we started, and the way he
+got over those rocks was a wonder! If we had not had the dogs, we might
+have succeeded; but as soon as they caught sight of the deer, they went
+after it like mad, and we did not see it again. Niky Mowitz is a nephew
+and adopted son of Chief Joseph; his father was killed in the Nez Perce
+war of 1877. In the fall hunt the boys are not allowed to go grouse- or
+pheasant-hunting without first getting permission of the chief in
+command. And it is never granted to them until the boys have driven the
+horses to water and counted them to see if any are missing.
+
+The game that the boys play most has to be played out in open country,
+where there are no sticks or underbrush. They get a little hoop, or some
+of them have a little iron ring, about two inches across. Then they
+range themselves in rows, and one rolls the ring on the ground, and the
+others try to throw spears through it. The spears are straight sticks
+about three feet and a half long, with two or three little branches cut
+short at the end, to keep the spear from going clear through the ring.
+
+The Indians take "Turkish," or vapor, baths. They have a little house in
+the shape of a half globe, made of willow sticks, covered with sods and
+dirt until it is about a foot thick and perfectly tight. A hole is dug
+in the house and filled with hot rocks. The Indians (usually about four)
+crowd in, and then one pours hot water on the hot rocks, making a lot of
+steam. They keep this up until one's back commences to burn, and then he
+gives a little yell, and somebody outside tilts up the door (a blanket),
+and they all come out and jump at once into the cold mountain-stream.
+This bath is taken just before going hunting, as they think that the
+deer cannot scent them after it.
+
+Only the boys indulge in wrestling. They fold their hands behind each
+other's backs, and try to throw each other by force, or by bending the
+back backward. Tripping is unfair, in their opinion.
+
+The country is full of game, and we killed many deer and a cinnamon
+bear. In the evening, when they come home, they talk about the day's
+hunt, and what they saw and did. The one that killed the bear said that
+when he first saw the bear it was about fifteen yards off, and coming
+for him with open jaws, and growling and roaring like everything. He
+fired and wounded it. It stopped and stood on its hind legs, roaring
+worse than ever. While this was going on, the Indian slipped around and
+shot it through the heart. I cut off the claws and made a necklace out
+of them. The next day they dug a hole nine feet in diameter and built a
+big fire in it, and piled rocks all over the fire to heat them. In the
+meantime the squaws had cut a lot of fir-boughs and brought the
+bear-meat. When the fire had burned down, and the rocks were red hot,
+all the coals and things that would smoke were raked out, and sticks
+laid across the hole (it was about three feet deep). Then the fir-boughs
+were dipped in water and laid over the sticks. And then meat was laid
+on, and then more fir-boughs, and then the fat (the fat between the hide
+and flesh of a bear is taken off whole) is laid on, and then more
+fir-boughs dipped and sprinkled with water. Then come two or three
+blankets, and, last of all, the whole thing is covered with earth until
+it is perfectly tight. After about two hours everything is removed, and
+the water that has been put on the boughs has steamed the meat
+thoroughly. Then Chief Joseph comes and cuts it up, and every family
+gets a portion. I helped the squaws cook some wild carrots once (they
+cook them just as they do the bear, except that they let them cook all
+night), and Joseph said that I must not do squaws' work: that a brave
+must hunt, fish, fight, and take care of the horses; but a squaw must
+put up the tepees, cook, sew, make moccasins and clothes, tan the hides,
+and take care of the household goods.
+
+The boys take care of the horses. They catch them and drive them to and
+from their watering-places; and the rest of the time they hunt with bows
+and arrows (the boys don't have guns), and fish and play games. The
+Indian dogs are fine grouse- and pheasant-hunters, scenting the game
+from a long distance, and going and treeing them; and they will stay
+there and bark until the men come. The dogs are exactly like coyotes,
+except that they are smaller.
+
+[Illustration: ERSKINE WOOD--NAMED BY CHIEF JOSEPH "ISHEM-TUX-IL-PILP"
+OR "RED MOON"]
+
+Many people have said that the Indian is lazy. In the summer he takes
+care of his horses, hunts enough to keep fresh meat, fishes, and plays
+games. But in the fall, when they are getting their winter meat, they
+get up regularly every morning at two o'clock and start to hunt. And if
+the Indian has been successful, as he usually is, he seldom gets home
+before five o'clock. And the next morning it is the same thing, while
+hoar-frost is all over the ground. In the Fall Hunt, I was out in the
+mountains with them seventy-five miles from Nespilem (where Joseph's
+camp was, and about one hundred and fifty miles from the agency), and it
+was about the 15th of November; and if I had not gone home then, I would
+not have been able to go until spring. So Niky Mowitz brought me in to
+Nespilem, and we made the trip (seventy-six miles) in one day. We
+started at about eight o'clock in the morning, on our ponies. We had not
+been gone more than an hour when the dogs started a deer; we rode very
+fast, and tried to get a sight of it, but we couldn't.
+
+Chief Joseph did not go to the mountains with us on this hunt, and we
+reached his tent in Nespilem at about ten o'clock. When we got to the
+tent, one of Joseph's squaws cooked us some supper; and on the third day
+after that, I went to Wilbur, a little town on the railroad, and from
+there to Portland, where papa met me at the train.
+
+
+
+
+LITTLE MOCCASIN'S RIDE ON THE THUNDER-HORSE
+
+BY COLONEL GUIDO ILGES
+
+
+"LITTLE MOCCASIN" was, at the time we speak of, fourteen years old, and
+about as mischievous a boy as could be found anywhere in the Big Horn
+mountains. Unlike his comrades of the same age, who had already killed
+buffaloes and stolen horses from the white men and the Crow Indians,
+with whom Moccasin's tribe, the Uncapapas, were at war, he preferred to
+lie under a shady tree in the summer, or around the campfire in winter,
+listening to the conversation of the old men and women, instead of going
+upon expeditions with the warriors and the hunters.
+
+The Uncapapas are a very powerful and numerous tribe of the great Sioux
+Nation, and before Uncle Sam's soldiers captured and removed them, and
+before the Northern Pacific Railroad entered the territory of Montana,
+they occupied the beautiful valleys of the Rosebud, Big and Little Horn,
+Powder and Redstone rivers, all of which empty into the grand
+Yellowstone Valley. In those days, before the white man had set foot
+upon these grounds, there was plenty of game, such as buffalo, elk,
+antelope, deer, and bear; and, as the Uncapapas were great hunters and
+good shots, the camp of Indians to which Little Moccasin belonged always
+had plenty of meat to eat and plenty of robes and hides to sell and
+trade for horses and guns, for powder and ball, for sugar and coffee,
+and for paint and flour. Little Moccasin showed more appetite than any
+other Indian in camp. In fact, he was always hungry, and used to eat at
+all hours, day and night. Buffalo meat he liked the best, particularly
+the part taken from the hump, which is so tender that it almost melts in
+the mouth.
+
+When Indian boys have had a hearty dinner of good meat, they generally
+feel very happy and very lively. When hungry, they are sad and dull.
+
+This was probably the reason why Little Moccasin was always so full of
+mischief, and always inventing tricks to play upon the other boys. He
+was a precocious and observing youngster, full of quaint and original
+ideas--never at a loss for expedients.
+
+But he was once made to feel very sorry for having played a trick, and I
+must tell my young readers how it happened.
+
+"Running Antelope," one of the great warriors and the most noted orator
+of the tribe, had returned from a hunt, and Mrs. Antelope was frying for
+him a nice buffalo steak--about as large as two big fists--over the
+coals. Little Moccasin, who lived in the next street of tents, smelled
+the feast, and concluded that he would have some of it. In the darkness
+of the night he slowly and carefully crawled toward the spot where
+Mistress Antelope sat holding in one hand a long stick, at the end of
+which the steak was frying. Little Moccasin watched her closely, and,
+seeing that she frequently placed her other hand upon the ground beside
+her and leaned upon it for support, he soon formed a plan for making her
+drop the steak.
+
+He had once or twice in his life seen a pin, but he had never owned one,
+and he could not have known what use is sometimes made of them by bad
+white boys. He had noticed, however, that some of the leaves of the
+larger varieties of the prickly-pear cactus-plant are covered with many
+thorns, as long and as sharp as an ordinary pin.
+
+So when Mrs. Antelope again sat down and looked at the meat to see if it
+was done, he slyly placed half-a-dozen of the cactus leaves upon the
+very spot of ground upon which Mrs. Antelope had before rested her left
+hand.
+
+Then the young mischief crawled noiselessly into the shade and waited
+for his opportunity, which came immediately.
+
+When the unsuspecting Mrs. Antelope again leaned upon the ground, and
+felt the sharp points of the cactus leaves, she uttered a scream, and
+dropped from her other hand the stick and the steak, thinking only of
+relief from the sharp pain.
+
+Then, on the instant, the young rascal seized the stick and tried to run
+away with it. But Running Antelope caught him by his long hair, and gave
+him a severe whipping, declaring that he was a good-for-nothing boy, and
+calling him a "coffee-cooler" and a "squaw."
+
+The other boys, hearing the rumpus, came running up to see the fun, and
+they laughed and danced over poor Little Moccasin's distress. Often
+afterward they called him "coffee-cooler"; which meant that he was
+cowardly and faint-hearted, and that he preferred staying in camp
+around the fire, drinking coffee, to taking part in the manly sports of
+hunting and stealing expeditions.
+
+The night after the whipping, Little Moccasin could not sleep. The
+disgrace of the whipping and the name applied to him were too much for
+his vanity. He even lost his appetite, and refused some very nice
+prairie-dog stew which his mother offered him.
+
+He was thinking of something else. He must do something brave--perform
+some great deed which no other Indian had ever performed--in order to
+remove this stain upon his character.
+
+But what should it be? Should he go out alone and kill a bear? He had
+never fired a gun, and was afraid that the bear might eat him. Should he
+attack the Crow camp single-handed? No, no--not he; they would catch him
+and scalp him alive.
+
+All night long he was thinking and planning; but when daylight came, he
+had reached no conclusion. He must wait for the Great Spirit to give him
+some ideas.
+
+During the following day he refused all food and kept drawing his belt
+tighter and tighter around his waist every hour, till, by evening, he
+had reached the last notch. This method of appeasing the pangs of
+hunger, adopted by the Indians when they have nothing to eat, is said to
+be very effective.
+
+In a week's time Little Moccasin had grown almost as thin as a
+bean-pole, but no inspiration had yet revealed what he could do to
+redeem himself.
+
+About this time a roving band of Cheyennes, who had been down to the
+mouth of the Little Missouri, and beyond, entered the camp upon a
+friendly visit. Feasting and dancing were kept up day and night, in
+honor of the guests; but Little Moccasin lay hidden in the woods nearly
+all the time.
+
+During the night of the second day of their stay, he quietly stole to
+the rear of the great council-tepee, to listen to the pow-wow then going
+on. Perhaps he would there learn some words of wisdom which would give
+him an idea how to carry out his great undertaking.
+
+After "Black Catfish," the great Cheyenne warrior, had related in the
+flowery language of his tribe some reminiscences of his many fights and
+brave deeds, "Strong Heart" spoke. Then there was silence for many
+minutes, during which the pipe of peace made the rounds, each warrior
+taking two or three puffs, blowing the smoke through the nose, pointing
+toward heaven, and then handing the pipe to his left-hand neighbor.
+
+"Strong Heart," "Crazy Dog," "Bow-String," "Dog-Fox," and "Smooth
+Elkhorn" spoke of the country they had just passed through.
+
+Then again the pipe of peace was handed round, amid profound silence.
+
+"Black Pipe," who was bent and withered with the wear and exposure of
+seventy-nine winters, and who trembled like some leafless tree shaken by
+the wind, but who was sound in mind and memory, then told the Uncapapas,
+for the first time, of the approach of a great number of white men, who
+were measuring the ground with long chains, and who were being followed
+by "Thundering Horses" and "Houses on Wheels." (He was referring to the
+surveying parties of the Northern Pacific Railway Company, who were just
+then at work on the crossing of the Little Missouri.)
+
+With heart beating wildly, Little Moccasin listened to this strange
+story and then retired to his own blankets in his father's tepee.
+
+Now he had found the opportunity he so long had sought! He would go
+across the mountains, all by himself, look at the thundering horses and
+the houses on wheels. He then would know more than any one in the tribe,
+and return to the camp,--a hero!
+
+At early morn, having provided himself with a bow and a quiver full of
+arrows, without informing any one of his plan he stole out of camp, and,
+running at full speed, crossed the nearest mountain to the East.
+
+Allowing himself little time for rest, pushing forward by day and night,
+and after fording many of the smaller mountain-streams, on the evening
+of the third day of his travel he came upon what he believed to be a
+well-traveled road. But--how strange!--there were two endless iron rails
+lying side by side upon the ground. Such a curious sight he had never
+beheld. There were also large poles, with glass caps, and connected by
+wire, standing along the roadside. What could all this mean?
+
+Poor Little Moccasin's brain became so bewildered that he hardly noticed
+the approach of a freight-train drawn by the "Thundering Horse."
+
+There was a shrill, long-drawn whistle, and immense clouds of black
+smoke; and the Thundering Horse was sniffing and snorting at a great
+rate, emitting from its nostrils large streams of steaming vapor.
+Besides all this, the earth, in the neighborhood of where Little
+Moccasin stood, shook and trembled as if in great fear; and to him the
+terrible noises the horse made were perfectly appalling.
+
+Gradually the snorts, and the puffing, and the terrible noise lessened,
+until, all at once, they entirely ceased. The train had come to a
+stand-still at a watering tank, where the Thundering Horse was given its
+drink.
+
+The rear car, or "House on Wheels," as old Black Pipe had called it,
+stood in close proximity to Little Moccasin,--who, in his bewilderment
+and fright at the sight of these strange moving houses, had been unable
+to move a step.
+
+But as no harm had come to him from the terrible monster, Moccasin's
+heart, which had sunk down to the region of his toes, began to rise
+again; and the curiosity inherent in every Indian boy mastered fear.
+
+He moved up, and down, and around the great House on Wheels; then he
+touched it in many places, first with the tip-end of one finger, and
+finally with both hands. If he could only detach a small piece from the
+house to take back to camp with him as a trophy and as a proof of his
+daring achievement! But it was too solid, and all made of heavy wood and
+iron.
+
+At the rear end of the train there was a ladder, which the now brave
+Little Moccasin ascended with the quickness of a squirrel to see what
+there was on top.
+
+It was gradually growing dark, and suddenly he saw (as he really
+believed) the full moon approaching him. He did not know that it was the
+headlight of a locomotive coming from the opposite direction.
+
+Absorbed in this new and glorious sight, he did not notice the starting
+of his own car, until it was too late, for, while the car moved, he
+dared not let go his hold upon the brake-wheel.
+
+There he was, being carried with lightning speed into a far-off, unknown
+country, over bridges, by the sides of deep ravines, and along the
+slopes of steep mountains.
+
+But the Thundering Horse never tired nor grew thirsty again during the
+entire night.
+
+At last, soon after the break of day, there came the same shrill whistle
+which had frightened him so much on the previous day; and, soon after,
+the train stopped at Miles City.
+
+But, unfortunately for our little hero, there were a great many white
+people in sight; and he was compelled to lie flat upon the roof of his
+car, in order to escape notice. He had heard so much of the cruelty of
+the white men that he dared not trust himself among them.
+
+Soon they started again, and Little Moccasin was compelled to proceed on
+his involuntary journey, which took him away from home and into unknown
+dangers.
+
+At noon, the cars stopped on the open prairie to let Thundering Horse
+drink again. Quickly, and without being detected by any of the trainmen,
+he dropped to the ground from his high and perilous position. Then the
+train left him--all alone in an unknown country.
+
+Alone? Not exactly; for, within a few minutes, half a dozen Crow
+Indians, mounted on swift ponies, are by his side, and are lashing him
+with whips and lassoes.
+
+He has fallen into the hands of the deadliest enemies of his tribe, and
+has been recognized by the cut of his hair and the shape of his
+moccasins.
+
+When they tired of their sport in beating poor Little Moccasin so
+cruelly, they dismounted and tied his hands behind his back.
+
+Then they sat down upon the ground to have a smoke and to deliberate
+about the treatment of the captive.
+
+During the very severe whipping, and while they were tying his hands,
+though it gave him great pain, Little Moccasin never uttered a groan.
+Indian-like, he had made up his mind to "die game," and not to give his
+enemies the satisfaction of gloating over his sufferings. This, as will
+be seen, saved his life.
+
+The leader of the Crows, "Iron Bull," was in favor of burning the hated
+Uncapapa at a stake, then and there; but "Spotted Eagle," "Blind Owl,"
+and "Hungry Wolf" called attention to the youth and bravery of the
+captive, who had endured the lashing without any sign of fear. Then the
+two other Crows took the same view. This decided poor Moccasin's fate;
+and he understood it all, although he did not speak the Crow language,
+for he was a great sign-talker, and had watched them very closely during
+their council.
+
+Blind Owl, who seemed the most kind-hearted of the party, lifted the boy
+upon his pony, Blind Owl himself getting up in front, and they rode at
+full speed westward to their large encampment, where they arrived after
+sunset.
+
+Little Moccasin was then relieved of his bonds, which had benumbed his
+hands during the long ride, and a large dish of boiled meat was given to
+him. This, in his famished condition, he relished very much. An old
+squaw, one of the wives of Blind Owl, and a Sioux captive, took pity on
+him, and gave him a warm place with plenty of blankets in her own tepee,
+where he enjoyed a good rest.
+
+During his stay with the Crows, Little Moccasin was made to do the work,
+which usually falls to the lot of the squaws; and which was imposed upon
+him as a punishment upon a brave enemy, designed to break his proud
+spirit. He was treated as a slave, made to haul wood and draw water, do
+the cooking, and clean game. Many of the Crow boys wanted to kill him,
+but his foster-mother, "Old Looking-Glass," protected him; and, besides,
+they feared that the soldiers of Fort Custer might hear of it, if he was
+killed, and punish them.
+
+Many weeks thus passed, and the poor little captive grew more despondent
+and weaker in body every day. Often his foster-mother would talk to him
+in his own language, and tell him to be of good cheer; but he was
+terribly homesick and longed to get back to the mountains on the
+Rosebud, to tell the story of his daring and become the hero which he
+had started out to be.
+
+One night, after everybody had gone to sleep in camp, and the fires had
+gone out, Old Looking-Glass, who had seemed to be soundly sleeping,
+approached his bed and gently touched his face. Looking up, he saw that
+she held a forefinger pressed against her lips, intimating that he must
+keep silence, and that she was beckoning him to go outside.
+
+There she soon joined him; then, putting her arm around his neck, she
+hastened out of the camp and across the nearest hills.
+
+When they had gone about five miles away from camp, they came upon a
+pretty little mouse-colored pony, which Old Looking-Glass had hidden
+there for Little Moccasin on the previous day.
+
+She made him mount the pony, which she called "Blue Wing," and bade him
+fly toward the rising sun, where he would find white people who would
+protect and take care of him.
+
+[Illustration: "THEY CAME UPON A PRETTY LITTLE MOUSE-COLORED PONY"]
+
+Old Looking-Glass then kissed Little Moccasin upon both cheeks and the
+forehead, while the tears ran down her wrinkled face; she also folded
+her hands upon her breast and, looking up to the heavens, said a prayer,
+in which she asked the Great Spirit to protect and save the poor boy in
+his flight.
+
+After she had whispered some indistinct words into the ear of Blue Wing
+(who seemed to understand her, for he nodded his head approvingly), she
+bade Little Moccasin be off, and advised him not to rest this side of
+the white man's settlement, as the Crows would soon discover his
+absence, and would follow him on their fleetest ponies.
+
+"But Blue Wing will save you! He can outrun them all!"
+
+These were her parting words, as he galloped away.
+
+In a short time the sun rose over the nearest hill, and Little Moccasin
+then knew that he was going in the right direction. He felt very happy
+to be free again, although sorry to leave behind his kind-hearted
+foster-mother, Looking-Glass. He made up his mind that after a few
+years, when he had grown big and become a warrior, he would go and
+capture her from the hated Crows and take her to his own tepee.
+
+He was so happy in this thought that he had not noticed how swiftly
+time passed, and that already the sun stood over his head; neither had
+he urged Blue Wing to run his swiftest; but that good little animal kept
+up a steady dog-trot, without, as yet, showing the least sign of being
+tired.
+
+But what was the sudden noise which was heard behind him? Quickly he
+turned his head, and, to his horror, he beheld about fifty mounted Crows
+coming toward him at a run, and swinging in their hands guns, pistols,
+clubs, and knives!
+
+His old enemy, Iron Bull, was in advance, and under his right arm he
+carried a long lance, with which he intended to spear Little Moccasin.
+
+Moccasin's heart stood still for a moment with fear; he knew that this
+time they would surely kill him if caught. He seemed to have lost all
+power of action.
+
+Nearer and nearer came Iron Bull, shouting at the top of his voice.
+
+But Blue Wing now seemed to understand the danger of Moccasin's
+situation; he pricked up his ears, snorted a few times, made several
+short jumps, fully to arouse Moccasin, who remained paralyzed with fear,
+and then, like a bird, fairly flew over the prairie, as if his little
+hoofs were not touching the ground.
+
+Little Moccasin, too, was now awakened to his peril, and he patted and
+encouraged Blue Wing; while, from time to time, he looked back over his
+shoulder to watch the approach of Iron Bull.
+
+Thus they went, on and on; over ditches and streams, rocks and hills,
+through gulches and valleys. Blue Wing was doing nobly, but the pace
+could not last forever.
+
+Iron Bull was now only about five hundred yards behind and gaining on
+him.
+
+Little Moccasin felt the cold sweat pouring down his face. He had no
+firearm, or he would have stopped to shoot at Iron Bull.
+
+Blue Wing's whole body seemed to tremble beneath his young rider, as if
+the pony was making a last desperate effort, before giving up from
+exhaustion.
+
+Unfortunately, Little Moccasin did not know how to pray, or he might
+have found some comfort and help thereby; but in those moments, when a
+terrible death was so near to him, he did the next best thing: he
+thought of his mother and his father, of his little sisters and
+brothers, and also of Looking-Glass, his kind old foster-mother.
+
+Then he felt better and was imbued with fresh courage. He again looked
+back, gave one loud, defiant yell at Iron Bull, and then went out of
+sight over some high ground.
+
+Ki-yi-yi-yi! There is the railroad station just in front, only about
+three hundred yards away. He sees white men around the buildings, who
+will protect him.
+
+At this moment Blue Wing utters one deep groan, stumbles, and falls to
+the ground. Fortunately, though, Little Moccasin has received no hurt.
+He jumps up, and runs toward the station as fast as his weary legs can
+carry him.
+
+At this very moment Iron Bull with several of his braves came in sight
+again, and, realizing the helpless condition of the boy, they all gave a
+shout of joy, thinking that in a few minutes they would capture and kill
+him.
+
+But their shouting had been heard by some of the white men, who at once
+concluded to protect the boy, if he deserved aid.
+
+Little Moccasin and Iron Bull reached the door of the station-building
+at nearly the same moment; but the former had time enough to dart inside
+and hide under the table of the telegraph operator.
+
+When Iron Bull and several other Crows rushed in to pull the boy from
+underneath the table, the operator quickly took from the table drawer a
+revolver, and with it drove the murderous Crows from the premises.
+
+Then the boy had to tell his story, and he was believed. All took pity
+upon his forlorn condition, and his brave flight made them his friends.
+
+In the evening Blue Wing came up to where Little Moccasin was resting
+and awaiting the arrival of the next train, which was to take him back
+to his own home.
+
+Then they both were put aboard a lightning-express train, which took
+them to within a short distance of the old camp on the Rosebud.
+
+When Little Moccasin arrived at his father's tepee, riding beautiful
+Blue Wing, now rested and frisky, the whole camp flocked around him; and
+when he told them of his great daring, of his capture and his escape,
+Running Antelope, the big warrior of the Uncapapas and the most noted
+orator of the tribe, proclaimed him a true hero, and then and there
+begged his pardon for having called him a "coffee-cooler." In the
+evening Little Moccasin was honored by a great feast, and the name of
+"Rushing Lightning," _Wakee-wata-keepee_, was bestowed upon him--and by
+that name he is known to this day.
+
+
+
+
+THE LITTLE FIRST MAN AND THE LITTLE FIRST WOMAN
+
+AN INDIAN LEGEND
+
+BY WILLIAM M. CARY
+
+          [This story has been told to the children of the
+          Dacotah Indians for very many years, having been
+          handed down from generation to generation; and it
+          is now listened to by Indian children with as much
+          interest as it excited in the red-skinned boys and
+          girls of a thousand years ago.]
+
+
+ON the bank of one of the many branches of the Missouri River--or "Big
+Muddy," as it is called by the Indians on account of the color of its
+waters--there lived a little boy and a little girl. These children were
+very small indeed, being no bigger than a man's finger, but very
+handsome, well formed, and also quite strong, considering their size.
+There were no men and women in the world at that time, and none of the
+people who told the story knew how these two small folk came to be
+living on the banks of the river. Some persons thought that they might
+have been little beavers, or little turtles, who were so smart that
+they turned into a boy and a girl; but nothing about this is known for
+certain. These small people lived in a tiny lodge near the river,
+feeding upon the berries that grew along the shore. These were of great
+variety and many delicious flavors. There were wild currants,
+raspberries, gooseberries, service-berries, wild plums and grapes; and
+of most of these, one was sufficient to make a meal for both of the
+children.
+
+The little girl was very fond of the boy, and watched over and tended
+him with great care. She made him a tiny bow from a blade of grass, with
+arrows to match, and he hunted grasshoppers, crickets, butterflies, and
+many other small creatures. She then made him a hunting-shirt, or coat,
+from the skin of a humming-bird, ornamented with brilliant little stones
+and tiny shells found in the sand. She loved him so dearly that no work
+was too much when done for him.
+
+[Illustration: TELLING THE STORY OF THE LITTLE FIRST MAN AND THE LITTLE
+FIRST WOMAN]
+
+One day he was out hunting on the prairie; and, feeling tired from an
+unusually long tramp, he lay down to rest and soon fell fast asleep. The
+wind began to rise, after the heat of the day; but this made him sleep
+the sounder, and he knew nothing of the storm that was threatening. The
+clouds rolled over from the northwestern horizon, like an army of
+blankets torn and ragged. With flashing lightning, the thunder-god let
+loose his powers, and peal after peal went echoing loudly through the
+canyons, up over the hills, and down into prairies where the quaking-asp
+shivered, the willows waved, and the tall blue-grass rolled, as the
+wind passed over, like a tempest-tossed sea. Only the stubborn aloes,
+the Spanish-bayonet, and the prickly-pears kept their position. But the
+storm was as brief as it was violent; and, gradually subsiding, it
+passed to the southeast, leaving nothing but a bank of clouds behind the
+horizon. Everything was drenched by the heavy rain. The flowers hung
+their heads, or lay crushed from the weight of water on their tender
+petals, vainly struggling to rise and rejoice that the storm had passed
+away. The sage-brush looked more silvery than ever, clothed with myriads
+of rain-drops, which beaded its tiny leaves. Through all the storm our
+little hero slept, the feathers of his hunting-coat wet and flattened by
+the rain. When the sun came out again and shone upon him, it dried and
+shriveled this little coat until it cracked and fell off him like the
+shell of an egg from a newly hatched chicken. He soon began to feel
+uncomfortable, and woke up. Evening was fast approaching; the blue-jay
+chattered, the prairie-chicken was calling its young brood to rest under
+its wings for the night, the cricket had at last sung himself to sleep,
+and all nature seemed to be getting ready for a long rest. Our boy,
+however, had no thought of further sleep. His active mind was thinking
+how he could revenge himself upon the sun for his treatment of him, in
+thus ruining his coat. The shadows on the plains deepened into gloom and
+darkness, but still he thought and planned out his revenge. Early in the
+morning he started for home. The little girl had been anxiously watching
+for him all night, and came out to meet him, much rejoiced at his safe
+return; but when she saw the condition of his coat, on which she had
+labored with so much care and love, she was very much grieved. Her tears
+only made him more angry with the sun, and he set himself to planning
+with greater determination by what means he could annoy this enemy. At
+last a bright idea struck him, and he at once told it to the girl. She
+was delighted, and admired him the more for his shrewdness. They soon
+put their plans into practice, and began plaiting a rope of grasses.
+
+This was a great undertaking, as the rope had to be very long. Many
+moons came and went before this rope was finished, and, when the task
+was completed, the next thing to be considered was, how they should
+carry or transport it to the place where the sun rises in the morning.
+This question puzzled them greatly, for the rope was very large and
+heavy, and the distance was very great.
+
+[Illustration: "HE HUNTED GRASSHOPPERS"]
+
+All the animals at that time were very small tween compared to the
+field-mouse, which was then the largest quadruped in the whole world,
+twice the size of any buffalo. The horse, or, as the Indians call it,
+"shungatonga," meaning elk-dog, did not then exist. It was a long time
+before the children could find a field-mouse to whom they could appeal
+for aid. At last they found one at home, sitting comfortably under an
+immense fern.
+
+[Illustration: "AT HOME, UNDER AN IMMENSE FERN"]
+
+The little boy then went up to him, and, after relating his troubles,
+asked if he would assist in carrying the rope. Mountains had to be
+crossed, rivers swum or forded, according to their depth, wide expanses
+of prairie to be passed over, forests skirted, swamps waded, and lakes
+circled before the rope and its makers could reach the place where the
+sun rises. The field-mouse, after much consideration, agreed to help the
+pair, and they began their preparations by winding the rope into a great
+coil, which they packed on the back of the field-mouse. On the top of
+this the boy and girl seated themselves, and the journey began. When
+they came to a river which must be crossed by swimming, the rope was
+taken off the mouse and unwound; then he would take one end in his
+mouth, and swim to the other side, letting it trail out after him as he
+swam. This performance had to be repeated many times before the whole
+rope was landed on the opposite bank. When this was done, he had to swim
+across again and fetch the little pair, seating them on his forehead.
+
+[Illustration: ON THE JOURNEY]
+
+It was hard work for the mouse, but the little boy encouraged him to his
+work by promises of reward and compliments on his extraordinary
+strength. The high mountains were crossed with great toil, and while
+they were on the dry plains the travelers suffered for want of water.
+The sun had dried up everything, and it almost seemed as if he
+understood their object, for he poured down upon them his hottest rays.
+Several changes of the seasons, and many moons, had come and gone before
+they reached the dense forest from behind which the sun was accustomed
+to rise. They managed to arrive at this big forest at night, so that the
+sun should not see them, and then they screened themselves in the woods,
+resting there for several days. When, at last, they felt rested and
+refreshed, they began their work at nightfall, and the first thing they
+did was to uncoil the rope. The little boy then took one end of it in
+his teeth, and climbed up one of the trees at the extreme edge of the
+woods, where he spread it out in the branches, making loops and
+slip-knots here and there all over, from one tree to another, until the
+rope looked like an immense net. Then the mouse, finding his services no
+longer needed, left them and wandered far away.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIELD-MOUSE CARRYING THE LITTLE PAIR ACROSS A RIVER]
+
+As morning approached, the two children quitted the wood, everything
+being in readiness, and retired to a distance to watch the result of
+their work. Soon they espied a pale light gleaming behind the forest and
+gradually becoming brighter and brighter. On came the sun, rolling up in
+all his grandeur and fast approaching the rope, while the two little
+hearts were beating quickly down below. In a moment he had reached the
+network of rope, and then, before he knew it, he was entangled in its
+meshes, and found himself thoroughly entrapped! What a proud moment for
+our hero! He compared his own size with that of the sun, and his delight
+seemed beyond bounds as he and the little girl watched the sun
+struggling to free himself, getting red with fury and rage, and pouring
+out his burning heat on all surrounding things. The leaves shriveled and
+dropped from the trees, the branches could be seen to smoke, the grass
+curled up and withered, and at last the forest began to burn as the heat
+became more intense. It seemed as if all nature was on fire. The joy of
+the children now turned into fear. The elk, deer, and buffalo came
+rushing out of the woods. The birds circled, shrieking and crying, and
+all living things seemed wild with fear.
+
+[Illustration: THE CONSULTATION]
+
+At last the field-mouse called the animals together for a consultation
+as to what was best to be done. They held a brief council, for no time
+could be lost. The elk spoke up and said that as the mouse had gone to
+so much trouble to carry the rope to entrap the sun, he was the one who
+ought to set him free from his entanglement. This was generally agreed
+to, and, besides, the field-mouse was the largest animal, and had such
+sharp and strong teeth that it would be easy for him to gnaw through any
+rope.
+
+It was getting hotter and hotter: something must be done quickly. The
+sun was blazing with rage! The field-mouse finally yielded to the wishes
+of his fellow-animals; and, rushing into the wood, through the terrible
+heat and smoke, he gnawed the rope, but in doing so was melted down to
+his present size. The sun then rapidly arose, and everything soon became
+all right again.
+
+The fact of the little man trapping the sun and causing so much mischief
+proved his superiority over the other animals, and they have feared him
+ever since. And, according to the Indian belief, this little man and
+little woman were the father and mother of all the tribes of men.
+
+
+
+
+FUN AMONG THE RED BOYS
+
+BY JULIAN RALPH
+
+
+VARIOUS as are the customs of the Indians, it is their savage, warlike
+natures that we are most apt to remember. Few of us, in fact, ever think
+of Indian children at all, except at the sight of a picture of them.
+Little has been told or written about the boy and girl red folk, and it
+would puzzle most of my readers to say what they suppose these children
+of nature look like, or do to amuse themselves, or how they are brought
+up. It will astonish most city people to hear that red children are very
+like white children, just as a lady who was out on the plains a few
+years ago was astonished to find that they had skins as smooth and soft
+as any lady's--no, smoother and softer than that: as delicate and lovely
+as any dear little baby's here in New York. This lady was visiting the
+Blackfeet in my company, and she was so surprised, when she happened to
+touch one little red boy's bare arm, that she went about pinching a
+dozen chubby-faced boys and girls to make herself sure that all their
+skins were like the coats of ripe peaches to the touch.
+
+Whether the Indians really love their children, or know what genuine
+love or affection is, I cannot say; but they are so proud and careful of
+their little ones that it amounts to the same thing so far as the
+youngsters are concerned. Boy babies are always most highly prized,
+because they will grow up into warriors.
+
+The little that is taught to Indian boys must seem to them much more
+like fun than instruction. They must hear the fairy stories and the
+gabble of the medicine-men or conjurers, and the tales of bloody fights
+and brave and cunning deeds which make the histories of their tribes.
+They learn not to take what does not belong to them unless it belongs to
+an enemy. They learn not to be impudent to any one stronger and bigger
+than themselves; they learn how to track animals and men, how to go
+without food when there is not any, how to eat up all there is _at once_
+when any food is to be had, how to ride and shoot and run and paddle,
+and smoke very mild tobacco. As for the rest, they "just grow," like
+Topsy, and are as emotional and fanciful and wilful as any very little
+white child ever was. They never get over being so. The older they grow
+to be, the older children they become, for they are all very much like
+spoiled children as long as they live.
+
+The first Indians I ever saw, outside of a show, were boys at play. They
+were Onondagas, on their reservation near Syracuse, New York. They were
+big boys of from sixteen to twenty years old, and the game they were
+playing was "snow-snakes." The earth was covered with snow, and by
+dragging a stout log through this covering they had made a narrow gutter
+or trough about 500 or 700 feet long. Each youth had his snow-snake,
+which is a stick about eight feet long, and shaped something like a
+spear. All the snow-snakes were alike, less than an inch wide, half an
+inch thick, flat on the under side, rounded on top, and with a very
+slight turn upward at the point to suggest a serpent's head. The
+"snakes" were all smoothed and of heavy hard wood. The game was to see
+who could send his the farthest along the gutter in the snow. The young
+men grasped their snakes at the very end, ran a few steps, and shot the
+sticks along the trough. As one after another sped along the snow, the
+serpent-like heads kept bobbing up and down over the rough surface of
+the gutter precisely like so many snakes. I bought a snow-snake, but,
+though I have tried again and again, I cannot get the knack of throwing
+it.
+
+[Illustration: ONONDAGA INDIAN BOYS PLAYING AT "SNOW-SNAKES"]
+
+But I have since seen Indian boys of many tribes at play, and one time I
+saw more than a hundred and fifty "let loose," as our own children are
+in a country school-yard at recess. To be sure, theirs is a perpetual
+recess, and they were at home among the tents of their people, the
+Canada Blackfeet, on the plains, within sight of the Rocky Mountains.
+The smoke-browned tepees, crowned with projecting pole-ends, and painted
+with figures of animals and with gaudy patterns, were set around in a
+great circle, and the children were playing in the open, grassy space in
+the center. Their fathers and mothers were as wild as any Indians,
+except one or two tribes, on the continent, but nothing of their savage
+natures showed in these merry, lively, laughing, bright-faced little
+ragamuffins. At their play they laughed and screamed and hallooed. Some
+were running foot-races, some were wrestling, some were on the backs of
+scampering ponies; for they are sometimes put on horseback when they are
+no more than three years old. Such were their sports, for Indian boys
+play games to make them sure of aim, certain of foot, quick in motion,
+and supple in body, so that they can shoot and fight and ride and hunt
+and run well. To be able to run fast is a necessary accomplishment for
+an Indian. What they call "runners" are important men in every tribe.
+They are the messenger men, and many a one among them has run a hundred
+miles in a day. They cultivate running by means of foot-races. In war
+they agree with the poet who sang:
+
+          "For he who fights and runs away
+           May live to fight another day";
+
+and afterward, if they were taken prisoners, they had a chance for life,
+in the old days, if they could run fast enough to escape their captors
+and the spears and bullets of their pursuers.
+
+A very popular game that attracted most of the Blackfeet boys was the
+throwing of darts, or little white hand-arrows, along the grass. The
+game was to see who could throw his arrow farthest in a straight line.
+At times the air was full of the white missiles where the boys were
+playing, and they fell like rain upon the grass.
+
+In another part of the field were some larger boys with rude bows with
+which to shoot these same darts. These boys were playing a favorite
+Blackfeet game. Each one had a disk or solid wheel of sheet-iron or
+lead, and the game was to see who could roll his disk the farthest,
+while all the others shot at it to tip it over and bring it to a stop.
+The boys made splendid shots at the swift-moving little wheels, and from
+greater distances than you would imagine.
+
+They play with arrows so frequently that it is no wonder they are good
+marksmen; yet you would be surprised to see how frequently they bring
+down the birds, rabbits, and gophers which abound on the plains. The
+houses of these plump little drab-colored creatures are holes in the
+turf, and as you ride along the plains you will see them everywhere
+around, sitting up on their haunches with their tiny fore paws held idle
+and limp before them, and their bead-like, bright eyes looking at you
+most trustingly--until you come just so near, when pop! suddenly down
+goes little Mr. Gopher in his hole. You may be sure the Indian boys find
+great sport in shooting at these comical little creatures. But the boys
+take a mean advantage of the fact that the restless gophers cannot stay
+still in one place any great length of time. When one pops into a hole
+it is only for a minute, and during that minute the Indian boy softly
+and deftly arranges a snare around the hole, so that when the gopher
+pops up again the snare can be jerked and the animal captured.
+
+We gave the boys in the Blackfeet camp great sport by standing at a
+distance of a hundred yards from all of them and offering a silver
+quarter to whichever boy got to us first. You should have seen the
+stampede that followed the signal, "Go!" Blankets were dropped,
+moccasins fell off, boys stumbled and others fell atop of them, their
+black locks flew in the breeze, and the air was noisy with yelling and
+laughter.
+
+These boys spin tops, but their "top-time" is the winter, when snow is
+on the ground and is crusted hard. Their tops are made of lead or some
+other metal, and are mere little circular plates which they cover with
+red flannel and ornament with tiny knots or wisps of cord all around the
+edges. These are spun with whips and look very pretty on the icy white
+playgrounds. Nearly all Indian boys play ball, but not as we do, for
+their only idea of the game is the girlish one of pitching and catching.
+All their games are the simplest, and lack the rules which we lay down
+to make our sports difficult and exciting.
+
+The boys of the Papago tribe in the Southwest have a game which the
+fellows in Harvard and Yale would form rules about, if they played it,
+until it became very lively indeed. These Indian boys make dumb-bells of
+woven buckskin or rawhide. They weave them tight and stiff, and then
+soak them in a sort of red mud which sticks like paint. They dry them,
+and then the queer toys are ready for use. To play the game they mark
+off goals, one for each band or "side" of players. The object of each
+side is to send its dumb-bells over to the goal of the enemy. The
+dumb-bells are tossed with sticks that are thrust under them as they lie
+on the ground. The perverse things will not go straight or far, and a
+rod is a pretty good throw for one. The sport quickly grows exciting,
+and the players are soon battling in a heap, almost as if they were
+playing at foot-ball.
+
+[Illustration: "YOU SHOULD HAVE SEEN THE STAMPEDE THAT FOLLOWED THE
+SIGNAL, 'GO!'"]
+
+These are games that will not wear out while there are Indian boys to
+play them. On the oldest reservations, where even the grandfathers of
+the Indians now alive were shut up and fed by their government, the boys
+still play the old games. But wherever one travels to-day, even among
+the wildest tribes, a new era is seen to have begun as the result of
+the Indian schools, and Indian boys are being taught things more useful
+than any they ever knew before. The brightest boys in the various tribes
+are selected to be sent to these schools, and it is hoped that what they
+learn will make all the others anxious to imitate white men's ways.
+
+[Illustration: COPY IN BLACK AND WHITE OF A COLOR-DRAWING BY AN INDIAN
+BOY]
+
+
+
+
+THE CHILDREN OF ZUNI
+
+BY MARIA BRACE KIMBALL
+
+          "Little Indian, Sioux or Crow,
+           Little frosty Eskimo,
+           Little Turk or Japanee,
+           Oh, don't you wish that you were me?"
+
+
+SO says the well-fed, well-dressed, well-housed little Scotchman in
+Robert Louis Stevenson's rhyme. But I don't believe that the small
+Indians of Zuni would care at all to change places with the little "me"
+of Edinburgh or New York. In their village of mud and stone, on the
+sunny plains of New Mexico, they have lived for centuries in perfect
+contentment. Fine houses, green parks, and merry streets would be
+nothing to them; hats and parasols, candies and ice-cream would make
+them stare; and mere cleanliness would only astonish them. Indeed, if
+they saw us washing our faces and brushing our hair every day, they
+would probably one and all cry out in Zuni words:
+
+          "Oh, don't you wish that you were _me_?"
+
+The little half-civilized children of Zuni so aroused our curiosity that
+we drove through forty miles of sand and sage-brush, from the railroad
+at Fort Wingate, to pay them a visit. As the Indians do not provide for
+travelers, we took our hotel with us--tents, beds, and food--and camped
+just outside their village. The village looks like a huge beehive made
+of clay and stuck fast to the top of a sandy knoll. The hive is filled
+with a mass of cells--three hundred single rooms, placed side by side
+and piled in rows one on top of another. In each of these rooms lives a
+Zuni family. There are no inside stairways leading from story to story,
+but if the boys and girls living in one row wish to pay a visit to a
+house above them, they must go outdoors and climb a ladder. On the slope
+between the village and the Zuni River are a number of small
+vegetable-gardens, each one inclosed by a mud wall. Zuni has no inns, no
+shops, no saloons, not even proper streets, but only narrow alleys that
+thread their way through the strange town. As we walked through the
+village, all the world came out to see us. Girls and boys clustered on
+the roofs or sat on the ovens,--queer little cones of mud which seem to
+grow up out of the house-tops,--while fathers, mothers, and babies
+peered out from dark doorways, to stare at the visitors. When we had
+finished our tour of the roofs and alleys, we were hospitably invited
+indoors; even there the children followed us, and as we glanced up to a
+hole in the ceiling which served as a window, a girl's laughing face
+filled the opening. We must have looked strange enough in our hats and
+gloves and long skirts.
+
+The Zuni child spends his early days in a cradle. But a cradle in
+Zuni-land does not mean down pillows, silken coverlets, and fluffy
+laces; it is only a flat board, just the length of the baby, with a hood
+like a doll's buggy-top over the head. Upon this hard bed the baby is
+bound like a mummy--the coverings wound round and round him until the
+little fellow cannot move except to open his mouth and eyes. Sometimes
+he is unrolled, and looks out into the bare whitewashed room, blinks at
+the fire burning on the hearth, and fixes his eyes earnestly on the wolf
+and cougar skins that serve as chairs and beds and carpets in the Zuni
+home.
+
+[Illustration: A ZUNI FAMILY ON THE MARCH]
+
+By the time he is two or three years old, he has grown into a plump
+little bronze creature, with the straightest of coarse black hair and
+the biggest and roundest of black eyes. He is now out of the cradle, and
+trots about the house and the village. When the weather is bad he wears
+a small coarse shirt, and always a necklace of beads or turquoise.
+
+As he grows older, he adds a pair of loose cotton trousers to his
+costume, and, if anything more is needed to keep him warm, he girds on
+his blanket, just as his forefathers have done in all the three hundred
+years since white men first knew the Zunis. His long hair, either flying
+loosely in the wind or tied back with a band of some red stuff, serves
+him both as hair and as hat.
+
+His little sister, however, has a more elaborate dress. Her mama weaves
+it for her, as she does her own, in a rude loom. She makes two square
+blankets of black cotton, finishes them neatly across top and bottom,
+sews them together at the sides with red yarn, and the dress is ready to
+try on. It always fits perfectly, as the part which forms the skirt is
+simply held in place by a sash, and the waist is made by drawing two
+corners of the blankets up over the left shoulder. The sash, woven in
+gay colors, is also the work of Mama Zuni. A long, narrow piece of
+cotton cloth is draped from the other shoulder, and swings easily about,
+serving as pocket, shawl, or pinafore. In cold weather, moccasins,
+leggings, and blankets are also worn. These articles, too, are made at
+home. While the mother is the dressmaker and tailor, the father is the
+family shoemaker. A few of the Zuni girls have dresses like those of
+American girls. These clothes have come to them through the
+mission-school which adjoins the village.
+
+The Zunis have a language of their own--no very easy one for boys and
+girls to learn, judging from its many-syllabled, harsh-sounding words.
+They also speak a little Spanish, as does nearly everybody in New
+Mexico.
+
+The little Zunis amuse themselves with running, wrestling, jumping, and
+playing at grown folks, just as civilized children do. They have their
+bows and arrows, their rag-dolls,--strapped like real babies to
+cradles,--and their shinny sticks and balls. The children also make
+themselves useful at home. The older girls take care of their younger
+brothers and sisters, and the boys tend the goats. There are large herds
+of goats belonging to the village, and they must be taken every morning
+to graze on the plain, and brought home at night to be shut up in the
+corrals, or folds, safe from prowling wolves.
+
+The little children often go with their mothers to draw water from the
+village well, about a hundred yards from the houses. At the top of a
+flight of stone steps they wait, playing about in the sand, while their
+mothers go down to the spring. There the women fill the jars, then,
+poising them on their heads, climb the hill and mount the ladders to
+their homes. As all the water used by the village has to be brought to
+it in these _ollas_ (water-jars), carried on the women's heads, it is
+not surprising that the boys' clothes are grimy and the girls have
+apparently never known what it is to wash their faces.
+
+The _ollas_, which answer the purpose of family china and of
+kitchen-ware, are made by the Zuni women from the clay of the
+river-bank. The wet earth is shaped by hand into jars of all sorts and
+sizes; the jars are then painted with gay colors, in queer patterns, and
+burned. It is a pretty sight, of an evening, to see the fires of the
+kilns dotted all over the terraces of the village. Each piece of pottery
+is shut up inside a little wall of chips, which are set on fire; when
+the chips are burned up, the article is baked and ready for use. The
+Zuni mamas make not only the jars for family use, but also clay toys for
+the children, curious rattles, dolls' moccasins, owls, eagles, horses,
+and other childish treasures.
+
+[Illustration: ON THE WAY TO FORT WINGATE]
+
+The Zuni has learned that American coffee and tobacco are better than
+Indian herb tea and willow bark. As he must have ready money in order to
+buy such articles, he has contrived various ways of earning a few
+_reales_ (Spanish for shillings). When spring comes and the snows have
+melted, he collects the jars and bowls and trinkets that have been made
+during the winter, ties them up in the several corners of his blanket,
+and trudges off to market at Fort Wingate, forty miles away. Bows and
+arrows, and canes made from a singular cactus which grows near Zuni, are
+also added to the stock in trade. If the Indian is lucky enough to own a
+burro, he and one of the boys mount the patient creature, while the
+family, big and little, with some of the neighbors, complete the party.
+Once in the garrison, the Zuni family need only walk up and down to
+advertise their wares; the boys and girls help to carry the jars, while
+the babies follow. The group, with its bright blankets and gay
+pottery, soon attracts attention and sales begin on the sidewalks and
+verandas. Little is said by the Zuni merchants, but when the bargaining
+is finished, they stand silent, waiting with a hungry look for the usual
+invitation to the kitchen. There, seated in a circle on the floor, they
+gratefully eat and drink whatever is set before them. Their store of
+words does not include "Thank you," but their faces brighten, and the
+older people politely shake hands with a "Bueno, bueno, senora" ("Good,
+good, madame"), while the babies munch and crumble their cake and cry
+for more, just as our own white babies do. The thoughtful mamas do not
+forget the miles of "home stretch" before the family, and wisely tuck
+away in their blankets the last bits of cheese and crackers.
+
+When they have looked over the fort, tasted its bread and coffee, and
+sold their cargo, they cheerfully go home to their mud village and
+Indian habits. Old and young, they all are children, easily pleased,
+contented with things as they are, and quite certain in their own minds
+that the Zuni way is the right way to live.
+
+
+
+
+THE INDIAN GIRL AND HER MESSENGER-BIRD
+
+BY GEORGE W. RANCK
+
+
+ONCE upon a time, there was an Indian who lived in a big wood on the
+banks of a beautiful river, and he did nothing all day long but catch
+fish and hunt wild deer. Well, this Indian had two lovely little
+daughters, and he named one Sunbeam, because she was so bright and
+cheerful, and the other he called Starlight, because, he said, her sweet
+eyes twinkled like the stars.
+
+Sunbeam and Starlight were as gay as butterflies, and as busy as bees,
+from morning till night. They ran races under the shady trees, made
+bouquets of wild flowers, swung on grape-vine swings, turned berries and
+acorns into beads, and dressed their glossy black hair with bright
+feathers that beautiful birds had dropped. They loved each other so
+much, and were so happy together, that they never knew what trouble
+meant until, one day, Starlight got very sick, and before the big moon
+came over the tree-tops the sweet Indian child had closed her starry
+eyes in death, and rested for the last time upon her soft, little
+deerskin bed. And now, for the first time, Sunbeam's heart was full of
+grief. She could not play, for Starlight was gone, she knew not where;
+so she took the bright feathers out of her hair, and sat down by the
+river and cried and cried for Starlight to come back to her. But when
+her father told her that Starlight was gone to the Spirit-land of love
+and beauty, and would be happy for ever and ever, Sunbeam was comforted.
+
+"Now," said she, "I know where darling Starlight is, and I can kiss her
+and talk to her again."
+
+Sunbeam had heard her people say that the birds were messengers from the
+Spirit-land. So she hunted through the woods until she found a little
+song-bird, that was too young to fly, fast asleep in its nest. She
+carried it gently home, put it into a cage, and watched over it and fed
+it tenderly day after day until its wings grew strong and it filled the
+woods with its music. Then she carried it in her soft little hands to
+Starlight's grave; and after she had loaded it with kisses and messages
+of love for Starlight, she told it never to cease its sweetest song or
+fold its shining wings until it had flown to the Spirit-land. She let it
+go, and the glad bird, as it rose above the tall green trees, poured
+forth a song more joyful than any that Sunbeam had ever heard. Higher
+and higher it flew, and sweeter and sweeter grew its song, until at last
+both its form and its music were lost in the floating summer clouds.
+
+Then Sunbeam ran swiftly over the soft grass to her father, and told
+him, with a bright smile and a light heart, that she had talked with
+dear Starlight, and had kissed her sweet rosy mouth again; and Sunbeam
+was once more her father's bright and happy little Indian girl.
+
+
+
+
+HOW THE STONE-AGE CHILDREN PLAYED
+
+BY CHARLES C. ABBOTT
+
+
+NOT long since I wandered along a pretty brook that rippled through a
+narrow valley. I was on the lookout for whatever birds might be
+wandering that way, but saw nothing of special interest. So, to while
+away the time, I commenced geologizing; and, as I plodded along my
+lonely way, I saw everywhere traces of an older time, when the sparkling
+rivulet that now only harbors pretty salamanders was a deep creek,
+tenanted by many of our larger fishes.
+
+How fast the earth from the valley's slopes may have been loosened by
+frost and washed by freshet, and carried down to fill up the old bed of
+the stream, we will not stop to inquire; for other traces of this older
+time were also met with here. As I turned over the loose earth by the
+brook-side, and gathered here and there a pretty pebble, I chanced upon
+a little arrow-point.
+
+Whoever has made a collection, be it of postage stamps or birds' eggs,
+knows full well how securing one coveted specimen but increases
+eagerness for others; and so was it with me that pleasant afternoon.
+Just one pretty arrow-point cured me of my laziness, banished every
+trace of fatigue, and filled me with the interest of eager search; and I
+dug and sifted and washed the sandy soil for yards along the brook-side,
+until I had gathered at least a score of curious relics of the
+long-departed red men, or rather of the games and sports and pastimes of
+the red men's hardy and active children.
+
+[Illustration: THE HATCHET]
+
+For centuries before Columbus discovered San Salvador, the red men (or
+Indians, as they are usually called) roamed over all the great continent
+of North America, and having no knowledge of iron as a metal, they were
+forced to make of stone or bone all their weapons, hunting and
+household implements. From this fact they are called, when referring to
+those early times, a stone-age people, and so, of course, the boys and
+girls of that time were stone-age children.
+
+But it is not to be supposed that, because the children of savages, they
+were altogether unlike the youngsters of to-day. In one respect, at
+least, they were quite the same--they were very fond of play.
+
+Their play, however, was not like the games of to-day, as you may see by
+the pictures of their toys. We might, perhaps, call the principal game
+of the boys "Playing Man," for the little stone implements, here
+pictured, are only miniatures of the great stone axes and long
+spear-points of their fathers.
+
+In one particular these old-time children were really in advance of the
+youngsters of to-day; they not only did, in play, what their parents did
+in earnest, but they realized, in part, the results of their playful
+labor. A good old Moravian missionary says: "Little boys are frequently
+seen wading in shallow brooks, shooting small fishes with their bows and
+arrows." Going a-fishing, then, as now, was good fun; but to shoot
+fishes with a bow and arrow is not an easy thing to do, and this is one
+way these stone-age children played, and played to better advantage than
+most of my young readers can.
+
+Among the stone-age children's toys that I gathered that afternoon, were
+those of which we have pictures. The first is a very pretty stone
+hatchet, very carefully shaped, and still quite sharp. It has been
+worked out from a porphyry pebble, and in every way, except size, it is
+the same as hundreds that still are to be found lying about the fields.
+
+No red man would ever deign to use such an insignificant-looking ax, and
+so we must suppose it to have been a toy hatchet for some little fellow
+that chopped away at saplings, or, perhaps, knocked over some poor
+squirrel or rabbit; for our good old Moravian friend, the missionary,
+also tells us that "the boys learn to climb trees when very young, both
+to catch birds and to exercise their sight, which, by this method, is
+rendered so quick that in hunting they see objects at an amazing
+distance." Their play, then, became an excellent schooling for them; and
+if they did nothing but play it was not a loss of time.
+
+The five little arrow-points figured in the second picture are among
+those I found in the valley. The ax was not far away, and both it and
+they may have belonged to the same bold and active young hunter. All of
+these arrow-points are very neatly made.
+
+[Illustration: ARROW-HEADS]
+
+The same missionary tells us that these young red men of the forest
+"exercise themselves very early with bows and arrows, and in shooting at
+a mark. As they grow up, they acquire a remarkable dexterity in shooting
+birds, squirrels, and small game."
+
+Every boy remembers his first penknife, and, whether it had one or three
+blades, was proud enough of it; but how different the fortune of the
+stone-age children, in this matter of a pocket-knife! In the third
+picture is shown a piece of flint that was doubtless chipped into this
+shape that it might be used as a knife.
+
+I have found scores of such knives in the fields that extend along the
+little valley, and a few came to light in my search that afternoon in
+the brook-side sands and gravel. So, if this chipped flint is a knife,
+then, as in modern times, the children were whittlers.
+
+[Illustration: FLINT KNIFE]
+
+Of course, our boys nowadays would be puzzled to cut a willow whistle or
+mend the baby's go-cart with such a knife as this; but still, it will
+not do to despise stone cutlery. The big canoe at the Centennial, that
+took up so much room in the Government Building,--a boat sixty feet
+long,--was made in quite recent times, and only stone knives and
+hatchets were used in the process.
+
+I found too, in that afternoon walk, some curiously shaped splinters of
+jasper, which at first did not seem very well adapted to any purpose;
+and yet, although mere fragments, they had every appearance of having
+been purposely shaped, and not of accidental resemblances to a hook or
+sickle blade. When I got home, I read that perfect specimens, mine being
+certainly pieces of the same form, had been found away off in Norway;
+and Professor Nilsson, who has carefully studied the whole subject, says
+they are fish-hooks.
+
+Instead of my broken ones, we have in the fourth illustration some
+uninjured specimens of these fish-hooks from Norway. Two are made of
+flint, the largest one being bone; and hooks of exactly the same
+patterns really have been found within half a mile of the little valley
+I worked in that afternoon.
+
+The fish-hooks shown in our picture have been thought to be best adapted
+for, and really used in, capturing cod-fish in salt water, and perch and
+pike in inland lakes. The broken hooks I found were fully as large; and
+so the little brook that now ripples down the valley, when a large
+stream, must have had a good many big fishes in it, or the stone-age
+fishermen would not have brought their fishing-hooks, and have lost
+them, along this remnant of a larger stream.
+
+But it must not be supposed that only children in this bygone era did
+the fishing for their tribe. Just as the men captured the larger game,
+so they took the bigger fishes; but it is scarcely probable that the
+boys who waded the little brooks with bows and arrows would remain
+content with that, and, long before they were men, doubtless they were
+adepts in catching the more valuable fishes that abounded, in Indian
+times, in all our rivers.
+
+So, fishing, I think, was another way in which the stone-age children
+played.
+
+[Illustration: FISH-HOOKS]
+
+
+
+
+GAMES AND SPORTS OF THE INDIAN BOY
+
+BY DR. CHARLES ALEXANDER EASTMAN
+
+          [These are actual recollections of the wild life.
+          The Indian boy whose experiences are described
+          wrote them out himself many years afterward when,
+          having graduated at Dartmouth College and the
+          Boston University School of Medicine, he had
+          become an educated man, and a physician among his
+          own people.]
+
+
+THE Indian boy was a prince of the wilderness. He had but very little
+work to do during the period of his boyhood. His principal occupation
+was the practising of a few simple but rigid rules in the arts of
+warfare and the chase. Aside from this, he was master of his time.
+
+Whatever was required of us boys was quickly performed; then the field
+was clear for our games and plays. There was always keen competition
+between us. We felt very much as our fathers did in hunting and
+war--each one strove to excel all the others. It is true that our savage
+life was a precarious one, and full of dreadful catastrophes; however,
+this never prevented us from enjoying our sports to the fullest extent.
+As we left our tepees in the morning, we were never sure that our scalps
+would not dangle from a pole in the afternoon! It was an uncertain life,
+to be sure. Yet we observed that the fawns skipped and played happily
+while the gray wolves might be peeping forth from behind the hills,
+ready to tear them limb from limb.
+
+Our sports were molded by the life and customs of our people--indeed, we
+practised only what we expected to do when grown. Our games were feats
+with the bow and arrow, foot and pony races, wrestling, swimming, and
+imitations of the customs and habits of our fathers. We had sham fights
+with mud balls and willow wands, we played lacrosse, made war upon bees,
+shot winter arrows (which were used only in that season), and coasted
+upon ribs of animals and buffalo-robes.
+
+Our games with bow and arrow were usually combined with hunting; but as
+I shall take hunting for the subject of another letter, I will speak
+only of such as were purely plays.
+
+No sooner did the boys get together than they divided into squads, and
+chose sides; then a leading arrow was shot at random into the air.
+Before it fell to the ground, a volley from the bows of the
+participants followed. Each player was quick to see the direction and
+speed of the leading arrow, and he tried to send his own with the same
+speed and at an equal height, so that when it fell it would be closer
+than any of the others to the first.
+
+It was considered out of place to shoot an arrow by first sighting the
+object aimed at. This was usually impracticable, because the object was
+almost always in motion, while the hunter himself was often on the back
+of a pony in full gallop. Therefore, it was the offhand shot that the
+Indian boy sought to master. There was another game with arrows which
+was characterized by gambling, and was generally confined to the men.
+
+The races were an every-day occurrence. At noon the boys were usually
+gathered by some pleasant sheet of water, and as soon as the ponies were
+watered, they were allowed to graze for an hour or two, while the boys
+stripped for their noonday sports. A boy might say, "I can't run, but I
+challenge you for fifty paces," to some other whom he considered his
+equal. A former hero, when beaten, would often explain his defeat by
+saying, "I had drunk too much water!" Boys of all ages were paired for
+a "spin," and the little red men cheered on their favorites with spirit!
+As soon as this was ended, the pony races followed. All the speedy
+ponies were picked out, and riders chosen. If a boy said, "I cannot
+ride," what a shout went up! Such derision!
+
+Last of all came the swimming. A little urchin would hang to his pony's
+long tail, while the latter held only his head above water and glided
+sportively along. Finally the animals were driven into a fine field of
+grass, and we turned our attention to other games.
+
+Lacrosse was an older game, and was confined entirely to the Sisseton
+and Santee Sioux. Shinny, such as is enjoyed by white boys on ice, is
+now played by the western Sioux. The "moccasin-game," although sometimes
+played by the boys, was intended mainly for adults.
+
+The "mud-and-willow" fight was rather a severe and dangerous sport. A
+lump of soft clay was stuck on one end of a limber and springy willow
+wand, to be thrown with considerable force--as boys throw apples from
+sticks. When there were fifty or a hundred on each side, the battle
+became warm; but anything to arouse the bravery of Indian boys seemed to
+them a good and wholesome sport.
+
+Wrestling was largely indulged in by all of us. It may seem odd, but the
+wrestling was by a great number of boys at once--from ten to any number
+on a side. It was really a battle, but each one chose his own opponent.
+The rule was that if a boy sat down, he was let alone; but as long as he
+remained standing within the field he was open to an attack. No one
+struck with the hand, but all manner of tripping with legs and feet and
+hurting with the knees was allowed; altogether it was an exhausting
+pastime--fully equal to the American game of foot-ball. Only the boy who
+was an athlete could really enjoy it.
+
+One of our most curious sports was a war upon the nests of wild bees. We
+imagined ourselves about to make an attack upon the Chippewas or some
+other tribal foe. We all painted and stole cautiously upon the nest;
+then, with a rush and a war-whoop, sprang upon the object of our attack
+and endeavored to destroy it. But it seemed that the bees were always on
+the alert, and never entirely surprised; for they always raised quite as
+many scalps as did their bold assailants! After the onslaught upon the
+bees was ended, we usually followed it by a pretended scalp-dance.
+
+On the occasion of my first experience in this mode of warfare, there
+were two other little boys who also were novices. One of them,
+particularly, was too young to indulge in such an exploit. As it was the
+custom of the Indians, when they killed or wounded an enemy on the
+battle-field, to announce the act in a loud voice, we did the same. My
+friend Little Wound (as I will call him, for I do not remember his
+name), being quite small, was unable to reach the nest until it had been
+well trampled upon and broken, and the insects had made a counter charge
+with such vigor as to repulse and scatter our numbers in every
+direction. However, he evidently did not want to retreat without any
+honors; so he bravely jumped upon the nest and yelled:
+
+"I, brave Little Wound, to-day kill the only fierce enemy!"
+
+Scarcely was the last word uttered when he screamed as if stabbed to the
+heart. One of his older companions shouted:
+
+"Dive into the water! Run! Dive into the water!" for there was a lake
+near by. This advice he obeyed.
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN BOYS PLAYING "FOLLOW MY LEADER"]
+
+When we had reassembled and were indulging in our mimic dance, Little
+Wound was not allowed to dance. He was considered not to be in
+existence--he had been "killed" by our enemies, the Bee tribe. Poor
+little fellow! His tear-stained face was sad and ashamed, as he sat on a
+fallen log and watched the dance. Although he might well have styled
+himself one of the noble dead who had died for their country, yet he was
+not unmindful that he had _screamed_, and that this weakness would be
+apt to recur to him many times in the future.
+
+We had some quiet plays which we alternated with the more severe and
+warlike ones. Among them were throwing wands and snow-arrows. In the
+winter we coasted much. We had no "double-rippers" nor toboggans, but
+six or seven of the long ribs of a buffalo, fastened together at the
+larger end, answered all practical purposes. Sometimes a strip of
+bass-wood bark, four feet long and half a foot wide, was used with much
+skill. We stood on one end and held the other, using the inside of the
+bark for the outside, and thus coasted down long hills with remarkable
+speed.
+
+Sometimes we played "Medicine Dance." This to us was almost what
+"playing church" is among white children. Our people seem to think it an
+act of irreverence to imitate these dances, but we children thought
+otherwise; therefore we quite frequently enjoyed in secret one of these
+performances. We used to observe all the important ceremonies and
+customs attending it, and it required something of an actor to reproduce
+the dramatic features of the dance. The real dances usually occupied a
+day and a night, and the program was long and varied, so that it was not
+easy to execute all the details perfectly; but the Indian children are
+born imitators.
+
+I was often selected as choirmaster on these occasions, for I had
+happened to learn many of the medicine songs, and was quite an apt
+mimic. My grandmother, who was a noted medicine woman, on hearing of
+these sacrilegious acts (as she called them), warned me that if any of
+the medicine men should learn of my conduct, they would punish me
+terribly by shriveling my limbs with slow disease.
+
+Occasionally we also played "white man." Our knowledge of the pale-face
+was limited, but we had learned that he brought goods whenever he came,
+and that our people exchanged furs for his merchandise. We also knew,
+somehow, that his complexion was white, that he wore short hair on his
+head and long hair on his face, and that he had coat, trousers, and
+hat, and did not patronize blankets in the daytime. This was the picture
+we had formed of the white man. So we painted two or three of our number
+with white clay, and put on them birchen hats, which we sewed up for the
+occasion, fastened a piece of fur to their chins for a beard, and
+altered their costume as much as lay within our power. The white of the
+birch-bark was made to answer for their white shirts. Their merchandise
+consisted of sand for sugar, wild beans for coffee, dried leaves for
+tea, pulverized earth for gunpowder, pebbles for bullets, and clear
+water for dangerous "fire-water." We traded for these goods with skins
+of squirrels, rabbits, and small birds.
+
+When we played "hunting buffalo" we would send a few good runners off on
+the open prairie with meat and other edibles; then start a few of our
+swiftest runners to chase them and capture the food. Once we were
+engaged in this sport when a real hunt by the men was going on near by;
+yet we did not realize that it was so close until, in the midst of our
+play, an immense buffalo appeared, coming at full speed directly toward
+us. Our mimic buffalo hunt turned into a very real "buffalo scare"! As
+it was near the edge of a forest, we soon disappeared among the leaves
+like a covey of young prairie-chickens, and some hid in the bushes while
+others took refuge in tall trees.
+
+In the water we always had fun. When we had no ponies, we often had
+swimming-matches of our own, and we sometimes made rafts with which we
+crossed lakes and rivers. It was a common thing to "duck" a young or
+timid boy, or to carry him into deep water to struggle as best he might.
+
+I remember a perilous ride with a companion on an unmanageable log, when
+we both were less than seven years old. The older boys had put us on
+this uncertain bark and pushed us out into the swift current of the
+river. I cannot speak for my comrade in distress, but I can say now that
+I would rather ride on a wild bronco any day than try to stay on and
+steady a short log in a river. I never knew how we managed to prevent a
+shipwreck on that voyage, and to reach the shore!
+
+We had many curious wild pets. There were young foxes, bears, wolves,
+fawns, raccoons, buffalo calves, and birds of all kinds, tamed by
+various boys. My pets were different at different times, but I
+particularly remember one. I once had a grizzly cub for a pet, and so
+far as he and I were concerned our relations were charming and very
+close. But I hardly know whether he made more enemies for me or I for
+him. It was his custom to treat unmercifully every boy who injured me.
+He was despised for his conduct in my interest, and I was hated on
+account of his interference.
+
+[Illustration: COPY IN BLACK AND WHITE OF A COLOR-DRAWING BY AN INDIAN
+BOY]
+
+
+
+
+AN OLD-TIME THANKSGIVING
+
+BY M. ELOISE TALBOT
+
+
+LITTLE PRUDENCE stood by the window, with her face pressed hard against
+it. She was not looking out; she could not do that, for the
+window-frame, instead of being filled with clear panes of glass, had
+oiled paper stretched tightly across it.
+
+It was a very curious window, indeed, and it transmitted a dull light
+into a very curious room. The floor was of uncovered boards; the walls
+were built of logs of wood with the bark still clinging to them in
+places, and overhead were great rafters from which hung suspended many
+things--swords and corselets, coats, bundles of dried herbs, pots and
+pans.
+
+The furniture was very simple. In the center of the room was a wooden
+table, scoured to whiteness, stiff-backed chairs were ranged against the
+wall, and a dresser, where pewter cups and platters stood in shining
+rows, adorned the farther corner. In a wide chimney-place a royal fire
+was blazing, and before it stood Prudence's mother, carefully stirring
+some mixture in an iron pot which hung upon a crane. Within the circle
+of the firelight, which played upon her yellow hair and turned it to
+ruddy gold, Mehitable, Prudence's sister, stepped rapidly to and fro,
+her spinning-wheel making a humming accompaniment to the crackling of
+the blaze.
+
+Prudence turned to watch her, pushing farther back a little white cap
+which pressed upon her short curls; for she was a little Puritan maiden,
+living in the town of Plymouth, and it was not the present year of our
+Lord, but about two hundred and eighty-four years ago. She was a very
+different Prudence from what she would have been if she had been living
+now, and it was a very different Plymouth from the pleasant town we know
+to-day, with its many houses climbing up the hill, and the busy people
+in its streets. There were only seven houses then, and they stood in one
+line leading to the water, and there was but one building besides--a
+square wooden affair with palisades, which served as a church on
+Sundays, a fort when enemies were feared, and a storehouse all the
+time. Beyond these nothing could be seen but woods--trackless, unknown
+forests--and, away to the east, the ocean, where the waves were booming
+with a lonesome sound.
+
+It was not quite a year before that Prudence's father had stood with the
+other brave colonists on the deck of the _Mayflower_, and had looked
+with eager eyes upon the shore of the New World. This first year in
+Massachusetts had on the whole been a happy one for Prudence. During the
+cold winter which followed their landing, she had indeed cast longing
+thoughts toward the home in Holland which they had left; and especially
+did she long for the Dutch home when she was hungry, and the provisions
+which had been brought on the ship were scanty; but she had forgotten
+all such longings in the bounty given by the summer, and now it seemed
+to her there was no more beautiful place in the world than this New
+England.
+
+It was Prudence's father who opened the door and came in, carrying on
+his shoulder an ax with which he had been felling trees for the winter's
+fuel. Prudence never could get over the queer feeling it gave her to see
+her father thus employed. When they lived in Holland, he was always
+writing and studying in books of many languages, but here he did little
+else than work in the fields, for it was only so that the early settlers
+obtained their daily bread. He leaned his ax in a corner, and came
+toward the fire, rubbing his hands to get out the cold.
+
+"I have news for you, dear heart, to-night," he said to his wife. "I
+have just come from the granary, and indeed there is goodly store laid
+up of corn and rye, and game that has been shot in the forest. The
+children's mouths will not hunger this winter."
+
+"Praised be the Lord!" replied his wife, fervently. "But what is your
+news?"
+
+"The governor hath decided to hold a thanksgiving for the bountiful
+harvest, and on the appointed day is a great feast to be spread; and he
+hath sent a messenger to bid Massasoit to break bread with us."
+
+"Massasoit the Indian?"
+
+"Ay; but a friendly Indian. He will come, and many of his braves with
+him. You will be kept busy, my heart, with the other housewives to bake
+sufficient food for this company."
+
+"Oh, mother, _may_ I go?" cried Prudence, her eyes dancing with
+excitement, clutching at her mother's skirts; but her father continued:
+
+"How now, Mehitable? The news of a coming feast does not seem to make
+you merry as it was wont to do in Holland."
+
+Mehitable was grave, and there was even a tear in her eye.
+
+"I know," cried Joel, who was two years older than Prudence; "she is
+thinking of John Andrews, who is across the sea."
+
+But the father frowned, and the mother said, "Peace, foolish children!"
+as she placed the porridge on the table.
+
+So Prudence and Joel drew up their benches, and said no more. Chairs and
+conversation did not belong to children in those days; they sat on
+little stools and kept silence. That did not keep them from thinking. A
+thanksgiving feast! What could it be? The only thanksgiving they knew
+about meant such long prayers in church that the little people grew very
+tired before the end--but a feast!--that would be something new and
+interesting.
+
+The feast was to be held on the following Thursday; so, during all the
+days between, the house was full of the stir of brewing and baking.
+Prudence polished the apples, and Joel pounded the corn, in eager
+anticipation; but when the day arrived a disappointment awaited them,
+for their father decreed that they should remain at home.
+
+"You are over-young, my little Prudence, and Joel is over-bold; besides
+which, he must stay and care for you."
+
+"And do neither of you leave the house while your father and I are
+away," added the mother. "I shall not have a moment's peace of mind, if
+I think you are wandering outside alone."
+
+"I will bring you back a Dutch cake, my little sister," whispered
+Mehitable, who looked sweeter than ever in her best attire of black silk
+and a lace kerchief, which with an unwilling heart she had put on in
+obedience to her mother's command.
+
+But when the elders were gone the disappointment and loneliness were too
+much for the children. Prudence, being a girl, sat down in a corner and
+cried; while Joel, being a boy, got angry, and strode up and down the
+room with his hands in his pockets.
+
+"It is too bad!" he burst out suddenly. "The greedy, grown-up people, I
+believe they want all the food themselves! It's a downright shame to
+keep us at home!"
+
+"Joel!" gasped Prudence, horrified--"father and mother!"
+
+"Well, I know," admitted Joel, more mildly; "but they need not have shut
+us up in the house as if we were babies. Prudence, let's go out in the
+yard and play, if we can't do anything else."
+
+"But mother forbade us," said Prudence.
+
+"I know. But then, of course, she only meant we must not go into the
+woods for fear of wild beasts. There is no danger here by the doorsteps,
+and father won't care; _he's_ not afraid!"
+
+"I--don't--know," faltered Prudence.
+
+"Well, _I'm_ going, anyway," said Joel, resolutely, taking his hat from
+the peg. "Ah, do come too, Prudence!" he added persuasively.
+
+So Prudence, though she knew in her heart it was a naughty thing to do,
+took off her cap, and tying her little Puritan bonnet under her chin,
+followed Joel through the door.
+
+Once outside, I am afraid their scruples were soon forgotten. All the
+sunshine of the summer and the sparkling air of the winter were fused
+together to make a wonderful November day. The children felt like colts
+just loosed, and ran and shouted together till, if there had not been a
+good deal of noise also at the stone house where the feast was being
+spread, their shrill little voices must surely have been heard there.
+
+All at once Joel caught Prudence by the arm.
+
+"Hush!" he exclaimed. "Look!"
+
+A beautiful gray squirrel ran across the grass in front of them. It
+stopped, poising its little head and intently listening.
+
+"I'm going to catch him," whispered Joel, excitedly. "Father said if I
+could catch one, he would make me a cage for it. Come along."
+
+He tiptoed softly forward, but the squirrel heard and was up and away in
+an instant. Joel pursued, and Prudence ran after him. Such a chase as
+the little creature gave them--up on the fence, under the stones, across
+the fields, and finally straight to the woods, with the children panting
+and stumbling after, still keeping him in sight. Breath and patience
+gave out at last; but when they stopped, where were they? In the very
+heart of the forest, where the dead leaves rustled, and the sunlight
+slanted down upon them, and the squirrel, safe in the top of a tree,
+chattered angrily.
+
+"Never saw--anything run--so fast," panted Joel in disgust.
+"I--give--him up. We had better go back, Prudence. Why--but--I don't
+think I know the way!"
+
+Prudence's lip quivered, and her eyes filled.
+
+"That's just like a girl!" said Joel, harshly, "to go and cry the first
+thing."
+
+"I don't care," cried Prudence, indignation burning away her tears; "you
+brought me into this, anyhow, Joel, and now you ought to get me out."
+
+This was so obviously true that Joel had no retort at hand. Besides, he
+did not like to see Prudence unhappy. So, after a moment, he put his arm
+around her.
+
+"Never mind, Prue," he said; "I think if we try together, we can find
+the way home."
+
+But though they walked until their feet were weary, they could find no
+familiar spot.
+
+When they came out of the woods at last, it was only to find themselves
+unexpectedly on the sandy beach of the ocean. They sat down on two
+stones, and looked at each other in silence. Joel began to feel even his
+bravery giving way. All at once they heard a sound of soft feet, and a
+low, sweet voice said:
+
+"How do, English!"
+
+A little Indian boy stood before them. He wore a garment of skins, and a
+tiny bow and quiver hung upon his back. His feet were bare, and he
+walked so lightly that the children could hardly hear his tread.
+Prudence, in fright, shrank close to her brother; but Joel had seen many
+Indians during their year in the New World, and the stranger's eyes were
+so bright and soft that the white boy returned the Indian's salutation.
+Then, plunging his hand into his pocket, Joel brought forth a handful of
+nut-meats, and held them out for an offering.
+
+[Illustration: "'HOW DO, ENGLISH!'"]
+
+The little Indian smiled delightedly, and politely took a few--not all.
+Having munched the kernels gravely, the new-comer began to dance.
+
+It was a most remarkable dance. It was first a stately measure,
+accompanied by many poisings on his toes, and liftings of his head, from
+which the wind blew back his straight black hair; but gradually his
+motions grew faster and more furious, his slow steps changed to running,
+he turned, he twisted his lithe body into all possible contorted shapes,
+he threw his arms high above his head, waving them wildly, he took great
+leaps into the air, and finally, when his dance had lasted about fifteen
+minutes, several amazing somersaults brought him breathless, but still
+smiling, to the children's feet.
+
+His spectators had been shouting with delight during the whole
+performance, and now asked him eager questions. What was his name? How
+did he learn to dance? Could he not speak any more English? But to all
+their inquiries he only shook his head, and at last sat down beside
+them, motionless now as any little bronze statue, and looked steadily
+out to sea.
+
+Prudence's head drooped upon her brother's shoulder.
+
+"I'm rather tired, Joel," she said wistfully; "don't you think we could
+get to Plymouth pretty soon?"
+
+"I don't know," said Joel, despondently.
+
+At the words the Indian boy sprang to his feet. He ran toward the woods,
+then stopped, and beckoned them to follow.
+
+"He is going in the wrong direction, I am sure," said Joel, shaking his
+head.
+
+The boy stamped on the ground with impatience, and, running back, seized
+Prudence's hand, and gently pulled her forward.
+
+"Plymout'!" he said, in his strange accent.
+
+The children looked at each other.
+
+"We might as well try him," said Joel.
+
+The boy clapped his hands together, and ran on before them into the
+forest. It was a weary journey, over bogs and fallen trees, and seemed
+three times as long as when they had come. A wasp once stung Prudence on
+the cheek, making her cry out with pain; but quick as thought the little
+Indian caught up a pellet of clay, and plastered it upon the wound, and,
+marvelous to relate, before many minutes the sharp pain had quite gone
+away.
+
+The woods seemed gradually to grow a little more open, and pretty soon
+they heard the distant tinkle of a cow-bell. At last (Prudence held her
+breath for fear it might not be true) they emerged suddenly into the
+clearing, and home lay before them.
+
+They found they had made a complete circle since they started.
+
+Their little guide stooped and picked up a gaudy-colored feather from
+the ground. He examined it closely, and then he shouted aloud, and began
+to run toward the storehouse as fast as his sturdy legs could carry him.
+
+"I want to see mother," said Prudence, half crying with fatigue; so they
+ran all together across the clearing.
+
+All this while the feast had been progressing. About noontime the great
+Massasoit, chief of the Indian tribe called the Wampanoags, had emerged
+from the forest with all his tallest braves in single file behind him.
+They wore their best beaver-skins, and their heads were gay with nodding
+feathers. They were received at the door of the storehouse by their
+English entertainers, who also wore the bravest attire that Puritan
+custom allowed. They gave the braves a hearty welcome.
+
+Within, the long table fairly groaned with abundance of good cheer; for
+the housewives had vied with one another to provide the fattest game and
+the daintiest dishes that Dutch or English housewifery had taught them.
+
+After asking a blessing, they all sat down, the stalwart colonists and
+their fair-haired women side by side with the taciturn Indians. The
+white men felt that the best way to thank God for the harvest was to
+share it with their dark-skinned brethren, who had first taught them to
+plant and raise the maize which now furnished the table.
+
+Governor Bradford sat at the head of the table. He hoped much from this
+feast; first, that it might cement the friendship between the colonists
+and their Indian neighbors, the Wampanoags; and, second, that the news
+of it might induce the neighboring tribes, which were still partly
+hostile, to live in peace with the settlers. But though food and talk
+passed blithely round among the other guests, the governor saw, with
+growing dismay, that the great Massasoit sat frowning and depressed. The
+governor was not long in learning the cause. The interpreter, observing
+the governor's uneasiness, whispered in his ear that in a recent war
+with the Narragansetts, Massasoit's only child, a boy, was missed and
+was thought to have been taken prisoner, and of course put to death,
+after the cruel savage custom.
+
+Toward the end of the feast, drink was served to every guest. For the
+first time Massasoit showed animation. He seized his cup, and lifted it
+in the air, and cried aloud in his native tongue, as he sprang to his
+feet:
+
+          "May plague and famine seize the Narragansetts!"
+
+At that very moment the house-door opened, and a pretty group appeared
+upon the threshold. Two English children stood there, as fair and rosy
+as the May-time, and between them a dark, lithe little Indian with
+sparkling eyes.
+
+Prudence ran straight to her mother.
+
+Massasoit paused and trembled; then, as his cup fell and shivered upon
+the ground, he crossed the room in one stride, and caught the Indian boy
+in his arms, looking at him as if he could never see enough.
+
+Governor Bradford knew in an instant that the lost child had been
+restored, even without the Indian warrior's shout of triumph, and
+Massasoit's passionate exclamation: "Light of my eyes--staff of my
+footsteps!--thou art come back to me--the warmth of my heart, the
+sunlight of my wigwam!"
+
+[Illustration: "'THOU ART COME BACK TO ME--THE WARMTH OF MY HEART, THE
+SUNLIGHT OF MY WIGWAM!' EXCLAIMED MASSASOIT"]
+
+The rejoicing was so great that no one thought of chiding Joel and
+Prudence for their disobedience. The governor himself gave Joel a
+large slice of pudding, and Prudence told all her adventures, throned
+upon her father's knee, wearing around her neck a string of wampum which
+the grateful Massasoit had hung there.
+
+"And, oh!" she exclaimed, "while the Indian boy was dancing for Joel and
+me, I looked out to sea, and I saw such a wonderful bird--a great white
+bird, flying along close to the water, and rising up and down. It was
+many times greater than the swans in Amsterdam!"
+
+"Was it, my little maid?" said the good governor, laying his hand on her
+head, and then he exchanged a keen look with Prudence's father, saying
+nothing more. But when the guests had departed, bearing home the Indian
+boy in triumph, none was so early as the governor to reach the seashore;
+and it was his call that brought the colonists to see the good ship
+_Fortune_ (Prudence's "great white bird") already rounding the point,
+and making ready to cast anchor in Plymouth harbor.
+
+Ah, then indeed the great guns rang out from the shore to hail the ship,
+and the ship's cannon boomed a quick reply, and the whole little town
+was full and running over with glad welcome for the second English
+vessel to land upon our Massachusetts coast.
+
+In the evening a happy circle gathered round the fire in the house of
+Prudence's father, and there was eager talk, for all had much to learn
+and to tell.
+
+"I know now," said Joel to Prudence, as they sat side by side--"I know
+now what Thanksgiving means. It means plenty to eat."
+
+Prudence looked at the dear faces around her, at Mehitable's sweet
+smile, and at the shining eyes of John Andrews, for he had been a
+passenger by the _Fortune_.
+
+"Perhaps," she replied; "but I think, Joel, that we have Thanksgiving
+because we are so glad to be all together once more."
+
+This first Thanksgiving happened long ago, but out of it all our later
+ones have grown; and when we think of the glad meetings of long-parted
+parents and sons and daughters, of the merry frolics with brothers and
+sisters and cousins, which come upon Thanksgiving Day, in spite of our
+bountiful dinner-tables we shall agree with Prudence that it is the
+happy family party which makes the pleasure, after all.
+
+
+
+
+SOME INDIAN DOLLS
+
+BY OLIVE THORNE MILLER
+
+
+AMONG the wild Indians of our country is surely the last place one would
+look for toys, and travelers have said they had none; but a closer look
+brings some to light. On the desk before me sit two dear creatures, just
+arrived from Dakota Territory. They were made by some loving mother of
+the Gros Ventre tribe of Indians. But the unfortunate little redskin
+girl for whom they were intended never received them after all, for they
+were bought by a white man, and sent to New York to sit for their
+picture for you.
+
+They are a queer-looking pair, dressed in the most elegant Gros Ventre
+style. They are eighteen inches tall, made of cloth, with their noses
+sewed on, and their faces well colored; not only made red, like the
+skin, but with painted features. The Indian doll has a gentle
+expression, with mild eyes, but the squaw has a wild look, as though
+she were very much scared to find herself in a white man's tepee. Both
+have long hair in a braid over each ear, but the brave has also a
+quantity hanging down his back, and a crest standing up on top--perhaps
+as "scalp-lock."
+
+[Illustration: DOLLS FROM DAKOTA TERRITORY]
+
+The dress of the lady resembles, in style and material, a bathing-suit.
+It is of blue flannel, trimmed with red braid, a long blouse and
+leggings of the same. She has also moccasins, and a string of blue beads
+around her neck, besides little dots of beads all over her waist. The
+suit of the warrior is similar in style, but the blouse is of unbleached
+muslin, daubed with streaks of red paint, and trimmed with braid, also
+red. Across his breast he wears an elaborate ornament of white beads,
+gorgeous to behold.
+
+Beside these Gros Ventre dolls stand another pair, from a Canada tribe;
+the squaw dragging a six-inch-long toboggan loaded with tent and poles,
+while the warrior carries his snow-shoes. She is dressed in red and
+black flannel, with calico blouse and cloth hood; tin bracelets are on
+her arms, and her breast bears an ornament like a dinner-plate, also of
+tin. Her lord and master wears a dandyish suit of white canton-flannel,
+fuzzy side out, a calico shirt, red necktie, and likewise a hood and tin
+dinner-plate. They are made of wood, with joints at hip and shoulder,
+and the faces are carved and painted. Wild dolls are curious and
+interesting. Let me tell you of a few others I have seen.
+
+The little Moquis girls have wooden dolls of different sizes and
+degrees. The best have arms and legs, are dressed in one garment of
+coarse cotton, and instead of hair have feathers sticking out of their
+heads, like the ends of a feather duster.
+
+A lower grade of Moquis doll has no limbs, but is gaily painted in
+stripes, and wears beads as big as its fist would be, if it had one.
+This looks as you would with a string of oranges around your neck. The
+poorest of all, which has evidently been loved by some poor little
+Indian girl, has in place of a head a sprig of evergreen. How did the
+white man get hold of a treasure like this? Is the little owner grown
+up? Is she laid to sleep under the daisies? Or was this doll left behind
+in a hurried flight of the Moquis village before an enemy?
+
+It isn't an Edison doll; it can't talk,--so we shall never know.
+
+
+
+
+THE WALKING PURCHASE
+
+BY GEORGE WHEELER
+
+
+IN the early twilight of a September morning, more than one hundred and
+sixty years ago, a remarkable company might have been seen gathering
+about a large chestnut-tree at the cross-roads near the Friends'
+meeting-house in Wrightstown, Pennsylvania. It is doubtful whether any
+one of us could have guessed what the meeting meant. Most of the party
+were Quakers in wide-brimmed hats and plain dress, and if it had been
+First-day instead of Third-day, we might have thought they were
+gathering under the well-known tree for a neighborly chat before
+"meeting." Nor was it a warlike rendezvous; for the war-cry of the
+Lenni-Lenape had never yet been raised against the "Children of Mignon"
+(Elder Brother), as the followers of William Penn were called; and in a
+little group somewhat apart were a few athletic Indians in peaceful
+garb and friendly attitude. But it evidently was an important meeting,
+for here were several prominent officials, including even so notable a
+person as Proprietor Thomas Penn.
+
+In 1686, fifty-one years before this, William Penn bought from the
+Lenni-Lenape, or Delaware Indians, a section bounded on the east by the
+Delaware, on the west by the Neshaminy, and extending to the north from
+his previous purchases "as far as a man can go in a day and a half." No
+effort was made to fix the northern boundary until the Indians, becoming
+uneasy at the encroachments of the settlers, asked to have the line
+definitely marked. On August 25, 1737, after several conferences between
+the Delawares and William Penn's sons, John and Thomas, who, after their
+father's death, became proprietors of Pennsylvania, the treaty of 1686
+was confirmed, and a day was appointed for beginning the walk. This
+explains why the crowd was gathering about the old chestnut-tree in the
+early dawn of that day, September 19, 1737.
+
+"Ready!" called out Sheriff Smith.
+
+[Illustration: "THE THREE MEN STEPPED FROM THE CROWD AND PLACED THEIR
+RIGHT HANDS UPON THE TREE"]
+
+At the word, James Yeates, a native of New England, "tall, slim, of much
+ability and speed of foot," Solomon Jennings, "a remarkably stout and
+strong man," and Edward Marshall, a well-known hunter, over six feet
+tall, and noted as a walker, stepped from the crowd and placed their
+right hands upon the tree.
+
+Thomas Penn had promised five pounds in money and five hundred acres of
+land to the walker who covered the greatest distance; and these three
+men were to contest for the prize. Just as the edge of the sun showed
+above the horizon, Sheriff Smith gave the word, and the race began.
+
+Yeates quickly took up the lead, stepping lightly. Then came Jennings,
+accompanied by two Indians, who were there to see that the walking was
+fairly done. Closely following them were men on horseback, including the
+sheriff and the surveyor-general. Thomas Penn himself followed the party
+for some distance. Far in the rear came Marshall, walking in a careless
+manner, swinging a hatchet in one hand, "to balance himself," and at
+intervals munching a dry biscuit, of which he carried a small supply. He
+seemed to have forgotten a resolution he had made to "win the prize of
+five hundred acres of land, or lose his life in the attempt."
+
+Thomas Penn had secretly sent out a preliminary party to blaze the
+trees along the line of the walk for as great a distance as it was
+thought possible for a man to walk in eighteen hours. So, when the
+wilderness was reached, the walkers still had the best and most direct
+course clearly marked out for them. The Indians soon protested against
+the speed, saying over and over: "That's not fair. You run. You were to
+walk." But the treaty said, "As far as a man can _go_," and the walkers
+were following it in letter, if not in spirit, as they hurried along.
+Their protests being disregarded, the Indians endeavored to delay the
+progress by stopping to rest; but the white men dismounted, and allowed
+the Indians to ride, and thus pushed on as rapidly as ever. At last the
+Indians refused to go any farther, and left the party.
+
+Before Lehigh River was reached Jennings was exhausted, gave up the
+race, and lagged behind in the company of followers. His health was
+shattered, and he lived only a few years.
+
+That night the party slept on the north side of the Lehigh Mountains,
+half a mile from the Indian village of Hokendauqua. Next morning, while
+some of the party searched for the horses which had strayed away during
+the night, others went to the village to request Lappawinzoe, the
+chief, to send other Indians to accompany the walkers. He angrily
+replied: "You have all the good land now, and you may as well take the
+bad, too." One old Indian, indignant at the stories of how the white men
+rushed along in their greed to get as much land as possible, remarked in
+a tone of deep disgust: "No sit down to smoke; no shoot squirrel; but
+lun, lun, lun, all day long."
+
+Scarcely had the last half-day's walk begun before Yeates, who was a
+drinking man, was overcome by the tremendous exertions and intemperance
+of the previous day. He stumbled at the edge of Big Creek, and rolled,
+helpless, down the bank into the water. When rescued he was entirely
+blind, and his death followed within three days.
+
+Marshall still pressed on. Passing the last of the blazed trees which
+had hitherto guided him, he seized a compass offered by Surveyor-General
+Eastburn, and by its aid still continued his onward course. At last,
+Sheriff Smith, who for some time had frequently looked at his watch,
+called, "Halt!" Marshall instantly threw himself at full length, and
+grasped a sapling. Here was the starting-point for the northern boundary
+of the purchase of 1686, sixty-eight miles from the old chestnut-tree
+at Wrightstown, and very close to where Mauch Chunk stands to-day. The
+walk was twice as long as the Indians expected it to be.
+
+Unfortunately for the Delawares, they knew too little of legal
+technicalities to notice that the deed did not state in what direction
+the northern boundary was to be drawn. They naturally expected it to be
+drawn to the nearest point on the Delaware. But the surveyor-general, to
+please Penn, decided that the line should run at right angles to the
+direction of the walk, which was almost exactly northwest. Draw a line
+from Mauch Chunk to the Delaware so that if extended it would pass
+through New York city, and another to the point where New York, New
+Jersey, and Pennsylvania meet. The first is the Indian's idea of the
+just way to lay out the northern boundary; the second is the line which
+Surveyor-General Eastburn actually finished marking out in four days
+after Marshall's walk ended.
+
+And so the three hundred thousand acres which the Indians would have
+given to the Penns as the result of Marshall's walk were increased to
+half a million by taking selfish advantage of a flaw in the deed.
+
+[Illustration: "THE INDIANS PROTESTED AGAINST THE SPEED"]
+
+The Lenni-Lenape had loved and trusted William Penn because he always
+dealt openly and fairly with them. "We will live in love with William
+Penn and his children," said they, "as long as the sun and moon shall
+shine." But the wrongs inflicted on them in the "walking purchase"
+aroused the deepest indignation. "Next May," said Lappawinzoe, "we will
+go to Philadelphia, each one with a buckskin to repay the presents and
+take back our land again." It was too late, however, for this to be
+done.
+
+At last, in 1741, the Indians determined to resort to arms to secure
+justice. But the Iroquois, to whom the Delawares had long been subject,
+came to the aid of the Penns, and the last hope of righting the wrong
+was gone forever.
+
+There seems a sort of poetic justice in the later experiences of the
+principal men in the affair. Marshall never got his five hundred acres
+of land, and his wife was killed in an attack by the Indians. Eastburn
+was repudiated by Thomas Penn, and his heirs were notified that they
+"need not expect the least favor." Penn himself was brought before the
+king and forced to disown many of his acts and agents in a most
+humiliating manner.
+
+But all this did not repair the injury to the Delawares, and they never
+again owned, as a tribe, a single inch along the river from which they
+took their name.
+
+A small monument, erected by the Bucks County Historical Society, marks
+the spot where the old chestnut-tree formerly stood. In order that this
+might not seem to condone an unworthy deed, the monument was dedicated,
+not to those who made or conducted the walk, but to the Lenni-Lenape
+Indians--"not to the wrong, but to the persons wronged."
+
+The inscription on the stone reads:
+
+          TO THE MEMORY OF THE LENNI-LENAPE INDIANS,
+               ANCIENT OWNERS OF THIS REGION,
+                 THESE STONES ARE PLACED AT
+                   THIS SPOT, THE STARTING-POINT
+                              OF THE
+
+                          "INDIAN WALK,"
+
+                        September 19, 1737.
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST AMERICANS
+
+BY F. S. DELLENBAUGH
+
+
+IN the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Spaniards who had
+followed Columbus and Cortes to the New World worked their way northward
+into the region that is now New Mexico and Arizona, they found to their
+surprise a people dwelling there in well-constructed, flat-roofed houses
+of stone. They gave to these people the name of _Pueblos_, or villagers,
+to distinguish them from the wild tribes; and by this name they have
+been known in general ever since, though each village and cluster of
+villages has its distinctive title.
+
+The Pueblos, instead of roaming about, subsisting on chance game,
+cultivated Indian corn so largely that they ordinarily were able to
+store a supply to provide against the possibility of future famine; and
+such is still their custom. Not only had they made this progress in
+agriculture and architecture, but they had also done something in the
+way of manufacturing, especially in the making of pottery and weaving of
+blankets. Their pottery was varied in shape and ornamentation and
+skilfully modeled without the aid of a wheel. Of the potter's wheel they
+are ignorant to this day, still following the practice of their
+forefathers in this matter as in many others. Their blankets of cotton
+were unique in their designs; and these designs are perpetuated to-day
+in woolen material, as well as in cotton, though the latter is now used
+principally in the sacred ceremonies.
+
+Those towns nearest to Santa Fe (which itself was originally a Pueblo
+village and is, probably, the oldest town inhabited by white people in
+the United States) came most directly under the influence of the
+Spaniards. They made Santa Fe their seat of government, and gradually
+many Spanish customs prevailed among the natives in this part of the
+country. The Spanish priests, following the army of invasion, soon made
+converts, and eventually the barbarous rites of the people in the towns
+near Santa Fe were abolished in favor of Christianity. Churches of
+adobe, or sun-dried brick, were erected, and the Christian religion was
+in time accepted by numerous communities.
+
+The towns at a distance were not so easy of access, and hence longer
+maintained their independence, supporting and favoring the smoldering
+discontent of those in other localities whose prejudices or patriotism
+resented the Spanish dominion. These native patriots believed the
+salvation of their country demanded the expulsion of these domineering
+foreigners from their land. We cannot blame them for thus regarding the
+Spaniards, for we should certainly resent any interference by foreign
+powers with our affairs, and the Pueblos were, in many respects, a
+civilized people and had governed themselves for centuries before the
+Spaniards appeared in their territories. Secretly, these patriots worked
+to arouse their fellow-countrymen against the intruders, hoping to
+succeed in a revolution which should annihilate the Spanish power and
+restore the ancient rites and customs. Several of these conspiracies
+were discovered by the Spanish Governor-General, and the conspirators
+paid for their patriotism with their lives; but, in a few years, others
+took their places, and while peace seemed to smile on all the land, a
+volcano was seething under the very feet of the invaders.
+
+There had been so much internal dissension among the Pueblos over
+religion and over water-privileges (often a matter of the utmost
+importance in those arid lands) before the arrival of the Spaniards,
+that concerted action must have been difficult to bring about; but at
+last, near the end of the seventeenth century, there was a mighty
+uprising, the foreigners were driven out of the country, and retreated
+into Mexico, and those villages which had been under the Spanish yoke
+revived their native ceremonies, which had been in disuse for a full
+century.
+
+Meanwhile the Spaniards were not content to let slip so easily this
+accession to their king's domain. Collecting a stronger army, General
+Vargas returned, and conquered village after village, until the
+rebellion was extinguished for all time. Never since that day have the
+Pueblos shown a warlike spirit, having accepted their subjugation as
+inevitable. They were made citizens by Spain, but since their territory
+became a portion of the United States they have ranked politically with
+the other Indians. The last locality to be brought under subjection was
+the Province of Tusayan, the home of the Mokis.
+
+[Illustration: A PUEBLO INDIAN BESIDE AN EAGLE-CAGE]
+
+At that time this province was so difficult to reach, that the horses
+of the Spanish general's troops were completely demoralized, and he was
+therefore obliged to omit a visit to Oraibi, the largest and furthest
+removed of the villages. He had, however, met with little resistance
+from the inhabitants, and, doubtless, did not deem the Mokis a warlike
+race. After the departure of Vargas, the Mokis continued their old ways
+and were seldom visited, so that even now, three and a half centuries
+after the first visit of the Spaniards, they remain nearly in their
+original condition.
+
+Next to the Moki towns, the Pueblo of Zuni maintained its primitive
+customs to the greatest extent, and from similar causes.
+
+The illustration is from a photograph made in Zuni by Mr. Hillers,
+photographer of the Bureau of Ethnology, and shows one of the natives,
+dressed in the costume of to-day, beside an eagle-cage. The costume is
+composed of simple materials, the trousers being of unbleached cotton,
+the shirt of calico, and the turban generally of some soft red cloth.
+The Mokis wear their hair cut straight across the eyebrows in a sort of
+"bang," then straight back even with the bottom of the ear, the rest
+being made up into a knob behind. All are particular about their
+ornaments, caring little for any common sorts of beads, but treasuring
+coral, turquoise, and silver.
+
+The eagle is sacred among Pueblos who have not abandoned their native
+religion, and the feathers are used in religious ceremonies. For this
+reason the eagle is protected and every feather preserved. His
+nesting-places are carefully watched, and often visited, so that a
+supply of feathers, from little downy ones no larger than a twenty-five
+cent piece to the stiff and long ones from the wing and tail, are
+preserved in every family,--the first, or downy ones, to breathe their
+prayers upon; the larger ones for other sacred uses. Sometimes several
+"prayers" are fastened to one little twig that all may proceed together
+to their destination. There is something very poetic in this breathing
+of a prayer upon a feather from the breast of an eagle--in flight the
+king of birds, familiar with regions which man can know only through
+sight.
+
+The Navajos have no reverence for the bird. They make raids upon the
+nesting-places where for centuries the Mokis have obtained feathers, and
+these raids are a common source of trouble between the two tribes.
+
+None of the present buildings of the Pueblos are equal in masonry to the
+ruins common throughout the region. These were ruins even when the
+Spaniards arrived, and, consequently, it is supposed that a superior
+people once occupied the country, who may, however, have been either
+ancestors or kindred to the Pueblos. In time the question may be solved
+through the numerous legends illustrated in pottery decoration, for all
+the decorations have a meaning, and the legends are handed down by word
+of mouth from father to son. Once when the legends were being discussed,
+Pow-it-iwa, an old Moki, poetically remarked to a friend of mine, "Many
+have passed by the house of my fathers, and none has stopped to ask
+where they have gone; but we of our family live to-day to teach our
+children concerning the past."
+
+
+
+
+ANIMAL STORIES
+
+RETOLD FROM
+
+ST. NICHOLAS MAGAZINE
+
+IN SIX VOLUMES. EDITED BY M. H. CARTER, DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE, NEW YORK
+TRAINING SCHOOL FOR TEACHERS
+
+  ABOUT ANIMALS
+    Interesting facts about animals in general.
+
+  BEAR STORIES
+    Information and adventure.
+
+  CAT STORIES
+    Dealing with the cat as a pet.
+
+  STORIES OF BRAVE DOGS
+    Showing the dog's love and devotion to man.
+
+  LION AND TIGER STORIES
+    Stories of adventure.
+
+  PANTHER STORIES
+    Stories of adventure.
+
+          EACH ABOUT 200 PAGES, FULL CLOTH, 12MO
+          THE CENTURY CO.
+
+
+
+
+GEOGRAPHICAL STORIES RETOLD FROM ST. NICHOLAS MAGAZINE IN SIX VOLUMES
+
+A Series of Books of Adventure, Travel and Description, chiefly in the
+Great Sections of the United States
+
+  WESTERN FRONTIER STORIES
+    Stories of the early West, full of adventure.
+
+  STORIES OF THE GREAT LAKES
+    Niagara and our great chain of Inland Seas.
+
+  ISLAND STORIES
+    Stories of our island dependencies and of many other islands.
+
+  STORIES OF STRANGE SIGHTS
+    Descriptions of natural wonders, curious places and unusual sights.
+
+  SEA STORIES
+    Tales of shipwreck and adventures at sea.
+
+  SOUTHERN STORIES
+    Pictures, scenes and stories of our Sunny South.
+
+          Each about 200 pages. 50 illustrations.
+          Full cloth, 12mo.
+          THE CENTURY CO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+Page 134, "racoons" changed to "raccoons" (fawns, raccoons, buffalo)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Indian Stories Retold From St. Nicholas, by Various
+
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