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diff --git a/34848.txt b/34848.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..957b630 --- /dev/null +++ b/34848.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4301 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of +California, by Terry A. Vaughan + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of California + +Author: Terry A. Vaughan + +Release Date: January 5, 2011 [EBook #34848] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF THE SAN GABRIEL *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph +Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: The following changes have been made to the +original text: + Page 520: "Pinus Lambertiana" changed to "Pinus lambertiana" + Page 531: "Virginia Opossom" changed to "Virginia Opossum" + Page 551: "4600 ft. 3" changed to "4600 ft., 3" + Page 555: "laural sumac" changed to "laurel sumac" + Page 566: "concealed itelf" changed to "concealed itself" + Page 582: "Oakshott, G. B." changed to "Oakeshott, G. B." + +Instances of inconsistent hyphenation have been preserved. + +In cases where tables were located in the middle of a paragraph, they +have been moved to the next paragraph break. This may affect at what +page number a table was originally located. + +The list of University of Kansas Publications was originally printed on +the front and back covers. For this version of the text, the list has +been combined and placed at the end of the text.] + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 7, No. 9, pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 12 tables + +November 15, 1954 + + + + +Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains +of California + + +BY +TERRY A. VAUGHAN + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1954 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 7, No. 9, pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 12 tables + +November 15, 1954 + + + + +Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains +of California + + +BY +TERRY A. VAUGHAN + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1954 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 7, No. 9, pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 12 tables +Published November 15, 1954 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE, KANSAS + + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1954 + +[Illustration] + +25-5184 + + + + +MAMMALS OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS OF CALIFORNIA + +by + +Terry A. Vaughan + + + + +CONTENTS + + PAGE + +INTRODUCTION 515 + +DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 516 + +BIOTIC PROVINCES AND ECOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS 518 + Coastal Sage Scrub Association 521 + Southern Oak Woodland Association 523 + Chaparral Association 524 + Yellow Pine Forest Association 526 + Pinyon-juniper Woodland Association 527 + Sagebrush Scrub Association 530 + Joshua Tree Woodland Association 530 + +ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES 531 + +LITERATURE CITED 581 + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +This paper presents the results of a study of the mammals of the San +Gabriel Mountains of southern California, and supplements the more +extensive reports on the biota of the San Bernardino Mountains by +Grinnell (1908), on the fauna of the San Jacinto Range by Grinnell and +Swarth (1913), and on the biota of the Santa Ana Mountains by Pequegnat +(1951). + +The primary objectives of my study were to determine the present +mammalian fauna of the San Gabriel Mountains, to ascertain the +geographic and ecologic range of each species, and to determine the +systematic status of the mammals. In addition, certain life history +observations have been recorded. + +Field work was done in the north-south cross section of the mountains +from San Gabriel Canyon on the west, to Cajon Wash on the east; and from +the gently sloping alluvium at the Pacific base of the mountains at +roughly 1000 feet elevation on the south, over the crest of the range to +the border of the Mojave Desert at an elevation of 3500 feet on the +north. Camps were established at many points in the area with the object +of collecting the mammals of each association and each habitat. Field +work was begun in the San Gabriels in November 1948, and was carried +on intermittently until March 1952. I was unable to carry on field work +in any summer. + + For advice and assistance in various ways I am grateful to Drs. + Willis E. Pequegnat, Walter P. Taylor, Henry S. Fitch, E. + Raymond Hall, Mr. Steven M. Jacobs and my wife, Hazel A. + Vaughan. + + More than 350 mammals were prepared as study specimens; most of + these are in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. + Approximately a fifth of them are in the collection of the + Department of Zoology at Pomona College, and a few are in the + University of Illinois Museum of Natural History. No symbol is + used to designate specimens in the University of Kansas Museum + of Natural History. Specimens from the Department of Zoology of + Pomona College and the University of Illinois Museum of Natural + History are designated by PC and IM, respectively. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Map of the San Gabriel Mountain area showing the +positions of places mentioned in the text.] + + + + +DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA + + +The San Gabriel Mountains are approximately sixty-six miles long, and +average twenty miles wide. The main axis of the range trends nearly east +and west, and extends from longitude 117 deg.25' to longitude 118 deg.30'. The +widest part of the range is bounded by latitude 34 deg.7' and latitude +34 deg.30'. + +The San Gabriel Mountains connect the Sierra Nevada with the Peninsular +Ranges of southern California and Baja California. On the west the San +Gabriels are bordered by the Tehachapi Mountains, which stretch +northeastward to meet the southern Sierra Nevada; to the east, beyond +Cajon Pass, the San Bernardino Mountains extend eastward and then curve +southward to the broad San Gorgonio Pass, from which the San Jacinto +Range stretches southeastward to merge with the Peninsular Ranges. + +The rocks comprising the major part of the San Gabriel Mountains +probably were intruded in Late Jurassic times, with severe metamorphic +activity taking place concurrently. A long period of erosion followed +after which deposition took place during much of the Tertiary. +Deformation and uplift beginning in Middle Miocene times resulted in the +formation of east-west-trending faults along both sides of the range. By +repeated movements along these faults the Late Jurassic crystalline +rocks were lifted above late Tertiary and Quaternary sediments and +elevated above the surrounding terrain. Continued uplifts in +post-Pleistocene time together with erosion in Recent times have shaped +the San Gabriel Mountains (Oakeshott, 1937). + +The alluvial slopes at the coastal base of the range give way to the +foothills at roughly 1800 feet elevation; whereas the Mojave Desert +merges with the interior foothills at elevations near 4000 feet. The +crest or drainage-divide of the range varies from 6000 to 8000 feet in +elevation, and many peaks are more than 8000 feet high. San Antonio +Peak, the highest peak of the range, rises to an altitude of 10,080 +feet. The mountains are characteristically steep and the slopes are +deeply carved by canyons, the larger of which have permanent streams. +The abruptness of the Pacific slope is in many places impressive. The +horizontal distance from the top of Cucamonga Peak, at an elevation of +8911 feet, to the base of the coastal foothills directly to the south, +at 2250 feet, an elevational difference of 6661 feet, is only 3.8 miles. +From the base of Evey Canyon, at 2250 feet, to an unnamed peak to the +northwest with an elevation of 5420 feet, the horizontal distance is 2.1 +miles. Because of the steep, rocky nature of many of the slopes and the +lack of soil on them, vegetation may be sparse even at high elevations. +There are few meadows in the mountains. + +Because the San Gabriels stand approximately thirty miles from the +Pacific Ocean and are a partial barrier to Pacific air masses sweeping +inland, the desert side and the coastal side of the range differ +climatically. The coastal slope receives much heavier precipitation than +the desert slope. The precipitation, for 1951, of 25.36 inches recorded +at the mouth of San Antonio Canyon on the Pacific slope contrasts with +7.17 inches recorded at Valyermo at the desert base. Nearly all of the +precipitation comes in winter. The higher parts of the range, above +approximately 5000 feet, receive much of their mid-winter precipitation +in the form of snow. Snow often extends down the desert slope well into +the Joshua Tree belt. When there are heavy winter rains the channels of +the usually dry washes are filled with rushing, turbid water. There are +striking differences in temperature between the two sides of the range +and between the lower elevations of the mountains and the higher parts. +For example, in December 1951, the mean temperature at the base of San +Antonio Canyon (2225 feet) at the coastal foot of the range was 55.4 deg.F, +while at Llano (3764 feet) at the desert base it was 43.7 deg.F. In this +same year the December mean for Table Mountain (7500 feet), on the +desert slope, was 33.4 deg.F. The temperature means for July, 1951, at San +Antonio Canyon, Llano, and Table Mountain, were 77.3 deg.F, 82.1 deg.F, and +69.2 deg.F respectively. The weather records for 1951 were used for +illustration because average temperature and average precipitation for +many other years are lacking for most of the weather stations in the +area. There is an important difference in the humidity on the two sides +of the range, but actual data are not available. At certain times, +especially in spring, fog banks moving in from the Pacific Ocean +frequently blanket the coastal base of the mountains and the foothills. +On such days the fog generally "burns off" in the morning, but may +persist into the afternoon or throughout the day. Never in my experience +has fog spilled over the main part of the range far onto the desert +slope, although the fog may push through the lower passes to be +dissipated quickly in the dry desert atmosphere. The obvious differences +in the biota on the two sides of the range are probably due to the +contrasting climates. + + + + +BIOTIC PROVINCES AND ECOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS + + +Because of the elevational extremes and attendant climatic contrasts in +the San Gabriel Mountains, there is a rather wide range of environmental +conditions. Four life-zones are represented: Lower Sonoran, Upper +Sonoran, Transition, and Canadian. Within these zones certain ecologic +communities can be recognized; these represent several biotic +provinces. Table 1 shows the relationships between the environmental +categories recognized by the writer in the San Gabriel Mountains. The +biotic province and ecologic community system is that developed by Munz +and Keck (1949), and the life-zone system is that of Merriam (1898). + +TABLE 1.--RELATIONS OF THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIES OF THE SAN +GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. + +======================================================================= +Biotic province | Plant community | Life-zone | Slope +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- + |1. Coastal sage scrub | Lower Sonoran | Pacific +Californian |2. Southern oak woodland | Upper Sonoran | Pacific + |3. Chaparral | Upper Sonoran | Pacific +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- +Sierran |4. Yellow pine forest and | Transition | Pacific + | limited areas of | Canadian | and + | boreal flora | | Desert +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- +Nevadan |5. Sagebrush scrub | Transition | Desert + | | Upper Sonoran | +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- +Southern Desert |6. Pinyon-juniper woodland| Upper Sonoran | Desert + |7. Joshua tree woodland | Lower Sonoran | Desert +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- + +The Californian Biotic Province dominates the biotic aspect of the +coastal slope of the range. Thirty-nine out of the seventy-two mammals +recorded from the San Gabriels are typical of this Province. The coastal +sage-flats at the Pacific base of the mountains and the vast tracts of +chaparral of the coastal slope are included in this Province. + +Forming a hiatus between the Pacific and the desert slope is the Sierran +Biotic Province consisting of coniferous forests on the crest of the +range. The chipmunk (_Eutamias speciosus speciosus_) and the introduced +black bear (_Ursus americanus californiensis_) are the only two mammals +which can be considered typical of this area. On the higher peaks of the +range, such as Mount San Antonio and Mount Baden Powell, the Canadian +Life-zone is represented by certain boreal plants. + +At scattered points along the crest of the range and on the desert +slope, the Nevadan Biotic Province is represented by the sagebrush scrub +association. No mammals can be considered typical of this region. + +The Southern Desert Biotic Province occurs below 6000 feet elevation on +the interior slope of the range, and markedly influences the mammal +fauna of this slope. Twenty-one species of mammals are typical of this +Province. + +SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT + +_Pinus lambertiana_ Sugar Pine +_P. monophylla_ One-leaf Pinyon +_P. ponderosa_ Yellow Pine +_P. contorta_ Lodge-pole Pine +_Pseudotsuga macrocarpa_ Big-cone Spruce +_Abies concolor_ White Fir +_Libocedrus decurrens_ Incense-Cedar +_Juniperus californica_ Juniper +_Ephedra sp._ Desert-Tea +_Bromus sp._ Brome Grass +_Yucca Whipplei_ Spanish Bayonet +_Y. brevifolia_ Joshua Tree +_Salix sp._ Willow +_Alnus rhombifolia_ Alder +_Castanopsis sempervirens_ Chinquapin +_Quercus Kelloggii_ California Black Oak +_Q. agrifolia_ California Live Oak +_Q. dumosa_ Scrub Oak +_Eriogonum fasciculatum_ California Buckwheat +_Umbellularia californica_ Bay, California-laurel +_Ribes nevadense_ Gooseberry +_R. indecorum_ Currant +_R. Roezlii_ Currant +_Plantanus racemosa_ Sycamore +_Rubus vitifolius_ Western Blackberry +_Cercocarpus ledifolius_ Mountain Mahogany +_C. betuloides_ Mountain Mahogany +_Adenostoma fasciculatum_ Greasewood +_Purshia glandulosa_ Antelope-brush +_Prunus virginiana_ Choke Cherry +_P. ilicifolia_ Holly-leaved Cherry +_Larrea divaricata_ Creosote Bush +_Rhus diversiloba_ Poisonoak +_R. trilobata_ Squaw Bush +_R. laurina_ Laurel Sumac +_R. integrifolia_ Lemonadeberry +_R. ovata_ Sugarbush +_Rhamnus crocea_ Buckthorn +_Ceanothus sp._ Lilac +_C. cordulatus_ Snow-brush +_Fremontia californica_ California Slippery-elm +_Opuntia occidentalis_ Prickly-pear +_Arctostaphylos sp._ Manzanita +_Salvia mellifera_ Black Sage +_S. apiana_ White Sage +_Lycium Andersonii_ Box-thorn +_Haplopappus squarosus_ +_Chrysothamnus nauseosus_ Rabbitbrush +_Baccharis sp._ Mule Fat +_Franseria dumosa_ Burroweed +_Artemisia tridentata_ Basin Sagebrush +_A. californica_ Coastal Sagebrush +_Lepidospartum squamatum_ Scale-broom +_L. latisquamatum_ Scale-broom +_Tetradymia spinosa_ Cotton-thorn + + +Coastal Sage Scrub Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Artemisia californica_ +_Salvia apiana_ +_Salvia mellifera_ +_Eriogonum fasciculatum_ +_Rhus integrifolia_ +_Opuntia occidentalis_ +_Haploppapus squarrosus_ + +This association is restricted to the Pacific base of the range, is +typical on the alluvium at the bases of the coastal foothills, and +usually grades into the chaparral at about 1800 feet elevation. When +seen from above, the rather level terrain of the association is broken +sharply at the mouths of canyons by dry washes, and is limited below, to +the south, by cultivated land. The coastal sagebrush is the most +characteristic plant of this association, occurring in all undisturbed +parts of the area. + +There are several habitats within the coastal sage scrub association. +These differ from one another chiefly on the basis of soil type. The +soil of the rather level sageland in most places is rocky or gravelly, +or, as adjacent to washes, it is finely sandy in texture, and supports +the major plants of the association. Most of the eroded adobe banks at +the bases of the foothills support these same plants, with white sage +being the dominant species. Locally, as in damp hollows or cleared +areas, there is grassland. Jumbles of boulders, sand, gravel, and steep +cutbanks, are characteristic of the channels of dry washes, these areas +supporting sparse vegetation. The fauna and flora of the washes are +distinct from those of surrounding sage flats. Because they are included +within the geographic limits of the coastal sage belt, however, the +washes are discussed along with this association. + +The abruptness with which one habitat gives way to another in this +association causes sharp dividing lines between the local ranges of +certain mammals. For example, in trap lines transecting dry washes and +level sageland two assemblages of rodents were found. That part of the +line amid the boulders and cutbanks of the wash took mostly +_Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus_ and _Neotoma lepida intermedia_, while +_Perognathus fallax fallax_, _Dipodomys agilis agilis_, and _Peromyscus +maniculatus gambeli_ were taken in the adjacent sage flats. The steep +adobe slopes of the foothills, which constitute the upper part of the +coastal sage scrub association, are commonly inhabited by _Peromyscus +californicus insignis_, which rarely occurs in the level tracts of sage +a few yards away. Thus, this association is not homogeneous with regard +to its rodent population; many of these species have local and +discontinuous distributions. + +The following list gives the results of about 500 trap nights (a trap +night equals one trap set out for one night) in typical coastal +sage-scrub association one-half mile southwest of the mouth of San +Antonio Canyon, at 1700 feet elevation. + +TABLE 2.--YIELD OF 500 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE COASTAL SAGE SCRUB +ASSOCIATION. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax fallax | 31 | 30.7 +Dipodomys agilis agilis | 20 | 19.8 +Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus | 4 | 4.0 +Peromyscus californicus insignis | 4 | 4.0 +P. eremicus fraterculus | 7 | 6.9 +P. maniculatus gambeli | 20 | 19.8 +Neotoma lepida intermedia | 9 | 8.8 +N. fuscipes macrotis | 2 | 2.0 +Microtus californicus sanctidiegi | 4 | 4.0 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +The list below indicates the catch in 200 trap nights in San Antonio +Wash, at 1700 feet elevation and within the realm of the coastal sage; +all of the traps were set in rocky and sandy main channels of the wash. + +TABLE 3.--YIELD OF 200 TRAP-NIGHTS IN SAN ANTONIO WASH. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax fallax | 2 | 5.1 +Peromyscus californicus insignis | 2 | 5.1 +P. eremicus fraterculus | 26 | 66.7 +Neotoma lepida intermedia | 9 | 23.1 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +The prickly-pear cactus is of obvious importance to certain mammals of +the coastal sage belt. This cactus is most common in disturbed areas +such as sandy flats bordering washes, eroded adobe banks, and land once +cleared by man. In these areas it is often the dominant plant with +respect to area covered, usually growing in dense patches each covering +approximately 150 square feet. It provides substitute nesting sites for +_Neotoma lepida_ in areas devoid of rock piles, and is probably the +major factor governing the distribution of this wood rat in the +sageland. Cottontails and brush rabbits use prickly-pear cactus +extensively as refuge. Their forms and short burrows can be seen beneath +many of the clumps of cactus. + +This cactus serves as food for many mammals at least in the fruiting +period in the fall. Usually only the fruit is eaten, but some pads are +chewed by rabbits. The fruit or seeds of this plant are eaten by striped +skunks, gray foxes, coyotes, pocket mice, kangaroo rats, wood rats, and +probably white-footed mice. + +The coyote is the dominant carnivore of the coastal sage flats. Many +individuals spend the day in the adjacent chaparral-covered foothills +and travel down into the flats at night to forage. + + +Southern Oak Woodland Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Alnus rhombifolia_ +_Quercus agrifolia_ +_Ribes indecorum_ +_Rhus integrifolia_ +_Rhus ovata_ +_Rhus trilobata_ + +This association is limited to the Pacific slope of the mountain range, +occurs in the mouths of canyons and on the floors of canyons, and +extends up the larger canyons to 4000 feet elevation or higher. In a few +areas on the flats at the coastal base of the range the oaks replace the +coastal sage. + +The large oaks forming an overhead canopy and the lack of much +undergrowth give the oak woodland a shaded parklike appearance. Few +brushy or herbaceous plants grow in the mull-laden soil beneath the +oaks. Some grasses, however, are present locally. + +Two habitats are found in the oak woodland: the pure oak woodland and +the riparian. Much of the oak woodland is in canyons and therefore near +streams or seepages. The larger streams have bordering growths of +alders, willows, and blackberries, inhabited by meadow mice and shrews +that are normally absent from the adjacent oak woodland. NEOTOMA +FUSCIPES MACROTIS and PEROMYSCUS CALIFORNICUS INSIGNIS are commonly +found in the riparian habitat, and _Peromyscus boylii_ probably reaches +peak abundance in the stream-side thickets and tangles of plant debris. + +The rather open floor of the oak woodland is relatively devoid of mammal +life. _Peromyscus californicus_ and _Peromyscus boylii_, the only +ground-dwelling rodents commonly found here, usually are taken near the +limited areas of brushy growth, or the shelter afforded by logs and +fallen branches. The paucity of shelter for small mammals seems to be an +important factor limiting rodent populations in the oak woodland. + +In the foothills of the San Gabriels the gray squirrel is restricted to +the oak woodland, even though this association may be represented by +only a narrow strip of canyon bottom oak trees. The presence or absence +of "bridges" of oak woodland between mountains which are centers of gray +squirrel populations and nearby ranges has probably been a major factor +influencing the present geographic distribution of this animal. + +The raccoon is the most abundant carnivore of the oak woodland, being +especially common in the riparian habitat. + + +Chaparral Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Adenostoma fasciculatum_ +_Rhamnus crocea_ +_Quercus dumosa_ +_Cercocarpus betuloides_ +_Yucca Whipplei_ +_Prunus ilicifolia_ +_Ceanothus sp._ +_Arctostaphylos sp._ +_Umbellularia californica_ + +This association is characteristic of the Pacific slope of the San +Gabriels and extends from roughly 2000 feet elevation to 5000 or 6000 +feet elevation. The ecotone between the chaparral and yellow pine forest +associations covers a broad elevational belt, with chaparral following +dry slopes up into coniferous forests, and conifers extending down north +slopes surrounded by chaparral. + +The chaparral association is characterized by tracts of dense brushy +plants. These plants are from three to ten feet tall, their interlacing +branches often forming nearly impenetrable thickets. Typically little +herbaceous growth is present beneath the chaparral, the ground being +covered with varying amounts of mull. + +The effects of fire, slope, exposure, and elevation, make the chaparral +association extremely varied with regard to habitats or plant +formations. There are nearly pure stands of greasewood on the lower arid +slopes; scrub oak, sumac, and lilac clothe less dry exposures; scrub +oak and bay trees occur commonly amid granite talus; and locally groves +of bigcone-spruce are found. Because of the many habitats present, and +the difficulty of collecting in the chaparral, less was learned of the +ecology of the mammals in this association than of those occurring +elsewhere. The distribution of several chaparral-inhabiting mammals +seems to be influenced by the distribution of locally characteristic +plants, for example oak and bay woodland, or greasewood chaparral. + +Several habitats within the chaparral community support few species of +mammals and few individuals. Possibly the compact, rocky nature of the +soil limits burrowing rodents, and the lack of herbaceous growth limits +the food supply. Steep rocky slopes in San Antonio Canyon grown to +mountain-mahogany and scrub oak were sparsely populated by _Peromyscus +boylii rowleyi_, _Peromyscus californicus insignis_, and _Neotoma +fuscipes macrotis_. Fifty traps set on such a slope for one night caught +only three _Peromyscus_. Traps set in tracts of greasewood brush on dry +south slopes at the head of Cow Canyon produced only California mice, +_Peromyscus californicus insignis_ Rhoads. + +Following is a list of the mammals taken in the course of approximately +600 trap nights in the lower parts of the chaparral belt. All of the +traps were set on slopes in San Antonio Canyon below 4000 feet +elevation. The list gives a general indication of the relative numbers +of rodents inhabiting one chaparral habitat: the arid greasewood-covered +south slopes of the lower chaparral belt. + +TABLE 4.--YIELD OF 600 TRAP-NIGHTS IN GREASEWOOD CHAPARRAL. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus californicus dispar | 4 | 10.0 +Dipodomys agilis agilis | 4 | 10.0 +Peromyscus californicus insignis | 25 | 62.5 +Neotoma fuscipes macrotis | 7 | 17.5 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +Heteromyids are evidently absent from the upper parts of the chaparral +association, but cricetid rodents are common there beneath heavy clumps +of lilac and in the talus beneath oaks and bay trees. The following list +gives the mammals taken in the course of about 200 trap nights in the +granite talus one half mile northwest of the mouth of Icehouse Canyon, +at 5200 feet elevation. + +TABLE 5.--YIELD OF 200 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE UPPER PART OF THE CHAPARRAL +ASSOCIATION. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Eutamias merriami merriami | 3 | 6.3 +Peromyscus boylii rowleyi | 38 | 79.2 +Neotoma lepida intermedia | 2 | 4.2 +Neotoma fuscipes macrotis | 5 | 10.4 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +The gray fox is the dominant carnivore of the chaparral association and +forages widely in all habitats. + + +Yellow Pine Forest Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Pinus ponderosa_ +_P. lambertiana_ +_Libocedrus decurrens_ +_Abies concolor_ +_Quercus Kelloggii_ +_Ribes nevadense_ +_Ribes Roezlii_ +_Arctostaphylos sp._ +_Ceanothus cordulatus_ + +The crest of the range, from the upper limit of the chaparral +association at roughly 6000 feet to the limited areas of boreal flora +above 8500 feet elevation, is covered by yellow pine forests. On the +desert slope of the range the coniferous forests which extend down to +about 6000 feet represent the best development of this association, +while the coniferous forests on the coastal side of the drainage divide +are often more or less diluted by chaparral elements. For example, +yellow pines on the Pacific face of Blue Ridge at 7000 feet elevation +often grow in association with scrub oak and mountain-mahogany. + +Few mammals are resident in the typical yellow pine forest as +characterized by dense coniferous timber and little herbaceous or brushy +growth. Here most of the species recorded actually find optimal +conditions in an adjacent habitat. The forest probably harbors surplus +individuals from adjacent preferred habitats, or, as in the case of +chipmunks and ground squirrels, the forest often serves as forage ground +while nearby brushy areas are utilized for breeding and shelter. The +abundance of birds in the timber contrasts strikingly with the paucity +of mammals there. The lack of a seed-producing understory, and the open +duff-covered stretches of ground on which rodents would be extremely +vulnerable to predation, probably in part account for the scarcity of +rodents. + +Within the general area encompassed by the yellow pine forest there are +two major habitats, namely coniferous forest and chaparral. The +species of plants comprising the chaparral of the Transition Life-zone +are different from those comprising the chaparral of the Upper Sonoran +Life-zone on the Pacific slope. In the chaparral of the Transition +Life-zone, basin sagebrush and snowbrush grow in extensive patches in +clearings in the timber. Dense thickets of choke cherry cover many damp +hollows, and these thickets harbor the houses of _Neotoma fuscipes_. The +food and shelter afforded by these chaparral areas importantly influence +the local distribution of rodents: for example, _Dipodomys agilis_ and +_Perognathus californicus_ in the yellow pine area are found only in +association with chaparral, being completely absent from wooded areas. + +The severe winter weather in this association must force many of the +mammals into periods of inactivity. Probably during the long periods in +the winter when snow covers the ground the heteromyids and sciurids +remain below ground. + + +Pinyon-Juniper Woodland Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Pinus monophylla_ +_Juniperus californica_ +_Quercus dumosa var. turbinella_ +_Purshia glandulosa_ +_Fremontia californica_ +_Cercocarpus ledifolius_ +_Yucca Whipplei_ + +In the San Gabriel Mountains this association is limited to the desert +slope and reaches its lower limit at the bases of the foothills and +extends up to the lower edge of the yellow pine forests. The altitudinal +extent of the pinyon-juniper association is from roughly 4000 to 6000 +feet elevation. + +Several habitats are evident within the pinyon-juniper belt. On north +slopes in the upper part of this association, scattered stands of pinyon +pines are found with dense patches of scrub oak intervening, while on +other such slopes a dense chaparral is present, consisting primarily of +scrub oak, mountain-mahogany, and California slippery-elm. In this type +of chaparral several hundred trap nights yielded only two rodent +species: _Neotoma fuscipes simplex_ and _Peromyscus truei montipinoris_. +There are few pinyons on the south slopes, especially in the lower parts +of the association; many of these slopes are clothed with an open growth +of manzanita and yucca, while northern exposures there support mostly +scrub oak. Many of the flats of the pinyon belt are grown to basin +sagebrush. + +Following is a list of the mammals taken in about 400 trap nights at one +locality in the pinyon-juniper association. The area supported a mixed +growth of pinyon, scrub oak, mountain-mahogany, and antelope-brush, +together with smaller brushy plants, and was at the head of Grandview +Canyon, at an altitude of roughly 5000 feet. + +TABLE 6.--YIELD OF 400 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE PINYON-JUNIPER ASSOCIATION. + +===================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +-------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax pallidus | 3 | 11.5 +Dipodomys agilis fuscus | 9 | 34.6 +Peromyscus truei montipinoris | 10 | 38.5 +Neotoma fuscipes simplex | 4 | 15.4 +-------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +Although Munz and Keck (1949:101) considered the pinyon-juniper belt as +one association, on the desert slope of the San Gabriels pinyons and +junipers do not generally grow on common ground; but rather the juniper +belt represents a well defined habitat occurring between the pinyon +covered slopes and the flats that support Joshua trees. Because the +mammalian populations of the pinyon belt and the juniper belt are +somewhat different, the mammals of these areas are most conveniently +taken up separately. + +In the juniper belt the juniper tree is of marked ecologic significance; +the distribution of _Peromyscus truei_ and _Neotoma fuscipes_ is +determined here by the presence of junipers. At certain times of year +the fruit of this plant is eaten by coyotes, kangaroo rats, and wood +rats. + +The list below indicates the results of approximately 500 trap nights in +the juniper belt near Mescal Canyon, between 4000 and 5000 feet +elevation. + +TABLE 7.--YIELD OF 500 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE JUNIPER BELT. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax pallidus | 16 | 16.7 +Dipodomys merriami merriami | 3 | 3.1 +Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis | 36 | 37.5 +Peromyscus truei montipinoris | 22 | 22.9 +Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis | 12 | 12.5 +Neotoma lepida lepida | 2 | 2.1 +Neotoma fuscipes simplex | 2 | 2.1 +Onychomys torridus pulcher | 3 | 3.1 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +PLATE 1 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. View of typical coastal sage scrub association, +showing in foreground white sage, and coastal sagebrush. The adobe banks +beyond are grown mainly to white sage. Small mammals are abundant in +this association, with _Dipodomys agilis_, _Perognathus fallax_, and +_Sylvilagus audubonii_ being characteristic of the area. Photo March 25, +1952, at mouth of San Antonio Canyon, 1800 feet elevation.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. View of a main channel in San Antonio Wash on +Pacific slope. The wash is a distinct habitat in the coastal sage scrub +association, and is the preferred habitat of _Peromyscus eremicus +fraterculus_ and _Neotoma lepida intermedia_. These rodents find shelter +in the piles of boulders. Photo February 2, 1952, in San Antonio Wash, +at 1700 feet elevation.] + +PLATE 2 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Southern oak woodland association. The open +leaf-strewn floor of the woodland lacks shelter for ground-dwelling +rodents and the population of rodents is small. _Peromyscus boylii +rowleyi_ is the commonest rodent. Photo March 10, 1952, in Evey Canyon, +2700 feet elevation.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Yellow pine forest association, composed largely +of yellow pines, white fir, and black oak. Photo April 27, 1952, at Big +Pines, 6800 ft. elevation.] + +PLATE 3 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. View of the sagebrush scrub association showing a +nearly pure stand of basin sagebrush. _Dipodomys agilis perplexus_ and +_Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus_ occur in this association, and +_Peromyscus truei montipinoris_ is present where this association merges +with the pinyon-juniper association. Photo April 27, 1952, in Swarthout +Valley, 6200 feet elevation.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. View of a pinyon pine woodland. This habitat +constitutes the upper part of the pinyon-juniper association, and is the +habitat of _Neotoma fuscipes simplex_, _Peromyscus truei montipinoris_, +and _Eutamias merriami merriami_. Photo April 27, 1952, in Sheep Creek +Canyon, 5500 feet elevation.] + +PLATE 4 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. View of the juniper belt. This habitat forms the +lower part of the pinyon-juniper association. _Perognathus fallax +pallidus_, _Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis_, and _Peromyscus truei +montipinoris_ are typical of this area. Photo April 27, 1952, at Desert +Springs, 4300 feet elevation.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Joshua tree woodland association. The +characteristic mammals are _Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis_, _D. +merriami merriami_, and _Onychomys torridus pulcher_. Photo January 4, +1952, 6 miles east and 2 miles south Llano, 3600 feet elevation.] + +The biota of the washes that cut through the juniper belt in and below +many of the larger canyons differs from that of the surrounding +juniper-clad benches. Because the washes are in the same geographic area +as the juniper belt they are discussed together. These washes on desert +slopes are densely populated by rodents derived from adjacent areas, and +support vegetation typical of higher floral belts in association with +xerophytic, typically desert, species. In a sense, the washes serve to +mix up the mammals of adjacent areas. For example, _Onychomys torridus +pulcher_ and _Peromyscus eremicus eremicus_, which are mammals typical +of the desert, were found in Mescal Wash above their usual desert range; +and _Peromyscus californicus insignis_ and _Peromyscus boylii rowleyi_, +which are chaparral inhabiting mammals, were found in the wash far +removed from their chaparral environment. Washes are evidently effective +agents in facilitating the dispersal of certain species of mammals. It +is easy to envision a species crossing hostile habitats _via_ dry washes +to invade suitable niches in an area which is geographically and +ecologically isolated from the original home of the species. +Approximately 500 trap nights in Mescal Wash, at 4100 feet elevation, in +the lower edge of the juniper belt, yielded the following mammals: + +TABLE 8.--YIELD OF 500 TRAP-NIGHTS IN MESCAL WASH (DESERT SLOPE). + +========================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax pallidus | 5 | 4.5 +Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis | 43 | 38.7 +Peromyscus californicus insignis | 3 | 2.7 +Peromyscus truei montipinoris | 1 | .9 +Peromyscus boylii rowleyi | 2 | 1.8 +Peromyscus eremicus eremicus | 28 | 25.0 +Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis | 23 | 20.5 +Onychomys torridus pulcher | 4 | 3.5 +Neotoma lepida lepida | 3 | 2.7 +--------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +_Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis_, _Neotoma fuscipes simplex_, and +_Peromyscus truei montipinoris_ are probably the most characteristic +mammals of the pinyon-juniper association. + + +Sagebrush Scrub Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Bromus sp._ +_Artemisia tridentata_ +_Chrysothamnus nauseosus_ +_Purshia glandulosa_ + +This association is found on only the crest and desert slope of the +range between 5000 and 8000 feet elevation. There it characteristically +occupies flats and clearings in the yellow pine forest and +pinyon-juniper woodland. The dominant plant of the association is basin +sagebrush, and in many places this plant forms mixed growths with +snowbrush and _Haplopappus_. The low brush of this association is formed +by closely spaced bushes with grasses growing between. + +Because of its limited occurrence in the San Gabriel Mountains, this +association there has relatively little effect on mammalian +distribution. Locally, nevertheless, the presence of this association +governs the distribution of certain mammals. For example, on Blue Ridge, +islands of sagebrush amid the conifers provide suitable habitat for +_Dipodomys agilis perplexus_ and _Perognathus californicus bernardinus_; +and in Swarthout Valley _D. a. perplexus_, _Reithrodontomys megalotis +longicaudus_, and _Lepus californicus deserticola_ are seemingly +restricted to the sagebrush flats. + + +Joshua Tree Woodland Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Yucca brevifolia_ +_Lycium Andersonii_ +_Eriogonum fasciculatum_ +_Tetradymia spinosa_ +_Ephedra sp._ +_Larrea divaricata_ + +This association is on the piedmont that dips toward the Mojave Desert +from the interior base of the San Gabriels. The widely spaced Joshua +trees with low bushes between, and the dry washes breaking the level +terrain below the mouths of canyons are typical of this area. Field work +was extended no farther down into the desert than about the 3500 foot +level, where this association was still dominant. + +Although the vegetation of this area is scattered and sparse, presenting +a barren and sterile aspect, the area supports a rather high population +of rodents. The soil at the bases of many large box-thorn- and +creosote-bushes is perforated by burrow systems of _Dipodomys +panamintinus_ or _Dipodomys merriami_, and those burrows abandoned by +kangaroo rats are used as retreats by _Onychomys torridus_ and +_Peromyscus maniculatus_. The mammals of this association are all +characteristic of the fauna of the Mojave Desert, with the ranges of +such species as the coyote and jack rabbit extending well up the desert +slope of the mountains. + +The mammals listed below were taken in 1948 in roughly 400 trap nights +in the Joshua belt, at an elevation of 3500 feet, one mile below the +mouth of Graham Canyon. + +TABLE 9.--YIELD OF 400 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE JOSHUA TREE BELT. + +====================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +-----------------------------------+--------+--------- +Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis | 36 | 59.0 +Dipodomys merriami merriami | 15 | 24.6 +Onychomys torridus pulcher | 4 | 6.6 +Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli | 6 | 9.8 +-----------------------------------+--------+--------- + +Populations of _Dipodomys merriami_ and _D. panamintinus_ fluctuate +widely, possibly in response to weather cycles. In November of 1948 +trapping in the Joshua belt showed that _panamintinus_ outnumbered +_merriami_ approximately three to one, whereas in December of 1951, +after a succession of unusually dry years, _merriami_ was the more +numerous. Further, _merriami_ occurred in the lower parts of the juniper +belt in 1951 where in 1948 it seemed to be absent. + +_Dipodomys merriami merriami_ and _Onychomys torridus pulcher_ are +diagnostic of the Joshua tree woodland association in the San Gabriel +Mountains area, since few individuals of either species occur outside of +this association. + + + + +ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES + + +Family DIDELPHIDAE + + +=Didelphis marsupialis virginiana= Kerr + +Virginia Opossum + +The opossum is common in and near small towns and cultivated areas at +the Pacific base of the mountain range and does not thrive away from +human habitation; extensive trapping in the coastal sage and chaparral +belts produced no specimens except immediately adjacent to citrus +groves. Pequegnat (1951:47) mentions that opossums in the Santa Ana +Mountains of southern California are in the lower parts of the larger +canyons, especially near human habitation. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: Claremont, 1600 ft., + 2 (PC). + + +Family TALPIDAE + + +=Scapanus latimanus occultus= Grinnell and Swarth + +California Mole + +Workings of moles were found on the Pacific slope of the mountains from +1600 feet at Claremont up to 7500 feet on Blue Ridge, and on the Pacific +slope beneath basin sagebrush in Cajon Canyon one mile from desert slope +Joshua-tree flats, but not on the desert slope, although moles probably +occur on that slope in some of the places where there is suitable +habitat. + +Near Camp Baldy in the sandy soil beneath groves of alders moles seemed +to be especially abundant. Although common on the coastal face of the +range, moles shunned compact, dry, or rocky soils. In the greasewood +chaparral one-half mile west of the mouth of Palmer Canyon, where the +soil was hard and rocky, mole tunnels were in soft soil that had +accumulated at the edge of a fire road beneath a steep road cut. The +assumption is that this accumulation contained insects attractive, as +food, to the moles. + + _Specimens examined_, 2: Los Angeles County: Camp Baldy, 4200 + ft., 1(PC); Claremont, 1600 ft., 1(PC). + + +Family SORICIDAE + + +=Sorex obscurus parvidens= Jackson + +Dusky Shrew + +Jackson (1928:124) recorded a specimen from Camp Baldy, 4200 feet, San +Antonio Canyon. + + +=Sorex ornatus ornatus= Merriam + +Ornate Shrew + +Both of my specimens were taken amid riparian growth on the Pacific +slope of the range. + + _Specimens examined_, 2: Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, + 3500 ft., 1; Cobal Canyon, 5 mi. N Claremont, 1800 ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi= (Coues) + +Gray Shrew + +One was taken in 1946 beneath a woodpile on the campus of Norton School, +two miles northeast of Claremont, and examined by Dr. W. E. Pequegnat. + + +Family VESPERTILIONIDAE + + +=Myotis yumanensis sociabilis= H. W. Grinnell + +Yuma Myotis + +A female was taken in lower San Antonio Canyon, 2800 feet elevation, on +September 27, 1951. + + +=Myotis evotis evotis= (J. A. Allen) + +Long-eared Myotis + +This species was observed and collected at several stations ranging from +2800 feet elevation in San Antonio Canyon, to Blue Ridge at 8200 feet, +and down the desert slope to 6000 feet at Jackson Lake. This +distribution encompasses most of the chaparral and yellow pine forest +associations. Within these areas, however, this bat shows marked habitat +preferences. + +Woodland habitats seem to be preferred by _evotis_. At several ponds in +lower San Antonio Canyon this bat was observed repeatedly as it foraged +over the water and coursed low between rows of alders and _Baccharis_. +At Blue Ridge in September, 1951, these bats foraged approximately six +feet above the ground beneath the canopy of coniferous foliage and +between the trunks of the trees. + +Most of the bats were taken by stretching fine wires above the surface +of a pond as outlined by Borell (1937:478). Collecting was generally +carried on until at least 11:00 p. m., and the time at which each bat +was taken at the pond was recorded, thereby making possible a rough +estimate of the pre-midnight forage period of each bat commonly +collected at the ponds. Usually bats taken at the start of their +supposed forage period had empty or nearly empty stomachs, whereas those +taken towards the end of their forage period had full or nearly full +stomachs. _M. evotis_ usually first appeared just at dark, well after +the pipistrelles and California myotis had begun foraging. The forage +period of _evotis_ seemed to begin approximately 30 minutes after sunset +and to end approximately two and one-quarter hours later. + +Individuals of this species were taken from May 4, to October 14, 1951. +A female taken on May 19, 1951, in San Antonio Canyon, carried one +minute embryo, and one taken in the same locality on June 8, had one +embryo four millimeters in length. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 12, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 11; Claremont, + 1100 ft., 1 (P.C.). + + +=Myotis volans interior= Miller + +Interior Long-legged Bat + +Although seldom found to be plentiful, this bat was recorded from many +points on both the coastal and desert slopes of the mountains. Specimens +were taken in the chaparral association in San Antonio Canyon, near +Jackson Lake among yellow pines, and in Mescal Canyon at the upper limit +of the Joshua tree woodland. Bats, probably _volans_, were noted over +sage flats at 8000 feet elevation on Blue Ridge. The only place where +these bats appeared to be numerous was Jackson Lake on the interior +slope; there, on September 19, 1951, _volans_ appeared with the +pipistrelles, and was the most common bat before dark. + +An individual of this species taken on October 28, 1951, in a short +mine-shaft in the pinyon belt at the head of Grandview Canyon was slow +in its movements and felt as cold as the walls of the tunnel. It was +late afternoon and the temperature outside the cave was below 40 deg.F. The +floor of the tunnel was covered with the hind wings of large moths of +the genus _Catocala_; _volans_ probably hung in the cave while eating +them. + +The series of _volans_ from the San Gabriels shows that the two color +phases of this bat both occur in the area. Two specimens from Jackson +Lake contrast sharply with the rest of the series in their dark +coloration. Benson (1949:50) states that color variation in a series of +_volans_ from a given locality may be striking. + +This bat was collected in San Antonio Canyon from 50 minutes after +sundown to two hours and 40 minutes after sundown. In this area these +bats did not visit the ponds in large numbers as they seemed to do on +the desert slope. + +A female taken on May 29, 1951, contained one embryo nearly at term. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 8 mi. E and 5 mi. S Llano, 4900 + ft., 1; 3 mi. W Big Pines, Swarthout Valley, 6000 ft., 3; San + Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 5. + + +=Myotis californicus californicus= (Audubon and Bachman) + +California Myotis + +On the Pacific face of the mountain range this bat was recorded commonly +below approximately 5000 feet elevation, where it seemed to be most +common in the oak woodland of canyons. On the desert slope it was +collected at Jackson Lake in yellow pine woodland, in Mescal Canyon in +the juniper belt, and bats presumably of this species were observed at +several points in the pinyon-juniper woodland. + +Individuals of this species were often observed foraging from five to +ten feet above the ground around the alders and _Baccharis_ near San +Antonio Creek, but they did not fly so low or so near the vegetation as +did _Myotis evotis_. Here they were taken from 18 minutes to 55 minutes +after sunset; this indicates an early and short forage period. + +This bat may be active even in winter. On February 8, 1952, in lower San +Antonio Canyon, a bat, probably of this species, was noted foraging; and +collecting in early November, 1951, yielded specimens. + +On May 22, 1951, a female obtained in San Antonio Canyon had one +five-millimeter embryo, and subsequently all the females examined had +embryos until June 12, when collecting was discontinued. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 16, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 2; Jackson Lake, 6000 + ft., 1 (PC); San Antonio Canyon, 3900 ft., 1; San Antonio + Canyon, 2800 ft., 12. + + +=Pipistrellus hesperus merriami= (Dobson) + +Western Pipistrelle + +This is the most obvious if not the most common bat of the lower coastal +slopes of the San Gabriels. In the spring and fall of 1951 individuals +were noted from 1700 feet in the coastal sage scrub association to the +white fir forests on Blue Ridge at 8200 feet elevation and were +commonest in the rocky canyons of the lower Pacific slope below 4000 +feet, and usually foraged near the steep canyon sides high above the +canyon bottoms. + +Pipistrelles were generally the first bats to appear in the evening, +although the times of their appearance were irregular. In April and May, +in lower San Antonio Canyon, they appeared from 28 minutes before sunset +to 30 minutes after sunset, with the average time of appearance eight +and one-half minutes after sunset. Like _Myotis californicus_ this +pipistrelle seemed to have a short and early foraging period. No +pipistrelles were recorded at ponds later than one hour and five minutes +after sunset, and usually they were not seen later than 40 minutes after +sunset. Most of the specimens taken later than one half hour after +sunset had full stomachs. More than 50 pipistrelles were captured at the +ponds in San Antonio Canyon; six were kept for specimens. This species +is probably present in the area throughout the winter. Pipistrelles were +active in early April in Evey Canyon, were observed in early November +in San Antonio Canyon, and on January 26, 1952, an individual was noted +foraging near the mouth of Palmer Canyon. They are probably not active +in winter on the colder desert slope of the mountains. + +Pipistrelles often foraged in loose flocks of about half a dozen +individuals. On many occasions these groups were first seen foraging +high up above the canyon bottom, then, as it grew darker, they descended +and foraged within 50 or 100 feet of the floor of the canyon. +Immediately before dark these groups seemed to have forage beats; one +minute several pipistrelles would be overhead, and the next minute none +would be in sight. + +A female taken in San Antonio Canyon on June 8, 1951, contained two +five-millimeter embryos. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 5; Evey Canyon, + 2400 ft., 1. + + +=Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus= (H. Allen) + +Western Pipistrelle + +This species was common in the spring and autumn of 1951 from the lower +edge of the yellow pine forest down into the belt of Joshua trees. In +early April on the desert slope at 4800 feet in Mescal Canyon, +pipistrelles foraged on evenings when it was windy but not cold. On cold +evenings (when the temperature was below roughly 45 deg.F) none was seen. On +windy nights the pipistrelles often forsook their usual high forage +habits and foraged 15 feet or so above the ground where the vegetation +and outcrops of rock broke the force of the wind. In 1951 no +pipistrelles were noted on the desert slope later than October 15. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 + ft., 4. + + +=Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus= Rhoads + +Big Brown Bat + +This bat was on the coastal slope from the sage scrub association at +1100 feet, up to 8000 feet on Blue Ridge, and on the desert slope down +to the upper edge of the Joshua tree belt at 4800 feet in Mescal Canyon. +It was the most common bat at the ponds in San Antonio Canyon in May and +June of 1951, but in September and October of the same year none was +obtained there. + +On the Pacific slope of the San Gabriels the big brown bats segregate +according to sex in the spring, the males occupying the foothills and +mountains and the females the level valley floor at the coastal base +of the range. Of 70 big brown bats captured in May and June of 1951, at +the ponds in San Antonio Canyon, only one was a female. A large colony +of more than 200 individuals in a barn near Covina, in the citrus belt, +was composed of only females. + +Times of capture of this bat at the ponds in San Antonio Canyon ranged +from ten minutes after sunset to two hours and thirty minutes after +sunset. Generally these bats came to the ponds in groups of several +individuals, and often more than a dozen were captured in the course of +an evening's collecting. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, + 2800 ft., 2; Covina, 1100 ft., 4 (2PC). + + +=Lasiurus borealis teleotis= (H. Allen) + +Red Bat + +One female was taken on September 30, 1951, in San Antonio Canyon, at +2800 feet elevation. The descriptions which the citrus growers of the +Claremont and Glendora vicinity give of the bats they find occasionally +hanging in their citrus trees accurately describe this species. Its +seasonal occurrence there is unknown. + + +=Lasiurus cinereus cinereus= (Pasilot de Beauvois) + +Hoary Bat + +Specimens were collected in spring in 1951 at elevations of 2800 and +3200 feet in San Antonio Canyon, on the coastal slope, and in Mescal +Canyon at 4900 feet, on the desert slope. Large, fast flying bats, +probably of this species, were seen at Jackson Lake, 6000 feet +elevation, on October 15, 1951. + +Hoary bats are present in the San Gabriels in the fall, winter, and +spring. In 1951 the last spring specimen was taken on June 11, in Mescal +Canyon; then collecting was discontinued until late September when the +first hoary bat was taken on the thirtieth of that month. From this date +on into the winter hoary bats were recorded regularly. They seemed to be +as common in early June as in most of April and May; possibly some +remain in the San Gabriels throughout the summer. + +In spring these bats seem to segregate by sex; of twelve kept as +specimens and at least an equal number captured and released only one +was a female. All were captured above 2800 feet. + +Hoary bats seem to have a long pre-midnight forage period, having been +captured at ponds from 21 minutes after sunset, to three hours and 26 +minutes after sunset. Generally those taken early had empty stomachs +and those taken later had full stomachs. On the night of May 24, 1951, a +hoary bat captured two hours and five minutes after sunset had only a +partially full stomach. + +On May 25, 1951, an unusual concentration of hoary bats was observed at +a pond at about 3200 feet elevation, in San Antonio Canyon (Vaughan, +1953). The day had been clear and warm, one of the first summerlike days +of spring. Beginning at 30 minutes after sundown hoary bats were +collected until two hours and 35 minutes after sundown; in this period +22 were caught and at least as many more observed. Many were released +after being examined, whereupon they hung on the foliage of nearby +alders to rest and dry themselves. This concentration of hoary bats may +have been due to a sudden beginning of migration with a resultant +concentration of bats at certain altitudinal belts. The warm weather +might have set off the migration. On evenings that followed subsequent +hot days no such concentration of hoary bats was seen. B. P. Bole (Hall +1946:156) observed a concentration of hoary bats on August 28, 1932, in +Esmeralda County, Nevada. + +Several captive _Myotis californicus_ in a jar next to a pond in San +Antonio Canyon set up a squeaking which seemed to attract a hoary bat. +Repeatedly the large bat swooped over the jar. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 12, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4900 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, + 3200 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 8. + + +=Antrozous pallidus pacificus= Merriam + +Pallid Bat + +The pallid bat is probably the most common and characteristic bat of the +citrus belt at the Pacific base of the mountains. Only once, on May 4, +1951, was this bat taken in the mountains. On that night two individuals +were collected at 2800 feet in San Antonio Canyon. All of the other +specimens and observations were from colonies in old barns and +outbuildings in the citrus belt where these bats are found in spring, +summer, and fall. + +The impression gained by examining many mixed colonies of _Antrozous_ +and _Tadarida_ was that the former greatly outnumbered the latter. For +example, a small colony of bats in an old barn near San Dimas Wash +consisted of about thirty pallid bats and five freetails. + +Large numbers of wings of moths of the family _Sphingidae_, and legs and +parts of the heads of Jerusalem crickets (_Stenopelmatus fuscus_) were +beneath an _Antrozous_ night-roosting place in a barn near Upland. + +Pallid bats were collected in 1951, from April 16 to October 17 but +probably were active in the area into November. + +Each of two pregnant females taken two miles northeast of San Dimas on +April 20, 1951, carried two embryos 4 millimeters long. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 2 mi. NE San Dimas, 1200 ft., 2 (1PC); Ontario, + 1100 ft., 4 (3PC). + + +Family MOLOSSIDAE + + +=Tadarida mexicana= (Saussure) + +Mexican Free-tailed Bat + +This bat, regularly met with in the citrus belt at the coastal base of +the range, occurred in small numbers with colonies of _Antrozous_, and +was once found with a colony of _Eptesicus_ near Covina. None of the +females taken in April 1951 was pregnant. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 2 mi. NE San Dimas, + 1200 ft., 4. + + +=Eumops perotis californicus= (Merriam) + +Mastiff Bat + +H. W. Grinnell (1918:373) mentioned individuals collected at Sierra +Madre (at the coastal base of the San Gabriels west of the study area), +and Sanborn (1932:351) reported specimens from Covina and Azusa. +Probably this bat occurs locally all along the coastal base of the +range. + + +Family LEPORIDAE + + +=Lepus californicus bennettii= Gray + +California Jack Rabbit + +This species was found in the coastal sage belt from Cajon Wash west to +San Gabriel Canyon and was most plentiful in thin stands of sagebrush, +and in and around citrus groves. Because of their preference for +semi-open country, jack rabbits are absent from much of the coastal belt +of sagebrush where the brush is fairly continuous, and they never were +observed in the chaparral association. + +Coyotes catch many jack rabbits and regularly forage around the foothill +borders of the citrus groves for cottontails and jack rabbits. + +A female examined on February 19, 1951, was pregnant, and one taken on +March 15, 1951, carried three small embryos. + + _Specimens examined._--San Bernardino County: 2 mi. NW Upland, + 1600 ft., 3 (PC). + + +=Lepus californicus deserticola= Mearns + +California Jack Rabbit + +There was sign of jack rabbits along the desert slope of the San +Gabriels up to about 6700 feet, one-half mile west of Big Pines. They +were fairly common in the Joshua tree belt, occurred less commonly in +the juniper belt, and were present locally in small numbers in the +pinyon-juniper association. + +The population seemed to be at a low ebb from 1948 to 1952, when field +work was done on the desert slope. I often hiked for an hour or more on +the desert or juniper-covered benches without seeing a jack rabbit. The +species was commoner in washes where as many as eleven were noted in two +hours' hiking. + +In December, 1951, below Graham Canyon, the leaves on large areas of +many nearly recumbent Joshua trees had been gnawed down to their bases, +and jack rabbit feces covered the ground next to these gnawings. +Probably the Joshua tree is an emergency food used by the rabbits only +when other food is scarce. + +In years when the population of jack rabbits is not low they serve as a +major food for coyotes. In the Joshua tree belt below Mescal Canyon, +jack rabbit remains were fairly common in coyote feces, and tracks +repeatedly showed where some coyote had pursued a jack rabbit for a +short distance. A large male bobcat trapped in the juniper belt in +Graham Canyon had deer hair and jack rabbit remains in its stomach. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 4; Mescal + Canyon, 4800 ft., 3. + + +=Sylvilagus audubonii sanctidiegi= (Miller) + +Audubon Cottontail + +Cottontails are common in the coastal sage scrub association and in and +around citrus groves, but generally penetrate the mountains no farther +than the lower limit of the chaparral association. They are everywhere +on coastal alluvial slopes, except in the barren washes, and prefer +patches of prickly-pear and often are loathe to leave its protection. +After completely destroying a large patch of prickly-pear in the course +of examining a wood rat house in the center of the cactus, I found +hiding, in the main nest chamber of the house, a cottontail that dashed +from its hiding place only when poked forceably with the handle of a +hoe. + +Cottontails are seldom above the sage belt in the chaparral +associations, although along firebreaks and roads they occasionally +occur there. Habitually cottontails escape predators in partly open +terrain offering retreats such as low, thick brush, rock piles, and +cactus patches; but on open ground beneath dense chaparral, cottontails +may be vulnerable to predation. + +Examinations of feces and stomach contents of the coyote reveals that it +preys more heavily on cottontails than on any other wild species. +Remains of several cottontails eaten by raptors were found in the sage +belt. + +In April, 1951, many young cottontails were found dead on roads in the +sage belt, and a newly born cottontail was in the stomach of a coyote +trapped four miles north of Claremont, on February 7, 1952. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 3, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: mouth of San Antonio Canyon, 2000 ft., 1 (PC). + San Bernardino County: 2 mi. NW Upland, 1600 ft., 2 (PC). + + +=Sylvilagus audubonii arizonae= (J. A. Allen) + +Audubon Cottontail + +This subspecies was recorded on the interior slope from 5200 feet +elevation, as at the head of Grandview Canyon, down into the desert, and +was common in the sagebrush flats of the upper pinyon-juniper +association. Piles of feces under thick oak and mountain-mahogany +chaparral indicated that the rabbits often sought shelter there. +Adequate cover is a requirement for this rabbit on the desert slope of +the San Gabriels; in the juniper and Joshua tree belts the species +occurs in washes where there is fairly heavy brush, and only +occasionally elsewhere. In the foothills, when frightened from cover in +one small wash cottontails often run up over an adjacent low ridge and +seek cover in the brush of the next wash. In the wash below Graham +Canyon tracks and observations showed that cottontails were taking +refuge in deserted burrows of kit foxes. + +In the pinyon-juniper association cottontails and jack rabbits probably +occur in roughly equal numbers, but in the Joshua tree belt cottontails +seem far less numerous than jack rabbits. In the course of a two hour +hike in lower Mescal Wash, at about 3500 feet, eleven jack rabbits and +two cottontails were noted. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 2, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 1; Mescal + Canyon, 4800 ft., 1. + + +=Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens= (J. A. Allen) + +Brush Rabbit + +Brush rabbits inhabit the Pacific slope of the mountains from about 1200 +feet in the coastal sagebrush belt up to at least 4500 feet in the +chaparral, and are the only lagomorphs found commonly above the lower +edge of the chaparral association. Here they were often on steep slopes +beneath extensive and nearly impenetrable tracts of chaparral. + +The ecologic niche of the brush rabbit is in brush where the plants form +continuous thickets with little open ground. In the coastal sagebrush +flats, areas supporting only scattered bushes are uninhabited by brush +rabbits, while areas grown to extensive tracts of brush harbor them. +When the brush rabbit's mode of escape from its enemies is considered, +the reason for their habitat preference becomes more clear. Almost +invariably these rabbits seek escape by running through the densest +portions of the brush, never appearing in the open; in this way they +travel quickly away from the source of danger without being observed. +Because they avoid being seen in the open, and do not seek safety +largely through running ability, they need continuous stretches of brush +for escape. While hunting in the coastal sagebrush belt I have +repeatedly seen frightened brush rabbits turn and dart beneath the +bushes a few feet from a human being rather than be driven into the +open. + +A great horned owl shot in March, 1951, in the sage belt, had in its +stomach the remains of a freshly killed adult brush rabbit. Although +coyotes and brush rabbits often occur in the same general sections of +the sage flats, remains of these rabbits have been notably scarce in +coyote feces from these areas. This is probably because the coyote hunts +along clearings and in open brushland, precisely the type of habitat +avoided by brush rabbits. + + +Family SCIURIDAE + + +=Sciurus griseus anthonyi= Mearns + +Western Gray Squirrel + +Gray squirrels were on both slopes of the San Gabriels in oak woodland. +A gray squirrel was observed in April of 1948, as it climbed a telephone +pole adjacent to an orange grove near Cucamonga. This, and one noted +bounding up a slope of greasewood chaparral near Cattle Canyon, were the +only gray squirrels seen in areas which were not grown to oaks or +adjacent to oak woodland. In the lower foothills gray squirrels were +invariably found in association with valley oak, this plant forming +limited woodland areas in canyon bottoms. In the upper chaparral +association the squirrels frequented the large scrub oaks growing on +talus slopes and canyon sides. In the yellow pine woodland, gray +squirrels are restricted to black oaks, often where they formed mixed +stands with the conifers. On the interior slope these squirrels were +found only at the lower edge of the yellow pine woodland where black +oaks are common. There, in the vicinity of Big Pines, they were present +between roughly 5800 and 7000 feet, while on the Pacific slope they +inhabited oak woodland from 1600 feet to about 7000 feet elevation. + +In Live Oak Canyon in December of 1950, tracks indicated that a bobcat +had killed a gray squirrel in a small draw beneath the oaks. In Evey +Canyon on March 6, 1951, while watching for bats at late twilight, I +observed a gray squirrel traveling through the branches of a nearby oak. +A great horned owl glided into the oak in an attempt to catch the +squirrel, which leaped quickly into a dense mass of foliage and escaped. +For roughly ten minutes the owl perched in the oak watching its intended +prey, then flew off down the canyon amid frantic scolding by the +squirrel. + +On March 17, 1951, a female gray squirrel taken at about 3500 feet +elevation in San Antonio Canyon contained two embryos, each roughly 40 +millimeters long. + + +=Spermophilus beecheyi beecheyi= (Richardson) + +Beechey Ground Squirrel + +From the coastal sage belt, into the yellow pine forest of the Pacific +slope, this species is common on land cleared by man or disturbed in the +course of construction, or on severely eroded slopes where the original +climax vegetation is partly or completely absent. Thus in the sage belt, +ground squirrels live along dirt roads through the brush, on the heavily +eroded banks often found in the foothills, on land grazed closely by +sheep, and in those parts of major washes such as San Antonio and +Cucamonga washes where scatterings of huge boulders offer prominent +vantage points. In San Antonio Canyon _Spermophilus_ was restricted to +the vicinity of roads and firebreaks, and an especially large colony of +at least forty individuals lived at a dump one mile southwest of Camp +Baldy at about 4500 feet elevation. Ground squirrels used burned stems +of large laurel sumac as observation posts. Because of a preference for +open areas offering unobstructed outlooks, ground squirrels originally +probably did not penetrate the main belt of heavy chaparral on the +Pacific slope of the range except in some of the large washes. + +In the spring of 1951 and the preceding summer there was a marked +increase in the ground squirrel population near Padua Hills as a +result of sheep grazing on approximately one-half square mile of sage +land. Grasses and smaller shrubs were eaten down to the ground, and in +some places coastal sagebrush and _Haplopappus_ were killed by browsing +and trampling. The area formerly had a sparse growth of bushes with +intervening growths of tall grasses and one colony of perhaps 20 ground +squirrels; but after the sheep grazing the area was open brushland with +large clear spaces on which the herbage was trimmed to the ground, and +had at least four colonies of ground squirrels as large as the first. +Also there were other ground squirrels established in various parts of +the area. Probably the dry weather in the winter of 1950-51 with +consequent retardation of the vegetation aided the spread of the +squirrels in this area. + +In the sage belt, most ground squirrels are dormant by December. In +1951, after a mild winter, squirrels were noted on January 25 near Padua +Hills. On February 8, 1951, males in breeding condition were collected, +and on March 16, a female taken near San Antonio Wash carried three +small embryos. In early March of 1951, ground squirrels were active at +4500 feet elevation in San Antonio Canyon. + + _Specimen examined._--Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E + Big Pines, 8000 ft., 1. + + +=Spermophilus beecheyi fisheri= (Merriam) + +California Ground Squirrel + +This ground squirrel inhabited the desert slope of the mountains up to +5000 feet elevation, and was most common in the juniper belt; burrows +often were made under large junipers. In May, 1949, ground squirrels +were common in the rocks adjacent to Mescal Wash at an elevation of 4500 +feet. In an apple orchard near Valyermo, squirrels fed on the fallen +fruit in early November of 1951. + +No squirrel was seen in December, January, and February, indicating that +all were below ground in winter. + + _Specimen examined._--San Bernardino County: Desert Springs, + 4000 ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus= (Merriam) + +Antelope Ground Squirrel + +Antelope ground squirrels were common in the Joshua tree woodland where +they were noted up to 4500 feet elevation in Graham Canyon. None was +found on the pinyon slopes, possibly because of the competition offered +there by _Eutamias merriami_, or because the rocky nature of the soil +there rendered burrowing difficult. + +Although observed less often in winter than in summer, this species is +active all year. On February 6, 1949, in Mescal Wash, an antelope ground +squirrel was foraging over the snow which was at least six inches deep. +These squirrels were attracted to the carcasses of rodents used as bait +for carnivore sets, and caused a good deal of trouble by disturbing the +traps. + +Antelope ground squirrels used the topmost twigs of box-thorn bushes +extensively as lookout posts, and many of their burrows were at the +bases of these thorny bushes. This habit of regularly using observation +posts is well developed in each species of ground squirrel found in the +San Gabriels. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S + Llano, 3500 ft., 2. + + +=Eutamias speciosus speciosus= (Merriam) + +Lodgepole Chipmunk + +This chipmunk was characteristic of the most boreal parts of the San +Gabriel Mountains. It was recorded from 6800 feet elevation at Big +Pines, to an altitude of approximately 9800 feet near Mt. San Antonio, +and was common where coniferous timber was interspersed with snowbrush +chaparral. In upper Icehouse Canyon and near Telegraph Peak these +chipmunks were associated with lodgepole pines and chinquapin, and one +mile east of Mt. San Antonio individuals were often observed in thickets +of manzanita. This chipmunk usually shunned pure stands of coniferous +timber except as temporary forage ground. + +On Blue Ridge these chipmunks used the uppermost stems of snowbrush as +vantage points, and when disturbed ran nimbly over thorny surfaces of +the brush in seeking refuge in the tangled growth. + +In early November of 1951, these animals were not yet in hibernation on +Blue Ridge. They were noted on November 6, after the season's first +snows had melted; on November 13, however, a cold wind with drifting fog +kept most of them under cover, and only two were noted in the course of +the day. + + _Specimen examined._--Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E + Big Pines, 8100 ft., 1. + + +=Eutamias merriami merriami= (J. A. Allen) + +Merriam Chipmunk + +The lower limit of the range of this species, on the coastal face of the +range, is roughly coincident with that of manzanita--that is to say, it +begins in the main belt of chaparral above the lower foothills. _E. +merriami_ seems to reach maximum abundance amid the granite talus, and +scrub oak and _Pseudotsuga_ growth at the upper edge of the chaparral +association. It was absent, however, from all but the lower fringe of +the yellow pine forest association. + +On the desert slope _merriami_ was partial to rocky areas in the +pinyon-juniper association but was also in the black oak woods on the +Ball Flat fire road near Jackson Lake. Nowhere was _Eutamias merriami_ +and _E. speciosus_ observed on common ground. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, + 5500 ft., 2 (1 PC). + + +=Glaucomys sabrinus californicus= (Rhoads) + +Northern Flying Squirrel + +No specimens of this species were taken in the field work in the San +Gabriels, nor did I find any rangers or residents of the mountains who +had seen flying squirrels in the area. Nevertheless sign found in the +white fir forests in the Big Pines area indicated that flying squirrels +may occur there. On a number of occasions dissected pine cones were +noted on the horizontal limbs and bent trunks of white firs. These cones +were too large to have been carried there by chipmunks, and gray +squirrels were often completely absent from the areas. I suspect that +extensive trapping in the coniferous forests of the higher parts of the +mountains would produce specimens of flying squirrels. Willett (1944:19) +mentions that flying squirrels probably occur in the San Gabriel +Mountains. + + +Family GEOMYIDAE + + +=Thomomys bottae pallescens= Rhoads + +Valley Pocket Gopher + +This gopher was found below about 5000 feet elevation in disturbed or +open areas from Cajon Wash at Devore westward all along the coastal base +of the San Gabriel Range. In the lower part of the chaparral belt the +gopher evidently was absent from the chaparral-covered slopes, but was +common along roads and on fire trails. + +Burt (1932) and von Bloeker (1932) discuss the distribution of the three +subspecies of this species, _pallescens_, _neglecta_, and _mohavensis_, +which are in the San Gabriel Mountains area, and Burt indicates that +_pallescens_ grades toward _mohavensis_ in the southern part of Antelope +Valley. + + +=Thomomys bottae neglectus= Bailey + +Valley Pocket Gopher + +In the forests of yellow pine and white fir of the higher parts of the +San Gabriel Mountains the workings of this gopher were common, and sign +of its presence was found above 4500 feet on both slopes of the mountain +range. The rocky character of the coastal slope seems to limit the +occurrence of gophers, for they are not continuously distributed there. +On the desert slope they occur locally down into the pinyon-juniper +belt. + +In the vicinity of Big Pines, on the interior slope, these gophers +preferred broken forest where snow brush or other brush occurred; their +workings, however, were also found beneath groves of conifers and black +oaks. The abundance of earth cores resting on the duff indicated that +this species is active in the snow in winter. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 5, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4600 ft., 2; 3 mi. W Big + Pines, 6000 ft., 1; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8000 ft., 2. + + +=Thomomys bottae mohavensis= Grinnell + +Valley Pocket Gopher + +One specimen of this subspecies was taken on December 31, 1951, in the +Joshua tree belt, eight miles east of Llano, 3700 feet elevation. + + +Family HETEROMYIDAE + + +=Perognathus fallax fallax= Merriam + +San Diego Pocket Mouse + +This pocket mouse is restricted to the coastal sage scrub association, +and was recorded from Cajon Wash west to Live Oak Canyon. The mouse does +not inhabit even the lower edge of the chaparral belt, but in the +coastal sage flats is usually the most abundant rodent. In disturbed +parts of the coastal sage belt _fallax_ is less common, and was never +trapped in channels of rocky washes. Trap lines in the eroded adobe +banks of the foothills, where white sage and coastal sagebrush are the +dominant plants, took mostly these pocket mice. Although the soil of +such slopes is compact and seemingly is unsuitable for burrowing by +heteromyids, _fallax_ is the most common rodent. Because few burrows of +pocket mice were noted there, it is possible that the many old unused +burrows of _Spermophilus_ and _Dipodomys_ which honeycomb certain parts +of adobe banks are used also by _fallax_; some of these burrows +shelter _Peromyscus eremicus_ and _Peromyscus californicus_. + +These mice are inactive above ground in cold weather. In the sage belt +near Thompson Canyon, where this subspecies had been found to be the +most common rodent, none was trapped on the sub-freezing night of +December 3, 1948, although other rodents were found in usual numbers. +Individuals have been taken on nights of intermittent rain, yet none has +been trapped on freezing nights. + +This species is characteristically heavily infested by a large species +of mite. Usually these mites congregate around the base of the tail. + +On October 11, 1949, one lactating female and two carrying embryos were +taken. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 4 mi. N and 1 mi. E Claremont, 1900 ft., 5; 3 + mi. N Claremont, 1600 ft., 6 (5 PC). + + +=Perognathus fallax pallidus= Mearns + +San Diego Pocket Mouse + +On the desert slope of the mountains this species is found in the part +of the pinyon-juniper association that is between elevations of 4000 and +5200 feet. The mouse is absent from the higher chaparral and +pinyon-covered slopes, but is present on south slopes in the pinyon belt +where more open growths of pinyons and scrub oaks are interspersed with +yucca. I recorded this pocket mouse from the vicinity of Cajon Pass west +to Valyermo. + +The local distribution of _pallidus_ is striking because of its close +positive correlation with the distribution of yucca. On benches around +5000 feet, where yuccas are scattered in their occurrence, _pallidus_ is +nearly always taken near (often right at the base of) this plant. Lower +in the juniper belt the dry rocky south slopes supporting yucca plants +are well populated by _pallidus_, while adjacent flats, and north slopes +grown to antelope brush and scrub oak, are completely uninhabited. Near +the mouth of Grandview Canyon, on steep rocky southern exposures grown +sparsely to burro weed and yucca, one hundred traps produced in one +night eight _pallidus_ and no other rodents. Here many of these pocket +mice were trapped on large fractured rock outcroppings, where most or +all of the mice probably lived in the daytime in the deep cracks; in any +event no burrows were noted near these rocks. + +This species prefers barren slopes supporting yucca plants. These plants +produce large seeds which are staple food items for _P. f. pallidus_ and +other rodents during the lean part of the year, that is to say, late +summer and autumn. Many of the dry capsules of the yucca plants were +examined in October, 1951, and these generally still contained a few +seeds. Pocket mice taken in October usually carried in their cheek +pouches seeds of yucca together with some other material, and often they +carried only the seeds of yucca. Probably the wind shakes only a few +seeds out of the capsules at a time, thus tending to drop the seeds over +a fairly long period. + +Trapping in winter in the juniper belt revealed that these pocket mice +were not active above ground on nights colder than about 40 deg. F. On +nights when the temperature was about 36 deg. F. none was taken, but on the +one night in late December, 1948, when the minimum was 44 deg. F., several +specimens were taken. In this same area in May 1949, pocket mice were +the most numerous rodents. Because of their evident sensitivity to cold +weather, these mice must remain below ground for weeks at a time during +the cold weather of December and January. + +Specimens of _pallidus_ from the desert slope of the San Gabriels are +grayer (less brown) than specimens taken farther southeast in the Mojave +and Colorado deserts. Further sampling of populations of _Perognathus +fallax_ from areas adjacent to the San Gabriels might demonstrate +differences of sufficient magnitude to warrant subspecific distinction +of the San Gabriel population. Possibly, however, the San Gabriel series +manifests only local variation in the race _pallidus_. Grinnell +(1933:54) characterizes the ecological niche of the race _pallidus_ as +being "open, sandy ground, often ... surrounded by rocky slopes," +whereas these pocket mice in the San Gabriels inhabited gravelly or +rocky juniper-dotted benches. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 5 mi. E and 4 mi. S Llano, 4500 ft., 7; 2 mi. E + Valyermo, 4500 ft., 3; 4 mi. E Valyermo, 5000 ft., 1. + + +=Perognathus californicus dispar= Osgood + +California Pocket Mouse + +Mice of this subspecies were recorded from the lower chaparral +association below about 4000 feet elevation along the coastal face of +the San Gabriel Range. They were trapped on greasewood-covered slopes, +in mixed growths of white sage and buckwheat, and beneath scrub oak +and lilac chaparral; however none was taken in the heavy chaparral of +the upper parts of the chaparral association. + +One small juvenile in gray pelage was taken in San Antonio Canyon on +October 1, 1951. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 5, distributed as follows: San + Bernardino County: Lytle Canyon, 4000 ft., 2 (PC). Los Angeles + County: San Antonio Canyon, 3000 ft., 3. + + +=Perognathus californicus bernardinus= Benson + +California Pocket Mouse + +On Blue Ridge these mice were recorded between 7100 and 8000 feet +elevation. Here they were restricted to dense tracts of snowbrush and +sagebrush, often where these tracts were interspersed with, or beneath, +open groves of conifers. These mice seemed to favor areas where this +thick brush was broken by patches of open, grass-covered ground. Benson +(1930:450) records this subspecies from Swarthout Valley, near Big +Pines, at 6860 feet elevation. + +While setting traps for pocket gophers one mile southwest of Big Pines, +in September of 1951, I frightened a pocket mouse from its burrow. The +animal jumped into the tangle of interlacing twigs of a nearby clump of +snowbrush, and with great dexterity climbed into the center of the bush, +where it was lost to view. I was surprised at the facility with which +this saltatorial rodent traveled through the network of small branches. + +In winter, in areas inhabited by this mouse, snow covers the ground for +long periods during which these mice are probably forced to remain below +ground. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W + Big Pines, 7400 ft., 2. + + +=Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis= (Grinnell) + +Panamint Kangaroo Rat + +This rat is common in the Joshua tree and juniper belts, and locally +penetrates the pinyon belt at about 5000 feet elevation. It occurs +regularly along the entire desert slope of the San Gabriel Mountains. + +The upper limit of the range of this species roughly coincides with the +upper limit of the juniper belt, and within this range it was found to +inhabit areas having widely different soil types. It occurred on the +sandy ground of desert washes, the gravelly soil of the juniper-clad +benches, and the mixed sandy and rocky ground of washes in canyons. A +preference is shown by _panamintinus_ for fairly level ground. Rough +terrain or steep slopes are generally avoided, whereas rather large +colonies of these kangaroo rats are found in small flats of the desert +foothills. + +Below about 4500 elevation on the interior slope this species was the +most numerous rodent, and seemed to reach maximum abundance in the +Joshua tree association. About 500 trap-nights in the juniper belt near +Graham Canyon yielded 31 specimens, whereas about 300 trap-nights in +Joshua tree flats took 34 individuals. + +The cheek pouches of many specimens taken in early winter contained +green shoots of grass and little dry material. On many occasions rat +traps set next to wood rat nests beneath large junipers produced +_panamintinus_, and many of these animals had their cheek pouches +crammed full of juniper berries. + +In December, 1948, _panamintinus_ was trapped consistently on nights +when the temperature dropped to below 20 deg. F. On December 27, 1948, after +a three inch snowfall, tracks of this species were noted in the snow at +the mouth of Mescal Canyon. + +Parts of the skulls of this species were found in many coyote feces from +the desert slope. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 ft., 8 (6 PC); 2 mi. E + Valyermo, 4600 ft., 3. + + +=Dipodomys merriami merriami= Mearns + +Merriam Kangaroo Rat + +This kangaroo rat barely enters the area under consideration and is +almost restricted to the Joshua tree association, for only a few +individuals were taken at the lower edge of the juniper benches. This +species inhabits the Joshua tree belt all along the desert base of the +San Gabriels. + +As mentioned in the description of the Joshua tree association, the +relative numbers of _Dipodomys merriami_ and _D. panamintinus_ shifted +from 1948 to 1951, possibly concurrent with the seasons of low rainfall +in this period. Whereas in 1948 _merriami_ was decidedly less abundant +than _panamintinus_ in the Joshua tree belt, in 1951 the numbers were +reversed. + +In December, 1951, it was found by tending the traps in the early +evening that _merriami_ foraged fairly early before the ground had +frozen solidly. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 2 mi. NW mouth of + Graham Canyon, 3500 ft., 5 (PC). + + +=Dipodomys merriami parvus= Rhoads + +San Bernardino Kangaroo Rat + +One specimen of this subspecies was trapped on November 26, 1951, in a +sandy channel of Cajon Wash near Devore beneath a clump of scale-broom. + + +=Dipodomys agilis agilis= Gambel + +Pacific Kangaroo Rat + +This species was found below about 4000 feet elevation all along the +coastal face of the range and reached maximum abundance in the level +tracts of coastal sage. It was one of the most abundant rodents there, +usually being second to _Perognathus fallax_ in point of numbers. Large +colonies of kangaroo rats occurred locally on sandy ground adjacent to +large washes. The rats were found sparingly on the foothill adobe banks +and in the greasewood chaparral of the lower foothills, but in heavy +chaparral where a layer of plant debris covered the ground, such as on +north slopes grown to scrub oak and lilac, kangaroo rats were completely +absent. Thus, in the lower chaparral belt, this rodent had a +discontinuous distribution. + +The coyote probably is one of the major predators of these kangaroo +rats; remains of this rodent were often found in coyote feces, and +coyotes excavated many burrow systems in large kangaroo rat colonies in +the sandy ground near San Antonio Wash. The soil there is so soft that +coyotes probably were often successful in digging out their prey. The +shed skin of a large Pacific rattlesnake (_Crotalus viridis helleri_) +was found four feet inside the mouth of a kangaroo rat burrow; probably +this reptile preys on _agilis_. Great horned owls (_Bubo virginianus +pacificus_) come down nightly from the chaparral to hunt in the sage +flats. Beneath the perches of these owls I have found pellets containing +bones of _agilis_. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 13, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Wash, 1900 ft., 11 (10 PC); 4 mi. NE + Claremont, 1600 ft., 2. + + +=Dipodomys agilis perplexus= (Merriam) + +Pacific Kangaroo Rat + +All the specimens of this species from the desert slope of the San +Gabriel Range are referred to the subspecies _perplexus_. They were +taken in brushy habitats between the elevations of 4500 and 7400 feet. +Throughout much of this area _perplexus_ was found only in certain +restricted areas more or less surrounded by inhospitable ground. For +example, at 7400 feet on Blue Ridge, they were found occasionally in the +strips of sagebrush and lilac brush which locally capped this ridge. +Often these patches of chaparral on Blue Ridge were surrounded by areas +unsuitable for kangaroo rats: on the Pacific slope, talus, oaks, and +yellow pines prevailed; on the ridge scattered yellow pine groves were +present; and on the steep desert slope there were yellow pines and white +firs. In Swarthout Valley _perplexus_ was found in flats that supported +basin sagebrush and _Haploppus_, while the coniferous forests to the +south, and pinyon-covered slopes to the north were uninhabited. On flats +supporting antelope brush and juniper, _perplexus_ was often common, but +it did not penetrate the chaparral of adjacent slopes grown to scrub oak +and mountain-mahogany. In general then, _perplexus_ was found in fairly +open brushy flats or slopes, even where these were surrounded by +unsuitable habitats. + +Specimens of _D. agilis_ from the desert slope two miles east of +Valyermo are referrable to the subspecies _perplexus_. A series taken in +Cajon Wash at Devore, on the Pacific slope, is intermediate between +_agilis_, of the coastal slope of the San Gabriels, and _perplexus_ of +the desert slope, but approaches more nearly the later subspecies. Thus, +different subspecies of _D. agilis_ occur on opposite slopes of the San +Gabriel Mountains, with intergradation taking place in the Cajon Pass +area and probably also at the west end of the Mountains. + +Both scrub oak acorns and juniper berries were found in the cheek +pouches of this subspecies, and one immature individual taken in +Swarthout Valley had its cheek pouches stuffed with approximately 550 +seeds of brome grass. + +On November 13, 1951, at 7500 feet on Blue Ridge, a small juvenile was +taken; it must have been born not earlier than September. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 17, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4600 ft., 3; 5 mi. E Valyermo, + 1; 1 mi. E Big Pines, 6600 ft., 6; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W Big + Pines, 7400 ft., 2. San Bernardino County: Cajon Wash, 1/2 mi. + SW Devore, 2200 ft., 5. + + +Family CRICETIDAE + + +=Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus= (Baird) + +Western Harvest Mouse + +This species inhabited grassy areas of the coastal sage belt, and +reached maximum abundance on cleared land grown thickly to weeds and +scattered brush. The mouse was only locally abundant--being scarce +throughout much of the sage belt--but was found under contrasting +conditions. In San Antonio Wash the species was taken among rocks and +sparse weeds, at Palmer Canyon specimens were trapped on a barren ridge +sparsely clothed with greasewood and white sage, and also one mile E of +Big Pines in flats supporting basin sagebrush and a fairly dense growth +of grasses. The western harvest mouse was recorded from 1500 feet +elevation to 3200 feet on the Pacific slope, and at 6600 feet near Big +Pines on the desert slope. + +Those specimens of harvest mice from near Big Pines may be grading +toward the desert race _megalotis_; my series of specimens from this +locality, however, is too small for clear indications on this point. + +Individuals in juvenal pelage were taken on November 26, 1951, near +Devore. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 1 mi. E Big Pines, 6600 ft., 2; Palmer Canyon, + 2000 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1700 ft., 3 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus eremicus eremicus= (Baird) + +Cactus Mouse + +In Mescal Wash on the desert slope of the San Gabriels, this mouse was +one of the most abundant mammals and was the only rodent other than +_Peromyscus maniculatus_ regularly trapped in the barren channels of +washes. In Mescal Wash, at an altitude of 4000 feet, _eremicus_ occurred +along with the chaparral-inhabiting _Peromyscus boylii_ and _Peromyscus +californicus_. The two species last mentioned were associated with the +occasional large patches of manzanita, antelope brush, and other brush +of the wash, whereas _eremicus_ was trapped in the rocky and sandy +channels among scattered bushes of scale-broom. No specimens of +_eremicus_ were taken on the juniper-clad benches adjacent to the wash. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 + ft., 10 (4 PC). + + +=Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus= (Miller) + +Cactus Mouse + +This mouse was recorded from 1900 feet elevation, one mile south of the +mouth of San Antonio Canyon, to 3200 feet elevation in Cajon Canyon. +This subspecies is characteristic of the sage belt and shows a strong +preference for the rough rocky areas found in dry washes. Although in +many areas the channels of the washes are immediately adjacent to sandy +sagebrush-covered flats, _eremicus_ is not common in the latter areas. +Rocks seem to be essential to _eremicus_, for sandy areas in the +sageland which were devoid of rocks yielded only an occasional specimen. +For example, 100 trap-nights in the main channel of San Antonio Wash +yielded 23 _eremicus_ and only six other rodents; while in the sandy +sage areas nearby 200 trap-nights yielded only one _eremicus_ and 32 +other rodents. + +In lower San Antonio Canyon _eremicus_ seemed restricted to the rocky +canyon bottom, none having been trapped on the steep slopes nearby. This +subspecies occurs commonly, however, on the adobe banks grown to white +sage at the base of the foothills. There _eremicus_ occurred on common +ground with _Perognathus fallax fallax_, and was often the only +_Peromyscus_ taken. + +This species may be restricted by temperature; washes above 4000 feet +elevation, which seemed suitable were uninhabited by these mice. + +On December 1, 1949, two females taken at the mouth of Palmer Canyon had +well advanced embryos. A female trapped in San Antonio Canyon on +September 19, 1951, was lactating. Juveniles were caught in the sage +belt in October, 1951. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2500 ft., 1; San Antonio + Wash, 1800 ft., 5 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus californicus insignis= Rhoads + +California Mouse + +This mouse inhabits areas supporting chaparral on the coastal slope of +the San Gabriels below 5000 feet. In the chaparral it is usually the +most plentiful rodent, being dominant on slopes which have been burned +over and on which greasewood chaparral has taken over. On one such slope +at the head of Cow Canyon, at 4500 feet, this was the only rodent +trapped, although an occasional wood rat house was noted. Trapping +records gave the impression that this form was the most ubiquitous +rodent in the entire chaparral belt. Nearly every trap line, even in +such non-productive areas as oak woodland, took the California mouse; +and in many areas, as in thick lilac brush, this mouse was by far the +most abundant rodent. Specimens were taken on the damp ground next to +San Antonio Creek, and in the riparian growth. In San Antonio Wash the +California mouse was found in thickets of laurel sumac and lemonade +berry, or other large shrubs, but were absent from most of the adjacent +sageland. The one place where they were found away from heavy brush was +on a series of barren adobe banks, near Palmer Canyon, clothed mostly +with white sage. Here they found shelter in the unused burrows of +kangaroo rats and ground squirrels. + +The only place on the desert slope where this species was taken was in +Mescal Wash. There it was taken occasionally near the large clumps of +antelope-brush and manzanita which grew in the main channels of the +wash. + +Lactating females of this species were taken in October, 1949, and +February, 1950. Two pregnant females were trapped on February 25, 1950, +at the mouth of Palmer Canyon. + + _Specimens examined._--Total 16, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Wash (4200 ft., 4; 4300 ft., 1; 4500 ft., + 1), 6(2IM); San Antonio Canyon, 4500 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, + 3000 ft., 5; mouth of Palmer Canyon, 1900 ft., 4 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli= (Baird) + +Deer Mouse + +This species occurs from 1000 feet elevation to above 9000 feet +elevation on the Pacific slope of the Mountains, but although probably +the most widespread rodent in the area it is absent from many habitats. +This mouse reaches maximum abundance in the coastal sage scrub +association, particularly where the soil is sandy with scattered +vegetation--usually coastal sagebrush and black sage. On the foothill +adobe slopes none was trapped, nor have any been taken in most of the +chaparral habitats. A few _gambeli_ were trapped amid the talus beneath +growths of scrub oak and bay trees in San Antonio Canyon, at 4300 feet +elevation. On Blue Ridge, at elevations of from 7200 feet to 8300 feet, +this mouse inhabited areas clothed with snowbush, basin sagebrush, +currant, and scattered conifers, and was found sparingly in the +coniferous forests. Thus this species lives on contrasting soil types in +association with many different vegetational assemblages, from the +coastal base to the crest of the range. + +There is a rather wide variation in color in _gambeli_ from the San +Gabriels. Certain individuals taken in open, sandy coastal sage areas +are pale, some being indistinguishable from examples of _sonoriensis_ +taken in the pinyon-juniper association on the desert slope. Specimens +from San Antonio Canyon have somewhat darker pelage than those from the +sage belt, and than individuals taken on Blue Ridge. Possibly a large +series of _Peromyscus maniculatus_ from the San Gabriel Mountains would +show definite local trends in color of pelage. + +This species is active on sub-freezing and rainy nights as evidenced by +trapping results, and at Big Pines there were tracks around the bases of +conifers after a heavy snowfall in December, 1951. Several females +taken in the sage belt in October, 1948, carried embryos, and a +lactating female was recorded from Blue Ridge on November 13, 1951. +Juveniles have been taken in September, October, November, and December. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W Big Pines, 7400 ft., 3; 1 + mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8200 ft., 1; 4 mi. NE Claremont, + 1900 ft., 2; San Antonio Wash, 1800 ft., 3 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis= (Le Conte) + +Deer Mouse + +This subspecies is associated with contrasting types of soil and +vegetation. It is seemingly absent from the upper pinyon-juniper sage +flats and areas grown to chaparral, but is fairly common on the gravelly +benches dotted with junipers, and in the washes issuing from the canyons +on the desert slope. It is present in small numbers in the Joshua tree +association. + +In 1951 the numbers of _sonoriensis_ were noticeably less than in 1948; +probably this was correlated with the series of dry winters in this +period. In December, 1948, this animal was one of the most common +rodents in Mescal Wash, 200 trap-nights yielding thirteen specimens; but +in November, 1951, none was taken. In parts of the juniper belt, where +an average of about six _sonoriensis_ was taken per 100 trap-nights in +1948, the average had dropped to one per 100 trap-nights in 1951. + +Specimens of this species from the desert slope of the mountains have +been assigned to the subspecies _sonoriensis_. Those from Blue Ridge +tend toward _sonoriensis_ in color, and may be considered as intergrades +between this subspecies and _gambeli_. + +This species was active on nights when the temperature was as low as 10 deg. +F., and individuals were trapped in the juniper belt in December, 1948, +when four inches of snow lay on the ground. + +Gray-pelaged juveniles were taken on the desert slope in December, 1948, +and a female taken in Mescal Canyon on December 22 of this year carried +four embryos near term. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 8 mi. E and 4 mi. S Llano, 4000 ft., 6 (4 PC); + Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 5. + + +=Peromyscus boylii rowleyi= (J. A. Allen) + +Brush Mouse + +The main range of this mouse in the San Gabriel Mountains lies between +1600 and 6000 feet elevation on the Pacific slope of the Mountains, thus +encompassing much of the chaparral and oak woodland associations. It +was the most common mammal in the oak woodland association in the lower +foothills and often was trapped there on leaf mold beneath the oaks. +While trapping for shrews I regularly took this species in riparian +growth right down to the edge of the water. In San Antonio Canyon many +_boylii_ were trapped beneath logs and dense vegetation, and on wet +seepage slopes adjacent to the creek. + +This species shows a definite predilection for rocky habitats where +these occur in the chaparral. In heavy lilac brush near Camp Baldy +_Peromyscus boylii_ was outnumbered by _P. californicus_, yet where +talus slopes or boulder piles occurred _boylii_ was more numerous. At +the head of Cow Canyon amid boulders beneath scrub oak, bay, and big +cone-spruce, this species was especially abundant and no other +_Peromyscus_ was taken. + +Of special interest is the occurrence of this mouse on the desert slope +of the mountains; there it was taken beneath scrub oaks in the +pinyon-juniper association at the mouth of Mescal Canyon, and amid +boulder and debris piles in Mescal Wash at 4000 feet elevation. While +manzanita and scrub oak grew in the wash at the points of capture, the +animals were actually surrounded by the desert conditions of the Joshua +woodland, and associated with such desert forms as _Onychomys torridus +pulcher_ and _Peromyscus eremicus eremicus_. + +Immature individuals were taken in October, November, February, and +March, and a female with two large embryos was taken near Icehouse +Canyon on November 8, 1951. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 8, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 ft., 1; Mescal Canyon, 4800 + ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 5200 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, + 4500 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 1; Thompson Canyon, + 1800 ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus truei montipinoris= Elliot + +Pinon Mouse + +Only once was this mouse found outside the pinyon-juniper association of +the desert slope; in November, 1949, several were collected near Cajon +in mixed manzanita, scrub oak, and greasewood chaparral. This was the +only _Peromyscus_ of regular occurrence in the pinyon-juniper area, and +was recorded from the upper limit of this association, near Jackson +Lake, at 6000 feet, to the lower limit of the association at the mouth +of Graham Canyon at roughly 4000 feet elevation. + +Although in the juniper belt _truei_ often occurs on common ground +with _Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis_, the habitat preferences of +these animals are generally complementary. Where the mice occur +together, traps set in a variety of locations caught _Peromyscus +maniculatus_, but typically traps set amid the brush or on the open +ground away from the junipers were productive. On the contrary _truei_ +was invariably trapped quite near the junipers and often in association +with the large nests of _Neotoma fuscipes simplex_. In fact traps set +right on the beds of litter beneath the junipers were most likely to +catch _truei_. Records kept of trapping localities show that _truei_ was +without exception trapped within twenty feet of some treelike shelter +such as junipers, pinyons, Joshua tree or scrub oaks. Thus _Peromyscus +maniculatus_ occupies the open stretches between the trees, while +_truei_ inhabits the ground beneath and immediately adjacent to the +trees. In Nevada the pinon mouse prefers rocky areas (Hall, 1946:520). +In the San Gabriel Mountains this mouse does not seem to have this +predilection. + +In the juniper belt _truei_ was second to _Dipodomys panamintinus_ in +point of numbers. In the course of 500 trap-nights in the juniper belt +twenty-two _truei_ were taken with thirty-six _Dipodomys_. + +I consider my series of _Peromyscus truei_ from the desert slope of the +San Gabriels to represent the subspecies _montipinoris_. The series is +closely comparable to specimens of the subspecies _montipinoris_ in the +California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology from the Mount Pinos area, but +differs from specimens of the race _chlorus_ from the San Bernardino +Mountains in certain diagnostic characteristics. In his recent paper on +_Peromyscus truei_, Hoffmeister (1951) considered the populations of +this species in the San Gabriels to be of the race _chlorus_. +Hoffmeister had only one specimen available from the San Gabriel +Mountains (Lytle Creek, on the Pacific slope) which was intermediate +between _montipinoris_ and _chlorus_, but on the basis of cranial +measurements it was referred to the race _chlorus_. Specimens of +_Peromyscus truei_ from the eastern end of the desert slope of the San +Gabriel Mountains and the Cajon Pass area would probably demonstrate +that the race _montipinoris_, which occupies the desert slope of the San +Gabriels, intergrades with the race _chlorus_, which occurs in the San +Bernardino Range immediately to the east, in the Cajon Pass area. +Although _montipinoris_ occurs on the desert slope of the San Gabriels, +_chlorus_ may occur on the Pacific slope. I took no specimens of the +pinon mouse on the Pacific slope of the San Gabriel Mountains. + +In December, 1948, many small juveniles were taken in the juniper +belt, and on October 15, 1951, two females trapped at the head of +Grandview Canyon had embryos: one three and the other four. On November +13, 1951, a partially gray-pelaged subadult female was trapped which had +recently suckled young. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 17, all in Illinois Museum of + Natural History, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: + Mescal Canyon, 4500 ft., 8 mi. SE Llano, 11; Mescal Canyon, 4300 + ft., 2; 6 mi. SE Valyermo, 5100 ft., 1; Grandview Canyon, 6 mi. + SE Valyermo, 5100 ft., 1. San Bernardino County: 1 mi. W Cajon, + 3200 ft., 2. + + +=Onychomys torridus pulcher= Elliot + +Southern Grasshopper Mouse + +Grasshopper mice seemed to be partial to the more sandy parts of the +Joshua tree flats where the mice were trapped regularly but not +abundantly. This mouse inhabited the barren sandy channels of Mescal +Wash but was rare on the adjacent juniper-clad benches. In the arid, +sandy washes this typical desert rodent penetrated the high +pinyon-juniper association. + +Wherever grasshopper mice occurred they were outnumbered by most of the +other rodent species. For example, on November 26, 1949, below Graham +Canyon, 100 snap traps yielded 10 _Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis_, 2 +_Dipodomys merriami merriami_, 4 _Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis_, +and 3 _Onychomys torridus pulcher_. + +Where abandoned kangaroo rat burrows were common in the Joshua tree belt +these burrows were used as retreats by _Onychomys_. Some traps set at +the entrances to old burrows caught grasshopper mice. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 8 mi. E and 3 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 1; Mescal + Wash, 4200 ft., 5 (3 PC); 2 mi. S Valyermo, 4600 ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Neotoma lepida intermedia= Rhoads + +Desert Woodrat + +This species was on the Pacific face of the Mountains from 1600 feet +elevation in the coastal sage belt, to 4800 feet elevation in open +groves of big cone-spruce and scrub oak of the chaparral association. + +The local distribution of this woodrat is determined by suitable nesting +sites. Although taken in different types of vegetation, _lepida_, +without exception, was associated with rocky areas or areas supporting +patches of prickly-pear cactus. In the channels of San Antonio Wash, +_lepida_ was commonly associated with jumbles of boulders and +boulder-dotted cut banks. There the vegetation is sparse, and the rats +dwell among the rocks; only their droppings and faint trails indicate +their presence. Among boulders _lepida_ builds only small houses of +sticks and debris, and even these only occasionally. The effect of the +prickly-pear cactus on the distribution of _lepida_ in the sageland is +striking; trap lines there yielded no woodrats where extensive rock +piles and patches of prickly-pear were absent, but many rats were taken +where patches of prickly-pear are plentiful. On an acre supporting +coastal sagebrush at the mouth of San Antonio Canyon, at 1800 feet +elevation, there were fourteen patches of prickly-pear, each covering at +least thirty square feet. In these patches there were thirteen occupied +woodrat nests. Only one patch lacked an occupied nest, and this one +contained the remains of an old nest. On this acre there were at least +thirteen individuals. In the sagebrush belt only an occasional large +patch of cactus lacks a woodrat house occupied by _lepida_. Seemingly +_Neotoma fuscipes_ does not build houses in patches of prickly-pear. + +Most of the houses built by _Neotoma lepida_ are small and simple as +compared to those of _Neotoma fuscipes_, and often in rocky areas no +nests are in evidence. The most elaborate nests are built among the pads +and spines of the prickly-pear and under laurel sumac or other large +shrubs growing near washes. One of three houses examined at the mouth of +San Antonio Canyon was on sandy ground in a patch of _Opuntia_ measuring +approximately 11 x 14 feet. The house was 14 inches high and 41 x 37 +inches at the base. It was built around the main stem of the +prickly-pear and a rock about 10 inches in diameter. The house was +constructed of sticks of coastal sagebrush and buckwheat, and was dotted +with dissected fruits and flowers of the prickly-pear. The main chamber +was arched over by the main stem of the prickly-pear and was roughly 12 +x 19 inches, inside dimensions, being reached through two three-inch +openings, one on the east side of the chamber and one on the north side +of the chamber. Two cup-shaped nests were inside the chamber, these +being constructed mostly of grasses, and each resembling a well +constructed bird nest 4 inches in diameter. The grass nests were free of +feces, but feces were piled up against the west side of the chamber with +many snail shells and dissected fruits and flowers of prickly-pear. +Thirty-five inches from the main chamber was a third grass nest on the +ground beneath a cluster of cactus pads. Next to this there was a blind +burrow about eight inches long, and one and three-quarters inches in +diameter. No burrow led to the main chamber, in this or in either of the +other houses, but all had at least one short blind burrow beneath the +house. + +At many houses there were one to three grass nests outside the house on +the ground, within four feet of the house. From each nest a well worn +path lead to the house. Traps set in these nests invariably caught +woodrats. + +The many prickly-pear fruits and snail shells in and around the houses +of _lepida_ probably were remnants of food. So many of the rodents +caught in traps near woodrat nests were partly eaten--usually the brains +were taken--that I suspect the woodrats of eating their relatives. The +heads of many composite annuals were piled near woodrat nests. + +Immature individuals were taken in September, October, and early +November, and on September 26, 1951, a lactating female was trapped near +Palmer Canyon. + +An old female bobcat trapped in Thompson Canyon had masses of cactus +thorns beneath her skin, especially about the forelegs. These thorns +were probably received while she was foraging in growths of prickly-pear +for woodrats. The other bobcats from San Antonio Wash also had +accumulations of thorns under the skin of the forelegs. Fragments of the +skulls of _Neotoma lepida_ were recovered from horned owl pellets and +coyote feces. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 4500 ft., 2; San Antonio + Wash, 1800 ft., 5 (2 PC). + + +=Neotoma lepida lepida= Thomas + +Desert Woodrat + +These woodrats were present in rocky situations along the desert slope +from the lower edge of the juniper belt down into the desert. Specimens +were taken in piles of boulders in Mescal Wash, and amid rock +outcroppings on the steep, barren, south slopes at the base of Grandview +Canyon, whereas none was found on the juniper-clad benches. + +This woodrat built no nests in rocky areas; however, in the Joshua tree +belt _N. l. lepida_ often built small nests at the bases of large +standing or prostrate Joshua trees. There sticks from creosote bushes, +along with cow dung and small stones were favorite building materials. +Judging from the large number of unused woodrat nests in the Joshua tree +flats it seemed that this rat was formerly far more common than it was +in the period of this study. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 4; Mescal + Wash, 4200 ft., 5 (3PC). + + +=Neotoma fuscipes macrotis= Thomas + +Dusky-footed Woodrat + +This subspecies was widely distributed along the coastal slope of the +mountains from the coastal sage belt, at roughly 1600 feet, up to 6500 +feet at the lower edge of the yellow pine forest and was most common in +the chaparral association. + +In the coastal sage belt these woodrats are restricted to wash areas +where large chaparral plants such as lemonadeberry and laurel sumac are +used as nesting sites. In San Antonio Wash the occasional large juniper +trees almost invariably harbor the nests of _fuscipes_. The general +absence of suitable nesting sites in the sage belt probably limits the +spread of _fuscipes_ in this area. + +In the upper part of the chaparral belt in talus these woodrats live +beneath the angular boulders and build no visible houses. Several areas +of talus occupied by woodrats were examined carefully and no sign of +houses was noted. + +Two juveniles were found in the stomach of a rattlesnake (_Crotalus +viridis helleri_) killed in May, 1948, at the mouth of Evey Canyon. +Remains of woodrats were found in feces of the coyote and gray fox. + +Lactating females of this species were taken on March 16, and October 2, +1951. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 4, distributed as follows: San + Bernardino County: Icehouse Canyon, 5500 ft., 2. Los Angeles + County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 2. + + +=Neotoma fuscipes simplex= True + +Dusky-footed Woodrat + +These rats were recorded from the yellow pine forests on Blue Ridge, at +8100 feet, down to the lower edge of the juniper belt, at 3800 feet. +Their presence there as elsewhere was determined by the occurrence of +adequate cover. On Blue Ridge they were taken in and near patches of +snowbrush, currant, and choke cherry, and one was taken beneath a pile +of logs where no nest was in evidence. + +The thickets of choke cherry in hollows on Blue Ridge were favored +house-building sites of woodrats. Among the tangle of branches large +nests were built, and in September, 1951, the remains of choke cherry +fruit and gnawings on the limbs of these plants indicated that woodrats +were active throughout these extensive patches of brush. + +In the pinyon-juniper association most of the large plants were used +as nesting sites, but scrub oak, seemed to be especially preferred. +Because it often grew in a twisted irregular form with the foliage +nearly reaching the ground, the oak offered good shelter for the woodrat +nests. In an acre of scrub oak and mountain mahogany brush one-half mile +north of Jackson Lake, at 6100 feet, thirteen occupied woodrat nests +were found. In the juniper belt, houses were of more irregular +occurrence, and were always beneath juniper trees, usually beneath the +largest and most widely spreading individuals. + +Those specimens from Blue Ridge, on the crest of the San Gabriels, are +intergrades between the coastal race _macrotis_ and _simplex_ of the +desert slope. Although specimens vary widely in color, comparison with +series of these two subspecies in the California Museum of Vertebrate +Zoology indicates that all specimens from the desert slope of the San +Gabriels are referable to the race _simplex_. Two specimens of this +species from the granite talus above the base of Icehouse Canyon at 5500 +feet on the Pacific slope, grade strongly toward _simplex_. Hooper +(1938:231) mentions that specimens of this species taken along the San +Gabriel and San Bernardino ranges may be intermediate between _simplex_ +and _macrotis_. + +At the head of Grandview Canyon, tracks indicated that a coyote had +foraged for about one half mile along the edge of a tract of dense oak +and pinyon growth. It seemed as if the animal had been foraging for +woodrats. A gray fox trapped near Graham Canyon, in the juniper belt, +had in its stomach the remains of a freshly killed adult woodrat. The +remains of an adult woodrat were found in the stomach of a rattlesnake +(_Crotalus viridis helleri_) obtained on the desert slope of the +mountains. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 6 mi. E Valyermo, 5600 ft., 1; 1 mi. E Big + Pines, 6600 ft., 2; 1 mi. S and 3 mi. W Big Pines, 6000 ft., 1; + 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8100 ft., 2. + + +=Microtus californicus sanctidiegi= R. Kellogg + +California Meadow Mouse + +Owing to the paucity of extensive areas of grassland in the San +Gabriels, this is one of the least common rodents of the area. It +inhabits, however, even small patches of grassland up to 4000 feet +elevation on the Pacific slope, and is locally plentiful. For example, a +small patch of grassland amid the chaparral at the mouth of Palmer +Canyon supported many _Microtus_, and in San Antonio Canyon at about +3000 feet elevation meadow mice were found amid boulders and yuccas in a +small grassy area near the stream. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 3, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 1; Palmer Canyon, + 2100 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1800 ft., 1. + + +Family URSIDAE + + +=Ursus americanus californiensis= J. Miller + +Black Bear + +Eleven black bears were introduced into the San Gabriel Mountains "near +Crystal Lake" in November 1933 from the Sierra Nevada (Burghduff, +1935:83). I do not know whether or not there have been subsequent +introductions. There are still bears present in the higher parts of the +mountains, especially north of the study area, where they seem to be +maintaining their numbers. The grizzly bear that formerly occurred in +the San Gabriel Mountains was exterminated there some years before the +black bear was introduced. + + +Family PROCYONIDAE + + +=Bassariscus astutus octavus= Hall + +Ring-tailed Cat + +Large sections of the San Gabriel Mountains are uninhabited by this +species, while locally, in the chaparral belt near water, ring-tails are +common. Many reports of ring-tails were received from owners of cabins +and homes who reside in the canyons at the Pacific base of the +mountains. Because of the distinctive appearance of this animal it is +likely that many of these reports were accurate. The reports testified +to the presence of ring-tails in San Gabriel Canyon, Dalton Canyon, +Palmer Canyon and San Antonio Canyon. Hall (1927:41) lists specimens +from San Antonio Canyon. Kenneth Hill of Upland told me that ring-tailed +cats often have been trapped above that town near citrus nurseries that +are regularly irrigated. This species probably is not present on the +desert slope of the range. + +The only specimen that I took was a female weighing one pound and +fourteen ounces. It was trapped on March 24, 1951, among granite +boulders, beneath scrub oak and bay trees, near the mouth of Icehouse +Canyon, at 5500 feet elevation. + + +=Procyon lotor psora= Gray + +Raccoon + +The raccoon was one of the most common carnivores in the San Gabriels +and was found on both slopes of the range. Tracks were noted and one old +male was trapped at the base of the Pacific slope foothills at 1900 feet +elevation, and raccoons were captured at several localities from this +point up to 5500 feet in San Antonio Canyon. They were noted on Blue +Ridge at about 8000 feet elevation foraging around the camp grounds. On +the desert slope they occurred down to the lower edge of the +pinyon-juniper belt, for example near the mouth of Sheep Creek Canyon. + +Sign of raccoons was most often found near water; tracks, however, +indicated that these animals, along with other carnivores, used fire +roads for traveling through the chaparral. In a small draw one-half mile +east of the mouth of Thompson Canyon two raccoons were trapped although +the only water was a series of small, disconnected seepage pools beneath +the valley oaks. + +A raccoon freed from a small steel trap in San Antonio Canyon concealed +itself in an unusual but extremely effective manner. When released the +coon splashed up the middle of the small creek nearby to a place where +some dead alders had fallen over and shaded the water--here the animal +squatted down in the stream. The raccoon was mostly submerged, its tail +was floating, and its back and the top of its head and snout were above +water. With most of its body under water, and with the maze of alder +logs above casting a broken pattern of light and shade, it was well +hidden. When closely pressed the raccoon hid in the same manner several +times before it disappeared up a rocky draw into the scrub oak brush. + +In the autumn of 1951, raccoons fed on grapes at the Sycamore Valley +Ranch one mile south of Devore. The one specimen (P. C.) saved, an old +male from 1/2 mi. W Palmer Canyon, had remains of beetles in its stomach +and weighed slightly more than 13 pounds. + + +Family MUSTELIDAE + + +=Mustela frenata latirostra= Hall + +Long-tailed Weasel + +Several weasels were found dead on roads in the coastal sage belt near +San Antonio and Lytle canyons. + + +=Taxidea taxus neglecta= Mearns + +Badger + +I found no sign of badgers on the Pacific slope of the range, but James +Wolfort, employed by the state Fish and Game Commission to trap coyotes, +reported that in 1948 he trapped also several badgers at the coastal +foot of the range in the San Fernando Valley area which is west of the +study area. + + +=Taxidea taxus berlandieri= Baird + +Badger + +Many old badger diggings were found in the Joshua tree woodland and +pinyon-juniper associations of the desert slope, but none of the animals +was observed nor were specimens secured. Mr. E. A. Eberle who has +trapped for many winters in the vicinity of Mescal Canyon stated that he +caught badgers occasionally. + +I examined the skin of a badger taken at Llano which showed the +characteristic paleness of the desert subspecies _berlandieri_. + + +=Mephitis mephitis holzneri= Mearns + +Striped Skunk + +The populations of striped skunks in the San Gabriels center around +cultivated land at the Pacific foot of the range. Citrus groves, grape +vineyards, and areas once cleared by man are preferred to coastal +sagebrush flats. The cultivated areas now probably support many more +skunks than were there under original conditions. I have many sight +records of striped skunks which I obtained while driving through the +citrus groves at night. Only once was the striped skunk noted in the +chaparral; all the other records were from the coastal sagebrush belt. + +In addition to insects and small mammals, grapes are eaten regularly by +skunks in vineyards, and the fruit of the prickly-pear cactus is often +eaten. Near the mouth of Thompson Canyon feces examined in October 1948, +contained almost exclusively the remains of prickly-pear fruit. + +A male taken one-half mile south of Devore weighed five pounds and four +ounces. + + _Specimens examined_, 2: San Bernardino County: 1/2 mi. S + Devore, 2200 ft., 1. Los Angeles County: 3 mi. N Claremont, 1500 + ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Spilogale gracilis microrhina= Hall + +Spotted Skunk + +Spotted skunks are common locally in the coastal sage scrub association +and lower chaparral association on the coastal face of the mountains, +mainly between 1000 and 4000 feet elevation; but they have been reported +from Icehouse Canyon at 5000 feet, and I took one above the mouth of +this canyon at 5500 feet elevation. A few spotted skunks may inhabit the +lower desert slope of the mountains; here feces thought to be those of +spotted skunks have been found, and a bobcat trapped near the head of +Grandview Canyon smelled strongly of skunk. + +The spotted skunk usually was in rocky habitats. In the sage flats, sign +(mostly feces and tracks) usually was near rock piles and around human +developments such as rock walls, old outbuildings and houses. Specimens +taken in the chaparral were trapped near granite outcroppings. + +In the autumn of 1950, at my house near the mouth of Palmer Canyon, a +family of spotted skunks lived under the floors. Night after night they +scratched under the floor and chattered in high-pitched rasping notes, +and on several evenings one walked complacently into the living room. It +finally became necessary to trap and deport most of these skunks. In +all, nine skunks were trapped; these probably represented more than the +original residents. One male was descented and allowed to remain. It +spent most of the daylight hours asleep in an old shower room where the +many gaps between the rock work and the boards allowed him entrance. +Through no special efforts on our part he became tame enough to climb +over us in order to get food left on the kitchen sink, and he would eat +calmly while we sat only inches away from him. + +Feces from sage areas contained mostly remains of insects and small +rodents whereas many samples of feces from chaparral areas contained, in +addition, shells of snails. Feces examined represent all months of the +year. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: mouth of San Antonio + Canyon, 2 (PC). + + +Family CANIDAE + + +=Canis latrans ochropus= Eschscholtz + +Coyote + +Coyotes inhabit the sagebrush flats and foothills up to at least 4000 +feet all along the Pacific base of the San Gabriels. This species seems +most common at the foot of the range where large dry washes prevent +man from occupying the land immediately adjacent to the foothills, and +are the dominant carnivores of the coastal sage belt. Repeated +observations have indicated that although many individuals range into +the higher foothills they seldom are found deep in the major canyons or +chaparral slopes. Coyotes rarely occur at 3000 or 4000 feet in San +Antonio Canyon where it cuts into the realm of heavy chaparral; yet on +steep foothill slopes and ridges, which are adjacent to the flat land, +these animals range up to at least 4000 feet. Being hunters primarily of +rather open land many coyotes go into the foothills only to find daytime +refuge, traveling down dirt roads, ridges, and firebreaks, to forage at +night in the sage flats. Coyote feces from the foothills, at about 3500 +feet, contained predominantly the remains of such food items as +cottontails, chickens, and jack rabbits. These animals could have been +found only in the flats. This is additional evidence that coyotes do the +major part of their hunting at the base of the range. + +Observations of coyote tracks and trapping records have shown that these +animals hunt mostly in the more open parts of the sage flats. Coyotes +frequent areas of scattered brush, sandy areas, wash channels, and old +roads, and seemingly shun dense brush. Many coyotes actually hunt for +rabbits in the citrus groves near the foothills. On several evenings I +traced their howling to orange groves, and Mr. Kenneth Hill of Upland +told me of often seeing coyotes in his orange groves at night. + +The forage beats of several coyotes were discovered in connection with +trapping specimens of these animals. In January, 1952, two coyotes, +probably a mated pair, traveled nightly from the slopes immediately west +of Evey Canyon, at about 3100 feet, down into the sagebrush adjacent to +the west side of San Antonio Wash, at about 1700 feet elevation. The +route led down open ridges, then for about one half mile across a level, +cultivated plateau, and then swung over the eroded banks near the +lowermost point of the plateau onto the level sage flats. The distance +covered by this route from the foothills down to the flats was somewhat +more than a mile, with about a 1400 foot difference in elevation between +the daytime retreat and the nocturnal forage area. Another route, +seemingly used by only one coyote, was somewhat longer. This animal +followed fire breaks and ridges from above Thompson Canyon down onto a +fire road, and then into the lower end of Palmer Canyon where it entered +the flats. This route covered about three miles in coming from the +foothills to the flats. Feces of this coyote often contained the +remains of white leghorn chickens which had been found at a refuse pile +near several chicken ranches one-half mile from the base of Palmer +Canyon. + +Although no definite idea could be gained of the population density of +coyotes in the area, it was clear that in certain localities they were, +as carnivores go, abundant. After one large male was obtained in the +flats at the base of Cobal Canyon, at least two other individuals were +heard howling in this immediate area, and their tracks were noted +repeatedly on dirt roads. One night early in January, 1952, immediately +west of the head of San Antonio Wash, the voices of six coyotes could be +picked out separately from a chorus of coyote howls which came from +several different directions in the wash. + +Many field examinations of coyote feces left the impression that +chickens and lagomorphs made up the bulk of the coyote's food on the +coastal slope. To check this a study of 39 sets of scats collected at +various localities on the coastal slope was made in the laboratory, the +results being shown in Table 10. Remains of one of the three species of +rabbits, cottontails, jack rabbits, or brush rabbits, occurred in 72 per +cent of the feces examined. Cottontails, it will be noted, were preyed +upon more heavily than any other wild species, remains of this form +being found in 33 per cent of the feces. The prevalence of chicken +remains in coyote feces does not imply that these animals were killed by +the coyotes. All of the chickens could have been found dead in the +refuse piles of the many chicken ranches. In addition, the chickens were +raised in wire cages above the ground where they were nearly +invulnerable to predation. That coyotes may at times kill deer in this +area was suggested by the finding of tracks in the sand in San Antonio +Wash which clearly indicated that a deer had been closely pursued by a +coyote. The tracks were lost in a stretch of brush so the outcome of the +chase could not be determined. Near the mouth of Lytle Creek Canyon, in +November, 1951, coyote feces contained mostly remains of grapes from +nearby vineyards. Also, above Cucamonga, coyotes were found to be +feeding heavily on grapes. This must be a rather unsuitable form of +nourishment for coyotes, for many of the grapes in the feces appeared +nearly unaltered despite their trip through the alimentary canal. + +TABLE 10.--RESULTS OF EXAMINATIONS OF THIRTY-NINE SETS OF COYOTE FECES +FROM THE PACIFIC SLOPE OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. FECES WERE +DEPOSITED IN AUTUMN AND WINTER (SEPTEMBER TO FEBRUARY). + +=================================================================== + | Number of | + | sets of feces | Percentages + Food item | which contained | of occurrence[A] + | food item | +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +chicken | 18 | 46.2 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Sylvilagus audubonii | 13 | 33.3 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Lepus californicus | 10 | 25.6 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Sylvilagus bachmani | 5 | 12.8 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Odocoileus hemionus | 5 | 12.8 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +rodents (unidentified) | 5 | 12.8 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Dipodomys agilis | 4 | 10.3 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Neotoma species | 3 | 7.7 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Mephitis mephitis | 3 | 7.7 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Carrion beetle | 2 | 5.1 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +passerine bird | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +bot fly larva | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +snail shell | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +scorpion | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Jerusalem cricket | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +sheep hair | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Lynx rufus | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Kitten of wildcat or housecat | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Lophortyx californica | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +grapes | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +grass | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ + +[Footnote A: This is an expression, in percentage, of the number of sets +of feces which contained the particular food item out of the total of +thirty-nine sets examined.] + +The six coyotes taken on the Pacific slope are fairly uniform in +coloration; the occurrence of white tipping on the tails of most of the +specimens, instead of the usual solid black tip, is notable. Three +skins, those of a male and two females, have patches of white hairs at +the tips of the tails; two skins, of a male and a female, show only +scattered white hairs at the tips of the tails; and the skin of one +female has a solidly black-tipped tail. An additional female, trapped +by David Leighton in Thompson Canyon, had a large patch of white hairs +at the tip of the tail. Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale (1937:501) mention +that only an occasional individual (female?) has a white-tipped tail. + +Weights are available for four specimens: two coyotes trapped in San +Antonio Wash, a male and a female, weighed 20.5 and 23.2 pounds +respectively; a female from the mouth of San Antonio Canyon weighed 21.6 +pounds; and a large male from the mouth of Thompson Canyon weighed 29.3 +pounds. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Live Oak Canyon, 3000 ft., 1; mouth of San + Antonio Canyon, 2000 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1600 ft., 2; 4 + mi. NE Claremont, 1600 ft., 1; 3 mi. NE Claremont, 1600 ft., 1. + +TABLE 11.--CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF CANIS LATRANS OCHROPUS FROM THE +COASTAL SLOPE OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. + +====================================================================== + | Four females | Two males + | Averages Extremes | Averages Extremes +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Condylobasal length | 180.67 174.2-183.3 | 188.35 179.2-197.5 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Palatal length | 91.57 88.0-95.0 | 97.15 91.6-102.7 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Zygomatic breadth | 90.15 88.9-92.0 | 95.60 88.8-102.5 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Interorbital breadth | 29.12 27.9-29.9 | 31.45 28.1-34.8 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Length of | | +maxillary toothrow | 85.00 80.4-89.80 | 88.00 83.4-92.6 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Length of | | +upper carnassial | 18.30 17.8-19.0 | 18.70 18.1-19.3 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- + + +=Canis latrans mearnsi= Merriam + +Coyote + +Coyotes are common on the desert slope of the San Gabriels below about +6000 feet elevation. They seem not, or only rarely, to penetrate the +yellow pine forest belt, but tracks have been found occasionally near +the lower edge of the forest, as at the head of Mescal Canyon. In the +more open parts of the pinyon-juniper association, sign of coyotes was +noted and they were the dominant carnivores in the juniper belt and +Joshua tree woodland. + +In the upper part of the pinyon-juniper association coyotes travel and +forage in sage flats, along ridges, and in sandy draws, avoiding the +extensive patches of scrub oak and mountain mahogany, and the steep, +rocky, pinyon-covered slopes. It is apparent that the local ranges of +the coyote and the gray fox in the pinyon-juniper belt are +complementary, the gray fox keeping to the more thickly wooded or brushy +parts of the area, and the coyote staying in the relatively open +sections. Probably there is little competition for food there between +these two canids. + +As evidenced by tracks, coyotes commonly traveled and hunted along +desert washes, probably because of the larger population of rodents and +rabbits there. Below Graham Canyon three fairly recently inhabited dens +of coyotes were found in the cutbanks at the edge of a dry wash in +December of 1951. The cutbanks were six to ten feet high, and the dens +were dug into the banks about three feet above the floor of the wash. + +On the evening of October 20, 1948, near Desert Springs, Steven M. +Jacobs and I set out a line of fifty wooden live traps for kangaroo +rats. That night we slept about 300 yards from the middle of the line +which was roughly three quarters of a mile long. When we tended the +traps the next morning we found the tracks of a coyote over our own +tracks of the previous day, and the first trap that had seemingly held a +kangaroo rat was chewed and dragged for about fifty feet. Each trap that +had held a rodent had been turned upside down so that the door had +opened. At one point in the line where we had walked for about two +hundred yards without setting a trap the coyote had followed every twist +and turn of our trail. The animal had followed out the entire trap line +and removed approximately eight rodents from the traps, reducing our +take to one _Dipodomys_ and one _Peromyscus_. + +Examinations of feces showed that in the period from 1948 to 1952, while +populations of jack rabbits were low in the Mojave Desert, the coyotes +had fed extensively on smaller mammals such as kangaroo rats, and to +some extent on fruit. By contrasting the present food habits of coyotes +on the desert and coastal slopes of the mountains support is afforded +for Errington's (1937:243) statement that predation is "a by-product of +population." On the desert slope, with low populations of rabbits, the +coyotes have turned to lesser species of prey; while on the Pacific +slope, where populations of rabbits were high, the rabbits made up the +major portion of the coyote's diet. On the desert slope, remains of the +following food items were identified from coyote feces: kangaroo rats, +mule deer, jack rabbits, passerine bird, manzanita and juniper fruit, +beetles, grapes and apples. Near Valyermo, coyote feces were composed +mostly of apples from nearby orchards. A female coyote killed below +Grandview Canyon had its stomach and intestines stuffed with apples in +large chunks. In the juniper belt, berries of juniper were often eaten +by coyotes. + +The three specimens of coyotes from the desert slope are clearly +referable to the desert race _C. l. mearnsi_, both with regard to +cranial and pelage characteristics. Although I collected no specimens +from Cajon Pass or the passes at the west end of the range, it is in +these places that intergradation might be expected to occur between the +desert race _C. l. mearnsi_ and the coastal and valley subspecies _C. l. +ochropus_, as the higher parts of the San Gabriels seem to constitute a +barrier to coyotes. + +A subadult female coyote taken in the Joshua tree belt near Graham +Canyon weighed 20.8 pounds. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 2 mi. S + Llano, 3600 ft., 3 (2 PC). + + +=Vulpes macrotis arsipus= Elliot + +Kit Fox + +The kit fox barely enters the area under consideration. In the Joshua +tree belt, below about 3500 feet elevation, tracks were most often noted +in washes and on the adjacent sandy ground. The highest place where +tracks were seen was a small sandy draw below the mouth of Graham Canyon +at an altitude of roughly 3900 feet. + +In the Joshua tree belt many old burrows were found but none was +occupied. I believe these foxes are returning to this area where once +they were common. In the winter of 1948 no sign of kit foxes was found, +although intensive field work was done in the Joshua tree belt in the +Mescal Canyon area. In December of 1951, in the same locality, sign was +obvious and an individual was trapped below Grandview Canyon at 3500 +feet elevation. Possibly since the use of poison for carnivores has been +discontinued in this district the foxes are repopulating the area. + +The one specimen taken, a sub-adult female, weighed two pounds and +fourteen ounces. + + _Specimen examined._--Los Angeles Co.: 6 mi. E & 1 mi. S Llano, + 3500 ft., 1. + + +=Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus= Mearns + +Gray Fox + +The gray fox is widely distributed in the San Gabriel Mountains, +occurring on both slopes of the range wherever extensive tracts of +chaparral are present. They reach maximum abundance in the chaparral +association of the coastal slope. Individuals have been observed +occasionally at night in coastal sage areas at the Pacific foot of the +mountains; however they seem to be less common here and probably come +out of the adjacent chaparral to forage in the flats at night. Gray +foxes occur all the way up the Pacific slope into the yellow pine +woodland at 7500 feet, and from 6200 feet elevation on the desert slope +down to the upper limit of the Joshua trees as, for example, near Mescal +Canyon at 4700 feet. + +On the Pacific face of the mountains the gray fox probably is the +dominant carnivore in terms of its effect on prey species, first, +because of its abundance, and second, because of its forage habits. Some +appreciation of the abundance of the gray fox may be gained from +trapping records. On a fire road at the head of Thompson Canyon, at 2500 +feet, two settings of traps about one-quarter mile apart were maintained +for four nights. In this time four gray foxes were trapped. At the head +of Cow Canyon, at 4500 feet, one trap set on a deer trail caught five +gray foxes in five nights. At the end of this time fox tracks were noted +about 100 yards away from the set, and another fox was trapped about one +quarter mile away. In addition to their abundance, the forage habits of +gray foxes are such as to bring them into most habitats present in the +chaparral association. Tracks and feces indicate that foxes forage under +dense brush, on open rocky ridges, in riparian growth, on talus slopes, +and in groves of big cone-spruce and scrub oak. + +Trapped foxes, if uninjured by the trap, were usually released. One fox +was released on a small trail through thick vegetation consisting mainly +of snowbrush. When freed, the fox whirled and darted through a patch of +snowbrush for about seventy-five feet, then turned and disappeared +beneath some large bay trees. Although the brush through which it ran +was dense, the fox seemed to run at full speed. The success of gray +foxes as predators in the chaparral is probably due in large measure to +their agility amid dense cover. + +The three specimens from the desert slope are referable to the coastal +subspecies, _U. c. californicus_, rather than the desert subspecies, _U. +c. scottii_. In all respects they resemble foxes taken on the Pacific +slope; cranial measurements are near the maximum for the large _U. c. +californicus_, and not small as would be expected if they were grading +toward the smaller _U. c. scottii_. Floors of desert valleys north of +the San Gabriel Mountains probably isolated foxes there from _U. c. +scottii_ found in the higher ranges of the Mojave Desert. Consequently +one would expect no intergradation between the coastal and desert races +in the San Gabriel Mountains. + +An old female trapped on March 18,1951, in San Antonio Canyon, had three +embryos each about 105 mm. long from rump to crown, and weighed 9.2 lbs. +The average weight of four non-pregnant females was 6.8 lbs., whereas +the average of six males was 7.5 lbs. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; 4 mi. E Valyermo, + 5200 ft., 2; Cow Canyon, 4500 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 3000 + ft., 1; Thompson Canyon, 2500 ft., 2 (PC); 1/2 mi. W Palmer + Canyon, 2000 ft., 3 (PC). + + +Family FELIDAE + + +=Lynx rufus californicus= Mearns + +Wildcat + +Wildcats range over the whole of the San Gabriel Range, with the +possible exception of the tops of the highest peaks such as Mt. San +Antonio and Mt. Baden Powell. Sign of these animals has been observed, +or specimens have been taken, from the coastal sage belt up to about +8500 feet in the yellow pine forests on Blue Ridge. The subspecies +_baileyi_ occurs on the desert slope of the range. + +Wildcats are most common in the chaparral belt where they forage widely +from the ridges down into the canyons. Judging from trapping records +bobcats are not so common here as the gray fox. + +Bobcats occur in the sage belt, where they are most common in the broken +country around washes and in brushy areas. Although bobcats and coyotes +occupy the same general areas here, the habitat preferences of these +animals seem to be different, with coyotes occupying the more open +country. An indication of the hunting habits of bobcats is furnished by +the occurrence of masses of prickly-pear thorns beneath the skin of the +legs, particularly the forelegs, of three specimens trapped in the sage +belt. These thorns probably were acquired while the bobcats foraged for +woodrats or cottontails in the patches of prickly-pear, which are +locally abundant in the sage belt. + +On March 12, 1951, a small subadult female bobcat, trapped at 4000 feet +in San Antonio Canyon, was found dead in the trap and had numerous deep +cuts around its head and shoulders, and severe bruises on the right +shoulder. The spacing of the cuts, and the tracks around the set, +indicated that while held in the trap this animal had fought with a +second bobcat that had inflicted the fatal wounds. It seems unlikely +that the fight was caused by a male attempting to copulate with the +female held in the trap, for the female was found to be carrying an +embryo. + +In Live Oak Canyon, in December, 1950, tracks and bits of fur indicated +that a bobcat had killed and eaten a gray squirrel. Remains of +cottontails were found in the stomachs of two bobcats. All six bobcats +from the Pacific slope had nematode worms in the pyloric end of the +stomach. + +Two females obtained on March 12 and 19, 1951, each had one embryo +approximately one inch long (rump to crown). + +The following list gives the weight of each of the specimens from the +Pacific slope of the San Gabriels. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 8, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 4000 ft., 1; San Antonio + Canyon, 3200 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft., 2; Thompson + Canyon, 1800 ft., 1; 3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft., 2; Little + Dalton Canyon, 1500 ft., 1 (PC). + +TABLE 12.--WEIGHTS OF LYNX RUFUS CALIFORNICUS FROM THE SAN GABRIEL +MOUNTAINS. + +===================================================================== + sex and age | locality | date | weight +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Female] ad. |3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft.|January 20, 1951|18.8 lbs. +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Female] sad.|4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft. |March 9, 1951 |12.5 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] ad. |Thompson Canyon, 1800 ft. |January 15, 1948|13.2 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] sad. |4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft. |January 26, 1951|11.3 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] ad. |3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft.|January 27, 1951|13.8 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] sad. |San Antonio Canyon, 4000 ft.|March 12, 1951 | 7.9 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] sad. |San Antonio Canyon, 3200 ft.|March 17, 1951 |11.2 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- + + +=Lynx rufus baileyi= Merriam + +Wildcat + +This subspecies is widely distributed on the desert slope of the range, +and was recorded down to the lower edge of the juniper belt. Tracks were +observed on many occasions in yellow pine forest, but wildcats seemed to +be commonest in the brushy parts of the pinyon-juniper association. Two +were trapped in small draws lined with pinyons and scrub oak, and two +at the base of rocky pinyon-covered slopes. Only occasionally were +tracks noted in the lower part of the juniper belt. Bobcats are most +numerous where woodrats also reach peak abundance, suggesting that +woodrats are a major food. + +The four specimens from the desert slope, although exhibiting a wide +range of variation, are all representatives of the desert race +_baileyi_. A yearling male from near the head of Grandview Canyon, at +5200 feet elevation, has the profuse black spotting of the subspecies +_californicus_, but the general pallor dorsally is characteristic of the +desert subspecies. An adult female, from 4700 feet elevation in Graham +Canyon, shows the double mid-dorsal black line and the distinct black +markings around the face characteristic of _californicus_, but is +otherwise pale with reduced black patterns on the backs of the ears. The +other two specimens, an adult male and a yearling female, are typical +examples of _baileyi_, pale, and with reduced black markings. None of +the specimens of bobcats from the coastal slope of the mountains showed +characters approaching those of _baileyi_. It seems, therefore, that +these two subspecies intergrade on the interior slope of the range. + +A yearling male weighed 12 pounds, and a yearling female weighed 10.5 +pounds. An old male weighed 19.6 pounds, and an adult female weighed +15.1 pounds. + +Remains of deer were in two of the bobcat stomachs, and one of these +stomachs also contained jack rabbit remains. Approximately a dozen +nematodes (stomach worms) were in the stomach of one of the larger male +specimens. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 4, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; Graham Canyon, 4700 + ft., 1; Grandview Canyon, 5200 ft., 2. + + +=Felis concolor californica= May + +Mountain Lion + +Several cabin owners near the mouth of Icehouse Canyon reported seeing a +lion in that area in 1950, and others said they saw huge cat tracks in +Icehouse Canyon. State Trapper James Wolfort reported that he trapped +two lions on the coastal face of the range in 1947. Authentic reports +indicate that mountain lions occur in remote sections on both slopes of +the range, and in these areas mountain lions probably are as common as +they ever were. + + +Family CERVIDAE + + +=Odocoileus hemionus californicus= (Caton) + +Mule Deer + +Mule deer are common in chaparral areas on both slopes of the San +Gabriel Mountains. The animals or their tracks have been observed from +the coastal sagebrush flats up to about 9200 feet on Mount San Antonio, +and on the desert slope down to the lower limit of the juniper belt. + +Deer are plentiful in the upper chaparral belt, and large bands are +often noted there in spring. These bands may form in the up-mountain +migration and reoccupation of areas which were covered by winter snows. +A band of fourteen was observed on March 17, 1951, one mile east of the +mouth of Cattle Canyon, and bands of about half a dozen individuals each +were often noted in March, 1951, at the base of Icehouse Canyon. +Cronemiller and Bartholomew (1950) gave a good account of the mule deer +in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. + +On Blue Ridge in the fall of 1951, deer were plentiful, usually being +observed near patches of snowbrush and sage. They were seldom found in +the coniferous forests. On November 6, 1951, while tending a line of +snap traps before sunup, I startled a deer from its bed at one edge of a +several-acre patch of snowbrush. In synchrony with the noise made by +this deer's rising five other deer in various parts of the brush patch +leaped up and made off. When bedded down in these extensive brush tracts +deer are probably safe from an undetected approach, for a noiseless +approach through the brush is impossible. + +Two deer skulls from the San Gabriels were examined: that of an adult +male from Evey Canyon, and that of an adult female from the mouth of +Palmer Canyon. Using as a basis for comparison the cranial measurements +for the subspecies _californicus_ and _fuliginatus_ given by Cowan +(1933:326), these skulls were subspecies _californicus_. In none of the +cranial characteristics considered did they tend toward the southern +race _fuliginatus_. A young adult male, however, which was killed by a +car near Cajon Pass on October 2, 1951, showed pelage characteristics of +_fuliginatus_. Its fresh winter pelage was dark, and had the distinct +black mid-dorsal line and the broad dorsal line on the tail mentioned by +Cowan (_ibid._) as distinguishing marks of the race _fuliginatus_. Its +cranial measurements were not taken. Judging from this limited material +the deer in the central part of the range, that is to say, in the San +Antonio Canyon region, are of the race _californicus_, while +_fuliginatus_ may penetrate the extreme eastern end of the range. + +Deer hair and bones were often found in coyote feces from the sagebrush +belt. Some of these records may represent deer eaten as carrion. On +February 6, 1952, tracks across a sandy channel in San Antonio Wash +demonstrated that a deer had been closely pursued by a coyote. The deer +had leaped from a cutbank onto the sand, had whirled around in several +sharp turns, and had run into the adjacent brush. The tracks of a +running coyote followed every twist of the deer's trail. The trail was +followed into the brush where it was lost. Two bobcats trapped near +Graham Canyon on the desert slope had hair and bones of deer in their +stomachs. + + _Specimens examined_, 2: Los Angeles County: Evey Canyon, 2100 + ft., 1 (PC); Palmer Canyon, 1900 ft., 1 (PC). + + +Family BOVIDAE + + +=Ovis canadensis nelsoni= Merriam + +Bighorn + +Bands of bighorn sheep occur on some of the higher and more rugged peaks +of the San Gabriel Mountains. Although I never sighted the animals +themselves, I have seen abundant signs of their presence on the ridge +sloping west from Telegraph Peak at about 9000 feet elevation. Several +bands reportedly range in the head of San Antonio Canyon, and to the +south on Telegraph, Ontario, and Cucamonga peaks. The sheep usually stay +in the higher sections of the range, generally above about 7000 feet +elevation. According to district Ranger A. Lewis some bighorns summer in +the lower East Fork of San Gabriel Canyon. The subspecific status of the +bighorns in the San Gabriel Mountains has not been definitely +determined. Following Grinnell (1933:211) they are here referred to +_nelsoni_. If the band can be preserved without introduction of "alien" +stock, the United States Forest Service and the California Fish and Game +Commission will have registered an achievement that will be applauded by +all persons who are interested in American wildlife. + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +BENSON, S. B. + + 1930. Two new pocket mice, genus _Perognathus_, from the + Californias. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 32:449-454. + + 1949. The bat name _Myotis ruddi_ Silliman and von Bloeker, a + synonym of _Myotis volans longicrus_ (True). Jour. Mamm., + 30:48-50. + +BORELL, A. E. + + 1937. A new method of collecting bats. Jour. Mamm., 18:478-480. + +BURGHDUFF, A. E. + + 1935. Black bears released in southern California. California + Fish and Game, 21:83-84. + +BURT, W. H. + + 1932. The systematic status and geographic range of the San + Gabriel pocket gopher (_Thomomys bottae neglectus_ Bailey). + Jour. Mamm., 13:369-370. + +COWAN, I. MC. + + 1933. The mule deer of southern California and northern Lower + California as a recognizable race. Jour. Mamm., 14:326-327. + +CRONEMILLER, F. P., and BARTHOLOMEW, P. S. + + 1950. The California mule deer in chaparral forests. California + Fish and Game, 36:343-365, 7 figs. in text. + +ERRINGTON, P. L. + + 1937. What is the meaning of predation? Smithsonian Inst., Ann. + Rept., for 1936:243-252. + +GRINNELL, H. W. + + 1918. A synopsis of the bats of California. Univ. California + Publ. Zool., 17:223-404, pls. 14-24, 24 figs. in text. + +GRINNELL, J. + + 1908. The biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. Univ. California + Publ. Zool., 5:1-170, 24 pls. + + 1933. Review of the Recent mammal fauna of California. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 40:71-234. + +GRINNELL, J., DIXON, J., and LINSDALE, J. M. + + 1937. Fur-bearing mammals of California.... Univ. California + Press, 2 vols., xii + 375 pp., pls. 1-7, figs. 1-138, xiv + + 377-777 pp., pls. 8-13, figs. 139-345. + +GRINNELL, J., and SWARTH, H. S. + + 1913. An account of the birds and mammals of the San Jacinto Area + of southern California with remarks upon the behavior of + geographic races on the margins of their habitats. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 10:197-406, pls. 6-10, 3 figs. in + text. + +HALL, E. R. + + 1926. Systematic notes on the subspecies of _Bassariscus astutus_ + with description of one new form from California. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 30:39-50, pls. 2 and 3. + + 1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, xi + + 710, frontispiece, colored, 11 pls., 485 figs. in text, + unnumbered silhouettes. + +HOOPER, E. T. + + 1938. Geographical variation in woodrats of the species _Neotoma + fuscipes_. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 42:213-246, pls. + 7-8, 2 figs. in text. + +JACKSON, H. H. T. + + 1928. A taxonomic review of the American long-tailed shrews. N. + Amer. Fauna, 51:1-238, pls. 1-13, 24 figs. in text. + +MERRIAM, C. H. + + 1898. Life zones and crop zones of the United States. U. S. Dept. + Agr. Bur. Biol. Surv., Bull. 10:1-79, 1 map. + +MUNZ, P. A., and KECK, D. D. + + 1949. California plant communities. Al Aliso, 2:87-105, 4 pls. + +OAKESHOTT, G. B. + + 1937. Geology and mineral deposits of the western San Gabriel + Mountains, Los Angeles County. California Jour. Mines and + Geol., 33:215-249, 1 pl., 7 figs. in text. + +PEQUEGNAT, W. E. + + 1951. The biota of the Santa Ana Mountains. Jour. Entomol. and + Zool., 42:1-84. + +SANBORN, C. C. + + 1932. The bats of the genus _Eumops_. Jour. Mamm., 13:347-357. + +VAUGHAN, T. A. + + 1953. Unusual concentration of hoary bats. Jour. Mamm., 34:256. + +VON BLOEKER, J. C. + + 1932. Extensions of the ranges of pocket gophers in southern + California. Jour. Mamm., 13:76-77. + +WILLETT, G. + + 1944. Mammals of Los Angeles County. Los Angeles County Mus. Sci. + Ser., no. 9, Zool. no. 4, 26 pls. + + +_Transmitted July 20, 1954._ + + +[Illustration] + +25-5184 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + +Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain +this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas +Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a +particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the +Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There +is no provision for sale or this series by the University Library which +meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History which +meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request +copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate +number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying +the costs of wrapping and mailing. + +* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not +the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this +series, are as follows: + + Vol. 1. 1. The pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys) of Utah. By + Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-82, 1 figure in text. + August 15, 1946. + + 2. The systematic status of Eumeces pluvialis Cope, and + noteworthy records of other amphibians and reptiles + from Kansas and Oklahoma. By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. + 85-89. August 15, 1946. 5 3. The tadpoles of Bufo + cognatus Say. By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 93-96, 1 + figure in text. August 15, 1946. + + 4. Hybridization between two species of garter snakes. By + Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 97-100. August 15, 1946. + + 5. Selected records of reptiles and amphibians from + Kansas. By John Breukelman and Hobart M. Smith. Pp. + 101-112. August 15, 1946. + + 6. Kyphosis and other variations in soft-shelled turtles. + By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 117-124, 3 figures in text. + July 7, 1947. + + *7. Natural history of the prairie vole (Mammalian Genus + Microtus). By E. W. Jameson, Jr. Pp. 125-151, 4 + figures in text. October 6, 1947. + + 8. The postnatal development of two broods of great + horned owls (Bubo virginianus). By Donald F. + Hoffmeister and Henry W. Setzer. Pp. 157-173, 5 + figures in text. October 6, 1947. + + 9. Additions to the list of the birds of Louisiana. By + George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 177-192. November 7, 1947. + + 10. A check-list of the birds of Idaho. By M. Dale Arvey. + Pp. 193-216. November 29, 1947. + + 11. Subspeciation in pocket gophers of Kansas. By + Bernardo Villa R. and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 217-236, 2 + figures in text. November 29, 1947. + + 12. A new bat (Genus Myotis) from Mexico. By Walter W. + Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 237-244, 6 figures + in text. December 10, 1947. + + 13. Tadarida femorosacca (Merriam) in Tamaulipas, Mexico. + By Walter W. Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. + 245-248, 1 figure in text. December 10, 1947. + + 14. A new pocket gopher (Thomomys) and a new spiny pocket + mouse (Liomys) from Michoacan, Mexico. By E. Raymond + Hall and Bernardo Villa R. Pp. 249-256, 6 figures in + text. July 26, 1948. + + 15. A new hylid frog from eastern Mexico. By Edward H. + Taylor. Pp. 257-264, 1 figure in text. August 16, + 1948. + + 16. A new extinct emydid turtle from the Lower Pliocene + of Oklahoma. By Edwin C. Galbreath. Pp. 265-280, 1 + plate. August 16, 1948. + + 17. Pliocene and Pleistocene records of fossil turtles + from western Kansas and Oklahoma. By Edwin C. + Galbreath. Pp. 281-284. August 16, 1948. + + 18. A new species of heteromyid rodent from the Middle + Oligocene of northeastern Colorado with remarks on + the skull. By Edwin C. Galbreath. Pp. 285-300, 2 + plates. August 16, 1948. + + 19. Speciation in the Brazilian spiny rats (Genus + Proechimys, Family Echimyidae). By Joao Moojen. Pp. + 301-406, 140 figures in text. December 10, 1948. + + 20. Three new beavers from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant + and Harold S. Crane. Pp. 407-417, 7 figures in text. + December 24, 1948. + + 21. Two new meadow mice from Michoacan, Mexico. By E. + Raymond Hall. Pp. 423-427, 6 figures in text. + December 24, 1948. + + 22. An annotated check list of the mammals of Michoacan, + Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and Bernardo Villa R. Pp. + 431-472, 2 plates, 1 figure in text. December 27, + 1949. + + 23. Subspeciation in the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ordii. + By Henry W. Setzer. Pp. 473-573, 27 figures in text, + 7 tables. December 27, 1949. + + 24. Geographic range of the hooded skunk, Mephitis + macroura, with description of a new subspecies from + Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. + Pp. 575-580, 1 figure in text. January 20, 1950. + + 25. Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 referred to the + Genus Myotis. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. + Dalquest. Pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text. January 20, + 1950. + + 26. A synopsis of the American bats of the Genus + Pipistrellus. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. + Dalquest. Pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text. January 20, + 1950. + + Index. Pp. 605-638. + + + *Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. + Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948. + + + Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, + and distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 + figures in text. June 12, 1951. + + *2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of + birds. By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 + figures in text. June 29, 1951. + + 3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale + Arvey. Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. + October 10, 1951. + + 4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. + Lowery, Jr. and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 + figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951. + + Index. Pp. 651-681. + + + *Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. + 1-466, 41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, + 1951. + + + Vol. 5. 1. Preliminary survey of a Paleocene faunule from the + Angels Peak area, New Mexico. By Robert W. Wilson. + Pp. 1-11, 1 figure in text. February 24, 1951. + + 2. Two new moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas. + By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 17-24. February 28, 1951. + + 3. Two new pocket gophers from Wyoming and Colorado. By + E. Raymond Hall and H. Gordon Montague. Pp. 25-32. + February 28, 1951. + + 4. Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the + barrier beach of Tamaulipas, Mexico. By E. Raymond + Hall. Pp. 33-47, 1 figure in text. October 1, 1951. + + 5. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of some North American rabbits. By E. Raymond Hall + and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 49-58. October 1, 1951. + + 6. Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico + and Colorado. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 59-71, 1 figure + in text. October 1, 1951. + + 7. A new subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and + comments on Microtus canicandus Miller. By E. Raymond + Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 73-79. October 1, 1951. + + 8. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from eastern + Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 81-85. October 1, + 1951. + + 9. Mammals taken along the Alaskan Highway. By Rollin H. + Baker. Pp. 87-117. 1 figure in text. November 28, + 1951. + + *10. A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. By E. + Raymond Hall. Pp. 119-202. 68 figures in text. + December 15, 1951. + + 11. A new pocket mouse (Genus Perognathus) from Kansas. + By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 203-206. December 15, + 1951. + + 12. Mammals from Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. + Pp. 207-218. December 15, 1951. + + 13. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from Wyoming and + Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 219-222. December + 15, 1951. + + 14. A new name for the Mexican red bat. By E. Raymond + Hall. Pp. 223-226. December 15, 1951. + + 15. Taxonomic notes on Mexican bats of the Genus + Rhogeessa. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 227-232. April 10, + 1952. + + 16. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of some North American woodrats (Genus Neotoma). By + Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 233-242. April 10, 1952. + + 17. The subspecies of the Mexican red-bellied squirrel, + Sciurus aureogaster. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 243-250, + 1 figure in text. April 10, 1952. + + 18. Geographic range of Peromyscus melanophrys, with + description of new subspecies. By Rollin H. Baker. + Pp. 251-258, 1 figure in text. May 10, 1952. + + 19. A new chipmunk (Genus Eutamias) from the Black Hills. + By John A. White. Pp. 259-262. April 10, 1952. + + 20. A new pinon mouse (Peromyscus truei) from Durango, + Mexico. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 263-267. May 23, + 1952. + + 21. An annotated checklist of Nebraskan bats. By Olin L. + Webb and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 269-279. May 31, + 1952. + + 22. Geographic variation in red-backed mice (Genus + Clethrionomys) of the southern Rocky Mountain region. + By E. Lendell Cockrum and Kenneth L. Fitch. Pp. + 281-292, 1 figure in text. November 15, 1952. + + 23. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of North American microtines. By E. Raymond Hall and + E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 293-312. November 17, 1952. + + 24. The subspecific status of two Central American + sloths. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. + 313-317. November 21, 1952. + + 25. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of some North American marsupials, insectivores, and + carnivores. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. + Pp. 319-341. December 5, 1952. + + 26. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of some North American rodents. By E. Raymond Hall + and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 343-371. December 15, 1952. + + 27. A synopsis of the North American microtine rodents. + By E. Raymond Hall and E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. + 373-498, 149 figures in text. January 15, 1953. + + 28. The pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys) of Coahuila, + Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 499-514, 1 figure in + text. June 1, 1953. + + 29. Geographic distribution of the pocket mouse, + Perognathus fasciatus. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. + 515-526, 7 figures in text. August 1, 1953. + + 30. A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma mexicana) from + Colorado. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 527-534, 2 + figures in text. August 15, 1953. + + 31. Four new pocket gophers of the genus Cratogeomys from + Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 535-542. + October 15, 1953. + + 32. Genera and subgenera of chipmunks. By John A. White. + Pp. 543-561, 12 figures in text. December 1, 1953. + + 33. Taxonomy of the chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus + and Eutamias umbrinus. By John A. White. Pp. 563-582, + 6 figures in text. December 1, 1953. + + 34. Geographic distribution and taxonomy of the chipmunks + of Wyoming. By John A. White. Pp. 584-610, 3 figures + in text. December 1, 1953. + + 35. The baculum of the chipmunks of western North + America. By John A. White. Pp. 611-631, 19 figures in + text. December 1, 1953. + + 36. Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo + Leon, Mexico. By James S. Findley. Pp. 633-639. + December 1, 1953. + + 37. Seventeen species of bats recorded from Barro + Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. By E. Raymond + Hall and William B. Jackson. Pp. 641-646. December 1, + 1953. + + Index. Pp. 647-676. + + + *Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, _taxonomy and distribution_. + By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in + text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952. + + + Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, + 73 figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952. + + 2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in + northeastern Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. + Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text. August 24, + 1953. + + 3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. + By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. + February 15, 1954. + + 4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip + H. Krutzsch. Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 + tables. April 21, 1954. + + 5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker + and James S. Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954. + + 6. Distribution of some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox + Jones, Jr. Pp. 479-487. April 21, 1954. + + 7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse, Microtus + montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney + Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text. July 23, + 1954. + + 8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from + southeastern California and Arizona. By Terry A. + Vaughn. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954. + + 9. Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of California. By + Terry A. Vaughn. Pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig., 12 + tables. November 15, 1954. + + More numbers will appear in volume 7. + + + Vol. 8. 1. Life history and ecology of the five-lined skink, + Eumeces fasciatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 1-156, 2 + pls., 26 figs. in text, 17 tables. September 1, + 1954. + + More numbers will appear in volume 8. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains +of California, by Terry A. 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