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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/34848-8.txt b/34848-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1be8b86 --- /dev/null +++ b/34848-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4301 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of +California, by Terry A. Vaughan + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of California + +Author: Terry A. Vaughan + +Release Date: January 5, 2011 [EBook #34848] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF THE SAN GABRIEL *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph +Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: The following changes have been made to the +original text: + Page 520: "Pinus Lambertiana" changed to "Pinus lambertiana" + Page 531: "Virginia Opossom" changed to "Virginia Opossum" + Page 551: "4600 ft. 3" changed to "4600 ft., 3" + Page 555: "laural sumac" changed to "laurel sumac" + Page 566: "concealed itelf" changed to "concealed itself" + Page 582: "Oakshott, G. B." changed to "Oakeshott, G. B." + +Instances of inconsistent hyphenation have been preserved. + +In cases where tables were located in the middle of a paragraph, they +have been moved to the next paragraph break. This may affect at what +page number a table was originally located. + +The list of University of Kansas Publications was originally printed on +the front and back covers. For this version of the text, the list has +been combined and placed at the end of the text.] + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 7, No. 9, pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 12 tables + +November 15, 1954 + + + + +Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains +of California + + +BY +TERRY A. VAUGHAN + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1954 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 7, No. 9, pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 12 tables + +November 15, 1954 + + + + +Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains +of California + + +BY +TERRY A. VAUGHAN + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1954 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 7, No. 9, pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 12 tables +Published November 15, 1954 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE, KANSAS + + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1954 + +[Illustration] + +25-5184 + + + + +MAMMALS OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS OF CALIFORNIA + +by + +Terry A. Vaughan + + + + +CONTENTS + + PAGE + +INTRODUCTION 515 + +DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 516 + +BIOTIC PROVINCES AND ECOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS 518 + Coastal Sage Scrub Association 521 + Southern Oak Woodland Association 523 + Chaparral Association 524 + Yellow Pine Forest Association 526 + Pinyon-juniper Woodland Association 527 + Sagebrush Scrub Association 530 + Joshua Tree Woodland Association 530 + +ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES 531 + +LITERATURE CITED 581 + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +This paper presents the results of a study of the mammals of the San +Gabriel Mountains of southern California, and supplements the more +extensive reports on the biota of the San Bernardino Mountains by +Grinnell (1908), on the fauna of the San Jacinto Range by Grinnell and +Swarth (1913), and on the biota of the Santa Ana Mountains by Pequegnat +(1951). + +The primary objectives of my study were to determine the present +mammalian fauna of the San Gabriel Mountains, to ascertain the +geographic and ecologic range of each species, and to determine the +systematic status of the mammals. In addition, certain life history +observations have been recorded. + +Field work was done in the north-south cross section of the mountains +from San Gabriel Canyon on the west, to Cajon Wash on the east; and from +the gently sloping alluvium at the Pacific base of the mountains at +roughly 1000 feet elevation on the south, over the crest of the range to +the border of the Mojave Desert at an elevation of 3500 feet on the +north. Camps were established at many points in the area with the object +of collecting the mammals of each association and each habitat. Field +work was begun in the San Gabriels in November 1948, and was carried +on intermittently until March 1952. I was unable to carry on field work +in any summer. + + For advice and assistance in various ways I am grateful to Drs. + Willis E. Pequegnat, Walter P. Taylor, Henry S. Fitch, E. + Raymond Hall, Mr. Steven M. Jacobs and my wife, Hazel A. + Vaughan. + + More than 350 mammals were prepared as study specimens; most of + these are in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. + Approximately a fifth of them are in the collection of the + Department of Zoology at Pomona College, and a few are in the + University of Illinois Museum of Natural History. No symbol is + used to designate specimens in the University of Kansas Museum + of Natural History. Specimens from the Department of Zoology of + Pomona College and the University of Illinois Museum of Natural + History are designated by PC and IM, respectively. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Map of the San Gabriel Mountain area showing the +positions of places mentioned in the text.] + + + + +DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA + + +The San Gabriel Mountains are approximately sixty-six miles long, and +average twenty miles wide. The main axis of the range trends nearly east +and west, and extends from longitude 117°25' to longitude 118°30'. The +widest part of the range is bounded by latitude 34°7' and latitude +34°30'. + +The San Gabriel Mountains connect the Sierra Nevada with the Peninsular +Ranges of southern California and Baja California. On the west the San +Gabriels are bordered by the Tehachapi Mountains, which stretch +northeastward to meet the southern Sierra Nevada; to the east, beyond +Cajon Pass, the San Bernardino Mountains extend eastward and then curve +southward to the broad San Gorgonio Pass, from which the San Jacinto +Range stretches southeastward to merge with the Peninsular Ranges. + +The rocks comprising the major part of the San Gabriel Mountains +probably were intruded in Late Jurassic times, with severe metamorphic +activity taking place concurrently. A long period of erosion followed +after which deposition took place during much of the Tertiary. +Deformation and uplift beginning in Middle Miocene times resulted in the +formation of east-west-trending faults along both sides of the range. By +repeated movements along these faults the Late Jurassic crystalline +rocks were lifted above late Tertiary and Quaternary sediments and +elevated above the surrounding terrain. Continued uplifts in +post-Pleistocene time together with erosion in Recent times have shaped +the San Gabriel Mountains (Oakeshott, 1937). + +The alluvial slopes at the coastal base of the range give way to the +foothills at roughly 1800 feet elevation; whereas the Mojave Desert +merges with the interior foothills at elevations near 4000 feet. The +crest or drainage-divide of the range varies from 6000 to 8000 feet in +elevation, and many peaks are more than 8000 feet high. San Antonio +Peak, the highest peak of the range, rises to an altitude of 10,080 +feet. The mountains are characteristically steep and the slopes are +deeply carved by canyons, the larger of which have permanent streams. +The abruptness of the Pacific slope is in many places impressive. The +horizontal distance from the top of Cucamonga Peak, at an elevation of +8911 feet, to the base of the coastal foothills directly to the south, +at 2250 feet, an elevational difference of 6661 feet, is only 3.8 miles. +From the base of Evey Canyon, at 2250 feet, to an unnamed peak to the +northwest with an elevation of 5420 feet, the horizontal distance is 2.1 +miles. Because of the steep, rocky nature of many of the slopes and the +lack of soil on them, vegetation may be sparse even at high elevations. +There are few meadows in the mountains. + +Because the San Gabriels stand approximately thirty miles from the +Pacific Ocean and are a partial barrier to Pacific air masses sweeping +inland, the desert side and the coastal side of the range differ +climatically. The coastal slope receives much heavier precipitation than +the desert slope. The precipitation, for 1951, of 25.36 inches recorded +at the mouth of San Antonio Canyon on the Pacific slope contrasts with +7.17 inches recorded at Valyermo at the desert base. Nearly all of the +precipitation comes in winter. The higher parts of the range, above +approximately 5000 feet, receive much of their mid-winter precipitation +in the form of snow. Snow often extends down the desert slope well into +the Joshua Tree belt. When there are heavy winter rains the channels of +the usually dry washes are filled with rushing, turbid water. There are +striking differences in temperature between the two sides of the range +and between the lower elevations of the mountains and the higher parts. +For example, in December 1951, the mean temperature at the base of San +Antonio Canyon (2225 feet) at the coastal foot of the range was 55.4°F, +while at Llano (3764 feet) at the desert base it was 43.7°F. In this +same year the December mean for Table Mountain (7500 feet), on the +desert slope, was 33.4°F. The temperature means for July, 1951, at San +Antonio Canyon, Llano, and Table Mountain, were 77.3°F, 82.1°F, and +69.2°F respectively. The weather records for 1951 were used for +illustration because average temperature and average precipitation for +many other years are lacking for most of the weather stations in the +area. There is an important difference in the humidity on the two sides +of the range, but actual data are not available. At certain times, +especially in spring, fog banks moving in from the Pacific Ocean +frequently blanket the coastal base of the mountains and the foothills. +On such days the fog generally "burns off" in the morning, but may +persist into the afternoon or throughout the day. Never in my experience +has fog spilled over the main part of the range far onto the desert +slope, although the fog may push through the lower passes to be +dissipated quickly in the dry desert atmosphere. The obvious differences +in the biota on the two sides of the range are probably due to the +contrasting climates. + + + + +BIOTIC PROVINCES AND ECOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS + + +Because of the elevational extremes and attendant climatic contrasts in +the San Gabriel Mountains, there is a rather wide range of environmental +conditions. Four life-zones are represented: Lower Sonoran, Upper +Sonoran, Transition, and Canadian. Within these zones certain ecologic +communities can be recognized; these represent several biotic +provinces. Table 1 shows the relationships between the environmental +categories recognized by the writer in the San Gabriel Mountains. The +biotic province and ecologic community system is that developed by Munz +and Keck (1949), and the life-zone system is that of Merriam (1898). + +TABLE 1.--RELATIONS OF THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIES OF THE SAN +GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. + +======================================================================= +Biotic province | Plant community | Life-zone | Slope +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- + |1. Coastal sage scrub | Lower Sonoran | Pacific +Californian |2. Southern oak woodland | Upper Sonoran | Pacific + |3. Chaparral | Upper Sonoran | Pacific +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- +Sierran |4. Yellow pine forest and | Transition | Pacific + | limited areas of | Canadian | and + | boreal flora | | Desert +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- +Nevadan |5. Sagebrush scrub | Transition | Desert + | | Upper Sonoran | +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- +Southern Desert |6. Pinyon-juniper woodland| Upper Sonoran | Desert + |7. Joshua tree woodland | Lower Sonoran | Desert +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- + +The Californian Biotic Province dominates the biotic aspect of the +coastal slope of the range. Thirty-nine out of the seventy-two mammals +recorded from the San Gabriels are typical of this Province. The coastal +sage-flats at the Pacific base of the mountains and the vast tracts of +chaparral of the coastal slope are included in this Province. + +Forming a hiatus between the Pacific and the desert slope is the Sierran +Biotic Province consisting of coniferous forests on the crest of the +range. The chipmunk (_Eutamias speciosus speciosus_) and the introduced +black bear (_Ursus americanus californiensis_) are the only two mammals +which can be considered typical of this area. On the higher peaks of the +range, such as Mount San Antonio and Mount Baden Powell, the Canadian +Life-zone is represented by certain boreal plants. + +At scattered points along the crest of the range and on the desert +slope, the Nevadan Biotic Province is represented by the sagebrush scrub +association. No mammals can be considered typical of this region. + +The Southern Desert Biotic Province occurs below 6000 feet elevation on +the interior slope of the range, and markedly influences the mammal +fauna of this slope. Twenty-one species of mammals are typical of this +Province. + +SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT + +_Pinus lambertiana_ Sugar Pine +_P. monophylla_ One-leaf Pinyon +_P. ponderosa_ Yellow Pine +_P. contorta_ Lodge-pole Pine +_Pseudotsuga macrocarpa_ Big-cone Spruce +_Abies concolor_ White Fir +_Libocedrus decurrens_ Incense-Cedar +_Juniperus californica_ Juniper +_Ephedra sp._ Desert-Tea +_Bromus sp._ Brome Grass +_Yucca Whipplei_ Spanish Bayonet +_Y. brevifolia_ Joshua Tree +_Salix sp._ Willow +_Alnus rhombifolia_ Alder +_Castanopsis sempervirens_ Chinquapin +_Quercus Kelloggii_ California Black Oak +_Q. agrifolia_ California Live Oak +_Q. dumosa_ Scrub Oak +_Eriogonum fasciculatum_ California Buckwheat +_Umbellularia californica_ Bay, California-laurel +_Ribes nevadense_ Gooseberry +_R. indecorum_ Currant +_R. Roezlii_ Currant +_Plantanus racemosa_ Sycamore +_Rubus vitifolius_ Western Blackberry +_Cercocarpus ledifolius_ Mountain Mahogany +_C. betuloides_ Mountain Mahogany +_Adenostoma fasciculatum_ Greasewood +_Purshia glandulosa_ Antelope-brush +_Prunus virginiana_ Choke Cherry +_P. ilicifolia_ Holly-leaved Cherry +_Larrea divaricata_ Creosote Bush +_Rhus diversiloba_ Poisonoak +_R. trilobata_ Squaw Bush +_R. laurina_ Laurel Sumac +_R. integrifolia_ Lemonadeberry +_R. ovata_ Sugarbush +_Rhamnus crocea_ Buckthorn +_Ceanothus sp._ Lilac +_C. cordulatus_ Snow-brush +_Fremontia californica_ California Slippery-elm +_Opuntia occidentalis_ Prickly-pear +_Arctostaphylos sp._ Manzanita +_Salvia mellifera_ Black Sage +_S. apiana_ White Sage +_Lycium Andersonii_ Box-thorn +_Haplopappus squarosus_ +_Chrysothamnus nauseosus_ Rabbitbrush +_Baccharis sp._ Mule Fat +_Franseria dumosa_ Burroweed +_Artemisia tridentata_ Basin Sagebrush +_A. californica_ Coastal Sagebrush +_Lepidospartum squamatum_ Scale-broom +_L. latisquamatum_ Scale-broom +_Tetradymia spinosa_ Cotton-thorn + + +Coastal Sage Scrub Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Artemisia californica_ +_Salvia apiana_ +_Salvia mellifera_ +_Eriogonum fasciculatum_ +_Rhus integrifolia_ +_Opuntia occidentalis_ +_Haploppapus squarrosus_ + +This association is restricted to the Pacific base of the range, is +typical on the alluvium at the bases of the coastal foothills, and +usually grades into the chaparral at about 1800 feet elevation. When +seen from above, the rather level terrain of the association is broken +sharply at the mouths of canyons by dry washes, and is limited below, to +the south, by cultivated land. The coastal sagebrush is the most +characteristic plant of this association, occurring in all undisturbed +parts of the area. + +There are several habitats within the coastal sage scrub association. +These differ from one another chiefly on the basis of soil type. The +soil of the rather level sageland in most places is rocky or gravelly, +or, as adjacent to washes, it is finely sandy in texture, and supports +the major plants of the association. Most of the eroded adobe banks at +the bases of the foothills support these same plants, with white sage +being the dominant species. Locally, as in damp hollows or cleared +areas, there is grassland. Jumbles of boulders, sand, gravel, and steep +cutbanks, are characteristic of the channels of dry washes, these areas +supporting sparse vegetation. The fauna and flora of the washes are +distinct from those of surrounding sage flats. Because they are included +within the geographic limits of the coastal sage belt, however, the +washes are discussed along with this association. + +The abruptness with which one habitat gives way to another in this +association causes sharp dividing lines between the local ranges of +certain mammals. For example, in trap lines transecting dry washes and +level sageland two assemblages of rodents were found. That part of the +line amid the boulders and cutbanks of the wash took mostly +_Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus_ and _Neotoma lepida intermedia_, while +_Perognathus fallax fallax_, _Dipodomys agilis agilis_, and _Peromyscus +maniculatus gambeli_ were taken in the adjacent sage flats. The steep +adobe slopes of the foothills, which constitute the upper part of the +coastal sage scrub association, are commonly inhabited by _Peromyscus +californicus insignis_, which rarely occurs in the level tracts of sage +a few yards away. Thus, this association is not homogeneous with regard +to its rodent population; many of these species have local and +discontinuous distributions. + +The following list gives the results of about 500 trap nights (a trap +night equals one trap set out for one night) in typical coastal +sage-scrub association one-half mile southwest of the mouth of San +Antonio Canyon, at 1700 feet elevation. + +TABLE 2.--YIELD OF 500 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE COASTAL SAGE SCRUB +ASSOCIATION. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax fallax | 31 | 30.7 +Dipodomys agilis agilis | 20 | 19.8 +Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus | 4 | 4.0 +Peromyscus californicus insignis | 4 | 4.0 +P. eremicus fraterculus | 7 | 6.9 +P. maniculatus gambeli | 20 | 19.8 +Neotoma lepida intermedia | 9 | 8.8 +N. fuscipes macrotis | 2 | 2.0 +Microtus californicus sanctidiegi | 4 | 4.0 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +The list below indicates the catch in 200 trap nights in San Antonio +Wash, at 1700 feet elevation and within the realm of the coastal sage; +all of the traps were set in rocky and sandy main channels of the wash. + +TABLE 3.--YIELD OF 200 TRAP-NIGHTS IN SAN ANTONIO WASH. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax fallax | 2 | 5.1 +Peromyscus californicus insignis | 2 | 5.1 +P. eremicus fraterculus | 26 | 66.7 +Neotoma lepida intermedia | 9 | 23.1 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +The prickly-pear cactus is of obvious importance to certain mammals of +the coastal sage belt. This cactus is most common in disturbed areas +such as sandy flats bordering washes, eroded adobe banks, and land once +cleared by man. In these areas it is often the dominant plant with +respect to area covered, usually growing in dense patches each covering +approximately 150 square feet. It provides substitute nesting sites for +_Neotoma lepida_ in areas devoid of rock piles, and is probably the +major factor governing the distribution of this wood rat in the +sageland. Cottontails and brush rabbits use prickly-pear cactus +extensively as refuge. Their forms and short burrows can be seen beneath +many of the clumps of cactus. + +This cactus serves as food for many mammals at least in the fruiting +period in the fall. Usually only the fruit is eaten, but some pads are +chewed by rabbits. The fruit or seeds of this plant are eaten by striped +skunks, gray foxes, coyotes, pocket mice, kangaroo rats, wood rats, and +probably white-footed mice. + +The coyote is the dominant carnivore of the coastal sage flats. Many +individuals spend the day in the adjacent chaparral-covered foothills +and travel down into the flats at night to forage. + + +Southern Oak Woodland Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Alnus rhombifolia_ +_Quercus agrifolia_ +_Ribes indecorum_ +_Rhus integrifolia_ +_Rhus ovata_ +_Rhus trilobata_ + +This association is limited to the Pacific slope of the mountain range, +occurs in the mouths of canyons and on the floors of canyons, and +extends up the larger canyons to 4000 feet elevation or higher. In a few +areas on the flats at the coastal base of the range the oaks replace the +coastal sage. + +The large oaks forming an overhead canopy and the lack of much +undergrowth give the oak woodland a shaded parklike appearance. Few +brushy or herbaceous plants grow in the mull-laden soil beneath the +oaks. Some grasses, however, are present locally. + +Two habitats are found in the oak woodland: the pure oak woodland and +the riparian. Much of the oak woodland is in canyons and therefore near +streams or seepages. The larger streams have bordering growths of +alders, willows, and blackberries, inhabited by meadow mice and shrews +that are normally absent from the adjacent oak woodland. NEOTOMA +FUSCIPES MACROTIS and PEROMYSCUS CALIFORNICUS INSIGNIS are commonly +found in the riparian habitat, and _Peromyscus boylii_ probably reaches +peak abundance in the stream-side thickets and tangles of plant debris. + +The rather open floor of the oak woodland is relatively devoid of mammal +life. _Peromyscus californicus_ and _Peromyscus boylii_, the only +ground-dwelling rodents commonly found here, usually are taken near the +limited areas of brushy growth, or the shelter afforded by logs and +fallen branches. The paucity of shelter for small mammals seems to be an +important factor limiting rodent populations in the oak woodland. + +In the foothills of the San Gabriels the gray squirrel is restricted to +the oak woodland, even though this association may be represented by +only a narrow strip of canyon bottom oak trees. The presence or absence +of "bridges" of oak woodland between mountains which are centers of gray +squirrel populations and nearby ranges has probably been a major factor +influencing the present geographic distribution of this animal. + +The raccoon is the most abundant carnivore of the oak woodland, being +especially common in the riparian habitat. + + +Chaparral Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Adenostoma fasciculatum_ +_Rhamnus crocea_ +_Quercus dumosa_ +_Cercocarpus betuloides_ +_Yucca Whipplei_ +_Prunus ilicifolia_ +_Ceanothus sp._ +_Arctostaphylos sp._ +_Umbellularia californica_ + +This association is characteristic of the Pacific slope of the San +Gabriels and extends from roughly 2000 feet elevation to 5000 or 6000 +feet elevation. The ecotone between the chaparral and yellow pine forest +associations covers a broad elevational belt, with chaparral following +dry slopes up into coniferous forests, and conifers extending down north +slopes surrounded by chaparral. + +The chaparral association is characterized by tracts of dense brushy +plants. These plants are from three to ten feet tall, their interlacing +branches often forming nearly impenetrable thickets. Typically little +herbaceous growth is present beneath the chaparral, the ground being +covered with varying amounts of mull. + +The effects of fire, slope, exposure, and elevation, make the chaparral +association extremely varied with regard to habitats or plant +formations. There are nearly pure stands of greasewood on the lower arid +slopes; scrub oak, sumac, and lilac clothe less dry exposures; scrub +oak and bay trees occur commonly amid granite talus; and locally groves +of bigcone-spruce are found. Because of the many habitats present, and +the difficulty of collecting in the chaparral, less was learned of the +ecology of the mammals in this association than of those occurring +elsewhere. The distribution of several chaparral-inhabiting mammals +seems to be influenced by the distribution of locally characteristic +plants, for example oak and bay woodland, or greasewood chaparral. + +Several habitats within the chaparral community support few species of +mammals and few individuals. Possibly the compact, rocky nature of the +soil limits burrowing rodents, and the lack of herbaceous growth limits +the food supply. Steep rocky slopes in San Antonio Canyon grown to +mountain-mahogany and scrub oak were sparsely populated by _Peromyscus +boylii rowleyi_, _Peromyscus californicus insignis_, and _Neotoma +fuscipes macrotis_. Fifty traps set on such a slope for one night caught +only three _Peromyscus_. Traps set in tracts of greasewood brush on dry +south slopes at the head of Cow Canyon produced only California mice, +_Peromyscus californicus insignis_ Rhoads. + +Following is a list of the mammals taken in the course of approximately +600 trap nights in the lower parts of the chaparral belt. All of the +traps were set on slopes in San Antonio Canyon below 4000 feet +elevation. The list gives a general indication of the relative numbers +of rodents inhabiting one chaparral habitat: the arid greasewood-covered +south slopes of the lower chaparral belt. + +TABLE 4.--YIELD OF 600 TRAP-NIGHTS IN GREASEWOOD CHAPARRAL. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus californicus dispar | 4 | 10.0 +Dipodomys agilis agilis | 4 | 10.0 +Peromyscus californicus insignis | 25 | 62.5 +Neotoma fuscipes macrotis | 7 | 17.5 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +Heteromyids are evidently absent from the upper parts of the chaparral +association, but cricetid rodents are common there beneath heavy clumps +of lilac and in the talus beneath oaks and bay trees. The following list +gives the mammals taken in the course of about 200 trap nights in the +granite talus one half mile northwest of the mouth of Icehouse Canyon, +at 5200 feet elevation. + +TABLE 5.--YIELD OF 200 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE UPPER PART OF THE CHAPARRAL +ASSOCIATION. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Eutamias merriami merriami | 3 | 6.3 +Peromyscus boylii rowleyi | 38 | 79.2 +Neotoma lepida intermedia | 2 | 4.2 +Neotoma fuscipes macrotis | 5 | 10.4 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +The gray fox is the dominant carnivore of the chaparral association and +forages widely in all habitats. + + +Yellow Pine Forest Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Pinus ponderosa_ +_P. lambertiana_ +_Libocedrus decurrens_ +_Abies concolor_ +_Quercus Kelloggii_ +_Ribes nevadense_ +_Ribes Roezlii_ +_Arctostaphylos sp._ +_Ceanothus cordulatus_ + +The crest of the range, from the upper limit of the chaparral +association at roughly 6000 feet to the limited areas of boreal flora +above 8500 feet elevation, is covered by yellow pine forests. On the +desert slope of the range the coniferous forests which extend down to +about 6000 feet represent the best development of this association, +while the coniferous forests on the coastal side of the drainage divide +are often more or less diluted by chaparral elements. For example, +yellow pines on the Pacific face of Blue Ridge at 7000 feet elevation +often grow in association with scrub oak and mountain-mahogany. + +Few mammals are resident in the typical yellow pine forest as +characterized by dense coniferous timber and little herbaceous or brushy +growth. Here most of the species recorded actually find optimal +conditions in an adjacent habitat. The forest probably harbors surplus +individuals from adjacent preferred habitats, or, as in the case of +chipmunks and ground squirrels, the forest often serves as forage ground +while nearby brushy areas are utilized for breeding and shelter. The +abundance of birds in the timber contrasts strikingly with the paucity +of mammals there. The lack of a seed-producing understory, and the open +duff-covered stretches of ground on which rodents would be extremely +vulnerable to predation, probably in part account for the scarcity of +rodents. + +Within the general area encompassed by the yellow pine forest there are +two major habitats, namely coniferous forest and chaparral. The +species of plants comprising the chaparral of the Transition Life-zone +are different from those comprising the chaparral of the Upper Sonoran +Life-zone on the Pacific slope. In the chaparral of the Transition +Life-zone, basin sagebrush and snowbrush grow in extensive patches in +clearings in the timber. Dense thickets of choke cherry cover many damp +hollows, and these thickets harbor the houses of _Neotoma fuscipes_. The +food and shelter afforded by these chaparral areas importantly influence +the local distribution of rodents: for example, _Dipodomys agilis_ and +_Perognathus californicus_ in the yellow pine area are found only in +association with chaparral, being completely absent from wooded areas. + +The severe winter weather in this association must force many of the +mammals into periods of inactivity. Probably during the long periods in +the winter when snow covers the ground the heteromyids and sciurids +remain below ground. + + +Pinyon-Juniper Woodland Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Pinus monophylla_ +_Juniperus californica_ +_Quercus dumosa var. turbinella_ +_Purshia glandulosa_ +_Fremontia californica_ +_Cercocarpus ledifolius_ +_Yucca Whipplei_ + +In the San Gabriel Mountains this association is limited to the desert +slope and reaches its lower limit at the bases of the foothills and +extends up to the lower edge of the yellow pine forests. The altitudinal +extent of the pinyon-juniper association is from roughly 4000 to 6000 +feet elevation. + +Several habitats are evident within the pinyon-juniper belt. On north +slopes in the upper part of this association, scattered stands of pinyon +pines are found with dense patches of scrub oak intervening, while on +other such slopes a dense chaparral is present, consisting primarily of +scrub oak, mountain-mahogany, and California slippery-elm. In this type +of chaparral several hundred trap nights yielded only two rodent +species: _Neotoma fuscipes simplex_ and _Peromyscus truei montipinoris_. +There are few pinyons on the south slopes, especially in the lower parts +of the association; many of these slopes are clothed with an open growth +of manzanita and yucca, while northern exposures there support mostly +scrub oak. Many of the flats of the pinyon belt are grown to basin +sagebrush. + +Following is a list of the mammals taken in about 400 trap nights at one +locality in the pinyon-juniper association. The area supported a mixed +growth of pinyon, scrub oak, mountain-mahogany, and antelope-brush, +together with smaller brushy plants, and was at the head of Grandview +Canyon, at an altitude of roughly 5000 feet. + +TABLE 6.--YIELD OF 400 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE PINYON-JUNIPER ASSOCIATION. + +===================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +-------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax pallidus | 3 | 11.5 +Dipodomys agilis fuscus | 9 | 34.6 +Peromyscus truei montipinoris | 10 | 38.5 +Neotoma fuscipes simplex | 4 | 15.4 +-------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +Although Munz and Keck (1949:101) considered the pinyon-juniper belt as +one association, on the desert slope of the San Gabriels pinyons and +junipers do not generally grow on common ground; but rather the juniper +belt represents a well defined habitat occurring between the pinyon +covered slopes and the flats that support Joshua trees. Because the +mammalian populations of the pinyon belt and the juniper belt are +somewhat different, the mammals of these areas are most conveniently +taken up separately. + +In the juniper belt the juniper tree is of marked ecologic significance; +the distribution of _Peromyscus truei_ and _Neotoma fuscipes_ is +determined here by the presence of junipers. At certain times of year +the fruit of this plant is eaten by coyotes, kangaroo rats, and wood +rats. + +The list below indicates the results of approximately 500 trap nights in +the juniper belt near Mescal Canyon, between 4000 and 5000 feet +elevation. + +TABLE 7.--YIELD OF 500 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE JUNIPER BELT. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax pallidus | 16 | 16.7 +Dipodomys merriami merriami | 3 | 3.1 +Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis | 36 | 37.5 +Peromyscus truei montipinoris | 22 | 22.9 +Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis | 12 | 12.5 +Neotoma lepida lepida | 2 | 2.1 +Neotoma fuscipes simplex | 2 | 2.1 +Onychomys torridus pulcher | 3 | 3.1 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +PLATE 1 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. View of typical coastal sage scrub association, +showing in foreground white sage, and coastal sagebrush. The adobe banks +beyond are grown mainly to white sage. Small mammals are abundant in +this association, with _Dipodomys agilis_, _Perognathus fallax_, and +_Sylvilagus audubonii_ being characteristic of the area. Photo March 25, +1952, at mouth of San Antonio Canyon, 1800 feet elevation.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. View of a main channel in San Antonio Wash on +Pacific slope. The wash is a distinct habitat in the coastal sage scrub +association, and is the preferred habitat of _Peromyscus eremicus +fraterculus_ and _Neotoma lepida intermedia_. These rodents find shelter +in the piles of boulders. Photo February 2, 1952, in San Antonio Wash, +at 1700 feet elevation.] + +PLATE 2 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Southern oak woodland association. The open +leaf-strewn floor of the woodland lacks shelter for ground-dwelling +rodents and the population of rodents is small. _Peromyscus boylii +rowleyi_ is the commonest rodent. Photo March 10, 1952, in Evey Canyon, +2700 feet elevation.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Yellow pine forest association, composed largely +of yellow pines, white fir, and black oak. Photo April 27, 1952, at Big +Pines, 6800 ft. elevation.] + +PLATE 3 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. View of the sagebrush scrub association showing a +nearly pure stand of basin sagebrush. _Dipodomys agilis perplexus_ and +_Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus_ occur in this association, and +_Peromyscus truei montipinoris_ is present where this association merges +with the pinyon-juniper association. Photo April 27, 1952, in Swarthout +Valley, 6200 feet elevation.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. View of a pinyon pine woodland. This habitat +constitutes the upper part of the pinyon-juniper association, and is the +habitat of _Neotoma fuscipes simplex_, _Peromyscus truei montipinoris_, +and _Eutamias merriami merriami_. Photo April 27, 1952, in Sheep Creek +Canyon, 5500 feet elevation.] + +PLATE 4 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. View of the juniper belt. This habitat forms the +lower part of the pinyon-juniper association. _Perognathus fallax +pallidus_, _Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis_, and _Peromyscus truei +montipinoris_ are typical of this area. Photo April 27, 1952, at Desert +Springs, 4300 feet elevation.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Joshua tree woodland association. The +characteristic mammals are _Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis_, _D. +merriami merriami_, and _Onychomys torridus pulcher_. Photo January 4, +1952, 6 miles east and 2 miles south Llano, 3600 feet elevation.] + +The biota of the washes that cut through the juniper belt in and below +many of the larger canyons differs from that of the surrounding +juniper-clad benches. Because the washes are in the same geographic area +as the juniper belt they are discussed together. These washes on desert +slopes are densely populated by rodents derived from adjacent areas, and +support vegetation typical of higher floral belts in association with +xerophytic, typically desert, species. In a sense, the washes serve to +mix up the mammals of adjacent areas. For example, _Onychomys torridus +pulcher_ and _Peromyscus eremicus eremicus_, which are mammals typical +of the desert, were found in Mescal Wash above their usual desert range; +and _Peromyscus californicus insignis_ and _Peromyscus boylii rowleyi_, +which are chaparral inhabiting mammals, were found in the wash far +removed from their chaparral environment. Washes are evidently effective +agents in facilitating the dispersal of certain species of mammals. It +is easy to envision a species crossing hostile habitats _via_ dry washes +to invade suitable niches in an area which is geographically and +ecologically isolated from the original home of the species. +Approximately 500 trap nights in Mescal Wash, at 4100 feet elevation, in +the lower edge of the juniper belt, yielded the following mammals: + +TABLE 8.--YIELD OF 500 TRAP-NIGHTS IN MESCAL WASH (DESERT SLOPE). + +========================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax pallidus | 5 | 4.5 +Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis | 43 | 38.7 +Peromyscus californicus insignis | 3 | 2.7 +Peromyscus truei montipinoris | 1 | .9 +Peromyscus boylii rowleyi | 2 | 1.8 +Peromyscus eremicus eremicus | 28 | 25.0 +Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis | 23 | 20.5 +Onychomys torridus pulcher | 4 | 3.5 +Neotoma lepida lepida | 3 | 2.7 +--------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +_Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis_, _Neotoma fuscipes simplex_, and +_Peromyscus truei montipinoris_ are probably the most characteristic +mammals of the pinyon-juniper association. + + +Sagebrush Scrub Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Bromus sp._ +_Artemisia tridentata_ +_Chrysothamnus nauseosus_ +_Purshia glandulosa_ + +This association is found on only the crest and desert slope of the +range between 5000 and 8000 feet elevation. There it characteristically +occupies flats and clearings in the yellow pine forest and +pinyon-juniper woodland. The dominant plant of the association is basin +sagebrush, and in many places this plant forms mixed growths with +snowbrush and _Haplopappus_. The low brush of this association is formed +by closely spaced bushes with grasses growing between. + +Because of its limited occurrence in the San Gabriel Mountains, this +association there has relatively little effect on mammalian +distribution. Locally, nevertheless, the presence of this association +governs the distribution of certain mammals. For example, on Blue Ridge, +islands of sagebrush amid the conifers provide suitable habitat for +_Dipodomys agilis perplexus_ and _Perognathus californicus bernardinus_; +and in Swarthout Valley _D. a. perplexus_, _Reithrodontomys megalotis +longicaudus_, and _Lepus californicus deserticola_ are seemingly +restricted to the sagebrush flats. + + +Joshua Tree Woodland Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Yucca brevifolia_ +_Lycium Andersonii_ +_Eriogonum fasciculatum_ +_Tetradymia spinosa_ +_Ephedra sp._ +_Larrea divaricata_ + +This association is on the piedmont that dips toward the Mojave Desert +from the interior base of the San Gabriels. The widely spaced Joshua +trees with low bushes between, and the dry washes breaking the level +terrain below the mouths of canyons are typical of this area. Field work +was extended no farther down into the desert than about the 3500 foot +level, where this association was still dominant. + +Although the vegetation of this area is scattered and sparse, presenting +a barren and sterile aspect, the area supports a rather high population +of rodents. The soil at the bases of many large box-thorn- and +creosote-bushes is perforated by burrow systems of _Dipodomys +panamintinus_ or _Dipodomys merriami_, and those burrows abandoned by +kangaroo rats are used as retreats by _Onychomys torridus_ and +_Peromyscus maniculatus_. The mammals of this association are all +characteristic of the fauna of the Mojave Desert, with the ranges of +such species as the coyote and jack rabbit extending well up the desert +slope of the mountains. + +The mammals listed below were taken in 1948 in roughly 400 trap nights +in the Joshua belt, at an elevation of 3500 feet, one mile below the +mouth of Graham Canyon. + +TABLE 9.--YIELD OF 400 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE JOSHUA TREE BELT. + +====================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +-----------------------------------+--------+--------- +Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis | 36 | 59.0 +Dipodomys merriami merriami | 15 | 24.6 +Onychomys torridus pulcher | 4 | 6.6 +Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli | 6 | 9.8 +-----------------------------------+--------+--------- + +Populations of _Dipodomys merriami_ and _D. panamintinus_ fluctuate +widely, possibly in response to weather cycles. In November of 1948 +trapping in the Joshua belt showed that _panamintinus_ outnumbered +_merriami_ approximately three to one, whereas in December of 1951, +after a succession of unusually dry years, _merriami_ was the more +numerous. Further, _merriami_ occurred in the lower parts of the juniper +belt in 1951 where in 1948 it seemed to be absent. + +_Dipodomys merriami merriami_ and _Onychomys torridus pulcher_ are +diagnostic of the Joshua tree woodland association in the San Gabriel +Mountains area, since few individuals of either species occur outside of +this association. + + + + +ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES + + +Family DIDELPHIDAE + + +=Didelphis marsupialis virginiana= Kerr + +Virginia Opossum + +The opossum is common in and near small towns and cultivated areas at +the Pacific base of the mountain range and does not thrive away from +human habitation; extensive trapping in the coastal sage and chaparral +belts produced no specimens except immediately adjacent to citrus +groves. Pequegnat (1951:47) mentions that opossums in the Santa Ana +Mountains of southern California are in the lower parts of the larger +canyons, especially near human habitation. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: Claremont, 1600 ft., + 2 (PC). + + +Family TALPIDAE + + +=Scapanus latimanus occultus= Grinnell and Swarth + +California Mole + +Workings of moles were found on the Pacific slope of the mountains from +1600 feet at Claremont up to 7500 feet on Blue Ridge, and on the Pacific +slope beneath basin sagebrush in Cajon Canyon one mile from desert slope +Joshua-tree flats, but not on the desert slope, although moles probably +occur on that slope in some of the places where there is suitable +habitat. + +Near Camp Baldy in the sandy soil beneath groves of alders moles seemed +to be especially abundant. Although common on the coastal face of the +range, moles shunned compact, dry, or rocky soils. In the greasewood +chaparral one-half mile west of the mouth of Palmer Canyon, where the +soil was hard and rocky, mole tunnels were in soft soil that had +accumulated at the edge of a fire road beneath a steep road cut. The +assumption is that this accumulation contained insects attractive, as +food, to the moles. + + _Specimens examined_, 2: Los Angeles County: Camp Baldy, 4200 + ft., 1(PC); Claremont, 1600 ft., 1(PC). + + +Family SORICIDAE + + +=Sorex obscurus parvidens= Jackson + +Dusky Shrew + +Jackson (1928:124) recorded a specimen from Camp Baldy, 4200 feet, San +Antonio Canyon. + + +=Sorex ornatus ornatus= Merriam + +Ornate Shrew + +Both of my specimens were taken amid riparian growth on the Pacific +slope of the range. + + _Specimens examined_, 2: Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, + 3500 ft., 1; Cobal Canyon, 5 mi. N Claremont, 1800 ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi= (Coues) + +Gray Shrew + +One was taken in 1946 beneath a woodpile on the campus of Norton School, +two miles northeast of Claremont, and examined by Dr. W. E. Pequegnat. + + +Family VESPERTILIONIDAE + + +=Myotis yumanensis sociabilis= H. W. Grinnell + +Yuma Myotis + +A female was taken in lower San Antonio Canyon, 2800 feet elevation, on +September 27, 1951. + + +=Myotis evotis evotis= (J. A. Allen) + +Long-eared Myotis + +This species was observed and collected at several stations ranging from +2800 feet elevation in San Antonio Canyon, to Blue Ridge at 8200 feet, +and down the desert slope to 6000 feet at Jackson Lake. This +distribution encompasses most of the chaparral and yellow pine forest +associations. Within these areas, however, this bat shows marked habitat +preferences. + +Woodland habitats seem to be preferred by _evotis_. At several ponds in +lower San Antonio Canyon this bat was observed repeatedly as it foraged +over the water and coursed low between rows of alders and _Baccharis_. +At Blue Ridge in September, 1951, these bats foraged approximately six +feet above the ground beneath the canopy of coniferous foliage and +between the trunks of the trees. + +Most of the bats were taken by stretching fine wires above the surface +of a pond as outlined by Borell (1937:478). Collecting was generally +carried on until at least 11:00 p. m., and the time at which each bat +was taken at the pond was recorded, thereby making possible a rough +estimate of the pre-midnight forage period of each bat commonly +collected at the ponds. Usually bats taken at the start of their +supposed forage period had empty or nearly empty stomachs, whereas those +taken towards the end of their forage period had full or nearly full +stomachs. _M. evotis_ usually first appeared just at dark, well after +the pipistrelles and California myotis had begun foraging. The forage +period of _evotis_ seemed to begin approximately 30 minutes after sunset +and to end approximately two and one-quarter hours later. + +Individuals of this species were taken from May 4, to October 14, 1951. +A female taken on May 19, 1951, in San Antonio Canyon, carried one +minute embryo, and one taken in the same locality on June 8, had one +embryo four millimeters in length. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 12, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 11; Claremont, + 1100 ft., 1 (P.C.). + + +=Myotis volans interior= Miller + +Interior Long-legged Bat + +Although seldom found to be plentiful, this bat was recorded from many +points on both the coastal and desert slopes of the mountains. Specimens +were taken in the chaparral association in San Antonio Canyon, near +Jackson Lake among yellow pines, and in Mescal Canyon at the upper limit +of the Joshua tree woodland. Bats, probably _volans_, were noted over +sage flats at 8000 feet elevation on Blue Ridge. The only place where +these bats appeared to be numerous was Jackson Lake on the interior +slope; there, on September 19, 1951, _volans_ appeared with the +pipistrelles, and was the most common bat before dark. + +An individual of this species taken on October 28, 1951, in a short +mine-shaft in the pinyon belt at the head of Grandview Canyon was slow +in its movements and felt as cold as the walls of the tunnel. It was +late afternoon and the temperature outside the cave was below 40°F. The +floor of the tunnel was covered with the hind wings of large moths of +the genus _Catocala_; _volans_ probably hung in the cave while eating +them. + +The series of _volans_ from the San Gabriels shows that the two color +phases of this bat both occur in the area. Two specimens from Jackson +Lake contrast sharply with the rest of the series in their dark +coloration. Benson (1949:50) states that color variation in a series of +_volans_ from a given locality may be striking. + +This bat was collected in San Antonio Canyon from 50 minutes after +sundown to two hours and 40 minutes after sundown. In this area these +bats did not visit the ponds in large numbers as they seemed to do on +the desert slope. + +A female taken on May 29, 1951, contained one embryo nearly at term. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 8 mi. E and 5 mi. S Llano, 4900 + ft., 1; 3 mi. W Big Pines, Swarthout Valley, 6000 ft., 3; San + Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 5. + + +=Myotis californicus californicus= (Audubon and Bachman) + +California Myotis + +On the Pacific face of the mountain range this bat was recorded commonly +below approximately 5000 feet elevation, where it seemed to be most +common in the oak woodland of canyons. On the desert slope it was +collected at Jackson Lake in yellow pine woodland, in Mescal Canyon in +the juniper belt, and bats presumably of this species were observed at +several points in the pinyon-juniper woodland. + +Individuals of this species were often observed foraging from five to +ten feet above the ground around the alders and _Baccharis_ near San +Antonio Creek, but they did not fly so low or so near the vegetation as +did _Myotis evotis_. Here they were taken from 18 minutes to 55 minutes +after sunset; this indicates an early and short forage period. + +This bat may be active even in winter. On February 8, 1952, in lower San +Antonio Canyon, a bat, probably of this species, was noted foraging; and +collecting in early November, 1951, yielded specimens. + +On May 22, 1951, a female obtained in San Antonio Canyon had one +five-millimeter embryo, and subsequently all the females examined had +embryos until June 12, when collecting was discontinued. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 16, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 2; Jackson Lake, 6000 + ft., 1 (PC); San Antonio Canyon, 3900 ft., 1; San Antonio + Canyon, 2800 ft., 12. + + +=Pipistrellus hesperus merriami= (Dobson) + +Western Pipistrelle + +This is the most obvious if not the most common bat of the lower coastal +slopes of the San Gabriels. In the spring and fall of 1951 individuals +were noted from 1700 feet in the coastal sage scrub association to the +white fir forests on Blue Ridge at 8200 feet elevation and were +commonest in the rocky canyons of the lower Pacific slope below 4000 +feet, and usually foraged near the steep canyon sides high above the +canyon bottoms. + +Pipistrelles were generally the first bats to appear in the evening, +although the times of their appearance were irregular. In April and May, +in lower San Antonio Canyon, they appeared from 28 minutes before sunset +to 30 minutes after sunset, with the average time of appearance eight +and one-half minutes after sunset. Like _Myotis californicus_ this +pipistrelle seemed to have a short and early foraging period. No +pipistrelles were recorded at ponds later than one hour and five minutes +after sunset, and usually they were not seen later than 40 minutes after +sunset. Most of the specimens taken later than one half hour after +sunset had full stomachs. More than 50 pipistrelles were captured at the +ponds in San Antonio Canyon; six were kept for specimens. This species +is probably present in the area throughout the winter. Pipistrelles were +active in early April in Evey Canyon, were observed in early November +in San Antonio Canyon, and on January 26, 1952, an individual was noted +foraging near the mouth of Palmer Canyon. They are probably not active +in winter on the colder desert slope of the mountains. + +Pipistrelles often foraged in loose flocks of about half a dozen +individuals. On many occasions these groups were first seen foraging +high up above the canyon bottom, then, as it grew darker, they descended +and foraged within 50 or 100 feet of the floor of the canyon. +Immediately before dark these groups seemed to have forage beats; one +minute several pipistrelles would be overhead, and the next minute none +would be in sight. + +A female taken in San Antonio Canyon on June 8, 1951, contained two +five-millimeter embryos. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 5; Evey Canyon, + 2400 ft., 1. + + +=Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus= (H. Allen) + +Western Pipistrelle + +This species was common in the spring and autumn of 1951 from the lower +edge of the yellow pine forest down into the belt of Joshua trees. In +early April on the desert slope at 4800 feet in Mescal Canyon, +pipistrelles foraged on evenings when it was windy but not cold. On cold +evenings (when the temperature was below roughly 45°F) none was seen. On +windy nights the pipistrelles often forsook their usual high forage +habits and foraged 15 feet or so above the ground where the vegetation +and outcrops of rock broke the force of the wind. In 1951 no +pipistrelles were noted on the desert slope later than October 15. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 + ft., 4. + + +=Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus= Rhoads + +Big Brown Bat + +This bat was on the coastal slope from the sage scrub association at +1100 feet, up to 8000 feet on Blue Ridge, and on the desert slope down +to the upper edge of the Joshua tree belt at 4800 feet in Mescal Canyon. +It was the most common bat at the ponds in San Antonio Canyon in May and +June of 1951, but in September and October of the same year none was +obtained there. + +On the Pacific slope of the San Gabriels the big brown bats segregate +according to sex in the spring, the males occupying the foothills and +mountains and the females the level valley floor at the coastal base +of the range. Of 70 big brown bats captured in May and June of 1951, at +the ponds in San Antonio Canyon, only one was a female. A large colony +of more than 200 individuals in a barn near Covina, in the citrus belt, +was composed of only females. + +Times of capture of this bat at the ponds in San Antonio Canyon ranged +from ten minutes after sunset to two hours and thirty minutes after +sunset. Generally these bats came to the ponds in groups of several +individuals, and often more than a dozen were captured in the course of +an evening's collecting. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, + 2800 ft., 2; Covina, 1100 ft., 4 (2PC). + + +=Lasiurus borealis teleotis= (H. Allen) + +Red Bat + +One female was taken on September 30, 1951, in San Antonio Canyon, at +2800 feet elevation. The descriptions which the citrus growers of the +Claremont and Glendora vicinity give of the bats they find occasionally +hanging in their citrus trees accurately describe this species. Its +seasonal occurrence there is unknown. + + +=Lasiurus cinereus cinereus= (Pasilot de Beauvois) + +Hoary Bat + +Specimens were collected in spring in 1951 at elevations of 2800 and +3200 feet in San Antonio Canyon, on the coastal slope, and in Mescal +Canyon at 4900 feet, on the desert slope. Large, fast flying bats, +probably of this species, were seen at Jackson Lake, 6000 feet +elevation, on October 15, 1951. + +Hoary bats are present in the San Gabriels in the fall, winter, and +spring. In 1951 the last spring specimen was taken on June 11, in Mescal +Canyon; then collecting was discontinued until late September when the +first hoary bat was taken on the thirtieth of that month. From this date +on into the winter hoary bats were recorded regularly. They seemed to be +as common in early June as in most of April and May; possibly some +remain in the San Gabriels throughout the summer. + +In spring these bats seem to segregate by sex; of twelve kept as +specimens and at least an equal number captured and released only one +was a female. All were captured above 2800 feet. + +Hoary bats seem to have a long pre-midnight forage period, having been +captured at ponds from 21 minutes after sunset, to three hours and 26 +minutes after sunset. Generally those taken early had empty stomachs +and those taken later had full stomachs. On the night of May 24, 1951, a +hoary bat captured two hours and five minutes after sunset had only a +partially full stomach. + +On May 25, 1951, an unusual concentration of hoary bats was observed at +a pond at about 3200 feet elevation, in San Antonio Canyon (Vaughan, +1953). The day had been clear and warm, one of the first summerlike days +of spring. Beginning at 30 minutes after sundown hoary bats were +collected until two hours and 35 minutes after sundown; in this period +22 were caught and at least as many more observed. Many were released +after being examined, whereupon they hung on the foliage of nearby +alders to rest and dry themselves. This concentration of hoary bats may +have been due to a sudden beginning of migration with a resultant +concentration of bats at certain altitudinal belts. The warm weather +might have set off the migration. On evenings that followed subsequent +hot days no such concentration of hoary bats was seen. B. P. Bole (Hall +1946:156) observed a concentration of hoary bats on August 28, 1932, in +Esmeralda County, Nevada. + +Several captive _Myotis californicus_ in a jar next to a pond in San +Antonio Canyon set up a squeaking which seemed to attract a hoary bat. +Repeatedly the large bat swooped over the jar. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 12, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4900 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, + 3200 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 8. + + +=Antrozous pallidus pacificus= Merriam + +Pallid Bat + +The pallid bat is probably the most common and characteristic bat of the +citrus belt at the Pacific base of the mountains. Only once, on May 4, +1951, was this bat taken in the mountains. On that night two individuals +were collected at 2800 feet in San Antonio Canyon. All of the other +specimens and observations were from colonies in old barns and +outbuildings in the citrus belt where these bats are found in spring, +summer, and fall. + +The impression gained by examining many mixed colonies of _Antrozous_ +and _Tadarida_ was that the former greatly outnumbered the latter. For +example, a small colony of bats in an old barn near San Dimas Wash +consisted of about thirty pallid bats and five freetails. + +Large numbers of wings of moths of the family _Sphingidae_, and legs and +parts of the heads of Jerusalem crickets (_Stenopelmatus fuscus_) were +beneath an _Antrozous_ night-roosting place in a barn near Upland. + +Pallid bats were collected in 1951, from April 16 to October 17 but +probably were active in the area into November. + +Each of two pregnant females taken two miles northeast of San Dimas on +April 20, 1951, carried two embryos 4 millimeters long. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 2 mi. NE San Dimas, 1200 ft., 2 (1PC); Ontario, + 1100 ft., 4 (3PC). + + +Family MOLOSSIDAE + + +=Tadarida mexicana= (Saussure) + +Mexican Free-tailed Bat + +This bat, regularly met with in the citrus belt at the coastal base of +the range, occurred in small numbers with colonies of _Antrozous_, and +was once found with a colony of _Eptesicus_ near Covina. None of the +females taken in April 1951 was pregnant. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 2 mi. NE San Dimas, + 1200 ft., 4. + + +=Eumops perotis californicus= (Merriam) + +Mastiff Bat + +H. W. Grinnell (1918:373) mentioned individuals collected at Sierra +Madre (at the coastal base of the San Gabriels west of the study area), +and Sanborn (1932:351) reported specimens from Covina and Azusa. +Probably this bat occurs locally all along the coastal base of the +range. + + +Family LEPORIDAE + + +=Lepus californicus bennettii= Gray + +California Jack Rabbit + +This species was found in the coastal sage belt from Cajon Wash west to +San Gabriel Canyon and was most plentiful in thin stands of sagebrush, +and in and around citrus groves. Because of their preference for +semi-open country, jack rabbits are absent from much of the coastal belt +of sagebrush where the brush is fairly continuous, and they never were +observed in the chaparral association. + +Coyotes catch many jack rabbits and regularly forage around the foothill +borders of the citrus groves for cottontails and jack rabbits. + +A female examined on February 19, 1951, was pregnant, and one taken on +March 15, 1951, carried three small embryos. + + _Specimens examined._--San Bernardino County: 2 mi. NW Upland, + 1600 ft., 3 (PC). + + +=Lepus californicus deserticola= Mearns + +California Jack Rabbit + +There was sign of jack rabbits along the desert slope of the San +Gabriels up to about 6700 feet, one-half mile west of Big Pines. They +were fairly common in the Joshua tree belt, occurred less commonly in +the juniper belt, and were present locally in small numbers in the +pinyon-juniper association. + +The population seemed to be at a low ebb from 1948 to 1952, when field +work was done on the desert slope. I often hiked for an hour or more on +the desert or juniper-covered benches without seeing a jack rabbit. The +species was commoner in washes where as many as eleven were noted in two +hours' hiking. + +In December, 1951, below Graham Canyon, the leaves on large areas of +many nearly recumbent Joshua trees had been gnawed down to their bases, +and jack rabbit feces covered the ground next to these gnawings. +Probably the Joshua tree is an emergency food used by the rabbits only +when other food is scarce. + +In years when the population of jack rabbits is not low they serve as a +major food for coyotes. In the Joshua tree belt below Mescal Canyon, +jack rabbit remains were fairly common in coyote feces, and tracks +repeatedly showed where some coyote had pursued a jack rabbit for a +short distance. A large male bobcat trapped in the juniper belt in +Graham Canyon had deer hair and jack rabbit remains in its stomach. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 4; Mescal + Canyon, 4800 ft., 3. + + +=Sylvilagus audubonii sanctidiegi= (Miller) + +Audubon Cottontail + +Cottontails are common in the coastal sage scrub association and in and +around citrus groves, but generally penetrate the mountains no farther +than the lower limit of the chaparral association. They are everywhere +on coastal alluvial slopes, except in the barren washes, and prefer +patches of prickly-pear and often are loathe to leave its protection. +After completely destroying a large patch of prickly-pear in the course +of examining a wood rat house in the center of the cactus, I found +hiding, in the main nest chamber of the house, a cottontail that dashed +from its hiding place only when poked forceably with the handle of a +hoe. + +Cottontails are seldom above the sage belt in the chaparral +associations, although along firebreaks and roads they occasionally +occur there. Habitually cottontails escape predators in partly open +terrain offering retreats such as low, thick brush, rock piles, and +cactus patches; but on open ground beneath dense chaparral, cottontails +may be vulnerable to predation. + +Examinations of feces and stomach contents of the coyote reveals that it +preys more heavily on cottontails than on any other wild species. +Remains of several cottontails eaten by raptors were found in the sage +belt. + +In April, 1951, many young cottontails were found dead on roads in the +sage belt, and a newly born cottontail was in the stomach of a coyote +trapped four miles north of Claremont, on February 7, 1952. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 3, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: mouth of San Antonio Canyon, 2000 ft., 1 (PC). + San Bernardino County: 2 mi. NW Upland, 1600 ft., 2 (PC). + + +=Sylvilagus audubonii arizonae= (J. A. Allen) + +Audubon Cottontail + +This subspecies was recorded on the interior slope from 5200 feet +elevation, as at the head of Grandview Canyon, down into the desert, and +was common in the sagebrush flats of the upper pinyon-juniper +association. Piles of feces under thick oak and mountain-mahogany +chaparral indicated that the rabbits often sought shelter there. +Adequate cover is a requirement for this rabbit on the desert slope of +the San Gabriels; in the juniper and Joshua tree belts the species +occurs in washes where there is fairly heavy brush, and only +occasionally elsewhere. In the foothills, when frightened from cover in +one small wash cottontails often run up over an adjacent low ridge and +seek cover in the brush of the next wash. In the wash below Graham +Canyon tracks and observations showed that cottontails were taking +refuge in deserted burrows of kit foxes. + +In the pinyon-juniper association cottontails and jack rabbits probably +occur in roughly equal numbers, but in the Joshua tree belt cottontails +seem far less numerous than jack rabbits. In the course of a two hour +hike in lower Mescal Wash, at about 3500 feet, eleven jack rabbits and +two cottontails were noted. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 2, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 1; Mescal + Canyon, 4800 ft., 1. + + +=Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens= (J. A. Allen) + +Brush Rabbit + +Brush rabbits inhabit the Pacific slope of the mountains from about 1200 +feet in the coastal sagebrush belt up to at least 4500 feet in the +chaparral, and are the only lagomorphs found commonly above the lower +edge of the chaparral association. Here they were often on steep slopes +beneath extensive and nearly impenetrable tracts of chaparral. + +The ecologic niche of the brush rabbit is in brush where the plants form +continuous thickets with little open ground. In the coastal sagebrush +flats, areas supporting only scattered bushes are uninhabited by brush +rabbits, while areas grown to extensive tracts of brush harbor them. +When the brush rabbit's mode of escape from its enemies is considered, +the reason for their habitat preference becomes more clear. Almost +invariably these rabbits seek escape by running through the densest +portions of the brush, never appearing in the open; in this way they +travel quickly away from the source of danger without being observed. +Because they avoid being seen in the open, and do not seek safety +largely through running ability, they need continuous stretches of brush +for escape. While hunting in the coastal sagebrush belt I have +repeatedly seen frightened brush rabbits turn and dart beneath the +bushes a few feet from a human being rather than be driven into the +open. + +A great horned owl shot in March, 1951, in the sage belt, had in its +stomach the remains of a freshly killed adult brush rabbit. Although +coyotes and brush rabbits often occur in the same general sections of +the sage flats, remains of these rabbits have been notably scarce in +coyote feces from these areas. This is probably because the coyote hunts +along clearings and in open brushland, precisely the type of habitat +avoided by brush rabbits. + + +Family SCIURIDAE + + +=Sciurus griseus anthonyi= Mearns + +Western Gray Squirrel + +Gray squirrels were on both slopes of the San Gabriels in oak woodland. +A gray squirrel was observed in April of 1948, as it climbed a telephone +pole adjacent to an orange grove near Cucamonga. This, and one noted +bounding up a slope of greasewood chaparral near Cattle Canyon, were the +only gray squirrels seen in areas which were not grown to oaks or +adjacent to oak woodland. In the lower foothills gray squirrels were +invariably found in association with valley oak, this plant forming +limited woodland areas in canyon bottoms. In the upper chaparral +association the squirrels frequented the large scrub oaks growing on +talus slopes and canyon sides. In the yellow pine woodland, gray +squirrels are restricted to black oaks, often where they formed mixed +stands with the conifers. On the interior slope these squirrels were +found only at the lower edge of the yellow pine woodland where black +oaks are common. There, in the vicinity of Big Pines, they were present +between roughly 5800 and 7000 feet, while on the Pacific slope they +inhabited oak woodland from 1600 feet to about 7000 feet elevation. + +In Live Oak Canyon in December of 1950, tracks indicated that a bobcat +had killed a gray squirrel in a small draw beneath the oaks. In Evey +Canyon on March 6, 1951, while watching for bats at late twilight, I +observed a gray squirrel traveling through the branches of a nearby oak. +A great horned owl glided into the oak in an attempt to catch the +squirrel, which leaped quickly into a dense mass of foliage and escaped. +For roughly ten minutes the owl perched in the oak watching its intended +prey, then flew off down the canyon amid frantic scolding by the +squirrel. + +On March 17, 1951, a female gray squirrel taken at about 3500 feet +elevation in San Antonio Canyon contained two embryos, each roughly 40 +millimeters long. + + +=Spermophilus beecheyi beecheyi= (Richardson) + +Beechey Ground Squirrel + +From the coastal sage belt, into the yellow pine forest of the Pacific +slope, this species is common on land cleared by man or disturbed in the +course of construction, or on severely eroded slopes where the original +climax vegetation is partly or completely absent. Thus in the sage belt, +ground squirrels live along dirt roads through the brush, on the heavily +eroded banks often found in the foothills, on land grazed closely by +sheep, and in those parts of major washes such as San Antonio and +Cucamonga washes where scatterings of huge boulders offer prominent +vantage points. In San Antonio Canyon _Spermophilus_ was restricted to +the vicinity of roads and firebreaks, and an especially large colony of +at least forty individuals lived at a dump one mile southwest of Camp +Baldy at about 4500 feet elevation. Ground squirrels used burned stems +of large laurel sumac as observation posts. Because of a preference for +open areas offering unobstructed outlooks, ground squirrels originally +probably did not penetrate the main belt of heavy chaparral on the +Pacific slope of the range except in some of the large washes. + +In the spring of 1951 and the preceding summer there was a marked +increase in the ground squirrel population near Padua Hills as a +result of sheep grazing on approximately one-half square mile of sage +land. Grasses and smaller shrubs were eaten down to the ground, and in +some places coastal sagebrush and _Haplopappus_ were killed by browsing +and trampling. The area formerly had a sparse growth of bushes with +intervening growths of tall grasses and one colony of perhaps 20 ground +squirrels; but after the sheep grazing the area was open brushland with +large clear spaces on which the herbage was trimmed to the ground, and +had at least four colonies of ground squirrels as large as the first. +Also there were other ground squirrels established in various parts of +the area. Probably the dry weather in the winter of 1950-51 with +consequent retardation of the vegetation aided the spread of the +squirrels in this area. + +In the sage belt, most ground squirrels are dormant by December. In +1951, after a mild winter, squirrels were noted on January 25 near Padua +Hills. On February 8, 1951, males in breeding condition were collected, +and on March 16, a female taken near San Antonio Wash carried three +small embryos. In early March of 1951, ground squirrels were active at +4500 feet elevation in San Antonio Canyon. + + _Specimen examined._--Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E + Big Pines, 8000 ft., 1. + + +=Spermophilus beecheyi fisheri= (Merriam) + +California Ground Squirrel + +This ground squirrel inhabited the desert slope of the mountains up to +5000 feet elevation, and was most common in the juniper belt; burrows +often were made under large junipers. In May, 1949, ground squirrels +were common in the rocks adjacent to Mescal Wash at an elevation of 4500 +feet. In an apple orchard near Valyermo, squirrels fed on the fallen +fruit in early November of 1951. + +No squirrel was seen in December, January, and February, indicating that +all were below ground in winter. + + _Specimen examined._--San Bernardino County: Desert Springs, + 4000 ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus= (Merriam) + +Antelope Ground Squirrel + +Antelope ground squirrels were common in the Joshua tree woodland where +they were noted up to 4500 feet elevation in Graham Canyon. None was +found on the pinyon slopes, possibly because of the competition offered +there by _Eutamias merriami_, or because the rocky nature of the soil +there rendered burrowing difficult. + +Although observed less often in winter than in summer, this species is +active all year. On February 6, 1949, in Mescal Wash, an antelope ground +squirrel was foraging over the snow which was at least six inches deep. +These squirrels were attracted to the carcasses of rodents used as bait +for carnivore sets, and caused a good deal of trouble by disturbing the +traps. + +Antelope ground squirrels used the topmost twigs of box-thorn bushes +extensively as lookout posts, and many of their burrows were at the +bases of these thorny bushes. This habit of regularly using observation +posts is well developed in each species of ground squirrel found in the +San Gabriels. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S + Llano, 3500 ft., 2. + + +=Eutamias speciosus speciosus= (Merriam) + +Lodgepole Chipmunk + +This chipmunk was characteristic of the most boreal parts of the San +Gabriel Mountains. It was recorded from 6800 feet elevation at Big +Pines, to an altitude of approximately 9800 feet near Mt. San Antonio, +and was common where coniferous timber was interspersed with snowbrush +chaparral. In upper Icehouse Canyon and near Telegraph Peak these +chipmunks were associated with lodgepole pines and chinquapin, and one +mile east of Mt. San Antonio individuals were often observed in thickets +of manzanita. This chipmunk usually shunned pure stands of coniferous +timber except as temporary forage ground. + +On Blue Ridge these chipmunks used the uppermost stems of snowbrush as +vantage points, and when disturbed ran nimbly over thorny surfaces of +the brush in seeking refuge in the tangled growth. + +In early November of 1951, these animals were not yet in hibernation on +Blue Ridge. They were noted on November 6, after the season's first +snows had melted; on November 13, however, a cold wind with drifting fog +kept most of them under cover, and only two were noted in the course of +the day. + + _Specimen examined._--Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E + Big Pines, 8100 ft., 1. + + +=Eutamias merriami merriami= (J. A. Allen) + +Merriam Chipmunk + +The lower limit of the range of this species, on the coastal face of the +range, is roughly coincident with that of manzanita--that is to say, it +begins in the main belt of chaparral above the lower foothills. _E. +merriami_ seems to reach maximum abundance amid the granite talus, and +scrub oak and _Pseudotsuga_ growth at the upper edge of the chaparral +association. It was absent, however, from all but the lower fringe of +the yellow pine forest association. + +On the desert slope _merriami_ was partial to rocky areas in the +pinyon-juniper association but was also in the black oak woods on the +Ball Flat fire road near Jackson Lake. Nowhere was _Eutamias merriami_ +and _E. speciosus_ observed on common ground. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, + 5500 ft., 2 (1 PC). + + +=Glaucomys sabrinus californicus= (Rhoads) + +Northern Flying Squirrel + +No specimens of this species were taken in the field work in the San +Gabriels, nor did I find any rangers or residents of the mountains who +had seen flying squirrels in the area. Nevertheless sign found in the +white fir forests in the Big Pines area indicated that flying squirrels +may occur there. On a number of occasions dissected pine cones were +noted on the horizontal limbs and bent trunks of white firs. These cones +were too large to have been carried there by chipmunks, and gray +squirrels were often completely absent from the areas. I suspect that +extensive trapping in the coniferous forests of the higher parts of the +mountains would produce specimens of flying squirrels. Willett (1944:19) +mentions that flying squirrels probably occur in the San Gabriel +Mountains. + + +Family GEOMYIDAE + + +=Thomomys bottae pallescens= Rhoads + +Valley Pocket Gopher + +This gopher was found below about 5000 feet elevation in disturbed or +open areas from Cajon Wash at Devore westward all along the coastal base +of the San Gabriel Range. In the lower part of the chaparral belt the +gopher evidently was absent from the chaparral-covered slopes, but was +common along roads and on fire trails. + +Burt (1932) and von Bloeker (1932) discuss the distribution of the three +subspecies of this species, _pallescens_, _neglecta_, and _mohavensis_, +which are in the San Gabriel Mountains area, and Burt indicates that +_pallescens_ grades toward _mohavensis_ in the southern part of Antelope +Valley. + + +=Thomomys bottae neglectus= Bailey + +Valley Pocket Gopher + +In the forests of yellow pine and white fir of the higher parts of the +San Gabriel Mountains the workings of this gopher were common, and sign +of its presence was found above 4500 feet on both slopes of the mountain +range. The rocky character of the coastal slope seems to limit the +occurrence of gophers, for they are not continuously distributed there. +On the desert slope they occur locally down into the pinyon-juniper +belt. + +In the vicinity of Big Pines, on the interior slope, these gophers +preferred broken forest where snow brush or other brush occurred; their +workings, however, were also found beneath groves of conifers and black +oaks. The abundance of earth cores resting on the duff indicated that +this species is active in the snow in winter. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 5, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4600 ft., 2; 3 mi. W Big + Pines, 6000 ft., 1; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8000 ft., 2. + + +=Thomomys bottae mohavensis= Grinnell + +Valley Pocket Gopher + +One specimen of this subspecies was taken on December 31, 1951, in the +Joshua tree belt, eight miles east of Llano, 3700 feet elevation. + + +Family HETEROMYIDAE + + +=Perognathus fallax fallax= Merriam + +San Diego Pocket Mouse + +This pocket mouse is restricted to the coastal sage scrub association, +and was recorded from Cajon Wash west to Live Oak Canyon. The mouse does +not inhabit even the lower edge of the chaparral belt, but in the +coastal sage flats is usually the most abundant rodent. In disturbed +parts of the coastal sage belt _fallax_ is less common, and was never +trapped in channels of rocky washes. Trap lines in the eroded adobe +banks of the foothills, where white sage and coastal sagebrush are the +dominant plants, took mostly these pocket mice. Although the soil of +such slopes is compact and seemingly is unsuitable for burrowing by +heteromyids, _fallax_ is the most common rodent. Because few burrows of +pocket mice were noted there, it is possible that the many old unused +burrows of _Spermophilus_ and _Dipodomys_ which honeycomb certain parts +of adobe banks are used also by _fallax_; some of these burrows +shelter _Peromyscus eremicus_ and _Peromyscus californicus_. + +These mice are inactive above ground in cold weather. In the sage belt +near Thompson Canyon, where this subspecies had been found to be the +most common rodent, none was trapped on the sub-freezing night of +December 3, 1948, although other rodents were found in usual numbers. +Individuals have been taken on nights of intermittent rain, yet none has +been trapped on freezing nights. + +This species is characteristically heavily infested by a large species +of mite. Usually these mites congregate around the base of the tail. + +On October 11, 1949, one lactating female and two carrying embryos were +taken. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 4 mi. N and 1 mi. E Claremont, 1900 ft., 5; 3 + mi. N Claremont, 1600 ft., 6 (5 PC). + + +=Perognathus fallax pallidus= Mearns + +San Diego Pocket Mouse + +On the desert slope of the mountains this species is found in the part +of the pinyon-juniper association that is between elevations of 4000 and +5200 feet. The mouse is absent from the higher chaparral and +pinyon-covered slopes, but is present on south slopes in the pinyon belt +where more open growths of pinyons and scrub oaks are interspersed with +yucca. I recorded this pocket mouse from the vicinity of Cajon Pass west +to Valyermo. + +The local distribution of _pallidus_ is striking because of its close +positive correlation with the distribution of yucca. On benches around +5000 feet, where yuccas are scattered in their occurrence, _pallidus_ is +nearly always taken near (often right at the base of) this plant. Lower +in the juniper belt the dry rocky south slopes supporting yucca plants +are well populated by _pallidus_, while adjacent flats, and north slopes +grown to antelope brush and scrub oak, are completely uninhabited. Near +the mouth of Grandview Canyon, on steep rocky southern exposures grown +sparsely to burro weed and yucca, one hundred traps produced in one +night eight _pallidus_ and no other rodents. Here many of these pocket +mice were trapped on large fractured rock outcroppings, where most or +all of the mice probably lived in the daytime in the deep cracks; in any +event no burrows were noted near these rocks. + +This species prefers barren slopes supporting yucca plants. These plants +produce large seeds which are staple food items for _P. f. pallidus_ and +other rodents during the lean part of the year, that is to say, late +summer and autumn. Many of the dry capsules of the yucca plants were +examined in October, 1951, and these generally still contained a few +seeds. Pocket mice taken in October usually carried in their cheek +pouches seeds of yucca together with some other material, and often they +carried only the seeds of yucca. Probably the wind shakes only a few +seeds out of the capsules at a time, thus tending to drop the seeds over +a fairly long period. + +Trapping in winter in the juniper belt revealed that these pocket mice +were not active above ground on nights colder than about 40° F. On +nights when the temperature was about 36° F. none was taken, but on the +one night in late December, 1948, when the minimum was 44° F., several +specimens were taken. In this same area in May 1949, pocket mice were +the most numerous rodents. Because of their evident sensitivity to cold +weather, these mice must remain below ground for weeks at a time during +the cold weather of December and January. + +Specimens of _pallidus_ from the desert slope of the San Gabriels are +grayer (less brown) than specimens taken farther southeast in the Mojave +and Colorado deserts. Further sampling of populations of _Perognathus +fallax_ from areas adjacent to the San Gabriels might demonstrate +differences of sufficient magnitude to warrant subspecific distinction +of the San Gabriel population. Possibly, however, the San Gabriel series +manifests only local variation in the race _pallidus_. Grinnell +(1933:54) characterizes the ecological niche of the race _pallidus_ as +being "open, sandy ground, often ... surrounded by rocky slopes," +whereas these pocket mice in the San Gabriels inhabited gravelly or +rocky juniper-dotted benches. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 5 mi. E and 4 mi. S Llano, 4500 ft., 7; 2 mi. E + Valyermo, 4500 ft., 3; 4 mi. E Valyermo, 5000 ft., 1. + + +=Perognathus californicus dispar= Osgood + +California Pocket Mouse + +Mice of this subspecies were recorded from the lower chaparral +association below about 4000 feet elevation along the coastal face of +the San Gabriel Range. They were trapped on greasewood-covered slopes, +in mixed growths of white sage and buckwheat, and beneath scrub oak +and lilac chaparral; however none was taken in the heavy chaparral of +the upper parts of the chaparral association. + +One small juvenile in gray pelage was taken in San Antonio Canyon on +October 1, 1951. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 5, distributed as follows: San + Bernardino County: Lytle Canyon, 4000 ft., 2 (PC). Los Angeles + County: San Antonio Canyon, 3000 ft., 3. + + +=Perognathus californicus bernardinus= Benson + +California Pocket Mouse + +On Blue Ridge these mice were recorded between 7100 and 8000 feet +elevation. Here they were restricted to dense tracts of snowbrush and +sagebrush, often where these tracts were interspersed with, or beneath, +open groves of conifers. These mice seemed to favor areas where this +thick brush was broken by patches of open, grass-covered ground. Benson +(1930:450) records this subspecies from Swarthout Valley, near Big +Pines, at 6860 feet elevation. + +While setting traps for pocket gophers one mile southwest of Big Pines, +in September of 1951, I frightened a pocket mouse from its burrow. The +animal jumped into the tangle of interlacing twigs of a nearby clump of +snowbrush, and with great dexterity climbed into the center of the bush, +where it was lost to view. I was surprised at the facility with which +this saltatorial rodent traveled through the network of small branches. + +In winter, in areas inhabited by this mouse, snow covers the ground for +long periods during which these mice are probably forced to remain below +ground. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W + Big Pines, 7400 ft., 2. + + +=Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis= (Grinnell) + +Panamint Kangaroo Rat + +This rat is common in the Joshua tree and juniper belts, and locally +penetrates the pinyon belt at about 5000 feet elevation. It occurs +regularly along the entire desert slope of the San Gabriel Mountains. + +The upper limit of the range of this species roughly coincides with the +upper limit of the juniper belt, and within this range it was found to +inhabit areas having widely different soil types. It occurred on the +sandy ground of desert washes, the gravelly soil of the juniper-clad +benches, and the mixed sandy and rocky ground of washes in canyons. A +preference is shown by _panamintinus_ for fairly level ground. Rough +terrain or steep slopes are generally avoided, whereas rather large +colonies of these kangaroo rats are found in small flats of the desert +foothills. + +Below about 4500 elevation on the interior slope this species was the +most numerous rodent, and seemed to reach maximum abundance in the +Joshua tree association. About 500 trap-nights in the juniper belt near +Graham Canyon yielded 31 specimens, whereas about 300 trap-nights in +Joshua tree flats took 34 individuals. + +The cheek pouches of many specimens taken in early winter contained +green shoots of grass and little dry material. On many occasions rat +traps set next to wood rat nests beneath large junipers produced +_panamintinus_, and many of these animals had their cheek pouches +crammed full of juniper berries. + +In December, 1948, _panamintinus_ was trapped consistently on nights +when the temperature dropped to below 20° F. On December 27, 1948, after +a three inch snowfall, tracks of this species were noted in the snow at +the mouth of Mescal Canyon. + +Parts of the skulls of this species were found in many coyote feces from +the desert slope. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 ft., 8 (6 PC); 2 mi. E + Valyermo, 4600 ft., 3. + + +=Dipodomys merriami merriami= Mearns + +Merriam Kangaroo Rat + +This kangaroo rat barely enters the area under consideration and is +almost restricted to the Joshua tree association, for only a few +individuals were taken at the lower edge of the juniper benches. This +species inhabits the Joshua tree belt all along the desert base of the +San Gabriels. + +As mentioned in the description of the Joshua tree association, the +relative numbers of _Dipodomys merriami_ and _D. panamintinus_ shifted +from 1948 to 1951, possibly concurrent with the seasons of low rainfall +in this period. Whereas in 1948 _merriami_ was decidedly less abundant +than _panamintinus_ in the Joshua tree belt, in 1951 the numbers were +reversed. + +In December, 1951, it was found by tending the traps in the early +evening that _merriami_ foraged fairly early before the ground had +frozen solidly. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 2 mi. NW mouth of + Graham Canyon, 3500 ft., 5 (PC). + + +=Dipodomys merriami parvus= Rhoads + +San Bernardino Kangaroo Rat + +One specimen of this subspecies was trapped on November 26, 1951, in a +sandy channel of Cajon Wash near Devore beneath a clump of scale-broom. + + +=Dipodomys agilis agilis= Gambel + +Pacific Kangaroo Rat + +This species was found below about 4000 feet elevation all along the +coastal face of the range and reached maximum abundance in the level +tracts of coastal sage. It was one of the most abundant rodents there, +usually being second to _Perognathus fallax_ in point of numbers. Large +colonies of kangaroo rats occurred locally on sandy ground adjacent to +large washes. The rats were found sparingly on the foothill adobe banks +and in the greasewood chaparral of the lower foothills, but in heavy +chaparral where a layer of plant debris covered the ground, such as on +north slopes grown to scrub oak and lilac, kangaroo rats were completely +absent. Thus, in the lower chaparral belt, this rodent had a +discontinuous distribution. + +The coyote probably is one of the major predators of these kangaroo +rats; remains of this rodent were often found in coyote feces, and +coyotes excavated many burrow systems in large kangaroo rat colonies in +the sandy ground near San Antonio Wash. The soil there is so soft that +coyotes probably were often successful in digging out their prey. The +shed skin of a large Pacific rattlesnake (_Crotalus viridis helleri_) +was found four feet inside the mouth of a kangaroo rat burrow; probably +this reptile preys on _agilis_. Great horned owls (_Bubo virginianus +pacificus_) come down nightly from the chaparral to hunt in the sage +flats. Beneath the perches of these owls I have found pellets containing +bones of _agilis_. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 13, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Wash, 1900 ft., 11 (10 PC); 4 mi. NE + Claremont, 1600 ft., 2. + + +=Dipodomys agilis perplexus= (Merriam) + +Pacific Kangaroo Rat + +All the specimens of this species from the desert slope of the San +Gabriel Range are referred to the subspecies _perplexus_. They were +taken in brushy habitats between the elevations of 4500 and 7400 feet. +Throughout much of this area _perplexus_ was found only in certain +restricted areas more or less surrounded by inhospitable ground. For +example, at 7400 feet on Blue Ridge, they were found occasionally in the +strips of sagebrush and lilac brush which locally capped this ridge. +Often these patches of chaparral on Blue Ridge were surrounded by areas +unsuitable for kangaroo rats: on the Pacific slope, talus, oaks, and +yellow pines prevailed; on the ridge scattered yellow pine groves were +present; and on the steep desert slope there were yellow pines and white +firs. In Swarthout Valley _perplexus_ was found in flats that supported +basin sagebrush and _Haploppus_, while the coniferous forests to the +south, and pinyon-covered slopes to the north were uninhabited. On flats +supporting antelope brush and juniper, _perplexus_ was often common, but +it did not penetrate the chaparral of adjacent slopes grown to scrub oak +and mountain-mahogany. In general then, _perplexus_ was found in fairly +open brushy flats or slopes, even where these were surrounded by +unsuitable habitats. + +Specimens of _D. agilis_ from the desert slope two miles east of +Valyermo are referrable to the subspecies _perplexus_. A series taken in +Cajon Wash at Devore, on the Pacific slope, is intermediate between +_agilis_, of the coastal slope of the San Gabriels, and _perplexus_ of +the desert slope, but approaches more nearly the later subspecies. Thus, +different subspecies of _D. agilis_ occur on opposite slopes of the San +Gabriel Mountains, with intergradation taking place in the Cajon Pass +area and probably also at the west end of the Mountains. + +Both scrub oak acorns and juniper berries were found in the cheek +pouches of this subspecies, and one immature individual taken in +Swarthout Valley had its cheek pouches stuffed with approximately 550 +seeds of brome grass. + +On November 13, 1951, at 7500 feet on Blue Ridge, a small juvenile was +taken; it must have been born not earlier than September. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 17, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4600 ft., 3; 5 mi. E Valyermo, + 1; 1 mi. E Big Pines, 6600 ft., 6; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W Big + Pines, 7400 ft., 2. San Bernardino County: Cajon Wash, 1/2 mi. + SW Devore, 2200 ft., 5. + + +Family CRICETIDAE + + +=Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus= (Baird) + +Western Harvest Mouse + +This species inhabited grassy areas of the coastal sage belt, and +reached maximum abundance on cleared land grown thickly to weeds and +scattered brush. The mouse was only locally abundant--being scarce +throughout much of the sage belt--but was found under contrasting +conditions. In San Antonio Wash the species was taken among rocks and +sparse weeds, at Palmer Canyon specimens were trapped on a barren ridge +sparsely clothed with greasewood and white sage, and also one mile E of +Big Pines in flats supporting basin sagebrush and a fairly dense growth +of grasses. The western harvest mouse was recorded from 1500 feet +elevation to 3200 feet on the Pacific slope, and at 6600 feet near Big +Pines on the desert slope. + +Those specimens of harvest mice from near Big Pines may be grading +toward the desert race _megalotis_; my series of specimens from this +locality, however, is too small for clear indications on this point. + +Individuals in juvenal pelage were taken on November 26, 1951, near +Devore. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 1 mi. E Big Pines, 6600 ft., 2; Palmer Canyon, + 2000 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1700 ft., 3 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus eremicus eremicus= (Baird) + +Cactus Mouse + +In Mescal Wash on the desert slope of the San Gabriels, this mouse was +one of the most abundant mammals and was the only rodent other than +_Peromyscus maniculatus_ regularly trapped in the barren channels of +washes. In Mescal Wash, at an altitude of 4000 feet, _eremicus_ occurred +along with the chaparral-inhabiting _Peromyscus boylii_ and _Peromyscus +californicus_. The two species last mentioned were associated with the +occasional large patches of manzanita, antelope brush, and other brush +of the wash, whereas _eremicus_ was trapped in the rocky and sandy +channels among scattered bushes of scale-broom. No specimens of +_eremicus_ were taken on the juniper-clad benches adjacent to the wash. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 + ft., 10 (4 PC). + + +=Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus= (Miller) + +Cactus Mouse + +This mouse was recorded from 1900 feet elevation, one mile south of the +mouth of San Antonio Canyon, to 3200 feet elevation in Cajon Canyon. +This subspecies is characteristic of the sage belt and shows a strong +preference for the rough rocky areas found in dry washes. Although in +many areas the channels of the washes are immediately adjacent to sandy +sagebrush-covered flats, _eremicus_ is not common in the latter areas. +Rocks seem to be essential to _eremicus_, for sandy areas in the +sageland which were devoid of rocks yielded only an occasional specimen. +For example, 100 trap-nights in the main channel of San Antonio Wash +yielded 23 _eremicus_ and only six other rodents; while in the sandy +sage areas nearby 200 trap-nights yielded only one _eremicus_ and 32 +other rodents. + +In lower San Antonio Canyon _eremicus_ seemed restricted to the rocky +canyon bottom, none having been trapped on the steep slopes nearby. This +subspecies occurs commonly, however, on the adobe banks grown to white +sage at the base of the foothills. There _eremicus_ occurred on common +ground with _Perognathus fallax fallax_, and was often the only +_Peromyscus_ taken. + +This species may be restricted by temperature; washes above 4000 feet +elevation, which seemed suitable were uninhabited by these mice. + +On December 1, 1949, two females taken at the mouth of Palmer Canyon had +well advanced embryos. A female trapped in San Antonio Canyon on +September 19, 1951, was lactating. Juveniles were caught in the sage +belt in October, 1951. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2500 ft., 1; San Antonio + Wash, 1800 ft., 5 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus californicus insignis= Rhoads + +California Mouse + +This mouse inhabits areas supporting chaparral on the coastal slope of +the San Gabriels below 5000 feet. In the chaparral it is usually the +most plentiful rodent, being dominant on slopes which have been burned +over and on which greasewood chaparral has taken over. On one such slope +at the head of Cow Canyon, at 4500 feet, this was the only rodent +trapped, although an occasional wood rat house was noted. Trapping +records gave the impression that this form was the most ubiquitous +rodent in the entire chaparral belt. Nearly every trap line, even in +such non-productive areas as oak woodland, took the California mouse; +and in many areas, as in thick lilac brush, this mouse was by far the +most abundant rodent. Specimens were taken on the damp ground next to +San Antonio Creek, and in the riparian growth. In San Antonio Wash the +California mouse was found in thickets of laurel sumac and lemonade +berry, or other large shrubs, but were absent from most of the adjacent +sageland. The one place where they were found away from heavy brush was +on a series of barren adobe banks, near Palmer Canyon, clothed mostly +with white sage. Here they found shelter in the unused burrows of +kangaroo rats and ground squirrels. + +The only place on the desert slope where this species was taken was in +Mescal Wash. There it was taken occasionally near the large clumps of +antelope-brush and manzanita which grew in the main channels of the +wash. + +Lactating females of this species were taken in October, 1949, and +February, 1950. Two pregnant females were trapped on February 25, 1950, +at the mouth of Palmer Canyon. + + _Specimens examined._--Total 16, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Wash (4200 ft., 4; 4300 ft., 1; 4500 ft., + 1), 6(2IM); San Antonio Canyon, 4500 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, + 3000 ft., 5; mouth of Palmer Canyon, 1900 ft., 4 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli= (Baird) + +Deer Mouse + +This species occurs from 1000 feet elevation to above 9000 feet +elevation on the Pacific slope of the Mountains, but although probably +the most widespread rodent in the area it is absent from many habitats. +This mouse reaches maximum abundance in the coastal sage scrub +association, particularly where the soil is sandy with scattered +vegetation--usually coastal sagebrush and black sage. On the foothill +adobe slopes none was trapped, nor have any been taken in most of the +chaparral habitats. A few _gambeli_ were trapped amid the talus beneath +growths of scrub oak and bay trees in San Antonio Canyon, at 4300 feet +elevation. On Blue Ridge, at elevations of from 7200 feet to 8300 feet, +this mouse inhabited areas clothed with snowbush, basin sagebrush, +currant, and scattered conifers, and was found sparingly in the +coniferous forests. Thus this species lives on contrasting soil types in +association with many different vegetational assemblages, from the +coastal base to the crest of the range. + +There is a rather wide variation in color in _gambeli_ from the San +Gabriels. Certain individuals taken in open, sandy coastal sage areas +are pale, some being indistinguishable from examples of _sonoriensis_ +taken in the pinyon-juniper association on the desert slope. Specimens +from San Antonio Canyon have somewhat darker pelage than those from the +sage belt, and than individuals taken on Blue Ridge. Possibly a large +series of _Peromyscus maniculatus_ from the San Gabriel Mountains would +show definite local trends in color of pelage. + +This species is active on sub-freezing and rainy nights as evidenced by +trapping results, and at Big Pines there were tracks around the bases of +conifers after a heavy snowfall in December, 1951. Several females +taken in the sage belt in October, 1948, carried embryos, and a +lactating female was recorded from Blue Ridge on November 13, 1951. +Juveniles have been taken in September, October, November, and December. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W Big Pines, 7400 ft., 3; 1 + mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8200 ft., 1; 4 mi. NE Claremont, + 1900 ft., 2; San Antonio Wash, 1800 ft., 3 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis= (Le Conte) + +Deer Mouse + +This subspecies is associated with contrasting types of soil and +vegetation. It is seemingly absent from the upper pinyon-juniper sage +flats and areas grown to chaparral, but is fairly common on the gravelly +benches dotted with junipers, and in the washes issuing from the canyons +on the desert slope. It is present in small numbers in the Joshua tree +association. + +In 1951 the numbers of _sonoriensis_ were noticeably less than in 1948; +probably this was correlated with the series of dry winters in this +period. In December, 1948, this animal was one of the most common +rodents in Mescal Wash, 200 trap-nights yielding thirteen specimens; but +in November, 1951, none was taken. In parts of the juniper belt, where +an average of about six _sonoriensis_ was taken per 100 trap-nights in +1948, the average had dropped to one per 100 trap-nights in 1951. + +Specimens of this species from the desert slope of the mountains have +been assigned to the subspecies _sonoriensis_. Those from Blue Ridge +tend toward _sonoriensis_ in color, and may be considered as intergrades +between this subspecies and _gambeli_. + +This species was active on nights when the temperature was as low as 10° +F., and individuals were trapped in the juniper belt in December, 1948, +when four inches of snow lay on the ground. + +Gray-pelaged juveniles were taken on the desert slope in December, 1948, +and a female taken in Mescal Canyon on December 22 of this year carried +four embryos near term. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 8 mi. E and 4 mi. S Llano, 4000 ft., 6 (4 PC); + Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 5. + + +=Peromyscus boylii rowleyi= (J. A. Allen) + +Brush Mouse + +The main range of this mouse in the San Gabriel Mountains lies between +1600 and 6000 feet elevation on the Pacific slope of the Mountains, thus +encompassing much of the chaparral and oak woodland associations. It +was the most common mammal in the oak woodland association in the lower +foothills and often was trapped there on leaf mold beneath the oaks. +While trapping for shrews I regularly took this species in riparian +growth right down to the edge of the water. In San Antonio Canyon many +_boylii_ were trapped beneath logs and dense vegetation, and on wet +seepage slopes adjacent to the creek. + +This species shows a definite predilection for rocky habitats where +these occur in the chaparral. In heavy lilac brush near Camp Baldy +_Peromyscus boylii_ was outnumbered by _P. californicus_, yet where +talus slopes or boulder piles occurred _boylii_ was more numerous. At +the head of Cow Canyon amid boulders beneath scrub oak, bay, and big +cone-spruce, this species was especially abundant and no other +_Peromyscus_ was taken. + +Of special interest is the occurrence of this mouse on the desert slope +of the mountains; there it was taken beneath scrub oaks in the +pinyon-juniper association at the mouth of Mescal Canyon, and amid +boulder and debris piles in Mescal Wash at 4000 feet elevation. While +manzanita and scrub oak grew in the wash at the points of capture, the +animals were actually surrounded by the desert conditions of the Joshua +woodland, and associated with such desert forms as _Onychomys torridus +pulcher_ and _Peromyscus eremicus eremicus_. + +Immature individuals were taken in October, November, February, and +March, and a female with two large embryos was taken near Icehouse +Canyon on November 8, 1951. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 8, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 ft., 1; Mescal Canyon, 4800 + ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 5200 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, + 4500 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 1; Thompson Canyon, + 1800 ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus truei montipinoris= Elliot + +Piñon Mouse + +Only once was this mouse found outside the pinyon-juniper association of +the desert slope; in November, 1949, several were collected near Cajon +in mixed manzanita, scrub oak, and greasewood chaparral. This was the +only _Peromyscus_ of regular occurrence in the pinyon-juniper area, and +was recorded from the upper limit of this association, near Jackson +Lake, at 6000 feet, to the lower limit of the association at the mouth +of Graham Canyon at roughly 4000 feet elevation. + +Although in the juniper belt _truei_ often occurs on common ground +with _Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis_, the habitat preferences of +these animals are generally complementary. Where the mice occur +together, traps set in a variety of locations caught _Peromyscus +maniculatus_, but typically traps set amid the brush or on the open +ground away from the junipers were productive. On the contrary _truei_ +was invariably trapped quite near the junipers and often in association +with the large nests of _Neotoma fuscipes simplex_. In fact traps set +right on the beds of litter beneath the junipers were most likely to +catch _truei_. Records kept of trapping localities show that _truei_ was +without exception trapped within twenty feet of some treelike shelter +such as junipers, pinyons, Joshua tree or scrub oaks. Thus _Peromyscus +maniculatus_ occupies the open stretches between the trees, while +_truei_ inhabits the ground beneath and immediately adjacent to the +trees. In Nevada the piñon mouse prefers rocky areas (Hall, 1946:520). +In the San Gabriel Mountains this mouse does not seem to have this +predilection. + +In the juniper belt _truei_ was second to _Dipodomys panamintinus_ in +point of numbers. In the course of 500 trap-nights in the juniper belt +twenty-two _truei_ were taken with thirty-six _Dipodomys_. + +I consider my series of _Peromyscus truei_ from the desert slope of the +San Gabriels to represent the subspecies _montipinoris_. The series is +closely comparable to specimens of the subspecies _montipinoris_ in the +California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology from the Mount Pinos area, but +differs from specimens of the race _chlorus_ from the San Bernardino +Mountains in certain diagnostic characteristics. In his recent paper on +_Peromyscus truei_, Hoffmeister (1951) considered the populations of +this species in the San Gabriels to be of the race _chlorus_. +Hoffmeister had only one specimen available from the San Gabriel +Mountains (Lytle Creek, on the Pacific slope) which was intermediate +between _montipinoris_ and _chlorus_, but on the basis of cranial +measurements it was referred to the race _chlorus_. Specimens of +_Peromyscus truei_ from the eastern end of the desert slope of the San +Gabriel Mountains and the Cajon Pass area would probably demonstrate +that the race _montipinoris_, which occupies the desert slope of the San +Gabriels, intergrades with the race _chlorus_, which occurs in the San +Bernardino Range immediately to the east, in the Cajon Pass area. +Although _montipinoris_ occurs on the desert slope of the San Gabriels, +_chlorus_ may occur on the Pacific slope. I took no specimens of the +piñon mouse on the Pacific slope of the San Gabriel Mountains. + +In December, 1948, many small juveniles were taken in the juniper +belt, and on October 15, 1951, two females trapped at the head of +Grandview Canyon had embryos: one three and the other four. On November +13, 1951, a partially gray-pelaged subadult female was trapped which had +recently suckled young. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 17, all in Illinois Museum of + Natural History, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: + Mescal Canyon, 4500 ft., 8 mi. SE Llano, 11; Mescal Canyon, 4300 + ft., 2; 6 mi. SE Valyermo, 5100 ft., 1; Grandview Canyon, 6 mi. + SE Valyermo, 5100 ft., 1. San Bernardino County: 1 mi. W Cajon, + 3200 ft., 2. + + +=Onychomys torridus pulcher= Elliot + +Southern Grasshopper Mouse + +Grasshopper mice seemed to be partial to the more sandy parts of the +Joshua tree flats where the mice were trapped regularly but not +abundantly. This mouse inhabited the barren sandy channels of Mescal +Wash but was rare on the adjacent juniper-clad benches. In the arid, +sandy washes this typical desert rodent penetrated the high +pinyon-juniper association. + +Wherever grasshopper mice occurred they were outnumbered by most of the +other rodent species. For example, on November 26, 1949, below Graham +Canyon, 100 snap traps yielded 10 _Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis_, 2 +_Dipodomys merriami merriami_, 4 _Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis_, +and 3 _Onychomys torridus pulcher_. + +Where abandoned kangaroo rat burrows were common in the Joshua tree belt +these burrows were used as retreats by _Onychomys_. Some traps set at +the entrances to old burrows caught grasshopper mice. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 8 mi. E and 3 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 1; Mescal + Wash, 4200 ft., 5 (3 PC); 2 mi. S Valyermo, 4600 ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Neotoma lepida intermedia= Rhoads + +Desert Woodrat + +This species was on the Pacific face of the Mountains from 1600 feet +elevation in the coastal sage belt, to 4800 feet elevation in open +groves of big cone-spruce and scrub oak of the chaparral association. + +The local distribution of this woodrat is determined by suitable nesting +sites. Although taken in different types of vegetation, _lepida_, +without exception, was associated with rocky areas or areas supporting +patches of prickly-pear cactus. In the channels of San Antonio Wash, +_lepida_ was commonly associated with jumbles of boulders and +boulder-dotted cut banks. There the vegetation is sparse, and the rats +dwell among the rocks; only their droppings and faint trails indicate +their presence. Among boulders _lepida_ builds only small houses of +sticks and debris, and even these only occasionally. The effect of the +prickly-pear cactus on the distribution of _lepida_ in the sageland is +striking; trap lines there yielded no woodrats where extensive rock +piles and patches of prickly-pear were absent, but many rats were taken +where patches of prickly-pear are plentiful. On an acre supporting +coastal sagebrush at the mouth of San Antonio Canyon, at 1800 feet +elevation, there were fourteen patches of prickly-pear, each covering at +least thirty square feet. In these patches there were thirteen occupied +woodrat nests. Only one patch lacked an occupied nest, and this one +contained the remains of an old nest. On this acre there were at least +thirteen individuals. In the sagebrush belt only an occasional large +patch of cactus lacks a woodrat house occupied by _lepida_. Seemingly +_Neotoma fuscipes_ does not build houses in patches of prickly-pear. + +Most of the houses built by _Neotoma lepida_ are small and simple as +compared to those of _Neotoma fuscipes_, and often in rocky areas no +nests are in evidence. The most elaborate nests are built among the pads +and spines of the prickly-pear and under laurel sumac or other large +shrubs growing near washes. One of three houses examined at the mouth of +San Antonio Canyon was on sandy ground in a patch of _Opuntia_ measuring +approximately 11 x 14 feet. The house was 14 inches high and 41 x 37 +inches at the base. It was built around the main stem of the +prickly-pear and a rock about 10 inches in diameter. The house was +constructed of sticks of coastal sagebrush and buckwheat, and was dotted +with dissected fruits and flowers of the prickly-pear. The main chamber +was arched over by the main stem of the prickly-pear and was roughly 12 +x 19 inches, inside dimensions, being reached through two three-inch +openings, one on the east side of the chamber and one on the north side +of the chamber. Two cup-shaped nests were inside the chamber, these +being constructed mostly of grasses, and each resembling a well +constructed bird nest 4 inches in diameter. The grass nests were free of +feces, but feces were piled up against the west side of the chamber with +many snail shells and dissected fruits and flowers of prickly-pear. +Thirty-five inches from the main chamber was a third grass nest on the +ground beneath a cluster of cactus pads. Next to this there was a blind +burrow about eight inches long, and one and three-quarters inches in +diameter. No burrow led to the main chamber, in this or in either of the +other houses, but all had at least one short blind burrow beneath the +house. + +At many houses there were one to three grass nests outside the house on +the ground, within four feet of the house. From each nest a well worn +path lead to the house. Traps set in these nests invariably caught +woodrats. + +The many prickly-pear fruits and snail shells in and around the houses +of _lepida_ probably were remnants of food. So many of the rodents +caught in traps near woodrat nests were partly eaten--usually the brains +were taken--that I suspect the woodrats of eating their relatives. The +heads of many composite annuals were piled near woodrat nests. + +Immature individuals were taken in September, October, and early +November, and on September 26, 1951, a lactating female was trapped near +Palmer Canyon. + +An old female bobcat trapped in Thompson Canyon had masses of cactus +thorns beneath her skin, especially about the forelegs. These thorns +were probably received while she was foraging in growths of prickly-pear +for woodrats. The other bobcats from San Antonio Wash also had +accumulations of thorns under the skin of the forelegs. Fragments of the +skulls of _Neotoma lepida_ were recovered from horned owl pellets and +coyote feces. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 4500 ft., 2; San Antonio + Wash, 1800 ft., 5 (2 PC). + + +=Neotoma lepida lepida= Thomas + +Desert Woodrat + +These woodrats were present in rocky situations along the desert slope +from the lower edge of the juniper belt down into the desert. Specimens +were taken in piles of boulders in Mescal Wash, and amid rock +outcroppings on the steep, barren, south slopes at the base of Grandview +Canyon, whereas none was found on the juniper-clad benches. + +This woodrat built no nests in rocky areas; however, in the Joshua tree +belt _N. l. lepida_ often built small nests at the bases of large +standing or prostrate Joshua trees. There sticks from creosote bushes, +along with cow dung and small stones were favorite building materials. +Judging from the large number of unused woodrat nests in the Joshua tree +flats it seemed that this rat was formerly far more common than it was +in the period of this study. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 4; Mescal + Wash, 4200 ft., 5 (3PC). + + +=Neotoma fuscipes macrotis= Thomas + +Dusky-footed Woodrat + +This subspecies was widely distributed along the coastal slope of the +mountains from the coastal sage belt, at roughly 1600 feet, up to 6500 +feet at the lower edge of the yellow pine forest and was most common in +the chaparral association. + +In the coastal sage belt these woodrats are restricted to wash areas +where large chaparral plants such as lemonadeberry and laurel sumac are +used as nesting sites. In San Antonio Wash the occasional large juniper +trees almost invariably harbor the nests of _fuscipes_. The general +absence of suitable nesting sites in the sage belt probably limits the +spread of _fuscipes_ in this area. + +In the upper part of the chaparral belt in talus these woodrats live +beneath the angular boulders and build no visible houses. Several areas +of talus occupied by woodrats were examined carefully and no sign of +houses was noted. + +Two juveniles were found in the stomach of a rattlesnake (_Crotalus +viridis helleri_) killed in May, 1948, at the mouth of Evey Canyon. +Remains of woodrats were found in feces of the coyote and gray fox. + +Lactating females of this species were taken on March 16, and October 2, +1951. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 4, distributed as follows: San + Bernardino County: Icehouse Canyon, 5500 ft., 2. Los Angeles + County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 2. + + +=Neotoma fuscipes simplex= True + +Dusky-footed Woodrat + +These rats were recorded from the yellow pine forests on Blue Ridge, at +8100 feet, down to the lower edge of the juniper belt, at 3800 feet. +Their presence there as elsewhere was determined by the occurrence of +adequate cover. On Blue Ridge they were taken in and near patches of +snowbrush, currant, and choke cherry, and one was taken beneath a pile +of logs where no nest was in evidence. + +The thickets of choke cherry in hollows on Blue Ridge were favored +house-building sites of woodrats. Among the tangle of branches large +nests were built, and in September, 1951, the remains of choke cherry +fruit and gnawings on the limbs of these plants indicated that woodrats +were active throughout these extensive patches of brush. + +In the pinyon-juniper association most of the large plants were used +as nesting sites, but scrub oak, seemed to be especially preferred. +Because it often grew in a twisted irregular form with the foliage +nearly reaching the ground, the oak offered good shelter for the woodrat +nests. In an acre of scrub oak and mountain mahogany brush one-half mile +north of Jackson Lake, at 6100 feet, thirteen occupied woodrat nests +were found. In the juniper belt, houses were of more irregular +occurrence, and were always beneath juniper trees, usually beneath the +largest and most widely spreading individuals. + +Those specimens from Blue Ridge, on the crest of the San Gabriels, are +intergrades between the coastal race _macrotis_ and _simplex_ of the +desert slope. Although specimens vary widely in color, comparison with +series of these two subspecies in the California Museum of Vertebrate +Zoology indicates that all specimens from the desert slope of the San +Gabriels are referable to the race _simplex_. Two specimens of this +species from the granite talus above the base of Icehouse Canyon at 5500 +feet on the Pacific slope, grade strongly toward _simplex_. Hooper +(1938:231) mentions that specimens of this species taken along the San +Gabriel and San Bernardino ranges may be intermediate between _simplex_ +and _macrotis_. + +At the head of Grandview Canyon, tracks indicated that a coyote had +foraged for about one half mile along the edge of a tract of dense oak +and pinyon growth. It seemed as if the animal had been foraging for +woodrats. A gray fox trapped near Graham Canyon, in the juniper belt, +had in its stomach the remains of a freshly killed adult woodrat. The +remains of an adult woodrat were found in the stomach of a rattlesnake +(_Crotalus viridis helleri_) obtained on the desert slope of the +mountains. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 6 mi. E Valyermo, 5600 ft., 1; 1 mi. E Big + Pines, 6600 ft., 2; 1 mi. S and 3 mi. W Big Pines, 6000 ft., 1; + 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8100 ft., 2. + + +=Microtus californicus sanctidiegi= R. Kellogg + +California Meadow Mouse + +Owing to the paucity of extensive areas of grassland in the San +Gabriels, this is one of the least common rodents of the area. It +inhabits, however, even small patches of grassland up to 4000 feet +elevation on the Pacific slope, and is locally plentiful. For example, a +small patch of grassland amid the chaparral at the mouth of Palmer +Canyon supported many _Microtus_, and in San Antonio Canyon at about +3000 feet elevation meadow mice were found amid boulders and yuccas in a +small grassy area near the stream. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 3, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 1; Palmer Canyon, + 2100 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1800 ft., 1. + + +Family URSIDAE + + +=Ursus americanus californiensis= J. Miller + +Black Bear + +Eleven black bears were introduced into the San Gabriel Mountains "near +Crystal Lake" in November 1933 from the Sierra Nevada (Burghduff, +1935:83). I do not know whether or not there have been subsequent +introductions. There are still bears present in the higher parts of the +mountains, especially north of the study area, where they seem to be +maintaining their numbers. The grizzly bear that formerly occurred in +the San Gabriel Mountains was exterminated there some years before the +black bear was introduced. + + +Family PROCYONIDAE + + +=Bassariscus astutus octavus= Hall + +Ring-tailed Cat + +Large sections of the San Gabriel Mountains are uninhabited by this +species, while locally, in the chaparral belt near water, ring-tails are +common. Many reports of ring-tails were received from owners of cabins +and homes who reside in the canyons at the Pacific base of the +mountains. Because of the distinctive appearance of this animal it is +likely that many of these reports were accurate. The reports testified +to the presence of ring-tails in San Gabriel Canyon, Dalton Canyon, +Palmer Canyon and San Antonio Canyon. Hall (1927:41) lists specimens +from San Antonio Canyon. Kenneth Hill of Upland told me that ring-tailed +cats often have been trapped above that town near citrus nurseries that +are regularly irrigated. This species probably is not present on the +desert slope of the range. + +The only specimen that I took was a female weighing one pound and +fourteen ounces. It was trapped on March 24, 1951, among granite +boulders, beneath scrub oak and bay trees, near the mouth of Icehouse +Canyon, at 5500 feet elevation. + + +=Procyon lotor psora= Gray + +Raccoon + +The raccoon was one of the most common carnivores in the San Gabriels +and was found on both slopes of the range. Tracks were noted and one old +male was trapped at the base of the Pacific slope foothills at 1900 feet +elevation, and raccoons were captured at several localities from this +point up to 5500 feet in San Antonio Canyon. They were noted on Blue +Ridge at about 8000 feet elevation foraging around the camp grounds. On +the desert slope they occurred down to the lower edge of the +pinyon-juniper belt, for example near the mouth of Sheep Creek Canyon. + +Sign of raccoons was most often found near water; tracks, however, +indicated that these animals, along with other carnivores, used fire +roads for traveling through the chaparral. In a small draw one-half mile +east of the mouth of Thompson Canyon two raccoons were trapped although +the only water was a series of small, disconnected seepage pools beneath +the valley oaks. + +A raccoon freed from a small steel trap in San Antonio Canyon concealed +itself in an unusual but extremely effective manner. When released the +coon splashed up the middle of the small creek nearby to a place where +some dead alders had fallen over and shaded the water--here the animal +squatted down in the stream. The raccoon was mostly submerged, its tail +was floating, and its back and the top of its head and snout were above +water. With most of its body under water, and with the maze of alder +logs above casting a broken pattern of light and shade, it was well +hidden. When closely pressed the raccoon hid in the same manner several +times before it disappeared up a rocky draw into the scrub oak brush. + +In the autumn of 1951, raccoons fed on grapes at the Sycamore Valley +Ranch one mile south of Devore. The one specimen (P. C.) saved, an old +male from 1/2 mi. W Palmer Canyon, had remains of beetles in its stomach +and weighed slightly more than 13 pounds. + + +Family MUSTELIDAE + + +=Mustela frenata latirostra= Hall + +Long-tailed Weasel + +Several weasels were found dead on roads in the coastal sage belt near +San Antonio and Lytle canyons. + + +=Taxidea taxus neglecta= Mearns + +Badger + +I found no sign of badgers on the Pacific slope of the range, but James +Wolfort, employed by the state Fish and Game Commission to trap coyotes, +reported that in 1948 he trapped also several badgers at the coastal +foot of the range in the San Fernando Valley area which is west of the +study area. + + +=Taxidea taxus berlandieri= Baird + +Badger + +Many old badger diggings were found in the Joshua tree woodland and +pinyon-juniper associations of the desert slope, but none of the animals +was observed nor were specimens secured. Mr. E. A. Eberle who has +trapped for many winters in the vicinity of Mescal Canyon stated that he +caught badgers occasionally. + +I examined the skin of a badger taken at Llano which showed the +characteristic paleness of the desert subspecies _berlandieri_. + + +=Mephitis mephitis holzneri= Mearns + +Striped Skunk + +The populations of striped skunks in the San Gabriels center around +cultivated land at the Pacific foot of the range. Citrus groves, grape +vineyards, and areas once cleared by man are preferred to coastal +sagebrush flats. The cultivated areas now probably support many more +skunks than were there under original conditions. I have many sight +records of striped skunks which I obtained while driving through the +citrus groves at night. Only once was the striped skunk noted in the +chaparral; all the other records were from the coastal sagebrush belt. + +In addition to insects and small mammals, grapes are eaten regularly by +skunks in vineyards, and the fruit of the prickly-pear cactus is often +eaten. Near the mouth of Thompson Canyon feces examined in October 1948, +contained almost exclusively the remains of prickly-pear fruit. + +A male taken one-half mile south of Devore weighed five pounds and four +ounces. + + _Specimens examined_, 2: San Bernardino County: 1/2 mi. S + Devore, 2200 ft., 1. Los Angeles County: 3 mi. N Claremont, 1500 + ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Spilogale gracilis microrhina= Hall + +Spotted Skunk + +Spotted skunks are common locally in the coastal sage scrub association +and lower chaparral association on the coastal face of the mountains, +mainly between 1000 and 4000 feet elevation; but they have been reported +from Icehouse Canyon at 5000 feet, and I took one above the mouth of +this canyon at 5500 feet elevation. A few spotted skunks may inhabit the +lower desert slope of the mountains; here feces thought to be those of +spotted skunks have been found, and a bobcat trapped near the head of +Grandview Canyon smelled strongly of skunk. + +The spotted skunk usually was in rocky habitats. In the sage flats, sign +(mostly feces and tracks) usually was near rock piles and around human +developments such as rock walls, old outbuildings and houses. Specimens +taken in the chaparral were trapped near granite outcroppings. + +In the autumn of 1950, at my house near the mouth of Palmer Canyon, a +family of spotted skunks lived under the floors. Night after night they +scratched under the floor and chattered in high-pitched rasping notes, +and on several evenings one walked complacently into the living room. It +finally became necessary to trap and deport most of these skunks. In +all, nine skunks were trapped; these probably represented more than the +original residents. One male was descented and allowed to remain. It +spent most of the daylight hours asleep in an old shower room where the +many gaps between the rock work and the boards allowed him entrance. +Through no special efforts on our part he became tame enough to climb +over us in order to get food left on the kitchen sink, and he would eat +calmly while we sat only inches away from him. + +Feces from sage areas contained mostly remains of insects and small +rodents whereas many samples of feces from chaparral areas contained, in +addition, shells of snails. Feces examined represent all months of the +year. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: mouth of San Antonio + Canyon, 2 (PC). + + +Family CANIDAE + + +=Canis latrans ochropus= Eschscholtz + +Coyote + +Coyotes inhabit the sagebrush flats and foothills up to at least 4000 +feet all along the Pacific base of the San Gabriels. This species seems +most common at the foot of the range where large dry washes prevent +man from occupying the land immediately adjacent to the foothills, and +are the dominant carnivores of the coastal sage belt. Repeated +observations have indicated that although many individuals range into +the higher foothills they seldom are found deep in the major canyons or +chaparral slopes. Coyotes rarely occur at 3000 or 4000 feet in San +Antonio Canyon where it cuts into the realm of heavy chaparral; yet on +steep foothill slopes and ridges, which are adjacent to the flat land, +these animals range up to at least 4000 feet. Being hunters primarily of +rather open land many coyotes go into the foothills only to find daytime +refuge, traveling down dirt roads, ridges, and firebreaks, to forage at +night in the sage flats. Coyote feces from the foothills, at about 3500 +feet, contained predominantly the remains of such food items as +cottontails, chickens, and jack rabbits. These animals could have been +found only in the flats. This is additional evidence that coyotes do the +major part of their hunting at the base of the range. + +Observations of coyote tracks and trapping records have shown that these +animals hunt mostly in the more open parts of the sage flats. Coyotes +frequent areas of scattered brush, sandy areas, wash channels, and old +roads, and seemingly shun dense brush. Many coyotes actually hunt for +rabbits in the citrus groves near the foothills. On several evenings I +traced their howling to orange groves, and Mr. Kenneth Hill of Upland +told me of often seeing coyotes in his orange groves at night. + +The forage beats of several coyotes were discovered in connection with +trapping specimens of these animals. In January, 1952, two coyotes, +probably a mated pair, traveled nightly from the slopes immediately west +of Evey Canyon, at about 3100 feet, down into the sagebrush adjacent to +the west side of San Antonio Wash, at about 1700 feet elevation. The +route led down open ridges, then for about one half mile across a level, +cultivated plateau, and then swung over the eroded banks near the +lowermost point of the plateau onto the level sage flats. The distance +covered by this route from the foothills down to the flats was somewhat +more than a mile, with about a 1400 foot difference in elevation between +the daytime retreat and the nocturnal forage area. Another route, +seemingly used by only one coyote, was somewhat longer. This animal +followed fire breaks and ridges from above Thompson Canyon down onto a +fire road, and then into the lower end of Palmer Canyon where it entered +the flats. This route covered about three miles in coming from the +foothills to the flats. Feces of this coyote often contained the +remains of white leghorn chickens which had been found at a refuse pile +near several chicken ranches one-half mile from the base of Palmer +Canyon. + +Although no definite idea could be gained of the population density of +coyotes in the area, it was clear that in certain localities they were, +as carnivores go, abundant. After one large male was obtained in the +flats at the base of Cobal Canyon, at least two other individuals were +heard howling in this immediate area, and their tracks were noted +repeatedly on dirt roads. One night early in January, 1952, immediately +west of the head of San Antonio Wash, the voices of six coyotes could be +picked out separately from a chorus of coyote howls which came from +several different directions in the wash. + +Many field examinations of coyote feces left the impression that +chickens and lagomorphs made up the bulk of the coyote's food on the +coastal slope. To check this a study of 39 sets of scats collected at +various localities on the coastal slope was made in the laboratory, the +results being shown in Table 10. Remains of one of the three species of +rabbits, cottontails, jack rabbits, or brush rabbits, occurred in 72 per +cent of the feces examined. Cottontails, it will be noted, were preyed +upon more heavily than any other wild species, remains of this form +being found in 33 per cent of the feces. The prevalence of chicken +remains in coyote feces does not imply that these animals were killed by +the coyotes. All of the chickens could have been found dead in the +refuse piles of the many chicken ranches. In addition, the chickens were +raised in wire cages above the ground where they were nearly +invulnerable to predation. That coyotes may at times kill deer in this +area was suggested by the finding of tracks in the sand in San Antonio +Wash which clearly indicated that a deer had been closely pursued by a +coyote. The tracks were lost in a stretch of brush so the outcome of the +chase could not be determined. Near the mouth of Lytle Creek Canyon, in +November, 1951, coyote feces contained mostly remains of grapes from +nearby vineyards. Also, above Cucamonga, coyotes were found to be +feeding heavily on grapes. This must be a rather unsuitable form of +nourishment for coyotes, for many of the grapes in the feces appeared +nearly unaltered despite their trip through the alimentary canal. + +TABLE 10.--RESULTS OF EXAMINATIONS OF THIRTY-NINE SETS OF COYOTE FECES +FROM THE PACIFIC SLOPE OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. FECES WERE +DEPOSITED IN AUTUMN AND WINTER (SEPTEMBER TO FEBRUARY). + +=================================================================== + | Number of | + | sets of feces | Percentages + Food item | which contained | of occurrence[A] + | food item | +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +chicken | 18 | 46.2 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Sylvilagus audubonii | 13 | 33.3 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Lepus californicus | 10 | 25.6 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Sylvilagus bachmani | 5 | 12.8 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Odocoileus hemionus | 5 | 12.8 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +rodents (unidentified) | 5 | 12.8 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Dipodomys agilis | 4 | 10.3 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Neotoma species | 3 | 7.7 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Mephitis mephitis | 3 | 7.7 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Carrion beetle | 2 | 5.1 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +passerine bird | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +bot fly larva | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +snail shell | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +scorpion | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Jerusalem cricket | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +sheep hair | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Lynx rufus | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Kitten of wildcat or housecat | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Lophortyx californica | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +grapes | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +grass | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ + +[Footnote A: This is an expression, in percentage, of the number of sets +of feces which contained the particular food item out of the total of +thirty-nine sets examined.] + +The six coyotes taken on the Pacific slope are fairly uniform in +coloration; the occurrence of white tipping on the tails of most of the +specimens, instead of the usual solid black tip, is notable. Three +skins, those of a male and two females, have patches of white hairs at +the tips of the tails; two skins, of a male and a female, show only +scattered white hairs at the tips of the tails; and the skin of one +female has a solidly black-tipped tail. An additional female, trapped +by David Leighton in Thompson Canyon, had a large patch of white hairs +at the tip of the tail. Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale (1937:501) mention +that only an occasional individual (female?) has a white-tipped tail. + +Weights are available for four specimens: two coyotes trapped in San +Antonio Wash, a male and a female, weighed 20.5 and 23.2 pounds +respectively; a female from the mouth of San Antonio Canyon weighed 21.6 +pounds; and a large male from the mouth of Thompson Canyon weighed 29.3 +pounds. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Live Oak Canyon, 3000 ft., 1; mouth of San + Antonio Canyon, 2000 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1600 ft., 2; 4 + mi. NE Claremont, 1600 ft., 1; 3 mi. NE Claremont, 1600 ft., 1. + +TABLE 11.--CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF CANIS LATRANS OCHROPUS FROM THE +COASTAL SLOPE OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. + +====================================================================== + | Four females | Two males + | Averages Extremes | Averages Extremes +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Condylobasal length | 180.67 174.2-183.3 | 188.35 179.2-197.5 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Palatal length | 91.57 88.0-95.0 | 97.15 91.6-102.7 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Zygomatic breadth | 90.15 88.9-92.0 | 95.60 88.8-102.5 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Interorbital breadth | 29.12 27.9-29.9 | 31.45 28.1-34.8 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Length of | | +maxillary toothrow | 85.00 80.4-89.80 | 88.00 83.4-92.6 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Length of | | +upper carnassial | 18.30 17.8-19.0 | 18.70 18.1-19.3 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- + + +=Canis latrans mearnsi= Merriam + +Coyote + +Coyotes are common on the desert slope of the San Gabriels below about +6000 feet elevation. They seem not, or only rarely, to penetrate the +yellow pine forest belt, but tracks have been found occasionally near +the lower edge of the forest, as at the head of Mescal Canyon. In the +more open parts of the pinyon-juniper association, sign of coyotes was +noted and they were the dominant carnivores in the juniper belt and +Joshua tree woodland. + +In the upper part of the pinyon-juniper association coyotes travel and +forage in sage flats, along ridges, and in sandy draws, avoiding the +extensive patches of scrub oak and mountain mahogany, and the steep, +rocky, pinyon-covered slopes. It is apparent that the local ranges of +the coyote and the gray fox in the pinyon-juniper belt are +complementary, the gray fox keeping to the more thickly wooded or brushy +parts of the area, and the coyote staying in the relatively open +sections. Probably there is little competition for food there between +these two canids. + +As evidenced by tracks, coyotes commonly traveled and hunted along +desert washes, probably because of the larger population of rodents and +rabbits there. Below Graham Canyon three fairly recently inhabited dens +of coyotes were found in the cutbanks at the edge of a dry wash in +December of 1951. The cutbanks were six to ten feet high, and the dens +were dug into the banks about three feet above the floor of the wash. + +On the evening of October 20, 1948, near Desert Springs, Steven M. +Jacobs and I set out a line of fifty wooden live traps for kangaroo +rats. That night we slept about 300 yards from the middle of the line +which was roughly three quarters of a mile long. When we tended the +traps the next morning we found the tracks of a coyote over our own +tracks of the previous day, and the first trap that had seemingly held a +kangaroo rat was chewed and dragged for about fifty feet. Each trap that +had held a rodent had been turned upside down so that the door had +opened. At one point in the line where we had walked for about two +hundred yards without setting a trap the coyote had followed every twist +and turn of our trail. The animal had followed out the entire trap line +and removed approximately eight rodents from the traps, reducing our +take to one _Dipodomys_ and one _Peromyscus_. + +Examinations of feces showed that in the period from 1948 to 1952, while +populations of jack rabbits were low in the Mojave Desert, the coyotes +had fed extensively on smaller mammals such as kangaroo rats, and to +some extent on fruit. By contrasting the present food habits of coyotes +on the desert and coastal slopes of the mountains support is afforded +for Errington's (1937:243) statement that predation is "a by-product of +population." On the desert slope, with low populations of rabbits, the +coyotes have turned to lesser species of prey; while on the Pacific +slope, where populations of rabbits were high, the rabbits made up the +major portion of the coyote's diet. On the desert slope, remains of the +following food items were identified from coyote feces: kangaroo rats, +mule deer, jack rabbits, passerine bird, manzanita and juniper fruit, +beetles, grapes and apples. Near Valyermo, coyote feces were composed +mostly of apples from nearby orchards. A female coyote killed below +Grandview Canyon had its stomach and intestines stuffed with apples in +large chunks. In the juniper belt, berries of juniper were often eaten +by coyotes. + +The three specimens of coyotes from the desert slope are clearly +referable to the desert race _C. l. mearnsi_, both with regard to +cranial and pelage characteristics. Although I collected no specimens +from Cajon Pass or the passes at the west end of the range, it is in +these places that intergradation might be expected to occur between the +desert race _C. l. mearnsi_ and the coastal and valley subspecies _C. l. +ochropus_, as the higher parts of the San Gabriels seem to constitute a +barrier to coyotes. + +A subadult female coyote taken in the Joshua tree belt near Graham +Canyon weighed 20.8 pounds. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 2 mi. S + Llano, 3600 ft., 3 (2 PC). + + +=Vulpes macrotis arsipus= Elliot + +Kit Fox + +The kit fox barely enters the area under consideration. In the Joshua +tree belt, below about 3500 feet elevation, tracks were most often noted +in washes and on the adjacent sandy ground. The highest place where +tracks were seen was a small sandy draw below the mouth of Graham Canyon +at an altitude of roughly 3900 feet. + +In the Joshua tree belt many old burrows were found but none was +occupied. I believe these foxes are returning to this area where once +they were common. In the winter of 1948 no sign of kit foxes was found, +although intensive field work was done in the Joshua tree belt in the +Mescal Canyon area. In December of 1951, in the same locality, sign was +obvious and an individual was trapped below Grandview Canyon at 3500 +feet elevation. Possibly since the use of poison for carnivores has been +discontinued in this district the foxes are repopulating the area. + +The one specimen taken, a sub-adult female, weighed two pounds and +fourteen ounces. + + _Specimen examined._--Los Angeles Co.: 6 mi. E & 1 mi. S Llano, + 3500 ft., 1. + + +=Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus= Mearns + +Gray Fox + +The gray fox is widely distributed in the San Gabriel Mountains, +occurring on both slopes of the range wherever extensive tracts of +chaparral are present. They reach maximum abundance in the chaparral +association of the coastal slope. Individuals have been observed +occasionally at night in coastal sage areas at the Pacific foot of the +mountains; however they seem to be less common here and probably come +out of the adjacent chaparral to forage in the flats at night. Gray +foxes occur all the way up the Pacific slope into the yellow pine +woodland at 7500 feet, and from 6200 feet elevation on the desert slope +down to the upper limit of the Joshua trees as, for example, near Mescal +Canyon at 4700 feet. + +On the Pacific face of the mountains the gray fox probably is the +dominant carnivore in terms of its effect on prey species, first, +because of its abundance, and second, because of its forage habits. Some +appreciation of the abundance of the gray fox may be gained from +trapping records. On a fire road at the head of Thompson Canyon, at 2500 +feet, two settings of traps about one-quarter mile apart were maintained +for four nights. In this time four gray foxes were trapped. At the head +of Cow Canyon, at 4500 feet, one trap set on a deer trail caught five +gray foxes in five nights. At the end of this time fox tracks were noted +about 100 yards away from the set, and another fox was trapped about one +quarter mile away. In addition to their abundance, the forage habits of +gray foxes are such as to bring them into most habitats present in the +chaparral association. Tracks and feces indicate that foxes forage under +dense brush, on open rocky ridges, in riparian growth, on talus slopes, +and in groves of big cone-spruce and scrub oak. + +Trapped foxes, if uninjured by the trap, were usually released. One fox +was released on a small trail through thick vegetation consisting mainly +of snowbrush. When freed, the fox whirled and darted through a patch of +snowbrush for about seventy-five feet, then turned and disappeared +beneath some large bay trees. Although the brush through which it ran +was dense, the fox seemed to run at full speed. The success of gray +foxes as predators in the chaparral is probably due in large measure to +their agility amid dense cover. + +The three specimens from the desert slope are referable to the coastal +subspecies, _U. c. californicus_, rather than the desert subspecies, _U. +c. scottii_. In all respects they resemble foxes taken on the Pacific +slope; cranial measurements are near the maximum for the large _U. c. +californicus_, and not small as would be expected if they were grading +toward the smaller _U. c. scottii_. Floors of desert valleys north of +the San Gabriel Mountains probably isolated foxes there from _U. c. +scottii_ found in the higher ranges of the Mojave Desert. Consequently +one would expect no intergradation between the coastal and desert races +in the San Gabriel Mountains. + +An old female trapped on March 18,1951, in San Antonio Canyon, had three +embryos each about 105 mm. long from rump to crown, and weighed 9.2 lbs. +The average weight of four non-pregnant females was 6.8 lbs., whereas +the average of six males was 7.5 lbs. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; 4 mi. E Valyermo, + 5200 ft., 2; Cow Canyon, 4500 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 3000 + ft., 1; Thompson Canyon, 2500 ft., 2 (PC); 1/2 mi. W Palmer + Canyon, 2000 ft., 3 (PC). + + +Family FELIDAE + + +=Lynx rufus californicus= Mearns + +Wildcat + +Wildcats range over the whole of the San Gabriel Range, with the +possible exception of the tops of the highest peaks such as Mt. San +Antonio and Mt. Baden Powell. Sign of these animals has been observed, +or specimens have been taken, from the coastal sage belt up to about +8500 feet in the yellow pine forests on Blue Ridge. The subspecies +_baileyi_ occurs on the desert slope of the range. + +Wildcats are most common in the chaparral belt where they forage widely +from the ridges down into the canyons. Judging from trapping records +bobcats are not so common here as the gray fox. + +Bobcats occur in the sage belt, where they are most common in the broken +country around washes and in brushy areas. Although bobcats and coyotes +occupy the same general areas here, the habitat preferences of these +animals seem to be different, with coyotes occupying the more open +country. An indication of the hunting habits of bobcats is furnished by +the occurrence of masses of prickly-pear thorns beneath the skin of the +legs, particularly the forelegs, of three specimens trapped in the sage +belt. These thorns probably were acquired while the bobcats foraged for +woodrats or cottontails in the patches of prickly-pear, which are +locally abundant in the sage belt. + +On March 12, 1951, a small subadult female bobcat, trapped at 4000 feet +in San Antonio Canyon, was found dead in the trap and had numerous deep +cuts around its head and shoulders, and severe bruises on the right +shoulder. The spacing of the cuts, and the tracks around the set, +indicated that while held in the trap this animal had fought with a +second bobcat that had inflicted the fatal wounds. It seems unlikely +that the fight was caused by a male attempting to copulate with the +female held in the trap, for the female was found to be carrying an +embryo. + +In Live Oak Canyon, in December, 1950, tracks and bits of fur indicated +that a bobcat had killed and eaten a gray squirrel. Remains of +cottontails were found in the stomachs of two bobcats. All six bobcats +from the Pacific slope had nematode worms in the pyloric end of the +stomach. + +Two females obtained on March 12 and 19, 1951, each had one embryo +approximately one inch long (rump to crown). + +The following list gives the weight of each of the specimens from the +Pacific slope of the San Gabriels. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 8, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 4000 ft., 1; San Antonio + Canyon, 3200 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft., 2; Thompson + Canyon, 1800 ft., 1; 3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft., 2; Little + Dalton Canyon, 1500 ft., 1 (PC). + +TABLE 12.--WEIGHTS OF LYNX RUFUS CALIFORNICUS FROM THE SAN GABRIEL +MOUNTAINS. + +===================================================================== + sex and age | locality | date | weight +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Female] ad. |3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft.|January 20, 1951|18.8 lbs. +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Female] sad.|4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft. |March 9, 1951 |12.5 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] ad. |Thompson Canyon, 1800 ft. |January 15, 1948|13.2 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] sad. |4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft. |January 26, 1951|11.3 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] ad. |3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft.|January 27, 1951|13.8 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] sad. |San Antonio Canyon, 4000 ft.|March 12, 1951 | 7.9 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] sad. |San Antonio Canyon, 3200 ft.|March 17, 1951 |11.2 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- + + +=Lynx rufus baileyi= Merriam + +Wildcat + +This subspecies is widely distributed on the desert slope of the range, +and was recorded down to the lower edge of the juniper belt. Tracks were +observed on many occasions in yellow pine forest, but wildcats seemed to +be commonest in the brushy parts of the pinyon-juniper association. Two +were trapped in small draws lined with pinyons and scrub oak, and two +at the base of rocky pinyon-covered slopes. Only occasionally were +tracks noted in the lower part of the juniper belt. Bobcats are most +numerous where woodrats also reach peak abundance, suggesting that +woodrats are a major food. + +The four specimens from the desert slope, although exhibiting a wide +range of variation, are all representatives of the desert race +_baileyi_. A yearling male from near the head of Grandview Canyon, at +5200 feet elevation, has the profuse black spotting of the subspecies +_californicus_, but the general pallor dorsally is characteristic of the +desert subspecies. An adult female, from 4700 feet elevation in Graham +Canyon, shows the double mid-dorsal black line and the distinct black +markings around the face characteristic of _californicus_, but is +otherwise pale with reduced black patterns on the backs of the ears. The +other two specimens, an adult male and a yearling female, are typical +examples of _baileyi_, pale, and with reduced black markings. None of +the specimens of bobcats from the coastal slope of the mountains showed +characters approaching those of _baileyi_. It seems, therefore, that +these two subspecies intergrade on the interior slope of the range. + +A yearling male weighed 12 pounds, and a yearling female weighed 10.5 +pounds. An old male weighed 19.6 pounds, and an adult female weighed +15.1 pounds. + +Remains of deer were in two of the bobcat stomachs, and one of these +stomachs also contained jack rabbit remains. Approximately a dozen +nematodes (stomach worms) were in the stomach of one of the larger male +specimens. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 4, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; Graham Canyon, 4700 + ft., 1; Grandview Canyon, 5200 ft., 2. + + +=Felis concolor californica= May + +Mountain Lion + +Several cabin owners near the mouth of Icehouse Canyon reported seeing a +lion in that area in 1950, and others said they saw huge cat tracks in +Icehouse Canyon. State Trapper James Wolfort reported that he trapped +two lions on the coastal face of the range in 1947. Authentic reports +indicate that mountain lions occur in remote sections on both slopes of +the range, and in these areas mountain lions probably are as common as +they ever were. + + +Family CERVIDAE + + +=Odocoileus hemionus californicus= (Caton) + +Mule Deer + +Mule deer are common in chaparral areas on both slopes of the San +Gabriel Mountains. The animals or their tracks have been observed from +the coastal sagebrush flats up to about 9200 feet on Mount San Antonio, +and on the desert slope down to the lower limit of the juniper belt. + +Deer are plentiful in the upper chaparral belt, and large bands are +often noted there in spring. These bands may form in the up-mountain +migration and reoccupation of areas which were covered by winter snows. +A band of fourteen was observed on March 17, 1951, one mile east of the +mouth of Cattle Canyon, and bands of about half a dozen individuals each +were often noted in March, 1951, at the base of Icehouse Canyon. +Cronemiller and Bartholomew (1950) gave a good account of the mule deer +in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. + +On Blue Ridge in the fall of 1951, deer were plentiful, usually being +observed near patches of snowbrush and sage. They were seldom found in +the coniferous forests. On November 6, 1951, while tending a line of +snap traps before sunup, I startled a deer from its bed at one edge of a +several-acre patch of snowbrush. In synchrony with the noise made by +this deer's rising five other deer in various parts of the brush patch +leaped up and made off. When bedded down in these extensive brush tracts +deer are probably safe from an undetected approach, for a noiseless +approach through the brush is impossible. + +Two deer skulls from the San Gabriels were examined: that of an adult +male from Evey Canyon, and that of an adult female from the mouth of +Palmer Canyon. Using as a basis for comparison the cranial measurements +for the subspecies _californicus_ and _fuliginatus_ given by Cowan +(1933:326), these skulls were subspecies _californicus_. In none of the +cranial characteristics considered did they tend toward the southern +race _fuliginatus_. A young adult male, however, which was killed by a +car near Cajon Pass on October 2, 1951, showed pelage characteristics of +_fuliginatus_. Its fresh winter pelage was dark, and had the distinct +black mid-dorsal line and the broad dorsal line on the tail mentioned by +Cowan (_ibid._) as distinguishing marks of the race _fuliginatus_. Its +cranial measurements were not taken. Judging from this limited material +the deer in the central part of the range, that is to say, in the San +Antonio Canyon region, are of the race _californicus_, while +_fuliginatus_ may penetrate the extreme eastern end of the range. + +Deer hair and bones were often found in coyote feces from the sagebrush +belt. Some of these records may represent deer eaten as carrion. On +February 6, 1952, tracks across a sandy channel in San Antonio Wash +demonstrated that a deer had been closely pursued by a coyote. The deer +had leaped from a cutbank onto the sand, had whirled around in several +sharp turns, and had run into the adjacent brush. The tracks of a +running coyote followed every twist of the deer's trail. The trail was +followed into the brush where it was lost. Two bobcats trapped near +Graham Canyon on the desert slope had hair and bones of deer in their +stomachs. + + _Specimens examined_, 2: Los Angeles County: Evey Canyon, 2100 + ft., 1 (PC); Palmer Canyon, 1900 ft., 1 (PC). + + +Family BOVIDAE + + +=Ovis canadensis nelsoni= Merriam + +Bighorn + +Bands of bighorn sheep occur on some of the higher and more rugged peaks +of the San Gabriel Mountains. Although I never sighted the animals +themselves, I have seen abundant signs of their presence on the ridge +sloping west from Telegraph Peak at about 9000 feet elevation. Several +bands reportedly range in the head of San Antonio Canyon, and to the +south on Telegraph, Ontario, and Cucamonga peaks. The sheep usually stay +in the higher sections of the range, generally above about 7000 feet +elevation. According to district Ranger A. Lewis some bighorns summer in +the lower East Fork of San Gabriel Canyon. The subspecific status of the +bighorns in the San Gabriel Mountains has not been definitely +determined. Following Grinnell (1933:211) they are here referred to +_nelsoni_. If the band can be preserved without introduction of "alien" +stock, the United States Forest Service and the California Fish and Game +Commission will have registered an achievement that will be applauded by +all persons who are interested in American wildlife. + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +BENSON, S. B. + + 1930. Two new pocket mice, genus _Perognathus_, from the + Californias. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 32:449-454. + + 1949. The bat name _Myotis ruddi_ Silliman and von Bloeker, a + synonym of _Myotis volans longicrus_ (True). Jour. Mamm., + 30:48-50. + +BORELL, A. E. + + 1937. A new method of collecting bats. Jour. Mamm., 18:478-480. + +BURGHDUFF, A. E. + + 1935. Black bears released in southern California. California + Fish and Game, 21:83-84. + +BURT, W. H. + + 1932. The systematic status and geographic range of the San + Gabriel pocket gopher (_Thomomys bottae neglectus_ Bailey). + Jour. Mamm., 13:369-370. + +COWAN, I. MC. + + 1933. The mule deer of southern California and northern Lower + California as a recognizable race. Jour. Mamm., 14:326-327. + +CRONEMILLER, F. P., and BARTHOLOMEW, P. S. + + 1950. The California mule deer in chaparral forests. California + Fish and Game, 36:343-365, 7 figs. in text. + +ERRINGTON, P. L. + + 1937. What is the meaning of predation? Smithsonian Inst., Ann. + Rept., for 1936:243-252. + +GRINNELL, H. W. + + 1918. A synopsis of the bats of California. Univ. California + Publ. Zool., 17:223-404, pls. 14-24, 24 figs. in text. + +GRINNELL, J. + + 1908. The biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. Univ. California + Publ. Zool., 5:1-170, 24 pls. + + 1933. Review of the Recent mammal fauna of California. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 40:71-234. + +GRINNELL, J., DIXON, J., and LINSDALE, J. M. + + 1937. Fur-bearing mammals of California.... Univ. California + Press, 2 vols., xii + 375 pp., pls. 1-7, figs. 1-138, xiv + + 377-777 pp., pls. 8-13, figs. 139-345. + +GRINNELL, J., and SWARTH, H. S. + + 1913. An account of the birds and mammals of the San Jacinto Area + of southern California with remarks upon the behavior of + geographic races on the margins of their habitats. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 10:197-406, pls. 6-10, 3 figs. in + text. + +HALL, E. R. + + 1926. Systematic notes on the subspecies of _Bassariscus astutus_ + with description of one new form from California. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 30:39-50, pls. 2 and 3. + + 1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, xi + + 710, frontispiece, colored, 11 pls., 485 figs. in text, + unnumbered silhouettes. + +HOOPER, E. T. + + 1938. Geographical variation in woodrats of the species _Neotoma + fuscipes_. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 42:213-246, pls. + 7-8, 2 figs. in text. + +JACKSON, H. H. T. + + 1928. A taxonomic review of the American long-tailed shrews. N. + Amer. Fauna, 51:1-238, pls. 1-13, 24 figs. in text. + +MERRIAM, C. H. + + 1898. Life zones and crop zones of the United States. U. S. Dept. + Agr. Bur. Biol. Surv., Bull. 10:1-79, 1 map. + +MUNZ, P. A., and KECK, D. D. + + 1949. California plant communities. Al Aliso, 2:87-105, 4 pls. + +OAKESHOTT, G. B. + + 1937. Geology and mineral deposits of the western San Gabriel + Mountains, Los Angeles County. California Jour. Mines and + Geol., 33:215-249, 1 pl., 7 figs. in text. + +PEQUEGNAT, W. E. + + 1951. The biota of the Santa Ana Mountains. Jour. Entomol. and + Zool., 42:1-84. + +SANBORN, C. C. + + 1932. The bats of the genus _Eumops_. Jour. Mamm., 13:347-357. + +VAUGHAN, T. A. + + 1953. Unusual concentration of hoary bats. Jour. Mamm., 34:256. + +VON BLOEKER, J. C. + + 1932. Extensions of the ranges of pocket gophers in southern + California. Jour. Mamm., 13:76-77. + +WILLETT, G. + + 1944. Mammals of Los Angeles County. Los Angeles County Mus. Sci. + Ser., no. 9, Zool. no. 4, 26 pls. + + +_Transmitted July 20, 1954._ + + +[Illustration] + +25-5184 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + +Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain +this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas +Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a +particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the +Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There +is no provision for sale or this series by the University Library which +meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History which +meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request +copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate +number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying +the costs of wrapping and mailing. + +* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not +the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this +series, are as follows: + + Vol. 1. 1. The pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys) of Utah. By + Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-82, 1 figure in text. + August 15, 1946. + + 2. The systematic status of Eumeces pluvialis Cope, and + noteworthy records of other amphibians and reptiles + from Kansas and Oklahoma. By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. + 85-89. August 15, 1946. 5 3. The tadpoles of Bufo + cognatus Say. By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 93-96, 1 + figure in text. August 15, 1946. + + 4. Hybridization between two species of garter snakes. By + Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 97-100. August 15, 1946. + + 5. Selected records of reptiles and amphibians from + Kansas. By John Breukelman and Hobart M. Smith. Pp. + 101-112. August 15, 1946. + + 6. Kyphosis and other variations in soft-shelled turtles. + By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 117-124, 3 figures in text. + July 7, 1947. + + *7. Natural history of the prairie vole (Mammalian Genus + Microtus). By E. W. Jameson, Jr. Pp. 125-151, 4 + figures in text. October 6, 1947. + + 8. The postnatal development of two broods of great + horned owls (Bubo virginianus). By Donald F. + Hoffmeister and Henry W. Setzer. Pp. 157-173, 5 + figures in text. October 6, 1947. + + 9. Additions to the list of the birds of Louisiana. By + George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 177-192. November 7, 1947. + + 10. A check-list of the birds of Idaho. By M. Dale Arvey. + Pp. 193-216. November 29, 1947. + + 11. Subspeciation in pocket gophers of Kansas. By + Bernardo Villa R. and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 217-236, 2 + figures in text. November 29, 1947. + + 12. A new bat (Genus Myotis) from Mexico. By Walter W. + Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 237-244, 6 figures + in text. December 10, 1947. + + 13. Tadarida femorosacca (Merriam) in Tamaulipas, Mexico. + By Walter W. Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. + 245-248, 1 figure in text. December 10, 1947. + + 14. A new pocket gopher (Thomomys) and a new spiny pocket + mouse (Liomys) from Michoacán, Mexico. By E. Raymond + Hall and Bernardo Villa R. Pp. 249-256, 6 figures in + text. July 26, 1948. + + 15. A new hylid frog from eastern Mexico. By Edward H. + Taylor. Pp. 257-264, 1 figure in text. August 16, + 1948. + + 16. A new extinct emydid turtle from the Lower Pliocene + of Oklahoma. By Edwin C. Galbreath. Pp. 265-280, 1 + plate. August 16, 1948. + + 17. Pliocene and Pleistocene records of fossil turtles + from western Kansas and Oklahoma. By Edwin C. + Galbreath. Pp. 281-284. August 16, 1948. + + 18. A new species of heteromyid rodent from the Middle + Oligocene of northeastern Colorado with remarks on + the skull. By Edwin C. Galbreath. Pp. 285-300, 2 + plates. August 16, 1948. + + 19. Speciation in the Brazilian spiny rats (Genus + Proechimys, Family Echimyidae). By João Moojen. Pp. + 301-406, 140 figures in text. December 10, 1948. + + 20. Three new beavers from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant + and Harold S. Crane. Pp. 407-417, 7 figures in text. + December 24, 1948. + + 21. Two new meadow mice from Michoacán, Mexico. By E. + Raymond Hall. Pp. 423-427, 6 figures in text. + December 24, 1948. + + 22. An annotated check list of the mammals of Michoacán, + Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and Bernardo Villa R. Pp. + 431-472, 2 plates, 1 figure in text. December 27, + 1949. + + 23. Subspeciation in the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ordii. + By Henry W. Setzer. Pp. 473-573, 27 figures in text, + 7 tables. December 27, 1949. + + 24. Geographic range of the hooded skunk, Mephitis + macroura, with description of a new subspecies from + Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. + Pp. 575-580, 1 figure in text. January 20, 1950. + + 25. Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 referred to the + Genus Myotis. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. + Dalquest. Pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text. January 20, + 1950. + + 26. A synopsis of the American bats of the Genus + Pipistrellus. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. + Dalquest. Pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text. January 20, + 1950. + + Index. Pp. 605-638. + + + *Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. + Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948. + + + Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, + and distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 + figures in text. June 12, 1951. + + *2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of + birds. By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 + figures in text. June 29, 1951. + + 3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale + Arvey. Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. + October 10, 1951. + + 4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. + Lowery, Jr. and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 + figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951. + + Index. Pp. 651-681. + + + *Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. + 1-466, 41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, + 1951. + + + Vol. 5. 1. Preliminary survey of a Paleocene faunule from the + Angels Peak area, New Mexico. By Robert W. Wilson. + Pp. 1-11, 1 figure in text. February 24, 1951. + + 2. Two new moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas. + By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 17-24. February 28, 1951. + + 3. Two new pocket gophers from Wyoming and Colorado. By + E. Raymond Hall and H. Gordon Montague. Pp. 25-32. + February 28, 1951. + + 4. Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the + barrier beach of Tamaulipas, Mexico. By E. Raymond + Hall. Pp. 33-47, 1 figure in text. October 1, 1951. + + 5. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of some North American rabbits. By E. Raymond Hall + and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 49-58. October 1, 1951. + + 6. Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico + and Colorado. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 59-71, 1 figure + in text. October 1, 1951. + + 7. A new subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and + comments on Microtus canicandus Miller. By E. Raymond + Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 73-79. October 1, 1951. + + 8. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from eastern + Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 81-85. October 1, + 1951. + + 9. Mammals taken along the Alaskan Highway. By Rollin H. + Baker. Pp. 87-117. 1 figure in text. November 28, + 1951. + + *10. A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. By E. + Raymond Hall. Pp. 119-202. 68 figures in text. + December 15, 1951. + + 11. A new pocket mouse (Genus Perognathus) from Kansas. + By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 203-206. December 15, + 1951. + + 12. Mammals from Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. + Pp. 207-218. December 15, 1951. + + 13. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from Wyoming and + Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 219-222. December + 15, 1951. + + 14. A new name for the Mexican red bat. By E. Raymond + Hall. Pp. 223-226. December 15, 1951. + + 15. Taxonomic notes on Mexican bats of the Genus + Rhogeëssa. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 227-232. April 10, + 1952. + + 16. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of some North American woodrats (Genus Neotoma). By + Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 233-242. April 10, 1952. + + 17. The subspecies of the Mexican red-bellied squirrel, + Sciurus aureogaster. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 243-250, + 1 figure in text. April 10, 1952. + + 18. Geographic range of Peromyscus melanophrys, with + description of new subspecies. By Rollin H. Baker. + Pp. 251-258, 1 figure in text. May 10, 1952. + + 19. A new chipmunk (Genus Eutamias) from the Black Hills. + By John A. White. Pp. 259-262. April 10, 1952. + + 20. A new piñon mouse (Peromyscus truei) from Durango, + Mexico. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 263-267. May 23, + 1952. + + 21. An annotated checklist of Nebraskan bats. By Olin L. + Webb and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 269-279. May 31, + 1952. + + 22. Geographic variation in red-backed mice (Genus + Clethrionomys) of the southern Rocky Mountain region. + By E. Lendell Cockrum and Kenneth L. Fitch. Pp. + 281-292, 1 figure in text. November 15, 1952. + + 23. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of North American microtines. By E. Raymond Hall and + E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 293-312. November 17, 1952. + + 24. The subspecific status of two Central American + sloths. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. + 313-317. November 21, 1952. + + 25. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of some North American marsupials, insectivores, and + carnivores. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. + Pp. 319-341. December 5, 1952. + + 26. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of some North American rodents. By E. Raymond Hall + and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 343-371. December 15, 1952. + + 27. A synopsis of the North American microtine rodents. + By E. Raymond Hall and E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. + 373-498, 149 figures in text. January 15, 1953. + + 28. The pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys) of Coahuila, + Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 499-514, 1 figure in + text. June 1, 1953. + + 29. Geographic distribution of the pocket mouse, + Perognathus fasciatus. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. + 515-526, 7 figures in text. August 1, 1953. + + 30. A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma mexicana) from + Colorado. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 527-534, 2 + figures in text. August 15, 1953. + + 31. Four new pocket gophers of the genus Cratogeomys from + Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 535-542. + October 15, 1953. + + 32. Genera and subgenera of chipmunks. By John A. White. + Pp. 543-561, 12 figures in text. December 1, 1953. + + 33. Taxonomy of the chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus + and Eutamias umbrinus. By John A. White. Pp. 563-582, + 6 figures in text. December 1, 1953. + + 34. Geographic distribution and taxonomy of the chipmunks + of Wyoming. By John A. White. Pp. 584-610, 3 figures + in text. December 1, 1953. + + 35. The baculum of the chipmunks of western North + America. By John A. White. Pp. 611-631, 19 figures in + text. December 1, 1953. + + 36. Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo + Leon, Mexico. By James S. Findley. Pp. 633-639. + December 1, 1953. + + 37. Seventeen species of bats recorded from Barro + Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. By E. Raymond + Hall and William B. Jackson. Pp. 641-646. December 1, + 1953. + + Index. Pp. 647-676. + + + *Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, _taxonomy and distribution_. + By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in + text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952. + + + Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, + 73 figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952. + + 2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in + northeastern Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. + Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text. August 24, + 1953. + + 3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. + By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. + February 15, 1954. + + 4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip + H. Krutzsch. Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 + tables. April 21, 1954. + + 5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker + and James S. Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954. + + 6. Distribution of some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox + Jones, Jr. Pp. 479-487. April 21, 1954. + + 7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse, Microtus + montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney + Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text. July 23, + 1954. + + 8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from + southeastern California and Arizona. By Terry A. + Vaughn. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954. + + 9. Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of California. By + Terry A. Vaughn. Pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig., 12 + tables. November 15, 1954. + + More numbers will appear in volume 7. + + + Vol. 8. 1. Life history and ecology of the five-lined skink, + Eumeces fasciatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 1-156, 2 + pls., 26 figs. in text, 17 tables. September 1, + 1954. + + More numbers will appear in volume 8. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains +of California, by Terry A. 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Vaughan + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of California + +Author: Terry A. Vaughan + +Release Date: January 5, 2011 [EBook #34848] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF THE SAN GABRIEL *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph +Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="tnote"><h3>Transcriber's Note</h3> + +<p>The following changes have been made to the original text:</p> +<div class="blockquot">page 520: "Pinus Lambertiana" changed to "Pinus lambertiana"<br /> +page 531: "Virginia Opossom" changed to "Virginia Opossum"<br /> +page 551: "4600 ft. 3" changed to "4600 ft., 3"<br /> +page 555: "laural sumac" changed to "laurel sumac"<br /> +page 566: "concealed itelf" changed to "concealed itself"<br /> +page 582: "Oakshott, G. B." changed to "Oakeshott, G. B."</div> + +<p>Instances of inconsistent hyphenation have been preserved.</p> + +<p>In cases where tables were located in the middle of a paragraph, they have been moved to the next paragraph break. This may affect at what page number a table was originally located.</p> + +<p>The list of University of Kansas publications was originally printed on the front and back covers. For this version of the text, the list has been combined and placed at the end of the text.</p></div> + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[Pg 513]</a></span></div> + +<h4><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History</span></h4> + +<h4>Volume 7, No. 9, pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 12 tables<br /> +November 15, 1954</h4> + +<h1>Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains<br /> +of California</h1> + +<h3>BY<br /> +TERRY A. VAUGHAN</h3> + +<h4><span class="smcap">University of Kansas<br /> +Lawrence</span><br /> +1954</h4> + +<hr /> + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514">[Pg 514]</a></span></div> + +<h4><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, +Museum of Natural History</span></h4> + +<h4>Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,<br /> +Robert W. Wilson</h4> + +<h4>Volume 7, No. 9, pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 12 tables<br /> +Published November 15, 1954</h4> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas</h4> + +<h5>PRINTED BY<br /> +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1954</h5> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/ukp-logo.png" width="100" height="35" alt="Allied Printing Trades Council Topeka" title="" /> +</div> + +<h5>25-5184</h5> + +<hr /> + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">[Pg 515]</a></span></div> + +<h2>MAMMALS OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS<br /> +OF CALIFORNIA</h2> + +<h4>by<br /> +Terry A. Vaughan</h4> + +<hr /> + +<h3>CONTENTS</h3> + +<ul class="TOC"> + <li> <span class="ralign">PAGE</span></li> + <li><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_515">515</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#Description_of_the_Area">Description of the Area</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_516">516</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#Biotic_Provinces_and_Ecologic_Associations">Biotic Provinces and Ecologic Associations</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_518">518</a></span></li> + <li><ul> + <li><a href="#Coastal_Sage_Scrub_Association">Coastal Sage Scrub Association</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_521">521</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#Southern_Oak_Woodland_Association">Southern Oak Woodland Association</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_523">523</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#Chaparral_Association">Chaparral Association</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_524">524</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#Yellow_Pine_Forest_Association">Yellow Pine Forest Association</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_526">526</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#Pinyon-juniper_Woodland_Association">Pinyon-juniper Woodland Association</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_527">527</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#Sagebrush_Scrub_Association">Sagebrush Scrub Association</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_530">530</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#Joshua_Tree_Woodland_Association">Joshua Tree Woodland Association</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_530">530</a></span></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a href="#Accounts_of_Species">Accounts of Species</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_531">531</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#LITERATURE_CITED">Literature Cited</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_581">581</a></span></li> +</ul> + +<hr /> +<h2><a name="Introduction" id="Introduction"></a><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></h2> + +<p>This paper presents the results of a study of the mammals of +the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California, and supplements +the more extensive reports on the biota of the San Bernardino Mountains +by Grinnell (1908), on the fauna of the San Jacinto Range by +Grinnell and Swarth (1913), and on the biota of the Santa Ana +Mountains by Pequegnat (1951).</p> + +<p>The primary objectives of my study were to determine the present +mammalian fauna of the San Gabriel Mountains, to ascertain the +geographic and ecologic range of each species, and to determine +the systematic status of the mammals. In addition, certain life +history observations have been recorded.</p> + +<p>Field work was done in the north-south cross section of the +mountains from San Gabriel Canyon on the west, to Cajon Wash +on the east; and from the gently sloping alluvium at the Pacific base +of the mountains at roughly 1000 feet elevation on the south, over +the crest of the range to the border of the Mojave Desert at an elevation +of 3500 feet on the north. Camps were established at many +points in the area with the object of collecting the mammals of each +association and each habitat. Field work was begun in the San<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">[Pg 516]</a></span> +Gabriels in November 1948, and was carried on intermittently +until March 1952. I was unable to carry on field work in any +summer.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>For advice and assistance in various ways I am grateful to Drs. Willis E. +Pequegnat, Walter P. Taylor, Henry S. Fitch, E. Raymond Hall, Mr. Steven M. +Jacobs and my wife, Hazel A. Vaughan.</p> + +<p>More than 350 mammals were prepared as study specimens; most of these are +in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Approximately a fifth +of them are in the collection of the Department of Zoology at Pomona College, +and a few are in the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History. No +symbol is used to designate specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of +Natural History. Specimens from the Department of Zoology of Pomona College +and the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History are designated +by PC and IM, respectively.</p></div> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/fig1_1200.png"><img src="images/fig1_600.png" width="600" height="530" alt="" title="" /></a> +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> +Map of the San Gabriel Mountain area showing the positions of places +mentioned in the text.</div> +</div> + + + +<hr /> +<h2><a name="Description_of_the_Area" id="Description_of_the_Area"></a> +<span class="smcap">Description of the Area</span></h2> + +<p>The San Gabriel Mountains are approximately sixty-six miles +long, and average twenty miles wide. The main axis of the range +trends nearly east and west, and extends from longitude 117°25'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">[Pg 517]</a></span> +to longitude 118°30'. The widest part of the range is bounded by +latitude 34°7' and latitude 34°30'.</p> + +<p>The San Gabriel Mountains connect the Sierra Nevada with the +Peninsular Ranges of southern California and Baja California. On +the west the San Gabriels are bordered by the Tehachapi Mountains, +which stretch northeastward to meet the southern Sierra +Nevada; to the east, beyond Cajon Pass, the San Bernardino Mountains +extend eastward and then curve southward to the broad +San Gorgonio Pass, from which the San Jacinto Range stretches +southeastward to merge with the Peninsular Ranges.</p> + +<p>The rocks comprising the major part of the San Gabriel Mountains +probably were intruded in Late Jurassic times, with severe metamorphic +activity taking place concurrently. A long period of erosion +followed after which deposition took place during much of the +Tertiary. Deformation and uplift beginning in Middle Miocene +times resulted in the formation of east-west-trending faults along +both sides of the range. By repeated movements along these faults +the Late Jurassic crystalline rocks were lifted above late Tertiary +and Quaternary sediments and elevated above the surrounding +terrain. Continued uplifts in post-Pleistocene time together with +erosion in Recent times have shaped the San Gabriel Mountains +(Oakeshott, 1937).</p> + +<p>The alluvial slopes at the coastal base of the range give way to +the foothills at roughly 1800 feet elevation; whereas the Mojave +Desert merges with the interior foothills at elevations near 4000 +feet. The crest or drainage-divide of the range varies from 6000 +to 8000 feet in elevation, and many peaks are more than 8000 feet +high. San Antonio Peak, the highest peak of the range, rises to an +altitude of 10,080 feet. The mountains are characteristically steep +and the slopes are deeply carved by canyons, the larger of which +have permanent streams. The abruptness of the Pacific slope is +in many places impressive. The horizontal distance from the top +of Cucamonga Peak, at an elevation of 8911 feet, to the base of the +coastal foothills directly to the south, at 2250 feet, an elevational +difference of 6661 feet, is only 3.8 miles. From the base of Evey +Canyon, at 2250 feet, to an unnamed peak to the northwest with +an elevation of 5420 feet, the horizontal distance is 2.1 miles. Because +of the steep, rocky nature of many of the slopes and the +lack of soil on them, vegetation may be sparse even at high elevations. +There are few meadows in the mountains.</p> + +<p>Because the San Gabriels stand approximately thirty miles from +the Pacific Ocean and are a partial barrier to Pacific air masses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518">[Pg 518]</a></span> +sweeping inland, the desert side and the coastal side of the range +differ climatically. The coastal slope receives much heavier precipitation +than the desert slope. The precipitation, for 1951, of 25.36 +inches recorded at the mouth of San Antonio Canyon on the Pacific +slope contrasts with 7.17 inches recorded at Valyermo at the desert +base. Nearly all of the precipitation comes in winter. The higher +parts of the range, above approximately 5000 feet, receive much of +their mid-winter precipitation in the form of snow. Snow often +extends down the desert slope well into the Joshua Tree belt. When +there are heavy winter rains the channels of the usually dry washes +are filled with rushing, turbid water. There are striking differences +in temperature between the two sides of the range and between the +lower elevations of the mountains and the higher parts. For +example, in December 1951, the mean temperature at the base of +San Antonio Canyon (2225 feet) at the coastal foot of the range +was 55.4°F, while at Llano (3764 feet) at the desert base it was +43.7°F. In this same year the December mean for Table Mountain +(7500 feet), on the desert slope, was 33.4°F. The temperature +means for July, 1951, at San Antonio Canyon, Llano, and Table +Mountain, were 77.3°F, 82.1°F, and 69.2°F respectively. The +weather records for 1951 were used for illustration because average +temperature and average precipitation for many other years are +lacking for most of the weather stations in the area. There is an +important difference in the humidity on the two sides of the range, +but actual data are not available. At certain times, especially in +spring, fog banks moving in from the Pacific Ocean frequently +blanket the coastal base of the mountains and the foothills. On +such days the fog generally "burns off" in the morning, but may +persist into the afternoon or throughout the day. Never in my +experience has fog spilled over the main part of the range far onto +the desert slope, although the fog may push through the lower +passes to be dissipated quickly in the dry desert atmosphere. The +obvious differences in the biota on the two sides of the range are +probably due to the contrasting climates.</p> + + + +<hr /> +<h2><a name="Biotic_Provinces_and_Ecologic_Associations" id="Biotic_Provinces_and_Ecologic_Associations"></a> +<span class="smcap">Biotic Provinces and Ecologic Associations</span></h2> + +<p>Because of the elevational extremes and attendant climatic contrasts +in the San Gabriel Mountains, there is a rather wide range of +environmental conditions. Four life-zones are represented: Lower +Sonoran, Upper Sonoran, Transition, and Canadian. Within these +zones certain ecologic communities can be recognized; these rep<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">[Pg 519]</a></span>resent +several biotic provinces. Table 1 shows the relationships +between the environmental categories recognized by the writer in +the San Gabriel Mountains. The biotic province and ecologic +community system is that developed by Munz and Keck (1949), +and the life-zone system is that of Merriam (1898).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Table 1.—Relations of the Major Environmental Categories of the +San Gabriel Mountains.</span></p> + +<table summary="Relations between biotic provinces, plant communities, and life-zones"> + <tr> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Biotic province</th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Plant community</th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Life-zone</th> + <th class="brd-t2">Slope</th> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Californian</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">1. Coastal sage scrub<br /> + 2. Southern oak woodland<br /> + 3. Chaparral</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Lower Sonoran<br /> + Upper Sonoran<br /> + Upper Sonoran</td> + <td class="brd-t">Pacific<br /> + Pacific<br /> + Pacific</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Sierran</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">4. Yellow pine forest and limited areas of boreal flora</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Transition Canadian</td> + <td class="brd-t">Pacific and Desert</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Nevadan</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">5. Sagebrush scrub</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Transition Upper Sonoran</td> + <td class="brd-t">Desert</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r brd-b">Southern Desert</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r brd-b">6. Pinyon-juniper woodland<br /> + 7. Joshua tree woodland</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r brd-b">Upper Sonoran<br /> + Lower Sonoran</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-b">Desert<br /> + Desert</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The Californian Biotic Province dominates the biotic aspect of +the coastal slope of the range. Thirty-nine out of the seventy-two +mammals recorded from the San Gabriels are typical of this Province. +The coastal sage-flats at the Pacific base of the mountains and +the vast tracts of chaparral of the coastal slope are included in this +Province.</p> + +<p>Forming a hiatus between the Pacific and the desert slope is the +Sierran Biotic Province consisting of coniferous forests on the crest +of the range. The chipmunk (<i>Eutamias speciosus speciosus</i>) and +the introduced black bear (<i>Ursus americanus californiensis</i>) are +the only two mammals which can be considered typical of this +area. On the higher peaks of the range, such as Mount San Antonio +and Mount Baden Powell, the Canadian Life-zone is represented +by certain boreal plants.</p> + +<p>At scattered points along the crest of the range and on the desert +slope, the Nevadan Biotic Province is represented by the sagebrush +scrub association. No mammals can be considered typical of this +region.</p> + +<p>The Southern Desert Biotic Province occurs below 6000 feet elevation +on the interior slope of the range, and markedly influences<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520">[Pg 520]</a></span> +the mammal fauna of this slope. Twenty-one species of mammals are +typical of this Province.</p> + +<div class="sectionh2"><span class="smcap">Scientific and Common Names of Plants Mentioned in This Report</span></div> + +<table summary="Scientific and common names of plants"> + <tr><td><i>Pinus lambertiana</i></td> <td>Sugar Pine</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>P. monophylla</i></td> <td>One-leaf Pinyon</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>P. ponderosa</i></td> <td>Yellow Pine</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>P. contorta</i></td> <td>Lodge-pole Pine</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Pseudotsuga macrocarpa</i></td> <td>Big-cone Spruce</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Abies concolor</i></td> <td>White Fir</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Libocedrus decurrens</i></td> <td>Incense-Cedar</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Juniperus californica</i></td> <td>Juniper</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Ephedra sp.</i></td> <td>Desert-Tea</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Bromus sp.</i></td> <td>Brome Grass</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Yucca Whipplei</i></td> <td>Spanish Bayonet</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Y. brevifolia</i></td> <td>Joshua Tree</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Salix sp.</i></td> <td>Willow</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Alnus rhombifolia</i></td> <td>Alder</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Castanopsis sempervirens</i></td> <td>Chinquapin</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Quercus Kelloggii</i></td> <td>California Black Oak</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Q. agrifolia</i></td> <td>California Live Oak</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Q. dumosa</i></td> <td>Scrub Oak</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Eriogonum fasciculatum</i></td> <td>California Buckwheat</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Umbellularia californica</i></td> <td>Bay, California-laurel</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Ribes nevadense</i></td> <td>Gooseberry</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>R. indecorum</i></td> <td>Currant</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>R. Roezlii</i></td> <td>Currant</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Plantanus racemosa</i></td> <td>Sycamore</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Rubus vitifolius</i></td> <td>Western Blackberry</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Cercocarpus ledifolius</i></td> <td>Mountain Mahogany</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>C. betuloides</i></td> <td>Mountain Mahogany</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Adenostoma fasciculatum</i></td> <td>Greasewood</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Purshia glandulosa</i></td> <td>Antelope-brush</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Prunus virginiana</i></td> <td>Choke Cherry</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>P. ilicifolia</i></td> <td>Holly-leaved Cherry</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Larrea divaricata</i></td> <td>Creosote Bush</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Rhus diversiloba</i></td> <td>Poisonoak</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>R. trilobata</i></td> <td>Squaw Bush</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>R. laurina</i></td> <td>Laurel Sumac</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>R. integrifolia</i></td> <td>Lemonadeberry</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>R. ovata</i></td> <td>Sugarbush</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Rhamnus crocea</i></td> <td>Buckthorn</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Ceanothus sp.</i></td> <td>Lilac</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>C. cordulatus</i></td> <td>Snow-brush</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Fremontia californica</i></td> <td>California Slippery-elm</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Opuntia occidentalis</i></td> <td>Prickly-pear</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Arctostaphylos sp.</i></td> <td>Manzanita</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Salvia mellifera</i></td> <td>Black Sage</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>S. apiana</i></td> <td>White Sage</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Lycium Andersonii</i></td> <td>Box-thorn</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Haplopappus squarosus</i></td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Chrysothamnus nauseosus</i></td> <td>Rabbitbrush</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Baccharis sp.</i></td> <td>Mule Fat</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Franseria dumosa</i></td> <td>Burroweed</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Artemisia tridentata</i></td> <td>Basin Sagebrush</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>A. californica</i></td> <td>Coastal Sagebrush</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Lepidospartum squamatum</i></td> <td>Scale-broom</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>L. latisquamatum</i></td> <td>Scale-broom</td></tr> + <tr><td><i>Tetradymia spinosa</i></td> <td>Cotton-thorn</td></tr> +</table> + + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521">[Pg 521]</a></span></div> +<h4><a name="Coastal_Sage_Scrub_Association" id="Coastal_Sage_Scrub_Association"></a>Coastal Sage Scrub Association</h4> + +<div class="sectionh2"><span class="smcap">Major Plants</span></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +<i>Artemisia californica</i><br /> +<i>Salvia apiana</i><br /> +<i>Salvia mellifera</i><br /> +<i>Eriogonum fasciculatum</i><br /> +<i>Rhus integrifolia</i><br /> +<i>Opuntia occidentalis</i><br /> +<i>Haploppapus squarrosus</i><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>This association is restricted to the Pacific base of the range, is +typical on the alluvium at the bases of the coastal foothills, and +usually grades into the chaparral at about 1800 feet elevation. +When seen from above, the rather level terrain of the association +is broken sharply at the mouths of canyons by dry washes, and is +limited below, to the south, by cultivated land. The coastal sagebrush +is the most characteristic plant of this association, occurring +in all undisturbed parts of the area.</p> + +<p>There are several habitats within the coastal sage scrub association. +These differ from one another chiefly on the basis of soil +type. The soil of the rather level sageland in most places is rocky +or gravelly, or, as adjacent to washes, it is finely sandy in texture, and +supports the major plants of the association. Most of the eroded +adobe banks at the bases of the foothills support these same plants, +with white sage being the dominant species. Locally, as in damp +hollows or cleared areas, there is grassland. Jumbles of boulders, +sand, gravel, and steep cutbanks, are characteristic of the channels +of dry washes, these areas supporting sparse vegetation. The fauna +and flora of the washes are distinct from those of surrounding sage +flats. Because they are included within the geographic limits of the +coastal sage belt, however, the washes are discussed along with +this association.</p> + +<p>The abruptness with which one habitat gives way to another in +this association causes sharp dividing lines between the local ranges +of certain mammals. For example, in trap lines transecting dry +washes and level sageland two assemblages of rodents were found. +That part of the line amid the boulders and cutbanks of the wash<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522">[Pg 522]</a></span> +took mostly <i>Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus</i> and <i>Neotoma lepida +intermedia</i>, while <i>Perognathus fallax fallax</i>, <i>Dipodomys agilis agilis</i>, +and <i>Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli</i> were taken in the adjacent +sage flats. The steep adobe slopes of the foothills, which constitute +the upper part of the coastal sage scrub association, are commonly +inhabited by <i>Peromyscus californicus insignis</i>, which rarely occurs +in the level tracts of sage a few yards away. Thus, this association +is not homogeneous with regard to its rodent population; many of +these species have local and discontinuous distributions.</p> + +<p>The following list gives the results of about 500 trap nights (a +trap night equals one trap set out for one night) in typical coastal +sage-scrub association one-half mile southwest of the mouth of San +Antonio Canyon, at 1700 feet elevation.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Table 2.—Yield of 500 Trap-nights in the Coastal Sage Scrub +Association.</span></p> + +<table summary="Trap Yield in Coastal Sage Scrub Association"> + <tr> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r"> </th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Number</th> + <th class="brd-t2">Per cent<br />of total</th> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Perognathus fallax fallax</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">31</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">30.7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Dipodomys agilis agilis</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">20</td> + <td class="ta-r">19.8</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">4</td> + <td class="ta-r">4.0</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Peromyscus californicus insignis</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">4</td> + <td class="ta-r">4.0</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">P. eremicus fraterculus</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">7</td> + <td class="ta-r">6.9</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">P. maniculatus gambeli</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">20</td> + <td class="ta-r">19.8</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Neotoma lepida intermedia</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">9</td> + <td class="ta-r">8.8</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">N. fuscipes macrotis</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">2</td> + <td class="ta-r">2.0</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r brd-b">Microtus californicus sanctidiegi</td> + <td class="brd-r brd-b ta-r">4</td> + <td class="brd-b ta-r">4.0</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The list below indicates the catch in 200 trap nights in San Antonio +Wash, at 1700 feet elevation and within the realm of the coastal +sage; all of the traps were set in rocky and sandy main channels of +the wash.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Table 3.</span>—<span class="smcap">Yield of 200 Trap-nights in San Antonio Wash.</span></p> + +<table summary="Trap Yield in San Antonio Wash"> + <tr> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r"> </th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Number</th> + <th class="brd-t2">Per cent<br />of total</th> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Perognathus fallax fallax</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">2</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">5.1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Peromyscus californicus insignis</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">2</td> + <td class="ta-r">5.1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">P. eremicus fraterculus</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">26</td> + <td class="ta-r">66.7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r brd-b">Neotoma lepida intermedia</td> + <td class="brd-r brd-b ta-r">9</td> + <td class="brd-b ta-r">23.1</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523">[Pg 523]</a></span></p><p>The prickly-pear cactus is of obvious importance to certain mammals +of the coastal sage belt. This cactus is most common in disturbed +areas such as sandy flats bordering washes, eroded adobe +banks, and land once cleared by man. In these areas it is often the +dominant plant with respect to area covered, usually growing in +dense patches each covering approximately 150 square feet. It +provides substitute nesting sites for <i>Neotoma lepida</i> in areas devoid +of rock piles, and is probably the major factor governing the distribution +of this wood rat in the sageland. Cottontails and brush +rabbits use prickly-pear cactus extensively as refuge. Their forms +and short burrows can be seen beneath many of the clumps of cactus.</p> + +<p>This cactus serves as food for many mammals at least in the fruiting +period in the fall. Usually only the fruit is eaten, but some pads are +chewed by rabbits. The fruit or seeds of this plant are eaten by +striped skunks, gray foxes, coyotes, pocket mice, kangaroo rats, +wood rats, and probably white-footed mice.</p> + +<p>The coyote is the dominant carnivore of the coastal sage flats. +Many individuals spend the day in the adjacent chaparral-covered +foothills and travel down into the flats at night to forage.</p> + +<div class="sectionh1"><a name="Southern_Oak_Woodland_Association" id="Southern_Oak_Woodland_Association"></a>Southern Oak Woodland Association</div> + +<div class="sectionh2"><span class="smcap">Major Plants</span></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +<i>Alnus rhombifolia</i><br /> +<i>Quercus agrifolia</i><br /> +<i>Ribes indecorum</i><br /> +<i>Rhus integrifolia</i><br /> +<i>Rhus ovata</i><br /> +<i>Rhus trilobata</i><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>This association is limited to the Pacific slope of the mountain +range, occurs in the mouths of canyons and on the floors of canyons, +and extends up the larger canyons to 4000 feet elevation or higher. +In a few areas on the flats at the coastal base of the range the oaks +replace the coastal sage.</p> + +<p>The large oaks forming an overhead canopy and the lack of much +undergrowth give the oak woodland a shaded parklike appearance. +Few brushy or herbaceous plants grow in the mull-laden soil beneath +the oaks. Some grasses, however, are present locally.</p> + +<p>Two habitats are found in the oak woodland: the pure oak +woodland and the riparian. Much of the oak woodland is in canyons +and therefore near streams or seepages. The larger streams +have bordering growths of alders, willows, and blackberries, inhabited +by meadow mice and shrews that are normally absent from +the adjacent oak woodland. <span class="smcap">Neotoma fuscipes macrotis</span> and <span class="smcap">Peromyscus +californicus insignis</span> are commonly found in the riparian +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524">[Pg 524]</a></span> +habitat, and <i>Peromyscus boylii</i> probably reaches peak abundance +in the stream-side thickets and tangles of plant debris.</p> + +<p>The rather open floor of the oak woodland is relatively devoid +of mammal life. <i>Peromyscus californicus</i> and <i>Peromyscus boylii</i>, +the only ground-dwelling rodents commonly found here, usually +are taken near the limited areas of brushy growth, or the shelter +afforded by logs and fallen branches. The paucity of shelter for +small mammals seems to be an important factor limiting rodent +populations in the oak woodland.</p> + +<p>In the foothills of the San Gabriels the gray squirrel is restricted +to the oak woodland, even though this association may be represented +by only a narrow strip of canyon bottom oak trees. The +presence or absence of "bridges" of oak woodland between mountains +which are centers of gray squirrel populations and nearby +ranges has probably been a major factor influencing the present +geographic distribution of this animal.</p> + +<p>The raccoon is the most abundant carnivore of the oak woodland, +being especially common in the riparian habitat.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh1"><a name="Chaparral_Association" id="Chaparral_Association"></a>Chaparral Association</div> + +<div class="sectionh2"><span class="smcap">Major Plants</span></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +<i>Adenostoma fasciculatum</i><br /> +<i>Rhamnus crocea</i><br /> +<i>Quercus dumosa</i><br /> +<i>Cercocarpus betuloides</i><br /> +<i>Yucca Whipplei</i><br /> +<i>Prunus ilicifolia</i><br /> +<i>Ceanothus sp.</i><br /> +<i>Arctostaphylos sp.</i><br /> +<i>Umbellularia californica</i><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>This association is characteristic of the Pacific slope of the San +Gabriels and extends from roughly 2000 feet elevation to 5000 or +6000 feet elevation. The ecotone between the chaparral and yellow +pine forest associations covers a broad elevational belt, with chaparral +following dry slopes up into coniferous forests, and conifers extending +down north slopes surrounded by chaparral.</p> + +<p>The chaparral association is characterized by tracts of dense +brushy plants. These plants are from three to ten feet tall, their +interlacing branches often forming nearly impenetrable thickets. +Typically little herbaceous growth is present beneath the chaparral, +the ground being covered with varying amounts of mull.</p> + +<p>The effects of fire, slope, exposure, and elevation, make the +chaparral association extremely varied with regard to habitats or +plant formations. There are nearly pure stands of greasewood on +the lower arid slopes; scrub oak, sumac, and lilac clothe less dry +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">[Pg 525]</a></span> +exposures; scrub oak and bay trees occur commonly amid granite +talus; and locally groves of bigcone-spruce are found. Because +of the many habitats present, and the difficulty of collecting in the +chaparral, less was learned of the ecology of the mammals in this +association than of those occurring elsewhere. The distribution of +several chaparral-inhabiting mammals seems to be influenced by +the distribution of locally characteristic plants, for example oak and +bay woodland, or greasewood chaparral.</p> + +<p>Several habitats within the chaparral community support few +species of mammals and few individuals. Possibly the compact, +rocky nature of the soil limits burrowing rodents, and the lack of +herbaceous growth limits the food supply. Steep rocky slopes in +San Antonio Canyon grown to mountain-mahogany and scrub oak +were sparsely populated by <i>Peromyscus boylii rowleyi</i>, <i>Peromyscus +californicus insignis</i>, and <i>Neotoma fuscipes macrotis</i>. Fifty traps +set on such a slope for one night caught only three <i>Peromyscus</i>. +Traps set in tracts of greasewood brush on dry south slopes at the +head of Cow Canyon produced only California mice, <i>Peromyscus +californicus insignis</i> Rhoads.</p> + +<p>Following is a list of the mammals taken in the course of approximately +600 trap nights in the lower parts of the chaparral belt. +All of the traps were set on slopes in San Antonio Canyon below +4000 feet elevation. The list gives a general indication of the relative +numbers of rodents inhabiting one chaparral habitat: the arid +greasewood-covered south slopes of the lower chaparral belt.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Table 4.</span>—<span class="smcap">Yield of 600 Trap-nights in Greasewood Chaparral.</span></p> + +<table summary="Trap Yield in Greasewood Chaparral"> + <tr> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r"> </th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Number</th> + <th class="brd-t2">Per cent<br />of total</th> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Perognathus californicus dispar</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">4</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">10.0</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Dipodomys agilis agilis</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">4</td> + <td class="ta-r">10.0</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Peromyscus californicus insignis</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">25</td> + <td class="ta-r">62.5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r brd-b">Neotoma fuscipes macrotis</td> + <td class="brd-r brd-b ta-r">7</td> + <td class="brd-b ta-r">17.5</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Heteromyids are evidently absent from the upper parts of the +chaparral association, but cricetid rodents are common there beneath +heavy clumps of lilac and in the talus beneath oaks and bay +trees. The following list gives the mammals taken in the course +of about 200 trap nights in the granite talus one half mile northwest +of the mouth of Icehouse Canyon, at 5200 feet elevation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526">[Pg 526]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="smcap">Table 5.</span>—<span class="smcap">Yield of 200 Trap-nights in the Upper Part of the Chaparral Association.</span></p> + +<table summary="Trap Yield in Chaparral Association"> + <tr> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r"> </th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Number</th> + <th class="brd-t2">Per cent<br />of total</th> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Eutamias merriami merriami</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">3</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">6.3</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Peromyscus boylii rowleyi</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">38</td> + <td class="ta-r">79.2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Neotoma lepida intermedia</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">2</td> + <td class="ta-r">4.2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r brd-b">Neotoma fuscipes macrotis</td> + <td class="brd-r brd-b ta-r">5</td> + <td class="brd-b ta-r">10.4</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The gray fox is the dominant carnivore of the chaparral association +and forages widely in all habitats.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh1"><a name="Yellow_Pine_Forest_Association" id="Yellow_Pine_Forest_Association"></a>Yellow Pine Forest Association</div> + +<div class="sectionh2"><span class="smcap">Major Plants</span></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +<i>Pinus ponderosa</i><br /> +<i>P. lambertiana</i><br /> +<i>Libocedrus decurrens</i><br /> +<i>Abies concolor</i><br /> +<i>Quercus Kelloggii</i><br /> +<i>Ribes nevadense</i><br /> +<i>Ribes Roezlii</i><br /> +<i>Arctostaphylos sp.</i><br /> +<i>Ceanothus cordulatus</i><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>The crest of the range, from the upper limit of the chaparral +association at roughly 6000 feet to the limited areas of boreal flora +above 8500 feet elevation, is covered by yellow pine forests. On the +desert slope of the range the coniferous forests which extend down +to about 6000 feet represent the best development of this association, +while the coniferous forests on the coastal side of the drainage divide +are often more or less diluted by chaparral elements. For example, +yellow pines on the Pacific face of Blue Ridge at 7000 feet elevation +often grow in association with scrub oak and mountain-mahogany.</p> + +<p>Few mammals are resident in the typical yellow pine forest as +characterized by dense coniferous timber and little herbaceous or +brushy growth. Here most of the species recorded actually find +optimal conditions in an adjacent habitat. The forest probably +harbors surplus individuals from adjacent preferred habitats, or, as in +the case of chipmunks and ground squirrels, the forest often serves +as forage ground while nearby brushy areas are utilized for breeding +and shelter. The abundance of birds in the timber contrasts strikingly +with the paucity of mammals there. The lack of a seed-producing +understory, and the open duff-covered stretches of ground on +which rodents would be extremely vulnerable to predation, probably +in part account for the scarcity of rodents.</p> + +<p>Within the general area encompassed by the yellow pine forest +there are two major habitats, namely coniferous forest and chaparral.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527">[Pg 527]</a></span> +The species of plants comprising the chaparral of the Transition +Life-zone are different from those comprising the chaparral of the +Upper Sonoran Life-zone on the Pacific slope. In the chaparral of +the Transition Life-zone, basin sagebrush and snowbrush grow in +extensive patches in clearings in the timber. Dense thickets of choke +cherry cover many damp hollows, and these thickets harbor the +houses of <i>Neotoma fuscipes</i>. The food and shelter afforded by these +chaparral areas importantly influence the local distribution of +rodents: for example, <i>Dipodomys agilis</i> and <i>Perognathus californicus</i> +in the yellow pine area are found only in association with chaparral, +being completely absent from wooded areas.</p> + +<p>The severe winter weather in this association must force many of +the mammals into periods of inactivity. Probably during the long +periods in the winter when snow covers the ground the heteromyids +and sciurids remain below ground.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh1"><a name="Pinyon-juniper_Woodland_Association" id="Pinyon-juniper_Woodland_Association"></a>Pinyon-Juniper Woodland Association</div> + +<div class="sectionh2"><span class="smcap">Major Plants</span></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +<i>Pinus monophylla</i><br /> +<i>Juniperus californica</i><br /> +<i>Quercus dumosa var. turbinella</i><br /> +<i>Purshia glandulosa</i><br /> +<i>Fremontia californica</i><br /> +<i>Cercocarpus ledifolius</i><br /> +<i>Yucca Whipplei</i><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>In the San Gabriel Mountains this association is limited to the +desert slope and reaches its lower limit at the bases of the foothills +and extends up to the lower edge of the yellow pine forests. The +altitudinal extent of the pinyon-juniper association is from roughly +4000 to 6000 feet elevation.</p> + +<p>Several habitats are evident within the pinyon-juniper belt. On +north slopes in the upper part of this association, scattered stands +of pinyon pines are found with dense patches of scrub oak intervening, +while on other such slopes a dense chaparral is present, consisting +primarily of scrub oak, mountain-mahogany, and California +slippery-elm. In this type of chaparral several hundred trap nights +yielded only two rodent species: <i>Neotoma fuscipes simplex</i> and +<i>Peromyscus truei montipinoris</i>. There are few pinyons on the south +slopes, especially in the lower parts of the association; many of these +slopes are clothed with an open growth of manzanita and yucca, +while northern exposures there support mostly scrub oak. Many +of the flats of the pinyon belt are grown to basin sagebrush.</p> + +<p>Following is a list of the mammals taken in about 400 trap +nights at one locality in the pinyon-juniper association. The area +supported a mixed growth of pinyon, scrub oak, mountain-ma<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">[Pg 528]</a></span>hogany, +and antelope-brush, together with smaller brushy plants, +and was at the head of Grandview Canyon, at an altitude of roughly +5000 feet.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Table 6.</span>—<span class="smcap">Yield of 400 Trap-nights in the Pinyon-juniper Association.</span></p> + +<table summary="Trap Yield in Pinyon-juniper Association"> + <tr> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r"> </th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Number</th> + <th class="brd-t2">Per cent<br />of total</th> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Perognathus fallax pallidus</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">3</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">11.5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Dipodomys agilis fuscus</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">9</td> + <td class="ta-r">34.6</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Peromyscus truei montipinoris</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">10</td> + <td class="ta-r">38.5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r brd-b">Neotoma fuscipes simplex</td> + <td class="brd-r brd-b ta-r">4</td> + <td class="brd-b ta-r">15.4</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Although Munz and Keck (1949:101) considered the pinyon-juniper +belt as one association, on the desert slope of the San +Gabriels pinyons and junipers do not generally grow on common +ground; but rather the juniper belt represents a well defined habitat +occurring between the pinyon covered slopes and the flats that support +Joshua trees. Because the mammalian populations of the +pinyon belt and the juniper belt are somewhat different, the mammals +of these areas are most conveniently taken up separately.</p> + +<p>In the juniper belt the juniper tree is of marked ecologic significance; +the distribution of <i>Peromyscus truei</i> and <i>Neotoma fuscipes</i> +is determined here by the presence of junipers. At certain +times of year the fruit of this plant is eaten by coyotes, kangaroo +rats, and wood rats.</p> + +<p>The list below indicates the results of approximately 500 trap +nights in the juniper belt near Mescal Canyon, between 4000 and +5000 feet elevation.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Table 7.</span>—<span class="smcap">Yield of 500 Trap-nights in the Juniper Belt.</span></p> + +<table summary="Trap Yield in Juniper Belt"> + <tr> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r"> </th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Number</th> + <th class="brd-t2">Per cent<br />of total</th> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Perognathus fallax pallidus</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">16</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">16.7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Dipodomys merriami merriami</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">3</td> + <td class="ta-r">3.1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">36</td> + <td class="ta-r">37.5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Peromyscus truei montipinoris</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">22</td> + <td class="ta-r">22.9</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">12</td> + <td class="ta-r">12.5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Neotoma lepida lepida</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">2</td> + <td class="ta-r">2.1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Neotoma fuscipes simplex</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">2</td> + <td class="ta-r">2.1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r brd-b">Onychomys torridus pulcher</td> + <td class="brd-r brd-b ta-r">3</td> + <td class="brd-b ta-r">3.1</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529">[Pg 529]</a></span> +The biota of the washes that cut through the juniper belt in and +below many of the larger canyons differs from that of the surrounding +juniper-clad benches. Because the washes are in the same +geographic area as the juniper belt they are discussed together. +These washes on desert slopes are densely populated by rodents +derived from adjacent areas, and support vegetation typical of +higher floral belts in association with xerophytic, typically desert, +species. In a sense, the washes serve to mix up the mammals of adjacent +areas. For example, <i>Onychomys torridus pulcher</i> and <i>Peromyscus +eremicus eremicus</i>, which are mammals typical of the +desert, were found in Mescal Wash above their usual desert range; +and <i>Peromyscus californicus insignis</i> and <i>Peromyscus boylii rowleyi</i>, +which are chaparral inhabiting mammals, were found in the wash +far removed from their chaparral environment. Washes are evidently +effective agents in facilitating the dispersal of certain species +of mammals. It is easy to envision a species crossing hostile +habitats <i>via</i> dry washes to invade suitable niches in an area which +is geographically and ecologically isolated from the original home +of the species. Approximately 500 trap nights in Mescal Wash, +at 4100 feet elevation, in the lower edge of the juniper belt, yielded +the following mammals:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Table 8.</span>—<span class="smcap">Yield of 500 Trap-nights in Mescal Wash (Desert Slope).</span></p> + +<table summary="Trap Yield in Mescal Wash"> + <tr> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r"> </th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Number</th> + <th class="brd-t2">Per cent<br />of total</th> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Perognathus fallax pallidus</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">5</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">4.5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">43</td> + <td class="ta-r">38.7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Peromyscus californicus insignis</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">3</td> + <td class="ta-r">2.7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Peromyscus truei montipinoris</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">1</td> + <td class="ta-r">.9</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Peromyscus boylii rowleyi</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">2</td> + <td class="ta-r">1.8</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Peromyscus eremicus eremicus</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">28</td> + <td class="ta-r">25.0</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">23</td> + <td class="ta-r">20.5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Onychomys torridus pulcher</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">4</td> + <td class="ta-r">3.5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r brd-b">Neotoma lepida lepida</td> + <td class="brd-r brd-b ta-r">3</td> + <td class="brd-b ta-r">2.7</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis</i>, <i>Neotoma fuscipes simplex</i>, +and <i>Peromyscus truei montipinoris</i> are probably the most characteristic +mammals of the pinyon-juniper association.</p> + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_530" id="Page_530">[Pg 530]</a></span></div> +<div class="sectionh1"><a name="Sagebrush_Scrub_Association" id="Sagebrush_Scrub_Association"></a>Sagebrush Scrub Association</div> + +<div class="sectionh2"><span class="smcap">Major Plants</span></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +<i>Bromus sp.</i><br /> +<i>Artemisia tridentata</i><br /> +<i>Chrysothamnus nauseosus</i><br /> +<i>Purshia glandulosa</i><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>This association is found on only the crest and desert slope of the +range between 5000 and 8000 feet elevation. There it characteristically +occupies flats and clearings in the yellow pine forest and +pinyon-juniper woodland. The dominant plant of the association +is basin sagebrush, and in many places this plant forms mixed +growths with snowbrush and <i>Haplopappus</i>. The low brush of this +association is formed by closely spaced bushes with grasses growing +between.</p> + +<p>Because of its limited occurrence in the San Gabriel Mountains, +this association there has relatively little effect on mammalian distribution. +Locally, nevertheless, the presence of this association +governs the distribution of certain mammals. For example, on Blue +Ridge, islands of sagebrush amid the conifers provide suitable +habitat for <i>Dipodomys agilis perplexus</i> and <i>Perognathus californicus +bernardinus</i>; and in Swarthout Valley <i>D. a. perplexus</i>, <i>Reithrodontomys +megalotis longicaudus</i>, and <i>Lepus californicus deserticola</i> are +seemingly restricted to the sagebrush flats.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh1"><a name="Joshua_Tree_Woodland_Association" id="Joshua_Tree_Woodland_Association"></a>Joshua Tree Woodland Association</div> + +<div class="sectionh2"><span class="smcap">Major Plants</span></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +<i>Yucca brevifolia</i><br /> +<i>Lycium Andersonii</i><br /> +<i>Eriogonum fasciculatum</i><br /> +<i>Tetradymia spinosa</i><br /> +<i>Ephedra sp.</i><br /> +<i>Larrea divaricata</i><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>This association is on the piedmont that dips toward the Mojave +Desert from the interior base of the San Gabriels. The widely +spaced Joshua trees with low bushes between, and the dry washes +breaking the level terrain below the mouths of canyons are typical +of this area. Field work was extended no farther down into the +desert than about the 3500 foot level, where this association was still +dominant.</p> + +<p>Although the vegetation of this area is scattered and sparse, presenting +a barren and sterile aspect, the area supports a rather high +population of rodents. The soil at the bases of many large box-thorn- and +creosote-bushes is perforated by burrow systems of +<i>Dipodomys panamintinus</i> or <i>Dipodomys merriami</i>, and those burrows +abandoned by kangaroo rats are used as retreats by <i>Onychomys +torridus</i> and <i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i>. The mammals of this associ<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531">[Pg 531]</a></span>ation +are all characteristic of the fauna of the Mojave Desert, with +the ranges of such species as the coyote and jack rabbit extending +well up the desert slope of the mountains.</p> + +<p>The mammals listed below were taken in 1948 in roughly 400 +trap nights in the Joshua belt, at an elevation of 3500 feet, one mile +below the mouth of Graham Canyon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Table 9.</span>—<span class="smcap">Yield of 400 Trap-nights in the Joshua Tree Belt.</span></p> + +<table summary="Trap Yield in Joshua Tree Belt"> + <tr> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r"> </th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Number</th> + <th class="brd-t2">Per cent<br />of total</th> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">36</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">59.0</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Dipodomys merriami merriami</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">15</td> + <td class="ta-r">24.6</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r">Onychomys torridus pulcher</td> + <td class="brd-r ta-r">4</td> + <td class="ta-r">6.6</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-r brd-b">Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli</td> + <td class="brd-r brd-b ta-r">6</td> + <td class="brd-b ta-r">9.8</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Populations of <i>Dipodomys merriami</i> and <i>D. panamintinus</i> fluctuate +widely, possibly in response to weather cycles. In November of +1948 trapping in the Joshua belt showed that <i>panamintinus</i> outnumbered +<i>merriami</i> approximately three to one, whereas in December +of 1951, after a succession of unusually dry years, <i>merriami</i> was the +more numerous. Further, <i>merriami</i> occurred in the lower parts of +the juniper belt in 1951 where in 1948 it seemed to be absent.</p> + +<p><i>Dipodomys merriami merriami</i> and <i>Onychomys torridus pulcher</i> +are diagnostic of the Joshua tree woodland association in the San +Gabriel Mountains area, since few individuals of either species occur +outside of this association.</p> + +<div class="sectionh1">PLATE 1</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/plate1fig1_1200.jpg"><img src="images/plate1fig1_600.jpg" width="600" height="437" alt="" title="" /></a> +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> View of typical coastal sage scrub association, showing in foreground +white sage, and coastal sagebrush. The adobe banks beyond are +grown mainly to white sage. Small mammals are abundant in this association, +with <i>Dipodomys agilis</i>, <i>Perognathus fallax</i>, and <i>Sylvilagus audubonii</i> being +characteristic of the area. Photo March 25, 1952, at mouth of San Antonio +Canyon, 1800 feet elevation.</div></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/plate1fig2_1200.jpg"><img src="images/plate1fig2_600.jpg" width="600" height="435" alt="" title="" /></a> +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> View of a main channel in San Antonio Wash on Pacific slope. The +wash is a distinct habitat in the coastal sage scrub association, and is the +preferred habitat of <i>Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus</i> and <i>Neotoma lepida +intermedia</i>. These rodents find shelter in the piles of boulders. Photo February +2, 1952, in San Antonio Wash, at 1700 feet elevation.</div></div> + + +<div class="sectionh1">PLATE 2</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/plate2fig1_1200.jpg"><img src="images/plate2fig1_600.jpg" width="600" height="474" alt="" title="" /></a> +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> Southern oak woodland association. The open leaf-strewn floor of +the woodland lacks shelter for ground-dwelling rodents and the population of +rodents is small. <i>Peromyscus boylii rowleyi</i> is the commonest rodent. Photo +March 10, 1952, in Evey Canyon, 2700 feet elevation.</div></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/plate2fig2_1200.jpg"><img src="images/plate2fig2_600.jpg" width="600" height="471" alt="" title="" /></a> +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> Yellow pine forest association, composed largely of yellow pines, +white fir, and black oak. Photo April 27, 1952, at Big Pines, 6800 ft. elevation.</div></div> + + +<div class="sectionh1">PLATE 3</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/plate3fig1_1200.jpg"><img src="images/plate3fig1_600.jpg" width="600" height="471" alt="" title="" /></a> +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> View of the sagebrush scrub association showing a nearly pure +stand of basin sagebrush. <i>Dipodomys agilis perplexus</i> and <i>Reithrodontomys +megalotis longicaudus</i> occur in this association, and <i>Peromyscus truei montipinoris</i> +is present where this association merges with the pinyon-juniper association. +Photo April 27, 1952, in Swarthout Valley, 6200 feet elevation.</div></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/plate3fig2_1200.jpg"><img src="images/plate3fig2_600.jpg" width="600" height="378" alt="" title="" /></a> +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> View of a pinyon pine woodland. This habitat constitutes the +upper part of the pinyon-juniper association, and is the habitat of <i>Neotoma +fuscipes simplex</i>, <i>Peromyscus truei montipinoris</i>, and <i>Eutamias merriami +merriami</i>. Photo April 27, 1952, in Sheep Creek Canyon, 5500 feet elevation.</div></div> + + +<div class="sectionh1">PLATE 4</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/plate4fig1_1200.jpg"><img src="images/plate4fig1_600.jpg" width="600" height="410" alt="" title="" /></a> +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> View of the juniper belt. This habitat forms the lower part of the +pinyon-juniper association. <i>Perognathus fallax pallidus</i>, <i>Dipodomys panamintinus +mohavensis</i>, and <i>Peromyscus truei montipinoris</i> are typical of this +area. Photo April 27, 1952, at Desert Springs, 4300 feet elevation.</div></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/plate4fig2_1200.jpg"><img src="images/plate4fig2_600.jpg" width="600" height="499" alt="" title="" /></a> +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> Joshua tree woodland association. The characteristic mammals are +<i>Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis</i>, <i>D. merriami merriami</i>, and <i>Onychomys +torridus pulcher</i>. Photo January 4, 1952, 6 miles east and 2 miles south Llano, +3600 feet elevation.</div></div> + + + +<hr /> +<h2><a name="Accounts_of_Species" id="Accounts_of_Species"></a><span class="smcap">Accounts of Species</span></h2> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family DIDELPHIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Didelphis marsupialis virginiana</b> Kerr</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Virginia Opossum</div> + +<p>The opossum is common in and near small towns and cultivated +areas at the Pacific base of the mountain range and does not thrive +away from human habitation; extensive trapping in the coastal sage +and chaparral belts produced no specimens except immediately adjacent +to citrus groves. Pequegnat (1951:47) mentions that opossums +in the Santa Ana Mountains of southern California are in the +lower parts of the larger canyons, especially near human habitation.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Los Angeles County: Claremont, 1600 ft., +2 (PC).</p></div> + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_532" id="Page_532">[Pg 532]</a></span></div> + +<div class="sectionh1">Family TALPIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Scapanus latimanus occultus</b> Grinnell and Swarth</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">California Mole</div> + +<p>Workings of moles were found on the Pacific slope of the mountains +from 1600 feet at Claremont up to 7500 feet on Blue Ridge, +and on the Pacific slope beneath basin sagebrush in Cajon Canyon +one mile from desert slope Joshua-tree flats, but not on the desert +slope, although moles probably occur on that slope in some of the +places where there is suitable habitat.</p> + +<p>Near Camp Baldy in the sandy soil beneath groves of alders +moles seemed to be especially abundant. Although common on the +coastal face of the range, moles shunned compact, dry, or rocky +soils. In the greasewood chaparral one-half mile west of the mouth +of Palmer Canyon, where the soil was hard and rocky, mole tunnels +were in soft soil that had accumulated at the edge of a fire road beneath +a steep road cut. The assumption is that this accumulation +contained insects attractive, as food, to the moles.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>, 2: Los Angeles County: Camp Baldy, 4200 ft., +1(PC); Claremont, 1600 ft., 1(PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family SORICIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Sorex obscurus parvidens</b> Jackson</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Dusky Shrew</div> + +<p>Jackson (1928:124) recorded a specimen from Camp Baldy, +4200 feet, San Antonio Canyon.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Sorex ornatus ornatus</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Ornate Shrew</div> + +<p>Both of my specimens were taken amid riparian growth on the +Pacific slope of the range.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>, 2: Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 3500 +ft., 1; Cobal Canyon, 5 mi. N Claremont, 1800 ft., 1 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi</b> (Coues)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Gray Shrew</div> + +<p>One was taken in 1946 beneath a woodpile on the campus of +Norton School, two miles northeast of Claremont, and examined +by Dr. W. E. Pequegnat.</p> + + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_533" id="Page_533">[Pg 533]</a></span></div> +<div class="sectionh1">Family VESPERTILIONIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Myotis yumanensis sociabilis</b> H. W. Grinnell</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Yuma Myotis</div> + +<p>A female was taken in lower San Antonio Canyon, 2800 feet elevation, +on September 27, 1951.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Myotis evotis evotis</b> (J. A. Allen)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Long-eared Myotis</div> + +<p>This species was observed and collected at several stations ranging +from 2800 feet elevation in San Antonio Canyon, to Blue Ridge +at 8200 feet, and down the desert slope to 6000 feet at Jackson Lake. +This distribution encompasses most of the chaparral and yellow +pine forest associations. Within these areas, however, this bat +shows marked habitat preferences.</p> + +<p>Woodland habitats seem to be preferred by <i>evotis</i>. At several +ponds in lower San Antonio Canyon this bat was observed repeatedly +as it foraged over the water and coursed low between rows of +alders and <i>Baccharis</i>. At Blue Ridge in September, 1951, these +bats foraged approximately six feet above the ground beneath the +canopy of coniferous foliage and between the trunks of the trees.</p> + +<p>Most of the bats were taken by stretching fine wires above the +surface of a pond as outlined by Borell (1937:478). Collecting was +generally carried on until at least 11:00 p. m., and the time at which +each bat was taken at the pond was recorded, thereby making possible +a rough estimate of the pre-midnight forage period of each +bat commonly collected at the ponds. Usually bats taken at the +start of their supposed forage period had empty or nearly empty +stomachs, whereas those taken towards the end of their forage +period had full or nearly full stomachs. <i>M. evotis</i> usually first appeared +just at dark, well after the pipistrelles and California myotis +had begun foraging. The forage period of <i>evotis</i> seemed to begin +approximately 30 minutes after sunset and to end approximately +two and one-quarter hours later.</p> + +<p>Individuals of this species were taken from May 4, to October +14, 1951. A female taken on May 19, 1951, in San Antonio Canyon, +carried one minute embryo, and one taken in the same locality on +June 8, had one embryo four millimeters in length.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 12, distributed as follows: Los Angeles +County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 11; Claremont, 1100 ft., 1 (P.C.).</p></div> + + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_534" id="Page_534">[Pg 534]</a></span></div> +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Myotis volans interior</b> Miller</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Interior Long-legged Bat</div> + +<p>Although seldom found to be plentiful, this bat was recorded +from many points on both the coastal and desert slopes of the +mountains. Specimens were taken in the chaparral association in +San Antonio Canyon, near Jackson Lake among yellow pines, and +in Mescal Canyon at the upper limit of the Joshua tree woodland. +Bats, probably <i>volans</i>, were noted over sage flats at 8000 feet elevation +on Blue Ridge. The only place where these bats appeared to +be numerous was Jackson Lake on the interior slope; there, on September +19, 1951, <i>volans</i> appeared with the pipistrelles, and was the +most common bat before dark.</p> + +<p>An individual of this species taken on October 28, 1951, in a +short mine-shaft in the pinyon belt at the head of Grandview +Canyon was slow in its movements and felt as cold as the walls +of the tunnel. It was late afternoon and the temperature outside the +cave was below 40°F. The floor of the tunnel was covered with +the hind wings of large moths of the genus <i>Catocala</i>; <i>volans</i> probably +hung in the cave while eating them.</p> + +<p>The series of <i>volans</i> from the San Gabriels shows that the two +color phases of this bat both occur in the area. Two specimens from +Jackson Lake contrast sharply with the rest of the series in their +dark coloration. Benson (1949:50) states that color variation in a +series of <i>volans</i> from a given locality may be striking.</p> + +<p>This bat was collected in San Antonio Canyon from 50 minutes +after sundown to two hours and 40 minutes after sundown. In this +area these bats did not visit the ponds in large numbers as they +seemed to do on the desert slope.</p> + +<p>A female taken on May 29, 1951, contained one embryo nearly +at term.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +Mescal Canyon, 8 mi. E and 5 mi. S Llano, 4900 ft., 1; 3 mi. W Big Pines, +Swarthout Valley, 6000 ft., 3; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 5.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Myotis californicus californicus</b> (Audubon and Bachman)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">California Myotis</div> + +<p>On the Pacific face of the mountain range this bat was recorded +commonly below approximately 5000 feet elevation, where it seemed +to be most common in the oak woodland of canyons. On the desert +slope it was collected at Jackson Lake in yellow pine woodland, in +Mescal Canyon in the juniper belt, and bats presumably of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535">[Pg 535]</a></span> +species were observed at several points in the pinyon-juniper +woodland.</p> + +<p>Individuals of this species were often observed foraging from +five to ten feet above the ground around the alders and <i>Baccharis</i> +near San Antonio Creek, but they did not fly so low or so near the +vegetation as did <i>Myotis evotis</i>. Here they were taken from 18 +minutes to 55 minutes after sunset; this indicates an early and short +forage period.</p> + +<p>This bat may be active even in winter. On February 8, 1952, in +lower San Antonio Canyon, a bat, probably of this species, was noted +foraging; and collecting in early November, 1951, yielded specimens.</p> + +<p>On May 22, 1951, a female obtained in San Antonio Canyon had +one five-millimeter embryo, and subsequently all the females examined +had embryos until June 12, when collecting was discontinued.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 16, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 2; Jackson Lake, 6000 ft., 1 (PC); San Antonio +Canyon, 3900 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 12.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Pipistrellus hesperus merriami</b> (Dobson)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Western Pipistrelle</div> + +<p>This is the most obvious if not the most common bat of the lower +coastal slopes of the San Gabriels. In the spring and fall of 1951 +individuals were noted from 1700 feet in the coastal sage scrub association +to the white fir forests on Blue Ridge at 8200 feet elevation +and were commonest in the rocky canyons of the lower Pacific slope +below 4000 feet, and usually foraged near the steep canyon sides +high above the canyon bottoms.</p> + +<p>Pipistrelles were generally the first bats to appear in the evening, +although the times of their appearance were irregular. In April +and May, in lower San Antonio Canyon, they appeared from 28 +minutes before sunset to 30 minutes after sunset, with the average +time of appearance eight and one-half minutes after sunset. Like +<i>Myotis californicus</i> this pipistrelle seemed to have a short and early +foraging period. No pipistrelles were recorded at ponds later than +one hour and five minutes after sunset, and usually they were not +seen later than 40 minutes after sunset. Most of the specimens taken +later than one half hour after sunset had full stomachs. More +than 50 pipistrelles were captured at the ponds in San Antonio +Canyon; six were kept for specimens. This species is probably +present in the area throughout the winter. Pipistrelles were active<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_536" id="Page_536">[Pg 536]</a></span> +in early April in Evey Canyon, were observed in early November +in San Antonio Canyon, and on January 26, 1952, an individual was +noted foraging near the mouth of Palmer Canyon. They are probably +not active in winter on the colder desert slope of the mountains.</p> + +<p>Pipistrelles often foraged in loose flocks of about half a dozen +individuals. On many occasions these groups were first seen foraging +high up above the canyon bottom, then, as it grew darker, they +descended and foraged within 50 or 100 feet of the floor of the +canyon. Immediately before dark these groups seemed to have +forage beats; one minute several pipistrelles would be overhead, +and the next minute none would be in sight.</p> + +<p>A female taken in San Antonio Canyon on June 8, 1951, contained +two five-millimeter embryos.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 5; Evey Canyon, 2400 ft., 1.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus</b> (H. Allen)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Western Pipistrelle</div> + +<p>This species was common in the spring and autumn of 1951 from +the lower edge of the yellow pine forest down into the belt of Joshua +trees. In early April on the desert slope at 4800 feet in Mescal +Canyon, pipistrelles foraged on evenings when it was windy but +not cold. On cold evenings (when the temperature was below +roughly 45°F) none was seen. On windy nights the pipistrelles +often forsook their usual high forage habits and foraged 15 feet +or so above the ground where the vegetation and outcrops of rock +broke the force of the wind. In 1951 no pipistrelles were noted on +the desert slope later than October 15.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 4.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus</b> Rhoads</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Big Brown Bat</div> + +<p>This bat was on the coastal slope from the sage scrub association +at 1100 feet, up to 8000 feet on Blue Ridge, and on the desert slope +down to the upper edge of the Joshua tree belt at 4800 feet in +Mescal Canyon. It was the most common bat at the ponds in San +Antonio Canyon in May and June of 1951, but in September and +October of the same year none was obtained there.</p> + +<p>On the Pacific slope of the San Gabriels the big brown bats segregate +according to sex in the spring, the males occupying the foothills +and mountains and the females the level valley floor at the coastal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537">[Pg 537]</a></span> +base of the range. Of 70 big brown bats captured in May and +June of 1951, at the ponds in San Antonio Canyon, only one was a +female. A large colony of more than 200 individuals in a barn near +Covina, in the citrus belt, was composed of only females.</p> + +<p>Times of capture of this bat at the ponds in San Antonio Canyon +ranged from ten minutes after sunset to two hours and thirty minutes +after sunset. Generally these bats came to the ponds in groups +of several individuals, and often more than a dozen were captured +in the course of an evening's collecting.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 2; Covina, 1100 ft., +4 (2PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Lasiurus borealis teleotis</b> (H. Allen)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Red Bat</div> + +<p>One female was taken on September 30, 1951, in San Antonio +Canyon, at 2800 feet elevation. The descriptions which the citrus +growers of the Claremont and Glendora vicinity give of the bats +they find occasionally hanging in their citrus trees accurately describe +this species. Its seasonal occurrence there is unknown.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Lasiurus cinereus cinereus</b> (Pasilot de Beauvois)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Hoary Bat</div> + +<p>Specimens were collected in spring in 1951 at elevations of 2800 +and 3200 feet in San Antonio Canyon, on the coastal slope, and in +Mescal Canyon at 4900 feet, on the desert slope. Large, fast flying +bats, probably of this species, were seen at Jackson Lake, 6000 feet +elevation, on October 15, 1951.</p> + +<p>Hoary bats are present in the San Gabriels in the fall, winter, and +spring. In 1951 the last spring specimen was taken on June 11, +in Mescal Canyon; then collecting was discontinued until late September +when the first hoary bat was taken on the thirtieth of that +month. From this date on into the winter hoary bats were recorded +regularly. They seemed to be as common in early June as in most +of April and May; possibly some remain in the San Gabriels throughout +the summer.</p> + +<p>In spring these bats seem to segregate by sex; of twelve kept as +specimens and at least an equal number captured and released only +one was a female. All were captured above 2800 feet.</p> + +<p>Hoary bats seem to have a long pre-midnight forage period, having +been captured at ponds from 21 minutes after sunset, to three hours +and 26 minutes after sunset. Generally those taken early had empty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_538" id="Page_538">[Pg 538]</a></span> +stomachs and those taken later had full stomachs. On the night of +May 24, 1951, a hoary bat captured two hours and five minutes +after sunset had only a partially full stomach.</p> + +<p>On May 25, 1951, an unusual concentration of hoary bats was +observed at a pond at about 3200 feet elevation, in San Antonio +Canyon (Vaughan, 1953). The day had been clear and warm, one +of the first summerlike days of spring. Beginning at 30 minutes +after sundown hoary bats were collected until two hours and 35 +minutes after sundown; in this period 22 were caught and at least +as many more observed. Many were released after being examined, +whereupon they hung on the foliage of nearby alders to rest and +dry themselves. This concentration of hoary bats may have been +due to a sudden beginning of migration with a resultant concentration +of bats at certain altitudinal belts. The warm weather might +have set off the migration. On evenings that followed subsequent +hot days no such concentration of hoary bats was seen. B. P. Bole +(Hall 1946:156) observed a concentration of hoary bats on August +28, 1932, in Esmeralda County, Nevada.</p> + +<p>Several captive <i>Myotis californicus</i> in a jar next to a pond in San +Antonio Canyon set up a squeaking which seemed to attract a hoary +bat. Repeatedly the large bat swooped over the jar.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 12, distributed as follows: Los Angeles +County: Mescal Canyon, 4900 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 3200 ft., 2; San +Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 8.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Antrozous pallidus pacificus</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Pallid Bat</div> + +<p>The pallid bat is probably the most common and characteristic +bat of the citrus belt at the Pacific base of the mountains. Only +once, on May 4, 1951, was this bat taken in the mountains. On +that night two individuals were collected at 2800 feet in San Antonio +Canyon. All of the other specimens and observations were from +colonies in old barns and outbuildings in the citrus belt where these +bats are found in spring, summer, and fall.</p> + +<p>The impression gained by examining many mixed colonies of +<i>Antrozous</i> and <i>Tadarida</i> was that the former greatly outnumbered +the latter. For example, a small colony of bats in an old barn near +San Dimas Wash consisted of about thirty pallid bats and five freetails.</p> + +<p>Large numbers of wings of moths of the family <i>Sphingidae</i>, and +legs and parts of the heads of Jerusalem crickets (<i>Stenopelmatus +fuscus</i>)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539">[Pg 539]</a></span> +were beneath an <i>Antrozous</i> night-roosting place in a barn +near Upland.</p> + +<p>Pallid bats were collected in 1951, from April 16 to October 17 +but probably were active in the area into November.</p> + +<p>Each of two pregnant females taken two miles northeast of San +Dimas on April 20, 1951, carried two embryos 4 millimeters long.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +2 mi. NE San Dimas, 1200 ft., 2 (1PC); Ontario, 1100 ft., 4 (3PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family MOLOSSIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Tadarida mexicana</b> (Saussure)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Mexican Free-tailed Bat</div> + +<p>This bat, regularly met with in the citrus belt at the coastal base of +the range, occurred in small numbers with colonies of <i>Antrozous</i>, +and was once found with a colony of <i>Eptesicus</i> near Covina. None +of the females taken in April 1951 was pregnant.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Los Angeles County: 2 mi. NE San Dimas, 1200 +ft., 4.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Eumops perotis californicus</b> (Merriam)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Mastiff Bat</div> + +<p>H. W. Grinnell (1918:373) mentioned individuals collected at +Sierra Madre (at the coastal base of the San Gabriels west of the +study area), and Sanborn (1932:351) reported specimens from +Covina and Azusa. Probably this bat occurs locally all along the +coastal base of the range.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family LEPORIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Lepus californicus bennettii</b> Gray</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">California Jack Rabbit</div> + +<p>This species was found in the coastal sage belt from Cajon Wash +west to San Gabriel Canyon and was most plentiful in thin stands +of sagebrush, and in and around citrus groves. Because of their +preference for semi-open country, jack rabbits are absent from +much of the coastal belt of sagebrush where the brush is fairly +continuous, and they never were observed in the chaparral association.</p> + +<p>Coyotes catch many jack rabbits and regularly forage around the +foothill borders of the citrus groves for cottontails and jack rabbits.</p> + +<p>A female examined on February 19, 1951, was pregnant, and one +taken on March 15, 1951, carried three small embryos.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—San Bernardino County: 2 mi. NW Upland, 1600 +ft., 3 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540">[Pg 540]</a></span></div> +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Lepus californicus deserticola</b> Mearns</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">California Jack Rabbit</div> + +<p>There was sign of jack rabbits along the desert slope of the San +Gabriels up to about 6700 feet, one-half mile west of Big Pines. +They were fairly common in the Joshua tree belt, occurred less +commonly in the juniper belt, and were present locally in small +numbers in the pinyon-juniper association.</p> + +<p>The population seemed to be at a low ebb from 1948 to 1952, +when field work was done on the desert slope. I often hiked for +an hour or more on the desert or juniper-covered benches without +seeing a jack rabbit. The species was commoner in washes where +as many as eleven were noted in two hours' hiking.</p> + +<p>In December, 1951, below Graham Canyon, the leaves on large +areas of many nearly recumbent Joshua trees had been gnawed down +to their bases, and jack rabbit feces covered the ground next to these +gnawings. Probably the Joshua tree is an emergency food used by +the rabbits only when other food is scarce.</p> + +<p>In years when the population of jack rabbits is not low they serve +as a major food for coyotes. In the Joshua tree belt below Mescal +Canyon, jack rabbit remains were fairly common in coyote feces, +and tracks repeatedly showed where some coyote had pursued a +jack rabbit for a short distance. A large male bobcat trapped in +the juniper belt in Graham Canyon had deer hair and jack rabbit +remains in its stomach.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 4; Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 3.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Sylvilagus audubonii sanctidiegi</b> (Miller)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Audubon Cottontail</div> + +<p>Cottontails are common in the coastal sage scrub association and in +and around citrus groves, but generally penetrate the mountains +no farther than the lower limit of the chaparral association. They +are everywhere on coastal alluvial slopes, except in the barren +washes, and prefer patches of prickly-pear and often are loathe to +leave its protection. After completely destroying a large patch of +prickly-pear in the course of examining a wood rat house in the +center of the cactus, I found hiding, in the main nest chamber of the +house, a cottontail that dashed from its hiding place only when +poked forceably with the handle of a hoe.</p> + +<p>Cottontails are seldom above the sage belt in the chaparral associations, +although along firebreaks and roads they occasionally +occur there. Habitually cottontails escape predators in partly open<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[Pg 541]</a></span> +terrain offering retreats such as low, thick brush, rock piles, and +cactus patches; but on open ground beneath dense chaparral, cottontails +may be vulnerable to predation.</p> + +<p>Examinations of feces and stomach contents of the coyote reveals +that it preys more heavily on cottontails than on any other wild +species. Remains of several cottontails eaten by raptors were found +in the sage belt.</p> + +<p>In April, 1951, many young cottontails were found dead on roads +in the sage belt, and a newly born cottontail was in the stomach of +a coyote trapped four miles north of Claremont, on February 7, 1952.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 3, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +mouth of San Antonio Canyon, 2000 ft., 1 (PC). San Bernardino County: +2 mi. NW Upland, 1600 ft., 2 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Sylvilagus audubonii arizonae</b> (J. A. Allen)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Audubon Cottontail</div> + +<p>This subspecies was recorded on the interior slope from 5200 feet +elevation, as at the head of Grandview Canyon, down into the +desert, and was common in the sagebrush flats of the upper pinyon-juniper +association. Piles of feces under thick oak and mountain-mahogany +chaparral indicated that the rabbits often sought shelter +there. Adequate cover is a requirement for this rabbit on the +desert slope of the San Gabriels; in the juniper and Joshua tree +belts the species occurs in washes where there is fairly heavy +brush, and only occasionally elsewhere. In the foothills, when +frightened from cover in one small wash cottontails often run up +over an adjacent low ridge and seek cover in the brush of the next +wash. In the wash below Graham Canyon tracks and observations +showed that cottontails were taking refuge in deserted burrows of +kit foxes.</p> + +<p>In the pinyon-juniper association cottontails and jack rabbits probably +occur in roughly equal numbers, but in the Joshua tree belt +cottontails seem far less numerous than jack rabbits. In the course +of a two hour hike in lower Mescal Wash, at about 3500 feet, eleven +jack rabbits and two cottontails were noted.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 2, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 1; Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens</b> (J. A. Allen)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Brush Rabbit</div> + +<p>Brush rabbits inhabit the Pacific slope of the mountains from +about 1200 feet in the coastal sagebrush belt up to at least 4500 +feet in the chaparral, and are the only lagomorphs found commonly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_542" id="Page_542">[Pg 542]</a></span> +above the lower edge of the chaparral association. Here they were +often on steep slopes beneath extensive and nearly impenetrable +tracts of chaparral.</p> + +<p>The ecologic niche of the brush rabbit is in brush where the +plants form continuous thickets with little open ground. In the +coastal sagebrush flats, areas supporting only scattered bushes are +uninhabited by brush rabbits, while areas grown to extensive tracts +of brush harbor them. When the brush rabbit's mode of escape +from its enemies is considered, the reason for their habitat preference +becomes more clear. Almost invariably these rabbits seek +escape by running through the densest portions of the brush, never +appearing in the open; in this way they travel quickly away from +the source of danger without being observed. Because they avoid +being seen in the open, and do not seek safety largely through +running ability, they need continuous stretches of brush for escape. +While hunting in the coastal sagebrush belt I have repeatedly seen +frightened brush rabbits turn and dart beneath the bushes a few +feet from a human being rather than be driven into the open.</p> + +<p>A great horned owl shot in March, 1951, in the sage belt, had +in its stomach the remains of a freshly killed adult brush rabbit. +Although coyotes and brush rabbits often occur in the same general +sections of the sage flats, remains of these rabbits have been notably +scarce in coyote feces from these areas. This is probably because +the coyote hunts along clearings and in open brushland, precisely +the type of habitat avoided by brush rabbits.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family SCIURIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Sciurus griseus anthonyi</b> Mearns</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Western Gray Squirrel</div> + +<p>Gray squirrels were on both slopes of the San Gabriels in oak +woodland. A gray squirrel was observed in April of 1948, as it +climbed a telephone pole adjacent to an orange grove near Cucamonga. +This, and one noted bounding up a slope of greasewood +chaparral near Cattle Canyon, were the only gray squirrels seen +in areas which were not grown to oaks or adjacent to oak woodland. +In the lower foothills gray squirrels were invariably found in association +with valley oak, this plant forming limited woodland areas +in canyon bottoms. In the upper chaparral association the squirrels +frequented the large scrub oaks growing on talus slopes and canyon +sides. In the yellow pine woodland, gray squirrels are restricted +to black oaks, often where they formed mixed stands with the coni<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_543" id="Page_543">[Pg 543]</a></span>fers. +On the interior slope these squirrels were found only at the +lower edge of the yellow pine woodland where black oaks are +common. There, in the vicinity of Big Pines, they were present +between roughly 5800 and 7000 feet, while on the Pacific slope they +inhabited oak woodland from 1600 feet to about 7000 feet elevation.</p> + +<p>In Live Oak Canyon in December of 1950, tracks indicated that +a bobcat had killed a gray squirrel in a small draw beneath the oaks. +In Evey Canyon on March 6, 1951, while watching for bats at late +twilight, I observed a gray squirrel traveling through the branches +of a nearby oak. A great horned owl glided into the oak in an +attempt to catch the squirrel, which leaped quickly into a dense +mass of foliage and escaped. For roughly ten minutes the owl +perched in the oak watching its intended prey, then flew off down +the canyon amid frantic scolding by the squirrel.</p> + +<p>On March 17, 1951, a female gray squirrel taken at about 3500 feet +elevation in San Antonio Canyon contained two embryos, each +roughly 40 millimeters long.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Spermophilus beecheyi beecheyi</b> (Richardson)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Beechey Ground Squirrel</div> + +<p>From the coastal sage belt, into the yellow pine forest of the +Pacific slope, this species is common on land cleared by man or +disturbed in the course of construction, or on severely eroded +slopes where the original climax vegetation is partly or completely +absent. Thus in the sage belt, ground squirrels live along dirt roads +through the brush, on the heavily eroded banks often found in +the foothills, on land grazed closely by sheep, and in those parts +of major washes such as San Antonio and Cucamonga washes +where scatterings of huge boulders offer prominent vantage points. +In San Antonio Canyon <i>Spermophilus</i> was restricted to the vicinity +of roads and firebreaks, and an especially large colony of at least +forty individuals lived at a dump one mile southwest of Camp Baldy +at about 4500 feet elevation. Ground squirrels used burned stems +of large laurel sumac as observation posts. Because of a preference +for open areas offering unobstructed outlooks, ground squirrels +originally probably did not penetrate the main belt of heavy chaparral +on the Pacific slope of the range except in some of the large +washes.</p> + +<p>In the spring of 1951 and the preceding summer there was a +marked increase in the ground squirrel population near Padua Hills<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_544" id="Page_544">[Pg 544]</a></span> +as a result of sheep grazing on approximately one-half square mile +of sage land. Grasses and smaller shrubs were eaten down to the +ground, and in some places coastal sagebrush and <i>Haplopappus</i> +were killed by browsing and trampling. The area formerly had a +sparse growth of bushes with intervening growths of tall grasses +and one colony of perhaps 20 ground squirrels; but after the sheep +grazing the area was open brushland with large clear spaces on +which the herbage was trimmed to the ground, and had at least four +colonies of ground squirrels as large as the first. Also there were +other ground squirrels established in various parts of the area. +Probably the dry weather in the winter of 1950-51 with consequent +retardation of the vegetation aided the spread of the squirrels in +this area.</p> + +<p>In the sage belt, most ground squirrels are dormant by December. +In 1951, after a mild winter, squirrels were noted on January 25 +near Padua Hills. On February 8, 1951, males in breeding condition +were collected, and on March 16, a female taken near San Antonio +Wash carried three small embryos. In early March of 1951, ground +squirrels were active at 4500 feet elevation in San Antonio Canyon.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimen examined.</i>—Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, +8000 ft., 1.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Spermophilus beecheyi fisheri</b> (Merriam)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">California Ground Squirrel</div> + +<p>This ground squirrel inhabited the desert slope of the mountains +up to 5000 feet elevation, and was most common in the juniper belt; +burrows often were made under large junipers. In May, 1949, +ground squirrels were common in the rocks adjacent to Mescal Wash +at an elevation of 4500 feet. In an apple orchard near Valyermo, +squirrels fed on the fallen fruit in early November of 1951.</p> + +<p>No squirrel was seen in December, January, and February, indicating +that all were below ground in winter.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimen examined.</i>—San Bernardino County: Desert Springs, 4000 ft., 1 +(PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus</b> (Merriam)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Antelope Ground Squirrel</div> + +<p>Antelope ground squirrels were common in the Joshua tree +woodland where they were noted up to 4500 feet elevation in +Graham Canyon. None was found on the pinyon slopes, possibly +because of the competition offered there by <i>Eutamias merriami</i>, +or because the rocky nature of the soil there rendered burrowing +difficult.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_545" id="Page_545">[Pg 545]</a></span></p><p>Although observed less often in winter than in summer, this +species is active all year. On February 6, 1949, in Mescal Wash, +an antelope ground squirrel was foraging over the snow which +was at least six inches deep. These squirrels were attracted to the +carcasses of rodents used as bait for carnivore sets, and caused a +good deal of trouble by disturbing the traps.</p> + +<p>Antelope ground squirrels used the topmost twigs of box-thorn +bushes extensively as lookout posts, and many of their burrows were +at the bases of these thorny bushes. This habit of regularly using +observation posts is well developed in each species of ground +squirrel found in the San Gabriels.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, +3500 ft., 2.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Eutamias speciosus speciosus</b> (Merriam)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Lodgepole Chipmunk</div> + +<p>This chipmunk was characteristic of the most boreal parts of the +San Gabriel Mountains. It was recorded from 6800 feet elevation at +Big Pines, to an altitude of approximately 9800 feet near Mt. San +Antonio, and was common where coniferous timber was interspersed +with snowbrush chaparral. In upper Icehouse Canyon and near +Telegraph Peak these chipmunks were associated with lodgepole +pines and chinquapin, and one mile east of Mt. San Antonio individuals +were often observed in thickets of manzanita. This chipmunk +usually shunned pure stands of coniferous timber except as +temporary forage ground.</p> + +<p>On Blue Ridge these chipmunks used the uppermost stems of +snowbrush as vantage points, and when disturbed ran nimbly over +thorny surfaces of the brush in seeking refuge in the tangled growth.</p> + +<p>In early November of 1951, these animals were not yet in hibernation +on Blue Ridge. They were noted on November 6, after the +season's first snows had melted; on November 13, however, a cold +wind with drifting fog kept most of them under cover, and only two +were noted in the course of the day.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimen examined.</i>—Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, +8100 ft., 1.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Eutamias merriami merriami</b> (J. A. Allen)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Merriam Chipmunk</div> + +<p>The lower limit of the range of this species, on the coastal face of +the range, is roughly coincident with that of manzanita—that is to +say, it begins in the main belt of chaparral above the lower foothills.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_546" id="Page_546">[Pg 546]</a></span> +<i>E. merriami</i> seems to reach maximum abundance amid the granite +talus, and scrub oak and <i>Pseudotsuga</i> growth at the upper edge of +the chaparral association. It was absent, however, from all but the +lower fringe of the yellow pine forest association.</p> + +<p>On the desert slope <i>merriami</i> was partial to rocky areas in the +pinyon-juniper association but was also in the black oak woods on +the Ball Flat fire road near Jackson Lake. Nowhere was <i>Eutamias +merriami</i> and <i>E. speciosus</i> observed on common ground.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 5500 ft., +2 (1 PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Glaucomys sabrinus californicus</b> (Rhoads)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Northern Flying Squirrel</div> + +<p>No specimens of this species were taken in the field work in +the San Gabriels, nor did I find any rangers or residents of the +mountains who had seen flying squirrels in the area. Nevertheless +sign found in the white fir forests in the Big Pines area indicated +that flying squirrels may occur there. On a number of occasions +dissected pine cones were noted on the horizontal limbs and bent +trunks of white firs. These cones were too large to have been +carried there by chipmunks, and gray squirrels were often completely +absent from the areas. I suspect that extensive trapping in +the coniferous forests of the higher parts of the mountains would +produce specimens of flying squirrels. Willett (1944:19) mentions +that flying squirrels probably occur in the San Gabriel Mountains.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family GEOMYIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Thomomys bottae pallescens</b> Rhoads</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Valley Pocket Gopher</div> + +<p>This gopher was found below about 5000 feet elevation in disturbed +or open areas from Cajon Wash at Devore westward all +along the coastal base of the San Gabriel Range. In the lower +part of the chaparral belt the gopher evidently was absent from +the chaparral-covered slopes, but was common along roads and +on fire trails.</p> + +<p>Burt (1932) and von Bloeker (1932) discuss the distribution +of the three subspecies of this species, <i>pallescens</i>, <i>neglecta</i>, and +<i>mohavensis</i>, which are in the San Gabriel Mountains area, and +Burt indicates that <i>pallescens</i> grades toward <i>mohavensis</i> in the +southern part of Antelope Valley.</p> + + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_547" id="Page_547">[Pg 547]</a></span></div> +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Thomomys bottae neglectus</b> Bailey</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Valley Pocket Gopher</div> + +<p>In the forests of yellow pine and white fir of the higher parts of +the San Gabriel Mountains the workings of this gopher were common, +and sign of its presence was found above 4500 feet on both +slopes of the mountain range. The rocky character of the coastal +slope seems to limit the occurrence of gophers, for they are not +continuously distributed there. On the desert slope they occur locally +down into the pinyon-juniper belt.</p> + +<p>In the vicinity of Big Pines, on the interior slope, these gophers +preferred broken forest where snow brush or other brush occurred; +their workings, however, were also found beneath groves of conifers +and black oaks. The abundance of earth cores resting on the duff +indicated that this species is active in the snow in winter.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 5, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +2 mi. E Valyermo, 4600 ft., 2; 3 mi. W Big Pines, 6000 ft., 1; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. +E Big Pines, 8000 ft., 2.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Thomomys bottae mohavensis</b> Grinnell</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Valley Pocket Gopher</div> + +<p>One specimen of this subspecies was taken on December 31, 1951, +in the Joshua tree belt, eight miles east of Llano, 3700 feet elevation.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family HETEROMYIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Perognathus fallax fallax</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">San Diego Pocket Mouse</div> + +<p>This pocket mouse is restricted to the coastal sage scrub association, +and was recorded from Cajon Wash west to Live Oak Canyon. +The mouse does not inhabit even the lower edge of the chaparral +belt, but in the coastal sage flats is usually the most abundant rodent. +In disturbed parts of the coastal sage belt <i>fallax</i> is less common, and +was never trapped in channels of rocky washes. Trap lines in the +eroded adobe banks of the foothills, where white sage and coastal +sagebrush are the dominant plants, took mostly these pocket mice. +Although the soil of such slopes is compact and seemingly is unsuitable +for burrowing by heteromyids, <i>fallax</i> is the most common +rodent. Because few burrows of pocket mice were noted there, it +is possible that the many old unused burrows of <i>Spermophilus</i> and +<i>Dipodomys</i> which honeycomb certain parts of adobe banks are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_548" id="Page_548">[Pg 548]</a></span> +used also by <i>fallax</i>; some of these burrows shelter <i>Peromyscus +eremicus</i> and <i>Peromyscus californicus</i>.</p> + +<p>These mice are inactive above ground in cold weather. In the +sage belt near Thompson Canyon, where this subspecies had been +found to be the most common rodent, none was trapped on the +sub-freezing night of December 3, 1948, although other rodents +were found in usual numbers. Individuals have been taken on +nights of intermittent rain, yet none has been trapped on freezing +nights.</p> + +<p>This species is characteristically heavily infested by a large species +of mite. Usually these mites congregate around the base of the +tail.</p> + +<p>On October 11, 1949, one lactating female and two carrying +embryos were taken.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +4 mi. N and 1 mi. E Claremont, 1900 ft., 5; 3 mi. N Claremont, 1600 ft., 6 +(5 PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Perognathus fallax pallidus</b> Mearns</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">San Diego Pocket Mouse</div> + +<p>On the desert slope of the mountains this species is found in the +part of the pinyon-juniper association that is between elevations of +4000 and 5200 feet. The mouse is absent from the higher chaparral +and pinyon-covered slopes, but is present on south slopes in the +pinyon belt where more open growths of pinyons and scrub oaks +are interspersed with yucca. I recorded this pocket mouse from the +vicinity of Cajon Pass west to Valyermo.</p> + +<p>The local distribution of <i>pallidus</i> is striking because of its close +positive correlation with the distribution of yucca. On benches +around 5000 feet, where yuccas are scattered in their occurrence, +<i>pallidus</i> is nearly always taken near (often right at the base of) +this plant. Lower in the juniper belt the dry rocky south slopes +supporting yucca plants are well populated by <i>pallidus</i>, while adjacent +flats, and north slopes grown to antelope brush and scrub oak, +are completely uninhabited. Near the mouth of Grandview Canyon, +on steep rocky southern exposures grown sparsely to burro weed and +yucca, one hundred traps produced in one night eight <i>pallidus</i> and +no other rodents. Here many of these pocket mice were trapped +on large fractured rock outcroppings, where most or all of the mice +probably lived in the daytime in the deep cracks; in any event no +burrows were noted near these rocks.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_549" id="Page_549">[Pg 549]</a></span></p> +<p>This species prefers barren slopes supporting yucca plants. +These plants produce large seeds which are staple food items for +<i>P. f. pallidus</i> and other rodents during the lean part of the year, +that is to say, late summer and autumn. Many of the dry capsules +of the yucca plants were examined in October, 1951, and these +generally still contained a few seeds. Pocket mice taken in October +usually carried in their cheek pouches seeds of yucca together with +some other material, and often they carried only the seeds of yucca. +Probably the wind shakes only a few seeds out of the capsules at a +time, thus tending to drop the seeds over a fairly long period.</p> + +<p>Trapping in winter in the juniper belt revealed that these pocket +mice were not active above ground on nights colder than about +40° F. On nights when the temperature was about 36° F. none was +taken, but on the one night in late December, 1948, when the minimum +was 44° F., several specimens were taken. In this same area +in May 1949, pocket mice were the most numerous rodents. Because +of their evident sensitivity to cold weather, these mice must remain +below ground for weeks at a time during the cold weather of +December and January.</p> + +<p>Specimens of <i>pallidus</i> from the desert slope of the San Gabriels +are grayer (less brown) than specimens taken farther southeast in +the Mojave and Colorado deserts. Further sampling of populations +of <i>Perognathus fallax</i> from areas adjacent to the San Gabriels might +demonstrate differences of sufficient magnitude to warrant subspecific +distinction of the San Gabriel population. Possibly, however, +the San Gabriel series manifests only local variation in the +race <i>pallidus</i>. Grinnell (1933:54) characterizes the ecological niche +of the race <i>pallidus</i> as being "open, sandy ground, often ... +surrounded by rocky slopes," whereas these pocket mice in the +San Gabriels inhabited gravelly or rocky juniper-dotted benches.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los Angeles +County: 5 mi. E and 4 mi. S Llano, 4500 ft., 7; 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4500 ft., +3; 4 mi. E Valyermo, 5000 ft., 1.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Perognathus californicus dispar</b> Osgood</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">California Pocket Mouse</div> + +<p>Mice of this subspecies were recorded from the lower chaparral +association below about 4000 feet elevation along the coastal face +of the San Gabriel Range. They were trapped on greasewood-covered +slopes, in mixed growths of white sage and buckwheat, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_550" id="Page_550">[Pg 550]</a></span> +beneath scrub oak and lilac chaparral; however none was taken in +the heavy chaparral of the upper parts of the chaparral association.</p> + +<p>One small juvenile in gray pelage was taken in San Antonio +Canyon on October 1, 1951.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 5, distributed as follows: San Bernardino +County: Lytle Canyon, 4000 ft., 2 (PC). Los Angeles County: San Antonio +Canyon, 3000 ft., 3.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Perognathus californicus bernardinus</b> Benson</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">California Pocket Mouse</div> + +<p>On Blue Ridge these mice were recorded between 7100 and 8000 +feet elevation. Here they were restricted to dense tracts of snowbrush +and sagebrush, often where these tracts were interspersed +with, or beneath, open groves of conifers. These mice seemed to +favor areas where this thick brush was broken by patches of open, +grass-covered ground. Benson (1930:450) records this subspecies +from Swarthout Valley, near Big Pines, at 6860 feet elevation.</p> + +<p>While setting traps for pocket gophers one mile southwest of +Big Pines, in September of 1951, I frightened a pocket mouse from +its burrow. The animal jumped into the tangle of interlacing twigs +of a nearby clump of snowbrush, and with great dexterity climbed +into the center of the bush, where it was lost to view. I was +surprised at the facility with which this saltatorial rodent traveled +through the network of small branches.</p> + +<p>In winter, in areas inhabited by this mouse, snow covers the +ground for long periods during which these mice are probably +forced to remain below ground.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W Big Pines, +7400 ft., 2.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis</b> (Grinnell)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Panamint Kangaroo Rat</div> + +<p>This rat is common in the Joshua tree and juniper belts, and +locally penetrates the pinyon belt at about 5000 feet elevation. +It occurs regularly along the entire desert slope of the San Gabriel +Mountains.</p> + +<p>The upper limit of the range of this species roughly coincides +with the upper limit of the juniper belt, and within this range it +was found to inhabit areas having widely different soil types. It +occurred on the sandy ground of desert washes, the gravelly soil of +the juniper-clad benches, and the mixed sandy and rocky ground of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_551" id="Page_551">[Pg 551]</a></span> +washes in canyons. A preference is shown by <i>panamintinus</i> for fairly +level ground. Rough terrain or steep slopes are generally avoided, +whereas rather large colonies of these kangaroo rats are found in +small flats of the desert foothills.</p> + +<p>Below about 4500 elevation on the interior slope this species was +the most numerous rodent, and seemed to reach maximum abundance +in the Joshua tree association. About 500 trap-nights in the +juniper belt near Graham Canyon yielded 31 specimens, whereas +about 300 trap-nights in Joshua tree flats took 34 individuals.</p> + +<p>The cheek pouches of many specimens taken in early winter +contained green shoots of grass and little dry material. On many +occasions rat traps set next to wood rat nests beneath large junipers +produced <i>panamintinus</i>, and many of these animals had their cheek +pouches crammed full of juniper berries.</p> + +<p>In December, 1948, <i>panamintinus</i> was trapped consistently on +nights when the temperature dropped to below 20° F. On December +27, 1948, after a three inch snowfall, tracks of this species were +noted in the snow at the mouth of Mescal Canyon.</p> + +<p>Parts of the skulls of this species were found in many coyote +feces from the desert slope.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los Angeles +County: Mescal Wash, 4000 ft., 8 (6 PC); 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4600 ft., 3.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Dipodomys merriami merriami</b> Mearns</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Merriam Kangaroo Rat</div> + +<p>This kangaroo rat barely enters the area under consideration +and is almost restricted to the Joshua tree association, for only a +few individuals were taken at the lower edge of the juniper benches. +This species inhabits the Joshua tree belt all along the desert base +of the San Gabriels.</p> + +<p>As mentioned in the description of the Joshua tree association, +the relative numbers of <i>Dipodomys merriami</i> and <i>D. panamintinus</i> +shifted from 1948 to 1951, possibly concurrent with the seasons of +low rainfall in this period. Whereas in 1948 <i>merriami</i> was decidedly +less abundant than <i>panamintinus</i> in the Joshua tree belt, in +1951 the numbers were reversed.</p> + +<p>In December, 1951, it was found by tending the traps in the +early evening that <i>merriami</i> foraged fairly early before the ground +had frozen solidly.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Los Angeles County: 2 mi. NW mouth of Graham +Canyon, 3500 ft., 5 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_552" id="Page_552">[Pg 552]</a></span></div> +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Dipodomys merriami parvus</b> Rhoads</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">San Bernardino Kangaroo Rat</div> + +<p>One specimen of this subspecies was trapped on November 26, +1951, in a sandy channel of Cajon Wash near Devore beneath a +clump of scale-broom.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Dipodomys agilis agilis</b> Gambel</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Pacific Kangaroo Rat</div> + +<p>This species was found below about 4000 feet elevation all along +the coastal face of the range and reached maximum abundance +in the level tracts of coastal sage. It was one of the most abundant +rodents there, usually being second to <i>Perognathus fallax</i> in point +of numbers. Large colonies of kangaroo rats occurred locally on +sandy ground adjacent to large washes. The rats were found +sparingly on the foothill adobe banks and in the greasewood +chaparral of the lower foothills, but in heavy chaparral where a +layer of plant debris covered the ground, such as on north slopes +grown to scrub oak and lilac, kangaroo rats were completely absent. +Thus, in the lower chaparral belt, this rodent had a discontinuous +distribution.</p> + +<p>The coyote probably is one of the major predators of these +kangaroo rats; remains of this rodent were often found in coyote +feces, and coyotes excavated many burrow systems in large kangaroo +rat colonies in the sandy ground near San Antonio Wash. The soil +there is so soft that coyotes probably were often successful in +digging out their prey. The shed skin of a large Pacific rattlesnake +(<i>Crotalus viridis helleri</i>) was found four feet inside the mouth of +a kangaroo rat burrow; probably this reptile preys on <i>agilis</i>. Great +horned owls (<i>Bubo virginianus pacificus</i>) come down nightly from +the chaparral to hunt in the sage flats. Beneath the perches of +these owls I have found pellets containing bones of <i>agilis</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 13, distributed as follows: Los Angeles +County: San Antonio Wash, 1900 ft., 11 (10 PC); 4 mi. NE Claremont, 1600 +ft., 2.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Dipodomys agilis perplexus</b> (Merriam)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Pacific Kangaroo Rat</div> + +<p>All the specimens of this species from the desert slope of the +San Gabriel Range are referred to the subspecies <i>perplexus</i>. They +were taken in brushy habitats between the elevations of 4500 and +7400 feet. Throughout much of this area <i>perplexus</i> was found only +in certain restricted areas more or less surrounded by inhospitable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_553" id="Page_553">[Pg 553]</a></span> +ground. For example, at 7400 feet on Blue Ridge, they were +found occasionally in the strips of sagebrush and lilac brush which +locally capped this ridge. Often these patches of chaparral on +Blue Ridge were surrounded by areas unsuitable for kangaroo rats: +on the Pacific slope, talus, oaks, and yellow pines prevailed; on +the ridge scattered yellow pine groves were present; and on the +steep desert slope there were yellow pines and white firs. In +Swarthout Valley <i>perplexus</i> was found in flats that supported basin +sagebrush and <i>Haploppus</i>, while the coniferous forests to the south, +and pinyon-covered slopes to the north were uninhabited. On flats +supporting antelope brush and juniper, <i>perplexus</i> was often common, +but it did not penetrate the chaparral of adjacent slopes +grown to scrub oak and mountain-mahogany. In general then, +<i>perplexus</i> was found in fairly open brushy flats or slopes, even +where these were surrounded by unsuitable habitats.</p> + +<p>Specimens of <i>D. agilis</i> from the desert slope two miles east of +Valyermo are referrable to the subspecies <i>perplexus</i>. A series taken +in Cajon Wash at Devore, on the Pacific slope, is intermediate between +<i>agilis</i>, of the coastal slope of the San Gabriels, and <i>perplexus</i> +of the desert slope, but approaches more nearly the later subspecies. +Thus, different subspecies of <i>D. agilis</i> occur on opposite +slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains, with intergradation taking +place in the Cajon Pass area and probably also at the west end of the +Mountains.</p> + +<p>Both scrub oak acorns and juniper berries were found in the +cheek pouches of this subspecies, and one immature individual +taken in Swarthout Valley had its cheek pouches stuffed with approximately +550 seeds of brome grass.</p> + +<p>On November 13, 1951, at 7500 feet on Blue Ridge, a small juvenile +was taken; it must have been born not earlier than September.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 17, distributed as follows: Los Angeles +County: 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4600 ft., 3; 5 mi. E Valyermo, 1; 1 mi. E Big Pines, +6600 ft., 6; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W Big Pines, 7400 ft., 2. San Bernardino County: +Cajon Wash, 1/2 mi. SW Devore, 2200 ft., 5.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family CRICETIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus</b> (Baird)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Western Harvest Mouse</div> + +<p>This species inhabited grassy areas of the coastal sage belt, and +reached maximum abundance on cleared land grown thickly to +weeds and scattered brush. The mouse was only locally abundant—being +scarce throughout much of the sage belt—but was found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_554" id="Page_554">[Pg 554]</a></span> +under contrasting conditions. In San Antonio Wash the species was +taken among rocks and sparse weeds, at Palmer Canyon specimens +were trapped on a barren ridge sparsely clothed with greasewood +and white sage, and also one mile E of Big Pines in flats supporting +basin sagebrush and a fairly dense growth of grasses. The western +harvest mouse was recorded from 1500 feet elevation to 3200 feet +on the Pacific slope, and at 6600 feet near Big Pines on the desert +slope.</p> + +<p>Those specimens of harvest mice from near Big Pines may be +grading toward the desert race <i>megalotis</i>; my series of specimens +from this locality, however, is too small for clear indications on this +point.</p> + +<p>Individuals in juvenal pelage were taken on November 26, 1951, +near Devore.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +1 mi. E Big Pines, 6600 ft., 2; Palmer Canyon, 2000 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, +1700 ft., 3 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Peromyscus eremicus eremicus</b> (Baird)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Cactus Mouse</div> + +<p>In Mescal Wash on the desert slope of the San Gabriels, this +mouse was one of the most abundant mammals and was the only +rodent other than <i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i> regularly trapped in the +barren channels of washes. In Mescal Wash, at an altitude of 4000 +feet, <i>eremicus</i> occurred along with the chaparral-inhabiting <i>Peromyscus +boylii</i> and <i>Peromyscus californicus</i>. The two species last +mentioned were associated with the occasional large patches of +manzanita, antelope brush, and other brush of the wash, whereas +<i>eremicus</i> was trapped in the rocky and sandy channels among scattered +bushes of scale-broom. No specimens of <i>eremicus</i> were taken +on the juniper-clad benches adjacent to the wash.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Los Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 ft., 10 +(4 PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus</b> (Miller)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Cactus Mouse</div> + +<p>This mouse was recorded from 1900 feet elevation, one mile south +of the mouth of San Antonio Canyon, to 3200 feet elevation in Cajon +Canyon. This subspecies is characteristic of the sage belt and shows +a strong preference for the rough rocky areas found in dry washes. +Although in many areas the channels of the washes are immediately +adjacent to sandy sagebrush-covered flats, <i>eremicus</i> is not common +in the latter areas. Rocks seem to be essential to <i>eremicus</i>, for sandy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_555" id="Page_555">[Pg 555]</a></span> +areas in the sageland which were devoid of rocks yielded only an +occasional specimen. For example, 100 trap-nights in the main +channel of San Antonio Wash yielded 23 <i>eremicus</i> and only six +other rodents; while in the sandy sage areas nearby 200 trap-nights +yielded only one <i>eremicus</i> and 32 other rodents.</p> + +<p>In lower San Antonio Canyon <i>eremicus</i> seemed restricted to the +rocky canyon bottom, none having been trapped on the steep slopes +nearby. This subspecies occurs commonly, however, on the adobe +banks grown to white sage at the base of the foothills. There <i>eremicus</i> +occurred on common ground with <i>Perognathus fallax fallax</i>, +and was often the only <i>Peromyscus</i> taken.</p> + +<p>This species may be restricted by temperature; washes above +4000 feet elevation, which seemed suitable were uninhabited by +these mice.</p> + +<p>On December 1, 1949, two females taken at the mouth of Palmer +Canyon had well advanced embryos. A female trapped in San +Antonio Canyon on September 19, 1951, was lactating. Juveniles +were caught in the sage belt in October, 1951.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +San Antonio Canyon, 2500 ft., 1; San Antonio Wash, 1800 ft., 5 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Peromyscus californicus insignis</b> Rhoads</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">California Mouse</div> + +<p>This mouse inhabits areas supporting chaparral on the coastal +slope of the San Gabriels below 5000 feet. In the chaparral it is +usually the most plentiful rodent, being dominant on slopes which +have been burned over and on which greasewood chaparral has +taken over. On one such slope at the head of Cow Canyon, at 4500 +feet, this was the only rodent trapped, although an occasional wood +rat house was noted. Trapping records gave the impression that +this form was the most ubiquitous rodent in the entire chaparral +belt. Nearly every trap line, even in such non-productive areas as +oak woodland, took the California mouse; and in many areas, as in +thick lilac brush, this mouse was by far the most abundant rodent. +Specimens were taken on the damp ground next to San Antonio +Creek, and in the riparian growth. In San Antonio Wash the California +mouse was found in thickets of laurel sumac and lemonade +berry, or other large shrubs, but were absent from most of the adjacent +sageland. The one place where they were found away from +heavy brush was on a series of barren adobe banks, near Palmer +Canyon, clothed mostly with white sage. Here they found shelter +in the unused burrows of kangaroo rats and ground squirrels.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_556" id="Page_556">[Pg 556]</a></span></p><p>The only place on the desert slope where this species was taken +was in Mescal Wash. There it was taken occasionally near the large +clumps of antelope-brush and manzanita which grew in the main +channels of the wash.</p> + +<p>Lactating females of this species were taken in October, 1949, +and February, 1950. Two pregnant females were trapped on February +25, 1950, at the mouth of Palmer Canyon.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total 16, distributed as follows: Los Angeles +County: Mescal Wash (4200 ft., 4; 4300 ft., 1; 4500 ft., 1), 6(2IM); San Antonio +Canyon, 4500 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, 3000 ft., 5; mouth of Palmer +Canyon, 1900 ft., 4 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli</b> (Baird)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Deer Mouse</div> + +<p>This species occurs from 1000 feet elevation to above 9000 feet +elevation on the Pacific slope of the Mountains, but although probably +the most widespread rodent in the area it is absent from many +habitats. This mouse reaches maximum abundance in the coastal +sage scrub association, particularly where the soil is sandy with +scattered vegetation—usually coastal sagebrush and black sage. On +the foothill adobe slopes none was trapped, nor have any been taken +in most of the chaparral habitats. A few <i>gambeli</i> were trapped amid +the talus beneath growths of scrub oak and bay trees in San Antonio +Canyon, at 4300 feet elevation. On Blue Ridge, at elevations of +from 7200 feet to 8300 feet, this mouse inhabited areas clothed with +snowbush, basin sagebrush, currant, and scattered conifers, and +was found sparingly in the coniferous forests. Thus this species +lives on contrasting soil types in association with many different +vegetational assemblages, from the coastal base to the crest of the +range.</p> + +<p>There is a rather wide variation in color in <i>gambeli</i> from the +San Gabriels. Certain individuals taken in open, sandy coastal +sage areas are pale, some being indistinguishable from examples of +<i>sonoriensis</i> taken in the pinyon-juniper association on the desert +slope. Specimens from San Antonio Canyon have somewhat darker +pelage than those from the sage belt, and than individuals taken +on Blue Ridge. Possibly a large series of <i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i> +from the San Gabriel Mountains would show definite local trends +in color of pelage.</p> + +<p>This species is active on sub-freezing and rainy nights as evidenced +by trapping results, and at Big Pines there were tracks +around the bases of conifers after a heavy snowfall in December,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_557" id="Page_557">[Pg 557]</a></span> +1951. Several females taken in the sage belt in October, 1948, +carried embryos, and a lactating female was recorded from Blue +Ridge on November 13, 1951. Juveniles have been taken in September, +October, November, and December.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +1 mi. S and 2 mi. W Big Pines, 7400 ft., 3; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, +8200 ft., 1; 4 mi. NE Claremont, 1900 ft., 2; San Antonio Wash, 1800 ft., 3 +(PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis</b> (Le Conte)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Deer Mouse</div> + +<p>This subspecies is associated with contrasting types of soil and +vegetation. It is seemingly absent from the upper pinyon-juniper +sage flats and areas grown to chaparral, but is fairly common on +the gravelly benches dotted with junipers, and in the washes issuing +from the canyons on the desert slope. It is present in small numbers +in the Joshua tree association.</p> + +<p>In 1951 the numbers of <i>sonoriensis</i> were noticeably less than in +1948; probably this was correlated with the series of dry winters +in this period. In December, 1948, this animal was one of the most +common rodents in Mescal Wash, 200 trap-nights yielding thirteen +specimens; but in November, 1951, none was taken. In parts of the +juniper belt, where an average of about six <i>sonoriensis</i> was taken +per 100 trap-nights in 1948, the average had dropped to one per 100 +trap-nights in 1951.</p> + +<p>Specimens of this species from the desert slope of the mountains +have been assigned to the subspecies <i>sonoriensis</i>. Those from Blue +Ridge tend toward <i>sonoriensis</i> in color, and may be considered as +intergrades between this subspecies and <i>gambeli</i>.</p> + +<p>This species was active on nights when the temperature was as +low as 10° F., and individuals were trapped in the juniper belt in +December, 1948, when four inches of snow lay on the ground.</p> + +<p>Gray-pelaged juveniles were taken on the desert slope in December, +1948, and a female taken in Mescal Canyon on December 22 +of this year carried four embryos near term.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los Angeles +County: 8 mi. E and 4 mi. S Llano, 4000 ft., 6 (4 PC); Mescal Canyon, 4800 +ft., 5.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Peromyscus boylii rowleyi</b> (J. A. Allen)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Brush Mouse</div> + +<p>The main range of this mouse in the San Gabriel Mountains lies +between 1600 and 6000 feet elevation on the Pacific slope of the +Mountains, thus encompassing much of the chaparral and oak<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_558" id="Page_558">[Pg 558]</a></span> +woodland associations. It was the most common mammal in the +oak woodland association in the lower foothills and often was +trapped there on leaf mold beneath the oaks. While trapping for +shrews I regularly took this species in riparian growth right down to +the edge of the water. In San Antonio Canyon many <i>boylii</i> were +trapped beneath logs and dense vegetation, and on wet seepage +slopes adjacent to the creek.</p> + +<p>This species shows a definite predilection for rocky habitats +where these occur in the chaparral. In heavy lilac brush near +Camp Baldy <i>Peromyscus boylii</i> was outnumbered by <i>P. californicus</i>, +yet where talus slopes or boulder piles occurred <i>boylii</i> was +more numerous. At the head of Cow Canyon amid boulders +beneath scrub oak, bay, and big cone-spruce, this species was +especially abundant and no other <i>Peromyscus</i> was taken.</p> + +<p>Of special interest is the occurrence of this mouse on the desert +slope of the mountains; there it was taken beneath scrub oaks in +the pinyon-juniper association at the mouth of Mescal Canyon, and +amid boulder and debris piles in Mescal Wash at 4000 feet elevation. +While manzanita and scrub oak grew in the wash at the +points of capture, the animals were actually surrounded by the +desert conditions of the Joshua woodland, and associated with such +desert forms as <i>Onychomys torridus pulcher</i> and <i>Peromyscus eremicus +eremicus</i>.</p> + +<p>Immature individuals were taken in October, November, February, +and March, and a female with two large embryos was taken +near Icehouse Canyon on November 8, 1951.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 8, distributed as follows: Los Angeles +County: Mescal Wash, 4000 ft., 1; Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 2; San Antonio +Canyon, 5200 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 4500 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, +2800 ft., 1; Thompson Canyon, 1800 ft., 1 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Peromyscus truei montipinoris</b> Elliot</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Piñon Mouse</div> + +<p>Only once was this mouse found outside the pinyon-juniper +association of the desert slope; in November, 1949, several were +collected near Cajon in mixed manzanita, scrub oak, and greasewood +chaparral. This was the only <i>Peromyscus</i> of regular occurrence +in the pinyon-juniper area, and was recorded from the upper limit +of this association, near Jackson Lake, at 6000 feet, to the lower +limit of the association at the mouth of Graham Canyon at roughly +4000 feet elevation.</p> + +<p>Although in the juniper belt <i>truei</i> often occurs on common ground<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_559" id="Page_559">[Pg 559]</a></span> +with <i>Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis</i>, the habitat preferences +of these animals are generally complementary. Where the mice occur +together, traps set in a variety of locations caught <i>Peromyscus +maniculatus</i>, but typically traps set amid the brush or on the open +ground away from the junipers were productive. On the contrary +<i>truei</i> was invariably trapped quite near the junipers and often in +association with the large nests of <i>Neotoma fuscipes simplex</i>. In +fact traps set right on the beds of litter beneath the junipers were +most likely to catch <i>truei</i>. Records kept of trapping localities show +that <i>truei</i> was without exception trapped within twenty feet of +some treelike shelter such as junipers, pinyons, Joshua tree or scrub +oaks. Thus <i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i> occupies the open stretches +between the trees, while <i>truei</i> inhabits the ground beneath and +immediately adjacent to the trees. In Nevada the piñon mouse +prefers rocky areas (Hall, 1946:520). In the San Gabriel Mountains +this mouse does not seem to have this predilection.</p> + +<p>In the juniper belt <i>truei</i> was second to <i>Dipodomys panamintinus</i> +in point of numbers. In the course of 500 trap-nights in the juniper +belt twenty-two <i>truei</i> were taken with thirty-six <i>Dipodomys</i>.</p> + +<p>I consider my series of <i>Peromyscus truei</i> from the desert slope +of the San Gabriels to represent the subspecies <i>montipinoris</i>. +The series is closely comparable to specimens of the subspecies +<i>montipinoris</i> in the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology from +the Mount Pinos area, but differs from specimens of the race +<i>chlorus</i> from the San Bernardino Mountains in certain diagnostic +characteristics. In his recent paper on <i>Peromyscus truei</i>, Hoffmeister +(1951) considered the populations of this species in the +San Gabriels to be of the race <i>chlorus</i>. Hoffmeister had only one +specimen available from the San Gabriel Mountains (Lytle Creek, +on the Pacific slope) which was intermediate between <i>montipinoris</i> +and <i>chlorus</i>, but on the basis of cranial measurements it was referred +to the race <i>chlorus</i>. Specimens of <i>Peromyscus truei</i> from the +eastern end of the desert slope of the San Gabriel Mountains +and the Cajon Pass area would probably demonstrate that the race +<i>montipinoris</i>, which occupies the desert slope of the San Gabriels, +intergrades with the race <i>chlorus</i>, which occurs in the San Bernardino +Range immediately to the east, in the Cajon Pass area. Although +<i>montipinoris</i> occurs on the desert slope of the San Gabriels, +<i>chlorus</i> may occur on the Pacific slope. I took no specimens of the +piñon mouse on the Pacific slope of the San Gabriel Mountains.</p> + +<p>In December, 1948, many small juveniles were taken in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_560" id="Page_560">[Pg 560]</a></span> +juniper belt, and on October 15, 1951, two females trapped at the +head of Grandview Canyon had embryos: one three and the other +four. On November 13, 1951, a partially gray-pelaged subadult +female was trapped which had recently suckled young.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 17, all in Illinois Museum of Natural History, +distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4500 ft., 8 mi. +SE Llano, 11; Mescal Canyon, 4300 ft., 2; 6 mi. SE Valyermo, 5100 ft., 1; +Grandview Canyon, 6 mi. SE Valyermo, 5100 ft., 1. San Bernardino County: +1 mi. W Cajon, 3200 ft., 2.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Onychomys torridus pulcher</b> Elliot</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Southern Grasshopper Mouse</div> + +<p>Grasshopper mice seemed to be partial to the more sandy parts +of the Joshua tree flats where the mice were trapped regularly but +not abundantly. This mouse inhabited the barren sandy channels +of Mescal Wash but was rare on the adjacent juniper-clad benches. +In the arid, sandy washes this typical desert rodent penetrated the +high pinyon-juniper association.</p> + +<p>Wherever grasshopper mice occurred they were outnumbered by +most of the other rodent species. For example, on November 26, +1949, below Graham Canyon, 100 snap traps yielded 10 <i>Dipodomys +panamintinus mohavensis</i>, 2 <i>Dipodomys merriami merriami</i>, 4 <i>Peromyscus +maniculatus sonoriensis</i>, and 3 <i>Onychomys torridus pulcher</i>.</p> + +<p>Where abandoned kangaroo rat burrows were common in the +Joshua tree belt these burrows were used as retreats by <i>Onychomys</i>. +Some traps set at the entrances to old burrows caught grasshopper +mice.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +8 mi. E and 3 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 1; Mescal Wash, 4200 ft., 5 (3 PC); 2 mi. +S Valyermo, 4600 ft., 1 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Neotoma lepida intermedia</b> Rhoads</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Desert Woodrat</div> + +<p>This species was on the Pacific face of the Mountains from 1600 +feet elevation in the coastal sage belt, to 4800 feet elevation in open +groves of big cone-spruce and scrub oak of the chaparral association.</p> + +<p>The local distribution of this woodrat is determined by suitable +nesting sites. Although taken in different types of vegetation, +<i>lepida</i>, without exception, was associated with rocky areas or areas +supporting patches of prickly-pear cactus. In the channels of San +Antonio Wash, <i>lepida</i> was commonly associated with jumbles of +boulders and boulder-dotted cut banks. There the vegetation is +sparse, and the rats dwell among the rocks; only their droppings and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_561" id="Page_561">[Pg 561]</a></span> +faint trails indicate their presence. Among boulders <i>lepida</i> builds +only small houses of sticks and debris, and even these only occasionally. +The effect of the prickly-pear cactus on the distribution +of <i>lepida</i> in the sageland is striking; trap lines there yielded no +woodrats where extensive rock piles and patches of prickly-pear +were absent, but many rats were taken where patches of prickly-pear +are plentiful. On an acre supporting coastal sagebrush at the +mouth of San Antonio Canyon, at 1800 feet elevation, there were +fourteen patches of prickly-pear, each covering at least thirty square +feet. In these patches there were thirteen occupied woodrat nests. +Only one patch lacked an occupied nest, and this one contained the +remains of an old nest. On this acre there were at least thirteen +individuals. In the sagebrush belt only an occasional large patch +of cactus lacks a woodrat house occupied by <i>lepida</i>. Seemingly +<i>Neotoma fuscipes</i> does not build houses in patches of prickly-pear.</p> + +<p>Most of the houses built by <i>Neotoma lepida</i> are small and simple +as compared to those of <i>Neotoma fuscipes</i>, and often in rocky +areas no nests are in evidence. The most elaborate nests are built +among the pads and spines of the prickly-pear and under laurel +sumac or other large shrubs growing near washes. One of three +houses examined at the mouth of San Antonio Canyon was on +sandy ground in a patch of <i>Opuntia</i> measuring approximately 11 x 14 +feet. The house was 14 inches high and 41 x 37 inches at the base. +It was built around the main stem of the prickly-pear and a rock +about 10 inches in diameter. The house was constructed of sticks +of coastal sagebrush and buckwheat, and was dotted with dissected +fruits and flowers of the prickly-pear. The main chamber +was arched over by the main stem of the prickly-pear and was +roughly 12 x 19 inches, inside dimensions, being reached through +two three-inch openings, one on the east side of the chamber and +one on the north side of the chamber. Two cup-shaped nests were +inside the chamber, these being constructed mostly of grasses, and +each resembling a well constructed bird nest 4 inches in diameter. +The grass nests were free of feces, but feces were piled up against +the west side of the chamber with many snail shells and dissected +fruits and flowers of prickly-pear. Thirty-five inches from the main +chamber was a third grass nest on the ground beneath a cluster of +cactus pads. Next to this there was a blind burrow about eight +inches long, and one and three-quarters inches in diameter. No +burrow led to the main chamber, in this or in either of the other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_562" id="Page_562">[Pg 562]</a></span> +houses, but all had at least one short blind burrow beneath the +house.</p> + +<p>At many houses there were one to three grass nests outside the +house on the ground, within four feet of the house. From each nest +a well worn path lead to the house. Traps set in these nests invariably +caught woodrats.</p> + +<p>The many prickly-pear fruits and snail shells in and around the +houses of <i>lepida</i> probably were remnants of food. So many of +the rodents caught in traps near woodrat nests were partly eaten—usually +the brains were taken—that I suspect the woodrats of +eating their relatives. The heads of many composite annuals were +piled near woodrat nests.</p> + +<p>Immature individuals were taken in September, October, and +early November, and on September 26, 1951, a lactating female was +trapped near Palmer Canyon.</p> + +<p>An old female bobcat trapped in Thompson Canyon had masses +of cactus thorns beneath her skin, especially about the forelegs. +These thorns were probably received while she was foraging in +growths of prickly-pear for woodrats. The other bobcats from +San Antonio Wash also had accumulations of thorns under the skin +of the forelegs. Fragments of the skulls of <i>Neotoma lepida</i> were +recovered from horned owl pellets and coyote feces.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +San Antonio Canyon, 4500 ft., 2; San Antonio Wash, 1800 ft., 5 (2 PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Neotoma lepida lepida</b> Thomas</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Desert Woodrat</div> + +<p>These woodrats were present in rocky situations along the desert +slope from the lower edge of the juniper belt down into the desert. +Specimens were taken in piles of boulders in Mescal Wash, and +amid rock outcroppings on the steep, barren, south slopes at the +base of Grandview Canyon, whereas none was found on the juniper-clad +benches.</p> + +<p>This woodrat built no nests in rocky areas; however, in the Joshua +tree belt <i>N. l. lepida</i> often built small nests at the bases of large +standing or prostrate Joshua trees. There sticks from creosote +bushes, along with cow dung and small stones were favorite building +materials. Judging from the large number of unused woodrat +nests in the Joshua tree flats it seemed that this rat was formerly +far more common than it was in the period of this study.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 4; Mescal Wash, 4200 ft., 5 (3PC).</p></div> + + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_563" id="Page_563">[Pg 563]</a></span></div> +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Neotoma fuscipes macrotis</b> Thomas</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Dusky-footed Woodrat</div> + +<p>This subspecies was widely distributed along the coastal slope of +the mountains from the coastal sage belt, at roughly 1600 feet, up to +6500 feet at the lower edge of the yellow pine forest and was most +common in the chaparral association.</p> + +<p>In the coastal sage belt these woodrats are restricted to wash +areas where large chaparral plants such as lemonadeberry and +laurel sumac are used as nesting sites. In San Antonio Wash the +occasional large juniper trees almost invariably harbor the nests +of <i>fuscipes</i>. The general absence of suitable nesting sites in the +sage belt probably limits the spread of <i>fuscipes</i> in this area.</p> + +<p>In the upper part of the chaparral belt in talus these woodrats +live beneath the angular boulders and build no visible houses. Several +areas of talus occupied by woodrats were examined carefully +and no sign of houses was noted.</p> + +<p>Two juveniles were found in the stomach of a rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus +viridis helleri</i>) killed in May, 1948, at the mouth of Evey Canyon. +Remains of woodrats were found in feces of the coyote and gray +fox.</p> + +<p>Lactating females of this species were taken on March 16, and +October 2, 1951.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 4, distributed as follows: San Bernardino +County: Icehouse Canyon, 5500 ft., 2. Los Angeles County: San Antonio +Canyon, 2800 ft., 2.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Neotoma fuscipes simplex</b> True</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Dusky-footed Woodrat</div> + +<p>These rats were recorded from the yellow pine forests on Blue +Ridge, at 8100 feet, down to the lower edge of the juniper belt, at +3800 feet. Their presence there as elsewhere was determined by +the occurrence of adequate cover. On Blue Ridge they were taken +in and near patches of snowbrush, currant, and choke cherry, and +one was taken beneath a pile of logs where no nest was in evidence.</p> + +<p>The thickets of choke cherry in hollows on Blue Ridge were +favored house-building sites of woodrats. Among the tangle of +branches large nests were built, and in September, 1951, the remains +of choke cherry fruit and gnawings on the limbs of these +plants indicated that woodrats were active throughout these extensive +patches of brush.</p> + +<p>In the pinyon-juniper association most of the large plants were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_564" id="Page_564">[Pg 564]</a></span> +used as nesting sites, but scrub oak, seemed to be especially preferred. +Because it often grew in a twisted irregular form with the +foliage nearly reaching the ground, the oak offered good shelter for +the woodrat nests. In an acre of scrub oak and mountain mahogany +brush one-half mile north of Jackson Lake, at 6100 feet, thirteen +occupied woodrat nests were found. In the juniper belt, houses +were of more irregular occurrence, and were always beneath juniper +trees, usually beneath the largest and most widely spreading +individuals.</p> + +<p>Those specimens from Blue Ridge, on the crest of the San +Gabriels, are intergrades between the coastal race <i>macrotis</i> and +<i>simplex</i> of the desert slope. Although specimens vary widely in +color, comparison with series of these two subspecies in the California +Museum of Vertebrate Zoology indicates that all specimens +from the desert slope of the San Gabriels are referable to the race +<i>simplex</i>. Two specimens of this species from the granite talus above +the base of Icehouse Canyon at 5500 feet on the Pacific slope, +grade strongly toward <i>simplex</i>. Hooper (1938:231) mentions that +specimens of this species taken along the San Gabriel and San +Bernardino ranges may be intermediate between <i>simplex</i> and +<i>macrotis</i>.</p> + +<p>At the head of Grandview Canyon, tracks indicated that a coyote +had foraged for about one half mile along the edge of a tract of +dense oak and pinyon growth. It seemed as if the animal had been +foraging for woodrats. A gray fox trapped near Graham Canyon, +in the juniper belt, had in its stomach the remains of a freshly killed +adult woodrat. The remains of an adult woodrat were found in the +stomach of a rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus viridis helleri</i>) obtained on the +desert slope of the mountains.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +6 mi. E Valyermo, 5600 ft., 1; 1 mi. E Big Pines, 6600 ft., 2; 1 mi. S and 3 mi. +W Big Pines, 6000 ft., 1; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8100 ft., 2.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Microtus californicus sanctidiegi</b> R. Kellogg</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">California Meadow Mouse</div> + +<p>Owing to the paucity of extensive areas of grassland in the San +Gabriels, this is one of the least common rodents of the area. It +inhabits, however, even small patches of grassland up to 4000 feet +elevation on the Pacific slope, and is locally plentiful. For example, +a small patch of grassland amid the chaparral at the mouth of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_565" id="Page_565">[Pg 565]</a></span> +Palmer Canyon supported many <i>Microtus</i>, and in San Antonio +Canyon at about 3000 feet elevation meadow mice were found amid +boulders and yuccas in a small grassy area near the stream.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 3, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 1; Palmer Canyon, 2100 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, +1800 ft., 1.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family URSIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Ursus americanus californiensis</b> J. Miller</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Black Bear</div> + +<p>Eleven black bears were introduced into the San Gabriel Mountains +"near Crystal Lake" in November 1933 from the Sierra Nevada +(Burghduff, 1935:83). I do not know whether or not there have +been subsequent introductions. There are still bears present in the +higher parts of the mountains, especially north of the study area, +where they seem to be maintaining their numbers. The grizzly +bear that formerly occurred in the San Gabriel Mountains was +exterminated there some years before the black bear was introduced.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family PROCYONIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Bassariscus astutus octavus</b> Hall</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Ring-tailed Cat</div> + +<p>Large sections of the San Gabriel Mountains are uninhabited by +this species, while locally, in the chaparral belt near water, ring-tails +are common. Many reports of ring-tails were received from +owners of cabins and homes who reside in the canyons at the Pacific +base of the mountains. Because of the distinctive appearance of this +animal it is likely that many of these reports were accurate. The +reports testified to the presence of ring-tails in San Gabriel Canyon, +Dalton Canyon, Palmer Canyon and San Antonio Canyon. Hall +(1927:41) lists specimens from San Antonio Canyon. Kenneth Hill +of Upland told me that ring-tailed cats often have been trapped +above that town near citrus nurseries that are regularly irrigated. +This species probably is not present on the desert slope of the +range.</p> + +<p>The only specimen that I took was a female weighing one pound +and fourteen ounces. It was trapped on March 24, 1951, among +granite boulders, beneath scrub oak and bay trees, near the mouth +of Icehouse Canyon, at 5500 feet elevation.</p> + + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_566" id="Page_566">[Pg 566]</a></span></div> +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Procyon lotor psora</b> Gray</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Raccoon</div> + +<p>The raccoon was one of the most common carnivores in the San +Gabriels and was found on both slopes of the range. Tracks were +noted and one old male was trapped at the base of the Pacific slope +foothills at 1900 feet elevation, and raccoons were captured at +several localities from this point up to 5500 feet in San Antonio +Canyon. They were noted on Blue Ridge at about 8000 feet elevation +foraging around the camp grounds. On the desert slope they +occurred down to the lower edge of the pinyon-juniper belt, for +example near the mouth of Sheep Creek Canyon.</p> + +<p>Sign of raccoons was most often found near water; tracks, however, +indicated that these animals, along with other carnivores, used +fire roads for traveling through the chaparral. In a small draw +one-half mile east of the mouth of Thompson Canyon two raccoons +were trapped although the only water was a series of small, disconnected +seepage pools beneath the valley oaks.</p> + +<p>A raccoon freed from a small steel trap in San Antonio Canyon +concealed itself in an unusual but extremely effective manner. When +released the coon splashed up the middle of the small creek nearby +to a place where some dead alders had fallen over and shaded the +water—here the animal squatted down in the stream. The raccoon +was mostly submerged, its tail was floating, and its back and +the top of its head and snout were above water. With most of its +body under water, and with the maze of alder logs above casting +a broken pattern of light and shade, it was well hidden. When +closely pressed the raccoon hid in the same manner several times +before it disappeared up a rocky draw into the scrub oak brush.</p> + +<p>In the autumn of 1951, raccoons fed on grapes at the Sycamore +Valley Ranch one mile south of Devore. The one specimen (P. C.) +saved, an old male from 1/2 mi. W Palmer Canyon, had remains of +beetles in its stomach and weighed slightly more than 13 pounds.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family MUSTELIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Mustela frenata latirostra</b> Hall</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Long-tailed Weasel</div> + +<p>Several weasels were found dead on roads in the coastal sage +belt near San Antonio and Lytle canyons.</p> + + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_567" id="Page_567">[Pg 567]</a></span></div> +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Taxidea taxus neglecta</b> Mearns</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Badger</div> + +<p>I found no sign of badgers on the Pacific slope of the range, but +James Wolfort, employed by the state Fish and Game Commission +to trap coyotes, reported that in 1948 he trapped also several badgers +at the coastal foot of the range in the San Fernando Valley area +which is west of the study area.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Taxidea taxus berlandieri</b> Baird</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Badger</div> + +<p>Many old badger diggings were found in the Joshua tree woodland +and pinyon-juniper associations of the desert slope, but none +of the animals was observed nor were specimens secured. Mr. +E. A. Eberle who has trapped for many winters in the vicinity of +Mescal Canyon stated that he caught badgers occasionally.</p> + +<p>I examined the skin of a badger taken at Llano which showed +the characteristic paleness of the desert subspecies <i>berlandieri</i>.</p> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Mephitis mephitis holzneri</b> Mearns</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Striped Skunk</div> + +<p>The populations of striped skunks in the San Gabriels center +around cultivated land at the Pacific foot of the range. Citrus groves, +grape vineyards, and areas once cleared by man are preferred to +coastal sagebrush flats. The cultivated areas now probably support +many more skunks than were there under original conditions. +I have many sight records of striped skunks which I obtained while +driving through the citrus groves at night. Only once was the +striped skunk noted in the chaparral; all the other records were +from the coastal sagebrush belt.</p> + +<p>In addition to insects and small mammals, grapes are eaten regularly +by skunks in vineyards, and the fruit of the prickly-pear cactus +is often eaten. Near the mouth of Thompson Canyon feces examined +in October 1948, contained almost exclusively the remains of prickly-pear +fruit.</p> + +<p>A male taken one-half mile south of Devore weighed five pounds +and four ounces.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>, 2: San Bernardino County: 1/2 mi. S Devore, 2200 ft., +1. Los Angeles County: 3 mi. N Claremont, 1500 ft., 1 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_568" id="Page_568">[Pg 568]</a></span></div> +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Spilogale gracilis microrhina</b> Hall</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Spotted Skunk</div> + +<p>Spotted skunks are common locally in the coastal sage scrub +association and lower chaparral association on the coastal face of +the mountains, mainly between 1000 and 4000 feet elevation; but +they have been reported from Icehouse Canyon at 5000 feet, and +I took one above the mouth of this canyon at 5500 feet elevation. +A few spotted skunks may inhabit the lower desert slope of the +mountains; here feces thought to be those of spotted skunks have +been found, and a bobcat trapped near the head of Grandview Canyon +smelled strongly of skunk.</p> + +<p>The spotted skunk usually was in rocky habitats. In the sage +flats, sign (mostly feces and tracks) usually was near rock piles and +around human developments such as rock walls, old outbuildings +and houses. Specimens taken in the chaparral were trapped near +granite outcroppings.</p> + +<p>In the autumn of 1950, at my house near the mouth of Palmer +Canyon, a family of spotted skunks lived under the floors. Night +after night they scratched under the floor and chattered in high-pitched +rasping notes, and on several evenings one walked complacently +into the living room. It finally became necessary to trap +and deport most of these skunks. In all, nine skunks were trapped; +these probably represented more than the original residents. One +male was descented and allowed to remain. It spent most of the +daylight hours asleep in an old shower room where the many gaps +between the rock work and the boards allowed him entrance. +Through no special efforts on our part he became tame enough +to climb over us in order to get food left on the kitchen sink, and +he would eat calmly while we sat only inches away from him.</p> + +<p>Feces from sage areas contained mostly remains of insects and +small rodents whereas many samples of feces from chaparral areas +contained, in addition, shells of snails. Feces examined represent +all months of the year.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Los Angeles County: mouth of San Antonio Canyon, +2 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family CANIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Canis latrans ochropus</b> Eschscholtz</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Coyote</div> + +<p>Coyotes inhabit the sagebrush flats and foothills up to at least +4000 feet all along the Pacific base of the San Gabriels. This +species seems most common at the foot of the range where large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_569" id="Page_569">[Pg 569]</a></span> +dry washes prevent man from occupying the land immediately adjacent +to the foothills, and are the dominant carnivores of the +coastal sage belt. Repeated observations have indicated that although +many individuals range into the higher foothills they +seldom are found deep in the major canyons or chaparral slopes. +Coyotes rarely occur at 3000 or 4000 feet in San Antonio Canyon +where it cuts into the realm of heavy chaparral; yet on steep foothill +slopes and ridges, which are adjacent to the flat land, these +animals range up to at least 4000 feet. Being hunters primarily +of rather open land many coyotes go into the foothills only to find +daytime refuge, traveling down dirt roads, ridges, and firebreaks, to +forage at night in the sage flats. Coyote feces from the foothills, at +about 3500 feet, contained predominantly the remains of such food +items as cottontails, chickens, and jack rabbits. These animals +could have been found only in the flats. This is additional evidence +that coyotes do the major part of their hunting at the base of the +range.</p> + +<p>Observations of coyote tracks and trapping records have shown +that these animals hunt mostly in the more open parts of the +sage flats. Coyotes frequent areas of scattered brush, sandy areas, +wash channels, and old roads, and seemingly shun dense brush. +Many coyotes actually hunt for rabbits in the citrus groves near the +foothills. On several evenings I traced their howling to orange +groves, and Mr. Kenneth Hill of Upland told me of often seeing +coyotes in his orange groves at night.</p> + +<p>The forage beats of several coyotes were discovered in connection +with trapping specimens of these animals. In January, 1952, two +coyotes, probably a mated pair, traveled nightly from the slopes +immediately west of Evey Canyon, at about 3100 feet, down into +the sagebrush adjacent to the west side of San Antonio Wash, +at about 1700 feet elevation. The route led down open ridges, +then for about one half mile across a level, cultivated plateau, +and then swung over the eroded banks near the lowermost point +of the plateau onto the level sage flats. The distance covered by +this route from the foothills down to the flats was somewhat more +than a mile, with about a 1400 foot difference in elevation between +the daytime retreat and the nocturnal forage area. Another route, +seemingly used by only one coyote, was somewhat longer. This +animal followed fire breaks and ridges from above Thompson Canyon +down onto a fire road, and then into the lower end of Palmer +Canyon where it entered the flats. This route covered about three +miles in coming from the foothills to the flats. Feces of this coyote<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_570" id="Page_570">[Pg 570]</a></span> +often contained the remains of white leghorn chickens which had +been found at a refuse pile near several chicken ranches one-half +mile from the base of Palmer Canyon.</p> + +<p>Although no definite idea could be gained of the population +density of coyotes in the area, it was clear that in certain localities +they were, as carnivores go, abundant. After one large male was +obtained in the flats at the base of Cobal Canyon, at least two other +individuals were heard howling in this immediate area, and their +tracks were noted repeatedly on dirt roads. One night early in +January, 1952, immediately west of the head of San Antonio Wash, +the voices of six coyotes could be picked out separately from a +chorus of coyote howls which came from several different directions +in the wash.</p> + +<p>Many field examinations of coyote feces left the impression that +chickens and lagomorphs made up the bulk of the coyote's food on +the coastal slope. To check this a study of 39 sets of scats collected +at various localities on the coastal slope was made in the laboratory, +the results being shown in Table 10. Remains of one of the three +species of rabbits, cottontails, jack rabbits, or brush rabbits, occurred +in 72 per cent of the feces examined. Cottontails, it will +be noted, were preyed upon more heavily than any other wild +species, remains of this form being found in 33 per cent of the feces. +The prevalence of chicken remains in coyote feces does not imply +that these animals were killed by the coyotes. All of the chickens +could have been found dead in the refuse piles of the many +chicken ranches. In addition, the chickens were raised in wire +cages above the ground where they were nearly invulnerable to +predation. That coyotes may at times kill deer in this area was +suggested by the finding of tracks in the sand in San Antonio Wash +which clearly indicated that a deer had been closely pursued by a +coyote. The tracks were lost in a stretch of brush so the outcome +of the chase could not be determined. Near the mouth of Lytle +Creek Canyon, in November, 1951, coyote feces contained mostly +remains of grapes from nearby vineyards. Also, above Cucamonga, +coyotes were found to be feeding heavily on grapes. This must be +a rather unsuitable form of nourishment for coyotes, for many of the +grapes in the feces appeared nearly unaltered despite their trip +through the alimentary canal.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Table 10.</span>—<span class="smcap">Results of Examinations of Thirty-nine Sets of Coyote Feces +from the Pacific Slope of the San Gabriel Mountains. Feces Were +Deposited in Autumn and Winter (September to February).</span></p> + +<table summary="Food items found in coyote feces"> + <tr> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Food item</th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">Number of sets of feces<br />which contained food item</th> + <th class="brd-t2">Percentages<br />of occurrence<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></th> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">chicken</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">18</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">46.2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Sylvilagus audubonii</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">13</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">33.3</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Lepus californicus</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">10</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">25.6</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Sylvilagus bachmani</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">5</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">12.8</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Odocoileus hemionus</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">5</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">12.8</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">rodents (unidentified)</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">5</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">12.8</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Dipodomys agilis</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">4</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">10.3</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Neotoma species</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">3</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">7.7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Mephitis mephitis</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">3</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">7.7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Carrion beetle</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">2</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">5.1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">passerine bird</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">1</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">2.67</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">bot fly larva</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">1</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">2.67</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">snail shell</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">1</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">2.67</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">scorpion</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">1</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">2.67</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Jerusalem cricket</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">1</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">2.67</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">sheep hair</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">1</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">2.67</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Lynx rufus</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">1</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">2.67</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Kitten of wildcat or housecat</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">1</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">2.67</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Lophortyx californica</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">1</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">2.67</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">grapes</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-r">1</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">2.67</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r brd-b">grass</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r brd-b ta-r">1</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-b ta-r">2.67</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"> +<span class="label">[A]</span></a> +This is an expression, in percentage, of the number of sets of feces which contained +the particular food item out of the total of thirty-nine sets examined.</div> + +<p>The six coyotes taken on the Pacific slope are fairly uniform in +coloration; the occurrence of white tipping on the tails of most of the +specimens, instead of the usual solid black tip, is notable. Three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_571" id="Page_571">[Pg 571]</a></span> +skins, those of a male and two females, have patches of white hairs +at the tips of the tails; two skins, of a male and a female, show only +scattered white hairs at the tips of the tails; and the skin of one +female has a solidly black-tipped tail. An additional female, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_572" id="Page_572">[Pg 572]</a></span> +trapped by David Leighton in Thompson Canyon, had a large patch +of white hairs at the tip of the tail. Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale +(1937:501) mention that only an occasional individual (female?) +has a white-tipped tail.</p> + +<p>Weights are available for four specimens: two coyotes trapped +in San Antonio Wash, a male and a female, weighed 20.5 and 23.2 +pounds respectively; a female from the mouth of San Antonio +Canyon weighed 21.6 pounds; and a large male from the mouth of +Thompson Canyon weighed 29.3 pounds.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +Live Oak Canyon, 3000 ft., 1; mouth of San Antonio Canyon, 2000 ft., 1; 4 mi. +N Claremont, 1600 ft., 2; 4 mi. NE Claremont, 1600 ft., 1; 3 mi. NE Claremont, +1600 ft., 1.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Table 11.</span>—<span class="smcap">Cranial Measurements of Canis latrans ochropus from the +Coastal Slope of the San Gabriel Mountains.</span></p> + +<table summary="Averages and extremes of cranial measurements of Canis latrans ochropus"> + <tr> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r" rowspan="2"> </th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r" colspan="2">Four females</th> + <th class="brd-t2" colspan="2">Two males</th> + </tr><tr> + <th class="">Averages</th> + <th class="brd-r">Extremes</th> + <th class="">Averages</th> + <th class="">Extremes</th> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Condylobasal length</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">180.67</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-c">174.2-183.3</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">188.35</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-c">179.2-197.5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Palatal length</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">91.57</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-c">88.0-95.0</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">97.15</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-c">91.6-102.7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Zygomatic breadth</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">90.15</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-c">88.9-92.0</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">95.60</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-c">88.8-102.5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Interorbital breadth</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">29.12</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-c">27.9-29.9</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">31.45</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-c">28.1-34.8</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Length of maxillary toothrow</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">85.00</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r ta-c">80.4-89.80</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">88.00</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-c">83.4-92.6</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r brd-b">Length of upper carnassial</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-b ta-r">18.30</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r brd-b ta-c">17.8-19.0</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-b ta-r">18.70</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-b ta-c">18.1-19.3</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Canis latrans mearnsi</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Coyote</div> + +<p>Coyotes are common on the desert slope of the San Gabriels +below about 6000 feet elevation. They seem not, or only rarely, to +penetrate the yellow pine forest belt, but tracks have been found +occasionally near the lower edge of the forest, as at the head of +Mescal Canyon. In the more open parts of the pinyon-juniper +association, sign of coyotes was noted and they were the dominant +carnivores in the juniper belt and Joshua tree woodland.</p> + +<p>In the upper part of the pinyon-juniper association coyotes travel +and forage in sage flats, along ridges, and in sandy draws, avoiding +the extensive patches of scrub oak and mountain mahogany, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_573" id="Page_573">[Pg 573]</a></span> +the steep, rocky, pinyon-covered slopes. It is apparent that the +local ranges of the coyote and the gray fox in the pinyon-juniper +belt are complementary, the gray fox keeping to the more thickly +wooded or brushy parts of the area, and the coyote staying in the +relatively open sections. Probably there is little competition for +food there between these two canids.</p> + +<p>As evidenced by tracks, coyotes commonly traveled and hunted +along desert washes, probably because of the larger population of +rodents and rabbits there. Below Graham Canyon three fairly recently +inhabited dens of coyotes were found in the cutbanks at the +edge of a dry wash in December of 1951. The cutbanks were six +to ten feet high, and the dens were dug into the banks about three +feet above the floor of the wash.</p> + +<p>On the evening of October 20, 1948, near Desert Springs, Steven +M. Jacobs and I set out a line of fifty wooden live traps for kangaroo +rats. That night we slept about 300 yards from the middle of the +line which was roughly three quarters of a mile long. When we +tended the traps the next morning we found the tracks of a coyote +over our own tracks of the previous day, and the first trap that had +seemingly held a kangaroo rat was chewed and dragged for about +fifty feet. Each trap that had held a rodent had been turned upside +down so that the door had opened. At one point in the line +where we had walked for about two hundred yards without setting +a trap the coyote had followed every twist and turn of our +trail. The animal had followed out the entire trap line and removed +approximately eight rodents from the traps, reducing our take to +one <i>Dipodomys</i> and one <i>Peromyscus</i>.</p> + +<p>Examinations of feces showed that in the period from 1948 to +1952, while populations of jack rabbits were low in the Mojave +Desert, the coyotes had fed extensively on smaller mammals such +as kangaroo rats, and to some extent on fruit. By contrasting the +present food habits of coyotes on the desert and coastal slopes of +the mountains support is afforded for Errington's (1937:243) statement +that predation is "a by-product of population." On the desert +slope, with low populations of rabbits, the coyotes have turned to +lesser species of prey; while on the Pacific slope, where populations +of rabbits were high, the rabbits made up the major portion of the +coyote's diet. On the desert slope, remains of the following food +items were identified from coyote feces: kangaroo rats, mule deer, +jack rabbits, passerine bird, manzanita and juniper fruit, beetles, +grapes and apples. Near Valyermo, coyote feces were composed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_574" id="Page_574">[Pg 574]</a></span> +mostly of apples from nearby orchards. A female coyote killed +below Grandview Canyon had its stomach and intestines stuffed +with apples in large chunks. In the juniper belt, berries of juniper +were often eaten by coyotes.</p> + +<p>The three specimens of coyotes from the desert slope are clearly +referable to the desert race <i>C. l. mearnsi</i>, both with regard to cranial +and pelage characteristics. Although I collected no specimens +from Cajon Pass or the passes at the west end of the range, it is in +these places that intergradation might be expected to occur between +the desert race <i>C. l. mearnsi</i> and the coastal and valley subspecies +<i>C. l. ochropus</i>, as the higher parts of the San Gabriels seem to constitute +a barrier to coyotes.</p> + +<p>A subadult female coyote taken in the Joshua tree belt near +Graham Canyon weighed 20.8 pounds.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 2 mi. S Llano, +3600 ft., 3 (2 PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Vulpes macrotis arsipus</b> Elliot</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Kit Fox</div> + +<p>The kit fox barely enters the area under consideration. In the +Joshua tree belt, below about 3500 feet elevation, tracks were most +often noted in washes and on the adjacent sandy ground. The +highest place where tracks were seen was a small sandy draw +below the mouth of Graham Canyon at an altitude of roughly 3900 +feet.</p> + +<p>In the Joshua tree belt many old burrows were found but none +was occupied. I believe these foxes are returning to this area +where once they were common. In the winter of 1948 no sign of +kit foxes was found, although intensive field work was done in the +Joshua tree belt in the Mescal Canyon area. In December of 1951, +in the same locality, sign was obvious and an individual was trapped +below Grandview Canyon at 3500 feet elevation. Possibly since +the use of poison for carnivores has been discontinued in this district +the foxes are repopulating the area.</p> + +<p>The one specimen taken, a sub-adult female, weighed two pounds +and fourteen ounces.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimen examined.</i>—Los Angeles Co.: 6 mi. E & 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 1.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus</b> Mearns</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Gray Fox</div> + +<p>The gray fox is widely distributed in the San Gabriel Mountains, +occurring on both slopes of the range wherever extensive tracts +of chaparral are present. They reach maximum abundance in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_575" id="Page_575">[Pg 575]</a></span> +chaparral association of the coastal slope. Individuals have been +observed occasionally at night in coastal sage areas at the Pacific +foot of the mountains; however they seem to be less common here +and probably come out of the adjacent chaparral to forage in the +flats at night. Gray foxes occur all the way up the Pacific slope +into the yellow pine woodland at 7500 feet, and from 6200 feet elevation +on the desert slope down to the upper limit of the Joshua trees +as, for example, near Mescal Canyon at 4700 feet.</p> + +<p>On the Pacific face of the mountains the gray fox probably is the +dominant carnivore in terms of its effect on prey species, first, because +of its abundance, and second, because of its forage habits. +Some appreciation of the abundance of the gray fox may be gained +from trapping records. On a fire road at the head of Thompson +Canyon, at 2500 feet, two settings of traps about one-quarter mile +apart were maintained for four nights. In this time four gray foxes +were trapped. At the head of Cow Canyon, at 4500 feet, one trap +set on a deer trail caught five gray foxes in five nights. At the end +of this time fox tracks were noted about 100 yards away from the +set, and another fox was trapped about one quarter mile away. In +addition to their abundance, the forage habits of gray foxes are such +as to bring them into most habitats present in the chaparral association. +Tracks and feces indicate that foxes forage under dense brush, +on open rocky ridges, in riparian growth, on talus slopes, and in +groves of big cone-spruce and scrub oak.</p> + +<p>Trapped foxes, if uninjured by the trap, were usually released. +One fox was released on a small trail through thick vegetation consisting +mainly of snowbrush. When freed, the fox whirled and +darted through a patch of snowbrush for about seventy-five feet, +then turned and disappeared beneath some large bay trees. Although +the brush through which it ran was dense, the fox seemed +to run at full speed. The success of gray foxes as predators in the +chaparral is probably due in large measure to their agility amid +dense cover.</p> + +<p>The three specimens from the desert slope are referable to the +coastal subspecies, <i>U. c. californicus</i>, rather than the desert subspecies, +<i>U. c. scottii</i>. In all respects they resemble foxes taken on +the Pacific slope; cranial measurements are near the maximum for +the large <i>U. c. californicus</i>, and not small as would be expected if +they were grading toward the smaller <i>U. c. scottii</i>. Floors of desert +valleys north of the San Gabriel Mountains probably isolated foxes +there from <i>U. c. scottii</i> found in the higher ranges of the Mojave<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_576" id="Page_576">[Pg 576]</a></span> +Desert. Consequently one would expect no intergradation between +the coastal and desert races in the San Gabriel Mountains.</p> + +<p>An old female trapped on March 18,1951, in San Antonio Canyon, +had three embryos each about 105 mm. long from rump to crown, +and weighed 9.2 lbs. The average weight of four non-pregnant females +was 6.8 lbs., whereas the average of six males was 7.5 lbs.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los Angeles +County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; 4 mi. E Valyermo, 5200 ft., 2; Cow +Canyon, 4500 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 3000 ft., 1; Thompson Canyon, +2500 ft., 2 (PC); 1/2 mi. W Palmer Canyon, 2000 ft., 3 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family FELIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Lynx rufus californicus</b> Mearns</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Wildcat</div> + +<p>Wildcats range over the whole of the San Gabriel Range, with +the possible exception of the tops of the highest peaks such as Mt. +San Antonio and Mt. Baden Powell. Sign of these animals has been +observed, or specimens have been taken, from the coastal sage belt +up to about 8500 feet in the yellow pine forests on Blue Ridge. +The subspecies <i>baileyi</i> occurs on the desert slope of the range.</p> + +<p>Wildcats are most common in the chaparral belt where they forage +widely from the ridges down into the canyons. Judging from trapping +records bobcats are not so common here as the gray fox.</p> + +<p>Bobcats occur in the sage belt, where they are most common in +the broken country around washes and in brushy areas. Although +bobcats and coyotes occupy the same general areas here, the habitat +preferences of these animals seem to be different, with coyotes +occupying the more open country. An indication of the hunting +habits of bobcats is furnished by the occurrence of masses of prickly-pear +thorns beneath the skin of the legs, particularly the forelegs, of +three specimens trapped in the sage belt. These thorns probably +were acquired while the bobcats foraged for woodrats or cottontails +in the patches of prickly-pear, which are locally abundant in the +sage belt.</p> + +<p>On March 12, 1951, a small subadult female bobcat, trapped at +4000 feet in San Antonio Canyon, was found dead in the trap and +had numerous deep cuts around its head and shoulders, and severe +bruises on the right shoulder. The spacing of the cuts, and the +tracks around the set, indicated that while held in the trap this +animal had fought with a second bobcat that had inflicted the fatal +wounds. It seems unlikely that the fight was caused by a male<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_577" id="Page_577">[Pg 577]</a></span> +attempting to copulate with the female held in the trap, for the +female was found to be carrying an embryo.</p> + +<p>In Live Oak Canyon, in December, 1950, tracks and bits of fur +indicated that a bobcat had killed and eaten a gray squirrel. Remains +of cottontails were found in the stomachs of two bobcats. +All six bobcats from the Pacific slope had nematode worms in the +pyloric end of the stomach.</p> + +<p>Two females obtained on March 12 and 19, 1951, each had one +embryo approximately one inch long (rump to crown).</p> + +<p>The following list gives the weight of each of the specimens from +the Pacific slope of the San Gabriels.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 8, distributed as follows: Los Angeles +County: San Antonio Canyon, 4000 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, 3200 ft., 1; +4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft., 2; Thompson Canyon, 1800 ft., 1; 3 mi. NE +Claremont, 1700 ft., 2; Little Dalton Canyon, 1500 ft., 1 (PC).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Table 12.</span>—<span class="smcap">Weights of Lynx rufus californicus from the San Gabriel +Mountains.</span></p> + +<table summary="Weights of Lynx rufus californicus specimens"> + <tr> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">sex and age</th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">locality</th> + <th class="brd-t2 brd-r">date</th> + <th class="brd-t2">weight</th> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">♀ ad.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">January 20, 1951</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">18.8 lbs.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">♀ sad.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">March 9, 1951</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">12.5 " </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">♂ ad.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">Thompson Canyon, 1800 ft.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">January 15, 1948</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">13.2 " </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">♂ sad.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">January 26, 1951</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">11.3 " </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">♂ ad.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">January 27, 1951</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">13.8 " </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">♂ sad.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">San Antonio Canyon, 4000 ft.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r">March 12, 1951</td> + <td class="brd-t ta-r">7.9 " </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="brd-t brd-r brd-b">♂ sad.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r brd-b">San Antonio Canyon, 3200 ft.</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-r brd-b">March 17, 1951</td> + <td class="brd-t brd-b ta-r">11.2 " </td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Lynx rufus baileyi</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Wildcat</div> + +<p>This subspecies is widely distributed on the desert slope of the +range, and was recorded down to the lower edge of the juniper +belt. Tracks were observed on many occasions in yellow pine forest, +but wildcats seemed to be commonest in the brushy parts of the +pinyon-juniper association. Two were trapped in small draws lined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_578" id="Page_578">[Pg 578]</a></span> +with pinyons and scrub oak, and two at the base of rocky pinyon-covered +slopes. Only occasionally were tracks noted in the lower +part of the juniper belt. Bobcats are most numerous where woodrats +also reach peak abundance, suggesting that woodrats are a +major food.</p> + +<p>The four specimens from the desert slope, although exhibiting a +wide range of variation, are all representatives of the desert race +<i>baileyi</i>. A yearling male from near the head of Grandview Canyon, +at 5200 feet elevation, has the profuse black spotting of the subspecies +<i>californicus</i>, but the general pallor dorsally is characteristic +of the desert subspecies. An adult female, from 4700 feet elevation +in Graham Canyon, shows the double mid-dorsal black line and the +distinct black markings around the face characteristic of <i>californicus</i>, +but is otherwise pale with reduced black patterns on the backs of the +ears. The other two specimens, an adult male and a yearling female, +are typical examples of <i>baileyi</i>, pale, and with reduced black markings. +None of the specimens of bobcats from the coastal slope of +the mountains showed characters approaching those of <i>baileyi</i>. It +seems, therefore, that these two subspecies intergrade on the interior +slope of the range.</p> + +<p>A yearling male weighed 12 pounds, and a yearling female +weighed 10.5 pounds. An old male weighed 19.6 pounds, and an +adult female weighed 15.1 pounds.</p> + +<p>Remains of deer were in two of the bobcat stomachs, and one of +these stomachs also contained jack rabbit remains. Approximately +a dozen nematodes (stomach worms) were in the stomach of one +of the larger male specimens.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 4, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: +Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; Graham Canyon, 4700 ft., 1; Grandview Canyon, +5200 ft., 2.</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Felis concolor californica</b> May</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Mountain Lion</div> + +<p>Several cabin owners near the mouth of Icehouse Canyon reported +seeing a lion in that area in 1950, and others said they saw huge +cat tracks in Icehouse Canyon. State Trapper James Wolfort reported +that he trapped two lions on the coastal face of the range +in 1947. Authentic reports indicate that mountain lions occur in +remote sections on both slopes of the range, and in these areas +mountain lions probably are as common as they ever were.</p> + + +<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_579" id="Page_579">[Pg 579]</a></span></div> +<div class="sectionh1">Family CERVIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Odocoileus hemionus californicus</b> (Caton)</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Mule Deer</div> + +<p>Mule deer are common in chaparral areas on both slopes of +the San Gabriel Mountains. The animals or their tracks have been +observed from the coastal sagebrush flats up to about 9200 feet +on Mount San Antonio, and on the desert slope down to the lower +limit of the juniper belt.</p> + +<p>Deer are plentiful in the upper chaparral belt, and large bands +are often noted there in spring. These bands may form in the +up-mountain migration and reoccupation of areas which were +covered by winter snows. A band of fourteen was observed on +March 17, 1951, one mile east of the mouth of Cattle Canyon, and +bands of about half a dozen individuals each were often noted in +March, 1951, at the base of Icehouse Canyon. Cronemiller and +Bartholomew (1950) gave a good account of the mule deer in the +chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains.</p> + +<p>On Blue Ridge in the fall of 1951, deer were plentiful, usually +being observed near patches of snowbrush and sage. They were +seldom found in the coniferous forests. On November 6, 1951, +while tending a line of snap traps before sunup, I startled a deer +from its bed at one edge of a several-acre patch of snowbrush. In +synchrony with the noise made by this deer's rising five other deer +in various parts of the brush patch leaped up and made off. When +bedded down in these extensive brush tracts deer are probably safe +from an undetected approach, for a noiseless approach through the +brush is impossible.</p> + +<p>Two deer skulls from the San Gabriels were examined: that of +an adult male from Evey Canyon, and that of an adult female from +the mouth of Palmer Canyon. Using as a basis for comparison the +cranial measurements for the subspecies <i>californicus</i> and <i>fuliginatus</i> +given by Cowan (1933:326), these skulls were subspecies <i>californicus</i>. +In none of the cranial characteristics considered did they +tend toward the southern race <i>fuliginatus</i>. A young adult male, +however, which was killed by a car near Cajon Pass on October 2, +1951, showed pelage characteristics of <i>fuliginatus</i>. Its fresh winter +pelage was dark, and had the distinct black mid-dorsal line and the +broad dorsal line on the tail mentioned by Cowan (<i>ibid.</i>) as dis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_580" id="Page_580">[Pg 580]</a></span>tinguishing +marks of the race <i>fuliginatus</i>. Its cranial measurements +were not taken. Judging from this limited material the deer in the +central part of the range, that is to say, in the San Antonio Canyon +region, are of the race <i>californicus</i>, while <i>fuliginatus</i> may penetrate +the extreme eastern end of the range.</p> + +<p>Deer hair and bones were often found in coyote feces from the +sagebrush belt. Some of these records may represent deer eaten as +carrion. On February 6, 1952, tracks across a sandy channel in San +Antonio Wash demonstrated that a deer had been closely pursued +by a coyote. The deer had leaped from a cutbank onto the sand, +had whirled around in several sharp turns, and had run into the +adjacent brush. The tracks of a running coyote followed every +twist of the deer's trail. The trail was followed into the brush where +it was lost. Two bobcats trapped near Graham Canyon on the +desert slope had hair and bones of deer in their stomachs.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>, 2: Los Angeles County: Evey Canyon, 2100 ft., 1 +(PC); Palmer Canyon, 1900 ft., 1 (PC).</p></div> + + +<div class="sectionh1">Family BOVIDAE</div> + + +<div class="sectionh2"><b>Ovis canadensis nelsoni</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="sectionh2">Bighorn</div> + +<p>Bands of bighorn sheep occur on some of the higher and more +rugged peaks of the San Gabriel Mountains. Although I never +sighted the animals themselves, I have seen abundant signs of their +presence on the ridge sloping west from Telegraph Peak at about +9000 feet elevation. Several bands reportedly range in the head of +San Antonio Canyon, and to the south on Telegraph, Ontario, and +Cucamonga peaks. The sheep usually stay in the higher sections +of the range, generally above about 7000 feet elevation. According +to district Ranger A. Lewis some bighorns summer in the lower +East Fork of San Gabriel Canyon. The subspecific status of the +bighorns in the San Gabriel Mountains has not been definitely +determined. Following Grinnell (1933:211) they are here referred +to <i>nelsoni</i>. If the band can be preserved without introduction of +"alien" stock, the United States Forest Service and the California +Fish and Game Commission will have registered an achievement +that will be applauded by all persons who are interested in American +wildlife.</p> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_581" id="Page_581">[Pg 581]</a></span></p><hr /> +<h2><a name="LITERATURE_CITED" id="LITERATURE_CITED"></a>LITERATURE CITED</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Benson, S. B.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1930. Two new pocket mice, genus <i>Perognathus</i>, from the Californias. +Univ. California Publ. Zool., 32:449-454.</p> + +<p>1949. The bat name <i>Myotis ruddi</i> Silliman and von Bloeker, a synonym of +<i>Myotis volans longicrus</i> (True). Jour. Mamm., 30:48-50.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Borell, A. E.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1937. A new method of collecting bats. Jour. Mamm., 18:478-480.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Burghduff, A. E.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1935. Black bears released in southern California. California Fish and +Game, 21:83-84.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Burt, W. H.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1932. The systematic status and geographic range of the San Gabriel +pocket gopher (<i>Thomomys bottae neglectus</i> Bailey). Jour. Mamm., +13:369-370.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cowan, I. Mc.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1933. The mule deer of southern California and northern Lower California +as a recognizable race. Jour. Mamm., 14:326-327.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cronemiller, F. P.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Bartholomew, P. S.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1950. The California mule deer in chaparral forests. California Fish and +Game, 36:343-365, 7 figs. in text.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Errington, P. L.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1937. What is the meaning of predation? Smithsonian Inst., Ann. Rept., +for 1936:243-252.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grinnell, H. W.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1918. A synopsis of the bats of California. Univ. California Publ. Zool., +17:223-404, pls. 14-24, 24 figs. in text.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grinnell, J.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1908. The biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. Univ. California Publ. +Zool., 5:1-170, 24 pls.</p> + +<p>1933. Review of the Recent mammal fauna of California. Univ. California +Publ. Zool., 40:71-234.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grinnell, J.</span>, <span class="smcap">Dixon, J.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Linsdale, J. M.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1937. Fur-bearing mammals of California.... Univ. California +Press, 2 vols., xii + 375 pp., pls. 1-7, figs. 1-138, xiv + 377-777 +pp., pls. 8-13, figs. 139-345.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grinnell, J.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Swarth, H. S.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1913. An account of the birds and mammals of the San Jacinto Area +of southern California with remarks upon the behavior of geographic +races on the margins of their habitats. Univ. California +Publ. Zool., 10:197-406, pls. 6-10, 3 figs. in text.</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_582" id="Page_582">[Pg 582]</a></span></p><p><span class="smcap">Hall, E. R.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1926. Systematic notes on the subspecies of <i>Bassariscus astutus</i> with +description of one new form from California. Univ. California +Publ. Zool., 30:39-50, pls. 2 and 3.</p> + +<p>1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, xi + 710, +frontispiece, colored, 11 pls., 485 figs. in text, unnumbered silhouettes.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hooper, E. T.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1938. Geographical variation in woodrats of the species <i>Neotoma fuscipes</i>. +Univ. California Publ. Zool., 42:213-246, pls. 7-8, 2 figs. in text.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jackson, H. H. T.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1928. A taxonomic review of the American long-tailed shrews. N. Amer. +Fauna, 51:1-238, pls. 1-13, 24 figs. in text.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Merriam, C. H.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1898. Life zones and crop zones of the United States. U. S. Dept. +Agr. Bur. Biol. Surv., Bull. 10:1-79, 1 map.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Munz, P. A.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Keck, D. D.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1949. California plant communities. Al Aliso, 2:87-105, 4 pls.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oakeshott, G. B.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1937. Geology and mineral deposits of the western San Gabriel Mountains, +Los Angeles County. California Jour. Mines and Geol., 33:215-249, +1 pl., 7 figs. in text.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pequegnat, W. E.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1951. The biota of the Santa Ana Mountains. Jour. Entomol. and Zool., +42:1-84.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sanborn, C. C.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1932. The bats of the genus <i>Eumops</i>. Jour. Mamm., 13:347-357.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vaughan, T. A.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1953. Unusual concentration of hoary bats. Jour. Mamm., 34:256.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">von Bloeker, J. C.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1932. Extensions of the ranges of pocket gophers in southern California. +Jour. Mamm., 13:76-77.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Willett, G.</span></p> + +<div class="hangingindent"><p>1944. Mammals of Los Angeles County. Los Angeles County Mus. Sci. +Ser., no. 9, Zool. no. 4, 26 pls.</p></div> + + +<p><i>Transmitted July 20, 1954.</i></p> + + +<p class="center">◻<br /> +25-5184</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="UNIVERSITY_OF_KANSAS_PUBLICATIONS" id="UNIVERSITY_OF_KANSAS_PUBLICATIONS"></a>UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS,<br /> +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY</h2> + + +<p>Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this +series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, +Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular +field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural +History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for +sale or this series by the University Library which meets institutional requests, +or by the Museum of Natural History which meets the requests of individuals. +However, when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should +be included, for each separate number that is 100 pages or more in length, for +the purpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing.</p> + +<p>* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not the Library's +supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows:</p> + +<ul class="publist1"> + <li>Vol. 1. 1. The pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys) of Utah. By Stephen + D. Durrant. Pp. 1-82, 1 figure in text. August 15, 1946.</li> + <li><ul class="publist2"> + <li>2. The systematic status of Eumeces pluvialis Cope, and noteworthy + records of other amphibians and reptiles from Kansas and Oklahoma. By + Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 85-89. August 15, 1946.</li> + <li>3. The tadpoles of Bufo cognatus Say. By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 93-96, + 1 figure in text. August 15, 1946.</li> + <li>4. Hybridization between two species of garter snakes. By Hobart M. + Smith. Pp. 97-100. August 15, 1946.</li> + <li>5. Selected records of reptiles and amphibians from Kansas. By John + Breukelman and Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 101-112. August 15, 1946.</li> + <li>6. Kyphosis and other variations in soft-shelled turtles. By Hobart + M. Smith. Pp. 117-124, 3 figures in text. July 7, 1947.</li> + <li>*7. Natural history of the prairie vole (Mammalian Genus Microtus). + By E. W. Jameson, Jr. Pp. 125-151, 4 figures in text. October 6, 1947.</li> + <li>8. The postnatal development of two broods of great horned owls + (Bubo virginianus). By Donald F. Hoffmeister and Henry W. Setzer. Pp. + 157-173, 5 figures in text. October 6, 1947.</li> + <li>9. Additions to the list of the birds of Louisiana. By George H. + Lowery, Jr. Pp. 177-192. November 7, 1947.</li> + <li>10. A check-list of the birds of Idaho. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. 193-216. + November 29, 1947.</li> + <li>11. Subspeciation in pocket gophers of Kansas. By Bernardo Villa + R. and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 217-236, 2 figures in text. November 29, + 1947.</li> + <li>12. A new bat (Genus Myotis) from Mexico. By Walter W. Dalquest and + E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 237-244, 6 figures in text. December 10, 1947.</li> + <li>13. Tadarida femorosacca (Merriam) in Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Walter + W. Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 245-248, 1 figure in text. December + 10, 1947.</li> + <li>14. A new pocket gopher (Thomomys) and a new spiny pocket mouse + (Liomys) from Michoacán, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and Bernardo + Villa R. Pp. 249-256, 6 figures in text. July 26, 1948.</li> + <li>15. A new hylid frog from eastern Mexico. By Edward H. Taylor. Pp. + 257-264, 1 figure in text. August 16, 1948.</li> + <li>16. A new extinct emydid turtle from the Lower Pliocene of Oklahoma. + By Edwin C. Galbreath. Pp. 265-280, 1 plate. August 16, 1948.</li> + <li>17. Pliocene and Pleistocene records of fossil turtles from western + Kansas and Oklahoma. By Edwin C. Galbreath. Pp. 281-284. August 16, + 1948.</li> + <li>18. A new species of heteromyid rodent from the Middle Oligocene of + northeastern Colorado with remarks on the skull. By Edwin C. Galbreath. + Pp. 285-300, 2 plates. August 16, 1948.</li> + <li>19. Speciation in the Brazilian spiny rats (Genus Proechimys, Family + Echimyidae). By João Moojen. Pp. 301-406, 140 figures in text. + December 10, 1948.</li> + <li>20. Three new beavers from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant and Harold S. + Crane. Pp. 407-417, 7 figures in text. December 24, 1948.</li> + <li>21. Two new meadow mice from Michoacán, Mexico. By E. Raymond + Hall. Pp. 423-427, 6 figures in text. December 24, 1948.</li> + <li>22. An annotated check list of the mammals of Michoacán, + Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and Bernardo Villa R. Pp. 431-472, 2 plates, + 1 figure in text. December 27, 1949.</li> + <li>23. Subspeciation in the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ordii. By Henry W. + Setzer. Pp. 473-573, 27 figures in text, 7 tables. December 27, 1949.</li> + <li>24. Geographic range of the hooded skunk, Mephitis macroura, with + description of a new subspecies from Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and + Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 575-580, 1 figure in text. January 20, 1950.</li> + <li>25. Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 referred to the Genus + Myotis. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 581-590, 5 + figures in text. January 20, 1950.</li> + <li>26. A synopsis of the American bats of the Genus Pipistrellus. By + E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text. + January 20, 1950.</li> + <li>Index. Pp. 605-638.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>*Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. +1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.</li> +<li>Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and +distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. June 12, +1951.</li> +<li><ul class="publist2"> + <li>*2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By + George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951.</li> + <li>3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. + 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951.</li> + <li>4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr. + and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October + 10, 1951.</li> + <li>Index. Pp. 651-681.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, +41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.</li> +<li>Vol. 5. 1. Preliminary survey of a Paleocene faunule from the Angels +Peak area, New Mexico. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 1-11, 1 figure in text. +February 24, 1951.</li> +<li><ul class="publist2"> + <li>2. Two new moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas. By Rollin H. + Baker. Pp. 17-24. February 28, 1951.</li> + <li>3. Two new pocket gophers from Wyoming and Colorado. By E. Raymond + Hall and H. Gordon Montague. Pp. 25-32. February 28, 1951.</li> + <li>4. Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the barrier beach of + Tamaulipas, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 33-47, 1 figure in text. + October 1, 1951.</li> + <li>5. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some North + American rabbits. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 49-58. + October 1, 1951.</li> + <li>6. Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico and Colorado. + By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 59-71, 1 figure in text. October 1, 1951.</li> + <li>7. A new subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and comments on + Microtus canicandus Miller. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. + 73-79. October 1, 1951.</li> + <li>8. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from eastern Colorado. By E. + Raymond Hall. Pp. 81-85. October 1, 1951.</li> + <li>9. Mammals taken along the Alaskan Highway. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. + 87-117. 1 figure in text. November 28, 1951.</li> + <li>*10. A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. By E. Raymond Hall. + Pp. 119-202. 68 figures in text. December 15, 1951.</li> + <li>11. A new pocket mouse (Genus Perognathus) from Kansas. By E. Lendell + Cockrum. Pp. 203-206. December 15, 1951.</li> + <li>12. Mammals from Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 207-218. + December 15, 1951.</li> + <li>13. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from Wyoming and Colorado. By + E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 219-222. December 15, 1951.</li> + <li>14. A new name for the Mexican red bat. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. + 223-226. December 15, 1951.</li> + <li>15. Taxonomic notes on Mexican bats of the Genus Rhogeëssa. By E. + Raymond Hall. Pp. 227-232. April 10, 1952.</li> + <li>16. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some North + American woodrats (Genus Neotoma). By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 233-242. April + 10, 1952.</li> + <li>17. The subspecies of the Mexican red-bellied squirrel, Sciurus + aureogaster. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 243-250, 1 figure in text. April 10, + 1952.</li> + <li>18. Geographic range of Peromyscus melanophrys, with description of + new subspecies. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 251-258, 1 figure in text. May 10, + 1952.</li> + <li>19. A new chipmunk (Genus Eutamias) from the Black Hills. By John A. + White. Pp. 259-262. April 10, 1952.</li> + <li>20. A new piñon mouse (Peromyscus truei) from Durango, Mexico. + By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 263-267. May 23, 1952.</li> + <li>21. An annotated checklist of Nebraskan bats. By Olin L. Webb and J. + Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 269-279. May 31, 1952.</li> + <li>22. Geographic variation in red-backed mice (Genus Clethrionomys) of + the southern Rocky Mountain region. By E. Lendell Cockrum and Kenneth L. + Fitch. Pp. 281-292, 1 figure in text. November 15, 1952.</li> + <li>23. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of North + American microtines. By E. Raymond Hall and E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. + 293-312. November 17, 1952.</li> + <li>24. The subspecific status of two Central American sloths. By E. + Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 313-317. November 21, 1952.</li> + <li>25. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some North + American marsupials, insectivores, and carnivores. By E. Raymond Hall and + Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 319-341. December 5, 1952.</li> + <li>26. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some North + American rodents. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 343-371. + December 15, 1952.</li> + <li>27. A synopsis of the North American microtine rodents. By E. Raymond + Hall and E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 373-498, 149 figures in text. January 15, + 1953.</li> + <li>28. The pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys) of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin + H. Baker. Pp. 499-514, 1 figure in text. June 1, 1953.</li> + <li>29. Geographic distribution of the pocket mouse, Perognathus + fasciatus. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 515-526, 7 figures in text. August 1, + 1953.</li> + <li>30. A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma mexicana) from Colorado. By + Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 527-534, 2 figures in text. August 15, 1953.</li> + <li>31. Four new pocket gophers of the genus Cratogeomys from Jalisco, + Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 535-542. October 15, 1953.</li> + <li>32. Genera and subgenera of chipmunks. By John A. White. Pp. 543-561, 12 + figures in text. December 1, 1953.</li> + <li>33. Taxonomy of the chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias + umbrinus. By John A. White. Pp. 563-582, 6 figures in text. December 1, + 1953.</li> + <li>34. Geographic distribution and taxonomy of the chipmunks of Wyoming. By + John A. White. Pp. 584-610, 3 figures in text. December 1, 1953.</li> + <li>35. The baculum of the chipmunks of western North America. By John A. + White. Pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text. December 1, 1953.</li> + <li>36. Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. + By James S. Findley. Pp. 633-639. December 1, 1953.</li> + <li>37. Seventeen species of bats recorded from Barro Colorado Island, + Panama Canal Zone. By E. Raymond Hall and William B. Jackson. Pp. 641-646. + December 1, 1953.</li> + <li>Index. Pp. 647-676.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>*Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, <i>taxonomy and distribution</i>. +By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10, +1952.</li> +<li>Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73 +figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952.</li> + <li><ul class="publist2"> + <li>2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kansas. + By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text. + August 24, 1953.</li> + <li>3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By Rollin H. + Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February 15, 1954.</li> + <li>4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H. Krutzsch. + Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21, 1954.</li> + <li>5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and James S. + Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954.</li> + <li>6. Distribution of some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. + 479-487. April 21, 1954.</li> + <li>7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse, Microtus montanus, in + Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text. + July 23, 1954.</li> + <li>8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern + California and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughn. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954.</li> + <li>9. Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of California. By Terry A. + Vaughn. Pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig., 12 tables. November 15, 1954.</li> + <li>More numbers will appear in volume 7.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Vol. 8. 1. Life history and ecology of the five-lined skink, Eumeces +fasciatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 1-156, 2 pls., 26 figs. in text, 17 +tables. September 1, 1954.</li> + <li><ul class="publist2"> + <li>More numbers will appear in volume 8.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains +of California, by Terry A. 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Vaughan + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of California + +Author: Terry A. Vaughan + +Release Date: January 5, 2011 [EBook #34848] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF THE SAN GABRIEL *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph +Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: The following changes have been made to the +original text: + Page 520: "Pinus Lambertiana" changed to "Pinus lambertiana" + Page 531: "Virginia Opossom" changed to "Virginia Opossum" + Page 551: "4600 ft. 3" changed to "4600 ft., 3" + Page 555: "laural sumac" changed to "laurel sumac" + Page 566: "concealed itelf" changed to "concealed itself" + Page 582: "Oakshott, G. B." changed to "Oakeshott, G. B." + +Instances of inconsistent hyphenation have been preserved. + +In cases where tables were located in the middle of a paragraph, they +have been moved to the next paragraph break. This may affect at what +page number a table was originally located. + +The list of University of Kansas Publications was originally printed on +the front and back covers. For this version of the text, the list has +been combined and placed at the end of the text.] + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 7, No. 9, pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 12 tables + +November 15, 1954 + + + + +Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains +of California + + +BY +TERRY A. VAUGHAN + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1954 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 7, No. 9, pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 12 tables + +November 15, 1954 + + + + +Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains +of California + + +BY +TERRY A. VAUGHAN + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1954 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 7, No. 9, pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 12 tables +Published November 15, 1954 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE, KANSAS + + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1954 + +[Illustration] + +25-5184 + + + + +MAMMALS OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS OF CALIFORNIA + +by + +Terry A. Vaughan + + + + +CONTENTS + + PAGE + +INTRODUCTION 515 + +DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 516 + +BIOTIC PROVINCES AND ECOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS 518 + Coastal Sage Scrub Association 521 + Southern Oak Woodland Association 523 + Chaparral Association 524 + Yellow Pine Forest Association 526 + Pinyon-juniper Woodland Association 527 + Sagebrush Scrub Association 530 + Joshua Tree Woodland Association 530 + +ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES 531 + +LITERATURE CITED 581 + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +This paper presents the results of a study of the mammals of the San +Gabriel Mountains of southern California, and supplements the more +extensive reports on the biota of the San Bernardino Mountains by +Grinnell (1908), on the fauna of the San Jacinto Range by Grinnell and +Swarth (1913), and on the biota of the Santa Ana Mountains by Pequegnat +(1951). + +The primary objectives of my study were to determine the present +mammalian fauna of the San Gabriel Mountains, to ascertain the +geographic and ecologic range of each species, and to determine the +systematic status of the mammals. In addition, certain life history +observations have been recorded. + +Field work was done in the north-south cross section of the mountains +from San Gabriel Canyon on the west, to Cajon Wash on the east; and from +the gently sloping alluvium at the Pacific base of the mountains at +roughly 1000 feet elevation on the south, over the crest of the range to +the border of the Mojave Desert at an elevation of 3500 feet on the +north. Camps were established at many points in the area with the object +of collecting the mammals of each association and each habitat. Field +work was begun in the San Gabriels in November 1948, and was carried +on intermittently until March 1952. I was unable to carry on field work +in any summer. + + For advice and assistance in various ways I am grateful to Drs. + Willis E. Pequegnat, Walter P. Taylor, Henry S. Fitch, E. + Raymond Hall, Mr. Steven M. Jacobs and my wife, Hazel A. + Vaughan. + + More than 350 mammals were prepared as study specimens; most of + these are in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. + Approximately a fifth of them are in the collection of the + Department of Zoology at Pomona College, and a few are in the + University of Illinois Museum of Natural History. No symbol is + used to designate specimens in the University of Kansas Museum + of Natural History. Specimens from the Department of Zoology of + Pomona College and the University of Illinois Museum of Natural + History are designated by PC and IM, respectively. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Map of the San Gabriel Mountain area showing the +positions of places mentioned in the text.] + + + + +DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA + + +The San Gabriel Mountains are approximately sixty-six miles long, and +average twenty miles wide. The main axis of the range trends nearly east +and west, and extends from longitude 117 deg.25' to longitude 118 deg.30'. The +widest part of the range is bounded by latitude 34 deg.7' and latitude +34 deg.30'. + +The San Gabriel Mountains connect the Sierra Nevada with the Peninsular +Ranges of southern California and Baja California. On the west the San +Gabriels are bordered by the Tehachapi Mountains, which stretch +northeastward to meet the southern Sierra Nevada; to the east, beyond +Cajon Pass, the San Bernardino Mountains extend eastward and then curve +southward to the broad San Gorgonio Pass, from which the San Jacinto +Range stretches southeastward to merge with the Peninsular Ranges. + +The rocks comprising the major part of the San Gabriel Mountains +probably were intruded in Late Jurassic times, with severe metamorphic +activity taking place concurrently. A long period of erosion followed +after which deposition took place during much of the Tertiary. +Deformation and uplift beginning in Middle Miocene times resulted in the +formation of east-west-trending faults along both sides of the range. By +repeated movements along these faults the Late Jurassic crystalline +rocks were lifted above late Tertiary and Quaternary sediments and +elevated above the surrounding terrain. Continued uplifts in +post-Pleistocene time together with erosion in Recent times have shaped +the San Gabriel Mountains (Oakeshott, 1937). + +The alluvial slopes at the coastal base of the range give way to the +foothills at roughly 1800 feet elevation; whereas the Mojave Desert +merges with the interior foothills at elevations near 4000 feet. The +crest or drainage-divide of the range varies from 6000 to 8000 feet in +elevation, and many peaks are more than 8000 feet high. San Antonio +Peak, the highest peak of the range, rises to an altitude of 10,080 +feet. The mountains are characteristically steep and the slopes are +deeply carved by canyons, the larger of which have permanent streams. +The abruptness of the Pacific slope is in many places impressive. The +horizontal distance from the top of Cucamonga Peak, at an elevation of +8911 feet, to the base of the coastal foothills directly to the south, +at 2250 feet, an elevational difference of 6661 feet, is only 3.8 miles. +From the base of Evey Canyon, at 2250 feet, to an unnamed peak to the +northwest with an elevation of 5420 feet, the horizontal distance is 2.1 +miles. Because of the steep, rocky nature of many of the slopes and the +lack of soil on them, vegetation may be sparse even at high elevations. +There are few meadows in the mountains. + +Because the San Gabriels stand approximately thirty miles from the +Pacific Ocean and are a partial barrier to Pacific air masses sweeping +inland, the desert side and the coastal side of the range differ +climatically. The coastal slope receives much heavier precipitation than +the desert slope. The precipitation, for 1951, of 25.36 inches recorded +at the mouth of San Antonio Canyon on the Pacific slope contrasts with +7.17 inches recorded at Valyermo at the desert base. Nearly all of the +precipitation comes in winter. The higher parts of the range, above +approximately 5000 feet, receive much of their mid-winter precipitation +in the form of snow. Snow often extends down the desert slope well into +the Joshua Tree belt. When there are heavy winter rains the channels of +the usually dry washes are filled with rushing, turbid water. There are +striking differences in temperature between the two sides of the range +and between the lower elevations of the mountains and the higher parts. +For example, in December 1951, the mean temperature at the base of San +Antonio Canyon (2225 feet) at the coastal foot of the range was 55.4 deg.F, +while at Llano (3764 feet) at the desert base it was 43.7 deg.F. In this +same year the December mean for Table Mountain (7500 feet), on the +desert slope, was 33.4 deg.F. The temperature means for July, 1951, at San +Antonio Canyon, Llano, and Table Mountain, were 77.3 deg.F, 82.1 deg.F, and +69.2 deg.F respectively. The weather records for 1951 were used for +illustration because average temperature and average precipitation for +many other years are lacking for most of the weather stations in the +area. There is an important difference in the humidity on the two sides +of the range, but actual data are not available. At certain times, +especially in spring, fog banks moving in from the Pacific Ocean +frequently blanket the coastal base of the mountains and the foothills. +On such days the fog generally "burns off" in the morning, but may +persist into the afternoon or throughout the day. Never in my experience +has fog spilled over the main part of the range far onto the desert +slope, although the fog may push through the lower passes to be +dissipated quickly in the dry desert atmosphere. The obvious differences +in the biota on the two sides of the range are probably due to the +contrasting climates. + + + + +BIOTIC PROVINCES AND ECOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS + + +Because of the elevational extremes and attendant climatic contrasts in +the San Gabriel Mountains, there is a rather wide range of environmental +conditions. Four life-zones are represented: Lower Sonoran, Upper +Sonoran, Transition, and Canadian. Within these zones certain ecologic +communities can be recognized; these represent several biotic +provinces. Table 1 shows the relationships between the environmental +categories recognized by the writer in the San Gabriel Mountains. The +biotic province and ecologic community system is that developed by Munz +and Keck (1949), and the life-zone system is that of Merriam (1898). + +TABLE 1.--RELATIONS OF THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIES OF THE SAN +GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. + +======================================================================= +Biotic province | Plant community | Life-zone | Slope +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- + |1. Coastal sage scrub | Lower Sonoran | Pacific +Californian |2. Southern oak woodland | Upper Sonoran | Pacific + |3. Chaparral | Upper Sonoran | Pacific +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- +Sierran |4. Yellow pine forest and | Transition | Pacific + | limited areas of | Canadian | and + | boreal flora | | Desert +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- +Nevadan |5. Sagebrush scrub | Transition | Desert + | | Upper Sonoran | +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- +Southern Desert |6. Pinyon-juniper woodland| Upper Sonoran | Desert + |7. Joshua tree woodland | Lower Sonoran | Desert +----------------+--------------------------+-----------------+--------- + +The Californian Biotic Province dominates the biotic aspect of the +coastal slope of the range. Thirty-nine out of the seventy-two mammals +recorded from the San Gabriels are typical of this Province. The coastal +sage-flats at the Pacific base of the mountains and the vast tracts of +chaparral of the coastal slope are included in this Province. + +Forming a hiatus between the Pacific and the desert slope is the Sierran +Biotic Province consisting of coniferous forests on the crest of the +range. The chipmunk (_Eutamias speciosus speciosus_) and the introduced +black bear (_Ursus americanus californiensis_) are the only two mammals +which can be considered typical of this area. On the higher peaks of the +range, such as Mount San Antonio and Mount Baden Powell, the Canadian +Life-zone is represented by certain boreal plants. + +At scattered points along the crest of the range and on the desert +slope, the Nevadan Biotic Province is represented by the sagebrush scrub +association. No mammals can be considered typical of this region. + +The Southern Desert Biotic Province occurs below 6000 feet elevation on +the interior slope of the range, and markedly influences the mammal +fauna of this slope. Twenty-one species of mammals are typical of this +Province. + +SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT + +_Pinus lambertiana_ Sugar Pine +_P. monophylla_ One-leaf Pinyon +_P. ponderosa_ Yellow Pine +_P. contorta_ Lodge-pole Pine +_Pseudotsuga macrocarpa_ Big-cone Spruce +_Abies concolor_ White Fir +_Libocedrus decurrens_ Incense-Cedar +_Juniperus californica_ Juniper +_Ephedra sp._ Desert-Tea +_Bromus sp._ Brome Grass +_Yucca Whipplei_ Spanish Bayonet +_Y. brevifolia_ Joshua Tree +_Salix sp._ Willow +_Alnus rhombifolia_ Alder +_Castanopsis sempervirens_ Chinquapin +_Quercus Kelloggii_ California Black Oak +_Q. agrifolia_ California Live Oak +_Q. dumosa_ Scrub Oak +_Eriogonum fasciculatum_ California Buckwheat +_Umbellularia californica_ Bay, California-laurel +_Ribes nevadense_ Gooseberry +_R. indecorum_ Currant +_R. Roezlii_ Currant +_Plantanus racemosa_ Sycamore +_Rubus vitifolius_ Western Blackberry +_Cercocarpus ledifolius_ Mountain Mahogany +_C. betuloides_ Mountain Mahogany +_Adenostoma fasciculatum_ Greasewood +_Purshia glandulosa_ Antelope-brush +_Prunus virginiana_ Choke Cherry +_P. ilicifolia_ Holly-leaved Cherry +_Larrea divaricata_ Creosote Bush +_Rhus diversiloba_ Poisonoak +_R. trilobata_ Squaw Bush +_R. laurina_ Laurel Sumac +_R. integrifolia_ Lemonadeberry +_R. ovata_ Sugarbush +_Rhamnus crocea_ Buckthorn +_Ceanothus sp._ Lilac +_C. cordulatus_ Snow-brush +_Fremontia californica_ California Slippery-elm +_Opuntia occidentalis_ Prickly-pear +_Arctostaphylos sp._ Manzanita +_Salvia mellifera_ Black Sage +_S. apiana_ White Sage +_Lycium Andersonii_ Box-thorn +_Haplopappus squarosus_ +_Chrysothamnus nauseosus_ Rabbitbrush +_Baccharis sp._ Mule Fat +_Franseria dumosa_ Burroweed +_Artemisia tridentata_ Basin Sagebrush +_A. californica_ Coastal Sagebrush +_Lepidospartum squamatum_ Scale-broom +_L. latisquamatum_ Scale-broom +_Tetradymia spinosa_ Cotton-thorn + + +Coastal Sage Scrub Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Artemisia californica_ +_Salvia apiana_ +_Salvia mellifera_ +_Eriogonum fasciculatum_ +_Rhus integrifolia_ +_Opuntia occidentalis_ +_Haploppapus squarrosus_ + +This association is restricted to the Pacific base of the range, is +typical on the alluvium at the bases of the coastal foothills, and +usually grades into the chaparral at about 1800 feet elevation. When +seen from above, the rather level terrain of the association is broken +sharply at the mouths of canyons by dry washes, and is limited below, to +the south, by cultivated land. The coastal sagebrush is the most +characteristic plant of this association, occurring in all undisturbed +parts of the area. + +There are several habitats within the coastal sage scrub association. +These differ from one another chiefly on the basis of soil type. The +soil of the rather level sageland in most places is rocky or gravelly, +or, as adjacent to washes, it is finely sandy in texture, and supports +the major plants of the association. Most of the eroded adobe banks at +the bases of the foothills support these same plants, with white sage +being the dominant species. Locally, as in damp hollows or cleared +areas, there is grassland. Jumbles of boulders, sand, gravel, and steep +cutbanks, are characteristic of the channels of dry washes, these areas +supporting sparse vegetation. The fauna and flora of the washes are +distinct from those of surrounding sage flats. Because they are included +within the geographic limits of the coastal sage belt, however, the +washes are discussed along with this association. + +The abruptness with which one habitat gives way to another in this +association causes sharp dividing lines between the local ranges of +certain mammals. For example, in trap lines transecting dry washes and +level sageland two assemblages of rodents were found. That part of the +line amid the boulders and cutbanks of the wash took mostly +_Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus_ and _Neotoma lepida intermedia_, while +_Perognathus fallax fallax_, _Dipodomys agilis agilis_, and _Peromyscus +maniculatus gambeli_ were taken in the adjacent sage flats. The steep +adobe slopes of the foothills, which constitute the upper part of the +coastal sage scrub association, are commonly inhabited by _Peromyscus +californicus insignis_, which rarely occurs in the level tracts of sage +a few yards away. Thus, this association is not homogeneous with regard +to its rodent population; many of these species have local and +discontinuous distributions. + +The following list gives the results of about 500 trap nights (a trap +night equals one trap set out for one night) in typical coastal +sage-scrub association one-half mile southwest of the mouth of San +Antonio Canyon, at 1700 feet elevation. + +TABLE 2.--YIELD OF 500 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE COASTAL SAGE SCRUB +ASSOCIATION. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax fallax | 31 | 30.7 +Dipodomys agilis agilis | 20 | 19.8 +Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus | 4 | 4.0 +Peromyscus californicus insignis | 4 | 4.0 +P. eremicus fraterculus | 7 | 6.9 +P. maniculatus gambeli | 20 | 19.8 +Neotoma lepida intermedia | 9 | 8.8 +N. fuscipes macrotis | 2 | 2.0 +Microtus californicus sanctidiegi | 4 | 4.0 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +The list below indicates the catch in 200 trap nights in San Antonio +Wash, at 1700 feet elevation and within the realm of the coastal sage; +all of the traps were set in rocky and sandy main channels of the wash. + +TABLE 3.--YIELD OF 200 TRAP-NIGHTS IN SAN ANTONIO WASH. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax fallax | 2 | 5.1 +Peromyscus californicus insignis | 2 | 5.1 +P. eremicus fraterculus | 26 | 66.7 +Neotoma lepida intermedia | 9 | 23.1 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +The prickly-pear cactus is of obvious importance to certain mammals of +the coastal sage belt. This cactus is most common in disturbed areas +such as sandy flats bordering washes, eroded adobe banks, and land once +cleared by man. In these areas it is often the dominant plant with +respect to area covered, usually growing in dense patches each covering +approximately 150 square feet. It provides substitute nesting sites for +_Neotoma lepida_ in areas devoid of rock piles, and is probably the +major factor governing the distribution of this wood rat in the +sageland. Cottontails and brush rabbits use prickly-pear cactus +extensively as refuge. Their forms and short burrows can be seen beneath +many of the clumps of cactus. + +This cactus serves as food for many mammals at least in the fruiting +period in the fall. Usually only the fruit is eaten, but some pads are +chewed by rabbits. The fruit or seeds of this plant are eaten by striped +skunks, gray foxes, coyotes, pocket mice, kangaroo rats, wood rats, and +probably white-footed mice. + +The coyote is the dominant carnivore of the coastal sage flats. Many +individuals spend the day in the adjacent chaparral-covered foothills +and travel down into the flats at night to forage. + + +Southern Oak Woodland Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Alnus rhombifolia_ +_Quercus agrifolia_ +_Ribes indecorum_ +_Rhus integrifolia_ +_Rhus ovata_ +_Rhus trilobata_ + +This association is limited to the Pacific slope of the mountain range, +occurs in the mouths of canyons and on the floors of canyons, and +extends up the larger canyons to 4000 feet elevation or higher. In a few +areas on the flats at the coastal base of the range the oaks replace the +coastal sage. + +The large oaks forming an overhead canopy and the lack of much +undergrowth give the oak woodland a shaded parklike appearance. Few +brushy or herbaceous plants grow in the mull-laden soil beneath the +oaks. Some grasses, however, are present locally. + +Two habitats are found in the oak woodland: the pure oak woodland and +the riparian. Much of the oak woodland is in canyons and therefore near +streams or seepages. The larger streams have bordering growths of +alders, willows, and blackberries, inhabited by meadow mice and shrews +that are normally absent from the adjacent oak woodland. NEOTOMA +FUSCIPES MACROTIS and PEROMYSCUS CALIFORNICUS INSIGNIS are commonly +found in the riparian habitat, and _Peromyscus boylii_ probably reaches +peak abundance in the stream-side thickets and tangles of plant debris. + +The rather open floor of the oak woodland is relatively devoid of mammal +life. _Peromyscus californicus_ and _Peromyscus boylii_, the only +ground-dwelling rodents commonly found here, usually are taken near the +limited areas of brushy growth, or the shelter afforded by logs and +fallen branches. The paucity of shelter for small mammals seems to be an +important factor limiting rodent populations in the oak woodland. + +In the foothills of the San Gabriels the gray squirrel is restricted to +the oak woodland, even though this association may be represented by +only a narrow strip of canyon bottom oak trees. The presence or absence +of "bridges" of oak woodland between mountains which are centers of gray +squirrel populations and nearby ranges has probably been a major factor +influencing the present geographic distribution of this animal. + +The raccoon is the most abundant carnivore of the oak woodland, being +especially common in the riparian habitat. + + +Chaparral Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Adenostoma fasciculatum_ +_Rhamnus crocea_ +_Quercus dumosa_ +_Cercocarpus betuloides_ +_Yucca Whipplei_ +_Prunus ilicifolia_ +_Ceanothus sp._ +_Arctostaphylos sp._ +_Umbellularia californica_ + +This association is characteristic of the Pacific slope of the San +Gabriels and extends from roughly 2000 feet elevation to 5000 or 6000 +feet elevation. The ecotone between the chaparral and yellow pine forest +associations covers a broad elevational belt, with chaparral following +dry slopes up into coniferous forests, and conifers extending down north +slopes surrounded by chaparral. + +The chaparral association is characterized by tracts of dense brushy +plants. These plants are from three to ten feet tall, their interlacing +branches often forming nearly impenetrable thickets. Typically little +herbaceous growth is present beneath the chaparral, the ground being +covered with varying amounts of mull. + +The effects of fire, slope, exposure, and elevation, make the chaparral +association extremely varied with regard to habitats or plant +formations. There are nearly pure stands of greasewood on the lower arid +slopes; scrub oak, sumac, and lilac clothe less dry exposures; scrub +oak and bay trees occur commonly amid granite talus; and locally groves +of bigcone-spruce are found. Because of the many habitats present, and +the difficulty of collecting in the chaparral, less was learned of the +ecology of the mammals in this association than of those occurring +elsewhere. The distribution of several chaparral-inhabiting mammals +seems to be influenced by the distribution of locally characteristic +plants, for example oak and bay woodland, or greasewood chaparral. + +Several habitats within the chaparral community support few species of +mammals and few individuals. Possibly the compact, rocky nature of the +soil limits burrowing rodents, and the lack of herbaceous growth limits +the food supply. Steep rocky slopes in San Antonio Canyon grown to +mountain-mahogany and scrub oak were sparsely populated by _Peromyscus +boylii rowleyi_, _Peromyscus californicus insignis_, and _Neotoma +fuscipes macrotis_. Fifty traps set on such a slope for one night caught +only three _Peromyscus_. Traps set in tracts of greasewood brush on dry +south slopes at the head of Cow Canyon produced only California mice, +_Peromyscus californicus insignis_ Rhoads. + +Following is a list of the mammals taken in the course of approximately +600 trap nights in the lower parts of the chaparral belt. All of the +traps were set on slopes in San Antonio Canyon below 4000 feet +elevation. The list gives a general indication of the relative numbers +of rodents inhabiting one chaparral habitat: the arid greasewood-covered +south slopes of the lower chaparral belt. + +TABLE 4.--YIELD OF 600 TRAP-NIGHTS IN GREASEWOOD CHAPARRAL. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus californicus dispar | 4 | 10.0 +Dipodomys agilis agilis | 4 | 10.0 +Peromyscus californicus insignis | 25 | 62.5 +Neotoma fuscipes macrotis | 7 | 17.5 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +Heteromyids are evidently absent from the upper parts of the chaparral +association, but cricetid rodents are common there beneath heavy clumps +of lilac and in the talus beneath oaks and bay trees. The following list +gives the mammals taken in the course of about 200 trap nights in the +granite talus one half mile northwest of the mouth of Icehouse Canyon, +at 5200 feet elevation. + +TABLE 5.--YIELD OF 200 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE UPPER PART OF THE CHAPARRAL +ASSOCIATION. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Eutamias merriami merriami | 3 | 6.3 +Peromyscus boylii rowleyi | 38 | 79.2 +Neotoma lepida intermedia | 2 | 4.2 +Neotoma fuscipes macrotis | 5 | 10.4 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +The gray fox is the dominant carnivore of the chaparral association and +forages widely in all habitats. + + +Yellow Pine Forest Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Pinus ponderosa_ +_P. lambertiana_ +_Libocedrus decurrens_ +_Abies concolor_ +_Quercus Kelloggii_ +_Ribes nevadense_ +_Ribes Roezlii_ +_Arctostaphylos sp._ +_Ceanothus cordulatus_ + +The crest of the range, from the upper limit of the chaparral +association at roughly 6000 feet to the limited areas of boreal flora +above 8500 feet elevation, is covered by yellow pine forests. On the +desert slope of the range the coniferous forests which extend down to +about 6000 feet represent the best development of this association, +while the coniferous forests on the coastal side of the drainage divide +are often more or less diluted by chaparral elements. For example, +yellow pines on the Pacific face of Blue Ridge at 7000 feet elevation +often grow in association with scrub oak and mountain-mahogany. + +Few mammals are resident in the typical yellow pine forest as +characterized by dense coniferous timber and little herbaceous or brushy +growth. Here most of the species recorded actually find optimal +conditions in an adjacent habitat. The forest probably harbors surplus +individuals from adjacent preferred habitats, or, as in the case of +chipmunks and ground squirrels, the forest often serves as forage ground +while nearby brushy areas are utilized for breeding and shelter. The +abundance of birds in the timber contrasts strikingly with the paucity +of mammals there. The lack of a seed-producing understory, and the open +duff-covered stretches of ground on which rodents would be extremely +vulnerable to predation, probably in part account for the scarcity of +rodents. + +Within the general area encompassed by the yellow pine forest there are +two major habitats, namely coniferous forest and chaparral. The +species of plants comprising the chaparral of the Transition Life-zone +are different from those comprising the chaparral of the Upper Sonoran +Life-zone on the Pacific slope. In the chaparral of the Transition +Life-zone, basin sagebrush and snowbrush grow in extensive patches in +clearings in the timber. Dense thickets of choke cherry cover many damp +hollows, and these thickets harbor the houses of _Neotoma fuscipes_. The +food and shelter afforded by these chaparral areas importantly influence +the local distribution of rodents: for example, _Dipodomys agilis_ and +_Perognathus californicus_ in the yellow pine area are found only in +association with chaparral, being completely absent from wooded areas. + +The severe winter weather in this association must force many of the +mammals into periods of inactivity. Probably during the long periods in +the winter when snow covers the ground the heteromyids and sciurids +remain below ground. + + +Pinyon-Juniper Woodland Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Pinus monophylla_ +_Juniperus californica_ +_Quercus dumosa var. turbinella_ +_Purshia glandulosa_ +_Fremontia californica_ +_Cercocarpus ledifolius_ +_Yucca Whipplei_ + +In the San Gabriel Mountains this association is limited to the desert +slope and reaches its lower limit at the bases of the foothills and +extends up to the lower edge of the yellow pine forests. The altitudinal +extent of the pinyon-juniper association is from roughly 4000 to 6000 +feet elevation. + +Several habitats are evident within the pinyon-juniper belt. On north +slopes in the upper part of this association, scattered stands of pinyon +pines are found with dense patches of scrub oak intervening, while on +other such slopes a dense chaparral is present, consisting primarily of +scrub oak, mountain-mahogany, and California slippery-elm. In this type +of chaparral several hundred trap nights yielded only two rodent +species: _Neotoma fuscipes simplex_ and _Peromyscus truei montipinoris_. +There are few pinyons on the south slopes, especially in the lower parts +of the association; many of these slopes are clothed with an open growth +of manzanita and yucca, while northern exposures there support mostly +scrub oak. Many of the flats of the pinyon belt are grown to basin +sagebrush. + +Following is a list of the mammals taken in about 400 trap nights at one +locality in the pinyon-juniper association. The area supported a mixed +growth of pinyon, scrub oak, mountain-mahogany, and antelope-brush, +together with smaller brushy plants, and was at the head of Grandview +Canyon, at an altitude of roughly 5000 feet. + +TABLE 6.--YIELD OF 400 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE PINYON-JUNIPER ASSOCIATION. + +===================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +-------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax pallidus | 3 | 11.5 +Dipodomys agilis fuscus | 9 | 34.6 +Peromyscus truei montipinoris | 10 | 38.5 +Neotoma fuscipes simplex | 4 | 15.4 +-------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +Although Munz and Keck (1949:101) considered the pinyon-juniper belt as +one association, on the desert slope of the San Gabriels pinyons and +junipers do not generally grow on common ground; but rather the juniper +belt represents a well defined habitat occurring between the pinyon +covered slopes and the flats that support Joshua trees. Because the +mammalian populations of the pinyon belt and the juniper belt are +somewhat different, the mammals of these areas are most conveniently +taken up separately. + +In the juniper belt the juniper tree is of marked ecologic significance; +the distribution of _Peromyscus truei_ and _Neotoma fuscipes_ is +determined here by the presence of junipers. At certain times of year +the fruit of this plant is eaten by coyotes, kangaroo rats, and wood +rats. + +The list below indicates the results of approximately 500 trap nights in +the juniper belt near Mescal Canyon, between 4000 and 5000 feet +elevation. + +TABLE 7.--YIELD OF 500 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE JUNIPER BELT. + +====================================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax pallidus | 16 | 16.7 +Dipodomys merriami merriami | 3 | 3.1 +Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis | 36 | 37.5 +Peromyscus truei montipinoris | 22 | 22.9 +Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis | 12 | 12.5 +Neotoma lepida lepida | 2 | 2.1 +Neotoma fuscipes simplex | 2 | 2.1 +Onychomys torridus pulcher | 3 | 3.1 +--------------------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +PLATE 1 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. View of typical coastal sage scrub association, +showing in foreground white sage, and coastal sagebrush. The adobe banks +beyond are grown mainly to white sage. Small mammals are abundant in +this association, with _Dipodomys agilis_, _Perognathus fallax_, and +_Sylvilagus audubonii_ being characteristic of the area. Photo March 25, +1952, at mouth of San Antonio Canyon, 1800 feet elevation.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. View of a main channel in San Antonio Wash on +Pacific slope. The wash is a distinct habitat in the coastal sage scrub +association, and is the preferred habitat of _Peromyscus eremicus +fraterculus_ and _Neotoma lepida intermedia_. These rodents find shelter +in the piles of boulders. Photo February 2, 1952, in San Antonio Wash, +at 1700 feet elevation.] + +PLATE 2 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Southern oak woodland association. The open +leaf-strewn floor of the woodland lacks shelter for ground-dwelling +rodents and the population of rodents is small. _Peromyscus boylii +rowleyi_ is the commonest rodent. Photo March 10, 1952, in Evey Canyon, +2700 feet elevation.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Yellow pine forest association, composed largely +of yellow pines, white fir, and black oak. Photo April 27, 1952, at Big +Pines, 6800 ft. elevation.] + +PLATE 3 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. View of the sagebrush scrub association showing a +nearly pure stand of basin sagebrush. _Dipodomys agilis perplexus_ and +_Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus_ occur in this association, and +_Peromyscus truei montipinoris_ is present where this association merges +with the pinyon-juniper association. Photo April 27, 1952, in Swarthout +Valley, 6200 feet elevation.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. View of a pinyon pine woodland. This habitat +constitutes the upper part of the pinyon-juniper association, and is the +habitat of _Neotoma fuscipes simplex_, _Peromyscus truei montipinoris_, +and _Eutamias merriami merriami_. Photo April 27, 1952, in Sheep Creek +Canyon, 5500 feet elevation.] + +PLATE 4 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. View of the juniper belt. This habitat forms the +lower part of the pinyon-juniper association. _Perognathus fallax +pallidus_, _Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis_, and _Peromyscus truei +montipinoris_ are typical of this area. Photo April 27, 1952, at Desert +Springs, 4300 feet elevation.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Joshua tree woodland association. The +characteristic mammals are _Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis_, _D. +merriami merriami_, and _Onychomys torridus pulcher_. Photo January 4, +1952, 6 miles east and 2 miles south Llano, 3600 feet elevation.] + +The biota of the washes that cut through the juniper belt in and below +many of the larger canyons differs from that of the surrounding +juniper-clad benches. Because the washes are in the same geographic area +as the juniper belt they are discussed together. These washes on desert +slopes are densely populated by rodents derived from adjacent areas, and +support vegetation typical of higher floral belts in association with +xerophytic, typically desert, species. In a sense, the washes serve to +mix up the mammals of adjacent areas. For example, _Onychomys torridus +pulcher_ and _Peromyscus eremicus eremicus_, which are mammals typical +of the desert, were found in Mescal Wash above their usual desert range; +and _Peromyscus californicus insignis_ and _Peromyscus boylii rowleyi_, +which are chaparral inhabiting mammals, were found in the wash far +removed from their chaparral environment. Washes are evidently effective +agents in facilitating the dispersal of certain species of mammals. It +is easy to envision a species crossing hostile habitats _via_ dry washes +to invade suitable niches in an area which is geographically and +ecologically isolated from the original home of the species. +Approximately 500 trap nights in Mescal Wash, at 4100 feet elevation, in +the lower edge of the juniper belt, yielded the following mammals: + +TABLE 8.--YIELD OF 500 TRAP-NIGHTS IN MESCAL WASH (DESERT SLOPE). + +========================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +--------------------------------------+--------+---------- +Perognathus fallax pallidus | 5 | 4.5 +Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis | 43 | 38.7 +Peromyscus californicus insignis | 3 | 2.7 +Peromyscus truei montipinoris | 1 | .9 +Peromyscus boylii rowleyi | 2 | 1.8 +Peromyscus eremicus eremicus | 28 | 25.0 +Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis | 23 | 20.5 +Onychomys torridus pulcher | 4 | 3.5 +Neotoma lepida lepida | 3 | 2.7 +--------------------------------------+--------+---------- + +_Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis_, _Neotoma fuscipes simplex_, and +_Peromyscus truei montipinoris_ are probably the most characteristic +mammals of the pinyon-juniper association. + + +Sagebrush Scrub Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Bromus sp._ +_Artemisia tridentata_ +_Chrysothamnus nauseosus_ +_Purshia glandulosa_ + +This association is found on only the crest and desert slope of the +range between 5000 and 8000 feet elevation. There it characteristically +occupies flats and clearings in the yellow pine forest and +pinyon-juniper woodland. The dominant plant of the association is basin +sagebrush, and in many places this plant forms mixed growths with +snowbrush and _Haplopappus_. The low brush of this association is formed +by closely spaced bushes with grasses growing between. + +Because of its limited occurrence in the San Gabriel Mountains, this +association there has relatively little effect on mammalian +distribution. Locally, nevertheless, the presence of this association +governs the distribution of certain mammals. For example, on Blue Ridge, +islands of sagebrush amid the conifers provide suitable habitat for +_Dipodomys agilis perplexus_ and _Perognathus californicus bernardinus_; +and in Swarthout Valley _D. a. perplexus_, _Reithrodontomys megalotis +longicaudus_, and _Lepus californicus deserticola_ are seemingly +restricted to the sagebrush flats. + + +Joshua Tree Woodland Association + +MAJOR PLANTS + +_Yucca brevifolia_ +_Lycium Andersonii_ +_Eriogonum fasciculatum_ +_Tetradymia spinosa_ +_Ephedra sp._ +_Larrea divaricata_ + +This association is on the piedmont that dips toward the Mojave Desert +from the interior base of the San Gabriels. The widely spaced Joshua +trees with low bushes between, and the dry washes breaking the level +terrain below the mouths of canyons are typical of this area. Field work +was extended no farther down into the desert than about the 3500 foot +level, where this association was still dominant. + +Although the vegetation of this area is scattered and sparse, presenting +a barren and sterile aspect, the area supports a rather high population +of rodents. The soil at the bases of many large box-thorn- and +creosote-bushes is perforated by burrow systems of _Dipodomys +panamintinus_ or _Dipodomys merriami_, and those burrows abandoned by +kangaroo rats are used as retreats by _Onychomys torridus_ and +_Peromyscus maniculatus_. The mammals of this association are all +characteristic of the fauna of the Mojave Desert, with the ranges of +such species as the coyote and jack rabbit extending well up the desert +slope of the mountains. + +The mammals listed below were taken in 1948 in roughly 400 trap nights +in the Joshua belt, at an elevation of 3500 feet, one mile below the +mouth of Graham Canyon. + +TABLE 9.--YIELD OF 400 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE JOSHUA TREE BELT. + +====================================================== + | Number | Per cent + | | of total +-----------------------------------+--------+--------- +Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis | 36 | 59.0 +Dipodomys merriami merriami | 15 | 24.6 +Onychomys torridus pulcher | 4 | 6.6 +Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli | 6 | 9.8 +-----------------------------------+--------+--------- + +Populations of _Dipodomys merriami_ and _D. panamintinus_ fluctuate +widely, possibly in response to weather cycles. In November of 1948 +trapping in the Joshua belt showed that _panamintinus_ outnumbered +_merriami_ approximately three to one, whereas in December of 1951, +after a succession of unusually dry years, _merriami_ was the more +numerous. Further, _merriami_ occurred in the lower parts of the juniper +belt in 1951 where in 1948 it seemed to be absent. + +_Dipodomys merriami merriami_ and _Onychomys torridus pulcher_ are +diagnostic of the Joshua tree woodland association in the San Gabriel +Mountains area, since few individuals of either species occur outside of +this association. + + + + +ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES + + +Family DIDELPHIDAE + + +=Didelphis marsupialis virginiana= Kerr + +Virginia Opossum + +The opossum is common in and near small towns and cultivated areas at +the Pacific base of the mountain range and does not thrive away from +human habitation; extensive trapping in the coastal sage and chaparral +belts produced no specimens except immediately adjacent to citrus +groves. Pequegnat (1951:47) mentions that opossums in the Santa Ana +Mountains of southern California are in the lower parts of the larger +canyons, especially near human habitation. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: Claremont, 1600 ft., + 2 (PC). + + +Family TALPIDAE + + +=Scapanus latimanus occultus= Grinnell and Swarth + +California Mole + +Workings of moles were found on the Pacific slope of the mountains from +1600 feet at Claremont up to 7500 feet on Blue Ridge, and on the Pacific +slope beneath basin sagebrush in Cajon Canyon one mile from desert slope +Joshua-tree flats, but not on the desert slope, although moles probably +occur on that slope in some of the places where there is suitable +habitat. + +Near Camp Baldy in the sandy soil beneath groves of alders moles seemed +to be especially abundant. Although common on the coastal face of the +range, moles shunned compact, dry, or rocky soils. In the greasewood +chaparral one-half mile west of the mouth of Palmer Canyon, where the +soil was hard and rocky, mole tunnels were in soft soil that had +accumulated at the edge of a fire road beneath a steep road cut. The +assumption is that this accumulation contained insects attractive, as +food, to the moles. + + _Specimens examined_, 2: Los Angeles County: Camp Baldy, 4200 + ft., 1(PC); Claremont, 1600 ft., 1(PC). + + +Family SORICIDAE + + +=Sorex obscurus parvidens= Jackson + +Dusky Shrew + +Jackson (1928:124) recorded a specimen from Camp Baldy, 4200 feet, San +Antonio Canyon. + + +=Sorex ornatus ornatus= Merriam + +Ornate Shrew + +Both of my specimens were taken amid riparian growth on the Pacific +slope of the range. + + _Specimens examined_, 2: Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, + 3500 ft., 1; Cobal Canyon, 5 mi. N Claremont, 1800 ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi= (Coues) + +Gray Shrew + +One was taken in 1946 beneath a woodpile on the campus of Norton School, +two miles northeast of Claremont, and examined by Dr. W. E. Pequegnat. + + +Family VESPERTILIONIDAE + + +=Myotis yumanensis sociabilis= H. W. Grinnell + +Yuma Myotis + +A female was taken in lower San Antonio Canyon, 2800 feet elevation, on +September 27, 1951. + + +=Myotis evotis evotis= (J. A. Allen) + +Long-eared Myotis + +This species was observed and collected at several stations ranging from +2800 feet elevation in San Antonio Canyon, to Blue Ridge at 8200 feet, +and down the desert slope to 6000 feet at Jackson Lake. This +distribution encompasses most of the chaparral and yellow pine forest +associations. Within these areas, however, this bat shows marked habitat +preferences. + +Woodland habitats seem to be preferred by _evotis_. At several ponds in +lower San Antonio Canyon this bat was observed repeatedly as it foraged +over the water and coursed low between rows of alders and _Baccharis_. +At Blue Ridge in September, 1951, these bats foraged approximately six +feet above the ground beneath the canopy of coniferous foliage and +between the trunks of the trees. + +Most of the bats were taken by stretching fine wires above the surface +of a pond as outlined by Borell (1937:478). Collecting was generally +carried on until at least 11:00 p. m., and the time at which each bat +was taken at the pond was recorded, thereby making possible a rough +estimate of the pre-midnight forage period of each bat commonly +collected at the ponds. Usually bats taken at the start of their +supposed forage period had empty or nearly empty stomachs, whereas those +taken towards the end of their forage period had full or nearly full +stomachs. _M. evotis_ usually first appeared just at dark, well after +the pipistrelles and California myotis had begun foraging. The forage +period of _evotis_ seemed to begin approximately 30 minutes after sunset +and to end approximately two and one-quarter hours later. + +Individuals of this species were taken from May 4, to October 14, 1951. +A female taken on May 19, 1951, in San Antonio Canyon, carried one +minute embryo, and one taken in the same locality on June 8, had one +embryo four millimeters in length. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 12, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 11; Claremont, + 1100 ft., 1 (P.C.). + + +=Myotis volans interior= Miller + +Interior Long-legged Bat + +Although seldom found to be plentiful, this bat was recorded from many +points on both the coastal and desert slopes of the mountains. Specimens +were taken in the chaparral association in San Antonio Canyon, near +Jackson Lake among yellow pines, and in Mescal Canyon at the upper limit +of the Joshua tree woodland. Bats, probably _volans_, were noted over +sage flats at 8000 feet elevation on Blue Ridge. The only place where +these bats appeared to be numerous was Jackson Lake on the interior +slope; there, on September 19, 1951, _volans_ appeared with the +pipistrelles, and was the most common bat before dark. + +An individual of this species taken on October 28, 1951, in a short +mine-shaft in the pinyon belt at the head of Grandview Canyon was slow +in its movements and felt as cold as the walls of the tunnel. It was +late afternoon and the temperature outside the cave was below 40 deg.F. The +floor of the tunnel was covered with the hind wings of large moths of +the genus _Catocala_; _volans_ probably hung in the cave while eating +them. + +The series of _volans_ from the San Gabriels shows that the two color +phases of this bat both occur in the area. Two specimens from Jackson +Lake contrast sharply with the rest of the series in their dark +coloration. Benson (1949:50) states that color variation in a series of +_volans_ from a given locality may be striking. + +This bat was collected in San Antonio Canyon from 50 minutes after +sundown to two hours and 40 minutes after sundown. In this area these +bats did not visit the ponds in large numbers as they seemed to do on +the desert slope. + +A female taken on May 29, 1951, contained one embryo nearly at term. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 8 mi. E and 5 mi. S Llano, 4900 + ft., 1; 3 mi. W Big Pines, Swarthout Valley, 6000 ft., 3; San + Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 5. + + +=Myotis californicus californicus= (Audubon and Bachman) + +California Myotis + +On the Pacific face of the mountain range this bat was recorded commonly +below approximately 5000 feet elevation, where it seemed to be most +common in the oak woodland of canyons. On the desert slope it was +collected at Jackson Lake in yellow pine woodland, in Mescal Canyon in +the juniper belt, and bats presumably of this species were observed at +several points in the pinyon-juniper woodland. + +Individuals of this species were often observed foraging from five to +ten feet above the ground around the alders and _Baccharis_ near San +Antonio Creek, but they did not fly so low or so near the vegetation as +did _Myotis evotis_. Here they were taken from 18 minutes to 55 minutes +after sunset; this indicates an early and short forage period. + +This bat may be active even in winter. On February 8, 1952, in lower San +Antonio Canyon, a bat, probably of this species, was noted foraging; and +collecting in early November, 1951, yielded specimens. + +On May 22, 1951, a female obtained in San Antonio Canyon had one +five-millimeter embryo, and subsequently all the females examined had +embryos until June 12, when collecting was discontinued. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 16, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 2; Jackson Lake, 6000 + ft., 1 (PC); San Antonio Canyon, 3900 ft., 1; San Antonio + Canyon, 2800 ft., 12. + + +=Pipistrellus hesperus merriami= (Dobson) + +Western Pipistrelle + +This is the most obvious if not the most common bat of the lower coastal +slopes of the San Gabriels. In the spring and fall of 1951 individuals +were noted from 1700 feet in the coastal sage scrub association to the +white fir forests on Blue Ridge at 8200 feet elevation and were +commonest in the rocky canyons of the lower Pacific slope below 4000 +feet, and usually foraged near the steep canyon sides high above the +canyon bottoms. + +Pipistrelles were generally the first bats to appear in the evening, +although the times of their appearance were irregular. In April and May, +in lower San Antonio Canyon, they appeared from 28 minutes before sunset +to 30 minutes after sunset, with the average time of appearance eight +and one-half minutes after sunset. Like _Myotis californicus_ this +pipistrelle seemed to have a short and early foraging period. No +pipistrelles were recorded at ponds later than one hour and five minutes +after sunset, and usually they were not seen later than 40 minutes after +sunset. Most of the specimens taken later than one half hour after +sunset had full stomachs. More than 50 pipistrelles were captured at the +ponds in San Antonio Canyon; six were kept for specimens. This species +is probably present in the area throughout the winter. Pipistrelles were +active in early April in Evey Canyon, were observed in early November +in San Antonio Canyon, and on January 26, 1952, an individual was noted +foraging near the mouth of Palmer Canyon. They are probably not active +in winter on the colder desert slope of the mountains. + +Pipistrelles often foraged in loose flocks of about half a dozen +individuals. On many occasions these groups were first seen foraging +high up above the canyon bottom, then, as it grew darker, they descended +and foraged within 50 or 100 feet of the floor of the canyon. +Immediately before dark these groups seemed to have forage beats; one +minute several pipistrelles would be overhead, and the next minute none +would be in sight. + +A female taken in San Antonio Canyon on June 8, 1951, contained two +five-millimeter embryos. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 5; Evey Canyon, + 2400 ft., 1. + + +=Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus= (H. Allen) + +Western Pipistrelle + +This species was common in the spring and autumn of 1951 from the lower +edge of the yellow pine forest down into the belt of Joshua trees. In +early April on the desert slope at 4800 feet in Mescal Canyon, +pipistrelles foraged on evenings when it was windy but not cold. On cold +evenings (when the temperature was below roughly 45 deg.F) none was seen. On +windy nights the pipistrelles often forsook their usual high forage +habits and foraged 15 feet or so above the ground where the vegetation +and outcrops of rock broke the force of the wind. In 1951 no +pipistrelles were noted on the desert slope later than October 15. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 + ft., 4. + + +=Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus= Rhoads + +Big Brown Bat + +This bat was on the coastal slope from the sage scrub association at +1100 feet, up to 8000 feet on Blue Ridge, and on the desert slope down +to the upper edge of the Joshua tree belt at 4800 feet in Mescal Canyon. +It was the most common bat at the ponds in San Antonio Canyon in May and +June of 1951, but in September and October of the same year none was +obtained there. + +On the Pacific slope of the San Gabriels the big brown bats segregate +according to sex in the spring, the males occupying the foothills and +mountains and the females the level valley floor at the coastal base +of the range. Of 70 big brown bats captured in May and June of 1951, at +the ponds in San Antonio Canyon, only one was a female. A large colony +of more than 200 individuals in a barn near Covina, in the citrus belt, +was composed of only females. + +Times of capture of this bat at the ponds in San Antonio Canyon ranged +from ten minutes after sunset to two hours and thirty minutes after +sunset. Generally these bats came to the ponds in groups of several +individuals, and often more than a dozen were captured in the course of +an evening's collecting. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, + 2800 ft., 2; Covina, 1100 ft., 4 (2PC). + + +=Lasiurus borealis teleotis= (H. Allen) + +Red Bat + +One female was taken on September 30, 1951, in San Antonio Canyon, at +2800 feet elevation. The descriptions which the citrus growers of the +Claremont and Glendora vicinity give of the bats they find occasionally +hanging in their citrus trees accurately describe this species. Its +seasonal occurrence there is unknown. + + +=Lasiurus cinereus cinereus= (Pasilot de Beauvois) + +Hoary Bat + +Specimens were collected in spring in 1951 at elevations of 2800 and +3200 feet in San Antonio Canyon, on the coastal slope, and in Mescal +Canyon at 4900 feet, on the desert slope. Large, fast flying bats, +probably of this species, were seen at Jackson Lake, 6000 feet +elevation, on October 15, 1951. + +Hoary bats are present in the San Gabriels in the fall, winter, and +spring. In 1951 the last spring specimen was taken on June 11, in Mescal +Canyon; then collecting was discontinued until late September when the +first hoary bat was taken on the thirtieth of that month. From this date +on into the winter hoary bats were recorded regularly. They seemed to be +as common in early June as in most of April and May; possibly some +remain in the San Gabriels throughout the summer. + +In spring these bats seem to segregate by sex; of twelve kept as +specimens and at least an equal number captured and released only one +was a female. All were captured above 2800 feet. + +Hoary bats seem to have a long pre-midnight forage period, having been +captured at ponds from 21 minutes after sunset, to three hours and 26 +minutes after sunset. Generally those taken early had empty stomachs +and those taken later had full stomachs. On the night of May 24, 1951, a +hoary bat captured two hours and five minutes after sunset had only a +partially full stomach. + +On May 25, 1951, an unusual concentration of hoary bats was observed at +a pond at about 3200 feet elevation, in San Antonio Canyon (Vaughan, +1953). The day had been clear and warm, one of the first summerlike days +of spring. Beginning at 30 minutes after sundown hoary bats were +collected until two hours and 35 minutes after sundown; in this period +22 were caught and at least as many more observed. Many were released +after being examined, whereupon they hung on the foliage of nearby +alders to rest and dry themselves. This concentration of hoary bats may +have been due to a sudden beginning of migration with a resultant +concentration of bats at certain altitudinal belts. The warm weather +might have set off the migration. On evenings that followed subsequent +hot days no such concentration of hoary bats was seen. B. P. Bole (Hall +1946:156) observed a concentration of hoary bats on August 28, 1932, in +Esmeralda County, Nevada. + +Several captive _Myotis californicus_ in a jar next to a pond in San +Antonio Canyon set up a squeaking which seemed to attract a hoary bat. +Repeatedly the large bat swooped over the jar. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 12, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4900 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, + 3200 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 8. + + +=Antrozous pallidus pacificus= Merriam + +Pallid Bat + +The pallid bat is probably the most common and characteristic bat of the +citrus belt at the Pacific base of the mountains. Only once, on May 4, +1951, was this bat taken in the mountains. On that night two individuals +were collected at 2800 feet in San Antonio Canyon. All of the other +specimens and observations were from colonies in old barns and +outbuildings in the citrus belt where these bats are found in spring, +summer, and fall. + +The impression gained by examining many mixed colonies of _Antrozous_ +and _Tadarida_ was that the former greatly outnumbered the latter. For +example, a small colony of bats in an old barn near San Dimas Wash +consisted of about thirty pallid bats and five freetails. + +Large numbers of wings of moths of the family _Sphingidae_, and legs and +parts of the heads of Jerusalem crickets (_Stenopelmatus fuscus_) were +beneath an _Antrozous_ night-roosting place in a barn near Upland. + +Pallid bats were collected in 1951, from April 16 to October 17 but +probably were active in the area into November. + +Each of two pregnant females taken two miles northeast of San Dimas on +April 20, 1951, carried two embryos 4 millimeters long. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 2 mi. NE San Dimas, 1200 ft., 2 (1PC); Ontario, + 1100 ft., 4 (3PC). + + +Family MOLOSSIDAE + + +=Tadarida mexicana= (Saussure) + +Mexican Free-tailed Bat + +This bat, regularly met with in the citrus belt at the coastal base of +the range, occurred in small numbers with colonies of _Antrozous_, and +was once found with a colony of _Eptesicus_ near Covina. None of the +females taken in April 1951 was pregnant. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 2 mi. NE San Dimas, + 1200 ft., 4. + + +=Eumops perotis californicus= (Merriam) + +Mastiff Bat + +H. W. Grinnell (1918:373) mentioned individuals collected at Sierra +Madre (at the coastal base of the San Gabriels west of the study area), +and Sanborn (1932:351) reported specimens from Covina and Azusa. +Probably this bat occurs locally all along the coastal base of the +range. + + +Family LEPORIDAE + + +=Lepus californicus bennettii= Gray + +California Jack Rabbit + +This species was found in the coastal sage belt from Cajon Wash west to +San Gabriel Canyon and was most plentiful in thin stands of sagebrush, +and in and around citrus groves. Because of their preference for +semi-open country, jack rabbits are absent from much of the coastal belt +of sagebrush where the brush is fairly continuous, and they never were +observed in the chaparral association. + +Coyotes catch many jack rabbits and regularly forage around the foothill +borders of the citrus groves for cottontails and jack rabbits. + +A female examined on February 19, 1951, was pregnant, and one taken on +March 15, 1951, carried three small embryos. + + _Specimens examined._--San Bernardino County: 2 mi. NW Upland, + 1600 ft., 3 (PC). + + +=Lepus californicus deserticola= Mearns + +California Jack Rabbit + +There was sign of jack rabbits along the desert slope of the San +Gabriels up to about 6700 feet, one-half mile west of Big Pines. They +were fairly common in the Joshua tree belt, occurred less commonly in +the juniper belt, and were present locally in small numbers in the +pinyon-juniper association. + +The population seemed to be at a low ebb from 1948 to 1952, when field +work was done on the desert slope. I often hiked for an hour or more on +the desert or juniper-covered benches without seeing a jack rabbit. The +species was commoner in washes where as many as eleven were noted in two +hours' hiking. + +In December, 1951, below Graham Canyon, the leaves on large areas of +many nearly recumbent Joshua trees had been gnawed down to their bases, +and jack rabbit feces covered the ground next to these gnawings. +Probably the Joshua tree is an emergency food used by the rabbits only +when other food is scarce. + +In years when the population of jack rabbits is not low they serve as a +major food for coyotes. In the Joshua tree belt below Mescal Canyon, +jack rabbit remains were fairly common in coyote feces, and tracks +repeatedly showed where some coyote had pursued a jack rabbit for a +short distance. A large male bobcat trapped in the juniper belt in +Graham Canyon had deer hair and jack rabbit remains in its stomach. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 4; Mescal + Canyon, 4800 ft., 3. + + +=Sylvilagus audubonii sanctidiegi= (Miller) + +Audubon Cottontail + +Cottontails are common in the coastal sage scrub association and in and +around citrus groves, but generally penetrate the mountains no farther +than the lower limit of the chaparral association. They are everywhere +on coastal alluvial slopes, except in the barren washes, and prefer +patches of prickly-pear and often are loathe to leave its protection. +After completely destroying a large patch of prickly-pear in the course +of examining a wood rat house in the center of the cactus, I found +hiding, in the main nest chamber of the house, a cottontail that dashed +from its hiding place only when poked forceably with the handle of a +hoe. + +Cottontails are seldom above the sage belt in the chaparral +associations, although along firebreaks and roads they occasionally +occur there. Habitually cottontails escape predators in partly open +terrain offering retreats such as low, thick brush, rock piles, and +cactus patches; but on open ground beneath dense chaparral, cottontails +may be vulnerable to predation. + +Examinations of feces and stomach contents of the coyote reveals that it +preys more heavily on cottontails than on any other wild species. +Remains of several cottontails eaten by raptors were found in the sage +belt. + +In April, 1951, many young cottontails were found dead on roads in the +sage belt, and a newly born cottontail was in the stomach of a coyote +trapped four miles north of Claremont, on February 7, 1952. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 3, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: mouth of San Antonio Canyon, 2000 ft., 1 (PC). + San Bernardino County: 2 mi. NW Upland, 1600 ft., 2 (PC). + + +=Sylvilagus audubonii arizonae= (J. A. Allen) + +Audubon Cottontail + +This subspecies was recorded on the interior slope from 5200 feet +elevation, as at the head of Grandview Canyon, down into the desert, and +was common in the sagebrush flats of the upper pinyon-juniper +association. Piles of feces under thick oak and mountain-mahogany +chaparral indicated that the rabbits often sought shelter there. +Adequate cover is a requirement for this rabbit on the desert slope of +the San Gabriels; in the juniper and Joshua tree belts the species +occurs in washes where there is fairly heavy brush, and only +occasionally elsewhere. In the foothills, when frightened from cover in +one small wash cottontails often run up over an adjacent low ridge and +seek cover in the brush of the next wash. In the wash below Graham +Canyon tracks and observations showed that cottontails were taking +refuge in deserted burrows of kit foxes. + +In the pinyon-juniper association cottontails and jack rabbits probably +occur in roughly equal numbers, but in the Joshua tree belt cottontails +seem far less numerous than jack rabbits. In the course of a two hour +hike in lower Mescal Wash, at about 3500 feet, eleven jack rabbits and +two cottontails were noted. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 2, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 1; Mescal + Canyon, 4800 ft., 1. + + +=Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens= (J. A. Allen) + +Brush Rabbit + +Brush rabbits inhabit the Pacific slope of the mountains from about 1200 +feet in the coastal sagebrush belt up to at least 4500 feet in the +chaparral, and are the only lagomorphs found commonly above the lower +edge of the chaparral association. Here they were often on steep slopes +beneath extensive and nearly impenetrable tracts of chaparral. + +The ecologic niche of the brush rabbit is in brush where the plants form +continuous thickets with little open ground. In the coastal sagebrush +flats, areas supporting only scattered bushes are uninhabited by brush +rabbits, while areas grown to extensive tracts of brush harbor them. +When the brush rabbit's mode of escape from its enemies is considered, +the reason for their habitat preference becomes more clear. Almost +invariably these rabbits seek escape by running through the densest +portions of the brush, never appearing in the open; in this way they +travel quickly away from the source of danger without being observed. +Because they avoid being seen in the open, and do not seek safety +largely through running ability, they need continuous stretches of brush +for escape. While hunting in the coastal sagebrush belt I have +repeatedly seen frightened brush rabbits turn and dart beneath the +bushes a few feet from a human being rather than be driven into the +open. + +A great horned owl shot in March, 1951, in the sage belt, had in its +stomach the remains of a freshly killed adult brush rabbit. Although +coyotes and brush rabbits often occur in the same general sections of +the sage flats, remains of these rabbits have been notably scarce in +coyote feces from these areas. This is probably because the coyote hunts +along clearings and in open brushland, precisely the type of habitat +avoided by brush rabbits. + + +Family SCIURIDAE + + +=Sciurus griseus anthonyi= Mearns + +Western Gray Squirrel + +Gray squirrels were on both slopes of the San Gabriels in oak woodland. +A gray squirrel was observed in April of 1948, as it climbed a telephone +pole adjacent to an orange grove near Cucamonga. This, and one noted +bounding up a slope of greasewood chaparral near Cattle Canyon, were the +only gray squirrels seen in areas which were not grown to oaks or +adjacent to oak woodland. In the lower foothills gray squirrels were +invariably found in association with valley oak, this plant forming +limited woodland areas in canyon bottoms. In the upper chaparral +association the squirrels frequented the large scrub oaks growing on +talus slopes and canyon sides. In the yellow pine woodland, gray +squirrels are restricted to black oaks, often where they formed mixed +stands with the conifers. On the interior slope these squirrels were +found only at the lower edge of the yellow pine woodland where black +oaks are common. There, in the vicinity of Big Pines, they were present +between roughly 5800 and 7000 feet, while on the Pacific slope they +inhabited oak woodland from 1600 feet to about 7000 feet elevation. + +In Live Oak Canyon in December of 1950, tracks indicated that a bobcat +had killed a gray squirrel in a small draw beneath the oaks. In Evey +Canyon on March 6, 1951, while watching for bats at late twilight, I +observed a gray squirrel traveling through the branches of a nearby oak. +A great horned owl glided into the oak in an attempt to catch the +squirrel, which leaped quickly into a dense mass of foliage and escaped. +For roughly ten minutes the owl perched in the oak watching its intended +prey, then flew off down the canyon amid frantic scolding by the +squirrel. + +On March 17, 1951, a female gray squirrel taken at about 3500 feet +elevation in San Antonio Canyon contained two embryos, each roughly 40 +millimeters long. + + +=Spermophilus beecheyi beecheyi= (Richardson) + +Beechey Ground Squirrel + +From the coastal sage belt, into the yellow pine forest of the Pacific +slope, this species is common on land cleared by man or disturbed in the +course of construction, or on severely eroded slopes where the original +climax vegetation is partly or completely absent. Thus in the sage belt, +ground squirrels live along dirt roads through the brush, on the heavily +eroded banks often found in the foothills, on land grazed closely by +sheep, and in those parts of major washes such as San Antonio and +Cucamonga washes where scatterings of huge boulders offer prominent +vantage points. In San Antonio Canyon _Spermophilus_ was restricted to +the vicinity of roads and firebreaks, and an especially large colony of +at least forty individuals lived at a dump one mile southwest of Camp +Baldy at about 4500 feet elevation. Ground squirrels used burned stems +of large laurel sumac as observation posts. Because of a preference for +open areas offering unobstructed outlooks, ground squirrels originally +probably did not penetrate the main belt of heavy chaparral on the +Pacific slope of the range except in some of the large washes. + +In the spring of 1951 and the preceding summer there was a marked +increase in the ground squirrel population near Padua Hills as a +result of sheep grazing on approximately one-half square mile of sage +land. Grasses and smaller shrubs were eaten down to the ground, and in +some places coastal sagebrush and _Haplopappus_ were killed by browsing +and trampling. The area formerly had a sparse growth of bushes with +intervening growths of tall grasses and one colony of perhaps 20 ground +squirrels; but after the sheep grazing the area was open brushland with +large clear spaces on which the herbage was trimmed to the ground, and +had at least four colonies of ground squirrels as large as the first. +Also there were other ground squirrels established in various parts of +the area. Probably the dry weather in the winter of 1950-51 with +consequent retardation of the vegetation aided the spread of the +squirrels in this area. + +In the sage belt, most ground squirrels are dormant by December. In +1951, after a mild winter, squirrels were noted on January 25 near Padua +Hills. On February 8, 1951, males in breeding condition were collected, +and on March 16, a female taken near San Antonio Wash carried three +small embryos. In early March of 1951, ground squirrels were active at +4500 feet elevation in San Antonio Canyon. + + _Specimen examined._--Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E + Big Pines, 8000 ft., 1. + + +=Spermophilus beecheyi fisheri= (Merriam) + +California Ground Squirrel + +This ground squirrel inhabited the desert slope of the mountains up to +5000 feet elevation, and was most common in the juniper belt; burrows +often were made under large junipers. In May, 1949, ground squirrels +were common in the rocks adjacent to Mescal Wash at an elevation of 4500 +feet. In an apple orchard near Valyermo, squirrels fed on the fallen +fruit in early November of 1951. + +No squirrel was seen in December, January, and February, indicating that +all were below ground in winter. + + _Specimen examined._--San Bernardino County: Desert Springs, + 4000 ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus= (Merriam) + +Antelope Ground Squirrel + +Antelope ground squirrels were common in the Joshua tree woodland where +they were noted up to 4500 feet elevation in Graham Canyon. None was +found on the pinyon slopes, possibly because of the competition offered +there by _Eutamias merriami_, or because the rocky nature of the soil +there rendered burrowing difficult. + +Although observed less often in winter than in summer, this species is +active all year. On February 6, 1949, in Mescal Wash, an antelope ground +squirrel was foraging over the snow which was at least six inches deep. +These squirrels were attracted to the carcasses of rodents used as bait +for carnivore sets, and caused a good deal of trouble by disturbing the +traps. + +Antelope ground squirrels used the topmost twigs of box-thorn bushes +extensively as lookout posts, and many of their burrows were at the +bases of these thorny bushes. This habit of regularly using observation +posts is well developed in each species of ground squirrel found in the +San Gabriels. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S + Llano, 3500 ft., 2. + + +=Eutamias speciosus speciosus= (Merriam) + +Lodgepole Chipmunk + +This chipmunk was characteristic of the most boreal parts of the San +Gabriel Mountains. It was recorded from 6800 feet elevation at Big +Pines, to an altitude of approximately 9800 feet near Mt. San Antonio, +and was common where coniferous timber was interspersed with snowbrush +chaparral. In upper Icehouse Canyon and near Telegraph Peak these +chipmunks were associated with lodgepole pines and chinquapin, and one +mile east of Mt. San Antonio individuals were often observed in thickets +of manzanita. This chipmunk usually shunned pure stands of coniferous +timber except as temporary forage ground. + +On Blue Ridge these chipmunks used the uppermost stems of snowbrush as +vantage points, and when disturbed ran nimbly over thorny surfaces of +the brush in seeking refuge in the tangled growth. + +In early November of 1951, these animals were not yet in hibernation on +Blue Ridge. They were noted on November 6, after the season's first +snows had melted; on November 13, however, a cold wind with drifting fog +kept most of them under cover, and only two were noted in the course of +the day. + + _Specimen examined._--Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E + Big Pines, 8100 ft., 1. + + +=Eutamias merriami merriami= (J. A. Allen) + +Merriam Chipmunk + +The lower limit of the range of this species, on the coastal face of the +range, is roughly coincident with that of manzanita--that is to say, it +begins in the main belt of chaparral above the lower foothills. _E. +merriami_ seems to reach maximum abundance amid the granite talus, and +scrub oak and _Pseudotsuga_ growth at the upper edge of the chaparral +association. It was absent, however, from all but the lower fringe of +the yellow pine forest association. + +On the desert slope _merriami_ was partial to rocky areas in the +pinyon-juniper association but was also in the black oak woods on the +Ball Flat fire road near Jackson Lake. Nowhere was _Eutamias merriami_ +and _E. speciosus_ observed on common ground. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, + 5500 ft., 2 (1 PC). + + +=Glaucomys sabrinus californicus= (Rhoads) + +Northern Flying Squirrel + +No specimens of this species were taken in the field work in the San +Gabriels, nor did I find any rangers or residents of the mountains who +had seen flying squirrels in the area. Nevertheless sign found in the +white fir forests in the Big Pines area indicated that flying squirrels +may occur there. On a number of occasions dissected pine cones were +noted on the horizontal limbs and bent trunks of white firs. These cones +were too large to have been carried there by chipmunks, and gray +squirrels were often completely absent from the areas. I suspect that +extensive trapping in the coniferous forests of the higher parts of the +mountains would produce specimens of flying squirrels. Willett (1944:19) +mentions that flying squirrels probably occur in the San Gabriel +Mountains. + + +Family GEOMYIDAE + + +=Thomomys bottae pallescens= Rhoads + +Valley Pocket Gopher + +This gopher was found below about 5000 feet elevation in disturbed or +open areas from Cajon Wash at Devore westward all along the coastal base +of the San Gabriel Range. In the lower part of the chaparral belt the +gopher evidently was absent from the chaparral-covered slopes, but was +common along roads and on fire trails. + +Burt (1932) and von Bloeker (1932) discuss the distribution of the three +subspecies of this species, _pallescens_, _neglecta_, and _mohavensis_, +which are in the San Gabriel Mountains area, and Burt indicates that +_pallescens_ grades toward _mohavensis_ in the southern part of Antelope +Valley. + + +=Thomomys bottae neglectus= Bailey + +Valley Pocket Gopher + +In the forests of yellow pine and white fir of the higher parts of the +San Gabriel Mountains the workings of this gopher were common, and sign +of its presence was found above 4500 feet on both slopes of the mountain +range. The rocky character of the coastal slope seems to limit the +occurrence of gophers, for they are not continuously distributed there. +On the desert slope they occur locally down into the pinyon-juniper +belt. + +In the vicinity of Big Pines, on the interior slope, these gophers +preferred broken forest where snow brush or other brush occurred; their +workings, however, were also found beneath groves of conifers and black +oaks. The abundance of earth cores resting on the duff indicated that +this species is active in the snow in winter. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 5, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4600 ft., 2; 3 mi. W Big + Pines, 6000 ft., 1; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8000 ft., 2. + + +=Thomomys bottae mohavensis= Grinnell + +Valley Pocket Gopher + +One specimen of this subspecies was taken on December 31, 1951, in the +Joshua tree belt, eight miles east of Llano, 3700 feet elevation. + + +Family HETEROMYIDAE + + +=Perognathus fallax fallax= Merriam + +San Diego Pocket Mouse + +This pocket mouse is restricted to the coastal sage scrub association, +and was recorded from Cajon Wash west to Live Oak Canyon. The mouse does +not inhabit even the lower edge of the chaparral belt, but in the +coastal sage flats is usually the most abundant rodent. In disturbed +parts of the coastal sage belt _fallax_ is less common, and was never +trapped in channels of rocky washes. Trap lines in the eroded adobe +banks of the foothills, where white sage and coastal sagebrush are the +dominant plants, took mostly these pocket mice. Although the soil of +such slopes is compact and seemingly is unsuitable for burrowing by +heteromyids, _fallax_ is the most common rodent. Because few burrows of +pocket mice were noted there, it is possible that the many old unused +burrows of _Spermophilus_ and _Dipodomys_ which honeycomb certain parts +of adobe banks are used also by _fallax_; some of these burrows +shelter _Peromyscus eremicus_ and _Peromyscus californicus_. + +These mice are inactive above ground in cold weather. In the sage belt +near Thompson Canyon, where this subspecies had been found to be the +most common rodent, none was trapped on the sub-freezing night of +December 3, 1948, although other rodents were found in usual numbers. +Individuals have been taken on nights of intermittent rain, yet none has +been trapped on freezing nights. + +This species is characteristically heavily infested by a large species +of mite. Usually these mites congregate around the base of the tail. + +On October 11, 1949, one lactating female and two carrying embryos were +taken. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 4 mi. N and 1 mi. E Claremont, 1900 ft., 5; 3 + mi. N Claremont, 1600 ft., 6 (5 PC). + + +=Perognathus fallax pallidus= Mearns + +San Diego Pocket Mouse + +On the desert slope of the mountains this species is found in the part +of the pinyon-juniper association that is between elevations of 4000 and +5200 feet. The mouse is absent from the higher chaparral and +pinyon-covered slopes, but is present on south slopes in the pinyon belt +where more open growths of pinyons and scrub oaks are interspersed with +yucca. I recorded this pocket mouse from the vicinity of Cajon Pass west +to Valyermo. + +The local distribution of _pallidus_ is striking because of its close +positive correlation with the distribution of yucca. On benches around +5000 feet, where yuccas are scattered in their occurrence, _pallidus_ is +nearly always taken near (often right at the base of) this plant. Lower +in the juniper belt the dry rocky south slopes supporting yucca plants +are well populated by _pallidus_, while adjacent flats, and north slopes +grown to antelope brush and scrub oak, are completely uninhabited. Near +the mouth of Grandview Canyon, on steep rocky southern exposures grown +sparsely to burro weed and yucca, one hundred traps produced in one +night eight _pallidus_ and no other rodents. Here many of these pocket +mice were trapped on large fractured rock outcroppings, where most or +all of the mice probably lived in the daytime in the deep cracks; in any +event no burrows were noted near these rocks. + +This species prefers barren slopes supporting yucca plants. These plants +produce large seeds which are staple food items for _P. f. pallidus_ and +other rodents during the lean part of the year, that is to say, late +summer and autumn. Many of the dry capsules of the yucca plants were +examined in October, 1951, and these generally still contained a few +seeds. Pocket mice taken in October usually carried in their cheek +pouches seeds of yucca together with some other material, and often they +carried only the seeds of yucca. Probably the wind shakes only a few +seeds out of the capsules at a time, thus tending to drop the seeds over +a fairly long period. + +Trapping in winter in the juniper belt revealed that these pocket mice +were not active above ground on nights colder than about 40 deg. F. On +nights when the temperature was about 36 deg. F. none was taken, but on the +one night in late December, 1948, when the minimum was 44 deg. F., several +specimens were taken. In this same area in May 1949, pocket mice were +the most numerous rodents. Because of their evident sensitivity to cold +weather, these mice must remain below ground for weeks at a time during +the cold weather of December and January. + +Specimens of _pallidus_ from the desert slope of the San Gabriels are +grayer (less brown) than specimens taken farther southeast in the Mojave +and Colorado deserts. Further sampling of populations of _Perognathus +fallax_ from areas adjacent to the San Gabriels might demonstrate +differences of sufficient magnitude to warrant subspecific distinction +of the San Gabriel population. Possibly, however, the San Gabriel series +manifests only local variation in the race _pallidus_. Grinnell +(1933:54) characterizes the ecological niche of the race _pallidus_ as +being "open, sandy ground, often ... surrounded by rocky slopes," +whereas these pocket mice in the San Gabriels inhabited gravelly or +rocky juniper-dotted benches. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 5 mi. E and 4 mi. S Llano, 4500 ft., 7; 2 mi. E + Valyermo, 4500 ft., 3; 4 mi. E Valyermo, 5000 ft., 1. + + +=Perognathus californicus dispar= Osgood + +California Pocket Mouse + +Mice of this subspecies were recorded from the lower chaparral +association below about 4000 feet elevation along the coastal face of +the San Gabriel Range. They were trapped on greasewood-covered slopes, +in mixed growths of white sage and buckwheat, and beneath scrub oak +and lilac chaparral; however none was taken in the heavy chaparral of +the upper parts of the chaparral association. + +One small juvenile in gray pelage was taken in San Antonio Canyon on +October 1, 1951. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 5, distributed as follows: San + Bernardino County: Lytle Canyon, 4000 ft., 2 (PC). Los Angeles + County: San Antonio Canyon, 3000 ft., 3. + + +=Perognathus californicus bernardinus= Benson + +California Pocket Mouse + +On Blue Ridge these mice were recorded between 7100 and 8000 feet +elevation. Here they were restricted to dense tracts of snowbrush and +sagebrush, often where these tracts were interspersed with, or beneath, +open groves of conifers. These mice seemed to favor areas where this +thick brush was broken by patches of open, grass-covered ground. Benson +(1930:450) records this subspecies from Swarthout Valley, near Big +Pines, at 6860 feet elevation. + +While setting traps for pocket gophers one mile southwest of Big Pines, +in September of 1951, I frightened a pocket mouse from its burrow. The +animal jumped into the tangle of interlacing twigs of a nearby clump of +snowbrush, and with great dexterity climbed into the center of the bush, +where it was lost to view. I was surprised at the facility with which +this saltatorial rodent traveled through the network of small branches. + +In winter, in areas inhabited by this mouse, snow covers the ground for +long periods during which these mice are probably forced to remain below +ground. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W + Big Pines, 7400 ft., 2. + + +=Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis= (Grinnell) + +Panamint Kangaroo Rat + +This rat is common in the Joshua tree and juniper belts, and locally +penetrates the pinyon belt at about 5000 feet elevation. It occurs +regularly along the entire desert slope of the San Gabriel Mountains. + +The upper limit of the range of this species roughly coincides with the +upper limit of the juniper belt, and within this range it was found to +inhabit areas having widely different soil types. It occurred on the +sandy ground of desert washes, the gravelly soil of the juniper-clad +benches, and the mixed sandy and rocky ground of washes in canyons. A +preference is shown by _panamintinus_ for fairly level ground. Rough +terrain or steep slopes are generally avoided, whereas rather large +colonies of these kangaroo rats are found in small flats of the desert +foothills. + +Below about 4500 elevation on the interior slope this species was the +most numerous rodent, and seemed to reach maximum abundance in the +Joshua tree association. About 500 trap-nights in the juniper belt near +Graham Canyon yielded 31 specimens, whereas about 300 trap-nights in +Joshua tree flats took 34 individuals. + +The cheek pouches of many specimens taken in early winter contained +green shoots of grass and little dry material. On many occasions rat +traps set next to wood rat nests beneath large junipers produced +_panamintinus_, and many of these animals had their cheek pouches +crammed full of juniper berries. + +In December, 1948, _panamintinus_ was trapped consistently on nights +when the temperature dropped to below 20 deg. F. On December 27, 1948, after +a three inch snowfall, tracks of this species were noted in the snow at +the mouth of Mescal Canyon. + +Parts of the skulls of this species were found in many coyote feces from +the desert slope. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 ft., 8 (6 PC); 2 mi. E + Valyermo, 4600 ft., 3. + + +=Dipodomys merriami merriami= Mearns + +Merriam Kangaroo Rat + +This kangaroo rat barely enters the area under consideration and is +almost restricted to the Joshua tree association, for only a few +individuals were taken at the lower edge of the juniper benches. This +species inhabits the Joshua tree belt all along the desert base of the +San Gabriels. + +As mentioned in the description of the Joshua tree association, the +relative numbers of _Dipodomys merriami_ and _D. panamintinus_ shifted +from 1948 to 1951, possibly concurrent with the seasons of low rainfall +in this period. Whereas in 1948 _merriami_ was decidedly less abundant +than _panamintinus_ in the Joshua tree belt, in 1951 the numbers were +reversed. + +In December, 1951, it was found by tending the traps in the early +evening that _merriami_ foraged fairly early before the ground had +frozen solidly. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 2 mi. NW mouth of + Graham Canyon, 3500 ft., 5 (PC). + + +=Dipodomys merriami parvus= Rhoads + +San Bernardino Kangaroo Rat + +One specimen of this subspecies was trapped on November 26, 1951, in a +sandy channel of Cajon Wash near Devore beneath a clump of scale-broom. + + +=Dipodomys agilis agilis= Gambel + +Pacific Kangaroo Rat + +This species was found below about 4000 feet elevation all along the +coastal face of the range and reached maximum abundance in the level +tracts of coastal sage. It was one of the most abundant rodents there, +usually being second to _Perognathus fallax_ in point of numbers. Large +colonies of kangaroo rats occurred locally on sandy ground adjacent to +large washes. The rats were found sparingly on the foothill adobe banks +and in the greasewood chaparral of the lower foothills, but in heavy +chaparral where a layer of plant debris covered the ground, such as on +north slopes grown to scrub oak and lilac, kangaroo rats were completely +absent. Thus, in the lower chaparral belt, this rodent had a +discontinuous distribution. + +The coyote probably is one of the major predators of these kangaroo +rats; remains of this rodent were often found in coyote feces, and +coyotes excavated many burrow systems in large kangaroo rat colonies in +the sandy ground near San Antonio Wash. The soil there is so soft that +coyotes probably were often successful in digging out their prey. The +shed skin of a large Pacific rattlesnake (_Crotalus viridis helleri_) +was found four feet inside the mouth of a kangaroo rat burrow; probably +this reptile preys on _agilis_. Great horned owls (_Bubo virginianus +pacificus_) come down nightly from the chaparral to hunt in the sage +flats. Beneath the perches of these owls I have found pellets containing +bones of _agilis_. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 13, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Wash, 1900 ft., 11 (10 PC); 4 mi. NE + Claremont, 1600 ft., 2. + + +=Dipodomys agilis perplexus= (Merriam) + +Pacific Kangaroo Rat + +All the specimens of this species from the desert slope of the San +Gabriel Range are referred to the subspecies _perplexus_. They were +taken in brushy habitats between the elevations of 4500 and 7400 feet. +Throughout much of this area _perplexus_ was found only in certain +restricted areas more or less surrounded by inhospitable ground. For +example, at 7400 feet on Blue Ridge, they were found occasionally in the +strips of sagebrush and lilac brush which locally capped this ridge. +Often these patches of chaparral on Blue Ridge were surrounded by areas +unsuitable for kangaroo rats: on the Pacific slope, talus, oaks, and +yellow pines prevailed; on the ridge scattered yellow pine groves were +present; and on the steep desert slope there were yellow pines and white +firs. In Swarthout Valley _perplexus_ was found in flats that supported +basin sagebrush and _Haploppus_, while the coniferous forests to the +south, and pinyon-covered slopes to the north were uninhabited. On flats +supporting antelope brush and juniper, _perplexus_ was often common, but +it did not penetrate the chaparral of adjacent slopes grown to scrub oak +and mountain-mahogany. In general then, _perplexus_ was found in fairly +open brushy flats or slopes, even where these were surrounded by +unsuitable habitats. + +Specimens of _D. agilis_ from the desert slope two miles east of +Valyermo are referrable to the subspecies _perplexus_. A series taken in +Cajon Wash at Devore, on the Pacific slope, is intermediate between +_agilis_, of the coastal slope of the San Gabriels, and _perplexus_ of +the desert slope, but approaches more nearly the later subspecies. Thus, +different subspecies of _D. agilis_ occur on opposite slopes of the San +Gabriel Mountains, with intergradation taking place in the Cajon Pass +area and probably also at the west end of the Mountains. + +Both scrub oak acorns and juniper berries were found in the cheek +pouches of this subspecies, and one immature individual taken in +Swarthout Valley had its cheek pouches stuffed with approximately 550 +seeds of brome grass. + +On November 13, 1951, at 7500 feet on Blue Ridge, a small juvenile was +taken; it must have been born not earlier than September. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 17, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4600 ft., 3; 5 mi. E Valyermo, + 1; 1 mi. E Big Pines, 6600 ft., 6; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W Big + Pines, 7400 ft., 2. San Bernardino County: Cajon Wash, 1/2 mi. + SW Devore, 2200 ft., 5. + + +Family CRICETIDAE + + +=Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus= (Baird) + +Western Harvest Mouse + +This species inhabited grassy areas of the coastal sage belt, and +reached maximum abundance on cleared land grown thickly to weeds and +scattered brush. The mouse was only locally abundant--being scarce +throughout much of the sage belt--but was found under contrasting +conditions. In San Antonio Wash the species was taken among rocks and +sparse weeds, at Palmer Canyon specimens were trapped on a barren ridge +sparsely clothed with greasewood and white sage, and also one mile E of +Big Pines in flats supporting basin sagebrush and a fairly dense growth +of grasses. The western harvest mouse was recorded from 1500 feet +elevation to 3200 feet on the Pacific slope, and at 6600 feet near Big +Pines on the desert slope. + +Those specimens of harvest mice from near Big Pines may be grading +toward the desert race _megalotis_; my series of specimens from this +locality, however, is too small for clear indications on this point. + +Individuals in juvenal pelage were taken on November 26, 1951, near +Devore. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 1 mi. E Big Pines, 6600 ft., 2; Palmer Canyon, + 2000 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1700 ft., 3 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus eremicus eremicus= (Baird) + +Cactus Mouse + +In Mescal Wash on the desert slope of the San Gabriels, this mouse was +one of the most abundant mammals and was the only rodent other than +_Peromyscus maniculatus_ regularly trapped in the barren channels of +washes. In Mescal Wash, at an altitude of 4000 feet, _eremicus_ occurred +along with the chaparral-inhabiting _Peromyscus boylii_ and _Peromyscus +californicus_. The two species last mentioned were associated with the +occasional large patches of manzanita, antelope brush, and other brush +of the wash, whereas _eremicus_ was trapped in the rocky and sandy +channels among scattered bushes of scale-broom. No specimens of +_eremicus_ were taken on the juniper-clad benches adjacent to the wash. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 + ft., 10 (4 PC). + + +=Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus= (Miller) + +Cactus Mouse + +This mouse was recorded from 1900 feet elevation, one mile south of the +mouth of San Antonio Canyon, to 3200 feet elevation in Cajon Canyon. +This subspecies is characteristic of the sage belt and shows a strong +preference for the rough rocky areas found in dry washes. Although in +many areas the channels of the washes are immediately adjacent to sandy +sagebrush-covered flats, _eremicus_ is not common in the latter areas. +Rocks seem to be essential to _eremicus_, for sandy areas in the +sageland which were devoid of rocks yielded only an occasional specimen. +For example, 100 trap-nights in the main channel of San Antonio Wash +yielded 23 _eremicus_ and only six other rodents; while in the sandy +sage areas nearby 200 trap-nights yielded only one _eremicus_ and 32 +other rodents. + +In lower San Antonio Canyon _eremicus_ seemed restricted to the rocky +canyon bottom, none having been trapped on the steep slopes nearby. This +subspecies occurs commonly, however, on the adobe banks grown to white +sage at the base of the foothills. There _eremicus_ occurred on common +ground with _Perognathus fallax fallax_, and was often the only +_Peromyscus_ taken. + +This species may be restricted by temperature; washes above 4000 feet +elevation, which seemed suitable were uninhabited by these mice. + +On December 1, 1949, two females taken at the mouth of Palmer Canyon had +well advanced embryos. A female trapped in San Antonio Canyon on +September 19, 1951, was lactating. Juveniles were caught in the sage +belt in October, 1951. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2500 ft., 1; San Antonio + Wash, 1800 ft., 5 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus californicus insignis= Rhoads + +California Mouse + +This mouse inhabits areas supporting chaparral on the coastal slope of +the San Gabriels below 5000 feet. In the chaparral it is usually the +most plentiful rodent, being dominant on slopes which have been burned +over and on which greasewood chaparral has taken over. On one such slope +at the head of Cow Canyon, at 4500 feet, this was the only rodent +trapped, although an occasional wood rat house was noted. Trapping +records gave the impression that this form was the most ubiquitous +rodent in the entire chaparral belt. Nearly every trap line, even in +such non-productive areas as oak woodland, took the California mouse; +and in many areas, as in thick lilac brush, this mouse was by far the +most abundant rodent. Specimens were taken on the damp ground next to +San Antonio Creek, and in the riparian growth. In San Antonio Wash the +California mouse was found in thickets of laurel sumac and lemonade +berry, or other large shrubs, but were absent from most of the adjacent +sageland. The one place where they were found away from heavy brush was +on a series of barren adobe banks, near Palmer Canyon, clothed mostly +with white sage. Here they found shelter in the unused burrows of +kangaroo rats and ground squirrels. + +The only place on the desert slope where this species was taken was in +Mescal Wash. There it was taken occasionally near the large clumps of +antelope-brush and manzanita which grew in the main channels of the +wash. + +Lactating females of this species were taken in October, 1949, and +February, 1950. Two pregnant females were trapped on February 25, 1950, +at the mouth of Palmer Canyon. + + _Specimens examined._--Total 16, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Wash (4200 ft., 4; 4300 ft., 1; 4500 ft., + 1), 6(2IM); San Antonio Canyon, 4500 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, + 3000 ft., 5; mouth of Palmer Canyon, 1900 ft., 4 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli= (Baird) + +Deer Mouse + +This species occurs from 1000 feet elevation to above 9000 feet +elevation on the Pacific slope of the Mountains, but although probably +the most widespread rodent in the area it is absent from many habitats. +This mouse reaches maximum abundance in the coastal sage scrub +association, particularly where the soil is sandy with scattered +vegetation--usually coastal sagebrush and black sage. On the foothill +adobe slopes none was trapped, nor have any been taken in most of the +chaparral habitats. A few _gambeli_ were trapped amid the talus beneath +growths of scrub oak and bay trees in San Antonio Canyon, at 4300 feet +elevation. On Blue Ridge, at elevations of from 7200 feet to 8300 feet, +this mouse inhabited areas clothed with snowbush, basin sagebrush, +currant, and scattered conifers, and was found sparingly in the +coniferous forests. Thus this species lives on contrasting soil types in +association with many different vegetational assemblages, from the +coastal base to the crest of the range. + +There is a rather wide variation in color in _gambeli_ from the San +Gabriels. Certain individuals taken in open, sandy coastal sage areas +are pale, some being indistinguishable from examples of _sonoriensis_ +taken in the pinyon-juniper association on the desert slope. Specimens +from San Antonio Canyon have somewhat darker pelage than those from the +sage belt, and than individuals taken on Blue Ridge. Possibly a large +series of _Peromyscus maniculatus_ from the San Gabriel Mountains would +show definite local trends in color of pelage. + +This species is active on sub-freezing and rainy nights as evidenced by +trapping results, and at Big Pines there were tracks around the bases of +conifers after a heavy snowfall in December, 1951. Several females +taken in the sage belt in October, 1948, carried embryos, and a +lactating female was recorded from Blue Ridge on November 13, 1951. +Juveniles have been taken in September, October, November, and December. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W Big Pines, 7400 ft., 3; 1 + mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8200 ft., 1; 4 mi. NE Claremont, + 1900 ft., 2; San Antonio Wash, 1800 ft., 3 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis= (Le Conte) + +Deer Mouse + +This subspecies is associated with contrasting types of soil and +vegetation. It is seemingly absent from the upper pinyon-juniper sage +flats and areas grown to chaparral, but is fairly common on the gravelly +benches dotted with junipers, and in the washes issuing from the canyons +on the desert slope. It is present in small numbers in the Joshua tree +association. + +In 1951 the numbers of _sonoriensis_ were noticeably less than in 1948; +probably this was correlated with the series of dry winters in this +period. In December, 1948, this animal was one of the most common +rodents in Mescal Wash, 200 trap-nights yielding thirteen specimens; but +in November, 1951, none was taken. In parts of the juniper belt, where +an average of about six _sonoriensis_ was taken per 100 trap-nights in +1948, the average had dropped to one per 100 trap-nights in 1951. + +Specimens of this species from the desert slope of the mountains have +been assigned to the subspecies _sonoriensis_. Those from Blue Ridge +tend toward _sonoriensis_ in color, and may be considered as intergrades +between this subspecies and _gambeli_. + +This species was active on nights when the temperature was as low as 10 deg. +F., and individuals were trapped in the juniper belt in December, 1948, +when four inches of snow lay on the ground. + +Gray-pelaged juveniles were taken on the desert slope in December, 1948, +and a female taken in Mescal Canyon on December 22 of this year carried +four embryos near term. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 8 mi. E and 4 mi. S Llano, 4000 ft., 6 (4 PC); + Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 5. + + +=Peromyscus boylii rowleyi= (J. A. Allen) + +Brush Mouse + +The main range of this mouse in the San Gabriel Mountains lies between +1600 and 6000 feet elevation on the Pacific slope of the Mountains, thus +encompassing much of the chaparral and oak woodland associations. It +was the most common mammal in the oak woodland association in the lower +foothills and often was trapped there on leaf mold beneath the oaks. +While trapping for shrews I regularly took this species in riparian +growth right down to the edge of the water. In San Antonio Canyon many +_boylii_ were trapped beneath logs and dense vegetation, and on wet +seepage slopes adjacent to the creek. + +This species shows a definite predilection for rocky habitats where +these occur in the chaparral. In heavy lilac brush near Camp Baldy +_Peromyscus boylii_ was outnumbered by _P. californicus_, yet where +talus slopes or boulder piles occurred _boylii_ was more numerous. At +the head of Cow Canyon amid boulders beneath scrub oak, bay, and big +cone-spruce, this species was especially abundant and no other +_Peromyscus_ was taken. + +Of special interest is the occurrence of this mouse on the desert slope +of the mountains; there it was taken beneath scrub oaks in the +pinyon-juniper association at the mouth of Mescal Canyon, and amid +boulder and debris piles in Mescal Wash at 4000 feet elevation. While +manzanita and scrub oak grew in the wash at the points of capture, the +animals were actually surrounded by the desert conditions of the Joshua +woodland, and associated with such desert forms as _Onychomys torridus +pulcher_ and _Peromyscus eremicus eremicus_. + +Immature individuals were taken in October, November, February, and +March, and a female with two large embryos was taken near Icehouse +Canyon on November 8, 1951. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 8, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 ft., 1; Mescal Canyon, 4800 + ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 5200 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, + 4500 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 1; Thompson Canyon, + 1800 ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Peromyscus truei montipinoris= Elliot + +Pinon Mouse + +Only once was this mouse found outside the pinyon-juniper association of +the desert slope; in November, 1949, several were collected near Cajon +in mixed manzanita, scrub oak, and greasewood chaparral. This was the +only _Peromyscus_ of regular occurrence in the pinyon-juniper area, and +was recorded from the upper limit of this association, near Jackson +Lake, at 6000 feet, to the lower limit of the association at the mouth +of Graham Canyon at roughly 4000 feet elevation. + +Although in the juniper belt _truei_ often occurs on common ground +with _Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis_, the habitat preferences of +these animals are generally complementary. Where the mice occur +together, traps set in a variety of locations caught _Peromyscus +maniculatus_, but typically traps set amid the brush or on the open +ground away from the junipers were productive. On the contrary _truei_ +was invariably trapped quite near the junipers and often in association +with the large nests of _Neotoma fuscipes simplex_. In fact traps set +right on the beds of litter beneath the junipers were most likely to +catch _truei_. Records kept of trapping localities show that _truei_ was +without exception trapped within twenty feet of some treelike shelter +such as junipers, pinyons, Joshua tree or scrub oaks. Thus _Peromyscus +maniculatus_ occupies the open stretches between the trees, while +_truei_ inhabits the ground beneath and immediately adjacent to the +trees. In Nevada the pinon mouse prefers rocky areas (Hall, 1946:520). +In the San Gabriel Mountains this mouse does not seem to have this +predilection. + +In the juniper belt _truei_ was second to _Dipodomys panamintinus_ in +point of numbers. In the course of 500 trap-nights in the juniper belt +twenty-two _truei_ were taken with thirty-six _Dipodomys_. + +I consider my series of _Peromyscus truei_ from the desert slope of the +San Gabriels to represent the subspecies _montipinoris_. The series is +closely comparable to specimens of the subspecies _montipinoris_ in the +California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology from the Mount Pinos area, but +differs from specimens of the race _chlorus_ from the San Bernardino +Mountains in certain diagnostic characteristics. In his recent paper on +_Peromyscus truei_, Hoffmeister (1951) considered the populations of +this species in the San Gabriels to be of the race _chlorus_. +Hoffmeister had only one specimen available from the San Gabriel +Mountains (Lytle Creek, on the Pacific slope) which was intermediate +between _montipinoris_ and _chlorus_, but on the basis of cranial +measurements it was referred to the race _chlorus_. Specimens of +_Peromyscus truei_ from the eastern end of the desert slope of the San +Gabriel Mountains and the Cajon Pass area would probably demonstrate +that the race _montipinoris_, which occupies the desert slope of the San +Gabriels, intergrades with the race _chlorus_, which occurs in the San +Bernardino Range immediately to the east, in the Cajon Pass area. +Although _montipinoris_ occurs on the desert slope of the San Gabriels, +_chlorus_ may occur on the Pacific slope. I took no specimens of the +pinon mouse on the Pacific slope of the San Gabriel Mountains. + +In December, 1948, many small juveniles were taken in the juniper +belt, and on October 15, 1951, two females trapped at the head of +Grandview Canyon had embryos: one three and the other four. On November +13, 1951, a partially gray-pelaged subadult female was trapped which had +recently suckled young. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 17, all in Illinois Museum of + Natural History, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: + Mescal Canyon, 4500 ft., 8 mi. SE Llano, 11; Mescal Canyon, 4300 + ft., 2; 6 mi. SE Valyermo, 5100 ft., 1; Grandview Canyon, 6 mi. + SE Valyermo, 5100 ft., 1. San Bernardino County: 1 mi. W Cajon, + 3200 ft., 2. + + +=Onychomys torridus pulcher= Elliot + +Southern Grasshopper Mouse + +Grasshopper mice seemed to be partial to the more sandy parts of the +Joshua tree flats where the mice were trapped regularly but not +abundantly. This mouse inhabited the barren sandy channels of Mescal +Wash but was rare on the adjacent juniper-clad benches. In the arid, +sandy washes this typical desert rodent penetrated the high +pinyon-juniper association. + +Wherever grasshopper mice occurred they were outnumbered by most of the +other rodent species. For example, on November 26, 1949, below Graham +Canyon, 100 snap traps yielded 10 _Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis_, 2 +_Dipodomys merriami merriami_, 4 _Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis_, +and 3 _Onychomys torridus pulcher_. + +Where abandoned kangaroo rat burrows were common in the Joshua tree belt +these burrows were used as retreats by _Onychomys_. Some traps set at +the entrances to old burrows caught grasshopper mice. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 8 mi. E and 3 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 1; Mescal + Wash, 4200 ft., 5 (3 PC); 2 mi. S Valyermo, 4600 ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Neotoma lepida intermedia= Rhoads + +Desert Woodrat + +This species was on the Pacific face of the Mountains from 1600 feet +elevation in the coastal sage belt, to 4800 feet elevation in open +groves of big cone-spruce and scrub oak of the chaparral association. + +The local distribution of this woodrat is determined by suitable nesting +sites. Although taken in different types of vegetation, _lepida_, +without exception, was associated with rocky areas or areas supporting +patches of prickly-pear cactus. In the channels of San Antonio Wash, +_lepida_ was commonly associated with jumbles of boulders and +boulder-dotted cut banks. There the vegetation is sparse, and the rats +dwell among the rocks; only their droppings and faint trails indicate +their presence. Among boulders _lepida_ builds only small houses of +sticks and debris, and even these only occasionally. The effect of the +prickly-pear cactus on the distribution of _lepida_ in the sageland is +striking; trap lines there yielded no woodrats where extensive rock +piles and patches of prickly-pear were absent, but many rats were taken +where patches of prickly-pear are plentiful. On an acre supporting +coastal sagebrush at the mouth of San Antonio Canyon, at 1800 feet +elevation, there were fourteen patches of prickly-pear, each covering at +least thirty square feet. In these patches there were thirteen occupied +woodrat nests. Only one patch lacked an occupied nest, and this one +contained the remains of an old nest. On this acre there were at least +thirteen individuals. In the sagebrush belt only an occasional large +patch of cactus lacks a woodrat house occupied by _lepida_. Seemingly +_Neotoma fuscipes_ does not build houses in patches of prickly-pear. + +Most of the houses built by _Neotoma lepida_ are small and simple as +compared to those of _Neotoma fuscipes_, and often in rocky areas no +nests are in evidence. The most elaborate nests are built among the pads +and spines of the prickly-pear and under laurel sumac or other large +shrubs growing near washes. One of three houses examined at the mouth of +San Antonio Canyon was on sandy ground in a patch of _Opuntia_ measuring +approximately 11 x 14 feet. The house was 14 inches high and 41 x 37 +inches at the base. It was built around the main stem of the +prickly-pear and a rock about 10 inches in diameter. The house was +constructed of sticks of coastal sagebrush and buckwheat, and was dotted +with dissected fruits and flowers of the prickly-pear. The main chamber +was arched over by the main stem of the prickly-pear and was roughly 12 +x 19 inches, inside dimensions, being reached through two three-inch +openings, one on the east side of the chamber and one on the north side +of the chamber. Two cup-shaped nests were inside the chamber, these +being constructed mostly of grasses, and each resembling a well +constructed bird nest 4 inches in diameter. The grass nests were free of +feces, but feces were piled up against the west side of the chamber with +many snail shells and dissected fruits and flowers of prickly-pear. +Thirty-five inches from the main chamber was a third grass nest on the +ground beneath a cluster of cactus pads. Next to this there was a blind +burrow about eight inches long, and one and three-quarters inches in +diameter. No burrow led to the main chamber, in this or in either of the +other houses, but all had at least one short blind burrow beneath the +house. + +At many houses there were one to three grass nests outside the house on +the ground, within four feet of the house. From each nest a well worn +path lead to the house. Traps set in these nests invariably caught +woodrats. + +The many prickly-pear fruits and snail shells in and around the houses +of _lepida_ probably were remnants of food. So many of the rodents +caught in traps near woodrat nests were partly eaten--usually the brains +were taken--that I suspect the woodrats of eating their relatives. The +heads of many composite annuals were piled near woodrat nests. + +Immature individuals were taken in September, October, and early +November, and on September 26, 1951, a lactating female was trapped near +Palmer Canyon. + +An old female bobcat trapped in Thompson Canyon had masses of cactus +thorns beneath her skin, especially about the forelegs. These thorns +were probably received while she was foraging in growths of prickly-pear +for woodrats. The other bobcats from San Antonio Wash also had +accumulations of thorns under the skin of the forelegs. Fragments of the +skulls of _Neotoma lepida_ were recovered from horned owl pellets and +coyote feces. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 4500 ft., 2; San Antonio + Wash, 1800 ft., 5 (2 PC). + + +=Neotoma lepida lepida= Thomas + +Desert Woodrat + +These woodrats were present in rocky situations along the desert slope +from the lower edge of the juniper belt down into the desert. Specimens +were taken in piles of boulders in Mescal Wash, and amid rock +outcroppings on the steep, barren, south slopes at the base of Grandview +Canyon, whereas none was found on the juniper-clad benches. + +This woodrat built no nests in rocky areas; however, in the Joshua tree +belt _N. l. lepida_ often built small nests at the bases of large +standing or prostrate Joshua trees. There sticks from creosote bushes, +along with cow dung and small stones were favorite building materials. +Judging from the large number of unused woodrat nests in the Joshua tree +flats it seemed that this rat was formerly far more common than it was +in the period of this study. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 4; Mescal + Wash, 4200 ft., 5 (3PC). + + +=Neotoma fuscipes macrotis= Thomas + +Dusky-footed Woodrat + +This subspecies was widely distributed along the coastal slope of the +mountains from the coastal sage belt, at roughly 1600 feet, up to 6500 +feet at the lower edge of the yellow pine forest and was most common in +the chaparral association. + +In the coastal sage belt these woodrats are restricted to wash areas +where large chaparral plants such as lemonadeberry and laurel sumac are +used as nesting sites. In San Antonio Wash the occasional large juniper +trees almost invariably harbor the nests of _fuscipes_. The general +absence of suitable nesting sites in the sage belt probably limits the +spread of _fuscipes_ in this area. + +In the upper part of the chaparral belt in talus these woodrats live +beneath the angular boulders and build no visible houses. Several areas +of talus occupied by woodrats were examined carefully and no sign of +houses was noted. + +Two juveniles were found in the stomach of a rattlesnake (_Crotalus +viridis helleri_) killed in May, 1948, at the mouth of Evey Canyon. +Remains of woodrats were found in feces of the coyote and gray fox. + +Lactating females of this species were taken on March 16, and October 2, +1951. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 4, distributed as follows: San + Bernardino County: Icehouse Canyon, 5500 ft., 2. Los Angeles + County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 2. + + +=Neotoma fuscipes simplex= True + +Dusky-footed Woodrat + +These rats were recorded from the yellow pine forests on Blue Ridge, at +8100 feet, down to the lower edge of the juniper belt, at 3800 feet. +Their presence there as elsewhere was determined by the occurrence of +adequate cover. On Blue Ridge they were taken in and near patches of +snowbrush, currant, and choke cherry, and one was taken beneath a pile +of logs where no nest was in evidence. + +The thickets of choke cherry in hollows on Blue Ridge were favored +house-building sites of woodrats. Among the tangle of branches large +nests were built, and in September, 1951, the remains of choke cherry +fruit and gnawings on the limbs of these plants indicated that woodrats +were active throughout these extensive patches of brush. + +In the pinyon-juniper association most of the large plants were used +as nesting sites, but scrub oak, seemed to be especially preferred. +Because it often grew in a twisted irregular form with the foliage +nearly reaching the ground, the oak offered good shelter for the woodrat +nests. In an acre of scrub oak and mountain mahogany brush one-half mile +north of Jackson Lake, at 6100 feet, thirteen occupied woodrat nests +were found. In the juniper belt, houses were of more irregular +occurrence, and were always beneath juniper trees, usually beneath the +largest and most widely spreading individuals. + +Those specimens from Blue Ridge, on the crest of the San Gabriels, are +intergrades between the coastal race _macrotis_ and _simplex_ of the +desert slope. Although specimens vary widely in color, comparison with +series of these two subspecies in the California Museum of Vertebrate +Zoology indicates that all specimens from the desert slope of the San +Gabriels are referable to the race _simplex_. Two specimens of this +species from the granite talus above the base of Icehouse Canyon at 5500 +feet on the Pacific slope, grade strongly toward _simplex_. Hooper +(1938:231) mentions that specimens of this species taken along the San +Gabriel and San Bernardino ranges may be intermediate between _simplex_ +and _macrotis_. + +At the head of Grandview Canyon, tracks indicated that a coyote had +foraged for about one half mile along the edge of a tract of dense oak +and pinyon growth. It seemed as if the animal had been foraging for +woodrats. A gray fox trapped near Graham Canyon, in the juniper belt, +had in its stomach the remains of a freshly killed adult woodrat. The +remains of an adult woodrat were found in the stomach of a rattlesnake +(_Crotalus viridis helleri_) obtained on the desert slope of the +mountains. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: 6 mi. E Valyermo, 5600 ft., 1; 1 mi. E Big + Pines, 6600 ft., 2; 1 mi. S and 3 mi. W Big Pines, 6000 ft., 1; + 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8100 ft., 2. + + +=Microtus californicus sanctidiegi= R. Kellogg + +California Meadow Mouse + +Owing to the paucity of extensive areas of grassland in the San +Gabriels, this is one of the least common rodents of the area. It +inhabits, however, even small patches of grassland up to 4000 feet +elevation on the Pacific slope, and is locally plentiful. For example, a +small patch of grassland amid the chaparral at the mouth of Palmer +Canyon supported many _Microtus_, and in San Antonio Canyon at about +3000 feet elevation meadow mice were found amid boulders and yuccas in a +small grassy area near the stream. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 3, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 1; Palmer Canyon, + 2100 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1800 ft., 1. + + +Family URSIDAE + + +=Ursus americanus californiensis= J. Miller + +Black Bear + +Eleven black bears were introduced into the San Gabriel Mountains "near +Crystal Lake" in November 1933 from the Sierra Nevada (Burghduff, +1935:83). I do not know whether or not there have been subsequent +introductions. There are still bears present in the higher parts of the +mountains, especially north of the study area, where they seem to be +maintaining their numbers. The grizzly bear that formerly occurred in +the San Gabriel Mountains was exterminated there some years before the +black bear was introduced. + + +Family PROCYONIDAE + + +=Bassariscus astutus octavus= Hall + +Ring-tailed Cat + +Large sections of the San Gabriel Mountains are uninhabited by this +species, while locally, in the chaparral belt near water, ring-tails are +common. Many reports of ring-tails were received from owners of cabins +and homes who reside in the canyons at the Pacific base of the +mountains. Because of the distinctive appearance of this animal it is +likely that many of these reports were accurate. The reports testified +to the presence of ring-tails in San Gabriel Canyon, Dalton Canyon, +Palmer Canyon and San Antonio Canyon. Hall (1927:41) lists specimens +from San Antonio Canyon. Kenneth Hill of Upland told me that ring-tailed +cats often have been trapped above that town near citrus nurseries that +are regularly irrigated. This species probably is not present on the +desert slope of the range. + +The only specimen that I took was a female weighing one pound and +fourteen ounces. It was trapped on March 24, 1951, among granite +boulders, beneath scrub oak and bay trees, near the mouth of Icehouse +Canyon, at 5500 feet elevation. + + +=Procyon lotor psora= Gray + +Raccoon + +The raccoon was one of the most common carnivores in the San Gabriels +and was found on both slopes of the range. Tracks were noted and one old +male was trapped at the base of the Pacific slope foothills at 1900 feet +elevation, and raccoons were captured at several localities from this +point up to 5500 feet in San Antonio Canyon. They were noted on Blue +Ridge at about 8000 feet elevation foraging around the camp grounds. On +the desert slope they occurred down to the lower edge of the +pinyon-juniper belt, for example near the mouth of Sheep Creek Canyon. + +Sign of raccoons was most often found near water; tracks, however, +indicated that these animals, along with other carnivores, used fire +roads for traveling through the chaparral. In a small draw one-half mile +east of the mouth of Thompson Canyon two raccoons were trapped although +the only water was a series of small, disconnected seepage pools beneath +the valley oaks. + +A raccoon freed from a small steel trap in San Antonio Canyon concealed +itself in an unusual but extremely effective manner. When released the +coon splashed up the middle of the small creek nearby to a place where +some dead alders had fallen over and shaded the water--here the animal +squatted down in the stream. The raccoon was mostly submerged, its tail +was floating, and its back and the top of its head and snout were above +water. With most of its body under water, and with the maze of alder +logs above casting a broken pattern of light and shade, it was well +hidden. When closely pressed the raccoon hid in the same manner several +times before it disappeared up a rocky draw into the scrub oak brush. + +In the autumn of 1951, raccoons fed on grapes at the Sycamore Valley +Ranch one mile south of Devore. The one specimen (P. C.) saved, an old +male from 1/2 mi. W Palmer Canyon, had remains of beetles in its stomach +and weighed slightly more than 13 pounds. + + +Family MUSTELIDAE + + +=Mustela frenata latirostra= Hall + +Long-tailed Weasel + +Several weasels were found dead on roads in the coastal sage belt near +San Antonio and Lytle canyons. + + +=Taxidea taxus neglecta= Mearns + +Badger + +I found no sign of badgers on the Pacific slope of the range, but James +Wolfort, employed by the state Fish and Game Commission to trap coyotes, +reported that in 1948 he trapped also several badgers at the coastal +foot of the range in the San Fernando Valley area which is west of the +study area. + + +=Taxidea taxus berlandieri= Baird + +Badger + +Many old badger diggings were found in the Joshua tree woodland and +pinyon-juniper associations of the desert slope, but none of the animals +was observed nor were specimens secured. Mr. E. A. Eberle who has +trapped for many winters in the vicinity of Mescal Canyon stated that he +caught badgers occasionally. + +I examined the skin of a badger taken at Llano which showed the +characteristic paleness of the desert subspecies _berlandieri_. + + +=Mephitis mephitis holzneri= Mearns + +Striped Skunk + +The populations of striped skunks in the San Gabriels center around +cultivated land at the Pacific foot of the range. Citrus groves, grape +vineyards, and areas once cleared by man are preferred to coastal +sagebrush flats. The cultivated areas now probably support many more +skunks than were there under original conditions. I have many sight +records of striped skunks which I obtained while driving through the +citrus groves at night. Only once was the striped skunk noted in the +chaparral; all the other records were from the coastal sagebrush belt. + +In addition to insects and small mammals, grapes are eaten regularly by +skunks in vineyards, and the fruit of the prickly-pear cactus is often +eaten. Near the mouth of Thompson Canyon feces examined in October 1948, +contained almost exclusively the remains of prickly-pear fruit. + +A male taken one-half mile south of Devore weighed five pounds and four +ounces. + + _Specimens examined_, 2: San Bernardino County: 1/2 mi. S + Devore, 2200 ft., 1. Los Angeles County: 3 mi. N Claremont, 1500 + ft., 1 (PC). + + +=Spilogale gracilis microrhina= Hall + +Spotted Skunk + +Spotted skunks are common locally in the coastal sage scrub association +and lower chaparral association on the coastal face of the mountains, +mainly between 1000 and 4000 feet elevation; but they have been reported +from Icehouse Canyon at 5000 feet, and I took one above the mouth of +this canyon at 5500 feet elevation. A few spotted skunks may inhabit the +lower desert slope of the mountains; here feces thought to be those of +spotted skunks have been found, and a bobcat trapped near the head of +Grandview Canyon smelled strongly of skunk. + +The spotted skunk usually was in rocky habitats. In the sage flats, sign +(mostly feces and tracks) usually was near rock piles and around human +developments such as rock walls, old outbuildings and houses. Specimens +taken in the chaparral were trapped near granite outcroppings. + +In the autumn of 1950, at my house near the mouth of Palmer Canyon, a +family of spotted skunks lived under the floors. Night after night they +scratched under the floor and chattered in high-pitched rasping notes, +and on several evenings one walked complacently into the living room. It +finally became necessary to trap and deport most of these skunks. In +all, nine skunks were trapped; these probably represented more than the +original residents. One male was descented and allowed to remain. It +spent most of the daylight hours asleep in an old shower room where the +many gaps between the rock work and the boards allowed him entrance. +Through no special efforts on our part he became tame enough to climb +over us in order to get food left on the kitchen sink, and he would eat +calmly while we sat only inches away from him. + +Feces from sage areas contained mostly remains of insects and small +rodents whereas many samples of feces from chaparral areas contained, in +addition, shells of snails. Feces examined represent all months of the +year. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: mouth of San Antonio + Canyon, 2 (PC). + + +Family CANIDAE + + +=Canis latrans ochropus= Eschscholtz + +Coyote + +Coyotes inhabit the sagebrush flats and foothills up to at least 4000 +feet all along the Pacific base of the San Gabriels. This species seems +most common at the foot of the range where large dry washes prevent +man from occupying the land immediately adjacent to the foothills, and +are the dominant carnivores of the coastal sage belt. Repeated +observations have indicated that although many individuals range into +the higher foothills they seldom are found deep in the major canyons or +chaparral slopes. Coyotes rarely occur at 3000 or 4000 feet in San +Antonio Canyon where it cuts into the realm of heavy chaparral; yet on +steep foothill slopes and ridges, which are adjacent to the flat land, +these animals range up to at least 4000 feet. Being hunters primarily of +rather open land many coyotes go into the foothills only to find daytime +refuge, traveling down dirt roads, ridges, and firebreaks, to forage at +night in the sage flats. Coyote feces from the foothills, at about 3500 +feet, contained predominantly the remains of such food items as +cottontails, chickens, and jack rabbits. These animals could have been +found only in the flats. This is additional evidence that coyotes do the +major part of their hunting at the base of the range. + +Observations of coyote tracks and trapping records have shown that these +animals hunt mostly in the more open parts of the sage flats. Coyotes +frequent areas of scattered brush, sandy areas, wash channels, and old +roads, and seemingly shun dense brush. Many coyotes actually hunt for +rabbits in the citrus groves near the foothills. On several evenings I +traced their howling to orange groves, and Mr. Kenneth Hill of Upland +told me of often seeing coyotes in his orange groves at night. + +The forage beats of several coyotes were discovered in connection with +trapping specimens of these animals. In January, 1952, two coyotes, +probably a mated pair, traveled nightly from the slopes immediately west +of Evey Canyon, at about 3100 feet, down into the sagebrush adjacent to +the west side of San Antonio Wash, at about 1700 feet elevation. The +route led down open ridges, then for about one half mile across a level, +cultivated plateau, and then swung over the eroded banks near the +lowermost point of the plateau onto the level sage flats. The distance +covered by this route from the foothills down to the flats was somewhat +more than a mile, with about a 1400 foot difference in elevation between +the daytime retreat and the nocturnal forage area. Another route, +seemingly used by only one coyote, was somewhat longer. This animal +followed fire breaks and ridges from above Thompson Canyon down onto a +fire road, and then into the lower end of Palmer Canyon where it entered +the flats. This route covered about three miles in coming from the +foothills to the flats. Feces of this coyote often contained the +remains of white leghorn chickens which had been found at a refuse pile +near several chicken ranches one-half mile from the base of Palmer +Canyon. + +Although no definite idea could be gained of the population density of +coyotes in the area, it was clear that in certain localities they were, +as carnivores go, abundant. After one large male was obtained in the +flats at the base of Cobal Canyon, at least two other individuals were +heard howling in this immediate area, and their tracks were noted +repeatedly on dirt roads. One night early in January, 1952, immediately +west of the head of San Antonio Wash, the voices of six coyotes could be +picked out separately from a chorus of coyote howls which came from +several different directions in the wash. + +Many field examinations of coyote feces left the impression that +chickens and lagomorphs made up the bulk of the coyote's food on the +coastal slope. To check this a study of 39 sets of scats collected at +various localities on the coastal slope was made in the laboratory, the +results being shown in Table 10. Remains of one of the three species of +rabbits, cottontails, jack rabbits, or brush rabbits, occurred in 72 per +cent of the feces examined. Cottontails, it will be noted, were preyed +upon more heavily than any other wild species, remains of this form +being found in 33 per cent of the feces. The prevalence of chicken +remains in coyote feces does not imply that these animals were killed by +the coyotes. All of the chickens could have been found dead in the +refuse piles of the many chicken ranches. In addition, the chickens were +raised in wire cages above the ground where they were nearly +invulnerable to predation. That coyotes may at times kill deer in this +area was suggested by the finding of tracks in the sand in San Antonio +Wash which clearly indicated that a deer had been closely pursued by a +coyote. The tracks were lost in a stretch of brush so the outcome of the +chase could not be determined. Near the mouth of Lytle Creek Canyon, in +November, 1951, coyote feces contained mostly remains of grapes from +nearby vineyards. Also, above Cucamonga, coyotes were found to be +feeding heavily on grapes. This must be a rather unsuitable form of +nourishment for coyotes, for many of the grapes in the feces appeared +nearly unaltered despite their trip through the alimentary canal. + +TABLE 10.--RESULTS OF EXAMINATIONS OF THIRTY-NINE SETS OF COYOTE FECES +FROM THE PACIFIC SLOPE OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. FECES WERE +DEPOSITED IN AUTUMN AND WINTER (SEPTEMBER TO FEBRUARY). + +=================================================================== + | Number of | + | sets of feces | Percentages + Food item | which contained | of occurrence[A] + | food item | +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +chicken | 18 | 46.2 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Sylvilagus audubonii | 13 | 33.3 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Lepus californicus | 10 | 25.6 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Sylvilagus bachmani | 5 | 12.8 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Odocoileus hemionus | 5 | 12.8 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +rodents (unidentified) | 5 | 12.8 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Dipodomys agilis | 4 | 10.3 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Neotoma species | 3 | 7.7 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Mephitis mephitis | 3 | 7.7 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Carrion beetle | 2 | 5.1 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +passerine bird | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +bot fly larva | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +snail shell | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +scorpion | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Jerusalem cricket | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +sheep hair | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Lynx rufus | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Kitten of wildcat or housecat | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +Lophortyx californica | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +grapes | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ +grass | 1 | 2.67 +------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ + +[Footnote A: This is an expression, in percentage, of the number of sets +of feces which contained the particular food item out of the total of +thirty-nine sets examined.] + +The six coyotes taken on the Pacific slope are fairly uniform in +coloration; the occurrence of white tipping on the tails of most of the +specimens, instead of the usual solid black tip, is notable. Three +skins, those of a male and two females, have patches of white hairs at +the tips of the tails; two skins, of a male and a female, show only +scattered white hairs at the tips of the tails; and the skin of one +female has a solidly black-tipped tail. An additional female, trapped +by David Leighton in Thompson Canyon, had a large patch of white hairs +at the tip of the tail. Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale (1937:501) mention +that only an occasional individual (female?) has a white-tipped tail. + +Weights are available for four specimens: two coyotes trapped in San +Antonio Wash, a male and a female, weighed 20.5 and 23.2 pounds +respectively; a female from the mouth of San Antonio Canyon weighed 21.6 +pounds; and a large male from the mouth of Thompson Canyon weighed 29.3 +pounds. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Live Oak Canyon, 3000 ft., 1; mouth of San + Antonio Canyon, 2000 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1600 ft., 2; 4 + mi. NE Claremont, 1600 ft., 1; 3 mi. NE Claremont, 1600 ft., 1. + +TABLE 11.--CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF CANIS LATRANS OCHROPUS FROM THE +COASTAL SLOPE OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. + +====================================================================== + | Four females | Two males + | Averages Extremes | Averages Extremes +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Condylobasal length | 180.67 174.2-183.3 | 188.35 179.2-197.5 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Palatal length | 91.57 88.0-95.0 | 97.15 91.6-102.7 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Zygomatic breadth | 90.15 88.9-92.0 | 95.60 88.8-102.5 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Interorbital breadth | 29.12 27.9-29.9 | 31.45 28.1-34.8 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Length of | | +maxillary toothrow | 85.00 80.4-89.80 | 88.00 83.4-92.6 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- +Length of | | +upper carnassial | 18.30 17.8-19.0 | 18.70 18.1-19.3 +----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- + + +=Canis latrans mearnsi= Merriam + +Coyote + +Coyotes are common on the desert slope of the San Gabriels below about +6000 feet elevation. They seem not, or only rarely, to penetrate the +yellow pine forest belt, but tracks have been found occasionally near +the lower edge of the forest, as at the head of Mescal Canyon. In the +more open parts of the pinyon-juniper association, sign of coyotes was +noted and they were the dominant carnivores in the juniper belt and +Joshua tree woodland. + +In the upper part of the pinyon-juniper association coyotes travel and +forage in sage flats, along ridges, and in sandy draws, avoiding the +extensive patches of scrub oak and mountain mahogany, and the steep, +rocky, pinyon-covered slopes. It is apparent that the local ranges of +the coyote and the gray fox in the pinyon-juniper belt are +complementary, the gray fox keeping to the more thickly wooded or brushy +parts of the area, and the coyote staying in the relatively open +sections. Probably there is little competition for food there between +these two canids. + +As evidenced by tracks, coyotes commonly traveled and hunted along +desert washes, probably because of the larger population of rodents and +rabbits there. Below Graham Canyon three fairly recently inhabited dens +of coyotes were found in the cutbanks at the edge of a dry wash in +December of 1951. The cutbanks were six to ten feet high, and the dens +were dug into the banks about three feet above the floor of the wash. + +On the evening of October 20, 1948, near Desert Springs, Steven M. +Jacobs and I set out a line of fifty wooden live traps for kangaroo +rats. That night we slept about 300 yards from the middle of the line +which was roughly three quarters of a mile long. When we tended the +traps the next morning we found the tracks of a coyote over our own +tracks of the previous day, and the first trap that had seemingly held a +kangaroo rat was chewed and dragged for about fifty feet. Each trap that +had held a rodent had been turned upside down so that the door had +opened. At one point in the line where we had walked for about two +hundred yards without setting a trap the coyote had followed every twist +and turn of our trail. The animal had followed out the entire trap line +and removed approximately eight rodents from the traps, reducing our +take to one _Dipodomys_ and one _Peromyscus_. + +Examinations of feces showed that in the period from 1948 to 1952, while +populations of jack rabbits were low in the Mojave Desert, the coyotes +had fed extensively on smaller mammals such as kangaroo rats, and to +some extent on fruit. By contrasting the present food habits of coyotes +on the desert and coastal slopes of the mountains support is afforded +for Errington's (1937:243) statement that predation is "a by-product of +population." On the desert slope, with low populations of rabbits, the +coyotes have turned to lesser species of prey; while on the Pacific +slope, where populations of rabbits were high, the rabbits made up the +major portion of the coyote's diet. On the desert slope, remains of the +following food items were identified from coyote feces: kangaroo rats, +mule deer, jack rabbits, passerine bird, manzanita and juniper fruit, +beetles, grapes and apples. Near Valyermo, coyote feces were composed +mostly of apples from nearby orchards. A female coyote killed below +Grandview Canyon had its stomach and intestines stuffed with apples in +large chunks. In the juniper belt, berries of juniper were often eaten +by coyotes. + +The three specimens of coyotes from the desert slope are clearly +referable to the desert race _C. l. mearnsi_, both with regard to +cranial and pelage characteristics. Although I collected no specimens +from Cajon Pass or the passes at the west end of the range, it is in +these places that intergradation might be expected to occur between the +desert race _C. l. mearnsi_ and the coastal and valley subspecies _C. l. +ochropus_, as the higher parts of the San Gabriels seem to constitute a +barrier to coyotes. + +A subadult female coyote taken in the Joshua tree belt near Graham +Canyon weighed 20.8 pounds. + + _Specimens examined._--Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 2 mi. S + Llano, 3600 ft., 3 (2 PC). + + +=Vulpes macrotis arsipus= Elliot + +Kit Fox + +The kit fox barely enters the area under consideration. In the Joshua +tree belt, below about 3500 feet elevation, tracks were most often noted +in washes and on the adjacent sandy ground. The highest place where +tracks were seen was a small sandy draw below the mouth of Graham Canyon +at an altitude of roughly 3900 feet. + +In the Joshua tree belt many old burrows were found but none was +occupied. I believe these foxes are returning to this area where once +they were common. In the winter of 1948 no sign of kit foxes was found, +although intensive field work was done in the Joshua tree belt in the +Mescal Canyon area. In December of 1951, in the same locality, sign was +obvious and an individual was trapped below Grandview Canyon at 3500 +feet elevation. Possibly since the use of poison for carnivores has been +discontinued in this district the foxes are repopulating the area. + +The one specimen taken, a sub-adult female, weighed two pounds and +fourteen ounces. + + _Specimen examined._--Los Angeles Co.: 6 mi. E & 1 mi. S Llano, + 3500 ft., 1. + + +=Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus= Mearns + +Gray Fox + +The gray fox is widely distributed in the San Gabriel Mountains, +occurring on both slopes of the range wherever extensive tracts of +chaparral are present. They reach maximum abundance in the chaparral +association of the coastal slope. Individuals have been observed +occasionally at night in coastal sage areas at the Pacific foot of the +mountains; however they seem to be less common here and probably come +out of the adjacent chaparral to forage in the flats at night. Gray +foxes occur all the way up the Pacific slope into the yellow pine +woodland at 7500 feet, and from 6200 feet elevation on the desert slope +down to the upper limit of the Joshua trees as, for example, near Mescal +Canyon at 4700 feet. + +On the Pacific face of the mountains the gray fox probably is the +dominant carnivore in terms of its effect on prey species, first, +because of its abundance, and second, because of its forage habits. Some +appreciation of the abundance of the gray fox may be gained from +trapping records. On a fire road at the head of Thompson Canyon, at 2500 +feet, two settings of traps about one-quarter mile apart were maintained +for four nights. In this time four gray foxes were trapped. At the head +of Cow Canyon, at 4500 feet, one trap set on a deer trail caught five +gray foxes in five nights. At the end of this time fox tracks were noted +about 100 yards away from the set, and another fox was trapped about one +quarter mile away. In addition to their abundance, the forage habits of +gray foxes are such as to bring them into most habitats present in the +chaparral association. Tracks and feces indicate that foxes forage under +dense brush, on open rocky ridges, in riparian growth, on talus slopes, +and in groves of big cone-spruce and scrub oak. + +Trapped foxes, if uninjured by the trap, were usually released. One fox +was released on a small trail through thick vegetation consisting mainly +of snowbrush. When freed, the fox whirled and darted through a patch of +snowbrush for about seventy-five feet, then turned and disappeared +beneath some large bay trees. Although the brush through which it ran +was dense, the fox seemed to run at full speed. The success of gray +foxes as predators in the chaparral is probably due in large measure to +their agility amid dense cover. + +The three specimens from the desert slope are referable to the coastal +subspecies, _U. c. californicus_, rather than the desert subspecies, _U. +c. scottii_. In all respects they resemble foxes taken on the Pacific +slope; cranial measurements are near the maximum for the large _U. c. +californicus_, and not small as would be expected if they were grading +toward the smaller _U. c. scottii_. Floors of desert valleys north of +the San Gabriel Mountains probably isolated foxes there from _U. c. +scottii_ found in the higher ranges of the Mojave Desert. Consequently +one would expect no intergradation between the coastal and desert races +in the San Gabriel Mountains. + +An old female trapped on March 18,1951, in San Antonio Canyon, had three +embryos each about 105 mm. long from rump to crown, and weighed 9.2 lbs. +The average weight of four non-pregnant females was 6.8 lbs., whereas +the average of six males was 7.5 lbs. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; 4 mi. E Valyermo, + 5200 ft., 2; Cow Canyon, 4500 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 3000 + ft., 1; Thompson Canyon, 2500 ft., 2 (PC); 1/2 mi. W Palmer + Canyon, 2000 ft., 3 (PC). + + +Family FELIDAE + + +=Lynx rufus californicus= Mearns + +Wildcat + +Wildcats range over the whole of the San Gabriel Range, with the +possible exception of the tops of the highest peaks such as Mt. San +Antonio and Mt. Baden Powell. Sign of these animals has been observed, +or specimens have been taken, from the coastal sage belt up to about +8500 feet in the yellow pine forests on Blue Ridge. The subspecies +_baileyi_ occurs on the desert slope of the range. + +Wildcats are most common in the chaparral belt where they forage widely +from the ridges down into the canyons. Judging from trapping records +bobcats are not so common here as the gray fox. + +Bobcats occur in the sage belt, where they are most common in the broken +country around washes and in brushy areas. Although bobcats and coyotes +occupy the same general areas here, the habitat preferences of these +animals seem to be different, with coyotes occupying the more open +country. An indication of the hunting habits of bobcats is furnished by +the occurrence of masses of prickly-pear thorns beneath the skin of the +legs, particularly the forelegs, of three specimens trapped in the sage +belt. These thorns probably were acquired while the bobcats foraged for +woodrats or cottontails in the patches of prickly-pear, which are +locally abundant in the sage belt. + +On March 12, 1951, a small subadult female bobcat, trapped at 4000 feet +in San Antonio Canyon, was found dead in the trap and had numerous deep +cuts around its head and shoulders, and severe bruises on the right +shoulder. The spacing of the cuts, and the tracks around the set, +indicated that while held in the trap this animal had fought with a +second bobcat that had inflicted the fatal wounds. It seems unlikely +that the fight was caused by a male attempting to copulate with the +female held in the trap, for the female was found to be carrying an +embryo. + +In Live Oak Canyon, in December, 1950, tracks and bits of fur indicated +that a bobcat had killed and eaten a gray squirrel. Remains of +cottontails were found in the stomachs of two bobcats. All six bobcats +from the Pacific slope had nematode worms in the pyloric end of the +stomach. + +Two females obtained on March 12 and 19, 1951, each had one embryo +approximately one inch long (rump to crown). + +The following list gives the weight of each of the specimens from the +Pacific slope of the San Gabriels. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 8, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 4000 ft., 1; San Antonio + Canyon, 3200 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft., 2; Thompson + Canyon, 1800 ft., 1; 3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft., 2; Little + Dalton Canyon, 1500 ft., 1 (PC). + +TABLE 12.--WEIGHTS OF LYNX RUFUS CALIFORNICUS FROM THE SAN GABRIEL +MOUNTAINS. + +===================================================================== + sex and age | locality | date | weight +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Female] ad. |3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft.|January 20, 1951|18.8 lbs. +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Female] sad.|4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft. |March 9, 1951 |12.5 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] ad. |Thompson Canyon, 1800 ft. |January 15, 1948|13.2 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] sad. |4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft. |January 26, 1951|11.3 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] ad. |3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft.|January 27, 1951|13.8 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] sad. |San Antonio Canyon, 4000 ft.|March 12, 1951 | 7.9 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- +[Male] sad. |San Antonio Canyon, 3200 ft.|March 17, 1951 |11.2 " +-------------+----------------------------+----------------+--------- + + +=Lynx rufus baileyi= Merriam + +Wildcat + +This subspecies is widely distributed on the desert slope of the range, +and was recorded down to the lower edge of the juniper belt. Tracks were +observed on many occasions in yellow pine forest, but wildcats seemed to +be commonest in the brushy parts of the pinyon-juniper association. Two +were trapped in small draws lined with pinyons and scrub oak, and two +at the base of rocky pinyon-covered slopes. Only occasionally were +tracks noted in the lower part of the juniper belt. Bobcats are most +numerous where woodrats also reach peak abundance, suggesting that +woodrats are a major food. + +The four specimens from the desert slope, although exhibiting a wide +range of variation, are all representatives of the desert race +_baileyi_. A yearling male from near the head of Grandview Canyon, at +5200 feet elevation, has the profuse black spotting of the subspecies +_californicus_, but the general pallor dorsally is characteristic of the +desert subspecies. An adult female, from 4700 feet elevation in Graham +Canyon, shows the double mid-dorsal black line and the distinct black +markings around the face characteristic of _californicus_, but is +otherwise pale with reduced black patterns on the backs of the ears. The +other two specimens, an adult male and a yearling female, are typical +examples of _baileyi_, pale, and with reduced black markings. None of +the specimens of bobcats from the coastal slope of the mountains showed +characters approaching those of _baileyi_. It seems, therefore, that +these two subspecies intergrade on the interior slope of the range. + +A yearling male weighed 12 pounds, and a yearling female weighed 10.5 +pounds. An old male weighed 19.6 pounds, and an adult female weighed +15.1 pounds. + +Remains of deer were in two of the bobcat stomachs, and one of these +stomachs also contained jack rabbit remains. Approximately a dozen +nematodes (stomach worms) were in the stomach of one of the larger male +specimens. + + _Specimens examined._--Total, 4, distributed as follows: Los + Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; Graham Canyon, 4700 + ft., 1; Grandview Canyon, 5200 ft., 2. + + +=Felis concolor californica= May + +Mountain Lion + +Several cabin owners near the mouth of Icehouse Canyon reported seeing a +lion in that area in 1950, and others said they saw huge cat tracks in +Icehouse Canyon. State Trapper James Wolfort reported that he trapped +two lions on the coastal face of the range in 1947. Authentic reports +indicate that mountain lions occur in remote sections on both slopes of +the range, and in these areas mountain lions probably are as common as +they ever were. + + +Family CERVIDAE + + +=Odocoileus hemionus californicus= (Caton) + +Mule Deer + +Mule deer are common in chaparral areas on both slopes of the San +Gabriel Mountains. The animals or their tracks have been observed from +the coastal sagebrush flats up to about 9200 feet on Mount San Antonio, +and on the desert slope down to the lower limit of the juniper belt. + +Deer are plentiful in the upper chaparral belt, and large bands are +often noted there in spring. These bands may form in the up-mountain +migration and reoccupation of areas which were covered by winter snows. +A band of fourteen was observed on March 17, 1951, one mile east of the +mouth of Cattle Canyon, and bands of about half a dozen individuals each +were often noted in March, 1951, at the base of Icehouse Canyon. +Cronemiller and Bartholomew (1950) gave a good account of the mule deer +in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. + +On Blue Ridge in the fall of 1951, deer were plentiful, usually being +observed near patches of snowbrush and sage. They were seldom found in +the coniferous forests. On November 6, 1951, while tending a line of +snap traps before sunup, I startled a deer from its bed at one edge of a +several-acre patch of snowbrush. In synchrony with the noise made by +this deer's rising five other deer in various parts of the brush patch +leaped up and made off. When bedded down in these extensive brush tracts +deer are probably safe from an undetected approach, for a noiseless +approach through the brush is impossible. + +Two deer skulls from the San Gabriels were examined: that of an adult +male from Evey Canyon, and that of an adult female from the mouth of +Palmer Canyon. Using as a basis for comparison the cranial measurements +for the subspecies _californicus_ and _fuliginatus_ given by Cowan +(1933:326), these skulls were subspecies _californicus_. In none of the +cranial characteristics considered did they tend toward the southern +race _fuliginatus_. A young adult male, however, which was killed by a +car near Cajon Pass on October 2, 1951, showed pelage characteristics of +_fuliginatus_. Its fresh winter pelage was dark, and had the distinct +black mid-dorsal line and the broad dorsal line on the tail mentioned by +Cowan (_ibid._) as distinguishing marks of the race _fuliginatus_. Its +cranial measurements were not taken. Judging from this limited material +the deer in the central part of the range, that is to say, in the San +Antonio Canyon region, are of the race _californicus_, while +_fuliginatus_ may penetrate the extreme eastern end of the range. + +Deer hair and bones were often found in coyote feces from the sagebrush +belt. Some of these records may represent deer eaten as carrion. On +February 6, 1952, tracks across a sandy channel in San Antonio Wash +demonstrated that a deer had been closely pursued by a coyote. The deer +had leaped from a cutbank onto the sand, had whirled around in several +sharp turns, and had run into the adjacent brush. The tracks of a +running coyote followed every twist of the deer's trail. The trail was +followed into the brush where it was lost. Two bobcats trapped near +Graham Canyon on the desert slope had hair and bones of deer in their +stomachs. + + _Specimens examined_, 2: Los Angeles County: Evey Canyon, 2100 + ft., 1 (PC); Palmer Canyon, 1900 ft., 1 (PC). + + +Family BOVIDAE + + +=Ovis canadensis nelsoni= Merriam + +Bighorn + +Bands of bighorn sheep occur on some of the higher and more rugged peaks +of the San Gabriel Mountains. Although I never sighted the animals +themselves, I have seen abundant signs of their presence on the ridge +sloping west from Telegraph Peak at about 9000 feet elevation. Several +bands reportedly range in the head of San Antonio Canyon, and to the +south on Telegraph, Ontario, and Cucamonga peaks. The sheep usually stay +in the higher sections of the range, generally above about 7000 feet +elevation. According to district Ranger A. Lewis some bighorns summer in +the lower East Fork of San Gabriel Canyon. The subspecific status of the +bighorns in the San Gabriel Mountains has not been definitely +determined. Following Grinnell (1933:211) they are here referred to +_nelsoni_. If the band can be preserved without introduction of "alien" +stock, the United States Forest Service and the California Fish and Game +Commission will have registered an achievement that will be applauded by +all persons who are interested in American wildlife. + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +BENSON, S. B. + + 1930. Two new pocket mice, genus _Perognathus_, from the + Californias. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 32:449-454. + + 1949. The bat name _Myotis ruddi_ Silliman and von Bloeker, a + synonym of _Myotis volans longicrus_ (True). Jour. Mamm., + 30:48-50. + +BORELL, A. E. + + 1937. A new method of collecting bats. Jour. Mamm., 18:478-480. + +BURGHDUFF, A. E. + + 1935. Black bears released in southern California. California + Fish and Game, 21:83-84. + +BURT, W. H. + + 1932. The systematic status and geographic range of the San + Gabriel pocket gopher (_Thomomys bottae neglectus_ Bailey). + Jour. Mamm., 13:369-370. + +COWAN, I. MC. + + 1933. The mule deer of southern California and northern Lower + California as a recognizable race. Jour. Mamm., 14:326-327. + +CRONEMILLER, F. P., and BARTHOLOMEW, P. S. + + 1950. The California mule deer in chaparral forests. California + Fish and Game, 36:343-365, 7 figs. in text. + +ERRINGTON, P. L. + + 1937. What is the meaning of predation? Smithsonian Inst., Ann. + Rept., for 1936:243-252. + +GRINNELL, H. W. + + 1918. A synopsis of the bats of California. Univ. California + Publ. Zool., 17:223-404, pls. 14-24, 24 figs. in text. + +GRINNELL, J. + + 1908. The biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. Univ. California + Publ. Zool., 5:1-170, 24 pls. + + 1933. Review of the Recent mammal fauna of California. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 40:71-234. + +GRINNELL, J., DIXON, J., and LINSDALE, J. M. + + 1937. Fur-bearing mammals of California.... Univ. California + Press, 2 vols., xii + 375 pp., pls. 1-7, figs. 1-138, xiv + + 377-777 pp., pls. 8-13, figs. 139-345. + +GRINNELL, J., and SWARTH, H. S. + + 1913. An account of the birds and mammals of the San Jacinto Area + of southern California with remarks upon the behavior of + geographic races on the margins of their habitats. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 10:197-406, pls. 6-10, 3 figs. in + text. + +HALL, E. R. + + 1926. Systematic notes on the subspecies of _Bassariscus astutus_ + with description of one new form from California. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 30:39-50, pls. 2 and 3. + + 1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, xi + + 710, frontispiece, colored, 11 pls., 485 figs. in text, + unnumbered silhouettes. + +HOOPER, E. T. + + 1938. Geographical variation in woodrats of the species _Neotoma + fuscipes_. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 42:213-246, pls. + 7-8, 2 figs. in text. + +JACKSON, H. H. T. + + 1928. A taxonomic review of the American long-tailed shrews. N. + Amer. Fauna, 51:1-238, pls. 1-13, 24 figs. in text. + +MERRIAM, C. H. + + 1898. Life zones and crop zones of the United States. U. S. Dept. + Agr. Bur. Biol. Surv., Bull. 10:1-79, 1 map. + +MUNZ, P. A., and KECK, D. D. + + 1949. California plant communities. Al Aliso, 2:87-105, 4 pls. + +OAKESHOTT, G. B. + + 1937. Geology and mineral deposits of the western San Gabriel + Mountains, Los Angeles County. California Jour. Mines and + Geol., 33:215-249, 1 pl., 7 figs. in text. + +PEQUEGNAT, W. E. + + 1951. The biota of the Santa Ana Mountains. Jour. Entomol. and + Zool., 42:1-84. + +SANBORN, C. C. + + 1932. The bats of the genus _Eumops_. Jour. Mamm., 13:347-357. + +VAUGHAN, T. A. + + 1953. Unusual concentration of hoary bats. Jour. Mamm., 34:256. + +VON BLOEKER, J. C. + + 1932. Extensions of the ranges of pocket gophers in southern + California. Jour. Mamm., 13:76-77. + +WILLETT, G. + + 1944. Mammals of Los Angeles County. Los Angeles County Mus. Sci. + Ser., no. 9, Zool. no. 4, 26 pls. + + +_Transmitted July 20, 1954._ + + +[Illustration] + +25-5184 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + +Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain +this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas +Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a +particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the +Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There +is no provision for sale or this series by the University Library which +meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History which +meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request +copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate +number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying +the costs of wrapping and mailing. + +* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not +the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this +series, are as follows: + + Vol. 1. 1. The pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys) of Utah. By + Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-82, 1 figure in text. + August 15, 1946. + + 2. The systematic status of Eumeces pluvialis Cope, and + noteworthy records of other amphibians and reptiles + from Kansas and Oklahoma. By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. + 85-89. August 15, 1946. 5 3. The tadpoles of Bufo + cognatus Say. By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 93-96, 1 + figure in text. August 15, 1946. + + 4. Hybridization between two species of garter snakes. By + Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 97-100. August 15, 1946. + + 5. Selected records of reptiles and amphibians from + Kansas. By John Breukelman and Hobart M. Smith. Pp. + 101-112. August 15, 1946. + + 6. Kyphosis and other variations in soft-shelled turtles. + By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 117-124, 3 figures in text. + July 7, 1947. + + *7. Natural history of the prairie vole (Mammalian Genus + Microtus). By E. W. Jameson, Jr. Pp. 125-151, 4 + figures in text. October 6, 1947. + + 8. The postnatal development of two broods of great + horned owls (Bubo virginianus). By Donald F. + Hoffmeister and Henry W. Setzer. Pp. 157-173, 5 + figures in text. October 6, 1947. + + 9. Additions to the list of the birds of Louisiana. By + George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 177-192. November 7, 1947. + + 10. A check-list of the birds of Idaho. By M. Dale Arvey. + Pp. 193-216. November 29, 1947. + + 11. Subspeciation in pocket gophers of Kansas. By + Bernardo Villa R. and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 217-236, 2 + figures in text. November 29, 1947. + + 12. A new bat (Genus Myotis) from Mexico. By Walter W. + Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 237-244, 6 figures + in text. December 10, 1947. + + 13. Tadarida femorosacca (Merriam) in Tamaulipas, Mexico. + By Walter W. Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. + 245-248, 1 figure in text. December 10, 1947. + + 14. A new pocket gopher (Thomomys) and a new spiny pocket + mouse (Liomys) from Michoacan, Mexico. By E. Raymond + Hall and Bernardo Villa R. Pp. 249-256, 6 figures in + text. July 26, 1948. + + 15. A new hylid frog from eastern Mexico. By Edward H. + Taylor. Pp. 257-264, 1 figure in text. August 16, + 1948. + + 16. A new extinct emydid turtle from the Lower Pliocene + of Oklahoma. By Edwin C. Galbreath. Pp. 265-280, 1 + plate. August 16, 1948. + + 17. Pliocene and Pleistocene records of fossil turtles + from western Kansas and Oklahoma. By Edwin C. + Galbreath. Pp. 281-284. August 16, 1948. + + 18. A new species of heteromyid rodent from the Middle + Oligocene of northeastern Colorado with remarks on + the skull. By Edwin C. Galbreath. Pp. 285-300, 2 + plates. August 16, 1948. + + 19. Speciation in the Brazilian spiny rats (Genus + Proechimys, Family Echimyidae). By Joao Moojen. Pp. + 301-406, 140 figures in text. December 10, 1948. + + 20. Three new beavers from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant + and Harold S. Crane. Pp. 407-417, 7 figures in text. + December 24, 1948. + + 21. Two new meadow mice from Michoacan, Mexico. By E. + Raymond Hall. Pp. 423-427, 6 figures in text. + December 24, 1948. + + 22. An annotated check list of the mammals of Michoacan, + Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and Bernardo Villa R. Pp. + 431-472, 2 plates, 1 figure in text. December 27, + 1949. + + 23. Subspeciation in the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ordii. + By Henry W. Setzer. Pp. 473-573, 27 figures in text, + 7 tables. December 27, 1949. + + 24. Geographic range of the hooded skunk, Mephitis + macroura, with description of a new subspecies from + Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. + Pp. 575-580, 1 figure in text. January 20, 1950. + + 25. Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 referred to the + Genus Myotis. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. + Dalquest. Pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text. January 20, + 1950. + + 26. A synopsis of the American bats of the Genus + Pipistrellus. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. + Dalquest. Pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text. January 20, + 1950. + + Index. Pp. 605-638. + + + *Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. + Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948. + + + Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, + and distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 + figures in text. June 12, 1951. + + *2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of + birds. By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 + figures in text. June 29, 1951. + + 3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale + Arvey. Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. + October 10, 1951. + + 4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. + Lowery, Jr. and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 + figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951. + + Index. Pp. 651-681. + + + *Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. + 1-466, 41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, + 1951. + + + Vol. 5. 1. Preliminary survey of a Paleocene faunule from the + Angels Peak area, New Mexico. By Robert W. Wilson. + Pp. 1-11, 1 figure in text. February 24, 1951. + + 2. Two new moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas. + By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 17-24. February 28, 1951. + + 3. Two new pocket gophers from Wyoming and Colorado. By + E. Raymond Hall and H. Gordon Montague. Pp. 25-32. + February 28, 1951. + + 4. Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the + barrier beach of Tamaulipas, Mexico. By E. Raymond + Hall. Pp. 33-47, 1 figure in text. October 1, 1951. + + 5. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of some North American rabbits. By E. Raymond Hall + and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 49-58. October 1, 1951. + + 6. Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico + and Colorado. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 59-71, 1 figure + in text. October 1, 1951. + + 7. A new subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and + comments on Microtus canicandus Miller. By E. Raymond + Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 73-79. October 1, 1951. + + 8. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from eastern + Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 81-85. October 1, + 1951. + + 9. Mammals taken along the Alaskan Highway. By Rollin H. + Baker. Pp. 87-117. 1 figure in text. November 28, + 1951. + + *10. A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. By E. + Raymond Hall. Pp. 119-202. 68 figures in text. + December 15, 1951. + + 11. A new pocket mouse (Genus Perognathus) from Kansas. + By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 203-206. December 15, + 1951. + + 12. Mammals from Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. + Pp. 207-218. December 15, 1951. + + 13. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from Wyoming and + Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 219-222. December + 15, 1951. + + 14. A new name for the Mexican red bat. By E. Raymond + Hall. Pp. 223-226. December 15, 1951. + + 15. Taxonomic notes on Mexican bats of the Genus + Rhogeessa. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 227-232. April 10, + 1952. + + 16. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of some North American woodrats (Genus Neotoma). By + Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 233-242. April 10, 1952. + + 17. The subspecies of the Mexican red-bellied squirrel, + Sciurus aureogaster. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 243-250, + 1 figure in text. April 10, 1952. + + 18. Geographic range of Peromyscus melanophrys, with + description of new subspecies. By Rollin H. Baker. + Pp. 251-258, 1 figure in text. May 10, 1952. + + 19. A new chipmunk (Genus Eutamias) from the Black Hills. + By John A. White. Pp. 259-262. April 10, 1952. + + 20. A new pinon mouse (Peromyscus truei) from Durango, + Mexico. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 263-267. May 23, + 1952. + + 21. An annotated checklist of Nebraskan bats. By Olin L. + Webb and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 269-279. May 31, + 1952. + + 22. Geographic variation in red-backed mice (Genus + Clethrionomys) of the southern Rocky Mountain region. + By E. Lendell Cockrum and Kenneth L. Fitch. Pp. + 281-292, 1 figure in text. November 15, 1952. + + 23. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of North American microtines. By E. Raymond Hall and + E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 293-312. November 17, 1952. + + 24. The subspecific status of two Central American + sloths. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. + 313-317. November 21, 1952. + + 25. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of some North American marsupials, insectivores, and + carnivores. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. + Pp. 319-341. December 5, 1952. + + 26. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution + of some North American rodents. By E. Raymond Hall + and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 343-371. December 15, 1952. + + 27. A synopsis of the North American microtine rodents. + By E. Raymond Hall and E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. + 373-498, 149 figures in text. January 15, 1953. + + 28. The pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys) of Coahuila, + Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 499-514, 1 figure in + text. June 1, 1953. + + 29. Geographic distribution of the pocket mouse, + Perognathus fasciatus. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. + 515-526, 7 figures in text. August 1, 1953. + + 30. A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma mexicana) from + Colorado. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 527-534, 2 + figures in text. August 15, 1953. + + 31. Four new pocket gophers of the genus Cratogeomys from + Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 535-542. + October 15, 1953. + + 32. Genera and subgenera of chipmunks. By John A. White. + Pp. 543-561, 12 figures in text. December 1, 1953. + + 33. Taxonomy of the chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus + and Eutamias umbrinus. By John A. White. Pp. 563-582, + 6 figures in text. December 1, 1953. + + 34. Geographic distribution and taxonomy of the chipmunks + of Wyoming. By John A. White. Pp. 584-610, 3 figures + in text. December 1, 1953. + + 35. The baculum of the chipmunks of western North + America. By John A. White. Pp. 611-631, 19 figures in + text. December 1, 1953. + + 36. Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo + Leon, Mexico. By James S. Findley. Pp. 633-639. + December 1, 1953. + + 37. Seventeen species of bats recorded from Barro + Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. By E. Raymond + Hall and William B. Jackson. Pp. 641-646. December 1, + 1953. + + Index. Pp. 647-676. + + + *Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, _taxonomy and distribution_. + By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in + text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952. + + + Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, + 73 figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952. + + 2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in + northeastern Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. + Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text. August 24, + 1953. + + 3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. + By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. + February 15, 1954. + + 4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip + H. Krutzsch. Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 + tables. April 21, 1954. + + 5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker + and James S. Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954. + + 6. Distribution of some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox + Jones, Jr. Pp. 479-487. April 21, 1954. + + 7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse, Microtus + montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney + Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text. July 23, + 1954. + + 8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from + southeastern California and Arizona. By Terry A. + Vaughn. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954. + + 9. Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of California. By + Terry A. Vaughn. Pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig., 12 + tables. November 15, 1954. + + More numbers will appear in volume 7. + + + Vol. 8. 1. Life history and ecology of the five-lined skink, + Eumeces fasciatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 1-156, 2 + pls., 26 figs. in text, 17 tables. September 1, + 1954. + + More numbers will appear in volume 8. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains +of California, by Terry A. 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