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diff --git a/34838-8.txt b/34838-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6397a0d --- /dev/null +++ b/34838-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30334 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, by +William Milligan Sloane + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte + Vol. IV. (of IV.) + +Author: William Milligan Sloane + +Release Date: January 3, 2011 [EBook #34838] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE *** + + + + +Produced by Thierry Alberto, Bryan Ness, David Garcia, +Christine P. Travers and the Online Distributed Proofreading +Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected, +all other inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's +spelling has been maintained. + +Unusual subscripts have been marked with { }, e.g.: V{te} for +Vicomte. + +Bold text has been marked with =.] + + + + +[Illustration: From a photograph by Braun, Clement & Co. + +EMPRESS MARIE LOUISE + +By Pierre Paul Prod'hon.] + + + + + THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE + + BY + + WILLIAM MILLIGAN SLOANE + PH.D., L.H.D., LL.D. + _Professor of History in Columbia University_ + + + Revised and Enlarged + With Portraits + + + VOLUME IV + + + + + NEW YORK + THE CENTURY CO. + 1916 + + + + + Copyright, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1910 + BY + THE CENTURY CO. + + _Published, October, 1910_ + + + + +CONTENTS + + + CHAPTER Page + + I. The Last Imperial Victory............................... 1 + + II. Politics and Strategy.................................. 11 + + III. The End of the Grand Army.............................. 23 + + IV. The Frankfort Proposals................................ 37 + + V. The Invasion of France................................. 47 + + VI. Napoleon's Supreme Effort.............................. 59 + + VII. The Great Captain at Bay............................... 71 + + VIII. The Struggles of Exhaustion............................ 84 + + IX. The Beginning of the End.............................. 101 + + X. The Fall of Paris..................................... 111 + + XI. Napoleon's First Abdication........................... 123 + + XII. The Emperor of Elba................................... 137 + + XIII. Napoleon the Liberator................................ 151 + + XIV. The Dynasties Implacable.............................. 164 + + XV. Ligny and Quatre Bras................................. 175 + + XVI. The Eve of Waterloo................................... 189 + + XVII. Waterloo.............................................. 199 + + XVIII. The Surrender......................................... 212 + + XIX. St. Helena............................................ 224 + + XX. Soldier, Statesman, Despot............................ 247 + + XXI. Napoleon and the United States........................ 268 + + XXII. Napoleon's Place in History........................... 285 + + Historical Sources.................................... 303 + + General Bibliography.................................. 307 + + Index................................................. 355 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + + + Empress Marie Louise _Frontispiece_ + + Facing Page + + Napoleon in 1813................................................. 50 + + Napoleon, François Charles Joseph, Prince Imperial; + King of Rome; Duke of Reichstadt............................... 98 + + Map of the Field of Operations in 1814.......................... 104 + + The King of Rome................................................ 148 + + Map of the Campaign of 1815..................................... 194 + + Napoleon, François Charles Joseph, Duke of Reichstadt, + etc., etc., son of Napoleon Bonaparte......................... 200 + + Napoleon sleeping by Las Cases on board the _Bellerophon_....... 224 + + Napoleon at St. Helena.......................................... 230 + + Napoleon I...................................................... 274 + + + + +LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE + + + + +CHAPTER I + +THE LAST IMPERIAL VICTORY[1] + + [Footnote 1: References: Pierron: Napoléon, de Dresde à + Leipzig. Pelet: Des principales opérations de la campagne de + 1813. York von Wartenburg: Précis militaire de la campagne de + 1813 en Allemagne. Clément: Campagne de 1813. Lüdtke: Die + strategische Bedeutung der Schlacht bei Dresden. Sorel: + L'Europe et la révolution française, Vol. VIII.] + + Napoleon's Prospects -- The Preparations and Plans of the + Coalition -- Cross-purposes of the Combatants -- Condition of + Napoleon's Mind -- Strength and Weakness of the Allies -- Renewal + of Hostilities -- The Feint in Silesia -- Napoleon at Dresden -- + First Day's Fighting -- The Victory Won on the Second Day. + +[Sidenote: 1813] + +In later years Napoleon confessed that during the interval between the +first and second Saxon campaigns he had been outwitted. His +antagonists had, in his own language, "changed for the better"; at +least they secured the war they so earnestly desired under conditions +vastly more favorable to themselves than to their opponent. Both +parties had been arming with might and main during the prolonged +truce, but each member of the dynastic coalition now had the backing +of a growing national enthusiasm, while Napoleon had to deal with +waning zeal and an exhausted people. Thus, then, at the opening of the +second campaign in Saxony, the allies had four hundred and thirty-five +thousand men, and Napoleon but three hundred and fifty thousand. With +this inferiority, it behooved the Emperor to use all his strategic +powers, and he did so with a brilliancy never surpassed by him. +Choosing the Elbe as his natural defensive line, Hamburg stood almost +impregnable at one end, flanked to the southward by Magdeburg, +Wittenberg, and Torgau, three mighty fortresses. Dresden, which was +necessarily the focal point, was intrenched and palisaded for the +protection of the army which was to be its main bulwark. Davout and +Oudinot, with seventy thousand men, were to threaten Berlin, and, +thereby drawing off as many as possible of the enemy, liberate the +garrisons of Stettin and Küstrin; they were then to beleaguer Spandau, +push the foe across the Oder, and stand ready to fall on the flank of +the coalition army. Napoleon himself, with the remaining two hundred +and eighty thousand, was to await the onset of the combined Russian, +Prussian, and Austrian forces. + +The allies now had in their camp two mighty strategists--Jomini, the +well-known Swiss adventurer and military historian, and Moreau, who +had returned from the United States. The former, pleading that he had +lost a merited promotion by Berthier's ill-will, and that as a +foreigner he had the right of choice, had gone over to the enemies of +his employer; the latter, yielding to the specious pleas of his silly +and ambitious wife that he might fight Napoleon without fighting +France, had taken service with the Czar. The arrow which penetrated +Napoleon's vitals was indeed feathered from his own pinions, since +these two, with another of Napoleon's pupils--Bernadotte, the Crown +Prince of Sweden--were virtually the council of war. Two of them, the +latter and Moreau, saw the specter of French sovereignty beckoning +them on. They dreamed of the chief magistracy in some shape, +imperial, monarchical, consular, or presidential, and were more +devoted to their personal interests than to those of the coalition. In +the service of their ambition was formed the plan by which not only +was Napoleon overwhelmed, but the fields of France were drenched with +blood. Under their advice, three great armies were arrayed: that of +the North, in Brandenburg, was composed of Prussians, Swedes, and a +few Russians, its generals being Bülow, Bernadotte, and Tchernicheff; +that of the East was the Prusso-Russian army in Silesia, now under +Blücher, that astounding young cavalryman of seventy, and +Wittgenstein; finally, that of the South was the new Austrian force +under Schwarzenberg, with an adjunct force of Russian troops under +Barclay, and the Russian guard under the Grand Duke Constantine. Bülow +was in and near Berlin with about a hundred and fifty-six thousand +men; Blücher had ninety-five thousand, and, having violated the +armistice, was on August fourteenth already within the neutral zone at +Striegau, before Breslau; the Austro-Russian force of almost two +hundred and fifty thousand was in northern Bohemia, near Melnik; +Bennigsen was in Poland building up a strong reserve. Schwarzenberg, +though commander of the main army, was reduced to virtual impotence by +the presence at his headquarters of all the sovereigns and of Moreau. +Divided counsels spring from diverse interests; there was at the +outset a pitiful caution and inefficiency on the part of the allies, +while at Napoleon's headquarters there was unity of design at least. + +Both contestants were apparently under serious misapprehensions. The +allies certainly were, because Francis believed that, as so often +before, Napoleon's goal would be Vienna. The plan adopted by them was +therefore very simple: each division of the allied army was to stand +expectant; if assailed it was to yield, draw on the French columns, +and expose their flank or rear to the attacks of the other two allied +armies; then by superior force the invaders were to be surrounded. The +allies divined, or believed they divined, that Napoleon would hold his +guard in reserve, throw it behind any portion of his line opposite +which they were vulnerable, break through, and defeat them in +detachments. Their idea was keen, and displayed a thorough grasp both +of the principles on which their opponent had hitherto acted and of +his normal character. But nevertheless they were deceived. Napoleon +discarded all his old principles, and behaved most abnormally. In his +conduct there are evidences of a curious self-deception, and his +decisions contradicted his language. Perpetually minimizing in +conversation the disparity between the two forces, and sometimes even +asserting his own superiority, he nevertheless almost for the first +time assumed the defensive. This unheard-of course may have been due +to misapprehension and exaggeration, but it produced for the moment a +powerful moral effect on his generals, who, without exception, had +hitherto been clamorous for peace, and likewise upon his new boy +recruits; both classes began to have a realizing sense that they were +now fighting, not for aggression, but for life. If the Emperor had any +such confidence as he expressed, it must have been due to the fact +that boys had fought like veterans at Lützen and Bautzen, and that at +last there were cavalry and artillery in fair proportion. Possibly, +likewise, he may have been desperate; fully aware that he was about to +cast the dice for a last stake, he may have been at once braggart and +timid. If he should win in a common defensive battle, he believed, as +his subsequent conduct goes to show, that he was safe indefinitely; +and if he lost--the vision must have been too dreadful, enough to +distract the sanest mind: an exhausted treasury, an exhausted nation, +an empty throne, vanished hopes, ruin! + +Yet at the time no one remarked any trace of nervousness in Napoleon. +Long afterward the traitorous Marmont, whose name, like that of +Moreau, was to be execrated by succeeding generations of honorable +Frenchmen, recalled that the Emperor had contemptuously designated the +enemy as a rabble, and that he had likewise overestimated the +strategic value of Berlin. The malignant annalist asserted, too, that +Napoleon's motive was personal spite against Prussia. It has also been +studiously emphasized by others that the "children" of Napoleon's army +were perishing like flowers under an untimely frost, forty thousand +French and German boys being in the hospitals; that corruption was +rife in every department of administration; and that the soldiers' pay +was shamefully in arrears. An eye-witness saw Peyrusse, the paymaster, +to whom Napoleon had just handed four thousand francs for a monument +to Duroc, coolly pocket a quarter of the sum, with the remark that +such was the custom. He would be rash indeed who dared to assert that +there was no basis for this criticism. It is true that the +instructions to Davout and Oudinot made light of Bülow's army, and +that Berlin had vastly less strategic value than those instructions +seemed to indicate. But, on the other hand, both generals and men were +sadly in need of self-reliance, and to see their capitals occupied or +endangered had still a tremendous moral effect upon dynastic +sovereigns. As to the defects in his army, Napoleon could not have +been blind; but in all these directions matters had been nearly, if +not quite, as bad in 1809, and a victory had set them all in order. + +What nervousness there was existed rather among the allies. Never +before in her history, not even under the great Frederick, had Prussia +possessed such an army; the Austrians were well drilled and well +equipped; the Russians were of fair quality, numerous, and with the +reserves from Poland would be a powerful army in themselves. Yet in +spite of their strength, the allies were not really able. Austria was +the head, but her commander, Schwarzenberg, was not even mediocre, and +among her generals there was only one who was first-rate, namely, +Radetzky. Frederick William and Alexander were of incongruous natures; +their alliance was artificial, and in such plans as they evolved there +was an indefiniteness which left to the generals in their respective +forces a large margin for independence. The latter were quick to take +advantage of the chance, and this fact accounts for the generally lame +and feeble beginning of hostilities. + +For example, it was through Blücher's wilfulness that the moral +advantage lay with Napoleon in the opening of the struggle. On July +ninth Bernadotte, Frederick William, and the Czar had met at +Trachenberg to lay out a plan of campaign. In this conference, which +first opened Napoleon's eyes to the determination of the allies, +Blücher had secured for himself an independent command. The accession +of Austria rendered the agreement of Trachenberg null, but Blücher did +not abandon his ambition. Impatient of orders or good faith, he broke +into the neutral zone at Striegau on August fourteenth, apparently +without any very definite plan. Napoleon, hearing that forty thousand +Russians from this army were marching toward Bohemia, advanced from +Dresden on August fifteenth, to be within reach of the passes of the +Iser Mountains on the Upper Elbe, and halted at Zittau as a central +point, where he could easily collect about a hundred and eighty +thousand men, and whence, according to circumstances, he could either +strike Blücher, cut off the Russians, or return to Dresden in case of +need. That city was to be held by Saint-Cyr. On August twentieth +Blücher reached the banks of the Bober at Bunzlau; owing to Napoleon's +nice calculation, Ney, Marmont, Lauriston, and Macdonald were +assembled on the other side to check the advance, he himself being at +Lauban with the guard. Had Blücher stood, the Russo-Prussians would +have been annihilated, for their inferiority was as two to one. But +the headstrong general did not stand; on the contrary, retreating by +preconcerted arrangement behind the Deichsel, he led his antagonist to +the false conclusion that he lacked confidence in his army. + +Napoleon was not generally over-credulous, but this mistake was +probably engendered in his mind by the steady stream of uneasy reports +he was receiving from his own generals. On the twenty-third he wrote +to Maret that his division commanders seemed to have no self-reliance +except in his presence; "the enemy's strength seems great to them +wherever I am not." Marmont was the chief offender, having severely +criticized a plan of operations which would require one or more of the +marshals to act independently in Brandenburg or Silesia or both, +expressing the fear that on the day when the Emperor believed himself +to have won a decisive battle he would discover that he had lost two. +Seventeen years of campaigning had apparently turned the great +generals of Napoleon's army into puppets, capable of acting only on +their leader's impulse. Whatever the cause, Napoleon was set in his +idea, and pressed on in pursuit. On the twenty-second Blücher was +beyond the Katzbach, with the French van close behind, when word +arrived at Napoleon's headquarters that the Austro-Russians had +entered Saxony and were menacing Dresden. How alert and sane the +Emperor was, how thoroughly he foresaw every contingency, appears +from the minute directions he wrote for Macdonald, who was left to +block the road for Blücher into Saxony, while Lauriston was to +outflank and shut off the perfervid veteran from both Berlin and +Zittau. + +These instructions having been written, Napoleon at first contemplated +crossing the Elbe above Dresden to take Schwarzenberg on the flank and +rear in the passes of the Ore Mountains. This would not only cut off +the Austrian general from the Saxon capital, but prevent his swerving +to the left for an advance on Leipsic. But finding that his enemy was +moving swiftly, the Emperor resolved to meet him before Dresden. It +would never do to lose his ally's capital at the outset, or to suffer +defeat at the very head of his defensive line. Giving orders, +therefore, for the corps of Marmont, Vandamme, and Victor, together +with Latour-Maubourg's cavalry and the guard, to wheel, he hastened +back to reinforce Saint-Cyr at Dresden. On the twenty-fifth, as he +passed Bautzen, he learned that Oudinot had been defeated at Luckau; +but he gave no heed to the report, and next day reached Dresden at +nine in the morning. An hour later the guard came up, having performed +the almost incredible feat of marching seventy-six miles in three +days. Vandamme, with forty thousand men, had arrived at Pirna, a few +miles above, and Saint-Cyr was drawing in behind the temporary +fortifications of the city itself. + +The enemy, too, was at hand, but he had no plan. In a council of war +held by him the same morning there was protracted debate, and finally +Moreau's advice to advance in six columns was taken. He refused "to +fight against his country," but explained that the French could never +be conquered in mass, and that if one assailing column were crushed, +the rest could still push on. This long deliberation cost the allies +their opportunity; for at four in the afternoon, when they attacked, +the mass of the French army had crossed the Elbe and had thus +completed the garrison of the city. For two hours the fighting was +fierce and stubborn; from three different sides Russians, Austrians, +and Prussians each made substantial gains; at six Napoleon determined +to make a general sally and throw in his guard. With fine promptness. +Mortier, at the head of two divisions of the young guard, attacked the +Russians, and, fighting until midnight, drove them beyond the hamlet +of Striefen. Saint-Cyr dislodged the Prussians, and pushed them to +Strehla; while Ney, with two divisions of the young guard, threw a +portion of the Austrians into Plauen, and Murat, with two divisions of +infantry and Latour-Maubourg's cavalry, cleared the suburb +Friedrichstadt of the rest. Napoleon, alert and ubiquitous, then made +his usual round, and knew when he retired to rest in the royal palace +that with seventy thousand men, or rather boys, he had repulsed a +hundred and fifty thousand of his foe. His inspiriting personal work +might be calculated as worth eighty thousand of his opponents' best +men. That night both Marmont and Victor, with their corps, entered the +city; and Vandamme in the early dawn began to bombard Pirna, thus +threatening the allies' connection with Bohemia and drawing away +forces from them to hold that outpost. + +The second day's fighting was more disastrous to the allies than the +first. The morning opened in a tempest, but at six both sides were +arrayed. On the French right were Victor and Latour-Maubourg; then +Marmont; then the old guard and Ney with two divisions of the young +guard; next Saint-Cyr, with Mortier on the left. Opposite stood +Russians, Prussians, and Austrians, in the same relative positions, on +higher ground, encircling the French all the way westward and around +by the south to Plauen; but between their center and left was reserved +a gap for Klenau's Austrians, who were coming up from Tharandt in the +blinding storm, and were overdue. At seven began the artillery fire of +the young guard; but before long it ceased for an instant, since the +gunners found the enemy's line too high for the elevation of their +guns. "Continue," came swiftly the Emperor's order; "we must occupy +the attention of the enemy on that spot." The ruse succeeded, and the +gap was left open; at ten Murat dashed through it, and turning +westward, killed or captured all who composed the enemy's extreme +left. The garrison of Pirna then retreated toward Peterswald. +Elsewhere the French merely held their own. Napoleon lounged all day +in a curious apathy before his camp-fire, his condition being +apparently due to the incipient stages of a digestive disorder. Early +in the afternoon Schwarzenberg heard of Murat's great charge, but he +held firm until at five the flight from Pirna was announced, when he +abandoned the conflict. By six Napoleon was aware that the battle was +over, and, mounting his horse, he trotted listlessly to the palace, +his old gray overcoat and hood streaming with rain. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +POLITICS AND STRATEGY[2] + + [Footnote 2: References: Luckwaldt: Österreich und die + Anfänge des Befreiungskrieges von 1813: Vom Abschluss der + Allianz mit Frankreich, bis zum Eintritt in die Koalition. + Aster: Die Kriegsereignisse zwischen Peterswalde, Pirna, + Königstein und Priesten im August, 1813, und die Schlacht bei + Kulm. Wagner: Die Tage v. Dresden u. Kulm. Heft: Der + Waffenstillstand und die Schlacht bei Gross-Beeren nebst fünf + Beilagen.] + + Napoleon's Conduct after Dresden -- Military Considerations + Overruled by Political Schemes -- Probable Explanation of + Napoleon's Failure -- Prussian Victories at Grossbeeren and on + the Katzbach -- Vandamme Overwhelmed at Kulm -- Napoleon's + Responsibility -- Political Considerations again Ascendant -- The + System of "Hither and Thither" -- The Battle of Dennewitz -- Its + Disastrous Consequences -- Napoleon's Vacillation -- Strategy + Thwarted by Diplomacy. + + +Throughout the night after the victory at Dresden, Napoleon believed +that the enemy would return again to battle on the morrow. This is +conclusively shown by the notes which he made for Berthier during the +evening. These were based on the stated hypothesis that the enemy was +not really in retreat, but would on the morrow by a great battle +strive to retrieve his failure. But the Emperor was altogether +mistaken. To be sure, the council of the disheartened allies debated +far into the small hours whether an advantageous stand could not still +be made on the heights of Dippoldiswalde, but the decision was adverse +because the coalition army was sadly shattered, having lost a third of +its numbers. Crippled on its left and threatened on its rear, it +began next morning to retreat in fair order toward the Ore Mountains, +and so continued until it became known that Vandamme was directly in +the path, when a large proportion of the troops literally took to the +hills, and retreat became flight. Then first, at four in the +afternoon, Napoleon began to realize what had actually occurred. And +what did he do? Having ridden almost to Pirna before taking measures +of any kind to reap the fruits of victory, he there issued orders for +the single corps of Vandamme, slightly reinforced, to begin the +pursuit! Thereupon, leaving directions for Mortier to hold Pirna, he +entered a carriage and drove quietly back to Dresden! + +These are the almost incredible facts: no terrific onslaught after the +first night, no well-ordered pursuit after the second, a mere pretense +of seizing the advantage on the third day! In fact, Napoleon, having +set his plan in operation at the very beginning of the battle, sank, +to all outward appearances, into a state of lassitude, the only sign +of alert interest he displayed throughout the conflict being shown +when he was told that Moreau had been mortally wounded. The cause may +have been physical or it may have been moral, but it was probably a +political miscalculation. If we may believe Captain Coignet, the talk +of the staff on the night of the twenty-seventh revealed a perfect +knowledge of the enemy's rout; they knew that the retreat of their +opponents had been precipitate, and they had credible information of +disordered bands seen hurrying through byways or rushing headlong +through mountain defiles. Yet for all this, they were thoroughly +discontented, and the burden of their conversation was execration of +the Emperor. "He's a -------- who will ruin us all," was the repeated +malediction. If we may believe Napoleon himself, he had a violent +attack of vomiting near Pirna, and was compelled to leave everything +on that fateful day to others. This is possible, but unlikely; the day +before, though listless, he was well enough to chat and take snuff as +he stood in a redoubt observing the course of events through his +field-glass; the day after he was perfectly well, and exercised +unusual self-control when tidings of serious import were brought from +the north. The sequel goes to show that neither his own sickness nor +the bad temper of the army sufficiently accounts for Napoleon's +unmilitary conduct on the twenty-eighth; it appears, on the contrary, +as if he refrained of set purpose from annihilating the Austrian army +in order to reknit the Austrian alliance and destroy the coalition. +This he never was willing to admit; but no man likes to confess +himself a dupe. + +Had Oudinot and Macdonald succeeded in their offensive operations +against Berlin, and had Napoleon himself done nothing more than hold +Dresden, a place which we must remember he considered from the outset +as a defensive point, it would have sufficed, in order to obtain the +most favorable terms of peace, to throw back the main army of the +coalition, humiliated and dispirited, through Bohemia to Prague. But, +as we have repeatedly seen, long service under the Empire had +destroyed all initiative in the French marshals: in Spain one mighty +general after another had been brought low; those who were serving in +Germany seemed stricken with the same palsy. It is true that in the +days of their greatness they had commanded choice troops, and that now +the flower of the army was reserved for the Emperor; but it is +likewise true that then they had fought for wealth, advancement, and +power. Now they yearned to enjoy their gains, and were embittered +because Napoleon had not accepted Austria's terms of mediation until +it was too late. Moreover, Bernadotte, one of their opponents, had +been trained in their own school, and was fighting for a crown. To +Blücher, untamed and untrustworthy in temper, had been given in the +person of Gneisenau an efficient check on all headlong impulses, and +Bülow was a commander far above mediocrity. Such considerations go far +to account for three disasters--those, namely, of Grossbeeren, +Katzbach, and Kulm--which made it insufficient for Napoleon to hold +Dresden and throw back the main army of the allies, and which thwarted +all his strategy, military and political. + +The first of these affairs was scarcely a defeat. Oudinot, advancing +with seventy thousand men by way of Wittenberg to seize Berlin, found +himself confronted by Bernadotte with eighty thousand. The latter, +with his eye on the crown of France, naturally feared to defeat a +French army; at first he thought of retreating across the Spree and +abandoning the Prussian capital. But the Prussians were outraged at +the possibility of such conduct, and the schemer was convinced that a +show of resistance was imperative. On August twenty-second a few +skirmishes occurred, and the next day Bülow, disobeying his orders, +brought on a pitched battle at Grossbeeren, which was waged, with +varying success, until nightfall left the village in French hands. +Oudinot, however, discouraged alike by the superior force of the +enemy, by the obstinate courage of the Prussians, and by the dismal +weather, lost heart, and retreated to Wittenberg. The heavy rains +prevented an effective pursuit, but the Prussians followed as far as +Treuenbrietzen. On August twenty-first, Blücher, aware of the +circumstances which kept Napoleon at Dresden, had finally determined +to attack Macdonald. The French marshal, by a strange coincidence, +almost simultaneously abandoned the defensive position he had been +ordered to hold, and advanced to give battle. It was therefore a mere +chance when on the twenty-fifth the two armies came together, amid +rain and fog, at the Katzbach. After a bitter struggle the French were +routed with frightful loss. A terrific rain-storm set in, and the +whole country was turned into a marsh. For five days Blücher continued +the pursuit, until he reached Naumburg, on the right bank of the +Queiss, where he halted, having captured eighteen thousand prisoners +and a hundred and three guns. + +To these misfortunes the affair at Kulm was a fitting climax. No worse +leader for a delicate independent movement could have been selected +than the reckless Vandamme. He was so rash, conceited, and brutish +that Napoleon once exclaimed in sheer desperation: "If there were two +Vandammes in my army, nothing could be done until one had killed the +other." As might have been expected, the headlong general far +outstripped the columns of Marmont, Saint-Cyr, and Murat, which had +been tardily sent to support him. Descending without circumspection +into the plain of Kulm, he found himself, on the twenty-ninth, +confronted by the Russian guard; and next morning, when attacked by +them in superior force, he was compelled to retreat through a mountain +defile toward Peterswald, whence he had come. At the mouth of the +gorge he was unexpectedly met by the Prussian corps of Kleist. Each +side thought the other moving to cut it off. They therefore rushed one +upon the other in despair, with no other hope than that of breaking +through to rejoin their respective armies. The shock was terrible, and +for a time the confusion seemed inextricable. But the Russians soon +came up, and Vandamme, with seven thousand men, was captured, the loss +in slain and wounded being about five thousand. Saint-Cyr, Marmont, +and Murat halted and held the mountain passes. + +This was the climax of disaster in Napoleon's great strategic plan. In +no way responsible for Grossbeeren, nor for Macdonald's defeat on the +Katzbach, he was culpable both for the selection of Vandamme and for +failure to support him in the pursuit of Schwarzenberg. At St. Helena +the Emperor strove in three ways to account for the crash under which +he was buried after Dresden: by the sickness which made him unable to +give attention to the situation, by the inundation which rendered +Macdonald helpless at the crossing of the Bober, and by the arrival of +a notification from the King of Bavaria that, after a certain date, he +too would join the coalition. This was not history, but an appeal to +public sentiment, carefully calculated for untrained readers. + +The fact was that at Dresden the gradual transformation of the +strategist into the politician, which had long been going on, was +complete. The latter misapprehended the moment for diplomatic +negotiations, conceiving the former's victory to have been +determinative, when in reality it was rendered partial and contingent +by failure to follow it up. Great as Napoleon was in other respects, +he was supremely great as a strategist; it is therefore his +psychological development and decline in this respect which are +essential to the determination of the moment in which he became +bankrupt in ability. This instant was that of course in which his +strategic failures became no longer intermittent, but regular; and +after Dresden such was the case. As to conception and tactics there +never was a failure--the year 1814 is the wonder-year of his +theoretical genius; but after Dresden there is continuous failure in +the practical combination of concept and means, in other words, of +strategic mastery. This contention as to the clouding of Napoleon's +vision by the interference of political and military considerations +is proved by his next step. Hitherto his basal principle had been to +mass all his force for a determinative blow, his combinations all +turning about hostile armies and their annihilation, or at least about +producing situations which would make annihilation possible. Now he +was concerned, not with armies, but with capital cities. Claiming that +to extend his line toward Prague would weaken it, in order to resume a +strong defensive he chose the old plan of an advance to Berlin, and +Ney was sent to supersede Oudinot, Schwarzenberg being left to +recuperate unmolested. The inchoate idea of political victory which +turned him back from Pirna was fully developed; by a blow at Berlin +and a general northward movement he could not merely punish Prussia, +but alarm Russia, separate the latter's army from that of the other +allies, and then plead with Austria his consideration in not invading +her territories. In spite of all that has been written to the +contrary, there was some strength in this idea, unworthy as it was of +the author's strategic ability. Ney was to advance immediately, while +he himself pressed on to Hoyerswerda, where he hoped to establish +connections for a common advance. + +Such a concentration would have been possible if for a fortnight +Macdonald had been able to hold Blücher, and Murat had succeeded in +checking Schwarzenberg. But the news of Macdonald's plight compelled +Napoleon to march first toward Bautzen, in order to prevent Blücher +from annihilating the army in Silesia. Exasperated by this unexpected +diversion, the Emperor started in a reckless, embittered temper. On +September fifth it became evident that Blücher would not stand, and +Napoleon prepared to wheel in the direction of Berlin; but the orders +were almost immediately recalled, for news arrived that Schwarzenberg +was marching to Dresden. At once Napoleon returned to the Saxon +capital. By September tenth he had drawn in his forces, ready for a +second defense of the city; but learning that sixty thousand Austrians +had been sent over the Elbe to take on its flank any French army sent +after Blücher, he ordered the young guard to Bautzen for the +reinforcement of Macdonald. Thereupon Schwarzenberg, on the +fourteenth, made a feint to advance. On the fifteenth Napoleon replied +by a countermove on Pirna, where pontoons were thrown over the river +to establish connection with Macdonald. On the sixteenth Napoleon +reconnoitered, on the seventeenth there was a skirmish, and on the +eighteenth there were again a push and counterpush. These movements +convinced Napoleon that Schwarzenberg was really on the defensive, and +he returned to Dresden, determined to let feint and counter-feint, the +"system of hither and thither," as he called it, go on until the +golden opportunity for a crushing blow should be offered. Blücher +meantime had turned again on Macdonald, who was now on the heights of +Fischbach with Poniatowski on his right. Mortier was again at Pirna; +Victor, Saint-Cyr, and Lobau were guarding the mountain passes from +Bohemia. + +This was virtually the situation of a month previous to the battle. +Schwarzenberg might feel that he had prevented the invasion of +Austria; Napoleon, that he had regained his strong defensive. While +the victory of Dresden had gone for nothing, yet this situation was +nevertheless a double triumph for Napoleon. Ney, in obedience to +orders, had advanced on the fifth. Bernadotte lay at Jüterbog, his +right being westerly at Dennewitz, under Tauenzien. Bertrand was to +make a demonstration on the sixth against the latter, so that behind +this movement the rest of the army should pass by unnoticed. But Ney +started three hours late, so that the skirmish between Tauenzien and +Bertrand lasted long enough to give the alarm to Bülow, who hurried +in, attacked Reynier's division, and turned the affair into a general +engagement. At first the advantage was with the Prussians; then Ney, +at an opportune moment, began to throw in Oudinot's corps--a move +which seemed likely to decide the struggle in favor of the French. But +Borstell, who had been Bülow's lieutenant at Grossbeeren, brought up +his men in disobedience to Bernadotte's orders, and threw them into +the thickest of the conflict. Hitherto the Saxons had been fighting +gallantly on the French side; soon they began to waver, and now, +falling back, they took up many of Oudinot's men in their flight. The +Prussians poured into the gap left by the Saxons, and when Bernadotte +came up with his Swedes and Russians the battle was over. Ney was +driven into Torgau, with a loss of fifteen thousand men, besides +eighty guns and four hundred train-wagons. The Prussians lost about +nine thousand killed and wounded. + +This affair concentrated into one movement the moral effects of all +the minor defeats, an influence which far outweighed the importance +of Dresden. The French still fought superbly in Napoleon's presence, +but only then, for they were heartily sick of the war. Nor was this +all: the Bavarians and Saxons were coming to feel that their +obligations to France had been fully discharged. They were infected +with the same national spirit which made heroes of the Prussians. +These, to be sure, were defending their homes and firesides; but +seeing the great French generals successively defeated, and that +largely by their own efforts, they were animated to fresh exertions +by their victories; even the reserves and the home guard displayed +the heroism of veterans. On September seventh Ney wrote to Napoleon: +"Your left flank is exhausted--take heed; I think it is time to +leave the Elbe and withdraw to the Saale"; and his opinion was that +of all the division commanders. Throughout the country-side +partizans were seizing the supply-trains; Davout had found his Dutch +and Flemings to be mediocre soldiers, unfit at crucial moments to +take the offensive; the army had shrunk to about two hundred and +fifty thousand men all told; straggling was increasing, and the +country was virtually devastated. To this last fact the plain +people, sufferers as they were, remained in their larger patriotism +amazingly indifferent: the "hither-and-thither" system tickled their +fancy, and they dubbed Napoleon the "Bautzen Messenger-boy." +Uneasiness pervaded every French encampment; on the other side +timidity was replaced by courage, dissension by unity. + +This transformation of German society seemed further to entangle the +political threads which had already debased the quality of Napoleon's +strategy. Technically no fault can be found with his prompt changes of +plan to meet emergencies, or with the details of movements which led +to his prolonged inaction. Yet, largely considered, the result was +disastrous. The great medical specialist refrains from the immediate +treatment of a sickly organ until the general health is sufficiently +recuperated to assure success; the medicaster makes a direct attack on +evident disease. Napoleon conceived a great general plan for +concentrating about Dresden to recuperate his forces; but when Blücher +prepared to advance he grew impatient, saw only his immediate trouble, +and ordered Macdonald to make a grand dash. Driving in the hostile +outposts to Förstgen, he then spent a whole day hesitating whether to +go on or to turn westward and disperse another detachment of his +ubiquitous foe, which, as he heard from Ney, had bridged the Elbe at +the mouth of the Black Elster. It was the twenty-third before he +turned back to do neither, but to secure needed rest on the left bank +of the Elbe. But if Napoleon's own definition of a truly great man be +accurate,--namely, one who can command the situations he creates,--he +was himself no longer great. The enemy not only had bridges over the +Elbe at the mouth of the Elster, but at Acken and Rosslau. The left +bank was as untenable for the French as the right, and it was of stern +necessity that the various detachments of the army were called in to +hold a line far westward, to the north of Leipsic. Oudinot, restored +to partial favor, was left to keep the rear at Dresden with part of +the young guard. On October first it was learned that Schwarzenberg +was manoeuvering on the left to surround the invaders if possible +by the south, and that Blücher, with like aim, was moving to the +north. It was evident that the allies had formed a great resolution, +and Napoleon confessed to Marmont that his "game of chess was becoming +confused." + +The fact was, the Emperor's diplomacy had far outstripped the +general's strategy. It was blazoned abroad that on September +twenty-seventh a hundred and sixty thousand new conscripts from the +class of 1815, with a hundred and twenty thousand from the arrears of +the seven previous classes, would be assembled at the military depots +in France. Boys like these had won Lützen, Bautzen, and Dresden, and a +large minority would be able-bodied men, late in maturing, perhaps, +but strong. With this preliminary blare of trumpets, a letter for the +Emperor Francis was sent to General Bubna. The bearer was instructed +to say that Napoleon would make great sacrifices both for Austria and +Prussia if only he could get a hearing. It was too late: already, on +September ninth, the three powers had concluded an offensive and +defensive alliance for the purpose of liberating the Rhenish princes, +of making sovereign and independent the states of southern and +western Germany, and of restoring both Prussia and Austria to their +limits of 1805. This was the treaty which beguiled Bavaria from the +French alliance, and made the German contingents in the French armies, +the Saxons among the rest, wild for emancipation from a hated service. +It explained the notification previously received from the King of +Bavaria, who, in return for the recognition of his complete autonomy, +formally joined the coalition on October eighth, with an army of +thirty-six thousand men. How much of all this the French spies and +emissaries made known to Napoleon does not appear. One thing only is +certain, that Napoleon's flag of truce was sent back with his message +undelivered. This ominous fact had to be considered in connection with +the movements of the enemy. They had learned one of Napoleon's own +secrets. In a bulletin of 1805 are the words: "It rains hard, but that +does not stop the march of the grand army." In 1806 he boasted +concerning Prussia: "While people are deliberating, the French army is +marching." In 1813, while he himself was vacillating, his foes were +stirring. On October third, Blücher, having accomplished a superb +strategic march, drove Bertrand to Bitterfeld, and stood before +Kemberg, west of the Elbe, with sixty-four thousand men; Bernadotte, +with eighty thousand, was crossing at Acken and Rosslau; and +Schwarzenberg, with a hundred and seventy thousand, was already south +of Leipsic; Bennigsen, with fifty thousand reserves, had reached +Teplitz. The enemy would clearly concentrate at Leipsic and cut off +Napoleon's base unless he retreated. But it was October fifth before +the bitter resolution to do so was taken, and then the movement began +under compulsion. Murat was sent, with three infantry corps and one of +cavalry, to hold Schwarzenberg until the necessary manoeuvers could +be completed. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +THE END OF THE GRAND ARMY[3] + + [Footnote 3: References: Wuttke: Die Völkerschlacht bei + Leipzig. Aster: Die Schlachten bei Leipzig. Also see works of + Hofmann, Naumann, and Dörr.] + + Plans for Conducting the Retreat -- Napoleon's Health -- + Blücher's Brilliant Idea -- Napoleon under Compulsion -- His + Skilful Concentration -- The Battle-field around Leipsic -- The + Attack -- Results of the First Day's Fighting -- Attempt to + Negotiate -- Napoleon's Apathy -- The Positions of the Third Day + -- The Grand Army Defeated -- The Disaster at the Elster Bridge + -- Dissolution of the Grand Army. + + +But how should the retreat be conducted? Napoleon's habit of reducing +his thoughts to writing for the sake of clearness remained strong upon +him to the last, and in the painstaking notes which he made with +regard to this important move he outlined two alternatives: to +garrison Dresden with two corps, send three to reconnoiter about +Chemnitz, and then march, with five and the guard, to attack +Schwarzenberg; or else to strengthen Murat, place him between +Schwarzenberg and Leipsic, and then advance to drive Bernadotte and +Blücher behind the Elbe. But in winter the frozen Elbe with its flat +shores would be no rampart. Both plans were abandoned, and on the +seventh orders were issued for a retreat behind the Saale, the +precipitous banks of which were a natural fortification. Behind this +line of defense he could rest in safety during the winter, with his +right at Erfurt and his left at Magdeburg. Dresden must, he +concluded, be evacuated. This would deprive the allies of the easy +refuge behind the Saxon and Bohemian mountains which they had sought +at every onset, but it might leave them complete masters of Saxony. To +avoid this he must take one of three courses: either halt behind the +Mulde for one blow at the armies of the North and of Silesia, or join +Murat for a decisive battle with the Austrian general, or else +concentrate at Leipsic, and meet the onset of the united allies, now +much stronger than he was. + +The night of the seventh was spent in indecision as to any one or all +of these ideas, but in active preparation for the actual movements of +the retreat, however it should be conducted; any contingency might be +met or a resolve taken when the necessity arose. During that night the +Emperor took two warm baths. The habit of drinking strong coffee to +prevent drowsiness had induced attacks of nervousness, and these were +not diminished by his load of care. To allay these and other ailments, +he had had recourse for some time to frequent tepid baths. Much has +been written about a mysterious malady which had been steadily +increasing, but the burden of testimony from the Emperor's closest +associates at this time indicates that in the main he had enjoyed +excellent health throughout the second Saxon campaign. He was, on the +whole, calm and self-reliant, exhibiting signs of profound emotion +only in connection with important decisions. He was certainly capable +of clear insight and of severe application in a crisis; he could still +endure exhausting physical exertion, and rode without discomfort, +sitting his horse in the same stiff, awkward manner as of old. There +were certainly intervals of self-indulgence and of lassitude, of +excessive emotion and depressing self-examination, which seemed to +require the offset of a physical stimulus; but on the whole there do +not appear to have been such sharp attacks of illness, or even of +morbid depression, as amount to providential interference; natural +causes, complex but not inexplicable, sufficiently account for the +subsequent disasters. + +For instance, considerations of personal friendship having in earlier +days often led him to unwise decisions, a like cause may be said to +have brought on his coming disaster. It was the affection of the Saxon +king for his beautiful capital which at the very last instant, on +October eighth, induced Napoleon to cast all his well-weighed scheme +to the winds, and--fatal decision!--leave Saint-Cyr and Lobau, with +three corps, in Dresden. A decisive battle was imminent; the commander +was untrue to his maxim that every division should be under the +colors. But with or without his full force, the master-strategist was +outwitted: the expected meeting did not take place as he finally +reckoned. On the tenth his headquarters were at Düben, and his +divisions well forward on the Elbe, ready for Bernadotte and Blücher; +but there was no foe. Both these generals had been disconcerted by the +unexpected swiftness of the French movements; the former actually +contemplated recrossing the river to avoid a pitched battle with those +whom he hoped before long to secure as his subjects. But the +enthusiastic old Prussian shamed his ally into action, persuading him +at least to march south from Acken, effect a junction with the army of +Silesia, and cross the Saale to threaten Napoleon from the rear. This +was a brilliant and daring plan, for if successful both armies might +possibly unite with Schwarzenberg's; but even if unsuccessful in that, +they would at least reproduce the situation in Silesia, and reduce the +French to the "hither-and-thither" system, which, rendering a decisive +battle impossible, had thwarted the Napoleonic strategy. + +Napoleon spent a weary day of waiting in Düben, yawning and +scribbling, but keeping his geographer and secretary in readiness. It +was said at the time, and has since been repeated, that throughout +this portion of the campaign Napoleon was not recognizable as himself: +that he ruminated long when he should have been active; that he +consulted when he should have given orders; that he was no longer +ubiquitous as of old, but sluggish, and rooted to one spot. But it is +hard to see what he left undone, his judgment being mistaken as it +was. When rumors of Bernadotte's movements began to arrive, he +dismissed the idea suggested by them as preposterous; when finally, on +the twelfth, he heard that Blücher was actually advancing to Halle, +and no possible doubt remained, he gave instant orders for a march on +Leipsic. Critics have suggested that again delay had been his ruin; +but this is not true. An advance over the Elbe toward Berlin in search +of the enemy would merely have enabled Blücher and Bernadotte to join +forces sooner, and have rendered their union with Schwarzenberg +easier. No stricture is just but one: that Napoleon, knowing how +impossible it was to obtain such exact information as he seemed +determined to have, should have divined the enemy's plan, and acted +sooner. The accurate information necessary for such foresight was not +obtainable; in fact, it seldom is, and some allowance may be made if +the general lingered before rushing into the "tube of a funnel," as +Marmont expressed it. On the morning of the thirteenth, while the +final arrangements for marching to Leipsic were making, came the news +of Bavaria's defection. It spread throughout the army like wildfire, +but its effect was less than might be imagined, and it served for the +priming of a bulletin, issued on the fifteenth, announcing the +approaching battle. + +On the fifteenth, Murat, who had been steadily withdrawing before the +allied army of the South, was overtaken at Wachau by Schwarzenberg's +van. He fought all day with magnificent courage, and successfully, +hurling the hostile cavalry skirmishers back on the main column. +Within sound of his guns, Napoleon was reconnoitering his chosen +battle-field in and about Leipsic; and when, after nightfall, the +brothers-in-law met, the necessary arrangements were virtually +complete. Those who were present at the council thought the Emperor +inexplicably calm and composed--they said indifferent or stolid. But +he had reasons to be confident rather than desperate, for by a touch +of his old energy he had concentrated more swiftly than his foe, +having a hundred and seventy thousand men in array. Reynier, with +fourteen thousand more, was near; if Saint-Cyr and Lobau, with their +thirty thousand, had been present instead of sitting idly in Dresden, +the French would actually have outnumbered any army the coalition +could have assembled for battle. The allies could hope at best to +produce two hundred thousand men; Bernadotte was still near Merseburg; +Blücher, though coming in from Halle, was not within striking +distance. In spite of his vacillation and final failure to evacuate +Dresden, Napoleon had an excellent fighting chance. + +The city of Leipsic, engirdled by numerous villages, lies in a low +plain watered by the Parthe, Pleisse, and Elster, the last of which to +the westward has several arms, with swampy banks. Across these runs +the highway to Frankfort, elevated on a dike, and spanning the deep, +central stream of the Elster by a single bridge. Eastward by Connewitz +the land is higher, there being considerable swells, and even hills, +to the south and southeast. This rolling country was that chosen by +Napoleon for the main battle against Schwarzenberg; Marmont was +stationed north of the city, near Möckern, to observe Blücher; +Bernadotte, the cautious, was still at Oppin with his Swedes. On the +evening of the fifteenth, his dispositions being complete, Napoleon +made the tour of all his posts. At dusk three white rockets were seen +to rise in the southern sky; they were promptly answered by four red +ones in the north. These were probably signals between Schwarzenberg +and Blücher. Napoleon's watch-fire was kindled behind the old guard, +between Reudnitz and Crottendorf. + +The battle began early next morning. Napoleon waited until nine, and +then advanced at the head of his guards to Liebertwolkwitz, near +Wachau, on the right bank of the Pleisse, where the decisive struggle +was sure to occur, since the mass of the enemy, under Barclay, with +Wittgenstein as second in command, had attacked in four columns at +that point. Between the Pleisse and the Elster, near Connewitz, stood +Poniatowski, opposed to Schwarzenberg and Meerveldt; westward of the +Elster, near Lindenau, stood Bertrand, covering the single line of +retreat, the Frankfort highway, and his antagonist was Gyulay. Thus +there were four divisions in the mighty conflict, which began by an +onset of the allies along the entire front. The main engagement was +stubborn and bloody, the allies attacking with little skill, but great +bravery. Until near midday Napoleon more than held his own. Victor at +Wachau, and Lauriston at Liebertwolkwitz, had each successfully +resisted six desperate assaults; between them were massed the +artillery, a hundred and fifty guns, under Drouot, and behind, all the +cavalry except that of Sebastiani. The great artillery captain was +about to give the last splendid exhibition of what his arm can do +under favorable circumstances--that is, when strongly posted in the +right position and powerfully supported by cavalry. He intended, with +an awful shock and swift pursuit, to break through the enemy's center +at Güldengossa and surround his right. So great was his genius for +combinations that while the allies were that moment using three +hundred and twenty-five thousand effective men all told to his two +hundred and fourteen thousand, yet in the decisive spot he had +actually concentrated a hundred and fifteen thousand to their hundred +and fourteen thousand. This was because Schwarzenberg, having +attempted to outflank the French, was floundering to no avail in the +swampy meadows between the Pleisse and the Elster, and was no longer a +factor in the contest. + +When, at midday, all was in readiness and the order was given, the +artillery fire was so rapid that the successive shots were heard, not +separately, but in a long, sullen note. By two, Victor and Oudinot on +the right, with Mortier and Macdonald on the left, were well forward +of Güldengossa, but the place itself still held out. At three the +cavalry, under Murat, Latour-Maubourg, and Kellermann, were sped +direct upon it. With awful effort they broke through, and the bells of +Leipsic began to ring in triumph--prematurely. The Czar had +peremptorily summoned from Schwarzenberg's command the Austro-Russian +reserve, and at four these, with the Cossack guard, charged the French +cavalry, hurling them back to Markkleeberg. Nightfall found Victor +again at Wachau, and Macdonald holding Liebertwolkwitz. Simultaneously +with the great charge of the allies Meerveldt had dashed out from +Connewitz toward Dölitz, but his force was nearly annihilated, and he +himself was captured. At Möckern, Marmont, after gallant work with +inferior numbers, had been beaten on his left, and then compelled for +safety to draw in his right. While he still held Gohlis and +Eutritzsch, the mass of his army had been thrown back into Leipsic. +Throughout the day Bertrand made a gallant and successful resistance +to superior numbers, and drove that portion of the allied forces +opposed to him away from Lindenau as far as Plagwitz. At nightfall +three blank shots announced the cessation of hostilities all around. + +In the face of superior numbers, the French had not lost a single +important position, and whatever military science had been displayed +was all theirs; Blücher made the solitary advance move of the allies, +the seizure of Möckern by York's corps; Schwarzenberg had been +literally mired in his attempt to outflank his enemy, and but for +Alexander's peremptory recall of the reserves destined for the same +task, the day would have been one of irretrievable disaster to the +coalition. Yet Napoleon knew that he was lost unless he could retreat. +Clearly he had expected a triumph, for in the city nothing was ready, +and over the Elster was but one crossing, the solitary bridge on the +Frankfort road. The seventeenth was the first day of the week; both +sides were exhausted, and the Emperor of the French seems to have felt +that at all hazards he must gain time. During the previous night long +consultations had been held, and the French divisions to the south had +been slightly compacted. In the morning Meerveldt, the captured +Austrian general, the same man who after Austerlitz had solicited and +obtained on the part of Francis an interview from Napoleon, was +paroled, and sent into his own lines to ask an armistice, together +with the intervention of Francis on the terms of Prague: renunciation +of Poland and Illyria by Napoleon, the absolute independence of +Holland, of the Hanse towns, of Spain, and of a united Italy. When we +remember that England was paymaster to the coalition, and was fighting +for her influence in Holland, and that Austria's ambition was for +predominance in a disunited Italy, we feel that apparently Napoleon +wanted time rather than hoped for a successful plea to his +father-in-law. + +This would be the inevitable conclusion except for the fact that he +withdrew quietly to his tent and there remained; the resourceful +general was completely apathetic, being either over-confident in his +diplomatic mission or stunned by calamity. The day passed without +incident except a momentary attack on Marmont, and the arrival of +Bernadotte, who had been spurred to movement by a hint from Gneisenau +concerning the terms on which Great Britain was to pay her subsidies. +It was asserted at the time that Napoleon gave orders early in the +morning for building numerous bridges over the western streams. If so, +they were not executed, only a single flimsy structure being built, +and that on the road leading from the town, not on the lines westward +from his positions in the suburbs. His subordinates should have acted +in so serious a matter even without orders; but, like the drivers of +trains which run at lightning speed, they had, after years of +high-pressure service, lost their nerve. Marmont asserts that even +Napoleon was nerveless. "We were occupied," he wrote, "in restoring +order among our troops; we should either have commenced our retreat, +or at least have prepared the means to commence it at nightfall. But a +certain carelessness on the part of Napoleon, which it is impossible +to explain and difficult to describe, filled the cup of our sorrows." +Considering who wrote these words, they must be taken with allowance; +but they indicate a truth, that in his decadence this hitherto +many-sided man could not be both general and emperor. No answer from +Francis was received; the allies agreed on this course, and +determined, according to their agreement with England, not to cease +fighting till the last French soldier was over the Rhine. It was +midnight when Napoleon finally drew in his posts and gave preliminary +orders to dispose his troops in readiness either to fight or to +retreat. + +When day dawned on October eighteenth the French army occupied an +entirely new position: the right wing, under Murat, lying between +Connewitz and Dölitz; the center at Probstheida in a salient angle; +the left, under Ney, with front toward the north between Paunsdorf and +Gohlis. Within this arc, and close about the city, stood all the +well-tried corps, infantry, artillery, and cavalry, under their +various leaders of renown--Poniatowski, Augereau, Victor, Drouot, +Kellermann, Oudinot, Latour-Maubourg, Macdonald, Marmont, Reynier, and +Souham; Napoleon was on a hillock at Thonberg, with the old guard in +reserve. His chief concern was the line of retreat, which was still +open when, at seven, the fighting began. Schwarzenberg, with the left, +could get no farther than Connewitz. Bennigsen, with the right, +started to feel Bernadotte and complete the investment. Neither was +entirely successful, but Marmont withdrew from before Blücher, and Ney +from before Bernadotte and Bennigsen, in order to avoid being +surrounded; so that the two French armies were united before nightfall +on the western outskirts of the town, where Bertrand had routed +Gyulay, and had kept open the all-important line of retreat, over +which, since noon, trains of wagons had been passing. But magnificent +as was the work of all these doughty champions on both sides, it was +far surpassed in the center, where during the entire day, under +Napoleon's eye, advance and resistance had been desperate. Men fell +like grass before the scythe, and surging lines of their comrades +moved on from behind. Such were the numbers and such the carnage that +men have compared the conflict to that of the nations at Armageddon. + +At Victor's stand, near Probstheida, the fighting was fiercer than the +fiercest. The allied troops charged with fixed bayonets, rank after +rank, column following on column; cannon roared while grape-shot and +shells sped to meet the assailants; men said the air was full of human +limbs; ten times Russians and Prussians came on, only to be ten times +driven back. The very soil on which the assailants trod was human +flesh. Hour after hour the slaughter continued. Occasionally the +French attempted a rally, but only to be thrown back by musket fire +and cavalry charge. It was the same at Stötteritz, where no one seemed +to pause for breath. Woe to him who fell in fatigue: he was soon but +another corpse in the piles over which new reinforcements came on to +the assault or countercharge. At last there was scarcely a semblance +of order; in hand-to-hand conflict men shouted, struggled, wrestled, +thrust, advanced, and withdrew, and in neither combatants nor +onlookers was there any sense of reality. By dusk the heated cannon +were almost useless, the muskets entirely so, and, as darkness came +down, the survivors fell asleep where they stood, riders in their +saddles, horses in their tracks. Napoleon learned that thirty-five +thousand Saxons on the left had gone over to the enemy, and some one +of his staff handing him a wooden chair, he dropped into it and sank +into a stupor almost as he touched it. For half an hour he sat in +oblivion, while in the thickening darkness the marshals and generals +gathered about the watch-fires, and stood with sullen mien to abide +his awakening. The moon came slowly up, Napoleon awoke, orders were +given to complete the dispositions for retreat already taken, and, +there being nothing left to do, the Emperor, with inscrutable +emotions, passed inside the walls of Leipsic to take shelter in an inn +on the creaking sign-board of which were depicted the arms of Prussia! + +Throughout the night French troops streamed over the stone bridge +across the Elster; in the early morning the enemy began to advance, +and ever-increasing numbers hurried away to gain the single avenue of +retreat. Until midday Napoleon wandered aimlessly about the inner +town, giving unimportant commands to stem the ever-growing confusion +and disorder. Haggard, and with his clothing in disarray, he was not +recognized by his own men, being sometimes rudely jostled. After an +affecting farewell to the King of Saxony, in which his unhappy ally +was instructed to make the best terms he could for himself, the +Emperor finally fell into the throng and moved with it toward +Lindenau. Halting near the Elster, a French general began to seek +information from the roughly clad onlooker who, without a suite or +even a single attendant, stood apparently indifferent, softly +whistling, "Malbrook s'en va t'en guerre." Of course the officer +started as he recognized the Emperor, but the conquered sovereign took +no notice. Bystanders thought his heart was turned to stone. Still the +rush of retreat went on, successfully also, in spite of some +confusion, until at two some one blundered. By the incredible mistake +of a French subaltern, as is now proven, the permanent Elster bridge +was blown up, and the temporary one had long since fallen. Almost +simultaneously with this irreparable disaster the allies had stormed +the city, and the French rear-guard came thundering on, hoping to find +safety in flight. Plunging into the deep stream, many, like +Poniatowski, were drowned; some, like the wounded Macdonald, swam +safely across. The scene was heartrending as horses, riders, and +footmen rolled senseless in the dark flood, while others scrambled +over their writhing forms in mad despair. Reynier and Lauriston, with +twenty thousand men, were captured, the King of Saxony was sent a +prisoner to Berlin, and Stein prepared to govern his domains by +commission from the allies. By ten in the evening Bertrand was in +possession of Weissenfels; Oudinot wheeled at Lindenau, and held the +unready pursuers in check. + +Next morning, the twentieth, Napoleon was alert and active; retreat +began again, but only in tolerable order. Although he could not +control the great attendant rabble of camp-followers and stragglers, +he had nevertheless about a hundred and twenty thousand men under his +standards; as many more, and those his finest veterans, were besieged +and held in the fortresses of the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula by local +militia. These places, he knew, would no longer be tenable; in fact, +they began to surrender almost immediately, and the survivors of +Leipsic were soon in a desperate plight from hunger and fatigue. Yet +the commander gave no sign of sensibility. "'T was thus he left +Russia," said the surly men in the ranks. Hunger-typhus appeared, and +spread with awful rapidity; the country swarmed with partizans; the +columns of the allies were behind and on each flank; fifty-six +thousand Bavarians were approaching from Ansbach, under Wrede; at +Erfurt all the Saxons and Bavarians still remaining under the French +eagles marched away. The only foreign troops who kept true were those +who had no country and no refuge, the unhappy Poles, who, though +disappointed in their hopes, were yet faithful to him whom they +wrongly believed to have been their sincere friend. Though stricken by +all his woes, the Emperor was undaunted; the retreat from Germany was +indeed perilous, but it was marked by splendid courage and unsurpassed +skill. At Kösen and at Eisenach the allies were outwitted, and at +Hanau, on the twenty-ninth, the Bavarians were overwhelmed in a +pitched fight by an exhibition of personal pluck and calmness on +Napoleon's part paralleled only by his similar conduct at Krasnoi in +the previous year. At the head of less than six thousand men, he held +in check nearly fifty thousand until the rest of his columns came up, +when he fell with the old fire upon a hostile line posted with the +river Kinzig in its rear, and not only disorganized it utterly, but +inflicted on it a loss of ten thousand men, more than double the +number which fell in his own ranks. But in spite of this brilliant +success, the ravages of disease continued, and only seventy thousand +men of the imperial army crossed the Rhine to Mainz. Soon the houses +of that city were packed, and the streets were strewn with victims of +the terrible hunger-typhus. They died by hundreds, and corpses lay for +days unburied; before the plague was stayed thousands found an +inglorious grave. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +THE FRANKFORT PROPOSALS[4] + + [Footnote 4: References: Fain: Manuscrit de 1814. Rothenburg: + Die Schlacht bei Leipzig im Jahre 1813.] + + Importance of the Battle of Leipsic -- Decline of Napoleon's + Powers -- His Gentler Side -- Disintegration of Napoleon's Empire + -- The Coalition and the Sentiment of Nationality -- Reasons for + the Parley at Frankfort -- Insincerity of the Proposal -- + Napoleon and France -- The Revolution and the Empire -- Hollow + Diplomacy. + + +The battle of Leipsic is one of the most important in general history. +Apparently it was only the offset to Austerlitz, as the Beresina had +been to Friedland. In reality it was far more, because it gave the +hegemony of continental Europe to Prussia. French imperialism in its +death-throes wiped out the score of royal France against the +Hapsburgs; Austria was not yet banished from central Europe to the +lower courses of the Danube, but, what was much the same thing, +Prussia was launched upon her career of military aggrandizement. Three +dynasties seemed in that battle to have celebrated a joint triumph; as +a matter of fact, the free national spirit of Germany, having narrowly +escaped being smothered by Napoleonic imperialism, had chosen a +national dynasty as its refuge. The conflict is well designated by +German historians as "the battle of the nations," but the language has +a different sense from that which is generally attributed to it. The +seeds of Italian unity had been sown, but they were not yet to +germinate. The battle of Leipsic seemed to check them, yet it was the +process there begun under which they sprang up and bore fruit. France +was destined to become for a time the sport of an antiquated dynastic +system. The liberties which men of English blood had been painfully +developing for a century she sought to seize in an instant; she was to +see them still elude her grasp for sixty years, until her democratic +life, having assumed consistency, should find expression in +institutions essentially and peculiarly her own. Though the conquering +monarchs believed that revolutionary liberalism had been quenched at +Leipsic, its ultimate triumph was really assured, since it was +consigned to its natural guardianship, that of national commonwealths. +The imperial agglomeration of races and nationalities was altogether +amorphous and had been found impossible; that form of union was not +again attempted after Leipsic, while another--that, namely, of +constitutional organic nationalities--was made operative. The +successive stages of advance are marked by 1813, 1848, and 1870. + +The Saxon campaigns display the completion of the process in which the +great strategist, stifled by political anxieties, became the creature +of circumstances both as general and statesman. The Russian campaign +was nicely calculated, but its proportions and aim were those of the +Oriental theocrat, not of the prosaic European soldier. With the aid +of the railroad and the electric telegraph, they might possibly have +been wrought into a workable problem, but that does not excuse the +errors of premature and misplaced ambition. The Saxon campaigns, +again, are marked by a boldness of design and a skill in combination +characteristic of the best strategy; but again the proportions are +monstrous, and, what is worse, the execution is intermittent and +feeble. As in Russia, the war organism was insufficient for the +numbers and distances involved, while the subordinates of every grade, +though supple instruments, seemed mercenary, self-seeking, and +destitute of devotion. Bonaparte had ruled men's hearts by his use of +a cause, securing devotion to it and to himself by rude bonhomie, by +success, and by sufficient rewards; Napoleon, on the other hand, +quenched devotion by a lavishness which sated the greediest, and lost +the affections of his associates by the demands of his gigantic plans. + +As the world-conqueror felt the foundations of his greatness +quivering, he became less callous and more human. Early in 1813 he +said: "I have a sympathetic heart, like another, but since earliest +childhood I have accustomed myself to keep that string silent, and now +it is altogether dumb." His judgment of himself was mistaken: +throughout the entire season he was strangely and exceptionally moved +by the horrors of war; his purse was ever open for the suffering; he +released the King of Saxony from his entangling engagements; in spite +of his hard-set expression on the retreat from Leipsic, he forbade his +men to fire the suburbs of the city in order to retard the pursuit of +their foes, and before he left Mainz for St. Cloud he showed the +deepest concern, and put forth the strongest effort, in behalf of the +dying soldiery. + +The immediate effects of Leipsic were the full display of that +national spirit which had been refined, if not created, in the fires +of Napoleon's imperious career. An Austrian army under Hiller drove +Eugène over the Adige. The Italians, not unsusceptible to the power in +the air, felt their humiliation, and, turning on their imperial King +in bitter hate, determined, under the influence of feelings most +powerfully expressed by Alfieri, that they would emulate northern +Europe. But though they had for years been subject to the new +influences, enjoying the equal administration of the Code Napoléon, +and freed from the interference of petty local tyrants, they were +neither united nor enlightened in sufficient degree. After an outburst +of hatred to France, they were crushed by their old despots, and the +land relapsed into the direst confusion. The Confederation of the +Rhine was, however, resolved into its elements: the Mecklenburgs +reasserted their independence; King Jerome fled to France; Würtemberg, +Hesse-Darmstadt, and Baden followed Bavaria's example; Cassel, +Brunswick, Hanover, and Oldenburg were craftily restored to their +former rulers before Stein's bureau could establish an administration. +Holland recalled the Prince of Orange, Spain rose to support +Wellington, and Soult was not merely driven over the Pyrenees--he was +defeated on French soil, and shut up in Bayonne. + +Even the three monarchs, as they sedately moved across Germany with +their exhausted and battered armies, were aware of nationality as a +controlling force in the future. In a direct movement on Paris they +could, as Ney said, "have marked out their days in advance," but they +halted at Frankfort for a parley. There were several reasons why they +should pause. They had seen France rise in her might; they did not +care to assist at the spectacle again. Moreover, the coalition had +accomplished its task and earned its pay; not a Frenchman, except real +or virtual prisoners, was left east of the Rhine. From that point the +interests of the three monarchs were divergent. As Gentz, the Austrian +statesman, said, "The war for the emancipation of states bids fair to +become one for the emancipation of the people." Alexander, Frederick +William, and Francis were each and all anxious for the future of +absolutism, but otherwise there was mutual distrust. Austria was +suspicious of Prussia, and desired immediate peace. In the restoration +of Holland under English auspices, Russia saw the perpetuation of +British maritime and commercial supremacy, to the disadvantage of her +Oriental aspirations, and the old Russian party demanded peace. On the +other hand, Alexander wished to avenge Napoleon's march to Moscow by +an advance to Paris; and though Frederick William distrusted what he +called the Czar's Jacobinism, his own soldiers, thirsting for further +revenge, also desired to prosecute the war; even the most enlightened +Prussian statesmen believed that nothing short of a complete cataclysm +in France could shake Napoleon's hold on that people and destroy his +power. Offsetting these conflicting tendencies against one another, +Metternich was able to secure military inaction for a time, while the +coalition formulated a series of proposals calculated to woo the +French people, and thus to bring Napoleon at once to terms. + +Ostensibly the Frankfort proposals, adopted on November ninth, were +only a slight advance on the ultimatum of Prague: Austria was to have +enough Italian territory to secure her preponderance in that +peninsula; France was to keep Savoy, with Nice; the rest of Italy was +to be independent. Holland and Spain liberated, France was to have her +"natural" boundaries, the Alps, the Pyrenees, the ocean, and the +Rhine. Napoleon was to retain a slight preponderance in Germany, and +the hope was held out that in a congress to settle details for a +general pacification, Great Britain, content with the "maritime +rights" which had caused the war, would hand back the captured French +colonies. The various ministers present at Frankfort assented to these +proposals for Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia +respectively; but Alexander and Frederick William were dissatisfied +with them, and when Castlereagh heard them, he was as furious as his +cold blood would permit at the thought of France retaining control of +the Netherlands, Antwerp being the commercial key to central Europe. + +Such a humor in three of the high contracting parties makes it +doubtful whether the Frankfort proposals had any reality, and this +doubt is further increased by the circumstances of the so-called +negotiation. St. Aignan, the French envoy to the Saxon duchies, had in +violation of international law and courtesy been seized at Gotha and +held as a prisoner. He was now set free and instructed to urge upon +Napoleon the necessity of an immediate settlement. To his +brother-in-law, the pacific Caulaincourt, who was soon to displace +Maret as minister of foreign affairs, he was to hand a private and +personal letter from Metternich. In the course of this epistle the +writer expresses his conviction that any effort to conclude a peace +would come to nothing. Not only, therefore, were the pretended +negotiations entirely destitute of form, they were prejudged from the +outset. Still further, the allies refused what Napoleon had granted +after Bautzen, an armistice, and insisted that hostilities were to +proceed during negotiation. All possible doubt as to the sincerity of +the proposals is turned into assurance by Metternich's admission in +his memoirs that they were intended to divorce Napoleon from the +French nation, and in particular to work on the feelings of the army. +He says that neither Alexander nor Frederick William would have +assented to them had they not been convinced that Napoleon would +"never in the world of his own accord" resolve to accept them. Yet the +world has long believed that Napoleon, as he himself expressed it, +lost his crown for Antwerp; that had he believed the honeyed words of +the Austrian minister, and opened negotiations on an indefinite basis +without delay, he might have kept France with its revolutionary +boundaries intact for himself and his dynasty, and by the sacrifice of +his imperial ambitions have retained for her, if not preponderance, at +least importance in the councils of Europe. + +Neither Napoleon nor the French nation was deceived; a peace made +under such circumstances could result only in a dishonorable tutelage +to the allied sovereigns. France abhorred the dynasties and all their +works, believing that dynastic rule could never mean anything except +absolutism and feudalism. The experiment of popular sovereignty +wielded by a democracy had been a failure; but the liberal French, +like men of the same intelligence throughout Europe, did not, for all +that, lose faith in popular sovereignty; they knew there must be some +channel for its exercise. Outside of France, as in it, the most +enlightened opinion of the time regarded Napoleon as the savior of +society. The Queen of Saxony bitterly reproached Metternich for having +deserted Napoleon's "sacred cause." This was because the Emperor of +the French seemed to have used the people's power for the people's +good. His giant arm alone could wield the popular majesty. It is said +that the great mass of the French nation, on hearing of the Frankfort +proposals, groaned and laughed by turns. Being profoundly, devotedly +imperialist and therefore idealistic, they were outraged at the +thought of Hapsburgs, Romanoffs, or Hohenzollerns, the very +incarnations of German feudality, as leaders of the new Europe. It +seemed the irony of fate that civil and political rights on the basis, +not of privilege, but of manhood, the prize for which the world had +been turned upside down, should be intrusted to such keepers. Welded +into a homogeneous nationality themselves, the French could not +understand that the inchoate nationalities in other states had as yet +nothing but dynastic forms of expression, or foresee that during a +century to come the old dynasties would find safety only in adapting +royalty to national needs. + +Napoleon seems to have been fully aware of French sentiment. In +addition, he understood that not merely for this sufficient reason +could he never be king of France in name or fact, but also that, +having elsewhere harried and humiliated both peoples and dynasties in +the name of revolutionary ideals, the masses had found him out, and +were as much embittered as their rulers, believing him to be a +charlatan using dazzling principles as a cloak for personal ambition. +In May, 1813, the Emperor Francis, anxious to salve the lacerated +pride of the Hapsburgs, produced a bundle of papers purporting to +prove that the Bonapartes had once been ruling princes at Treviso. "My +nobility," was Napoleon's stinging reply, "dates only from Marengo." +He well knew that when the battle should be fought that would undo +Marengo, his nobility would end. In other words, without solid French +support he was nothing, and that support he was fully aware he could +never have as king of France. If the influence of what France +improperly believed to be solely the French Revolution were to be +confined to her boundaries, revolutionary or otherwise, not only was +Napoleon's prestige destroyed, but along with it would go French +leadership in Europe. An imperial throne there must be, exerting +French influence far abroad. What happened at Paris, therefore, may be +regarded as a counter-feint to Metternich's effort at securing an +advantageous peace from the French nation when it should have +renounced Napoleon. It was merely an attempt to collect the remaining +national strength, not now for aggressive warfare, but for the +expulsion of hated invaders. + +Having received no formulated proposition for acceptance or rejection, +and desiring to force one, the Emperor of the French virtually +disregarded the letter of Metternich's communication, and sent a +carefully considered message to the allies. Making no mention in this +of the terms brought by St. Aignan, he suggested Caulaincourt as +plenipotentiary to an international congress, which should meet +somewhere on the Rhine, say at Mannheim. Further, he declared that his +object had always been the independence of all the nations, "from the +continental as well as from the maritime point of view." This +communication reached Frankfort on November sixteenth, and, whether +wilfully or not, was misinterpreted to mean that the writer would +persist in questioning England's maritime rights. Thereupon Metternich +replied by accepting Mannheim as the place for the proposed +conference, and promised to communicate the language of Napoleon's +letter to his co-allies. How far these co-allies were from a sincere +desire for peace is proven by their next step, taken almost on the +date of Metternich's reply. A proclamation was widely posted in the +cities of France, which stated, in a cant borrowed from Napoleon's own +practice, that the allies desired France "to be great, strong, and +prosperous"; they were making war, it was asserted, not "on France, +but on that preponderance which Napoleon had too long exercised, to +the misfortune of Europe and of France herself, to which they +guaranteed in advance an extent of territory such as she never had +under her kings." Napoleon's riposte was to despatch a swarm of trusty +emissaries throughout France in order to compose all quarrels of the +people with the government, to strengthen popular devotion in every +possible way--in short, to counteract the possible effects of this +call. The messengers found public opinion thoroughly imperial, but +profoundly embittered against Maret as the supposed instigator of +disastrous wars. Maret was transferred to the department of state, and +the pacific Caulaincourt was made minister of foreign affairs. On +December second, at the earliest possible moment, the new minister +addressed a note to Metternich, accepting the terms of the "general +and summary basis." This, said the despatch, would involve great +sacrifices; but Napoleon would feel no regret if only by a similar +abnegation England would provide the means for a general, honorable +peace. Metternich replied that nothing now stood in the way of +convening a congress, and that he would notify England to send a +plenipotentiary. There, however, the matter ended, and Metternich's +record of those Frankfort days scarcely notices the subject, so +interested is he in the squabbles of the sovereigns over the opening +of a new campaign. It was the end of the year when they reached an +agreement. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +THE INVASION OF FRANCE[5] + + [Footnote 5: Correspondance, Vol. XVII. Mémoires du roi + Joseph. Beauchamp: Histoire des campagnes de 1814 et 1815. + Danitz: Geschichte d. Feldzugs v. 1814. Danilewsky: Der + Feldzug in Frankreich. Houssaye: 1814.] + + Amazing Schemes of Napoleon for New Levies -- Attitude of the + People toward the Empire -- The Disaffected Elements -- + Napoleon's Armament -- Activity of the Imperialists -- Release of + Ferdinand and the Pope -- Napoleon's Farewell to Paris -- His + Strategic Plan -- France against Europe -- The Conduct of + Bernadotte -- Murat's Defection -- Conflicting Interests of the + Allies -- Positions of the Opponents at the Outbreak of + Hostilities. + +[Sidenote: 1813-14] + +What happened in France between the first days of November, 1813, when +Napoleon reached St. Cloud, and the close of the year, is so +incredible that it scarcely seems to belong in the pages of sober +history. Of five hundred and seventy-five thousand Frenchmen, strictly +excluding Germans and Poles, who had been sent to war during 1812 and +1813, about three hundred thousand were prisoners or shut up in +distant garrisons, and a hundred and seventy-five thousand were dead +or missing; therefore a hundred thousand or thereabouts remained under +arms and ready for active service. By various decrees of the Emperor +and the senate, nine hundred and thirty-six thousand more were called +to arms: a hundred and sixty thousand from the classes between 1804 +and 1814, whether they had once served or not; a hundred and sixty +thousand from the class of 1815; a hundred and seventy-six thousand +five hundred were to be enrolled in the regular national guard, and a +hundred and forty thousand in a home guard; finally, in a +comprehensive sweep from all the classes between 1804 and 1814 +inclusive, every possible man was to be drawn. This, it was estimated, +would produce three hundred thousand more. + +It is easy to exaggerate the significance of these enormous figures, +for to the layman they would seem to mean that every male capable of +bearing arms was to be taken. But this was far from being the case; +contrary to the general impression, the population of France had been +and was steadily increasing. In spite of all the butcheries of foreign +and civil wars, the number of inhabitants was growing at the rate of +half a million yearly, and the country could probably have furnished +three times the number called out. Moreover, less than a third of the +nine hundred and thirty-six thousand were ever organized, and not more +than an eighth of them fought. This disproportion between plan and +fulfilment was due partly to official incapacity or worse, partly to a +popular resistance which was not due to disaffection. It speaks +volumes for the state of the country that even the hated flying +columns, with their thorough procedure, could not find the men, +especially the fathers, husbands, and only sons, who were the solitary +supports of many families. The fields were tilled by the spades of +women and children, for there were neither horses to draw nor men to +hold the plows. Government pawn-shops were gorged, and the government +storehouses were bursting with manufactured wares for which there was +no market; government securities were worth less than half their face, +the currency had disappeared, and usury was rampant. Yet it seems +certain that four fifths of the people associated none of these +miseries with Napoleonic empire. The generation which had grown to +maturity under Napoleon saw only one side of his activities: the +majestic public works he had inaugurated, the glories of France and +the splendors of empire during the intervals of peace, the exhaustion +and abasement of her foes in a long series of splendid campaigns--all +this they associated with the imperial rule, and desired what they +supposed was a simple thing, the Empire and peace. + +The other fifth was, however, thoroughly aroused. When the legislature +convened on December nineteenth, and the diplomatic correspondence was +so cleverly arranged and presented as to make the allies appear +implacable, an address to the throne was passed, amid thunderous +applause and by a large majority, which virtually called for a return +to constitutional government as the price of additional war supplies. +In sober moments even the most ardent liberals were ashamed, feeling +that this was not an opportune moment for disorganizing such +administration as there was by calls for the reform of the +constitution. Only one question was imperative, the awful +responsibility they had for the national identity. The general public +was so outraged by the spectacle that the deputies reconsidered their +action, and by a vote of two hundred and fifty-four to two hundred and +twenty-three struck out the obnoxious clause. But this did not appease +Napoleon, who made no attempt to conceal his rage, and prorogued the +chamber in scorn. His support was ample in the almost universal +conviction that at such a moment there was no time for parleying about +abstract questions of political rights; but every cavilling deputy had +some friends at home, and in a crisis where the very existence of +France was jeopardized there were agitations by the reactionary +radicals. The royalists kept silent then, and for months later, +contenting themselves with biting innuendos or witty double meanings; +drinking, for instance, to "the Emperor's last victory," when the +newspapers announced "the last victory of the Emperor." + +The first conscription from the classes of 1808-1814 was thoroughly +successful, the second attempt to glean from them was an utter +failure; the effort to forestall the draft of 1815 met with +resistance, and was abandoned. It was impossible to organize the home +guards and reserves, for they rebelled or escaped, and local danger +had to be averted by local volunteers who were designated as +"sedentary" because they could not be ordered away. By the end of +January not more than twenty thousand men had been secured for general +service from all classes other than the first--at least that was +approximately the number in the various camps of instruction. In order +to arm and equip the recruits, Napoleon had recourse to his private +treasure, drawing fifty-five million francs from the vaults of the +Tuileries for that purpose. The remaining ten were transferred at +intervals to Blois. But all his treasure could not buy what did not +exist. The best military stores were in the heart of Europe; the +French arsenals could afford only antiquated and almost useless +supplies. The recruits were armed, some with shot-guns and knives, +some with old muskets, the use of which they did not know; they were +for the most part without uniforms, and wore bonnets, blouses, and +sabots. There were not half enough horses for the scanty artillery and +cavalry. Worse than all, there was no time for instruction in the +manual and tactics. On one occasion a boy conscript was found standing +inactive under a fierce musketry fire; with artless intrepidity he +remarked that he believed he could aim as well as anybody if he only +knew how to load his gun! + +[Illustration: NAPOLEON IN 1813 + +From a painting by Aimable-Louis-Claude Pagnest.] + +The disaffected, though few, were powerful and active, suborning the +prefects and civic authorities by every device, issuing proclamations +which promised anything and everything, and procuring plans of +fortified places for the allies. Talleyrand began to utter oracular +innuendos about the vindictiveness of the allies, the desertion of +Murat, the sack of Paris, and various half-truths more dangerous even +than lies. The air was so full of rumors that, although there was no +widespread revolutionary movement, there were now and then serious +panics; the town of Chaumont surrendered to a solitary Würtemberg +horseman. But when the populace of the country at large began to +wonder who the coming Bourbon might be, and what he would take back +from the present possessors of royal and ecclesiastical estates, they +were staggered. People in the cities heard with some satisfaction the +strains of the "Marseillaise," which by order of imperial agents were +once again ground out around the streets by the hand-organs. Napoleon +walked the avenues of Paris without escort, and was wildly cheered; +the Empress and her little son were produced on public occasions with +dramatic success, and popular wit dubbed the boy conscripts by the +name of "Marie Louises." The little men showed a grim determination +and eventually a sublime courage, but they never could acquire the +veteran steadfastness which wins battles. Journals, theaters, +music-halls, and public balls were all managed in the interest of +imperial patriotism; imperial tyranny dealt ruthlessly with suspicious +characters. Yet the imperialists had their doubts, and many, like +Savary, threw an anchor to windward by storing treasure at distant +points, and sending their families to safe retreats. On the whole, the +balance of public opinion at the opening of 1814 was overwhelmingly +imperialist both in the cities and in the country. Men ardently +desired peace, but they wanted it with honor and under the Empire. + +That the Empire desired peace seemed to be proved by steps for the +release of its two most important prisoners, the King of Spain and the +Pope. Wellington thought that if the former had been despatched +directly into his kingdom on December eighth, the day on which the +conditions between himself and the Emperor were signed, England would +have found the further conduct of the war impossible. Talleyrand, +already deep in royalist plots, must have been of the same opinion, +for he did not advise haste, but craftily suggested to his prisoner +that the provisional government of Spain might refuse to accept him as +king unless the treaty of release had been previously ratified by the +Cortes. Accordingly it was referred to them, and, since the liberals +desired the assent to their new constitution of a king not under +duress, by their influence it was rejected. It was not until March, +1814, that Ferdinand was unconditionally released, and this delay +proved fatal to Napoleon's interests in Spain. The liberals could no +longer fight for free institutions, because it was then clear that the +dynastic conservatism of Europe was to win a temporary victory. In +about six months King Ferdinand undid the progressive work of six +years, and Spain relapsed into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, with +all their attendant evils. Nevertheless, France interpreted the +conduct of the Emperor as indicating an earnest desire for peace, and +this feeling had been strengthened by the absolutely unconditional +release of the Pope on January twenty-second. This apparently gracious +concession was effective among the masses, who did not know, as the +Emperor did, that the allies were already on French soil. + +The very next day Napoleon performed his last official act, which was +one of great courage both physical and moral. The national guard in +Paris had been reorganized, but its leaders had never been thoroughly +loyal, many of them being royalists, some radical republicans, and the +disaffection of both classes had been heightened by recent events. But +the officers were nevertheless summoned to the Tuileries; the risk was +doubled by the fact that they came armed. Drawn up in the vast chamber +known as that of the marshals, they stood expectant; the great doors +were thrown open, and there entered the Emperor, accompanied only by +his consort and their child in the arms of his governess, Mme. de +Montesquiou. Napoleon announced simply that he was about to put +himself at the head of his army, hoping, by the aid of God and the +valor of his troops, to drive the enemy beyond the frontiers. There +was silence. Then, taking in one hand that of the Empress, and leading +forward his child by the other, he continued, "I intrust the Empress +and the King of Rome to the courage of the national guard." Still +silence. After a moment, with suppressed emotion, he concluded, "My +wife and my son." No generous-hearted Frenchman could withstand such +an appeal; breaking ranks by a spontaneous impulse, the listeners +started forward in a mass, and shook the very walls with their cry, +"Long live the Emperor!" Many shed tears, and felt, as they withdrew +in respectful silence, a new sense of devotion welling up in their +hearts. On the eve of his departure, the Emperor received a numerously +signed address from the very men whose loyalty he had hitherto had +just reason to suspect. + +It was four in the morning of January twenty-fifth when Napoleon left +for Châlons. From that moment he was no longer Emperor. During the +long winter nights just past he had wrought with an intensity and a +feverish activity which he had never surpassed, sparing neither +himself nor others, displaying no consideration for prejudice or +honest opposition, calling on every Frenchman to sacrifice everything +for France, to which, as he vehemently asserted, he himself was more +necessary than she to him. If he had come honestly to believe what +millions of others believed, it was little wonder; he had thenceforth +but one aim--to prove that he was, as of yore, the first general of +France, the only one able to save the country in an hour when all her +glories were falling in wreck about her. His strategic plans, immense +and intricate as was his task, were complete and excellent. The first +was intended to prevent invasion by way of Liège, the most direct line +and that which Prussia preferred. The second, which was partly +defensive, was the one eventually used against the clumsy form of +advance actually chosen by the invaders. Of the two, the former was +the more brilliant, but the second was almost as clever. By it the +Rhine bank was divided into three parts for purposes of defense. +Macdonald was stationed at Cologne to protect the lower course; +Marmont was to guard the central stretch, and they two divided between +them the remnants of the army which had been swept out of Germany; +Victor was stationed on the upper course to command the garrisons of +the great frontier fortifications and strengthen himself by the new +levies; Bertrand remained as a sort of rear post on the right bank of +the river at Kastel, opposite Mainz. All told, these generals had at +first only fifty thousand men. + +The allies no sooner obtained possession of central Europe than they +outdid its recent master in every species of exaction. The countries +which had formed the Confederacy of the Rhine were compelled almost to +double the number of the contingents they had raised for France, and +to organize every fencible man into either the first or second line of +reserves, called by the old feudal terms of ban and arrière-ban. At +the same time the allies demanded and obtained new subsidies both of +money and arms from Great Britain. In the three armies of Austria, +Prussia, and Russia, as they stood on the Rhine, there were ready by +January first about two hundred and eighty-five thousand men. By the +end of February the army-lists of France, excluding the national +guards, displayed a total of six hundred and fifty thousand men; the +coalition, including England, had registered nearly a million. +Deducting forty per cent. as ample to cover all shortcomings, we may +say that France, with three hundred and ninety thousand in the ranks, +men and boys, faced Europe with six hundred thousand full-grown men. +These figures include the French armies of Catalonia, of the Pyrenees, +of Italy, and of the Netherlands, together with the garrisons in all +the strong places then held by France on both sides of the Rhine; they +also include the Russian, Austrian, and Prussian reserves, with the +national armies of Holland, Spain, and Italy. + +Aside from the centrifugal forces inherent in the coalition, there was +one which threatened its disintegration: the erratic character of the +great Gascon who represented Sweden. Bernadotte's first care, after +the battle of Leipsic, was to move north and secure the long-coveted +prize of Norway. Ever mindful of the hint about a French crown, which +Alexander had thrown out as still another bait at Abo, he gave as his +parting admonition the transparent advice that the coming campaign +should be confined to a frontier invasion of France, and at Hamburg he +actually offered Davout, as the price of surrender, a safe return for +himself and his army to their native land! This was too much; +Alexander was furious, and the schemer was peremptorily ordered to +leave a sufficient investing force before the city and return with the +rest of his army to the lower Rhine. There he was suffered to remain +in idleness, the task assigned to him being that of watching the +Netherlands; two of his best corps were withdrawn from him and +assigned to Blücher. + +Nor was Napoleon free from his thorn in the flesh. In a bulletin +published by him after the retreat from Moscow was a passage which +implied some censure of Murat for his lack of stability. This both the +King of Naples and his spouse bitterly resented, the latter roundly +abusing her brother in their correspondence. This was an excellent +pretext for desertion when the general crash appeared imminent, and at +Erfurt the dashing and gallant, but weak and testy, monarch decamped. +Hastening south, he entered at once into alliance with Austria, and +then, putting himself at the head of eighty thousand Neapolitans, set +out for Rome, waging a terrific warfare of proclamations. Eugène, +too,--and this was an elemental disaster,--was virtually checkmated by +the defection of his father-in-law, the King of Bavaria, which opened +the Tyrol to the allies. All Italy was consequently lost. Augereau, +whose feeble loyalty to Napoleon was already at the vanishing-point, +had been appointed to take forty thousand conscripts, collect any +straggling soldiers he could find in southeastern France, and keep +open the door out of Italy for some or all of Eugène's veterans, with +whose assistance it was hoped the marshal could form an army for the +defense of the Vosges Mountains. But Eugène, having fought the +indecisive battle of Roverbello, and finding himself in a sorry plight +from both the military and political points of view, could send no +reinforcements until April, when finally he concluded an armistice +releasing his army. Augereau therefore found himself opposite Bubna at +Geneva with an ineffective force, and with very little heart to wield +what he had. This ended Napoleon's grand scheme for uniting the forces +of Italy, Naples, Switzerland, and France. + +Prussia was now the ablest as well as the bitterest of Napoleon's +foes, Stein, Blücher, Gneisenau, and their friends aiming at nothing +short of annihilating the Napoleonic power. This was, no doubt, due in +part to a thirst for revenge; but in the main it was due to the +longing for such a leadership in Germany as would spread abroad the +new doctrines of liberal and constitutional monarchy, in order to +restrain Austria's ever-increasing influence. The councils of the +allies presented an amusing spectacle. The Prussians urged an +immediate advance by the best line for invasion, that, namely, from +Liège and Brussels; but the Austrians, except Radetzky, drew back, +fearing Prussia almost equally with France. The Czar held the balance, +but his scales were very sensitive, inclining often toward Prussia, +but settling in the end to a compromise suggested by Schwarzenberg and +Metternich. Having imitated Napoleon in his practice of war +requisitions, the allies now determined to imitate him in contempt for +international law, and to violate Swiss neutrality. The plan which +they adopted was to throw their main army into France by way of Basel, +and thus turn the line of frowning fortresses behind the Rhine, as +well as the Vosges Mountains. Blücher was to cross the middle Rhine, +and Bülow, with thirty thousand men, was to coöperate with the English +troops under Graham in the Netherlands. The whole scheme was +unmilitary, but it exactly suited Metternich, who, having on January +thirteenth first learned of Bernadotte's understanding with the Czar +about the crown of France, was very uneasy. Both he and Schwarzenberg +desired to end the war on the frontier, if possible; Prussia's power +and Alexander's ambitions for European preponderance were far more +dangerous to Austria than a Napoleonic empire confined to France. + +Blücher, leaving twenty-eight thousand men before Mainz, crossed the +Saar on January ninth with forty-seven thousand; Schwarzenberg, with +the main army arrayed in four columns, two hundred and nine thousand +strong, crossed the Rhine at or near Basel and moved toward Langres. +The thin, straggling French columns began to retreat concentrically +toward Châlons on the Marne. At the opening of the second stage in the +campaign Blücher had invested the Mosel fortresses, and was advancing, +with less than thirty thousand men, toward Arcis on the Aube; +Schwarzenberg was in and about Langres; and the French were +concentrated on a line from Vitry-le-François to St. Dizier. Napoleon +reached Châlons on the twenty-sixth, having left Joseph to represent +him in Paris. The wily strategist, feeble as was his strength, had +momentarily secured the advantage over his unwieldy foe, having wedged +himself between the invading armies, and being quite strong enough, +with the forty thousand soldiers in his ranks, to cope with Blücher. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +NAPOLEON'S SUPREME EFFORT[6] + + [Footnote 6: References: Fournier, Der Congress von + Châtillon. Die Politik im Kriege von 1814. Eine historische + Studie. Koch, Mémoires p. s. à l'histoire de la campagne de + 1814. Sorel, L'Europe et la révolution française, Vol. VIII.] + + The Fertility of Genius -- The Battles of Brienne and La Rothière + -- The French Retreat -- Victory at Champaubert -- Victory at + Montmirail -- Victory at Vauchamps -- Success Engenders Delusion + -- Insincerity of the Allies -- Their Clashing Interests -- The + Congress of Châtillon -- Napoleon's Procrastination -- French + Victory and French Diplomacy. + +[Sidenote: 1814] + +The year 1814 is the most astonishing of Napoleon's military life. He +first conceived a plan for combining the resources of Italy, +Switzerland, Naples, and France. This failed by Augereau's sloth and +Murat's ingratitude. Nothing daunted, the fertile brain then outlined +schemes for meeting the quick advance of the allies through the +Netherlands, for defending the Rhine frontier, and for a levy _en +masse_ of the French people to hurl back invasion under the walls of +Paris. After taking the field, the daring of his conceptions, the +rapidity of his movements, the surprises he prepared for his enemy, +the support he wrung from an exhausted land, the devotion he received +from a panting, ill-clothed army at bay--all are so remarkable that by +contrast the allies appear to be a lumbering, stupid mass. With +another antagonist they would have appeared in a very different light; +Gneisenau's clear head, Blücher's daring, Radetzky's good sense and +courage, together with the valor of the forces at their back, would +have won the goal far more easily with an ordinary, or even an +extraordinary, combatant in Napoleon's plight. The Emperor of the +French had not merely a prestige worth a hundred thousand men, as he +was fond of reckoning: he had an activity of mind and body, a +reservoir of resources, which made his single blade cover the whole +circumference of defense like the whirling spokes of a fiery wheel. + +After a skirmish for the possession of St. Dizier, the campaign opened +at Brienne, where Blücher, hurrying to gain touch with the main army +of the allies, was caught on January twenty-ninth. The conflict +probably did not recall to Napoleon his mock conflicts when a +schoolboy near the same spot. The terrific struggle began late in the +afternoon, and lasted in full fury until midnight, when the Prussian +general, narrowly escaping capture, abandoned the town and hurried +toward Trannes. Thoroughly beaten, he needed not touch alone, but +actual union with the Austrians, and this he gained near Bar on the +Aube, whence Schwarzenberg was passing on toward Auxerre. Ignorant of +this success, Napoleon now drew up his line with its center at La +Rothière, hoping in the first place to hold the bridge over the Aube +at Lesmont, and thus secure the moral effect of his victory at +Brienne, and in the second to bring on another engagement with +Blücher, whom he believed to be still isolated. Marmont was at +Montierender, Mortier was summoned from before Troyes. This stand of +Napoleon's was a desperate attempt to overawe the allied sovereigns, +for strategically it was fatal, since in the case of either victory or +defeat the French army was in danger of being outflanked by +Schwarzenberg's advance, and thus cut off from Paris. On February +first, Blücher, reinforced by twelve thousand of the Russian guard, +attacked. The battle lasted, with fluctuating success for the allies, +during two days, and at its close Napoleon safely retreated over the +Aube to make another stand at Troyes. The various conflicts were +terrific; in the end Blücher lost six thousand dead and wounded, the +French about four thousand. The odds against the latter were never +less than two to one, sometimes more. Had the allies first thrown +their full strength into the contest, and had they then followed up +their victory by a well-organized pursuit, the campaign would have +ended there. As it was, they paused, permitted a disorganized, feeble +enemy to escape, and gained nothing from the bloody conflict except an +ill-founded self-confidence. Blücher wrote on the evening of the +battle that they would be in Paris within eight days. To General +Reynier, who was to be liberated by an exchange of prisoners, the Czar +said: "We shall be in Paris before you." A council of war was called +which decided for an advance on the French capital in two columns; to +Blücher, as the conqueror of La Rothière, was assigned the shortest +line, that down the Marne. + +For several days the allied lines moved onward, slowly, widely +scattered, and carelessly. Napoleon was as calm and undaunted as if he +had been the victor. Retreating on the defensive with careful +deliberation, he strengthened his forces by well-chosen periods of +rest, and by hurrying in reinforcements from the various depots about +and beyond Paris. On the afternoon of February ninth, when leaving +Nogent for Sézanne, he wrote to his brother Joseph, whom he had left +to represent his interests at Paris, that he could now reckon, all +told, on between sixty and seventy thousand men, including engineers +and artillery; that he estimated the Silesian army under Blücher at +forty-five thousand, and the main army under Schwarzenberg at a +hundred and fifty thousand, including Bubna and the Cossacks. "If I +gain a victory over the Silesian army, and put it out of account for +some days, I can turn against Schwarzenberg, reckoning on the +reinforcements you will send, with from seventy to eighty thousand +men, and I think he cannot oppose me at once with more than from a +hundred and ten to a hundred and twenty thousand. If I find myself too +weak to attack, I shall be at least strong enough to hold him in check +for a fortnight or three weeks, and this would give me the opportunity +for new combinations." To hold Schwarzenberg temporarily, Oudinot with +twenty-five thousand men was stationed on the line from Provins to +Sens, and Victor with fourteen thousand was sent to Nogent. The +Emperor himself, with the old guard, about eight thousand strong, with +Ney and Marmont each commanding six thousand infantry, and with ten +thousand cavalry under Nansouty and Doumerc, set out from Sézanne to +try his fortunes with Blücher. + +This was the last of Napoleon's great strategic schemes which was +destined to be crowned with success. It had but a single drawback. +While Napoleon was still the boldest man in war that ever lived, as at +St. Helena he declared himself to be, his marshals were uneasy and +depressed; Marmont, in this moment of infinite chance, as it seemed to +him, fell into a panic. The marshal's fears were not justified, for +his Emperor's daring was not foolhardy. It was calculated on the +myriad chances of his enemy's opportunity and his enemy's ability, and +in this case it was perfectly calculated. Blücher, in spite of +Gneisenau's continuous warnings, was over-confident. Having dispersed +his detachments more than ever, he had for two days been moving +swiftly in the hope of cutting off Macdonald by a dashing feat of +arms. In his haste he had not taken up two Russian corps which had +been separated from his main line, but on the contrary he had left +them so far out that they were beyond support. By a blunder of the +Czar's, reinforcements which had been promised were still a long +distance in the rear. Schwarzenberg's movements were marked by an +over-confident deliberation as characteristic of him as overhaste was +of Blücher. Accordingly when on the tenth Marmont advanced from +Sézanne, he found the corps of Olsusieff, about forty-five hundred +strong, virtually isolated at Champaubert. His own numbers were +slightly superior, and with a swift rush he annihilated the unready +Russians. Napoleon was beside himself with joy, and began to talk of +the Vistula once more; but he stopped when he saw how sour the visages +of Marmont and the other marshals grew at the very mention of such an +idea. Nevertheless, if the process begun at Champaubert could be +continued, victory and ultimate recovery of something more than French +empire were assured. He therefore hurried Nansouty and Macdonald on +toward Montmirail for a second stroke of the same kind. + +The affair at Montmirail was more of a battle than that at +Champaubert, for Blücher had been able to gather in the divisions of +Sacken, York, Kleist, and Kapzewitch. The battle opened about an hour +before noon on the eleventh by a fierce artillery fire from the +French, behind which Napoleon manoeuvered so as to concentrate his own +force against the Russians, and separate them from York with his +Prussians. At two o'clock Napoleon attacked the Russians, Mortier +engaging the Prussians separately. The plan succeeded, and by +nightfall the enemy was in full retreat for Château-Thierry, where was +the nearest bridge over the Marne. Napoleon had hoped that Macdonald +would arrive from La Ferté-sous-Jouarre in time to seize the bridge, +cut off the retreat, and make the victory decisive. But in spite of +heroic exertion, that marshal could not or did not move with +sufficient rapidity over the heavy dirt roads. The flying allies +sacked the town with awful cruelty, and destroyed the bridge without +any molestation except from the inhabitants, who wreaked their +vengeance on numerous stragglers. On the thirteenth the French +occupied the place, repaired the bridge, and crossed to the right +bank. Next morning Marmont started in pursuit of Blücher. + +Somewhat flushed by such success, Napoleon deliberated whether he +should not now turn and attack Schwarzenberg. The Emperor thought +these victories might give pause to a mediocre Austrian, ever mindful +of the terrific blows his country had received once and again from +France. He was mistaken; Schwarzenberg had moved, though slowly, yet +steadily forward. On the twelfth Victor abandoned the bridge at +Nogent, and Napoleon sent Macdonald with twelve thousand men to join +Victor at Montereau. Early on the fourteenth came news that Blücher +had driven Marmont back to Fromentières. By noon Napoleon had effected +a junction with this marshal near Étoges, making a famous and +successful flank march over a marshy country, a manoeuver which is +justly considered worthy of his great genius. Advancing then to the +neighborhood of Vauchamps, his infantry attacked in front, while the +cavalry, under Grouchy, outflanked the enemy's line and fell on the +rear. Blücher was apparently doomed, for he had only three regiments +of cavalry, and while facing one powerful enemy he would be forced to +break the ranks of another in order to open a line of retreat. He +solved the problem, but at enormous cost. Forming his troops into a +line of solid squares, one stood to support the artillery and receive +the onset in front, while the others dashed at Grouchy's horsemen, +each square standing and retreating behind the next alternately as the +bloody retreat went on. At last the butchery ceased, and Blücher fled +to Bergères. The French pursued only as far as Étoges. Napoleon had +hoped to follow all the way to Châlons, annihilate what was left of +Blücher's army, and then to return and throw himself on Schwarzenberg. +He was arrested by the news that the Seine valley, as far as +Montereau, was in the hands of the Austro-Russians; that Oudinot and +Victor had been driven back to Nangis; in short, that Paris was +seriously menaced. + +It was long asserted that in the three actions just recorded the +French far outnumbered their opponents, and that Napoleon's +generalship was consequently inferior to his high average. The +sufficient answer to this is in the facts now universally accepted. At +Champaubert there were four thousand eight hundred and fifty French +against four thousand seven hundred Russians; at Montmirail there were +twenty-two thousand seven hundred Russians and Prussians against +twelve thousand eight hundred French; and in the third engagement, +near Étoges, Blücher had twenty-one thousand five hundred to ten +thousand three hundred. It is therefore natural to compare these three +victories with those at Montenotte, Millesimo, and Dego. But they were +far greater. At forty-four Napoleon displayed exactly the same +boldness, steadfastness, and skill which he had displayed in youth; +but in addition he overcame the stolid enmity of winter, of variable +weather, of roads almost impassable, of swampy fields that were almost +impassable by reason of overflowing ditches and half-frozen morasses. +He overcame, too, the resisting power created by his own example; for +here were the choicest soldiers of the Continent, commanded by men +inured for eighteen years to the hardships, the shifts, the rapidity +of warfare as he himself had taught the art. Momentarily Napoleon +seems to have wondered whether allied and co-allied Europe had learned +nothing in half a generation, and whether an army twice and a half +larger than his own, under veteran generals, was to withdraw again +behind the Rhine, the Elbe, the Oder, perhaps the Vistula. It is hard +to believe that he dreamed such dreams as we read the prosaic, +scientific, hard common sense of his military correspondence between +January twenty-sixth and February fourteenth. Yet there is certainly +an appearance of self-deception and vacillation in his political and +diplomatic plans, due apparently to the intoxication of success, as +when he spoke of the Vistula to Marmont after Champaubert. + +The innermost thoughts of Metternich, and of the diplomats associated +with him, are very hard to fathom. For two generations the world +believed that after Leipsic, Napoleon, in his sanguine conceit, +rejected offer after offer from the allies, and finally perished +utterly because of a folly which made him believe he could recover his +predominance. There is now every reason to believe the contrary, and +to suppose that Napoleon clearly understood the situation. The war was +one of extermination on the part of the allies; in the interest of +their dynasties they intended not only to destroy Napoleon, but also +thereby to root out the ideas for which he was supposed to stand. By +the light of recent memoirs, especially those of Metternich himself, +we seem forced to the conclusion that in all the offers after Leipsic +there was, if anything, far less of reality and sincerity than in +those between the armistice of Poischwitz and the battle. When +Castlereagh arrived at the allied headquarters early in January, 1814, +he found them established in Basel. Schwarzenberg had found no +difficulty in crossing Switzerland. Geneva surrendered its keys +without a struggle, and generally the Swiss seemed indifferent to the +violation of their neutrality. As the advance continued, it appeared +that the French were equally apathetic. Bubna was driven from before +Lyons by Augereau, but Dijon surrendered to a squad of cavalrymen +which, at the request of the conscientious mayor, made a show of force +to oblige him. It was not difficult under such circumstances for the +sovereigns and their ministers to convince themselves that any peace +with Napoleon would be nothing but a "ridiculous armistice," and that +the Emperor of the French must, in any case, be utterly overthrown. + +In response to the Frankfort proposals, the pacific Caulaincourt had +promptly arrived to conduct negotiations. The invaders had almost at +once suggested that they must abandon the Frankfort proposals, and +confine France to her royal limits; that is, refuse her Belgium with +the great port of Antwerp. So far they were agreed, but there the +unanimity ceased. The Czar desired first to conquer France, and then +leave her to choose her own government; he intended to take the whole +of Poland, and give Alsace to Francis in return for Galicia, thus +checking Austria by both Prussia and France, so that he could work his +will in the Orient. Metternich wished the old balance of power, and +had determined on the restoration of the Bourbons. Francis was writing +to his daughter that he would never separate her cause and that of her +son from France. The Prussian king and ministers desired only such an +arrangement as would secure to their country what she had regained. +Stein and his associates wished the utter humiliation of their foe. +Castlereagh spoke with the authority of a paymaster; he was determined +to keep the Netherlands from falling under French influence, to +restore the Bourbons, and to establish so nice an equilibrium in +Europe that Great Britain would be unhampered elsewhere in the world. +There was to be no mention of colonial restitution or neutral rights. +Being a second-rate statesman, he was much influenced by Metternich, +and the two sought to form an impossible alliance between +constitutional liberty and feudal absolutism. + +A so-called congress was opened at Châtillon on February fifth.[7] It +must be remembered that the treaty of Reichenbach was still a secret. +That agreement was the reality behind the congress of Prague, the +Frankfort proposals, and the meeting at Mannheim. None of those +gatherings consequently was serious; that at Châtillon was even less +so. The memoirs of Metternich explain all the facts: Swiss neutrality +was violated by Austrian influence in order to restore the +aristocratic constitution of Bern and the ascendancy of that canton; +Alexander, posing still as a liberal, was angry at this violation of +international law, and forbade the restoration of Vaud to its old +master. Schwarzenberg's deliberate movements were due primarily to +timidity, but they stood in good stead Metternich's desire to restore +the Bourbons. It has been asserted, and there is much probability in +the conjecture, that not only the plan adopted for invading France, +but the slowness of the Austrians in advancing toward Langres, toward +Troyes, across into the Seine valley, together with the spurious +activity they displayed before Montereau, Sens, and Fontainebleau, was +part of a scheme to wear out but not to exhaust France, and then +compel her to take back her dynastic rulers. Blücher, who wanted glory +and revenge, and the Prussian liberals, who desired so to crush France +that Prussia might be free to slough off her militarism and build up +a constitutional government, were alike furious at being chained to +the frontier. All these cross-purposes and bitterness were mirrored in +the ostentatious proceedings of the congress of Châtillon. Napoleon, +either divining the facts, or, more probably, informed by spies, +seemed indifferent, and refused at first to give full powers to +Caulaincourt; finally the marshals, terrified at the prospect of +indefinite war opened by the unlucky mention of the Vistula, made +their influence so felt that the Emperor yielded. + + [Footnote 7: Fournier: Der Congress von Châtillon.] + +Maret's name was long held up to detestation as the instigator of +Napoleon's procrastinating policy at Dresden, the line of conduct +which seemed to have made it possible for Austria to join the +coalition. Among the papers of that minister is an account of his +relations with Napoleon during the congress at Châtillon, which +displays the evident motive of an attempt to prove how pacific his +nature really was. He declares that after the defeat at La Rothière, +Caulaincourt wrote a panic-stricken letter demanding full authority to +treat. Maret handed it to the Emperor, beseeching him to yield. +Napoleon seemed scarcely to heed, but indicated a passage in +Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Fall of the Romans," which he happened to +be reading: "I know nothing more magnanimous than the resolution taken +by a monarch who ruled in our time, to bury himself under the ruins of +the throne rather than to accept proposals which a king may not +entertain. He had a soul too lofty to descend lower than his +misfortunes had hurled him." "But I, sire," rejoined the secretary--"I +know something more magnanimous--to cast aside your glory in order to +close the abyss into which France would fall along with you." "Well, +then, gentlemen, make your peace," came the reply. "Let Caulaincourt +make it; let him sign everything necessary to obtain it. I can +support the disgrace, but do not expect me to dictate my own +humiliation." Maret informed Caulaincourt, but the latter recoiled +before the responsibility, and asked for particular instructions. The +Emperor persistently refused, but wrote giving the minister "carte +blanche" to take any measure which would save the capital. Again +Caulaincourt begged for details, and again Napoleon refused, +persisting until Bertrand joined his supplications to those of Maret, +whereupon he consented to abandon Belgium, and even the left bank of +the Rhine. + +The formal despatch containing these concessions was to be signed next +morning, on February eighth, but in the interval came news of +Blücher's movements. Maret found the Emperor buried in the study of +his map. "I have an entirely different matter in hand," was the +greeting; "I am at present occupied in dealing Blücher a blow in the +eye." The signature was indefinitely postponed. On the tenth Alexander +suspended the congress on the plea of Caulaincourt's refusal to state +his own or accept the offered terms. Then followed the three +victories, and Napoleon, on the night of the twelfth, wrote to +Châtillon demanding the Frankfort proposals. Caulaincourt urgently +besought the allies for an armistice, and begged Napoleon to be less +exacting. Prussia and Austria were eager for the armistice, but +Alexander obstinately refused to reopen the congress until the +eighteenth, when everything seemed changed, and all the allies really +desired peace. Caulaincourt, warned by Napoleon's letter of the +twelfth, refused to treat without full instructions, and as he had +none he began to procrastinate. In the end he bore the blame for not +having used the carte blanche when he had it in order to save his +country, for subsequently he had no opportunity. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +THE GREAT CAPTAIN AT BAY[8] + + [Footnote 8: References: Houssaye: 1814. Jensen: Napoleons + Feldzug, 1814. Weil: La campagne de 1814, d'après les + documents des archives impériales et royales de la guerre à + Vienne. La cavalerie des armées alliées pendant la campagne + de 1814.] + + Victor's Failure at Montereau -- Schwarzenberg's Ruse -- The + French Advance and the Austrian Retreat -- Napoleon's Effort to + Divide the Coalition -- Vain Negotiations -- The Treaty of + Chaumont -- Blücher's Narrow Escape -- The Prussians Defeated at + Craonne -- Napoleon's Determination to Fight -- His Misfortunes + at Laon -- Dissensions at Blücher's Headquarters -- Napoleon at + Soissons -- Rheims Recaptured -- Another Phase in Napoleon's + Eclipse. + + +The eagerness of the Prussians and the Austrians to grant an armistice +was at first due to the belief that Caulaincourt's request was a +confession of exhaustion; the Czar's assent to reopening the congress +on the eighteenth was wrung from him by the military operations +between the fourteenth and that date. Convinced that Paris was +menaced, Napoleon left Marmont to hold Blücher, and starting for La +Ferté-sous-Jouarre on the fifteenth, covered fifty miles with his army +in a marvelous march of thirty-six hours, arriving on the evening of +the sixteenth with his men comparatively fresh. Next morning the +French began to advance, and the Austrians to withdraw toward the +Seine. Victor was to seize Montereau that same day and hold the +bridge. Compelled to drive an Austrian corps out of Valjouan, the +marshal did not reach his goal until six or seven in the evening, and +finding it beset by the Crown Prince of Würtemberg with fourteen +thousand Germans, he merely drove in the outposts and then halted for +the night. His ardor was far from intense, and though, like Macdonald +at Château-Thierry, he might feel that he had done all that could be +demanded, yet he lost the opportunity of annihilating a considerable +portion of the enemy's force. Simultaneously Macdonald had now +advanced until he stood before Bray, while Oudinot on the left was +before Provins. Thus far Napoleon's advance had been a front movement +to cover Paris, but that same day, the seventeenth, he drove +Wittgenstein from Nangis, and then expected by a rush over the bridge +at Montereau to prevent Schwarzenberg from extending his flank to +Fontainebleau, a move which would surround the French right. As a +matter of fact, strange riders speaking curious outlandish tongues, +Cossack scouts in other words, had appeared for the first time that +very day in Nemours and Fontainebleau, terrifying the inhabitants. It +seems highly probable that if Napoleon's force could have made a quick +push from Montereau early on the eighteenth, it would have cut off a +considerable portion of Schwarzenberg's left. In any case the Emperor +was deeply incensed by what he considered Victor's slackness, and +degraded him. The humbled marshal confessed his fault, displaying +profound contrition, and was speedily restored to partial favor, being +intrusted with the command, under Ney, of a portion of the young +guard. + +This was the third of the marshals--Augereau, Macdonald, Victor, each +in turn--who since the opening of the campaign had shown a physical +and moral exhaustion disabling them from rising to the heights of +Napoleon's expectation. "We must pull on the boots and the resolution +of '93," wrote the Emperor to Augereau; he was quite right: nothing +short of the unsapped revolutionary vigor of France could have saved +his cause. On the eighteenth, after a six hours' struggle, the French +under Gérard and Pajol seized Montereau. Napoleon had halted at +Nangis, and there Berthier received by a flag of truce a letter from +Schwarzenberg, declaring that he had ceased his offensive march in +consequence of news that preliminaries of peace had been signed the +day previous at Châtillon. This was probably as base a ruse as any +ever practised by Napoleon's generals. It is likely that all the +Austrian marches and countermarches for ten days past had been but a +bustling semblance calculated for diplomatic effect. Be that as it +may, before Napoleon's advance the Austrian commander had quailed, +and, with the French at Montereau, his columns were already moving +back to Troyes, where they were drawn up in battle array. Napoleon +wrote indignantly to Joseph that the ruse was probably preliminary to +a request for an armistice, and that he would now accept nothing short +of the Frankfort proposals. "At the first check the wretched creatures +fall on their knees." Meanwhile he led his army over the river to +Nogent, and prepared to attack Schwarzenberg. + +But Blücher had not been idle; by superhuman exertions he had +collected and strengthened his army at Châlons, and on the +twenty-first he appeared at Méry on the Seine, threatening Napoleon's +left flank in case of an advance toward Troyes. By this time the +flames of French patriotism were rekindled in town and country, and, +the soldiers being flushed with victory, it was clearly the hour to +strike at any hazard. Oudinot was despatched with ten thousand men to +hold Blücher, and this task he actually accomplished, capturing that +portion of Méry which lay on the left bank of the river, and +fortifying the bridge-head against all comers. Marmont being at +Sézanne with eight thousand men to cover Paris, and Mortier at +Soissons with ten thousand to prevent the advance of York and Sacken, +Napoleon marched on Troyes. It was late in the evening when his main +army was drawn up, and in order to leave time for his rear to come in, +he postponed operations until the morning. Schwarzenberg had seventy +thousand in line, but at four in the early dawn of the twenty-second, +leaving in place a front formation sufficient to mask his movements, +he decamped with his main force and withdrew behind the Aube. + +Arrived at Bar, the Austrian commander wrote on the twenty-sixth an +admirable letter of justification for the course he had taken. Defeat +would have meant a retreat, not behind the Aube, but the Rhine. "To +offer a decisive battle to an army fighting with all the confidence +gained in small affairs, manoeuvering on its own territory, with +provisions and munitions within reach, and with the aid of a peasantry +in arms, would be an undertaking to which nothing but extreme +necessity could drive me." This retreat put a new aspect on the +diplomacy of Châtillon. On the nineteenth Caulaincourt received a +despatch from Napoleon revoking the carte blanche entirely; the same +day Napoleon received an ultimatum from the congress, written several +days before, to the effect that he was to renounce all the +acquisitions of France since 1792, and take no share in the +arrangements subsequent to the peace. This last clause being a covert +suggestion of abdication, the recipient flew into a passion; when +finally he was soothed by the pleadings of Berthier and Maret, he gave +such a meaningless reply as would enable negotiations to proceed, but +his counter-project he addressed directly to the Emperor Francis. It +was a refusal to give up Antwerp and Belgium, and an emphatic +recurrence to the Frankfort proposals. "If we are not to lay down our +arms except on the offensive conditions proposed at the congress, the +genius of France and Providence will be on our side." + +Napoleon's missive suggested to his father-in-law, as was its +intention, that a continental peace on the Frankfort basis would leave +France free to recuperate her sea power and continue the war with +England alone. This was the wedge which for some time past the writer +had been proposing to drive into the coalition so as to separate +Austria from Russia. Castlereagh was very uneasy as to the possible +effect of the message, and there was much anxiety among all the +diplomats. Their first step was to send a pacific reply and renew +their request for an armistice. Napoleon consented, but stipulated +that hostilities should proceed during the preliminary pourparlers, +and that in the protocol a clause should be inserted declaring that +the plenipotentiaries were reassembled at Châtillon to discuss a peace +on the basis proposed at Frankfort. A commission to arrange the terms +of the armistice met on the twenty-fourth. That they were not in +earnest is shown by Frederick William's despatch of the twenty-sixth +to Blücher, saying, "The suspension of arms will not take place." That +very day, also, in a council of war held by the allied generals, it +was determined to form an invading army of the south. Blücher was +authorized to make a diversion in favor of the main army--a move which +he had really begun the day before by a march to the right. Napoleon, +leaving Macdonald and Oudinot, with forty thousand men, to follow +Schwarzenberg, hurried after Blücher with his remaining force. On the +twenty-eighth the commission adjourned its sessions with a formal +reiteration of the ultimatum already made by the allied powers. + +The reason was that by that time its members believed Napoleon to be +elsewhere engaged. Schwarzenberg's army had checked Oudinot, and as +his troops recuperated their strength the leader recovered partial +confidence. Blücher being off for Paris, with Napoleon on his heels, +the main army of the allies had then turned on the forces of Macdonald +and Oudinot, and had driven them westward until in the pursuit it +reached Troyes, where it halted, ready, in case of Blücher's defeat, +to recross the Rhine. The congress of Châtillon was formally reopened +on March first, and continued its useless sessions until the +nineteenth, when it closed. During this second period none of the +important dignitaries, except Schwarzenberg and the King of Prussia, +attended; the rest withdrew to Chaumont, where, on March ninth, the +three powers signed a treaty with England, dated back to March first, +binding themselves, in return for an annual subsidy of five million +pounds sterling equally divided, that each would keep a hundred and +fifty thousand men in the field, for twenty years if necessary, +provided Napoleon would not accept the boundaries of royal France--a +futile stipulation. This treaty was the precursor of that iniquitous +triple alliance between Russia, Austria, and Prussia which was +destined not merely to hamper England herself so seriously in the +subsequent period of history, but to stop for some time the progress +of liberal ideas throughout Europe. + +Blücher crossed the Marne on February twenty-seventh with half his +force, and then attempted to cross the Ourcq in order to attack Meaux +from the north. But he was checked by Marmont and Mortier, with the +sixteen thousand men they already had, and then, after six thousand +new recruits came in from Paris, he was forced to retreat. Should +Napoleon arrive in time he would be annihilated. Accordingly he +hastened up the valley of the Ourcq with his entire force. Napoleon +arrived on the Marne too late to attack Blücher's rear, and after +some hesitation as to whether he should not return to complete his +work with Schwarzenberg, he finally determined that, inasmuch as the +fortress of Soissons was secure, and Blücher must therefore retreat to +the eastward, he could himself deliver an easy but staggering blow on +the Prussian flank when they should cross the Aisne at Fismes. +Accordingly, on March third the worn-out columns of the French passed +over the Marne. Unfortunately, Soissons had been left by Marmont in +charge of an inexperienced commander, who had surrendered almost +without resistance when, on March second, Bülow and Wintzengerode, +having come in from the Netherlands, suddenly appeared before the +place. This stroke of good fortune enabled Blücher not merely to find +a city of refuge for his exhausted and disorganized force, but to +recruit it by the two victorious and elated corps which thenceforth +served him as an invaluable rear-guard. Napoleon, thwarted again, gave +no outward sign of the despair he must have felt, but crossed the +Aisne on March fifth, and occupied Rheims, in order at least to cut +Blücher off from any connection with Schwarzenberg. He then turned to +join Marmont and Mortier in order to drive Blücher still farther +north, so that, as he wrote to Joseph, he might gain time sufficient +to return by Châlons and attack Schwarzenberg. + +In spite of all his discouragements, Blücher had no intention of +retreating without a blow. There was constant friction between the +Prussian commander and his subordinates, so that dissension prevented +prompt action. Nevertheless, after much delay the army was got in +motion to resume the offensive, the general plan being to move +eastward instead of withdrawing due north, to cross the plateau of +Craonne, and, descending into the plain north of Berry, to attack the +French in force as they advanced to Laon. Napoleon had expected to +meet his foe under the walls of that city; his quick advance was as +much of a surprise to Blücher as Blücher's was to him. The first shock +of battle, therefore, occurred at Craonne on the sixth, when neither +army was in readiness. But Blücher secured the advantage of position. +Though he had only a portion of his force, the troops he did have were +on a commanding plateau above the enemy when the action began. The +skirmishes of the first day, however, were indecisive. Napoleon's +knowledge of the district being defective, he sought to secure the +best possible information from the inhabitants. Some one mentioning +incidentally that the mayor of a neighboring town was named de Bussy, +Napoleon recalled, with his astounding memory, that in the regiment of +La Fère he had had a comrade so named. The mayor turned out to be the +sometime lieutenant, and, with superserviceable zeal, the former +friend poured out worthless information which led the Emperor to +believe that on the morrow there would be only Blücher's rear-guard to +disperse. But it was not so. Blücher struggled with his utmost might +to gather in his cavalry and artillery, while Sacken, with the +Russians, stood like a wall, repelling the successive surges of Ney +and Victor the whole day through. At nightfall the Prussian commander, +finding it impossible to assemble guns or horsemen over the icy +fields, gave orders for retreat, and his army passed on to Laon. + +Though Craonne was a victory, the losses of the French were +proportionately greater than those of the enemy, and the pursuit, +though spirited, gained no advantage. "The young guard melts like +snow; the old guard stands; my mounted guards likewise are much +reduced," were the words of Napoleon's private letter. Yet he pressed +on. The night of the seventh he spent in a roadside inn under the sign +of "The Guardian Angel." There Caulaincourt's last messenger from +Châtillon found him. The congress was still sitting, but the warrior +knew the fact meant and could mean nothing to him; though the allies +had increased their demands in proportion to their victories, they had +not lessened them in proportion to their defeats. Whatever terms he +might accept, and whatever Metternich might say, this war he felt sure +was one for his extermination. As he said then and there, it was a +bottomless chasm, and he added, "I am determined to be the last it +shall swallow up." So he made no answer, and spent the night +completing his plans for battle at Laon. + +That place stands on a terraced hill rising somewhat abruptly from the +plain, and throughout the eighth Blücher arrayed his army in and on +both sides of the city, which itself was of course the key. Napoleon, +being a firm believer in such movements when on friendly soil, made a +long night march. He reached the enemy's fore-posts early on the +ninth, and drove them in. At seven Ney and Mortier began the battle +under cover of a mist, and captured two hamlets at the foot of the +hill. Marmont was on the right, and had already been cut off from the +center by a body of Cossacks; but he attacked the village of Athies. +After a long day's hard fighting, he succeeded in capturing a portion +of it. Further exertion being impossible, his men bivouacked, while he +himself withdrew to the comforts of Eppes, a château three miles +distant. It was noon when Napoleon learned that Marmont had been +severed from the line; at once he renewed his attack on Laon, but +though he gained Clacy on his left, he lost Ardon, and was thus more +completely cut off from Marmont. That night York fell upon Marmont's +men unawares, and routed them utterly. + +Napoleon heard of this disaster shortly after midnight. He was, of +course, deeply agitated--did he dare risk being infolded on both +sides, or should he brave his fate in order to mislead the enemy? He +chose the desperate course, and when day broke stood apparently +undismayed. Even when two fugitive dragoons arrived and confirmed in +all its details the terrible news from Athies, he issued orders as +bold as if his army were still entire. This was a desperate ruse, but +it succeeded, for the pursuit of Marmont's men was stayed. At four the +main French army began its retreat, and the next morning saw it at +Soissons; six thousand had been killed and wounded. Again Napoleon's +name had stiffened the allies into inactive horror, for they did not +pursue. York was so disgusted with the dissensions at Blücher's +headquarters that he threw up his command and left for Brussels. +Blücher was literally at the end of his powers. "For heaven's sake," +said Langeron, a French refugee in the Russian service, on whom the +command would have devolved, "whatever happens, let us take the corpse +along." "The corpse," with dimmed eyes and trembling hands, traced in +great rude letters an epistle beseeching York to return, and this, +indorsed by another from the Prince Royal of Prussia, brought back the +able but testy refugee. + +Meantime Rheims, intrusted to a feeble garrison, had been taken by +Langeron's rear-guard under St. Priest, another French emigrant in the +service of the allies. By this disaster communication between +Schwarzenberg and Blücher had been reëstablished. In the short day +Napoleon could spend at Soissons, he took up twenty-five hundred new +cavalrymen, a new line regiment of infantry, a veteran regiment of the +same, and some artillery detachments. It is not easy to conceive of +recuperative power more remarkable than that which was thus exhibited +both by France and her Emperor. These men had been sent forward from +Paris in spite of the profound gloom now prevalent there. The truth +was at last known in the capital; Joseph was hopeless; the Empress and +her court were preparing for extremities. News had come that in the +south Soult had been thrown back on Toulouse; that in the southwest +royalist plots were thickening; that in the southeast Augereau had +been forced back to Lyons; Macdonald was ready to abandon Provins at +the first sign of advance by Schwarzenberg; and the sorry tale of Laon +was early unfolded. Yet the administrative machinery was still +running, and soldiers were being manufactured from the available +materials. Those who had been sent to Soissons had been hastily +gathered, equipped, and drilled almost without hope, but they were +precious since they enabled Napoleon to refit his shattered +battalions. + +Marmont had unwisely abandoned Berry-au-Bac, and that in disregard of +orders. But otherwise he had done his best to make good a temporary +lapse, and had got together about eight thousand men at Fismes. His +narratives give a graphic picture of the situation--of disorder, +confusion, chaos among his troops, of artillery served by +inexperienced sailors, of undrilled companies whose members had +neither hats, clothes, nor shoes. There were plenty of captured +uniforms and head-coverings, but they were so infested with vermin +that the French, sorry as was their plight, refused to wear them, and +clung to their old tatters. Marmont's men were heroes, he himself was +not yet a traitor. Though overborne by a sense of Napoleon's +recklessness, and therefore unfit for the desperate self-sacrifice +which would have made him a fit coadjutor for his chief, he was +prepared to atone for his disgrace at Athies. Early in the morning of +the thirteenth the main French army moved from Soissons; at four in +the afternoon Marmont opened the attack on Rheims. Napoleon himself +had arrived, but his troops were slow in coming up, and there was no +heavy artillery wherewith to batter in the gates. The struggle went on +with desperate courage and gallantry on both sides. St. Priest was +killed by the same gunner whose aim had been fatal to Moreau. "We may +well say, O Providence! O Providence!" wrote Napoleon to his brother. +At ten the beleaguered garrison began to sally and flee. Napoleon rose +from the bearskin on which he had been resting before a bivouac fire, +and storming with rage lest his prey should escape, hurried in the +guns, which were finally within reach. Amid awful tumult and carnage +the place fell; three thousand of the enemy were slain, and about the +same number were captured. The burghers were frenzied with delight as +the Emperor marched in, and the whole city burst into an illumination. + +Next morning Napoleon and Marmont met. The culprit was loaded with +reproaches for the affair at Athies, and treated as a stern father +might treat a careless child. No better evidence of the Emperor's low +state is needed. Marmont was now the hero of the hour; his peccadillos +might well have been forgotten for the sake of securing his continued +faithfulness. With Napoleon at his best, this would surely have been +the case; but aware that at most the war could be a matter of only a +few weeks, the desperate man overdid his rôle of self-confidence, +being too rash, too severe, too haughty. Not that he was without some +hope. Although for two years the shadow had been declining on the dial +of Napoleon's fortunes, and although under adverse conditions one +brilliant combination after another had crumbled, yet his ideas were +as great as ever, the adjustment of plans to changing conditions was +never more admirable. The trouble was that effort and result did not +correspond, and this being so, what would have been trifling +misdemeanors in prosperity seemed to him in adversity to be dangerous +faults. The great officers of state and army, imitating their master's +ambitions, had acquired his weaknesses, but had failed in securing +either his strength or his adroitness. With him they had lost that +fire of youth which had carried them and him always just over the line +of human expectation, and so his nice adjustments failed in +exasperating ways at the very turn of necessity. Hard words and +stinging reproofs are soon forgotten in generous youth; they rankle in +middle life; and even the invigorating address or inspiring word, when +heard too often for twenty years, fails of effect. The beginning of +the end was the loss of Soissons at the critical instant. Napoleon was +uncertain and touchy; his marshals were honeycombed with disaffection; +the populations, though flashing like powder at his touch, had nowhere +risen _en masse_. Thereafter the great captain was no longer waging a +well-ordered warfare. Like an exhausted swordsman, he lunged here and +there in the grand style; but his brain was troubled, his blade +broken. Some untapped reservoirs of strength were yet to be opened, +some untried expedients were to be essayed, but the end was +inevitable. The movement on Rheims was the spasmodic stroke of the +dying gladiator. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +THE STRUGGLES OF EXHAUSTION[9] + + [Footnote 9: References: Houssaye, Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe, + in Revue historique, tom. 51, pp. 1-25. Metternich's + Memoirs.] + + The Allies Demoralized -- Napoleon's Desperate Choice -- The + Battle at Arcis -- The Correspondence of Caulaincourt and + Napoleon -- Panic at Schwarzenberg's Headquarters -- + Cross-purposes of the Allies -- Napoleon's Determination + Confirmed -- His Over-confidence -- The Resolution to Abandon + Paris -- The French Brought to a Stand -- Their Masked Retreat -- + Inefficiency of Marmont and Augereau -- Napoleon's March toward + St. Dizier -- His Terrible Disenchantment -- How the Allies had + Discovered Napoleon's Plans -- Their Determination to Pursue -- + The Czar's Resolution to March on Paris -- Successful Return of + the Invaders. + + +Though unscientific as a military move and futile as to the ultimate +result of the war, the capture of Rheims was, nevertheless, a telling +thrust. On receipt of the news from Laon, Schwarzenberg had +immediately set his army in motion against Macdonald, and Blücher, +after waiting two days to restore order among his worried troops and +insubordinate lieutenants, had advanced and laid siege to Compiègne. +The capture of Rheims checked the movements of both Austrians and +Prussians; dismay prevailed in both camps, and both armies began to +draw back. The French halted at Nangis in their retreat before +Schwarzenberg, and the people of Compiègne were released from the +terrors of a siege. "This terrible Napoleon," wrote Langeron in his +memoirs--"they thought they saw him everywhere. He had beaten us all, +one after the other; we were always frightened by the daring of his +enterprises, the swiftness of his movements, and his clever +combinations. Scarcely had we formed a plan when it was disconcerted +by him." Besides this, in obedience to Napoleon's call, the peasantry +began an organized guerrilla warfare, avenging the pillage, +incendiarism, and military executions of the allies by a brutal +retaliation in kind which made the marauding invaders quake. Finally +the momentary consternation of the latter verged on panic when the +report reached headquarters that Bernadotte, lying inactive at Liège +with twenty-three thousand Swedes, had permitted a flag of truce from +Joseph to enter his presence. Could it be that the sly schemer, for +the furtherance of his ambition to govern France, was about to turn +traitor and betray the coalition? + +But the consternation of the allies was the least important effect of +the capture of Rheims by Napoleon.[10] It initiated certain ideas and +purposes in his own mind about which there has been endless +discussion. Many see in them the immediate cause of his ruin, a few +consider them the most splendid offspring of his mind. Reinforcements +from Paris, slender as they were, flowed steadily into his camp; and +when he learned that both Schwarzenberg and Blücher had virtually +retreated, he believed himself able to cope once more with the former. +Accordingly he dictated to his secretary an outline of three possible +movements: to Arcis on the Aube, by way of Sézanne to Provins, and to +Meaux for the defense of Paris. The first was the most daring; the +second would cut the enemy off from the right bank of the Seine, but +it had the disadvantage of keeping the troops on miry cross-roads; the +third was the safest. Of course he chose the way of desperation--all +or nothing. Leaving Marmont with seven thousand men at Berry-au-Bac, +and Mortier with ten thousand at Rheims and Soissons, he enjoined them +both to hold the line toward Paris against Blücher at all hazards, and +himself set out, on March seventeenth, for Arcis on the Aube. This he +did, instead of marching direct to Meaux for the defense of Paris, +because it would, in his own words, "give the enemy a great shock, and +result in unforeseen circumstances." + + [Footnote 10: See Houssaye, 1814, pp. 258 _et seq._] + +Schwarzenberg's movements during the next three days awakened in +Napoleon the suspicion, which he was only too glad to accept as a +certainty, that the Austro-Russian army was on the point of retreating +into the Vosges or beyond; and on the twentieth he announced his +decision of marching farther eastward, past Troyes, toward the +frontier forts still in French hands. This idea of a final stand on +the confines of France and Germany haunted him to the end, and was the +"will-o'-the-wisp" which intermittently tempted him to folly. But for +the present its execution was necessarily postponed. That very day +news was received within the lines he had established about Arcis that +the enemy, far from retreating, was advancing. Soon the French cavalry +skirmishers appeared galloping in flight, and were brought to a halt +only when the Emperor, with drawn sword, threw himself across their +path. A short, sharp struggle ensued--sixteen thousand French with +twenty-four thousand five hundred of their foe. It was irregular and +indecisive, but Napoleon held his own. The neighboring hamlet of Torcy +had also been attacked by the allies, and before their onset the +French had at first yielded. But the defenders were rallied, and at +nightfall the position was recaptured. This sudden exhibition by +Schwarzenberg of what looked like courage puzzled Napoleon; after long +deliberation he concluded that the hostile troops were in all +probability only a rear-guard covering the enemy's retreat. He was not +very far wrong, but far enough to make all the difference to him. The +circumstances require a full explanation. + +Thanks to Caulaincourt's sturdy persistence, the congress at Châtillon +was still sitting, and on the thirteenth the French delegate wrote a +last despairing appeal to the Emperor. His messenger was delayed three +days by the military operations; but when he arrived, on the +sixteenth, Maret wrung from Napoleon concessions which included +Antwerp, Mainz, and even Alessandria. In the despatch announcing this, +and written on the seventeenth to Caulaincourt, Maret made no +reservation except one: that Napoleon intended, after signing the +treaty, to secure for himself whatever the military situation at the +close of the war might entitle him to retain. The return of the +messenger was likewise delayed for three days, and it was the +twenty-first before he reached the outskirts of Châtillon. He arrived +to find Caulaincourt departing; the second "carte blanche" had arrived +too late. With all his skill, the persistent and adroit minister had +been unable to protract negotiations longer than the eighteenth. His +appeal having brought no immediate response, he had, several days +earlier, despatched a faithful warning, and this reached Napoleon at +Fère-Champenoise simultaneously with the departure of the messenger +for Châtillon. The day previous the Emperor had received bad news from +southern France: that Bordeaux had opened its gates to a small +detachment of English under Hill, and that the Duke of Angoulême had +been cheered by the people as he publicly proclaimed Louis XVIII King +of France. Apparently neither this information nor Caulaincourt's +warning profoundly impressed Napoleon; he knew his Gascons well, his +"carte blanche" he must have believed to be in Châtillon, and it had +been in high spirits that he hastened on to Arcis, determined to make +the most of the time intervening until the close of negotiations. + +When news of Napoleon's advance reached Schwarzenberg's headquarters +in Troyes, there had at first been nothing short of panic; the +commander himself was on a sick-bed, having entirely succumbed to the +hardships of winter warfare. No sooner had he ordered the first +backward step than his army had displayed a feverish anxiety for +farther retreat. As things were going, it appeared as if the different +corps would, for lack of judicious leadership, be permitted to +withdraw still farther in such a way as to separate the various +divisions ever more widely, and expose them successively to +annihilating blows from Napoleon, like those which had overwhelmed the +scattered segments of the Silesian army. The Czar and many others +immediately perceived the danger. With faculties unnerved by fear, the +officers foreboded a repetition with the Bohemian army of Montmirail, +Champaubert, and Vauchamps. Rumors filled the air: the peasantry of +the Vosges were rising, the Swiss were ready to follow their example; +the army must withdraw before it was utterly surrounded and cut off. +There was even a report--and so firmly was it believed that it long +passed for history--of Alexander's having expressed a desire to reopen +the congress. + +Schwarzenberg's strange hesitancy in the initial stages of the +invasion has been explained. Beyond his natural timidity, it was +almost certainly due to Metternich's politics, which displayed a +desire to ruin Napoleon's imperial power, but to save France either +for the Bourbons or possibly for his Emperor's son-in-law. If the +Austrian minister could accomplish this, he could thereby checkmate +Prussian ambitions for leadership in Germany. But during the +movements of February and March the actions of the Austrian general +appear to have been due almost exclusively to cowardice. The papers of +Castlereagh, of Metternich, and of Schwarzenberg himself aim to give +the impression that during all the events which had occurred since the +congress of Prague, everything had been straightforward, and that +Austria had no thought of sparing Napoleon or acting otherwise than +she did in the end. Yet the indications of the time are quite the +other way: the Russians in Schwarzenberg's army were furious, and, as +one of them wrote, suspicious "of what we are doing and what we are +not doing." Alexander, in this crisis, was deeply concerned, not for +peace, but for an orderly, concentrated retreat. With stubborn +fatalism, he never doubted the final outcome; and during his stay in +Châtillon he had spent his leisure hours in excogitating a careful +plan for the grand entry into Paris, whereby the honors were to be his +own. + +Consequently, when on the nineteenth he hastened to Schwarzenberg's +bedside, it was with the object of persuading the Austrian commander +to make a stand long enough to secure concentration in retreat. This +idea originated with the Russian general Toll, and the place he +suggested for concentration was the line between Troyes and Pougy. But +the council was terror-stricken, and though willing to heed +Alexander's urgent warning, they at first selected a position farther +in the rear, on the heights of Trannes. With this the Czar was +content, but on second thought such a course appeared to the more +daring among the Austrian staff as if it smacked of pusillanimity. +Schwarzenberg felt the force of this opinion, and by the influence of +some one, probably Radetzky, it was determined, without consulting the +Czar, to concentrate near Arcis on the left bank of the Aube, in +order to assume the offensive at Plancy. This independent resolution +of Schwarzenberg's staff explains the presence of allied troops near +Arcis and at Torcy. Alexander was much incensed by the news of the +meeting, and declared that Napoleon's real purpose was to hold them +while cutting off their connections on the extreme right at Bar and +Chaumont. This was in fact a close conjecture. Napoleon, though +surprised into action, was naturally confirmed in his surmise that the +hostile troops were a retreating rear-guard; and in consequence he had +definitely adopted the most desperate scheme of his life--the plan of +hurrying toward the Vosges, of summoning the peasantry to rise _en +masse_, and of calling out the garrison troops from the frontier +fortresses to reinforce his army and enable him to strike the invaders +from behind. + +By his retreat to Troyes on February twenty-second, Schwarzenberg had +avoided a decisive conflict, saving his own army, and leaving Napoleon +to exhaust himself against the army of Silesia; by his decision of +March nineteenth he had confirmed Napoleon in the conviction that the +allies were overawed, and had thus led his desperate foe into the +greatest blunder conceivable--this chimerical scheme of concentrating +his slender, scattered force on the confines of France, and leaving +open a way for the great army of invaders to march direct on Paris. Of +such stuff are contemporary reputations sometimes constructed. But +this was not enough: a third time the Austrian general was to stumble +on greatness. Napoleon's movements of concentration had thus far met +with no resistance, in spite of their temerity; and throughout the +nineteenth the enemy's outposts, wherever found, fled incontinently. +It appeared a certainty that the allies were abandoning the line of +the Seine in order to avoid a blow on their flank. That evening +Napoleon began to vacillate, gradually abandoning his notion of an +offensive move near Troyes, and deliberating how best to reach Vitry +for a further advance toward his eastern fortresses. To avoid any +appearance of retreat, he rejected the safer route by way of +Fère-Champenoise to Sommesous, and determined to follow the course of +the Aube for a while before turning northward to Sommepuis. He might +run across the enemy's rear-guard, but he counted on their +pusillanimity for the probable retreat of the very last man to Troyes. +When Ney and Sebastiani began on the twentieth to push up the south +bank of the Aube, they expected no opposition. That very morning +Napoleon had announced to his minister of war, "I shall neglect +Troyes, and betake myself in all haste to my fortresses." + +So far the Emperor had made no exhibition of the temerity about which +so much was later to be said. But he had deceived himself and had +taken a wild resolution. Moreover, it is amazing that he should have +felt a baseless confidence in Blücher's remaining inert. This +hallucination is, however, clearly expressed in a despatch to Marmont +of the very same date. Yet, nevertheless, the alternative is not left +out of consideration, for he ordered that marshal, in case Blücher +should resume the offensive, to abandon Paris and hasten to Châlons. +This fatal decision was not taken suddenly: the contingency had been +mentioned in a letter of February eighth to Joseph, and again from +Rheims emphatic injunctions to keep the Empress and the King of Rome +from falling into Austrian hands were issued to the same +correspondent. "Do not abandon my son," the Emperor pleaded; "and +remember that I would rather see him in the Seine than in the hands of +the enemies of France. The fate of Astyanax, prisoner to the Greeks, +has always seemed to me the unhappiest in history." The messenger had +been gone but a few hours when word was brought that Blücher had +resumed the offensive, and a swift courier was despatched summoning +Marmont to Châlons. In this ultimate decision Napoleon showed how +cosmopolitan he had grown: he had forgotten, if he had ever +understood, the extreme centralization of France; he should have known +that, Paris lost, the head of the country was gone, and that the +dwarfed limbs could develop little or no national vitality. + +This bitter lesson he was soon to learn. On the momentous afternoon of +the twentieth, as has been related, about sixteen thousand French +confronted nearly twenty-five thousand of the allies in the sharp but +indecisive skirmishes before Arcis; the loss of the former was +eighteen hundred, that of the allies twenty-seven hundred. In spite of +the dimensions which these conflicts had assumed, Napoleon remained +firm in the belief that he had to do with his retreating enemy's +rear-guard; Schwarzenberg, on the other hand, was convinced that the +French had a strength far beyond the reality. During the night both +armies were strongly reinforced, and in the early morning Napoleon had +twenty-seven thousand five hundred men--quite enough, he believed, to +demoralize the retreating Austrians. It was ten o'clock when he +ordered the attack, Ney and Sebastiani being directed to the plateau +behind the town. What was their surprise and dismay to find +Schwarzenberg's entire army, which numbered not less than a hundred +thousand, drawn up in battle array on the plain to the eastward, the +infantry in three dense columns, cavalry to right and left, with three +hundred and seventy pieces of artillery on the central front! The +spectacle would have been dazzling to any but a soldier: the bright +array of gay accoutrements, the glittering bayonets, the waving +banners, and the serried ranks. As it was, the audacious French +skirmishers instinctively felt the incapacity of a general who could +thus assemble an army as if on purpose to display its numbers and +expose it to destruction. Without a thought they began a sort of +challenging rencounter with horse-artillery and cavalry. + +But the Emperor's hopes were dashed when he learned the truth; with +equal numbers he would have been exultant; a battle with odds of four +to one he dared not risk. Sebastiani was kept on the heights to mask +the retreat which was instantly determined upon, and at half-past one +it began. This ruse was so successful, by reason of the alarms and +crossings incident to the withdrawal of the French, that the allies +were again terror-stricken; even the Czar rejected every suggestion of +attack; again force was demoralized by genius. At last, however, +scouts brought word that columns of French soldiers were debouching +beyond the Aube, and the facts were plain. Even then the paralyzed +invaders feared to attack, and it was not until two thirds of +Napoleon's force was behind the stream that, after fierce fighting, +the French rear was driven from the town. Oudinot's corps was the last +to cross the river, and, standing until sappers had destroyed the +bridge, it hurried away to follow the main column toward Vitry. The +divisions of Gérard and Macdonald joined the march, and there were +then forty-five thousand men in line. + +While Napoleon was thus neutralizing the efforts of armies and +generals by the renown of his name, two of his marshals were finally +discredited. Enfeebled as Blücher appeared to be, he was no sooner +freed from the awe of Napoleon's proximity than he began to move. On +the eighteenth he passed the Aisne, and Marmont, disobeying the +explicit instructions of Napoleon to keep open a line of retreat +toward Châlons, began to withdraw toward Fismes, where he effected a +junction with Mortier. His intention was to keep Blücher from Paris +by false manoeuvers. Rheims and Épernay at once fell into hostile +hands; there was no way left open toward Châlons except the long +detour by Château-Thierry and Étoges; and Blücher, it was found, was +hurrying to effect a connection with Schwarzenberg. This was an +assured checkmate. Meantime Augereau had displayed a similar +incapacity. On the eighth he had begun a number of feeble, futile +movements intended to prevent the allies from forming their Army of +the South. But after a few aimless marches he returned to Lyons, and +stood there in idleness until his opponents had completed their +organization. On the twentieth the place was assaulted. The French +general had twenty-one thousand five hundred men under his immediate +command, six thousand eight hundred Catalonian veterans were on their +way from Perpignan, and at Chambèry were seven thousand more from the +armies of Tuscany and Piedmont. The assailants had thirty-two +thousand, mostly raw troops. With a stout heart in its commander, +Lyons could have been held until the reinforcements arrived, when the +army of the allies would probably have been annihilated. But there was +no stout heart in any of the authorities; not a spade had been used to +throw up fortifications; the siege-guns ready at Avignon had not been +brought up. Augereau, at the very height of the battle, summoned the +civil authorities to a consultation, and the unwarlike burghers +assented without a murmur to his suggestion of evacuation. The great +capital of eastern France was delivered as a prize to those who had +not earned it. Had Suchet been substituted for Augereau some weeks +earlier, the course of history might have been diverted. But although +Napoleon had contemplated such a change, he shrank from disgracing an +old servant, and again, as before Leipsic, displayed a kindly spirit +destructive to his cause. + +The night after his retreat from Arcis, Napoleon sent out a +reconnaissance to Vitry, and finding it garrisoned by Prussians, +swerved toward St. Dizier, which, after a smart combat, he entered on +the twenty-third. This placed him midway between the lines of his +enemy's communication both from Strasburg and from Basel; which of the +two, he asked himself, would Schwarzenberg return to defend? Thinking +only how best to bait his foe, he set his army in motion northward; +the anxious Austrian would certainly struggle to retain the line in +greatest danger. This illusion continued, French cavalry scoured the +country, some of the Châtillon diplomats were captured, and the +Emperor of Austria had a narrow escape at Bar. It seemed strange that +the country-side as far as Langres was deserted, but the fact was +apparently explained when the news came that the enemy were in force +at Vitry; probably they had abandoned Troyes and had disregarded +Brienne in order to divert him from his purpose. + +Alas for the self-deception of a ruined man! The enemy at Vitry were a +body of eight thousand Russian cavalry from the Silesian army, sent, +under Wintzengerode, to dog Napoleon's heels and deceive him, just as +they actually did. Having left Vitry on the twenty-eighth, they were +moving toward St. Dizier when Napoleon, believing that they formed the +head of a powerful hostile column, fell upon them with needless fury, +and all too easily put them to flight; two thousand were captured and +five hundred killed. Thanks to Marmont's disobedience and bad +judgment, Blücher had opened communications with Schwarzenberg, and +both were marching as swiftly as possible direct to Paris. Of this +Napoleon remained ignorant until the twenty-eighth. From his prisoners +the Emperor first gained a hint of the appalling truth. It was +impossible to believe such reports. Orders were issued for an +immediate return to Vitry in order to secure reliable information. +Arrived before the place, Napoleon called a council of war to decide +whether an attempt to storm it should be made. In the moment of +deliberation news began to arrive in abundance: captured despatches +and bulletins of the enemy, confirmed by definite information from the +inhabitants of the surrounding country. There could no longer be any +doubt: the enemy, with an advantage of three days' march, was on his +way to Paris. The futility of his eastward movement appears to have +struck Napoleon like a thunderbolt. Paris abandoned in theory was one +thing; France virtually decapitated by the actual loss of its capital +was quite another. The thought was unendurable. Mounting his horse, +the unhappy man spurred back to St. Dizier, and closeted himself in +silent communing with his maps. + +The allies had not at first divined Napoleon's purpose. Indeed, their +movements in passing the Aube and on the day following were little +better than random efforts to fathom it. But on the morning of the +twenty-third two important messengers were captured--one a courier +from Berthier to Macdonald with despatches stating exactly where +Napoleon was; the other a rider with a short note from Napoleon to his +Empress, containing a statement of its writer's plans. This famous +paper was lost, for Blücher, after having read it, let the rider go. +But the extant German translation is doubtless accurate. It runs: "My +friend, I have been all day in the saddle. On the twentieth I took +Arcis on the Aube. The enemy attacked at eight in the evening. I beat +him, killed four thousand men, and captured four cannon. On the +twenty-first the enemy engaged in order to protect the march of his +columns toward Brienne and Bar on the Aube. I have resolved to betake +myself to the Marne in order to draw off the enemy from Paris and to +approach my fortifications. I shall be this evening in St. Dizier. +Adieu, my friend; kiss my boy." Savary declares that there was a final +phrase: "This movement makes or mars me." + +The menace to their lines of communication at first produced +consternation in the council of the allies. The first proposition laid +before them was that they should return on parallel lines and recover +their old bases. Had this scheme been adopted, Napoleon's strategy +would have been justified completely instead of partially as it was; +nothing but a miracle could have prevented the evacuation of France by +the invaders. But a second, calmer thought determined the invaders to +abandon both the old lines, and, opening a new one by way of Châlons +into the Netherlands, to make the necessary detour and fall on +Napoleon's rear. Francis, for the sake of keeping close touch with his +own domains, was to join the Army of the South at Lyons. Although +there is no proof to support the conjecture, it seems as if the Czar +and the King of Prussia had suggested this so that both Francis and +Metternich might be removed from the military councils of the allies +in order that the more warlike party might in their absence take +decisive measures. That night a package of letters to Napoleon from +the imperial dignitaries at Paris fell into the hands of the invaders. +The writers, each and all, expressed a profound despondency, Savary in +particular asserting that everything was to be feared should the enemy +approach the capital. Next morning, the twenty-fourth, the junction +between Blücher and Schwarzenberg was completed. Francis and +Metternich being absent, Schwarzenberg, listening to warlike advice, +determined to start immediately in pursuit of Napoleon and seek a +battle. The march was begun, and it seemed as if Napoleon's wild +scheme was to be completely justified. He had certainly displayed +profound insight. + +Alexander, however, had been steadily hardening his purpose to +annihilate Napoleon. For a week past Vitrolles, the well-known +royalist agent, had been at his headquarters; the accounts of a steady +growth in royalist strength, the efforts of Napoleon's lifelong foe, +Pozzo di Borgo, and the budget of despondent letters from the Paris +officials, combined to temper the Czar's mystical humor into a +determination of steel. Accordingly, on the same day he summoned his +personal military advisers, Barclay, Wolkonsky, Diebitsch, and Toll; +then, pointing out on a map the various positions of the troops +engaged in the campaign, he asked, significantly and impressively, +whether it were best to pursue Napoleon or march on Paris. Barclay +supported the former alternative; Diebitsch advised dividing the army +and doing both; but Toll, with powerful emphasis, declared himself for +the second course. The Czar listened enthusiastically to what was near +his own heart, and expressed himself strongly as favoring it; the +others yielded with the eagerness of courtiers, and Alexander, +mounting his horse, spurred after Frederick William and Schwarzenberg. +The new plan was unfolded; the Prussian king supported it; +Schwarzenberg hesitated, but yielded. That night orders were issued +for an about-face, a long explanatory despatch was sent to Blücher, +and on the twenty-fifth the combined armies of Bohemia and Silesia +were hurrying with measured tramp toward Paris. For the first time +there was general enthusiasm in their ranks. Blücher, who from his +unremitted ardor had won the name of "Marshal Forward," was +transported with joy. + +[Illustration: In the collection of the Marquis of Bassano + +NAPOLEON-FRANÇOIS-CHARLES-JOSEPH, PRINCE IMPERIAL; KING OF ROME; DUKE +OF REICHSTADT. + +_From the painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence_.] + +The two armies marched on parallel lines, and met with no resistance +of any importance, except as the various skirmishes enabled the +irregular French soldiers to display a desperate courage, not only the +untried "Marie Louises" coming out from Paris, but various bodies of +the national guard convoying provision-trains. It was the twenty-fifth +before Marmont and Mortier effected their junction, and then, although +about sixteen thousand strong, they were steadily forced back through +Fère-Champenoise and Allemant toward Charenton, which was under the +very walls of Paris. Marmont displayed neither energy nor common sense +on the retreat: his outlying companies were cut off, and strategic +points which might have been held were utterly neglected. The army +with which he reached Paris on the twenty-ninth should have formed an +invaluable nucleus for the formation and incorporation of the numerous +volunteers and irregular companies which were available; but, like its +leader, it was entirely demoralized. Ledru des Essarts, commander of +Meaux, was obliged on the twenty-seventh to abandon his charge, a +military depot full of ammunition and supplies, which was essential to +the safety of Paris. The garrison consisted of six thousand men, but +among them were not more than eight hundred veterans, hastily +collected from Marmont's stragglers, and the new conscripts were +ill-conditioned and badly commanded. Although the generals drew up +their men with a bold front to defend the passage of the Marne, the +undisciplined columns were overwhelmed with terror at the sight of +Blücher's army, and, standing only long enough to blow up the +magazines, fled. They fought gallantly, however, on their retreat +throughout the twenty-eighth, but to no avail; one position after +another was lost, and they too bivouacked on the evening of the +twenty-ninth before the gates of the capital. It is a weak curiosity, +possibly, but we must wonder what would have occurred had Marmont, +instead of retreating to Fismes on the eighteenth, withdrawn to +Rheims, where he and Mortier could at least have checked Blücher's +unauthorized advance, and perhaps have held the army of Silesia for a +time, when the moral effect would probably have been to justify +Schwarzenberg and confirm his project for the pursuit of Napoleon. In +that case, moreover, the precious information of Napoleon's letter to +his consort would not have fallen into his enemies' hands. Would +destiny have paused in its career? + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +THE BEGINNING OF THE END[11] + + [Footnote 11: References: Napoleon, King of Elba. Pons de + l'Hérault, Mémoire aux puissances alliées; publ. pour la + "société d'histoire contemporaine." Houssaye, Napoléon à + l'île d'Elbe. Sorel, Essais d'histoire et de critique. + Talleyrand, Metternich. Sorel, Le Congrès de Vienne. Rose, + Napoleonic Studies. Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and + Elba. Foresi, Napoleone I all' isola dell' Elba.] + + Napoleon's Problem -- The Military Situation -- A Council of War + and State -- The Return to Paris -- Prostrating News -- The + Empress-Regent and her Advisers -- Traitors Within -- Talleyrand + -- The Defenders of the Capital -- The Flight of the Court -- The + Allies before the City. + + +The pallid, silent Emperor at St. Dizier was closeted with +considerations like these. He knew of the defeat which forced Marmont +and Mortier back on Paris; the loss of the capital was imminent; +parties were in a dangerous state; his marshals were growing more and +more slack; he had failed in transferring the seat of war to Lorraine; +the information he had so far received was almost certainly colored by +the medium of scheming followers through which it came. What single +mind could grapple with such affairs? It was not because the thwarted +man had lost his nerve, but because he was calm and clear-minded, that +he felt the need of frank, dispassionate advice on all these matters. +On the other hand, there stood forth in the clearest light a single +fact about which there could be no doubt, and it alone might +counterbalance all the rest: the peoples of northern and eastern +France were at last aroused in behalf of his cause. For years all +Europe had rung with outcries against the outrages of Napoleon's +soldiery; the allied armies no sooner became invaders in their turn +than they began to outstrip their foe in every deed of shame; in +particular, the savage bands from Russian Asia indulged their inhuman +passions to the full, while the French peasantry, rigid with horror, +looked on for the moment in paralysis. Now they had begun to rise in +mass, and from the twenty-fifth to the twenty-eighth their volunteer +companies brought in a thousand prisoners. The depots, trains, and +impedimenta of every sort which the allies abandoned on turning +westward fell into the hands of a peasant soldiery, many of whom were +armed with shot-guns. The rising for Napoleon was comparable only to +that which earlier years had seen in the Vendée on behalf of the +Bourbons. + +Besides, all the chief cities of the district were now in the hands of +more or less regular troops; Dunette was marching from Metz with four +thousand men; Broussier, from Strasburg with five thousand; Verdun +could furnish two thousand, and several other fortresses a like +number. Souham was at Nogent with his division, Allix at Auxerre with +his; the army at the Emperor's disposal could easily be reckoned at +seventy thousand. Assisted by the partizan bands which now hung in a +passion of hatred on the skirts of the invaders, and by the national +uprising now fairly under way, could not the Emperor-general hope for +another successful stand? He well knew that the fear of what had +happened was the specter of his enemy's council-board; they would, he +reckoned, be rendered over-cautious, and give him at least a fortnight +in which to manoeuver before the fall of Paris could be expected. +Counting the men about Vitry and the garrison reinforcements at only +sixty thousand, the combined armies of Suchet, Soult, and Augereau at +the same number, that of Marmont at fourteen thousand, and the men in +the various depots at sixteen thousand, he would have a total of a +hundred and fifty thousand, from which he could easily spare fifty +thousand to cut off every line of retreat from his foe, and still have +left a hundred thousand wherewith to meet their concentrated force on +a basis of something like equality. From the purely strategic point of +view, the march of the allies to Paris was sheer madness unless they +could count on the exhaustion of the population right, left, and +behind. If the national uprising could be organized, they would be cut +off from all reinforcement and entrapped. Already their numbers had +been reduced to a hundred and ten thousand men. Napoleon with a +hundred thousand, and the nation to support him, had a fair chance of +annihilating them. + +It was, therefore, not a mere hallucination which led him to hope that +once again the tangled web of affairs might be severed by a sweep of +the soldier's saber. But of course in the crisis of his great decision +he could not stand alone; he must be sure of his lieutenants. +Accordingly, after a few hours of secret communing, he summoned a +council, and laid before it his considerations substantially as +enumerated. Those present were Berthier, Ney, Lefebvre, Caulaincourt, +and Maret; Oudinot and Macdonald, at Bar on the Ornain and Perthes +respectively, were too distant to arrive in time, but he believed that +he knew their opinion, which was that the war should be continued +either in Lorraine or from a center of operations to be established at +Sens. From this conclusion Macdonald did not once waver; Oudinot had +begun to hedge; their absence, therefore, was unimportant. Berthier +was verging on desperation, and so was Caulaincourt, who, since +leaving Châtillon, had been vainly struggling to reopen negotiations +for peace on any terms; Ney, though physically brave, was not the +stuff from which martyrs are made, and Lefebvre, naturally weak, was +laboring under a momentary attack of senility. The council was +imperative for peace at any price; the Emperor, having foreseen its +temper, had little difficulty in taking the military steps for +carrying out its behests. + +Early in the morning of March twenty-eighth the army was set in motion +toward Paris. The line of march was to be through Bar on the Aube, +Troyes, and Fontainebleau, a somewhat circuitous route, chosen +apparently for three reasons: because the region to be traversed would +still afford sustenance to the men, because the Seine would protect +its right flank, and because the dangerous point of Meaux was thus +avoided. Such a conclusion is significant of the clearest judgment and +the nicest calculation. Pages have been written about Napoleon's +hallucinations at the close of his career; neither here nor in any of +the courses he adopted is there aught to sustain the charge. At +breakfast-time a squad of jubilant peasants brought in a prisoner whom +they believed to be no less a person than the Comte d'Artois. In +reality it was Weissenberg, an Austrian ambassador on his way to +London. He was promptly liberated on parole and despatched with +letters to Francis and Metternich. By a curious adventure, Vitrolles +was in the minister's suite disguised as a serving-man, but he was not +detected. + +[Illustration: Map of the field of operations in 1814.] + +At Doulevant Napoleon received cipher despatches from La Valette, the +postmaster-general in Paris, a trusted friend. These were the first +communications since the twenty-second; the writer said not a moment +must be wasted, the Emperor must come quickly or all would be lost. +His decision once taken, Napoleon had grown more feverish with every +hour; this message gave wings to his impatience. With some regard +for such measures as would preclude his capture by wandering bands of +Cossacks, he began almost to fly. New couriers were met at +Doulaincourt with despatches which contained a full history of the +past few days; in consequence the troops were spurred to fresh +exertions, their marches were doubled, and at nightfall of the +twenty-ninth Troyes was reached. Snatching a few brief hours of sleep, +Napoleon at dawn next morning threw discretion to the winds, and +started with an insufficient escort, determined to reach Villeneuve on +the Vanne before night. The task was performed, but no sooner had he +arrived than at once he flung himself into a post-chaise, and, with +Caulaincourt at his side, sped toward Paris; a second vehicle, with +three adjutants, followed as best it might; and a third, containing +Gourgaud and Lefebvre, brought up the rear. It will be remembered that +Gourgaud was an able artillerist; Lefebvre, it was hoped, could rouse +the suburban populations for the defense of Paris. At Sens Napoleon +heard that the enemy was ready to attack; at Fontainebleau that the +Empress had fled toward the Loire; at Essonnes he was told that the +decisive battle was raging; and about ten miles from the capital, at +the wretched posting-station of La Cour de France, deep in the night, +fell the fatal blow. Paris had surrendered. The terrible certainty was +assured by the bearer of the tidings, Belliard, a cavalry officer +despatched with his troop by Mortier to prepare quarters for his own +and Marmont's men. + +Maria Louisa had played her rôle of Empress-regent as well as might be +expected from a woman of twenty-three with slender abilities; only +once in his letters did the Emperor chide her, and that was for a +fault at that time venial in European royalty: receiving a high +official, in this case the arch-chancellor, in her bedchamber. On the +whole, she had been dignified and conciliatory; once she rose to a +considerable height, pronouncing before the senate with great effect a +stirring speech composed by her husband and forwarded from his +headquarters. About her were grouped a motley council: Joseph, gentle +but efficient; Savary, underhanded and unwarlike; Clarke, working in +the war ministry like a machine; Talleyrand, secretly plotting against +Napoleon, whose title of vice-grand elector he wore with outward +suavity; Cambacérès, wise but unready; Montalivet, adroit but +cautious. Yet, while there was no one combining ability, enthusiasm, +and energy, the equipment of troops had gone on with great regularity, +and each day regiments of half-drilled, half-equipped recruits had +departed for the seat of war. The national guards who garrisoned the +city, some twelve thousand in all, had forgotten their imperialism, +having grown very sensitive to the shafts of royalist wit; yet they +held their peace and had performed the round of their duties. +Everything had outwardly been so quiet and regular that Napoleon +actually contemplated a new levy, but the emptiness of the arsenals +compelled him to dismiss the idea. Theoretically a fortified military +depot, Paris was really an antiquated fortress with arsenals of +useless weapons. Spasmodic efforts had been made to throw up redoubts +before the walls, but they had failed from lack of energy in the +military administration. + +A close examination of what lay beneath the surface of Parisian +society revealed much that was dangerous. Talleyrand's house was a +nest of intrigue. Imperial prefects like Pasquier and Chabrol were +calm but perfunctory. The Talleyrand circle grew larger and bolder +every day. Moreover, it had influential members--de Pradt, Louis, +Vitrolles, Royer-Collard, Lambrecht, Grégoire, and Garat, together +with other high functionaries in all departments. Bourrienne +developed great activity as an extortioner and briber; the great +royalist irreconcilables, Montmorency, Noailles, Denfort, Fitz-James, +and Montesquiou, were less and less careful to conceal their activity. +Jaucourt, one of Joseph's chamberlains, was a spy carrying the latest +news from headquarters to the plotters. "If the Emperor were killed," +he wrote on March seventeenth, "we should then have the King of Rome +and the regency of his mother.... The Emperor dead, we could appoint a +council which would satisfy all opinions. Burn this letter." The +program is clear when we recall that the little King of Rome was not +three years old. Napoleon was well aware of the increasing chaos, and +smartly reproved Savary from Rheims. + +But Talleyrand was undaunted. At first he appears to have desired a +violent death for Napoleon, in the hope of furthering his own schemes +during a long imperial regency. At all events, he ardently opposed the +departure of the Empress and the King of Rome from Paris. Nevertheless +it was he who despatched Vitrolles, the passionate royalist, to +Nesselrode with a letter in invisible ink which, when deciphered, +turned out to be an inscrutable riddle capable of two interpretations. +"The bearer of this deserves all confidence. Hear him and know me. It +is time to be plain. You are walking on crutches; use your legs and +will to do what you can." Lannes had long before stigmatized the +unfrocked bishop as a mess of filth in a silk stocking; Murat said he +could take a kick from behind without showing it in his face; in the +last meeting of the council of state before the renewal of +hostilities, Napoleon fixed his eyes on the sphinx-like cripple and +said: "I know I am leaving in Paris other enemies than those I am +going to fight." His fellow-conspirators were scarcely less bitter in +their dislike than his avowed enemies. "You don't know the monkey," +said Dalberg to Vitrolles; "he would not risk burning the tip of his +paw even if all the chestnuts were for himself." Yet, master of +intrigue, he pursued the even tenor of his course, scattering +innuendos, distributing showers of anonymous pamphlets, smuggling +English newspapers into the city, in fact working every wire of +conspiracy. Surprised by the minister of police in an equivocal +meeting with de Pradt, he burst out into hollow laughter, his +companion joined in the peal, and even Savary himself found the +merriment infectious. + +Toward the close of March the populace displayed a perilous +sensitiveness to all these influences. The London "Times" of March +fifteenth, which was read by many in the capital, asked what pity +Blücher and the Cossacks would show to Paris on the day of their +vengeance, the editor suggesting that possibly as he wrote the famous +town was already in ashes. Such suggestions created something very +like a panic, and a week later the climax was reached. When the +fugitive peasants from the surrounding country began to take refuge in +the capital they found business at a standstill, the shops closed, the +streets deserted, the householders preparing for flight. From the +twenty-third to the twenty-eighth there was no news from Napoleon; the +Empress and council heard only of Marmont's defeat. They felt that a +decision must be taken, and finally on the twenty-eighth the imperial +officials held a council. The facts were plainly stated by Clarke; he +had but forty-three thousand men, all told, wherewith to defend the +capital, and in consequence it was determined to send the Empress and +her son to Rambouillet on the very next day. This fatal decision was +taken partly through fear, but largely in deference to Napoleon's +letter containing the classical allusion to Astyanax. The very men who +took it believed that the Parisian masses would have died for the +young Napoleon, and deplored the decision they had reached. "Behold +what a fall in history!" said Talleyrand to Savary on parting. "To +attach one's name to a few adventures instead of affixing it to an +age.... But it is not for everybody to be engulfed in the ruins of +this edifice." From that hour the restoration of the Bourbons was a +certainty. + +It was a mournful procession of imperial carriages which next morning +filed slowly through the city, attracting slight attention from a few +silent onlookers, and passed on toward Rambouillet. The baby king had +shrieked and clutched at the doors as he was torn away from his +apartments in the Tuileries, and would not be appeased; his mother and +attendants were in consternation at the omen, and all thoughtful +persons who considered the situation were convinced that the +dissolution of the Empire was at hand. A deputation from the national +guard had sought in vain to dissuade the Empress from her course; +their failure and the distant booming of cannon produced widespread +depression throughout the city, which was not removed by a spirited +proclamation from Joseph declaring that his brother was on the heels +of the invaders. All the public functionaries seemed inert, and +everybody knew that, even though the populace should rise, there was +no adequate means of resistance either in men or in arms or in proper +fortifications. + +Clarke alone began to display energy; with Joseph's assistance, what +preparations were possible at so late an hour were made: six companies +were formed from the recruits at hand, the national guard was put +under arms, the students of the polytechnic school were called out for +service, communication with Marmont was secured, and by late afternoon +Montmartre, Belleville, and St. Denis were feebly fortified. The +allies had been well aware that what was to be done must be done +before the dreaded Emperor should arrive, and on that same morning +their vanguard had summoned the town; but during the parley their +generals began to feel the need of greater strength, and further asked +an armistice of four hours. This was granted on the usual condition +that within its duration no troops should be moved; but the implied +promise was perfidiously broken, and at nightfall both Alexander and +Frederick William, accompanied by their forces, were in sight of the +far-famed city. Dangers, hardships, bygone insults and humiliations, +all were forgotten in a general tumult of joy, wrote Danilevsky, a +Russian officer. Alexander alone was pensive, well knowing that, +should the city hold out two days, reinforcements from the west might +make its capture impossible until Napoleon should arrive. Accordingly +he took virtual command, and issued stringent orders preparatory for +the assault early next morning. + + + + +CHAPTER X + +THE FALL OF PARIS[12] + + [Footnote 12: References: Müffling (genannt Weiss), + Geschichte des Feldzugs der + englisch-hannoversch-niederlandischen und braunschweigischen + Armee unter dem Fürsten Blücher im Jahre 1815. Houssaye, + 1814. Mémoires of Bourrienne. Haussonville, Souvenirs. + Gervinus, Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts seit den Wien + Verträgen.] + + The Battle before Paris -- The Armistice -- The Position of + Marmont -- Legitimacy and the Bourbons -- The Provisional + Government -- Napoleon's Fury -- Suggestions of Abdication -- + Napoleon's New Policy Foreshadowed -- His Troops and Officers -- + The Treason of Marmont -- The Marshals at Fontainebleau -- + Napoleon's Despair. + + +From early dawn until midday on March thirtieth the fighting before +Paris was almost continuous, the assailants displaying an assurance of +victory, the defenders showing the courage of despair. Marmont and +Mortier kept their ranks in order, and the soldiers fought gallantly; +elsewhere the militia and the boys emulated each other and the +regulars in steadfastness. But when, shortly after noon, it became +evident that Paris was doomed to fall before superior force, Joseph, +as deputy emperor, issued to Marmont full powers to treat, and +followed the Empress, whom he overtook at Chartres, far beyond +Rambouillet, where she had expected to halt. She had determined, for +greater safety, to cross the Loire. At four in the afternoon the +Prussians captured Montmartre, and prepared to bombard from that +height; at the same moment the last ranks of the allied armies came +up. + +Marmont felt further resistance to be useless; his line of retreat +was endangered, and he had special directions not to expose the city +to a sack. There was still abundant courage in the citizens, who stood +behind the barricades within the gates clamorous for arms and +ammunition. A messenger came galloping in with the news that Napoleon +was but half a day distant. The lookouts now and then espied some +general riding a white horse, and called, "'Tis he!" But for all the +enthusiasm, the expected "he" did not appear. Further carnage seemed +useless, since French honor had been vindicated, and when the war-worn +Marmont withdrew into the town he was received as one who had done +what man could do. Negotiations once fairly begun, the allies +abandoned the hard conditions with which they opened the parley, and +displayed a sense of great relief. Their chief representative, Count +Orloff, behaved with much consideration. Recognizing the force of the +French plea that their army was quite strong enough, if not to defend +the city another twenty-four hours, at least to contest it street by +street until, arrived at last on the left bank of the Seine, they +could regain Fontainebleau in safety, Orloff assented to what were +virtually the stipulations of Marmont and Mortier. The terms adopted +made provision for an armistice, assured kind treatment to the city, +and permitted the withdrawal of the troops. + +Throughout the afternoon and evening Marmont's house was the +rendezvous of the negotiators and of the few political personages left +in the city. There was the freest talk: "Bonaparte" was conquered; the +Bourbons would be restored; what a splendid man was this Marmont! Some +weeks earlier the marshal had been significantly informed by his +brother-in-law Perregaux, a chamberlain of Napoleon's, that in case of +a restoration he and Macdonald would be spared, whatever happened to +the other great imperial leaders. Talleyrand had ostensibly taken +flight with his colleagues, but by an interesting coincidence his +coachman had sought the wrong exit from the city, and had been turned +back. That night he appeared in Marmont's presence with direct +overtures from the Bourbons. His interview was short, and he seemed to +have gained nothing; but he had an air of victory as he withdrew. He +saw that Marmont was consumed with vanity, feeling that the destinies +of France, of Napoleon, of all Europe, perhaps, were in his hands +alone. This was much. Passing through the corridors, the sly +diplomatist respectfully greeted Prince Orloff, and begged to lay his +profound respects at the feet of the Czar. "I shall not forget to lay +this blank check before his majesty," was the stinging retort. +Talleyrand smiled almost imperceptibly with his lips, and went his +way. But Alexander said on hearing the facts: "As yet this is but +anecdote; it may become history." + +The triumphal entry of the allies into Paris began next morning, March +thirty-first, 1814, at seven o'clock. It was headed by Alexander and +Frederick William, now universally regarded as the Czar's satellite +king. Francis was in Dijon; he was represented by Schwarzenberg. The +three leaders, with their respective staff officers, were solemnly +received by a deputation of the municipal authorities. Their soldiers +were orderly, and there was no pillage or license. Crowds of royalists +thronged the streets acclaiming the conquerors and shouting for Louis +XVIII. Throughout the afternoon Talleyrand and Nesselrode were +closeted in the former's palace; and when, toward evening, they were +joined by the Czar and the King, both of whom had devoted the day to +ceremony, the diplomats had already agreed that France must have the +Bourbons. The sovereigns had actually been deceived by the noisy +royalist manifestations into believing that France welcomed her +invaders, and they assented to the conclusion of the ministers. A +formal meeting was instantly arranged; there were present, besides the +monarchs and their ministers, Schwarzenberg, Lichtenstein, Dalberg, +and Pozzo di Borgo. Alexander assumed the presidency, but Talleyrand, +with consummate skill, monopolized the deliberations. The Czar +suggested, as various bases for peace, Napoleon under all guaranties, +Maria Louisa as regent for the King of Rome, the Bourbons, and, it is +believed, hinted at Bernadotte or the republic as possibilities. Of +all these courses there was but one which represented the notion of +legitimacy with which Alexander had in the coalition identified +himself, and by which alone he, with his shady title, could hope to +assert authority in western Europe. This was expounded and emphasized +by the wily Talleyrand with tremendous effect. The idea of the +republic was of course relegated to oblivion; of Bernadotte there +could not well be a serious question. If France wanted a mere soldier, +she already had the foremost in the world. Napoleon still alive, the +regency would be only another name for his continued rule; the +Bourbons, and they alone, represented a principle. There was little +difficulty, therefore, in reaching the decision not to treat with +Napoleon Bonaparte or with any member of his family. + +This was the great schemer's first stroke; his second was equally +brilliant: the servile senate was appointed to create a provisional +government and to construct a new constitution, to be guaranteed by +the allies. That body, however obsequious, was still French; even the +extreme radicals, as represented by Lainé of Bordeaux, had to +acknowledge this. The new and subservient administration was at work +within twenty-four hours; Talleyrand, with his two creatures, Dalberg +and Jaucourt; Montesquiou, the royalist; and Beurnonville, a +recalcitrant imperialist, constituting the executive commission. Two +days later the legislature was summoned, and seventy-nine deputies +responded. After considerable debate they pronounced Napoleon +overthrown for having violated the constitution. The municipal council +and the great imperial offices, with their magistrates, gave their +assent. The heart of the city appeared to have been transformed: on +the street, at the theater, everywhere the white Bourbon cockades and +ribbons burst forth like blossoms in a premature spring. But outside +the focus of agitation, and in the suburbs, the populace murmured, and +sometimes exhibited open discontent. In proportion to the distance +west and south, the country was correspondingly imperial, obeying the +imperial regency now established at Blois, which was summoning +recruits, issuing stirring proclamations, and keeping up a brave show. +In a way, therefore, France for the moment had three governments, that +of the allies, that of the regency, and that of Napoleon himself. + +When, in the latest hours of March thirtieth, Napoleon met Belliard, +and heard the disastrous report of what had happened, he gave full +vent to a frightful outburst of wrath. As he said himself in calmer +moments, such was his anger at that time, that he never seemed to have +known anger before. Forgetful of all his own shortcomings, he raged +against others with a fury bordering on insanity, and could find no +language vile or blasphemous enough wherewith to stigmatize Joseph and +Clarke. In utter self-abandonment, he demanded a carriage. There were +noise and bustle in the stable. With a choked, hoarse voice the +seeming maniac called peremptorily for haste. No vehicle appeared. +Probably Caulaincourt had dared to cross his Emperor's command for the +sake of his Emperor's safety. Finally Napoleon strode forth into the +darkness toward Paris. Questioning and storming as he walked, he +denounced his two marshals for their haste in surrendering. His +attendants reasoned in vain until, a mile beyond La Cour de France, +Mortier's vanguard was met marching away under the terms of the +convention, and Napoleon knew that he was face to face with doom; to +advance farther would mean imprisonment or worse. General Flahaut was +therefore sent to seek Marmont's advice, and Caulaincourt hurried away +to secure an audience with the Czar. There were still wild hopes which +would not die. Perhaps the capitulation was not yet signed, perhaps +Caulaincourt could gain time if nothing else, perhaps by sounding the +tocsin and illuminating the town the populace and national guard would +be led to rise and aid the army. The reply from Marmont came as +swiftly as only discouraging news can come; the situation, he said, +was hopeless, the public depressed by the flight of the court, the +national guard worthless; he was coming in with the twenty thousand +troops still left to himself and Mortier. Napoleon, now calm and +collected, issued careful orders for the two marshals to take position +between the Essonne and the Seine, their left on the former stream, +their right on the latter, the whole position protected by these +rivers on the flanks, and by the Yonne in the rear. It was clear there +was to be a great battle under the walls of Paris. Macdonald was the +only general who advised it; Berthier, Drouot, Belliard, Flahaut, and +Gourgaud all wished to return into Lorraine; but the divisions were +coming in swiftly, and in the short midnight hour before returning to +Fontainebleau, Napoleon's decision was taken. + +On the afternoon of April first the Emperor rode from Fontainebleau to +Marmont's headquarters. While he was in the very act of +congratulating Marmont on his gallantry, the commissioners who had +signed the capitulation arrived and opened their budget of news. They +told of the formal entry by the allies, of their resolution not to +treat with Napoleon, and declared that the white cockade of the +Bourbons was everywhere visible. Napoleon grew pensive and somber as +he listened, and then, almost without speaking, rode sadly back to +Fontainebleau. Next morning he was cheerful again, and as he stepped +into the White Horse court of the palace at the hour of guard-mounting +two battalions cheered him enthusiastically. His step was elastic, his +countenance lighted with the old fire; the onlookers said, "It is the +Napoleon of Potsdam and Schönbrunn." But in the afternoon Caulaincourt +returned, and the sky seemed darkened; the Czar had listened to the +envoy's eloquence only so far as to take into consideration once again +the question of peace with the Empire under a regency; as a condition +antecedent, Napoleon must abdicate. + +The stricken man could not hear his faithful servant's report with +equanimity. He restrained his violent impulses, but used harsh words. +Soon it seemed as if ideas of a strange and awful form were mastering +him, the gloomy interview was ended, and the Emperor dismissed his +minister. For such a disease as his there was no remedy but action; +next morning two divisions, one each of the old and young guard, +arrived, and they were drawn up for review. Napoleon, in splendid garb +and with a brilliant suite, in which were two marshals, Ney and +Moncey, went through the ceremony. At its close he gathered the +officers present into a group, and explained the situation in his old +incisive phrase and vibrating tones, closing with the words: "In a few +days I am going to attack Paris; can I count on you?" There was dead +silence. "Am I right?" rang out, in a final exhausting effort, the +moving call of the great actor. Then at last came the hearty, ringing +response so breathlessly expected. "They were silent," said General +Petit in gentle tones, "because it seemed needless to reply." Napoleon +continued: "We will show them if the French nation be master in their +own house, that if we have long been masters in the dwellings of +others we will always be so in our own." As the officers scattered to +their posts and repeated the "little corporal's" words, the old +"growlers," as men had come to call the veterans of the Empire, gave +another cheer. The bands played the two great hymns of victory, the +"Marseillaise" and the "Chant du Départ," as the ranks moved away. + +Napoleon must now have certain clear conceptions. Except Mortier, +Drouot, and Gérard, his great officers were disaffected; but the +ambitious minor generals were still his devoted slaves. The army was +thoroughly imperialist, partly because they represented the nation as +a whole, partly because they were under the Emperor's spell. Of such +troops he appeared to have at hand sixty thousand, distributed as +follows: Marmont, twelve thousand five hundred; Mortier, six thousand; +Macdonald, two thousand seven hundred; Oudinot, five thousand five +hundred; Gérard, three thousand; Ney, two thousand three hundred; +Drouot, nine thousand; and about eleven thousand six hundred guard and +other cavalry. Besides these, there were sixteen hundred Poles, two +thousand two hundred and fifty recruits, and fifteen hundred men in +the garrisons of Fontainebleau and Mélun. Farther away were +considerable forces in Sens, Tours, Blois, and Orléans, eight thousand +in all; and still farther the armies of Soult, Suchet, Augereau, and +Maison. Although the allies had lost nine thousand men before Paris, +they had quickly called up reinforcements, and had about a hundred and +forty thousand men in readiness to fight. This situation may not have +been entirely discouraging to the devotee of a dark destiny, to which +as a hapless worshiper he had lately commenced to give the name of +Providence. Be that as it may, when Macdonald arrived on the morning +of the fourth the dispositions for battle had been carefully studied +and arranged; every corps was ordered to its station. As usual, +Napoleon appeared about noon for the ceremony of guard-mounting, and +the troops acclaimed him as usual. But a few paces distant from him +stood the marshals and higher generals in a little knot, their heads +close bunched, their tongues running, their glances averted. From out +of this group rang the thunderous voice of Ney: "Nothing but the +abdication can draw us out of this." Napoleon started, regained his +self-control, pretended not to hear the crushing menace, and withdrew +to his work-room. + +Concurrent with the resolve of the marshals at Fontainebleau ran the +actual treason of one who alone was more important to Napoleon's cause +than all of them. "I am ready to leave, with my troops, the army of +the Emperor Napoleon on the following conditions, of which I demand +from you a written guaranty," are the startling words from a letter of +Marmont to the Czar, dated the previous day. On April first agents of +the provisional government had made arrangements with a discredited +nobleman named Maubreuil for the assassination of Napoleon; the next +day Schwarzenberg introduced into the French lines newspapers and +copies of a proclamation explaining that the action of the senate and +of all France had released the soldiers from their oaths. Marmont +forwarded the documents he received to Berthier, and while most of the +officers flung their copies away in contemptuous scorn, some read and +pondered. On April third an emissary from Schwarzenberg appeared at +Marmont's headquarters, and what he said was spoken to willing ears. +Still under the influence of the homage he had received in Paris, the +vain marshal saw himself repeating the rôle of Monk; he beheld France +at peace, prosperity restored, social order reëstablished, and himself +extolled as a true patriot--all this if only he pursued the easy line +of self-interest, whereby he would not merely retain his duchy, but +also secure the new honors and emoluments which would be showered on +him. So he yielded on condition that his troops should withdraw +honorably into Normandy, and that Napoleon should be allowed to enjoy +life and liberty within circumscribed limits fixed by the allied +powers and France. Next morning, the fourth, came Schwarzenberg's +assent, and Marmont at once set about suborning his officers; at four +in the afternoon arrived an embassy from Fontainebleau on its way to +Paris. The officers composing it desired to see Marmont. + +The informal meeting held in the courtyard at Fontainebleau was a +historical event. Its members chatted about the course taken by the +senate, about Caulaincourt's mission, and discussed in particular the +suggestion of abdication. The marshals and great generals, long since +disgusted with campaigning, wounded in their dignity by the Emperor's +rebukes, and attributing their recent failures to the wretched quality +of the troops assigned to them, were eager for peace, and yearned to +enjoy their hard-earned fortunes. They caught at the seductive idea +presented by Caulaincourt. The abdication of Napoleon would mean the +perpetuation of the Empire. The Empire would be not merely peace, but +peace with what war had gained; to wit, the imperial court and +society, the preservation and enjoyment of estates, the continuity of +processes which had done so much to regenerate France and make her a +modern nation. The prospect was irresistible, and Ney only expressed +the grim determination of his colleagues when he gave the watchword so +unexpectedly at the mounting of the guard. When Napoleon entered his +cabinet he found there Berthier, Maret, Caulaincourt, and Bertrand. +Concealing his agitation, he began the routine of such familiar labors +as impend on the eve of battle. Almost instantly hurrying footsteps +were heard in the corridor, the door was burst open, and on the +threshold stood Ney, Lefebvre, Oudinot, and Macdonald. The leader of +the company quailed an instant under the Emperor's gaze, and then +gruffly demanded if there were news from Paris. No, was the reply--a +deliberate falsehood, since the decree of the senate had arrived the +night before. "Well, then, I have some," roared Ney, and told the +familiar facts. + +At Nogent, six weeks earlier, Ney and Oudinot had endeavored to bully +Napoleon in a similar way; then they were easily cowed. But now +Napoleon's manner was conciliatory and his speech argumentative. Long +and eloquently he set forth his situation. Enumerating all the forces +immediately and remotely at his disposal, describing minutely the plan +of attack which Macdonald had stamped with his approval, explaining +the folly of the course pursued by the allies, contrasting the perils +of their situation with the advantages of his own, he sought to +justify his assurance of victory. The eloquence of a Napoleon, calm, +collected, clear, but pleading for the power which was dearer to him +than life, can only be imagined. But his arguments fell on deaf ears; +not one of his audience gave any sign of emotion. Macdonald was the +only one present not openly committed, and he too was sullen; during +the last twenty-four hours he had received, through Marmont, a letter +from Beurnonville, the contents of which, though read to Napoleon +then and there, have not been transmitted to posterity. What happened +or what was said thereafter is far from certain, so conflicting and so +biased are the accounts of those present. Contemporaries thought that +in this crisis, when Ney declared the army would obey its officers and +would not march to Paris in obedience to the Emperor, there were +menacing gestures which betrayed a more or less complete purpose of +assassination on the part of some. If so, Napoleon was never greater; +for, commanding a calm by his dignified self-restraint, he dismissed +the faithless officers one and all. They went, and he was left alone +with Caulaincourt to draw up the form of his abdication. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +NAPOLEON'S FIRST ABDICATION[13] + + [Footnote 13: References: Campbell, Sir Neil, Napoleon at + Fontainebleau and Elba, being a journal of occurrences in + 1814-1815, with notes of conversations. Laborde, Napoléon et + sa garde, ou relation du voyage de Fontainebleau à l'île + d'Elbe en 1814, etc. Ussher, A narrative of events connected + with the first abdication of Napoleon, his embarkation at + Fréjus and voyage to Elba on board his majesty's ship + _Undaunted_; his embarkation at Elba on board the Elbese brig + of war _l'Inconstant_; and a journal of his extraordinary + march to Paris, narrated by Colonel Laborde, who accompanied + the Emperor on that occasion. Waldburg, L. F. Graf Truchsess + von, Napoleon Bonaparte's Reise von Fontainebleau nach Fréjus + vom 17-29 April, 1814.] + + The Meaning of Napoleon's Abdication -- The Paper and its Bearers + -- Progress of Marmont's Conspiracy -- Alexander Influenced by + Napoleon's Embassy -- Marmont's Soldiers Betrayed -- Marmont's + Reputation and Fate -- Napoleon's Scheme for a Last Stroke -- + Revolt of the Marshals -- Napoleon's First Attempt at Suicide -- + Unconditional Abdication -- Restoration of the Bourbons -- + Napoleon's New Realm -- Flight of the Napoleons -- Good-by to + France, but not Farewell. + + +There is no doubt that Napoleon sincerely and dearly loved his +"growlers"; there is no doubt that with grim humor he constantly +circumvented and used them for his own ends; even in his agony he +contemplated a course which, leaving them convinced of their success, +would yet render their action of no effect. After a short conference +with his minister he took a pen and wrote: "The allied powers having +declared the Emperor Napoleon to be the sole obstacle to the +establishment of peace in Europe, and since the Emperor cannot +assuredly, without violating his oath, surrender any one of the +departments which were united with France when he ascended the throne, +the Emperor Napoleon declares himself ready to abdicate and leave +France, even to lay down his life for the welfare of his country and +for the preservation of the rights of his son the King, of the +Empress-regent, and of the laws and institutions, which shall be +subject to no change until the definite conclusion of peace and while +foreign armies stand upon our soil." + +But these words carried too plainly a meaning which was not intended +to be conspicuous, and the paper, as finally written and executed, +runs as follows: "The allied powers having declared the Emperor +Napoleon to be the sole obstacle to the reëstablishment of peace in +Europe, the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he +is ready to descend from the throne, to leave France, and even to lay +down his life for the good of the country, [which is] inseparable from +the rights of his son, from those of the Empress's regency, and from +the laws of the Empire." Who should constitute the embassy to present +the document to the Czar? Caulaincourt, of course, would necessarily +be one; Ney, dangerous if thwarted, must be the second; and the third? +Marmont certainly, was Napoleon's first thought, and he ordered full +powers to be made out for him. But on second thought he felt that his +aide-de-camp in Egypt, his trusted friend from then onward, his +confidential adviser, "brought up in his tent," as he said, might +injure the cause as being too certainly influenced by personal +considerations. Macdonald, therefore, was named in his stead. The +embassy should, however, pass by Essonnes, and if Marmont desired to +go he might send back for his credentials. + +This was the company which, arriving about four in the afternoon at +Marmont's headquarters, presented Napoleon's message. The busy +conspirator was stunned, but he had already won at least five of his +generals--Souham, Merlin, Digeon, Ledru des Essarts, and Megnadier, +his chief of staff; the tide of treason was in full flow, and could +not be stemmed. Should the Czar assent to the regency, where would +Marmont be? Or, on the other hand, should Napoleon learn the truth, +there was no question but that a few hours might see the emulator of +Monk a corpse. In quick decision, the traitorous marshal confessed the +steps already taken, and then at the loud cry of reprobation with +which his statement was met, he falsely asserted that he was not yet +committed, and demanded to join the embassy. The others, willing to +remove their colleague from further temptation, assented; and Souham +was left in command, with strict injunctions to inform the troops of +Napoleon's abdication, but to take no further steps. At +Schwarzenberg's headquarters Marmont found means to betray the +situation to that general. The Austrian, by Marmont's own account, +absolved his fellow-intriguer from all engagements so far made; but +somehow that very evening about nine Talleyrand knew the whole story, +and hastening, pale with terror, to Alexander's presence, poured out a +bitter remonstrance against the regency. The Czar listened, but +contemptuously dismissed the petitioner with the non-committal remark +that no one would repent having trusted him. + +It was almost midnight when Alexander gave audience to the embassy. +Marmont was not of the number, having slunk away in guilty uneasiness +to await the event at Ney's house. To Caulaincourt, as the spokesman +of the Empire, the Czar listened attentively and sympathetically. He +now felt himself to have taken a false step when, five days earlier, +he had virtually assented to the restoration of the Bourbons. In the +interval their cause had steadily grown more and more unpopular; +neither people nor soldiers, not even the national guard, would give +any declaration of adherence to the acts of the provisional +government; the imperial army, on the other hand, stood firm. His own +and Russia's honor having been redeemed, the earlier instincts of +hatred for absolutism had returned; the feeling that the Empire was +better for his purposes than any dynasty welled up as he listened to +Caulaincourt's powerful argument that France as a nation, and her +undivided army, alike desired the regency. In fact, the listener +wavered so much that, two days later, Ney and Macdonald asserted their +belief that at a certain instant their cause had been won. + +But at two in the morning an aide-de-camp entered and spoke a few +words in Russian. The Czar gave a startled attention, and the officer +repeated his words. "Gentlemen," said the monarch, "you base your +claim on the unshaken attachment of the army to the imperial +government. The vanguard of Napoleon's army has just deserted. It is +at this moment within our lines." The news was true. The announcement +of Napoleon's abdication had spread consternation among Marmont's men, +and they were seriously demoralized. When a routine message came from +Fontainebleau requiring Souham's presence there, his guilty conscience +made him tremble; and when Gourgaud requested an interview the uneasy +general foresaw his own arrest and was terror-stricken. Summoning the +others who, like himself, were partly committed, he told his fears, +and the soldiers were ordered under arms. Toward midnight the march +began. Ignorant at first of whither they were going, the men were +silent; but finding themselves before long between two Austrian lines, +they hooted their officers. Thereupon they were told that they were +to fight beside these same Austrians in defense of the Empire, and, +believing the lie, were reconciled. + +Arriving finally at Versailles, and learning the truth, they mutinied; +but Marmont soon appeared, and partly cowed them, partly persuaded +them to bend before necessity. After learning of Souham's deed he had +hurried to the Czar's antechamber. In an adjoining room were assembled +the members of the provisional government. Like Marmont, they had +learned the result of Souham's efforts and had regained their +equanimity. After grasping the appalling fact that twelve thousand +men, the whole sixth corps, with arms and baggage, were prisoners +within the Austrian lines, of course there had been nothing left for +Caulaincourt and the marshals but to withdraw. With much embarrassment +the Czar promised an answer to their request on the following +afternoon. All knew that the knell of the Empire had struck. To the +waiting royalists it seemed a fit moment for pleasantry as the members +of the embassy came filing out with stony gaze. The thwarted +imperialists sternly repulsed their tormentors. Marmont breathed hard +as his colleagues passed without a glimpse of recognition, and +murmured: "I would give an arm if this had not happened." "An arm? +Sir, say your head," rejoined Macdonald, bitterly. For some time after +the first Restoration Marmont was a hero, but soon his vanity and true +character combined to bring out his conduct into clear view, and from +his title of Ragusa was coined the word "ragusade" as a synonym for +treason. During the "Hundred Days" his name was of course stricken +from the list of marshals. Loaded with honors in the second +Restoration, he proved a second time faithless, and in 1830 betrayed +his trust to the republicans. The people called him "Judas," and he +died in exile, honored by nobody. + +There can be little doubt of Napoleon's conviction that his offer to +abdicate would be rejected by Alexander. No sooner was it signed than, +with his characteristic astuteness, he set about preparing an +alternative course. At once he despatched a messenger requesting the +Empress to send Champagny immediately to Dijon as an ambassador to +intercede with her father. Then, on April fourth, he summoned a +conclave of his officers to secure their assent to the battle which he +believed inevitable. It was the call to this meeting which had +stampeded Souham and his colleagues in desertion. The greater officers +being absent from Fontainebleau, the minor ones were unanimous and +hearty in their support of Napoleon's plans. But at the very close of +the session came the news of what had happened at Essonnes. When +finally assured of every detail, Napoleon took measures at once to +repair as best he could the breaches in his defense, saying of Marmont +quietly and without a sign of panic: "Unhappy man, he will be more +unhappy than I." Only a few days before he had declared to +Caulaincourt: "There are no longer any who play fair except my poor +soldiers and their officers that are neither princes nor dukes nor +counts. It is an awful thing to say, but it is true. Do you know what +I ought to do? Send all these noble lords of yesterday to sleep in +their beds of down, to strut about in their castles. I ought to rid +myself of these frondeurs, and begin the war once more with men of +youthful, unsullied courage." He was partly prepared, therefore, even +for the defection of Marmont. Next morning, on the fifth, was issued +the ablest proclamation ever penned by him; at noon the veterans from +Spain were reviewed, and in the afternoon began the movements +necessary to array beyond the Loire what remained of the army and +rally it about the seat of imperial government. But at nine the +embassy returned from Paris with its news--the Czar had refused to +accept the abdication; the senate was about to proclaim Louis XVIII; +Napoleon was to reign thereafter over the little isle of Elba. To this +the undaunted Emperor calmly rejoined that war henceforth offered +nothing worse than peace, and began at once to explain his plans. + +But he was interrupted--exactly how we cannot tell; for, though the +embassy returned as it left, in a body, the memoirs of each member +strive to convey the impression that it was he alone who said and did +everything. If only the narrative attributed to Caulaincourt were of +undoubted authenticity, cumulative evidence might create certitude; +but it is not. The sorry tale of what probably occurred makes clear +that all three were now royalists more or less ardent, for in passing +they had concluded a truce with Schwarzenberg on that basis. Macdonald +asserts that his was the short and brutal response to Napoleon's +exhibition of his plans; to wit, that they must have an abdication +without conditions. Ney was quite as savage, declaring that the +confidence of the army was gone. Napoleon at first denounced such +mutiny, but then, with seeming resignation, promised an answer next +day. He did not yet know that in secret convention the generals were +resolving not to obey the orders issued for the morrow; but as the +door closed behind the marshals the mind so far clear seemed suddenly +eclipsed, and murmuring, "These men have neither heart nor bowels; I +am conquered less by fortune than by the egotism and ingratitude of my +companions in arms," the great, homeless citizen of the world sank +into utter dejection. + +It appears to have been a fixed purpose with Napoleon never to fall +alive into his enemy's hands. Although they acted under legal forms, +yet some European monarchs of the eighteenth century were no more +trustworthy in dealing with foes than their great prototype Julius +Cæsar in his faithlessness to a certain canton of the Helvetians. They +did not display sufficient surprise when enemies were assassinated. +Since 1808 the European colossus had worn about his neck as a kind of +amulet a little bag which was said to contain a deadly poison, one of +the salts of prussic acid. During the night, when the terrors of a +shaken reason overpowered him, he swallowed the drug. Whether it had +lost its efficacy, or whether the agitated victim of melancholy did +not take the entire dose, in either case the effects were imperfect. +Instead of oblivion came agony, and his valet, rushing to his master's +bedside at the sound of a bitter cry, claimed to catch the words: +"Marmont has struck me the final blow! Unhappy man, I loved him! +Berthier's desertion has broken my heart! My old friends, my comrades +in arms!" Ivan, the Emperor's body physician, was summoned, and +administered an antidote; the spasm was allayed, and after a short +sleep reason resumed her seat. It is related in the memoirs of +Caulaincourt, and probably with a sort of Homeric truth, that when the +minister was admitted in the early morning, Napoleon's "wan and sunken +eyes seemed struggling to recall the objects round about; a universe +of torture was revealed in the vaguely desolate look." Napoleon is +reported as saying: "God did not will it. I could not die. Why did +they not let me die? It is not the loss of the throne that makes +existence unendurable; my military career suffices for the glory of a +single man. Do you know what is more difficult to bear than the +reverses of fortune? It is the baseness, the horrible ingratitude, of +men. Before such acts of cowardice, before the shamelessness of their +egotism, I have turned away my head in disgust and have come to +regard my life with horror.... Death is rest.... Rest at last.... What +I have suffered for twenty days no one can understand." + +What throws some shadow on this account is the fact that on the +following morning Napoleon appeared outwardly well and perfectly calm +when he assembled his marshals and made a final appeal. It is certain, +from the testimony of his secretary and his physician, that he had +been violently ill, but the sobriety of the remaining chronicle is to +be doubted. Possibly, too, the empty sachet had contained a +preparation of opium intended to relieve sharp attacks like that at +Pirna; but in view of the second attempt at suicide made after +Waterloo, this is not likely. Yet the circumstances may easily have +been exaggerated; for the evident motive of what has been called the +imperial legend is to heighten all the effects in the Napoleonic +picture. Whatever was the truth as to that gloomy night, Napoleon's +appeal next morning, though eloquent, was in vain; the marshals were +unshaken in their determination, though less bitter and violent in +their language. "You deserve repose," were the Emperor's last words to +them; "well, then, take it." Thereupon the act of unconditional +abdication was written in these words: "The allied powers having +declared the Emperor Napoleon to be the sole obstacle to the +reëstablishment of peace in Europe, the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to +his oath, declares that for himself and his heirs he renounces the +thrones of France and of Italy, because there is no personal sacrifice +which he is not ready to make for the welfare of the nation." These +last words were, after some consideration, erased, and the phrase "in +the interest of France" was substituted for them. Some think, and it +may well be true, that this change of form, taken in connection with +Napoleon's calmness, was another proof of his deep purpose. Unable to +thwart his "growlers," he may have recollected that once before he had +crossed the Mediterranean to give a feeble government full scope for +its own destruction. France might easily recall her favorite son in +her own interest. He was scarcely more than forty-four, a young man +still, and this he probably recalled as he made ready to play a new +rôle. + +Armed with the document necessary to secure his pardon, Ney hurried +back to the capital. The elderly, well-meaning, but obtuse Louis XVIII +was immediately proclaimed king by the senate. Having "learned +nothing, and forgotten nothing," he accepted the throne, making +certain concessions to the new France, sufficient, as he hoped, to +secure at least the momentary support of the people. The haste to join +the white standard made by men on whom Napoleon's adventurous career +had heaped honor and wealth is unparalleled in history. Jourdan, +Augereau, Maison, Lagrange, Nansouty, Oudinot, Kellermann, Lefebvre, +Hulin, Milhaud, Latour-Maubourg, Ségur, Berthier, Belliard--such were +the earliest names. Among the soldiers near by some bowed to the new +order, but among the garrisons there was such widespread mutiny that +royalist hate was kindled again and fanned to white heat by the scoffs +and jeers of the outraged men. Their behavior was the outward sign of +a temper not universal, of course, but very common among the people. +At Paris both the King and the King's brother were cheered on their +formal entry, but many discriminating onlookers prophesied that the +Bourbons could not remain long. + +Fully aware that Napoleon was yet a power in France, and challenged by +the marshals to display a chivalric spirit in providing for the +welfare of their former monarch, Alexander gave full play to his +generous impulses. His first suggestion was that his fallen foe +should accept a home and complete establishment in Russia; but this +would have been to ignore the other members of the coalition. It was +determined finally to provide the semblance of an empire, the forms of +state, and an imperial income, and to make the former Emperor the +guest of all Europe. The idea was quixotic, but Napoleon was not a +prisoner; he had done nothing worthy of degradation, and throughout +the civilized world he was still regarded by vast numbers as the +savior of European society, who had fallen into the hands of cruel +oppressors. The paper which was finally drawn up was a treaty between +Napoleon, for the time and purposes of the instrument a private +citizen, as one party, and the four sovereign states of Austria, +Prussia, Russia, and England as the other. It had, therefore, no +sanction except the public opinion of France and the good faith of +those who executed it, the former being bound by her allies to a +contract made by them. It was France which was to pay Napoleon two +millions of francs a year, and leave him to reign undisturbed over +Elba; the allies granted Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla as a realm in +perpetuity to Maria Louisa and her heirs, through the King of Rome, as +her successors. The agreement was unique, but so were the +circumstances which brought it to pass. There was but one important +protest, and that was made by Castlereagh in regard to the word +Napoleon and the imperial style! His protest was vain, but to this day +many among the greatest of his countrymen persistently employ +"Bonaparte" in speaking of the greater, and "Napoleon" in designating +the lesser, of the two men who have ruled France as emperors. + +Four commissioners, one from each of the powers, proceeded to +Fontainebleau. They were careful to treat Napoleon with the +consideration due to an emperor. To all he was courteous, except +to the representative of Prussia, Count Truchsess-Waldburg, whose +presence he declared unnecessary, since there were to be no +Prussian troops on the southern road toward Elba. With Colonel +Campbell, the British commissioner, he was most friendly, +conversing enthusiastically with the Scotch officer about the +Scotch poet known as Ossian. What was particularly admired in his +remarkable outpourings was their warlike tone. As the preparations +for departure went forward, it became clear that of all the +imperial dignitaries only Bertrand and Drouot would accompany the +exile. The others he dismissed with characteristic and appropriate +farewells: to Caulaincourt he assigned a gift of five hundred +thousand francs from the treasure at Blois; Constant, the valet, +and Rustan, the Mameluke, were dismissed at their own desire, but +not empty-handed. For his line of travel, and for a hundred +baggage-wagons loaded with books, furniture, and objects of art, +Napoleon stipulated with the utmost nicety and persistence. With +every hour he showed greater and greater anxiety for his personal +safety. Indifferent to life but a few short days before, he was now +timid and over-anxious. If he had been playing a part and pondering +what in a few years, perhaps months, his life and person might +again be worth in European politics, he could not have been more +painstaking as to measures for his personal safety. The stoic could +have recourse to the bowl, the eighteenth-century enthusiast must +live and hope to the last. Napoleon seems to have struggled for the +union of both characters. "They blame me that I can outlive my +fall," he remarked. "Wrongfully.... It is much more courageous to +survive unmerited bad fortune." Only once he seemed overpowered, +being observed, as he sat at table, to strike his forehead and +murmur: "God, is it possible?" Sometimes, too, he appeared to be +lost in reverie, and when addressed started like one awakened from +a dream. All was ready on the twentieth; but the Empress, who by +the terms of the "treaty" was to accompany her consort as far as +the harbor of St. Tropez, did not appear. Napoleon declared that +she had been kidnapped, and refused to stir, threatening to +withdraw his abdication. Koller, the Austrian commissioner, assured +him of the truth, that she had resolved of her free will not to be +present. In the certainty that all was over, the Empress had +determined to take refuge with her father, and the imperial +government at Blois had dispersed, Joseph and Jerome flying to +Switzerland. + +The announcement staggered Napoleon, but he replied with words +destined to have great significance: "Very well; I shall remain +faithful to my promise; but if I have new reasons to complain, I shall +consider myself absolved." Further, he touched on various topics as if +seeking to talk against time, remarking that Francis had impiously +sought the dissolution of his daughter's marriage; that Russia and +Prussia had made Austria's position dangerous; that the Czar and +Frederick William had shown little delicacy in visiting Maria Louisa +at Rambouillet; that he himself was no usurper; and that he had been +wrong not to make peace at Prague or Dresden. Then, suddenly changing +tone and topic, he asked with interest what would occur if Elba +refused to accept him. Koller thought he might still take refuge in +England. Napoleon rejoined that he had thought of that; but, having +always sought to do England harm, would the English make him welcome? +Koller replied that, as all the projects against her welfare had come +to naught, England would feel no bitterness. Finally, about noon +Napoleon descended into the courtyard, where the few grenadiers of the +old guard were drawn up. The officers, commissioned and +non-commissioned, were called forward, and in a few touching words +their former leader thanked all who had remained true for their +loyalty. With their aid he could have continued the war beyond the +Loire, but he had preferred to sacrifice his personal interests to +those of France. "Continue to serve France," runs the Napoleonic text +of this fine address: but the commissioners thought they heard "to +serve the sovereign which the nation has chosen." He could have ended +his life, he went on to say, but he wished to live and record for +posterity the great deeds of his warriors. Then he embraced Petit, the +commanding officer, and, snatching to his breast the imperial eagle, +his standard in so many glorious battles, he pressed it to his lips, +and entered the waiting carriage. A swelling sob burst from the ranks, +and tears bedewed the weather-beaten cheeks of men who had not wept +for years. + + + + +CHAPTER XII + +THE EMPEROR OF ELBA[14] + + [Footnote 14: References: Czartoryski, Memoirs, Vol. II. + Houssaye, Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe, in Revue historique, tom. + 51, pp. 1-25, Paris, 1893. Ussher, Napoleon's Last Voyage. + Peyrusse: Mémorial.] + + Napoleon and the Popular Frenzy -- Serious Dangers Incurred -- + The Exile under the British Flag -- The Voyage to Elba -- The + Napoleonic Court at Porto Ferrajo -- Mysterious Visitors -- + Estrangement of Maria Louisa -- Napoleon's "Isle of Repose" -- + The Congress of Vienna -- Its Violation of Treaty Agreement -- + Discontent in France -- Revival of Imperialism -- Bitterness of + the Army -- Intrigues against the Bourbons -- Napoleon's Behavior + -- His Fears of Assassination. + +[Sidenote: 1814-15] + +Napoleon's journey to Elba was a series of disenchantments. As has +been said, he had stipulated in his "treaty" that the Empress should +accompany him to St. Tropez, where he was to embark. Her absence, he +persisted in declaring, was explicable only by forced detention; and +he again talked of withdrawing his abdication at this breach of the +engagements made by the allies. But he grew more composed, and the +journey was sufficiently comfortable as far as Lyons. Occasionally +during that portion of it there were outbursts of good feeling from +those who stopped to see his train pass by. But in descending the +Rhone there was a marked change. As the Provençals had been the +radicals of the Revolution, so now they were the devotees of the +Restoration. The flood of disreputable calumny had broken loose: men +said the Emperor's mother was a loose woman, his father a butcher, he +himself but a bastard, his true name Nicholas. "Down with Bonaparte! +down with Nicholas!" was too often the derisive shout as he traversed +the villages. Maubreuil, the hired assassin, was hurrying from Paris +with a desperate band, ostensibly to recover crown jewels or +government funds which might be among Napoleon's effects. Recalling +Alexander's boast that his best servants had been found among the +assassins of his father, and recollecting that Francis sighed to +Metternich for Napoleon's exile to a far-distant land, Elba being too +near to France and to Europe, it is conceivable that Talleyrand might +reckon on the moral support of the dynasties in conniving at +Napoleon's assassination. Had he forgotten the murder of Enghien? +Probably not; but his conscience was not over-tender. Near Valence, on +April twenty-fourth, the imperial procession met Augereau's carriage. +The arch-republican of Napoleon's earlier career had given his +adhesion to the new government, and had been retained in office. He +alighted, the ex-Emperor likewise: the latter exhibited all the +ordinary forms of politeness, the former studiously disdained them. +Napoleon, with nice irony, asked if the general were on his way to +court. The thrust went home, but in a gruff retort Augereau, using the +insulting "thou," declared with considerable embarrassment that he +cared no more for the Bourbons than for Napoleon; that he had no +motive for his conduct except love for his country. + +Partly by good fortune, partly by good management, the cortège avoided +the infuriated bands who, in various places, had sworn to take the +fallen Emperor's life. At Avignon his escape was almost miraculous. +Near Orgon a mob of royalists beset the carriage, and Napoleon shrank +in pallid terror behind Bertrand, cowering there until the immediate +danger was removed by his Russian escort. A few miles out he donned a +postilion's uniform and rode post through the town. At Saint-Cannat he +would not touch a morsel of food for fear of poison. Rumors of the +bitter feeling prevalent at Aix led him for further protection to +clothe one of his aides in his own too familiar garb. In that town he +was violently ill, somewhat as he had been at Fontainebleau. The +attack yielded easily to remedies, and the Prussian commissioner +asserted that it was due to a loathsome disease. Thereafter the +hounded fugitive wore an Austrian uniform, and sat in the Austrian +commissioner's carriage; thus disguised, the Emperor of Elba seemed to +feel secure. From Luc onward the company was protected by Austrian +hussars; but in spite of these military jailers, mob violence became +stronger from day to day in each successive town. Napoleon grew +morbid, and the line of travel was changed from the direction of St. +Tropez to that of Fréjus in order to avoid the ever-increasing danger. +The only alleviation in the long line of ills was a visit from his +light and giddy but affectionate sister Pauline, the Princess +Borghese, who comforted him and promised to share his exile. At length +Fréjus was reached, and Napoleon resumed his composure as he saw an +English frigate and a French brig lying in the harbor. Perhaps the +beautiful view recalled to an outcast monarch the return, in 1799, of +one General Bonaparte, who had landed on the same shore to overthrow +the Directory. If not, it must have been due to unwonted dejection or +dark despair. + +Again Napoleon remarked a breach of his treaty. He was to have +sailed from St. Tropez in a corvette; here was only a brig. +Accordingly, as if to mark an intentional slight, in reality for his +safety and comfort, he asked and obtained permission to embark on +the English frigate, the _Undaunted_, as the guest of her captain. +The promised corvette was at St. Tropez awaiting its passenger, but +the hasty change of plan had made it impossible to bring her around +in time. Possibly for this reason, too, the baggage of Napoleon had +been much diminished in quantity; and of this he complained also, as +being a breach of his treaty. His farewell to the Russian and +Prussian commissioners was brief and dignified; the Austrian hussars +paid full military honors to the party; and as the Emperor, +accompanied by the English and Austrian commissioners, embarked, a +salvo of twenty-four guns rang out from the _Undaunted_. Already he +had begun to eulogize England and her civilization, and to behave as +if throwing himself on the good faith of an English gentleman, +exactly as a defeated knight would throw himself on the chivalric +courtesy of his conqueror. This appearance of distinguished +treatment heightened his self-satisfaction. His attendants said that +once again he was "all emperor." + +It was a serious blow when, on passing aboard ship, he discovered that +the salutes had been in recognition of the commissioners, and that the +polite but decided Captain Ussher was determined to treat his +illustrious guest with the courtesy due to a private gentleman, and +with that alone. Although chafing at times during the voyage against +the restrictions of naval discipline, Napoleon submitted gracefully, +and wore a subdued air. This was his first contact with English +customs: sometimes they interested him; frequently, as in the matter +of after-dinner amusements and Sunday observance, they irritated him, +and then with a contemptuous petulance he withdrew to his cabin. In +conversation with Koller, the Austrian commissioner, he once referred +to his conduct in disguising himself on the road to Fréjus as +pusillanimous, and admitted in vulgar language that he had made an +indecent display of himself. He was convinced that all the dreadful +scenes through which he had passed were the work of Bourbon +emissaries. In general his talk was a running commentary on the past, +a well-calculated prattle in which, with apparent spontaneity and +ingenuousness, interpretations were placed on his conduct which were +thoroughly novel. This was the beginning of a series of historical +commentaries lasting, with interruptions, to the end of his life. +There is throughout a unity of purpose in the explication and +embellishment of history which will be considered later. On May fourth +the _Undaunted_ cast anchor in the harbor of Porto Ferrajo. + +Elba was an island divided against itself, there being both +imperialists and royalists among its inhabitants, and a considerable +party which desired independence. By representing that Napoleon had +brought with him fabulous sums, the Austrian and English commissioners +easily won the Elbans to a fervor of loyalty for their new emperor. +Before nightfall of the fourth the court was established, and the new +administration began its labors. After mastering the resources and +needs of his pygmy realm, the Emperor began at once to deploy all his +powers, mending the highways, fortifying the strategic points, and +creating about the nucleus of four hundred guards which were sent from +Fontainebleau an efficient little army of sixteen hundred men. His +expenses were regulated to the minutest detail, the salt-works and +iron-mines, which were the bulwarks of Elban prosperity, began at once +to increase their output, and taxation was regulated with scrupulous +nicety. By that supereminent virtue of the French burgher, good +management, the island was made almost independent of the remnants of +the Tuileries treasure, the sum of about five million francs, which +Napoleon had brought from France. The same powers which had swayed a +world operated with equal success in a sphere almost microscopic by +comparison. To many this appeared a sorry commentary on human +grandeur, but the great exile did not intend to sink into a +contemptible lethargy. If the future had aught in store for him, his +capacities must have exercise and their bearings be kept smooth by +use. The Princess Borghese had been separated from her second husband +soon after the marriage, and since 1810 she had lived an exile from +Paris, having been banished for impertinent conduct to the Empress. +But she cherished no malice, and before long, according to promise, +she arrived and took up her abode as her brother's companion. Madame +Mère, though distant in prosperity, came likewise to soothe her son in +adversity. The intercepted letters of the former prove her to have +been at least as loose in her life at Elba as ever before, but they do +not afford a sufficient basis for the scandals concerning her +relations with Napoleon which were founded upon them and industriously +circulated at the court of Louis XVIII. The shameful charge, though +recently revived and ingeniously supported, appears to have no +adequate foundation. + +Napoleon's economies were rendered not merely expedient, but +imperative, by the fact that none of the moneys from France were +forthcoming which had been promised in his treaty with the powers. +After a short stay Koller frankly stated that in his opinion they +never would be paid, and departed. The island swarmed with Bourbon +spies, and the only conversation in which Napoleon could indulge +himself unguardedly was with Sir Neil Campbell, the English +representative, or with the titled English gentlemen who gratified +their curiosity by visiting him. During the summer heat, when the +court was encamped on the heights at Marciana for refreshment, there +appeared a mysterious lady with her child. Both were well received and +kindly treated, but they withdrew themselves entirely from the public +gaze. Common rumor said it was the Empress, but this was not true; it +was the Countess Walewska, with one of the two sons she bore her host, +whom she still adored. They remained but a few days, and departed as +mysteriously as they had come. Base females thronged the precincts of +the imperial residence, openly struggling for Napoleon's favor as they +had so far never dared to do; success too frequently attended their +efforts. + +But the one woman who should have been at his side was absent.[15] It +is certain that she made an honest effort to come, and apartments were +prepared for her reception in the little palace at Porto Ferrajo. Her +father, however, thwarted her at every turn, and finally she was a +virtual prisoner at Schönbrunn. So manifest was the restraint that her +grandmother Caroline, Queen of the Two Sicilies, cried out in +indignation: "If I were in the place of Maria Louisa, I would tie the +sheets of my bed to the window-frame and flee." Committed to the +charge of the elegant and subtle Neipperg, a favorite chamberlain whom +she had first seen at Dresden, she was plied with such insidious wiles +that at last her slender moral fibre was entirely broken down, and she +fell a victim to his charms. As late as August, Napoleon received +impassioned letters from her; then she grew formal and cold; at last, +under Metternich's urgency, she ceased to write at all. Her French +attendant, Méneval, managed to convey the whole sad story to her +husband; but the Emperor was incredulous, and hoped against hope until +December. Then only he ceased from his incessant and urgent appeals. + + [Footnote 15: See Welschinger: Le roi de Rome, ch. vi, p. + 17.] + +The number of visitors to Elba was sometimes as high as three hundred +in a single day. Among these were a few English, fewer French, but +many Italians. As time passed the heaviness of the Austrian yoke had +begun to gall the people of Napoleon's former kingdom, and +considerable numbers from among them, remembering the mild Eugène with +longing, joined in an extensive though feeble conspiracy to restore +Napoleon to the throne of Italy. Lucien returned to Rome in order to +foster the movement, and Murat, observing with unease the general +faithlessness of the great powers in small matters, began to tremble +for the security of his own seat. With them and others Napoleon +appears to have corresponded regularly. He felt himself entirely freed +from the obligations he had taken at Fontainebleau, for he was sure +the people of southern France had been instigated to take his life by +royalist agents, and while one term after another passed, not a cent +was paid of the promised pension; his own fortune, therefore, was +steadily melting away. For months he behaved as if really determined +to make Elba his "isle of repose," as he designated it just before +landing; but under such provocations his temper changed. The +corner-stone of his treaty was his complete sovereignty; otherwise the +paper was merely a promise without any sanction, not even that of +international law. This perfect sovereignty had been recognized by the +withdrawal of all the commissioners as such, Campbell insisting that +he remained merely as an ambassador. + +In a treaty concluded on May thirtieth between Louis XVIII and the +powers of the coalition, the boundaries of France were fixed +substantially as they had been in 1792, and the destiny of the lands +brought under her sway by the Revolution and by Napoleon was to be +determined by a European congress. This body met on November first, +1814, at Vienna. It was soon evident that the four powers of the +coalition were to outdo Napoleon's extreme endeavors in their reckless +disposition of European territories. Before the close of the month, +however, Talleyrand, by his adroit manipulations and his conjurings +with the sacrosanct word "legitimacy," had made himself the moving +spirit of the congress, and had so inflamed the temper of both +Metternich and Castlereagh against the dictatorial attitude of Russia +and Prussia as to induce Austria and Great Britain to sign, on January +third, 1815, a secret treaty with France whereby the parties of the +first part bound themselves to resist the aggressiveness of the +Northern powers, and that by force if necessary. This restored France +to the position of a great power. By the middle of February the +Northern allies were brought to terms, and in return for their +concessions it was agreed that Murat was to be deposed. This spirit of +compromise menaced, or rather finally destroyed, the sovereignty of +Napoleon, petty as it was. On the charge of conspiring with Murat, he +could easily be removed from Elba, and deported to some more remote +spot from which he could exert no influence on European politics. + +From the opening sessions of the congress there had been a general +consensus of opinion as to this course. As to the place opinions +varied. Castlereagh favored the Azores, but others the Cape Verde +islands; St. Helena, then well known as a place of call on the long +voyage to the Cape, had been suggested much earlier, even before Elba +was chosen, but when or by whom is not known. It is quite possible +that Wellington, who succeeded Castlereagh as English plenipotentiary +in February, may have mentioned the name; he had been there, and knew +it as almost the remotest spot of land in the world. The formal +proposition to that effect appears to have been made by the Prussian +cabinet. The congress took no definite action in the matter, but the +understanding was so clear and general that a proclamation to the +national guard was printed in the "Moniteur" of March eighth, 1815, +stating that measures had been taken at the Congress of Vienna to +remove Napoleon farther away. It was easy for everybody, including the +captive himself, to believe that, all the other articles of the +agreement at Fontainebleau having been violated, that which guaranteed +the sovereignty of Elba was equally worthless. + +It cannot be doubted that Napoleon was fully aware of whatever was +proposed at Vienna, and it is absolutely certain that he was +thoroughly informed as to the changed state of public opinion in +France. Having promised a fairly liberal constitution as the price of +his throne, Louis XVIII, with colossal stupidity, undertook to ignore +the past and promulgated the charter as his own gracious act, done in +the nineteenth year of his reign! The upper chamber, or House of +Peers, was his creature, since he could create members at will. Feeble +in mind and body, he was unable to check the reactionary assumptions +of his family, who, having deserted their country, had returned to it +by the aid of invaders despised and feared by the nation. These and +the returning emigrants were provided with rich sinecures, and began +to talk of restoring estates to their rightful owners; in some cases +the possessors, on their death-beds, were intimidated into making such +restitution. The extreme clerical party began even to hamper the +ministry in its efforts to grant the freedom of worship guaranteed by +the constitution. Secular business was forbidden on certain holy days, +and funeral masses were celebrated for Pichegru, Moreau, and Cadoudal, +that for the latter at the King's expense. When, finally, Christian +burial was refused to an actress, there were riots in Paris. + +But the government continued its suicidal course; even the Vendée grew +disaffected, and, the suffrage having been greatly restricted, there +were murmurings about oligarchies and tyrants. At Nîmes the +Protestants feared another St. Bartholomew, and said so. Even moderate +royalists grew troubled, and could not retort when they heard the new +order stigmatized by the fitting name of "paternal anarchy." Both +veterans and conscripts deserted in great numbers from the army as +they saw their officers discharged by the score to make places for the +young aristocracy, or their comrades retired, nominally on half-pay, +in reality to eke out a subsistence as best they could. It was not +long before men showed each other pocket-pieces bearing Napoleon's +effigy, whispering as watchwords, "Courage and hope," or "He has been +and will be," or "Frenchmen, awake; the Emperor is waking." As early +as July, 1814, rumors of his return were rife in country districts, +and by autumn the longing for it was outspoken and general. In Paris +there was greater caution, but as Marmont was called "Judas" for +having betrayed his master, so Berthier was known as "Peter" in that +he had denied him, and it was a common joke to tie a white cockade to +the tail of a dog. Before the Chamber met the various factions openly +avowed themselves as either royalists, Bonapartists, liberals, or +Jacobins. The money estimates presented made it clear that a king was +more expensive than an emperor, and when the peers not only voted to +indemnify the emigrants for the lands held by their families, but +likewise passed a bill establishing the censorship of the press, it +was common talk that the present state of things could not last. + +The number of French prisoners of war and of soldiers released from +the besieged fortresses in central Europe was about three hundred +thousand, of whom a third were veterans of the Empire. To these must +be added the army which Soult, ignorant of Napoleon's abdication, had +led to defeat at Toulouse, and the soldiers who had served in Italy. +These men, long accustomed to much consideration, found themselves on +their return to be persons of no consequence. They learned that the +great officers of the Empire were everywhere treated with scant +courtesy, and that the great ladies of the imperial court were now +virtually driven from the Tuileries by the significant questions and +loud asides of the royal personages who had supplanted them. It was +told in all public resorts how Ney had resented the rude affronts put +on his wife by the Duchess of Angoulême. The well-trained subordinate +officers of these contingents were turned adrift by thousands on the +same terms as those of Napoleon's own army, half-pay if they showed +themselves good Catholics, otherwise nothing. For the most part, +again, this promise was empty; young royalists were put in their +places, the pay of the old guard was reduced, a new noble guard was +organized, promotion was refused to those who had received commissions +during the operations of war, and the asylums established for the +orphans of those who had belonged to the Legion of Honor were +abolished. So bitter was the outcry that the King felt compelled to +dismiss his minister of war, and, not daring to substitute Marmont, +who demanded the place, appointed Soult. He too was speedily +discredited for harshness to Exelmans, a subordinate who was +discovered to have been in correspondence with Napoleon; and by the +middle of February, 1815, nearly all the soldiers were at heart +Bonapartists, their friends for the most part abetting them. + +[Illustration: Napoleon Exposition, 1895 + +THE KING OF ROME + +Painted by Marie Louise under direction of Isabey belonging to Messrs. +Marquis and Comte de Las Cases.] + +In less than two months after Louis XVIII took his seat, Talleyrand +and Fouché were deep in their element of plot and intrigue. They +thought of the son of Philippe Égalité as a possible constitutional +ruler; they talked of reëstablishing the imperial regency; with +Napoleon placed beyond the possibility of returning, the latter +course would be safe. During the succeeding months they continued to +juggle with this double intrigue, and around their plots clustered +minor ones in mass. Lord Liverpool actually called Wellington to +London for fear the duke should be seized, and Marmont put the Paris +garrison under arms. On January twenty-first, 1815, the death of Louis +XVI was commemorated by the royalists with the wildest talk; and such +was the general fury over Exelmans's treatment that Fouché at last +stepped forward to give his conspiracy some form. Carnot and Davout +were both expected to coöperate; but although they refused, enough +officers of influence were secured to make a plan for an extended +insurrection entirely feasible. For this all parties were willing to +unite; no one knew or cared what was to supplant the existing +government--anything was better than "paternal anarchy." + +How accurate the information was which reached Napoleon at Elba we +cannot ascertain, for his feelings were masked and his conduct was +non-committal. He had entirely recovered his health, and though old in +experience, he was only forty-five years of age, and still appeared +like one in the prime of life. He was apparently vigorous, being +short, thick-necked, and inclined to corpulence. His cheeks were +somewhat heavy and sensuous, his hair receded far back on the temples, +his limbs were powerful, his hands and feet were delicately formed and +noticeably small. His movements were nervous and well controlled, his +eye was clear and bright, his passions were strong, his self-control +was apparent, and the coördination of his powers was easy. To the +Elban peasant he was gracious; with his subordinates he was dignified; +among his many visitors he moved with good humor and tact; his +kindness to his mother and sister made both of them devoted and +happy. + +The only anxiety he displayed was in regard to assassination and +kidnapping: the former he said he could meet like a soldier; of the +latter he spoke with anxious foreboding. He had reason to fear both. +Every week either in France or Italy or both, there was a plot among +fanatical royalists and priests to kill him; and though the Barbary +pirates were eager to seize him and win a great ransom, they were +excelled in their zeal both by Mariotte, Talleyrand's agent in +Leghorn, and by Bruslart, a bitter and ancient enemy, who had been +appointed governor of Corsica for the purpose. For these reasons, +probably, the Emperor of Elba lived as far as possible in seclusion. +As time passed he grew less intimate with Campbell, but the Scotch +gentleman did not attribute the fact to discontent. Before leaving +Elba, on February sixteenth, to reside for a time in Florence and +perform the duties of English envoy in that place, he gave it as his +opinion that if Napoleon received the pension stipulated for in the +treaty he would remain tranquilly where he was. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + +NAPOLEON THE LIBERATOR[16] + + [Footnote 16: References: Sorel, A.: Le traité de Paris du 20 + novembre, 1815. I. Les cent jours. Lacretelle: Histoire de + France depuis la restauration. Nettement: Histoire de la + littérature française sous la restauration. Constant: + Mémoires sur les cent jours en forme de lettres. Lucien + Bonaparte: La vérité sur les cent jours.] + + Napoleon Ready to Reappear -- Reasons for his Determination -- + The Return to France -- The Northward March -- Grenoble Opens its + Gates -- The Lyons Proclamations -- The Emperor in the Tuileries + -- The Emperor of the French -- The Additional Act -- Effects of + the Return in France and Elsewhere -- The Congress of Vienna + Denounces Napoleon. + + +It has lately been recalled that as early as July, 1814, the Emperor +of Elba remarked to an English visitor that Louis XVIII, being +surrounded by those who had betrayed the Empire, would in turn +probably be himself betrayed by them. For the ensuing four months, +however, the exile gave no sign of any deep purpose; to those who +wished to leave him, he gave a hearty good-by. In December, however, +he remarked to one of his old soldiers, pointedly, as the man thought: +"Well, grenadier, you are bored; ... take the weather as it comes." +Slipping a gold piece into the veteran's hand, he then turned away, +humming to a simple air the words, "This will not last forever." +Thereafter he dissuaded all who sought to depart, saying: "Be patient. +We'll pass these few winter days as best we may; then we'll try to +spend the spring in another fashion." This vague language may +possibly have referred to the Italian scheme, but on February tenth he +received a clear account of what had happened at Vienna, and on the +evening of the twelfth Fleury de Chaboulon, a confidential friend of +Maret, arrived in the disguise of a sailor, and revealed in the +fullest and most authentic way the state of France. When he heard of +the plan to reëstablish the regency, Napoleon burst out hotly: "A +regency! What for? Am I, then, dead?" Two days later, after long +conferences, the emissary was despatched to do what he could at +Naples, and the Emperor began his preparations. + +This was soon known on the mainland, and three days later a personage +whose identity has never been revealed arrived in the guise of a +Marseilles merchant, declaring that, except the rich and the +emigrants, every human being in France longed for the Emperor's +return. If he would but set up his hat on the shores of Provence, it +would draw all men toward it. When Napoleon turned pseudo-historian he +declared in one place that the breaches of the Fontainebleau treaty +and his fears of deportation had nothing to do with his return from +Elba; in another he states the reverse. Since the legend he was then +studiously constructing required the unbroken devotion of the French +to the standard-bearer of the Revolution for the sake of consistency, +he probably recalled only the feelings awakened by Fleury's report +that opportunity was ripe, and that, too, earlier than had been +expected. But there were other motives at the time, for Peyrusse, +keeper of Napoleon's purse during the Elban sojourn, heard his master +asseverate that it would be more dangerous to remain in Porto Ferrajo +than to return to France. In any case, so far as France and the world +at large were concerned, the contemptuous indifference of Louis and +his ministers to their obligations under the treaty powerfully +justified Napoleon's course. Even Alexander and Castlereagh had early +made an indignant protest to Talleyrand; but the latter, already deep +in conspiracy, turned them off with a flippant rejoinder. + +With great adroitness and secrecy Napoleon collected and fitted out +his little flotilla, which consisted of the _Inconstant_, a stout brig +assigned to him at Fontainebleau, and seven smaller craft. During the +preparations the French and English war-vessels patrolling the +neighboring waters came and went, but their captains suspected +nothing. Campbell's departure created a false rumor among the +islanders that England was favoring some expedition on which the +Emperor was about to embark, thus allaying all suspicion. When, on the +twenty-sixth, a little army of eleven hundred men found itself afloat, +with eighty horses and a number of cannon, no one seemed to realize +what had happened; except Drouot, who pleaded against Napoleon's +rashness, all were enthusiastic. To avoid suspicion, each captain +steered his own course, and the various craft dotting the sea at +irregular intervals looked no way unlike the other boats which plied +those waters. Several men-of-war were sighted, but they kept their +course. As one danger after another was averted, the great +adventurer's spirits rose until he was exuberant with joy, and talked +of Austerlitz. It was March first when land was finally sighted from +the _Inconstant_; as if by magic, the other vessels hove in sight +immediately, and by four the men were all ashore on the strand of the +Gulf of Jouan. Cambronne, a colonel of the imperial guards, was sent +to requisition horses at Cannes, with the strict injunction that not a +drop of blood be shed. As the great actor had theatrically said on +board his brig, he was "about to produce a great novelty," and he +counted upon dazzling the beholders into an enthusiasm they had +ceased to feel for the old plays. Among others brought to Napoleon's +bivouac that night was the Prince of Monaco, who had been found by +Cambronne at St. Pierre traveling in a four-horse carriage, and had +been taken as a prisoner into Napoleon's presence. "Where are you +going?" was, according to tradition, the greeting of Napoleon. "I am +returning to my domains," came the reply. "Indeed! and I too," was the +merry retort. + +Recalling the mortal agony he had endured on the highway through Aix +but a short year before, and its causes, and having been informed how +bitter was the anti-royalist feeling in the Dauphiné, Napoleon set his +little army in march direct toward Grenoble. At Cannes there was +general indifference; at Grasse it was found that the division general +in command had fled, and there were a few timid shouts of "Long live +the Emperor!" Thence to Digne on the Grenoble highway was a mountain +track over a ridge twelve thousand feet above the sea. In twenty hours +the slender column marched thirty-five miles. The "growlers" joked +about the "little corporal" who trudged at their side, the Alpine +hamlets provided abundant rations, and the government officials +furnished blank passports which enabled Napoleon to send emissaries +both to Grenoble and to Marseilles, where Masséna was in command. The +little garrison of Digne was Bonapartist in feeling, but it was not +yet ready to join Napoleon, and withdrew; that at Sisteron was kept +from meddling by a body of troops which had been despatched as a corps +of observation from Marseilles, while the populace shouted heartily +for the Emperor. At Gap the officials strove to organize resistance, +but they desisted before the menaces of the people. By this time the +peasantry were coming in by hundreds. So far Napoleon's enterprise +had received but four recruits: two soldiers from Antibes, a tanner +from Grasse, and a gendarme. Now he was so confident that he dismissed +the peasantry, assuring them that the soldiers in front would join his +standards. + +On March seventh the head of the column of imperial adventurers +reached La Mure, a short day's march from Grenoble. They were received +with enthusiasm, and a bucket of the poor native wine was brought for +the refreshment of the men. When all had been served Napoleon reached +out for the cheap little glass, and swallowed his ration like the +rest. There was wild delight among both his men and the onlookers as +the "army" set out for Laffray, the next hamlet, where was a small +detachment sent from Grenoble to destroy a bridge over the Drac. With +inscrutable faces they stood across the highway, lances set and +muskets charged, under orders to fire on Napoleon the moment he should +appear. At length the critical moment arrived. "There he is! Fire!" +cried a royalist officer. The soldiers clutched their arms, their +faces blanched, their knees shook, and they--disobeyed! Napoleon, +walking slowly, advanced within pistol-shot. He wore the old familiar +gray surtout, the well-known cocked hat, and a tricolor cockade. +"Soldiers of the Fifth," he said in a strong, calm voice, "behold me!" +Then advancing a few paces farther, he threw open his coat and +displaying the familiar uniform, he called: "If there be one soldier +among you who wishes to kill his Emperor, he can. I come to offer +myself to your assaults." In an instant the opposing ranks melted into +a mob of sobbing, cheering men, kissing Napoleon's shoes, struggling +to touch the skirts of his shabby garments. The surrounding throng +crowded near in sympathy. "Soldiers," cried the magician, "I come +with a handful of brave men because I count on you and the people. The +throne of the Bourbons is illegitimate because it was not erected by +the nation. Your fathers are threatened by a restoration of titles, of +privilege, and of feudal rights; is it not so?" "Yes, yes," shouted +the multitude. At that instant appeared a rider arrayed in the uniform +of the national guard, but wearing a huge tricolor cockade. Alighting +at Napoleon's feet, he said: "Sire, I am Jean Dumoulin the +glove-maker; I bring to your majesty a hundred thousand francs and my +arm." At that instant likewise an imperial proclamation denouncing +traitors, and promising that under the old standards victory would +return like the storm-wind, was passing from hand to hand in the +garrison of Grenoble. Labédoyère, the colonel, of the Seventh of the +line, first announced his purpose to support his Emperor, and the +royalist officers saw the imperialist feeling spread with dismay. They +arranged to evacuate the place next morning. At seven in the evening +Napoleon summoned the town; the commandant, unable to resist the +pressure of both soldiers and populace, fled with a few adherents, and +at ten the gates were opened. The reception of the returning exile was +hearty and impressive. It was with an army of seven thousand men that, +after a rest of thirty-six hours, he started for Lyons. + +"As far as Grenoble I was an adventurer; at Grenoble I was a prince," +wrote Napoleon at St. Helena. If this were true, at Lyons he was an +Emperor in fact as well as in name, that great city receiving him with +plaudits as energetic as were the execrations with which they +dismissed Artois and Macdonald. Recalling the lessons of his youth, +some learned in Corsica, some in the Rhone valley, the returning +Emperor carefully felt the pulse of public opinion as he journeyed. He +found the longing for peace to be universal, and even before entering +Lyons he began to promise peace with honor. But this he quickly found +was not enough: it must be peace with liberty as well. The sole task +before him, therefore, he declared to be that of protecting the +interests and principles of the Revolution against the returning +emigrants. France, restored to her glory, was to live in harmony with +other European powers as long as they minded their own affairs. +Napoleon, the liberator of France! To terrify foreign invaders and +intestine foes a great united nation was to speak in trumpet notes. +From Lyons, therefore, second city of the Empire, was summoned a +popular assembly to revise the constitution. To convey the impression +that Austria was in secret accord with the Emperor's course, three +delegates from the eastern capital were summoned to assist at a +significant ceremony which was to occur almost immediately, the +coronation of the Empress and the King of Rome. Still further, a +decree was issued which banished the returned emigrants and swept away +the pretensions of the arrogant nobles. Talleyrand, Marmont, Augereau, +and Dalberg were attainted, and the noble guard of the King was +abolished. Under these influences Bonapartist feeling grew so intense +and spread so widely that the army of Soult, which had been assembled +in the southeast to oppose Murat, turned imperialist almost to a man. +Masséna, who seems to have followed the lead of Fouché, waited to see +what was coming, and remained neutral. Ney fell in with the general +movement, and joined Napoleon at Auxerre. "Embrace me, my dear +general," were the Emperor's words of greeting. "I am glad to see you; +and I want neither explanations nor justifications." + +All resistance disappeared before Napoleon's advance as he passed +Autun and descended the Yonne valley toward Paris. Everywhere there +were dissensions among the populace, but the enthusiasm of the +soldiers and their sympathizers triumphed. The troops despatched by +the King's government to overpower the "usurper" sooner or later went +over to the "usurper's" standards. One morning a placard was found on +the railing around the Vendôme column: "Napoleon to Louis XVIII. My +good brother, it is useless to send me any more troops; I have +enough." Paris was in a storm of suppressed excitement. The measures +of resistance were half-hearted; the King made lavish concessions and +the chambers passed excellent laws without attracting any attention or +sympathy; volunteers were raised, but there was no energy in their +organization. When Napoleon reached Fontainebleau on the eighteenth, +the reserves stationed in and near Paris on the south came over to him +in a body. On the nineteenth Louis issued a despairing address to the +army, and fled to Lille; on the morning of the twentieth the capital +found itself without any vestige of government. The streets were +thronged with people, but there was no disorder until a band of +royalists attacked a half-pay officer wearing the imperial cockade. At +once the city guard formed and intervened to quell the disturbance. +Thereupon the imperialists endeavored to seize the Tuileries; they, +too, were checked, and a double force, royalist and imperial, was set +to defend that important spot. Over other public buildings the +imperial colors waved alone and undisturbed. During the afternoon the +crowds dispersed and the imperial officials quietly resumed their +places. At nine in the evening a post-chaise rolled up to the +Tuileries gate, Napoleon alighted, and the observers thought his smile +was like that of one walking in a dream. At once he was caught in the +brawny arms of his admirers, and handed upward from step to step, from +landing to landing. So fierce was the affection of his friends that +his life seemed to be in danger from their embraces, and it was with +relief that he entered his cabinet and closed the door, to find +himself among a few of his old stanch and tried servants, with +Caulaincourt at their head. This reception had been in sharp contrast +to the apathy displayed on the streets, where the people were few in +number, unenthusiastic, and indifferent. "They let me come," said +Napoleon to Mollien, "as they let the other go." Finding himself +unable to endure the loneliness of the Tuileries, and depressed by the +associations of the familiar scenes, he withdrew in a few days to the +comparative seclusion of the Élysée, then a suburban mansion dubbed by +courtesy a palace. + +Some portion of Napoleon's leisure in Elba had been devoted, as was +mentioned in another connection, to sketching the outline of a +treatise intended to prove that his dynasty was quite as legitimate as +any other which had ruled over France. His illusions of European +empire were dismissed either permanently or temporarily, and for the +moment he was the apostle of nationality and popular sovereignty in +France. Before laying his head on his pillow in the Tuileries he +displayed this fact to the world in the constitution of his cabinet, +which would in our day be designated as a cabinet of concentration, +representative of various shades of opinion. Maret, Davout, +Cambacérès, Gaudin, Mollien, Decrès, Caulaincourt, Fouché, and Carnot +accepted the various portfolios; most surprising of all, Benjamin +Constant, the constitutional republican, became president of a +reconstructed council of state. In connection with the announcement of +these names, the nation was informed that the constitution was to be +revised, and that the censorship of the press was abolished. In +reference to the latter, Napoleon remarked that, since everything +possible had been said about him during the past year, he could +himself be no worse off than he was, but the editors could still find +much to say about his enemies. To Constant he frankly explained what +he meant by revision. The common people had welcomed his return +because he was one of themselves, and at a signal he could have the +nobles murdered. But he wanted no peasants' war, and, as the taste had +returned for unrestricted discussion, public trials, emancipated +elections, responsible ministers, and all the paraphernalia of +constitutional government, the public must be gratified. For all this +he was ready, and with it for peace. But peace he could win only by +victory, for, although in his conduct, in the Lyons decrees, and in +casual talk, he hinted at negotiations with foreign powers, those +negotiations were purely imaginary. + +With a clear comprehension of the situation, the ministers went to +work. On April twenty-third was promulgated the Additional Act, +whereby the franchise was extended, the state church abolished, +liberty of worship guaranteed, and every wretched remnant of privilege +or divine right expunged. The two chambers were retained, many +imperial dignitaries being assigned to the House of Peers, the +Bonaparte brothers, Lucien, Joseph, and Jerome, among the number. It +was, as Chateaubriand sarcastically said, a revised and improved +edition of Louis's constitution. The preamble, however, was new; it +set forth that Napoleon, having been long engaged in constructing a +great European federal system suited to the spirit of the time and +favorable to the spirit of civilization, had now abandoned it, and +would henceforth devote himself to a single aim, the perfect security +of public liberty. This specious representation, half true and half +false, awakened no enthusiasm in France; it was accepted, along with +the Additional Act, by a plebiscite, but by only a million three +hundred thousand votes--less than half the number cast for the +Consulate and the Empire. This was largely due to a curious apathy, +induced by a still more curious but firm conviction that at last +France had secured peace with honor. Reference has been made to a +military conspiracy fomented by Fouché in the North; before the +hostile public feeling thus engendered in that quarter Louis fled to +Ghent within five days after Napoleon reached Paris, and, though the +royal princes were able to carry on civil war in the South a little +longer, it was generally felt that the nation now had a ruler of its +own choosing, and that if they attended strictly to their own affairs +they would be left in peace. For considerable time there was little +news from abroad, and so swift was the rush of internal affairs that +no heed was given to what there was. + +This was suddenly changed in April, when it was brought home to the +nation that the specter of war had again been raised, and that the +dynasties were finally a unit in their determination to extirpate the +Napoleonic régime as a measure of self-defense. Every man with any +means saw himself beggared, and every mother felt her son slipping +from her arms to swim once more that sea of blood in which for a +generation the hope of the nation had been submerged. The depression +was general and terrible, for the prospect was appalling. England, +entangled with dynastic alliances in order to preserve her prosperity +and dignity, had lost most of her serious and trusted leaders, and the +few who survived were so panic-stricken as to have little +perspicacity. The King's illness having at last removed him from +public life, he had been succeeded by the most profligate and +frivolous of all the line of English kings, the Prince Regent, who was +later George IV. Percival and Liverpool were not merely conservative +from principle; they were negative from the love of negatives. Already +they had laid the basis, in their mismanagement of domestic affairs, +for the social turbulence which within a short time was to compel the +most sweeping reforms. Castlereagh had not even an inkling of what the +treaty of Chaumont might mean to Great Britain in the end. To destroy +Napoleon he was perfectly content that his own free country should +support a system of dynastic politics destructive of every principle +of liberty. + +The Congress of Vienna represented, not a confederation of states, but +a league of dynasties posing as nations and banded for mutual +self-preservation. To them the permanent restoration of Napoleon could +mean only one thing, the recognition of a nation's right to choose its +own rulers, and that would be the end of absolutism in Europe. To +Great Britain it would mean the destruction of her prosperity, or at +least a serious diminution of both power and prestige. The late +coalition, therefore, was re-cemented without difficulty, but on a +basis entirely new. The account of Napoleon's escape reached Vienna on +March sixth. Within the week Maria Louisa, now entirely under +Neipperg's influence, wrote declaring herself a stranger to all +Napoleon's schemes, and a few days later the French attendants of the +little King of Rome were dismissed; the child's last words to Méneval +were a message of affection to his father.[17] At that time +negotiations among the powers were progressing famously, each having +secured its main object; on March thirteenth the Congress, under +Castlereagh's instigation, publicly denounced Napoleon as the "enemy +and disturber of the world's peace," and proclaimed him an outlaw. The +Whigs stigmatized the paper in parliament as provocative of +assassination and a disgrace to the English character, but, of all +the important journals, the "Morning Chronicle" alone was courageous +enough to sustain them, asserting that it was a matter of complete +indifference to England whether a Bourbon or a Bonaparte reigned in +France. These manly protests were unheeded, and by the twenty-fifth +all Europe, except Naples, was united against France alone. + + [Footnote 17: See Welschinger: Le roi de Rome, ch. vii.] + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + +THE DYNASTIES IMPLACABLE[18] + + [Footnote 18: References: for this and the following chapters + see d'Angeberg: Le congrès de Vienne et les traités de 1815, + précédé et suivi des actes diplomatiques qui s'y rattachent, + avec introduction historique par Capefigue; Castlereagh's + Correspondence; Capefigue: Le congrès de Vienne dans ses + rapports avec la circonstance actuelle de l'Europe; Davout: + Correspondance, Vol. IV.; de Pradt: Du congrès de Vienne; + Flassan: Histoire du congrès de Vienne; Hardenberg's Memoirs; + Humboldt's Memoirs; Villemain: Souvenirs contemporains + d'histoire et de littérature; Gérard: Quelques documents sur + la bataille de Waterloo; Gourgaud: La campagne de 1815; + Grouchy: Observations sur la relation de la campagne de 1815, + publ. par le G{én.} Gourgaud, et réfutation de quelques-unes + des assertions et écrits relatifs à la bataille de Waterloo.] + + The Vienna Coalition -- Its Purpose -- Napoleon as a Liberal -- + The Fiasco -- France on the Defensive -- Napoleon's Health -- War + Preparations of the Combatants -- Their Respective Forces -- + Qualities and Achievements of the French -- The Armies of Blücher + and Wellington -- The French Strategy -- Napoleon's First + Misfortune. + +[Sidenote: 1815] + +The supreme effort of the dynasties to outlaw Napoleon, and restore +France to the Bourbons, was made by what was nominally an alliance of +eight members--Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, France, Spain, +Portugal, and Sweden. The last was, however, absorbed in her struggle +with Norway, and, though Spain and Portugal were signatories, the real +strength of the coalition arranged at Vienna lay in a virtual renewal +of the treaty of Chaumont: Austria, Prussia, and Russia were each to +put a hundred and eighty thousand men in the field, and Great Britain +was to continue her subsidies. + +On April fourth, the sovereigns of Europe were notified that the +Empire meant peace; they retorted by the mobilization of their forces, +and by denouncing in a joint protocol the treaty of Paris. In his +extremity Napoleon appealed to Talleyrand, but that minister knew too +well the temper of the Congress at Vienna, and refused to coöperate. +The versatile Fouché thereupon initiated a new plot, this time against +Napoleon, and sounded Metternich; but Metternich was dumb. The other +diplomats asseverated that they did not wish to interfere with the +domestic affairs of France; but they prevaricated, intending nothing +less than the complete restoration of the Bourbons. + +Under the shadow of this storm-cloud Napoleon regulated his domestic +affairs of state with intrepid calmness. He had no easy task. It was +the revived hatred of the masses for priests and nobles to which he +had appealed on his progress from Grenoble, and, observing the wild +outbursts of the populace at Lyons, he had whispered, "This is +madness." It was with studied deliberation, therefore, that in Paris +he cast himself completely upon the moderate liberals. This alienated +the Jacobin elements throughout the country, and they, in turn, +stirred up the royalists. When it became clear that neither Maria +Louisa nor the King of Rome was to be crowned, and that there was no +help in Austria, even the imperialists displayed a dangerous temper. +Such was the general uneasiness about war that the first measures of +army reorganization were taken almost stealthily. It was easy enough +to establish the skeleton of formation, and not very difficult to find +trustworthy officers, commissioned and non-commissioned; but to summon +recruits was to announce the coming war. Of the three hundred thousand +veterans now returned home, less than one fifth responded to the call +for volunteers; the Emperor had reckoned on four fifths at least. The +National Guard was so surly that many felt it would be bravado for +Napoleon to review them. But he was determined to do so, and on April +sixteenth the hazardous ceremony took place. Until at least half the +companies had been reviewed not a cheer was heard; then there were a +few scattering shouts here and there in the ranks; finally there was +some genuine enthusiasm. + +By the middle of May the national deputies summoned at Lyons began to +arrive. They were to meet, after the fashion of Charles the Great's +assemblies, in the open field. Their task was to be the making of a +new constitution. It was not reassuring news that they brought from +their various homes, and their accounts disturbed public opinion in +Paris sadly. Before long it was known that civil war had again broken +out in Vendée; the consequences would have been most disastrous had +not La Rochejacquelein, the insurgent leader, been killed on June +fourth. As it was, the ignoble slaughter of one of their order +intensified the bitterness of the nobles. Worse still, it had been +found that of the six hundred and twenty-nine deputies five hundred +were ardent constitutionalists indifferent to Napoleon, and that only +fifty were his devoted personal friends; there were even between +thirty and forty who were Jacobins, and at Fouché's command. Under +these circumstances the Emperor dared not hold the promised national +congress. What could be substituted for it? The great dramatic artist +was not long at a loss. He determined to summon the electoral deputies +to a gorgeous open-air ceremony on June first, and have them stamp +with their approval the Additional Act. A truly impressive spectacle +would pass muster for the promised "field of May," and profoundly +affect the minds of all present. But, unfortunately, though Ségur +made the plan, and though every detail was carefully studied by +Napoleon, the affair was not impressive. About eighteen thousand +persons assembled on the benches, and there was a vast crowd in the +field. The cannon roared their welcome, and the people cheered the +imperial carriage, the marshals, the body-guard, and the procession. +But when Napoleon and his brothers stepped forth, clad like actors in +theatrical costumes of white velvet, wearing Spanish cloaks +embroidered with the imperial device of golden bees, and with great +plumed hats on their heads, there was a hush of disappointment. The +populace had expected a soldier in a soldier's uniform; many had felt +sure "he" would wear that of the National Guard. + +There was, however, no sign of disrespect while the ministers and the +reconstituted corps of marshals filed to their places. Among the +latter were familiar faces--Ney, Moncey, Kellermann, Sérurier, +Lefebvre, Grouchy, Oudinot, Jourdan, Soult, and Masséna. A committee +of the deputies then stood forth, and their chairman read an address +declaring that France desired a ruler of her own selection, and +promising loyalty in the coming war. Napoleon arose, and in spite of +his absurd clothes commanded attention while he set forth his reasons +for offering a ready-made constitution instead of risking interminable +debate. Although he declared that what was offered could, of course, +be amended, there was no applause, except from a few soldiers. When +the chambers met, a week later, Lanjuinais, one of Napoleon's lifelong +opponents, was chosen president of the House of Deputies. The speech +from the throne was clever and conciliatory, and in spite of evident +distrust both houses promised all the strength of France for +defense--but for defense only. The peers declared that under her new +institutions France could never be swept away by the temptations of +victory; the deputies asserted that nothing could carry the nation +beyond the bounds of its own defense, not even the will of a +victorious prince. + +The anxieties and exertions of two months were manifest in Napoleon's +appearance. His features, though impressive, were drawn, and his long +jaw grew prominent. He lost flesh everywhere except around the waist, +so that his belly, hitherto inconspicuous, looked almost pendulous. +When standing, he folded his hands sometimes in front, sometimes +behind, but separated them frequently to take snuff or rub his nose. +Sometimes he heaved a mechanical sigh, swallowing as if to calm inward +agitation. Often he scowled, and looked out through half-closed lids +as if growing far-sighted; the twitching of his eye and ear on the +left side grew more frequent. With thickening difficulties and +increasing annoyance, serious urinary and stomach troubles set in; +there was also a persistent hacking cough. Recourse was again had to +protracted warm baths in order to alleviate the accompanying +nervousness; but as the ailments were refractory, a mystery soon +attached to the malady, and his enemies said it was a loathsome +disease. In spite of the statements both of the Prussian commissioner +at Fontainebleau, Count Truchsess-Waldburg, and of Sir Hudson Lowe, it +is highly improbable that Napoleon's health was undermined by sexual +infection. He was surrounded all his life by malignant attendants, and +among the sweepings of their minds, which in recent years have been +scattered before the public, there would be some proof of the fact. In +the utter absence of any reliable information, some have guessed that +the trouble was the preliminary stage in the disease of which he died; +and others, again, in view of his quick changes of mood, his +depressions, exaltations, sharpened sensibilities, and abrupt +rudeness, have explained all his peculiarities in disease and health +by attributing them to a recondite form of epilepsy. Exhausted and +nervous, the sufferer might well, as was the case, be found in tears +before the portrait of his son; he might well lift up his voice, as he +was heard to do, against the destiny which had played him false. But +he was quite shrewd enough to see that during his absence no regency +could be trusted, and he arranged to conduct affairs by special +messengers. Joseph was to preside and give the casting-vote in the +council of state; to Lucien was given a seat in the same body; but the +supreme power rested in Napoleon. + +When Wellington replaced Castlereagh at the Congress of Vienna, it was +quickly apparent that he was greater in the field than at the +council-board. Both he and Blücher desired to assume the offensive +quickly; but inasmuch as Alexander was determined to retain his +ascendancy in the coalition, and as each power insisted on its due +share in the struggle, it was arranged to begin hostilities on June +twenty-seventh, the earliest date at which the Russian troops could +reach the confines of France. There were to be three armies. +Schwarzenberg, with two hundred and fifty thousand men, comprising the +Austrian, Russian, and Bavarian contingents, was to attack across the +upper Rhine; Blücher, with one hundred and fifty thousand Prussians, +was to advance across the lower Rhine; and Wellington in the +Netherlands was to collect an army of one hundred and fifty thousand, +compounded of Dutch, Belgians, Hanoverians, and some thirty-eight +thousand British, who could be there assembled. The two latter armies +were in existence by the first of June, but Wellington was +dissatisfied with the quality of his motley force; even the English +contingent was not the best possible, for his Peninsular veterans had +been sent to find their match in Jackson's riflemen at the battle of +New Orleans. + +On the eve of hostilities Napoleon had one hundred and twenty-four +thousand effective men, and three thousand five hundred more in his +camp train; Wellington had one hundred and six thousand, but of these +four thousand Hanoverians were left in garrison; Blücher had about one +hundred and seventeen thousand. Neither of the two allied generals +dreamed that Napoleon would choose the daring form of attack upon +which he decided--that of a wedge driven into the broken line nearly a +hundred miles in length upon which his enemy lay--for to do so he must +pass the Ardennes. But he did choose it, and selected for the purpose +the valleys of the Sambre and the Meuse. Allowing for the differences +in topography, the idea was identical with that which, nineteen years +before, he had executed splendidly in Piedmont and repeated in +Germany. The twin enemy seemed unaware that its long and straggling +line must, in case of activity, either be broken to maintain the +respective bases or else abandon one base for concentration and be cut +off from supplies. Wellington's base was westward at Antwerp, +Blücher's eastward through Liège toward the Rhine. Vacillation would +ensue, Napoleon felt, on a central attack, and in that vacillation he +intended to repeat with Blücher what he had done with Brunswick at +Jena. + +The opening of the campaign was sufficiently auspicious. By a superb +march during the night of June thirteenth, Napoleon's army had gained +a most advantageous position. The first corps under d'Erlon was at +Solre on the Sambre, the second under Reille was at Leers. The guard, +the sixth corps under Lobau, the line cavalry and the third corps +under Vandamme, stood in that order on a line northeasterly from +Beaumont, and due east of that place were four cavalry corps; the +fourth corps under the young and dashing Gérard had marched from Metz +and were at Philippeville; to the south lay the guard cavalry and the +reserve artillery under Grouchy. In front was Charleroi, whence a +broad turnpike led almost direct to Brussels, thirty-four miles due +north; another turned eastward toward Liège. Thirteen miles distant on +this was Sombreffe; somewhat farther on that, Quatre Bras, both on the +highway running east and west between Namur and Nivelles. To have +accomplished such marches as it did, the French army must have been +fine; to have secured such a brilliant strategic position its general +must have been almost inspired. He commanded the operating lines of +both Wellington and Blücher, while they were far distant from each +other, separated by serious obstacles, both alike instinct with +centrifugal rather than centripetal tendency. The same high qualities +which shone in their general distinguished the subordinate French +commanders. Though many of the famous names are absent from the +list,--Mortier, for instance, having fallen ill on the frontier,--yet +Soult was present as chief of staff, and Ney was coming up to take +command of the left wing. Reille, d'Erlon, and Foy were veterans of +the Peninsular war; what twenty-two years of service had done for the +"wild Hun," Vandamme, is known. Kellermann was made famous by Marengo, +Lobau was noted for daring, Gérard had earned distinction in Russia, +and though Grouchy's merit has been the theme of much discussion, yet +he had been famous under Jourdan and Moreau, and nothing had occurred +in the long interval to tarnish his reputation. + +Nearly half of Blücher's troops were irregular reserves, and many of +the regulars were recruits, but all were thoroughly drilled and well +equipped. The passion of hatred which animated them was comparable +only to the "French fury" with which Napoleon's army would fight for +national existence. Such was the reverence for routine among the +Prussian officers, and so bitter were the jealousies of the petty +aristocracy from which they sprang, that the King dared not promote on +any basis except that of seniority. In order to make Gneisenau second +in command, York, Kleist, and Tauenzien were stationed elsewhere, and +Bülow was put in command of a reserve to hold Belgium when Blücher +should advance to Paris. The aged but fiery marshal had not mended his +health by the self-indulgence of a year; the three division generals, +Ziethen, Pirch, and Thielemann were capable men of local renown. +Gneisenau and Bülow were the only first-rate men among the Prussian +commanders, but for rousing enthusiasm Blücher's name was a word to +conjure with. Wellington was felt by his officers and soldiers to be a +man of real power; his British recruits were well drilled, and his +veterans were good. His associate generals were no more famous than +those of Gneisenau, but they were, for the most part, English +gentlemen with a high sense of duty and much executive ability. One of +his corps was commanded by the Prince of Orange, a respectable +soldier, whose name, however, was more valuable than the experience he +had gained in the Peninsula as aide-de-camp; the other corps was under +Lord Hill, an admirable subordinate and an excellent commander. The +only English general whose name is a familiar one abroad was Picton, +who died on the field. As to the quality of the respective armies, it +has become the fashion of each nation to decry that of its own and +overrate that of the other two. Thus they condone their own blunders, +and yet heighten the renown of victory. Napoleon was superior in +organization, in cavalry, and in artillery to either Wellington or +Blücher, but he was inferior to both in infantry. He was in wretched +health, and he had a desperate cause. Taking fully into account his +consummate ability and personal prestige, it yet remains true that the +odds against him were high, certainly eight to five. + +Ziethen's posts before Charleroi saw the French camp-fires in the +early hours of June fourteenth; that evening they began to withdraw +toward Fleurus, whither the remainder of the Prussian army was +gradually set in motion. It seems incredible that this should have +been the first move of the allies toward concentrating their widely +scattered forces, for neither Wellington nor Blücher was completely +surprised. Both commanders had for two days been aware, in a general +way, of Napoleon's movements, but they were awaiting developments. It +was Wellington's opinion, carefully set forth in his old age, that it +would have been better strategy for the French to advance so as to +turn his right, seize his munitions, and cut off his base; but as this +would have rolled up the entire allied force, ready to deliver battle +with odds of two to one, the statement may perhaps be accepted as an +explanation, but certainly not as a justification. + +In the dawn of the fifteenth a ringing, rousing proclamation, like +those of the olden time, and written the day before on the anniversary +of Marengo, was read to the French soldiers. It was in high spirits +that the army, in three columns, began to march. The left, under +Reille, dislodged the Prussian outposts from Thuin, and, forcing them +back through Marchiennes, seized the bridge at that place, and crossed +to the left bank of the Sambre. The movement was complete by ten in +the morning. The center under Napoleon comprised the mass of the army: +Pajol, Vandamme, Lobau, the Guard, Exelmans, Kellermann, and Milhaud. +Soult despatched his orders by a solitary aide, who broke his leg by a +fall from his horse, and failed to deliver them. Though at equally +critical moments before both Eylau and Wagram, Berthier had done as +Soult did, with identical results, yet the latter was justly and +severely blamed. Had Vandamme been found, the movements of the center +would have been greatly accelerated, the speedy capture of Charleroi +would have enabled the third corps to reach Fleurus in time to +intercept Ziethen, and thus the whole course of events would have been +changed. The marshal's ill success was, therefore, as Napoleon called +it, a "deplorable mischance," and it was high noon before Pajol, with +the van, reached Charleroi and, after a smart engagement, drove out +the Prussians. The right wing, under Gérard, was in motion at five in +the morning, but it also was detained by a serious disaster. Shortly +after starting it was found that Bourmont, the commander of its best +division, a man who had been Chouan, imperialist, and royalist by +turns, had deserted with his chief of staff and eight soldiers. Having +been at the council of war, he had the latest information of +Napoleon's secret plans, and his treason demoralized the troops he so +basely abandoned. It was long before confidence could be restored; the +crossing at Charleroi had been delayed too long, and it was nightfall +when Gérard at last reached Châtelet, four miles below, secured the +bridge, and crossed with only half his men. The campaign opened, if +not in disaster, at least with only partial success. + + + + +CHAPTER XV + +LIGNY AND QUATRE BRAS[19] + + [Footnote 19: The most important works dealing with the + military side of the Waterloo campaign are those of Müffling, + Berton, Gourgaud, Clausewitz, Siborne, Charras, Chesney, + Hooper, Maurice, Mercer, Morris, Jomini, Ollech, Vaudoncourt, + Ropes, and Houssaye. Further, there are controversial + discussions of importance by Grouchy, Gérard, Heymès, Knoop, + Loben-Sels, and Bornstedt. The most complete bibliography is, + as usual, that of Kircheisen.] + + Napoleon's Orders -- Ney's Failure to Seize Quatre Bras -- + Wellington Surprised -- Napoleon's Fine Strategy -- The Meeting + at Ligny -- Blücher's Defeat -- The Hostile Forces at Quatre Bras + -- Wellington Withdraws -- Napoleon's Over-confidence -- His + Instructions to Grouchy -- His Advance from Quatre Bras. + + +For four hours after his arrival at Charleroi, Napoleon, uneasy as to +the whereabouts of his detachments, stood in idleness waiting for +news. During this interval the first Prussian corps under Ziethen, +retreating from Charleroi, reached Fleurus unmolested, all except a +small body, which gathered at Gosselies, on the Brussels road, but was +easily dispersed by Reille. It seemed as if the road to Quatre Bras +was open, and when, at half-past four, Ney appeared, he was put in +command of the left, with verbal instructions, as Napoleon asserted +some years later, to seize that strategic point. Within these limits +he was to act independently. If Quatre Bras were surprised and held, +the second move could be attempted: the seizure of Sombreffe. Since +the highway between the two was the only line by which the allied +armies could quickly unite, the possibility of attacking them +separately would be assured even if the successive attacks should +follow each other so closely as to be substantially one battle. Either +Ney misunderstood, or Napoleon recorded what he intended to say, not +what he actually said. Colonel Heymès, Ney's chief of staff, declared +that the Emperor's final words were, "Go, and drive back the enemy"; +the Emperor asserted that his orders to go and hold Quatre Bras were +positive. + +It is also a matter of dispute whether or not Napoleon had hoped, +after seizing the bridges and crossing the Sambre, to complete his +movement by surprising both Quatre Bras and Sombreffe on that same +day, the fifteenth. Had he done so, Blücher might possibly have +withdrawn to effect a junction with Wellington for the decisive +conflict, and thus have thwarted Napoleon's strategy; but it is not +likely, for that move, as finally executed, was the work not of +Blücher but of Gneisenau; at this stage of the campaign the Prussians +would probably have retreated toward Namur. Whatever may have been +Napoleon's intention, Ney hurried to Gosselies, stationed Reille to +hold the place, and then, despatching one division to pursue the +Prussians, and another, with Piré's cavalry, toward Quatre Bras, put +himself at the head of the cavalry of the guard to help in seizing +this latter important point. But at seven his force, to their +astonishment, was confronted by a strong body of Nassauers from +Wellington's army, who, having passed Quatre Bras, had seized Frasnes, +a village two and a half miles in advance. These made no stand, but +Ney, instead of proceeding immediately to attack Quatre Bras itself, +left his men to hold the position at Frasnes, and hurried away to +consult his superior. For this he had excellent reasons: his staff was +not yet organized, and d'Erlon's corps was not within call; he was +therefore too weak for the movement contemplated by his orders. At the +same moment Napoleon, who had been in the saddle since three in the +morning, and who had become convinced that the retreating Prussians +would not halt at Fleurus, but would rejoin their main army, turned +back to Charleroi, and, on reaching his quarters an hour later, flung +himself in utter exhaustion upon his couch. In fact, he was in +exquisite torture from the complication of urinary, hemorrhoidal, and +other troubles which his long day's ride had aggravated, and, as he +declared at St. Helena,--probably the truth,--he had lost his +assurance of final success. The day had been fairly successful, but at +what a cost of energy! No one, he least of all, could feel that there +had been any buoyancy in the movements or favoring fate in the +combinations of his armies. + +Throughout the day Blücher had displayed a fiery zeal. Since early in +May he had had no serious consultation with Wellington, and in a +general conversation held at that time there had been merely a vague +understanding as to a union at some point south of Sombreffe. That +town was accordingly selected by him for concentration, and in general +his orders had been well executed. Why the bridges of Marchiennes and +Châtelet were not undermined and blown up by the Prussians has never +been explained. Moreover, the language of Gneisenau's orders to Bülow +being vague, the latter misinterpreted it, and his much-needed force +was not brought in, as expected. Wellington's conduct is a riddle. He +displayed little anxiety and found time for social enjoyment as well +as for the activities of military command in a supreme crisis. About +the middle of the afternoon he was informed, through the Prince of +Orange, as to his enemy's movements. With perfect calm, he commanded +that his troops should be ready in their cantonments; at five he +issued orders for the divisions to march with a view to concentration +at Nivelles, the easternmost point which he intended to occupy; at +ten, just as he was setting out for the noted ball which the Duchess +of Richmond was giving on the eve of decision, he gave definite +instructions for the concentration to begin. These were his very first +steps toward concentration, although twenty-seven years later he made +the assertion, supported only by his despatch to Bathurst of the +nineteenth, that he had ordered the Anglo-allied army to concentrate +to the left, as Blücher had ordered the Prussians to concentrate to +the right. As a matter of fact, he was twenty-four hours behind +Blücher in ordering his first defensive movements. This is not excused +by the fact that his movement of concentration was completed somewhat +earlier than Blücher's. About twenty minutes after the Prince of +Orange had reached the ball-room, Wellington sent him away quietly, +and then, summoning the Duke of Richmond, who, it is doubtfully said, +was to have command of the reserve when completely formed, he asked +for a map. The two withdrew to an adjoining room. Wellington closed +the door, and said, with an oath, "Napoleon has humbugged me." He then +explained that he had ordered his army to concentrate at Quatre Bras, +adding, "But we shall not stop him there; and if so, I must fight him +here," marking Waterloo with his thumb-nail on the map as he spoke. It +was not until the next morning that he left for the front. Though +Napoleon, on the evening of the fifteenth, had neither Quatre Bras nor +Sombreffe, he held all the debatable ground; and if, next morning, he +could seize the two towns simultaneously, the first move in his great +game would be won. It seems as if he must risk everything to that end. + +What passed between Napoleon and Ney from midnight until two in the +morning is unknown. There is no evidence that the Emperor expressed +serious dissatisfaction, although he may have been exasperated. He was +not exactly in a position to give vent to his feelings. Whatever was +the nature of their conversation, Ney was again at his post long +before dawn, and not a soldier moved from Charleroi until nearly noon! +It seems that Napoleon, or Ney, or both, must have been stubbornly +convinced that Wellington could not concentrate within twenty-four +hours. That Napoleon was not incapacitated by prostration is proved by +his acts: about five he sent a preliminary order to Ney; very early, +also, he took measures to complete Gérard's crossing at Châtelet; and +then, having considered at length the alternatives of pushing straight +on to Brussels or of taking the course he did, he had reached a +decision as early as seven o'clock. It seems almost certain that he +delayed chiefly to get his troops well in hand, partly to give them a +much-needed rest. They had been seventeen hours afoot the previous +day. Toward nine, believing that more of Ney's command was assembled +than was yet the case, he sent a fretful order commanding the marshal +to seize Quatre Bras, and stating that a semi-independent command, +under Grouchy, would stand at Sombreffe, while he himself would hold +Gembloux. This done, he settled into apparent lethargy. To Grouchy he +wrote that he intended to attack the enemy at Sombreffe, and "even at +Gembloux," and then to operate immediately with Ney "against the +English." His scheme was able, for if at either salient angle, Quatre +Bras or Sombreffe, his presence should be necessary, he could, at +need, quickly join either Ney or Grouchy; but his senses must have +been dulled. When informed that the enemy was at Fleurus in force, he +hesitated long before resolving to move, being crippled by the +inability of his left to move on Quatre Bras and behaving as if sure +that the soldiers before him were only a single corps of Blücher's +army, which he could sweep away at his convenience. Meanwhile Vandamme +had advanced. The Prussians withdrew from Fleurus, and deployed at the +foot of the hillock on which the village of Ligny stands. When, about +midday, Napoleon arrived at Fleurus, he had to experience the +unpleasant surprise of finding a strong force ready to oppose him. +Eighty-seven thousand men, all Blücher's army, except Bülow's corps +and a portion of Ziethen's which had been dispersed by the right wing +and cavalry of the French near Gilly, were drawn up in battle array to +oppose him. This was a loss to the foe of possibly two thousand men, a +serious weakening at a fateful moment. But the Emperor was not yet +ready to meet them, much as he had desired just such a contingency. He +was not aware of the full strength of his enemy, but he was not sure +of annihilating even those he believed to be in presence, for he had +left ten thousand men at Charleroi, under Lobau, as a reserve, and the +troops most available for strengthening his line were moving toward +Quatre Bras. + +By the independent action of their own generals a substantial force of +several thousand Dutch-Belgians, virtually the whole of Perponcher's +division, was concentrated at Quatre Bras early that same morning. To +be sure, Wellington had simultaneously determined on the same step, +but it was taken long before his orders arrived. Indeed, he seems to +have reached Quatre Bras before his orderly. Scarcely halting, he +rapidly surveyed the situation and, leaving the troops in command of +the Prince of Orange, rode away to visit Blücher. The two commanders +met at about one o'clock in the windmill of Bry. They parted in the +firm conviction that the mass of the French army was at Ligny, and +with the verbal understanding that Wellington, if not himself +attacked, would come to Blücher's support. On leaving, the English +commander sharply criticized the tactical disposition of his ally's +army; but Blücher, with the fixed idea that, in any case, the duke was +coming to his aid, determined to stand as he was. With similar +obstinacy, Napoleon, still certain that what he had before him, +although a great force, was only a screen for the retreat of the main +army of the allies, now despatched an order (the second) for Ney to +combine Reille, d'Erlon, and Kellermann in order to destroy whatever +force was in opposition at Quatre Bras. This was at two. The French +attack was opened at half-past two by Gérard and Vandamme; the +resistance was such as to leave no doubt of the real Prussian +strength. This being clear, Napoleon immediately wrote two despatches +of the same tenor--one he sent to Ney by an aide, and one to d'Erlon +by a subofficer of the guard.[20] The former (the third for the same +destination) urged Ney to come for the sake of France; the other +summoned d'Erlon from Ney's command to the Emperor's own immediate +assistance: "You will save France, and cover yourself with glory," +were its closing words. This last order, the original of which has but +lately been revealed, came nigh to ruining the whole day's work. +Before Wellington could return to Quatre Bras, Ney's force was engaged +with the Prince of Orange, and before three o'clock a fierce conflict +was raging at that place. D'Erlon appears to have been in a frightful +quandary as to his duty. He marched away toward St. Amand and in his +dilemma detached his best division, that of Durutte, toward Bry. +Neither superior nor subordinate did anything to the purpose. Ney was +without the support of an entire corps and did not therefore literally +obey his orders. Napoleon was unassisted by the wandering force and +even confused by their unexpected appearance at a critical moment. +They were mistaken at Ligny for enemies; d'Erlon's vacillation had so +detained them. + + [Footnote 20: For the text of the order to d'Erlon and a full + discussion of the whole subject, see Houssaye, 1815, p. 201.] + +Blücher, who was determined to fight, come what would, had held in as +long as his impatient temper permitted; but when no reinforcement from +Wellington appeared, he first fumed, and then about six gave his fatal +orders to prepare for the offensive. The nature of the ground was such +as necessarily to weaken his center by the initial movements. Napoleon +marked this at once, and summoned his guard in order to break through. +For a moment the Emperor hesitated; a mysterious force had appeared on +the left; perhaps they were foes. But when once assured that they were +d'Erlon's men, he waited not an instant longer; at eight the crash +came, and the Prussian line was shattered. Retreat was turned into a +momentary rout so quickly that Blücher could not even exchange his +wounded horse for another, and in the first mad rush he was so stunned +and overwhelmed that his staff gave him up for lost. The few moments +before he was found were the most precious for the allies of the whole +campaign, since Gneisenau directed the flight northward on the line to +Wavre, a route parallel with that on which Wellington, whatever his +success, must now necessarily withdraw. This move, which abandoned +the line to Namur, is Gneisenau's title to fame.[21] The lines were +quickly formed to carry it out, and the rest of the retrograde march +went on with great steadiness. Napoleon did not wait until d'Erlon +arrived and thereupon order an immediate, annihilating pursuit, but +came to the conclusion that the Prussians were sufficiently +disorganized, and would seek to reorganize on the old line to the +eastward. They were thus, he thought, completely and finally cut off +from Wellington. It was not until early next morning that he +despatched Pajol, with his single cavalry corps, to follow the foe, +for he was confirmed in his fatal conjecture by the false report of +five thousand Prussians having been seen on the Namur road, and +exerting themselves to hold it. The Prussians seen were merely a horde +of stragglers. The truth was not known until next day. + + [Footnote 21: Long regarded as a more or less haphazard + decision, it has been established at last that the officers + of the Prussian general staff were able by the light of a + horn lantern so to exhibit their maps, explain their study of + the ground, and develop the necessary strategy as to + determine with considerable accuracy where they were and what + the scientific move should be. When this was duly set forth + in the history of the general staff, the exultation of the + Emperor William II was expressed in his public speeches, and + the Germans of the empire were convinced that by this + decision the result of the Waterloo campaign was determined.] + +Almost simultaneously with the battle of Ligny was fought that of +Quatre Bras. At eleven Ney received orders outlining a general plan +for the day; about half an hour later came the specific command to +unite the forces of d'Erlon, Reille, and Kellermann, and carry Quatre +Bras; at five arrived in hot haste the messenger with the third order. +At two o'clock there were not quite seven thousand Anglo-Belgians in +Quatre Bras, but, successive bodies arriving in swift succession, by +half-past six o'clock there were over thirty thousand. At two Ney had +seventeen thousand men, and though he sought to recall d'Erlon, yet, +owing to the withdrawal of Durutte, and to d'Erlon's indecision, he +had at half-past six not more than twenty thousand. Not one of +d'Erlon's men had reached him: Girard's division of Reille's corps was +with Vandamme before St. Amand. Gérard's corps had been kept at +Ligny. Had he advanced on the position the previous evening, or had he +attacked between eleven and two on the sixteenth, the event of the +campaign might have been different from what it was. But if he really +believed, as Heymès afterward asseverated was the case, that his +orders were merely to push and hold the enemy, then his conduct +throughout was gallant and correct.[22] The weight of evidence favors +the claim of Napoleon that the marshal was perverse in his refusal to +take Quatre Bras according to verbal orders. Whatever the truth, the +behavior of Ney's men was admirable when they did advance, but they +were forced back to Frasnes before superior numbers. + + [Footnote 22: Ropes: The Campaign of Waterloo, p. 191.] + +Next morning Wellington was conversing with Colonel Bowles when a +staff officer drew up, his horse flecked with foam, and whispered the +news of Ligny. Without a change of countenance, the commander said to +his companion: "Old Blücher has had a ---- good licking, and gone back +to Wavre, eighteen miles. As he has gone back, we must go, too. I +suppose in England they will say we have been licked. I can't help it; +as they have gone back, we must go, too." Accordingly, he issued his +orders, and his army began to march at ten. On the whole, therefore, +the events of June sixteenth seemed favorable to Napoleon, since, +fighting at two points with inferior numbers, he had been victorious +at one, and had thereby secured the other also. We, of course, know +that by Gneisenau's move this apparent success was rendered nugatory. +It is useless to surmise what would have happened had Bülow been with +Blücher, and d'Erlon and Lobau with Napoleon, or if either of these +possibilities had happened without the other; as it was, Napoleon's +strategy gained both Quatre Bras and Sombreffe. + +The Prussians had lost twenty thousand men, missing, wounded, and +dead, and it required vigorous treatment to restore Blücher. But all +night the army marched, and in the morning Bülow, having found his +direction, was near Beauderet and Sauvinières, within easy reach at +Gembloux. The retreat continued throughout the seventeenth. It was a +move of the greatest daring, since the line was over a broken country +almost destitute of roads, and, the old base of supplies having been +abandoned, the men had to starve until Gneisenau could secure another +by way of Louvain. The army bore its hardships well; there was no +straggling or demoralization, and the splendor of success makes doubly +brilliant the move which confounded Napoleon's plans. Never dreaming +at first that his foe had withdrawn elsewhere than along his natural +line of supply toward Liège, the Emperor considered the separation of +the two allies as complete, and after carefully deliberating +throughout the long interval he allowed for collecting his troops and +giving them a thorough rest, he determined to wheel, join Ney, and +attack Wellington, wherever found. It was serious and inexplicable +slackness which he showed in not taking effective measures to +determine immediately where his defeated enemy was. Being, +nevertheless, well aware of the Prussian resources and character, he +made up his mind to detail Grouchy, with thirty-three thousand men, +for the purpose of scouring the country toward Liège at least as far +as Namur. Then, to provide for what he considered a possible +contingency,--namely, that which had actually occurred,--this adjunct +army was to turn north, and hasten to Gembloux, in order to assure +absolutely the isolation of Wellington; in any and every case the +general was to keep his communications with Napoleon open. + +It was eight in the morning of the seventeenth when Napoleon issued +from his quarters at Fleurus. Flahaut was waiting for the reply to an +inquiry which he had just brought from Ney concerning the details of +Ligny. The Emperor at once dictated a despatch, the most famous in the +controversial literature of Waterloo, in which his own achievements +were told and Ney was blamed for the disconnected action of his +subordinates the previous day; in particular the marshal was +instructed to take position at Quatre Bras, "as you were ordered," and +d'Erlon was criticized for his failure to move on St. Amand. The +wording of the hastily scribbled order to the latter he had probably +forgotten; it was: "Portez-vous ... à la hauteur de Ligny, et fondez +sur St. Amand--ou vice versa; c'est ce que je ne sais bien." ("Betake +yourself ... to the heights of Ligny, pounce on St. Amand--or the +reverse; I am not quite sure which.") Further, the Emperor now +declared that, had Ney kept d'Erlon and Reille together, not an +Englishman would have escaped, and that, had d'Erlon obeyed his +orders, the Prussian army would have been destroyed. In case it were +still impossible to seize Quatre Bras with the force at hand, Napoleon +would himself move thither. Then, entering a carriage, he drove to +Ligny; Lobau was ordered at once to Marbais, on the road to Quatre +Bras. After haranguing the troops and prisoners, Napoleon was +informed, about noon, that Wellington was still in position. At once a +second order was sent, commanding Ney to attack; the Emperor, it ran, +was already under way to Marbais. This was not quite true, for while +he was giving detailed instructions to Grouchy before parting, that +general had seemed uneasy, and had finally pleaded that it would be +impossible further to disorganize the Prussians, since they had so +long a start. These scruples were peremptorily put down, and the chief +parted amicably from his subordinate, but with a sense of uneasiness, +lest he had left nice and difficult work in unwilling hands. Scouts +soon overtook him, and expressed doubt as to the Prussians having gone +to Namur. In case they had not, Grouchy must act cautiously. +Accordingly, positive instructions were then dictated to Bertrand, and +sent to Grouchy, whose movements were now doubly important. The latter +general was to reconnoiter toward Namur, but march direct to Gembloux; +his chief task was to discover whether Blücher was seeking to join +Wellington or not. For the rest, he was free to act on his own +discretion. + +Napoleon then entered his carriage, and drove to Quatre Bras. Mounting +his horse, he led the pursuit of the English rear. Indignant that Ney +had lost the opportunity to overwhelm at least a portion of +Wellington's force, he exclaimed to d'Erlon, "They have ruined +France!" But he said nothing to Ney himself. So active and energetic +was the Emperor that he actually exposed himself to the artillery fire +with which the English gunners sought to retard the pursuit. It was +not an easy matter for Grouchy to carry out his instructions; at two +o'clock began a steady downpour, which lasted well into the next +morning; the roads to Gembloux were lanes, and the rain turned them +into sticky mud. Not until that night was Grouchy's command assembled +at Gembloux; it was ten o'clock before the leader gained an inkling of +where the Prussians were, and then, though uncertain as to their exact +movements, he immediately despatched a letter, received by Napoleon at +two in the morning. The marshal explained that he would pursue as far +as Wavre, so as to cut off Blücher from Brussels, and to separate him +from Wellington. Some hours later, about seven in the morning, when +finally convinced that the Prussians were retiring on Wavre, Grouchy +set his columns in motion in a straight line toward that place by +Sart-à-Walhain, choosing, with very poor judgment, to advance by the +right bank of the Dyle, and thus jeopardizing the precious connections +he had been repeatedly and urgently instructed to keep open. + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + +THE EVE OF WATERLOO[23] + + [Footnote 23: References for this and the following two + chapters: Houssaye: 1815, Waterloo; Ussher: Napoleon's last + voyage; Ropes: Waterloo; Bustelli: L'Enigma di Ligny e di + Waterloo; York: Napoleon als Feldherr; Gardner: Quatre Bras, + Ligny, Waterloo; Gourgaud: La Campagne de 1815; Siborne: + History of the War in France and Belgium, 1815; Cotton, A + Voice from Waterloo; Loben-Sels: Précis de la campagne 1815 + dans les Pays-Bas.] + + Wellington's Choice of Position -- State of the Two Armies -- The + Orders of Napoleon to Grouchy -- Grouchy's Interpretation of Them + -- Napoleon Surprised by the Prussian Movements -- His Inactivity + -- The Battle-field -- Wellington's Position -- Napoleon's Battle + Array -- His Personal Health -- His Plan. + + +On the night of June seventeenth Wellington's army reached the heights +at Mont St. Jean, on the northern edge of what was destined to be the +most talked of battle-field in modern times. His retreat, masked by a +strong body of cavalry, with some horse-artillery and a single +infantry division, had been slow and regular, being retarded somewhat +by the heavy rain. Ney had held his position at Frasnes, well aware +that what was before him was far more than a rear-guard--in fact, +owing to the arrival of strong reinforcements during the night, it was +the larger portion of the Anglo-Belgian army. But the instant the +French marshal was informed of his enemy's retrograde movements he +threw forward a strong force of cavalry to coöperate with Napoleon. +When reunited, the French army numbered seventy-one thousand five +hundred men, with two hundred and forty guns, excluding of course, the +whole of Gérard's corps, which had been left at Ligny to coöperate +with Grouchy. That Wellington was far on his way to the defensive +position chosen by himself was probably in accord with Napoleon's +calculations; his only fear was lest his foe should have withdrawn +behind the forest of Soignes, where free communication with Blücher +and the junction of the two allied armies would be assured, as would +not be the case at Mont St. Jean. + +This anxiety was set at rest by a cavalry reconnaissance, and at dusk +the French van bivouacked at Belle Alliance, separated by a broad, +shallow vale from their foe. The rest of the army followed with great +difficulty, some by the road; some through plowed or swampy fields, +wading the swollen tributaries of the Dyle, and floundering through +the meadows on their banks. The army of Wellington had seized, in +passing, what provisions and forage they found, and they had +camp-fires to comfort them in the steady rain. The French had scanty +or no rations, and lay throughout the night in the grain-fields, +without fire or shelter. All told, Wellington had sixty-eight thousand +men; ten miles on his right, at Hal, lay eighteen thousand more; ten +miles on his left, twelve from his headquarters at Waterloo, was +Blücher. Wellington, who had informed the Prussian commander that +unless support reached him he would fall back to Brussels, at two +o'clock in the morning had assurance of Blücher's coöperation. There +is an unsupported statement of Napoleon's that he twice sent to +Grouchy on the night of the seventeenth, by two separate officers, a +definite order to detach seven thousand men from his camp at Wavre +(where the Emperor affected to believe that Grouchy was), and make +connection by St. Lambert with the right of the main army. This would +entirely cut off Blücher from Wellington. The motive of this statement +is transparent--with the allies separated, they were outmanoeuvered; +with the possibility of their union, and an understanding between them +to that effect, he was himself outmanoeuvered. + +Grouchy denied having received this order; neither of the officers +intrusted with it ever revealed himself; the original of it has never +been found; and in subsequent orders issued next day there is no +mention of, or reference to, any such message. Either the declaration, +twice made at St. Helena, was due to forgetfulness, being an account +of intentions not carried out, or else it was put forward to explain +the result of the campaign as due to his lieutenant's inefficiency. +Grouchy must have had an uneasy conscience, since for thirty years he +suppressed the text of the Bertrand order, which was not on the +order-book because it had not been dictated to Soult; and when, after +falsely claiming for the duration of an entire generation that he had +acted under verbal instructions, he did publish it, he gave, at the +same time, a mutilated version of his own report from Gembloux, sent +on the night of the seventeenth, changing his original language so as +to show that he had never looked upon the separation of the allies as +his chief task, but that what was uppermost in his mind was an attack +on the Prussians. + +It was two in the morning of the eighteenth when the letter of +Grouchy, written about four hours earlier, arrived at Napoleon's +headquarters. Both the Emperor and Soult knew by that time that the +whole of Blücher's army was moving to Wavre; yet they did not give +this information, nor any minute directions, to the returning +messenger. Grouchy, therefore, was left to act on his own discretion, +his superior doubtless believing that the inferior would by that time +himself be fully informed, and would hasten to throw himself, like an +impenetrable wall, between the Prussians and the Anglo-Belgian army. +By the defenders of Napoleon Grouchy is severely criticized for not +having marched early in the morning of the eighteenth to Moustier, +where, if energetic, he could have carried over his army to the left +bank of the river by eleven o'clock, thus placing his force within the +sphere of Napoleon's operations. Perhaps he would have been able to +prevent the union of the opposing armies, or, if not that, to +strengthen Napoleon in his struggle. It is proved by Marbot's memoirs +that this is what Napoleon expected. On the other hand, excellent +critics present other very important considerations: the line to +Moustier was over a country so rough and miry that after a torrential +rain the artillery would have been seriously delayed, and Prussian +scouts might well have brought down a strong Prussian column in time +to oppose the crossing there or elsewhere. Grouchy, moreover, could +not know that Wellington would offer battle in front of the forest of +Soignes--a resolution which, in the opinion of Napoleon and many +lesser experts, was a serious blunder. He appears to have been +positive that the two armies were aiming to combine for the defense of +Brussels; finally, when from Walhain the sound of the firing at +Waterloo was distinctly heard, and Gérard fiercely urged an immediate +march toward the field of battle, Grouchy was acting strictly within +the limits of the Bertrand order, and according to what he then held +to be explicit instructions, when he pressed on to concentrate at +Wavre, and thus, if Napoleon had already defeated Wellington, to +prevent any union between Wellington and the Prussian army. It is +almost certain that Grouchy would in no way have changed the event by +marching direct to Mont St. Jean, for the cross-roads were soaked, his +troops were already exhausted, and the distance was approximately +fourteen and a half miles as the crow flies: the previous day he had +been able to make somewhat less than half that distance in nine hours. + +Napoleon himself did not apparently expect the Prussians to rally as +they did. He spent the hours from dawn, when the rain ceased, in +careful reconnoitering. The mud was so thick in places that he +required help to draw his feet out of his own tracks. At breakfast, +according to a contemporary anecdote, he expressed himself as having +never been more favored by fortune; and when reminded that Blücher +might effect a union with the English, he replied that the Prussians +would need three days to form again. This opinion is in accord with +his exaggerated but reiterated estimates of the disaster produced in +Blücher's ranks after Ligny, and taken in connection with the +difficulty of moving artillery, which is not a sufficient explanation +in itself, affords the only conceivable reason for his delay in +attacking on the eighteenth. It also explains his remissness in +leaving Grouchy to exercise full discretion as to his movements. At +eight the plan of battle was sketched; at nine the orders for the day +were despatched throughout the lines; about ten the weary but +self-confident Emperor threw himself down and slept for an hour; at +eleven he mounted, and rode by the Brussels highway to the farm of +Belle Alliance. It was probably during the Emperor's nap that Soult +forwarded to Grouchy a despatch, marked ten in the morning, +instructing that general to manoeuver toward the main army by way of +Wavre. Although, according to Marbot, Napoleon expected Grouchy in the +afternoon by way of Moustier, at one o'clock a second despatch, of +which the Emperor certainly had cognizance, was forwarded to Grouchy, +expressing approval of his intention to move on Wavre by +Sart-à-Walhain, but instructing him "always to manoeuver in our +direction." The postscript of this second order enjoins haste, since +it was thought Bülow was already on the heights of St. Lambert. + +The one central idea of Napoleon and Soult was clearly to leave a wide +discretion for Grouchy, provided always that he kept his +communications with the main army open, and that his general direction +was one which would insure easy connection, in order either to cut off +or check the Prussians. But, however this may be, the hours of +Napoleon's inactivity were precious to his enemies; by twelve Bülow +was at St. Lambert, and at the same hour two other Prussian corps were +leaving Wavre. These movements were apparently tardy, but Gneisenau, +feeling that Wellington had been a poor reliance at Ligny, and very +much doubting whether he really intended to stand at Waterloo, was +unwilling that Blücher should despatch his troops until it was certain +that the Prussian army would not again be left in the lurch. Should +the Anglo-Dutch retreat to Brussels, the Prussians must either retreat +by Louvain, or be again defeated. Anxiety was not dispelled until the +roar of cannon was heard between eleven and twelve. Then the Prussians +first exerted themselves to the utmost; it was about four when they +were within striking distance, ready to take Napoleon's army on its +flank. When Grouchy reached Wavre, at the same hour, he found there +but one of Blücher's corps, the rear under Thielemann. + +[Illustration: Campaign of 1815. + +June 15th to 19th.] + +From Belle Alliance Napoleon returned, and took his station on the +height of Rossomme. In front was a vale something less than a mile in +width. The highway stretched before him in a straight line until it +skirted the large farmstead of La Haye Sainte on the opposite side; +then, ascending by a slant to the first crest, it passed the hamlet +of Mont St. Jean, only to ascend still higher to the top of the ridge +before falling again into a second depression. At Mont St. Jean was +Wellington's center. The road from Nivelles to Brussels crosses the +valley about a quarter of a mile westward, and on it, midway between +the two slopes, lay another farm-house, with its barns, that of +Hougomont. More than half a mile eastward, in the direction from which +the Prussians were expected, lay scattered the farm buildings of +Papelotte, La Haye, Smohain, and Frischermont. The valley was covered +with rich crops. Unobstructed by ditches or hedges, it was cut +longitudinally about the middle by a cruciform ridge, with spurs +reaching toward Belle Alliance on one side, and past Hougomont on the +other; the road passed by a cut through the longitudinal arm. +Hougomont was almost a fortress, having strong brick walls and a moat; +it stood in a large orchard, which was surrounded by a thick hedge. +The house at La Haye Sainte was brick also, and formed one side of a +quadrangle, inclosed further by two brick barns and a strong wall of +the same material; though not as large or solid as Hougomont, it was a +strong advance redoubt for Mont St. Jean. + +The right and center of Wellington were thus well protected, the left +was admirably screened by the places already enumerated. His army was +deployed in three lines, the front plainly visible to the French, the +second partly concealed by the crest of the hill, and the third +entirely so. His headquarters were two miles north, at Waterloo; his +lines of retreat, though broken by the forest of Soignes, were open +either toward Wavre or toward the sea. The latter line was well +protected by the troops at Hal. Uneasy about the character of his +Dutch-Belgian troops, the duke had carefully disposed them among the +reliable English and Germans, in order to preclude the possibility of +a panic. + +In the foreground of Napoleon's position was the French army, also +deployed in three lines. The front, extending from the mansion of +Frischermont to the Nivelles road, consisted of two infantry corps, +one on each side of Belle Alliance, and of two corps of cavalry, one +on the extreme right wing, one on the left; of this line Ney had +command. The second was shorter, its wings being cavalry, and its +center in two divisions, of cavalry and infantry respectively. The +third, or reserve, was the guard. Each of the lines had its due +proportion of artillery, stationed in all three along the road. This +disposition gave the French array, as seen from beyond, a fan-like +appearance, the sticks, or columns, converging toward the rear. The +array was brilliant; every man and horse was in sight; the number was +superior by about four thousand to that of the enemy; the ground was, +by eleven, almost dry enough to secure the fullest advantage from +superiority in artillery; deserters from the foe came in from time to +time. Surely the moral effect of such a scene upon the somewhat motley +throng across the valley must be very powerful. Yet the road to +Charleroi was the single available line of retreat, and it passed +through a deep cut; the soldiers were tired and not really first-rate, +fifty per cent. of the line being recruits, and nearly a quarter of +the guard untrained men; the tried officers had all been promoted, and +those who replaced them needed such careful watching that deep +formations had been adopted, and these must not merely diminish the +volume of fire, but present vulnerable targets; the cavalry had been +hastily gathered, and was far from being as efficient as the British +veterans of the German legion. + +For some moments after reaching his position Napoleon stood impassive. +He was clad in his familiar costume of cocked hat and gray surtout. +Throughout his lines he had been received with enthusiasm, and his +presence was clearly magnetic, as of old. The direction of affairs in +this momentous crisis was his, and he dreamed of two implacable +enemies routed, of appeasing the two who were less directly +interested, of glory won, of empire regained. Reason must have told +him how empty was such a vision; for, since the armistice of +Poischwitz, Austria and Russia had been quite as bitter, and more +tortuous, than the other powers. His expression mirrored pain, both +physical and intellectual; his over-confidence and consequent delay +were signs of degenerate power; his exertions for three days past had +been beyond any human strength, especially when the faculties of body +and mind had previously been harassed for more than two months, as his +had been. + +It was the first day of the week, but there was a calm more profound +than that of the Sabbath; the sky was dull, the misty air was heavy +with summer heat; but there was the expectant silence of a great host, +the deep determination of two grim and obstinate armies. Wellington, +with his western lines protected, would be safe when the Prussian army +should appear where he knew its van already was, and he must manoeuver +eastward to keep in touch. Napoleon must crush the British center and +left, and roll up the line to its right, in order to separate the +parts of his dual foe. To this end he had determined to make a feint +against Hougomont; should Wellington throw in his reserves at that +point on his right, one strong push might create confusion among the +rest, and hurl the whole force westward, away from Brussels. It was a +simple plan, great in its simplicity, as had been every strategic +conception of Napoleon from the opening of the campaign. But its +execution was like that of every other movement attempted since the +first great march of concentration--tardy, slack, and feeble. +Personal bravery was abundant among the French, but the orderly +coöperation of regiment, division, and corps in all the arms, the +courage of self-restraint, and the self-sacrifice of individuals in +organized movement, with the invigorating ubiquity of a master +mind--these were lacking from the first. + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + +WATERLOO[24] + + [Footnote 24: Further references for this and the following + chapter: Batty: Historical Sketch; Baudus: Études sur + Napoléon; Bullock: Diary; Cotton: Voice from Waterloo; + Damitz: Campagne de 1815; A. S. Fraser: Letters; W. Fraser: + Words, etc.; Gomm: Letters and Journals; Kennedy: Notes on + Waterloo; Vaulabelle: Campagne de Waterloo; Gurwood: + Wellington's Despatches; likewise the lives and memoirs of + Davout, Drouot, Gneisenau, Wellington, Hill, Grouchy (par + Pascallet), and Vandamme; Waterloo Letters, edited by + Siborne; Waterloo Roll-call, compiled by Dalton.] + + Hougomont -- La Haye Sainte -- d'Erlon Repulsed -- Ney's Cavalry + Attack -- Napoleon's One Chance Lost -- Plancenoit -- Union of + Wellington and Blücher -- Napoleon's Convulsive Effort -- Charge + of the Guard -- The Rout -- Napoleon's Flight. + + +Napoleon's salute to Wellington was a cannonade from a hundred and +twenty guns. The fire was directed toward the enemy's center and left, +but it was ineffectual, except as the smoke partially masked the first +French movement, which was the attack on Hougomont by their left, the +corps of Reille. This was in three divisions, commanded respectively +by Bachelu, Foy, and the Emperor's brother Jerome, whose director was +Guillemenot. Preceded by skirmishers, the column of Jerome gained +partial shelter in a wood to the southwest of their goal, but the +resistance to their advance was vigorous; on the skirts of the grove +were Nassauers, Hanoverians, and a detachment of the English guards, +all picked men, and behind, on higher ground, was an English battery. +The two other divisions pressed on behind, and for a time their gains +were apparently substantial. But, checked in front by artillery fire, +and by a murderous fusillade from loopholes cut in the walls of +Hougomont, the besiegers hesitated. Their fiery energy was not +scientifically directed; but such was their zeal, and so great were +their numbers, that one brigade doubled on the rear of the fortalice, +drove back the English guards from before the entrance to the +courtyard on the north, and charged for the opening. Some of the +French actually forced a passage, and the success of Napoleon's first +move was in sight when five gallant Englishmen, by sheer physical +strength, shut the stout gate in the face of the assailants. A +fearless French grenadier scaled the wall, but he and his comrades +within were killed. A second assault on the same spot failed; so, too, +a third from the west, and still another from the east, all of which +were repelled by the English guards, who moved down from above, and +drove the French into the wood, where they held their own. These close +and bloody encounters were contrary to Reille's orders, but in the +thick of combat his various detachments could not be restrained. + +[Illustration: From the collection of W. C. Crane + +NAPOLEON FRANCIS CHARLES JOSEPH, DUKE OF REICHSTADT, ETC., ETC., SON +OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.] + +The second division of the battle was the main attack on Wellington's +left by d'Erlon's corps. Between twelve and one a Prussian hussar was +captured with a message from Blücher to Wellington announcing the +Prussian advance. At once the postscript was added to the second +despatch to Grouchy, already mentioned, and Napoleon made ready for +his great effort. Unable to sit his horse, he had dismounted, and, +seated at the table on which his map was spread, had been frequently +seen to nod and doze. Ney and d'Erlon, left to their own judgment, had +evolved a scheme of formation so complex that when tried, as it now +was, it proved unworkable. The confusion was veiled by a terrific, +continuous, and destructive artillery fire. After some delay, and a +readjustment involving preparations against the possible flank attack +of the Prussians, d'Erlon's corps advanced in four columns, under +Donzelot, Allix, Marcognet, and Durutte respectively. Opposed was +Picton's decimated corps, with Bylandt's Dutch-Belgian brigade, which +had been all along a target for the strongest French battery, one of +seventy-eight guns,[25] and was now to bear the first onset of the +French troops. Bylandt's men had stood firm under the awful artillery +fire, but their uniforms were like those of the French, and in a mêlée +this fact might draw upon them the fire of their own associates, as +later in the day at Hougomont it actually did, and they grew very +uneasy. Durutte, on the extreme right, seized Papelotte, but lost it +almost immediately. The conflict then focused about La Haye Sainte, +where the garden and orchard were seized by an overwhelming force. The +buildings had been inadequately fortified, but Major Baring, with his +garrison, displayed prodigies of valor, and held them. + + [Footnote 25: Houssaye says eighty (1815, p. 338). See also + Ropes, p. 305.] + +The assailants, supported hitherto by batteries firing over their +heads, now charged up the hill; as they reached the crest, their own +guns were silenced, but their yells of defiance rent the air. The +Dutch-Belgians of the first rank harkened an instant, and, followed by +the jeers and menaces of the British grenadiers and Royal Scots, fled +incontinently until they reached a place of safety, when they reformed +and stood. Picton was thus left unsupported, but at that decisive +moment Donzelot tried the new tactics again, and his ranks fell into +momentary confusion. Picton charged, the British artillery opened, and +though the English general fell, mortally wounded, his men hurled back +the French. This first success enabled Wellington to bring in more of +his infantry, with the Scots Greys, and to throw in his cavalry, the +First Royal Dragoons and the Enniskillens, for action against a body +of French riders, under Roussel, which, having swept the fields around +La Haye Sainte, was now coming on. His order was for Somerset and +Ponsonby to charge. The shock was terrific, the French cavalry +yielded, and the whole of d'Erlon's line rolled back in disorder. +Efforts were made by the daring Englishmen to create complete +confusion, but they were not entirely successful, for Durutte's column +maintained its formation, while the French lancers and dragoons +wrought fearful havoc among the British infantry somewhat disorganized +by victory. Ponsonby fell among his men, and it was due to Vandeleur's +horse that the French advance was checked. This ended the effort upon +which Napoleon had based his hope of success; there was still +desultory fighting at Hougomont, and the Prussians, though not +visible, were forming behind the forest of Paris. + +There was a long and ominous pause before the next renewal of +conflict. Wellington used it to repair his shattered left and brought +in Lambert's Peninsular veterans, twenty-two hundred strong. Napoleon +quickly formed a corps, under Lobau, intended to repel the flank +attack of the Prussians. Ney was determined to redeem his repulse by a +second front attack, and Napoleon, either by word or silence, gave +consent. While the batteries kept up their fire, the marshal gathered +in the center the largest mass of horsemen which had ever charged on a +European battle-field--twelve thousand men, light and heavy cavalry. +His aim was to supplement Reille, still engaged at Hougomont, and dash +in upon the allied right center. Donzelot's column, now reformed, was +hurled directly against La Haye Sainte, and the mass of the cavalry +surged up the hill. The gunners of Wellington's artillery, +unprotected even by breastworks, stood to their pieces until the +attacking line was within forty yards; then they delivered their final +salvo, and fled. Wavering for an instant, the French advanced with a +cheer. Before them stood the enemy in hollow squares, four ranks deep, +the front kneeling, the second at the charge, the two others ready to +fire. The horsemen dared not rush on those bristling lines. In and out +among the serried ranks they flowed and foamed, discharging their +pistols and slashing with their sabers, until, discouraged by losses +and exhausted by useless exertion, their efforts grew feeble. Dubois's +brigade, according to a doubtful tradition, dashed in ignorance over +the brow of a certain shallow ravine, men and horses rolling in horrid +confusion into the unsuspected pit. The hollow was undoubtedly there +at the time, although it has since been filled up, and, it is +believed, was likewise the grave of the fifteen hundred men and two +thousand horses that were eventually collected from round about. The +British reserve cavalry, supported by the infantry fire and a few +hastily collected batteries, completed the defeat of Ney's first +charge. A second was repulsed in the same way. The undaunted marshal +then waited for reinforcements. No fewer than thirty-seven squadrons +came in, Napoleon sending Kellermann's heavy dragoons as a last +resort. Guyot's division of the heavy cavalry of the guard was also +there--some say they had been summoned by Ney, others that they came +of their own accord; the question arises because, in the next stage of +the battle, their absence from the station assigned to them was a +serious matter. Another time, and still another, this mighty force +moved against the foe. Pouring in and out, backward and forward, among +the squares, they lost cohesion and force until, in the very moment of +Wellington's extremity, they withdrew, as before, exhausted and +spent. + +The energy and zeal of the English commander had been in strange +contrast to Napoleon's growing apathy; Wellington had further +strengthened his line by two Brunswick regiments and Mercer's battery, +and at the last by Adam's brigade with the King's Germans under +Dupont. This done, his stand had been superb to the last. Yet he was +now at the end of his resources. It was six, and to his repeated +messages calling for Blücher's aid there had been no response. +Although a portion of Bülow's men had been fighting for more than an +hour, yet the Prussian army was not yet fully engaged and he himself, +having no reinforcement nor relief, seemed face to face with defeat. +Baring had held La Haye Sainte with unsurpassed gallantry; his calls +for men had been answered, but his requisitions for ammunition were +strangely neglected. Ney, seeing how vain his cavalry charges were, +withdrew before the last one took place, arrayed Bachelu's division, +collected a number of field-pieces, and fell furiously, with cannonade +and bayonet charge, upon the farm-house. His success was complete; the +garrison fled, his pursuit was hot, and, leading in person, he broke +through the opposing line at its very heart. Had he been supported by +a strong reserve, the battle would have been won. Müffling, +Wellington's Prussian aide, dashed away to the Prussian lines, and, as +he drew near the head of Ziethen's division, shouted: "The battle is +lost if the corps do not press on and at once support the English +army." Ney's adjutant, demanding infantry to complete the breach he +had made, was received by Napoleon with petulance. One brigade from +Bülow's corps had attacked at about half-past four; repulsed at first, +their onset was growing fiercer, for two other brigades had come in. +Soult had opposed Ney's waste of cavalry. But the latter was +desperate, and with the other generals was displaying a wilfulness +bordering on insubordination. A portion of the guard had just been +detached for Lobau's support. To Ney's demand for infantry the Emperor +replied: "Where do you expect me to get them from? Am I to make them?" +In truth, his mind and energies were now more concerned with Blücher +than with Wellington, and he was already fighting the advance of Bülow +in his plans. But had the old Bonaparte spirit moved the chieftain to +put himself at the head of what remained of the guard infantry, and to +make a desperate dash for Ney's support, a temporary advantage would +almost certainly have been won; then, with a remnant flushed by +victory, he could have turned to Lobau's assistance before the main +Prussian army came in. Thus was lost Napoleon's one chance to deal +Wellington a decisive blow. + +It was to prevent a dangerous flank movement of the enemy--the +advance, namely, of Bülow, with the cavalry corps of Prince William, +upon Plancenoit--that Napoleon had detached the young guard, under +Duhesme, a third of his precious reserve, for the support of Lobau's +right; Durutte being in the rear of his left, that portion was already +as strong as it could be made. Nevertheless the Prussians seized +Plancenoit; at once the French rallied, and drove them out; Blücher +threw in eight fresh battalions, and these, with the six already +engaged, dashed for the ravine leading to the village. The passage was +lined with French, and for a time it was like the valley of Hinnom; +but the Prussians pressed on, and the young guard reeled. Napoleon +sent in two battalions of the old guard, under Morand and Pelet; their +firmness restored that of their comrades, and the place was cleared, +two thousand dead remaining as the victims of that furious charge and +countercharge. At seven Bülow was back again in his first position, +awaiting the arrival of Pirch's corps to restore his riddled ranks. +Napoleon had now left only twelve of the twenty-three battalions of +the guard reserve, less than six thousand men. Wellington had repaired +the breach made by Ney, and, though still hard pressed on his right, +Ziethen had made good the strength of his left, whence some of his +cavalry, the brigades of Vivian and Vandeleur, had been detached to +repair other weak spots in the line. At this moment Ziethen conceived +that Bülow was further giving way, and hesitated in his advance. The +brief interval was noted by Durutte, and with a last desperate effort +he carried Papelotte, La Haye, and Smohain, hoping to prevent the +fatal juncture. It was half an hour before Ziethen retrieved his loss, +and thus probably saved Wellington's left. By that time Pirch had come +up, and with this reinforcement Bülow, behind the heavy fire of his +powerful batteries, charged Lobau, and advanced on the guard at +Plancenoit. Lobau, the hero of Aspern, stood like a rock until +Durutte's men and the remnants of d'Erlon's corps, flying past his +flank, induced a panic in his ranks. Thereupon the whole French right +fell into confusion: all except the guard, who stood in the churchyard +of Plancenoit until surrounded and reduced in number to about two +hundred and fifty men; then, under Pelet's command, they formed a +square, placed their eagle in the midst, drove off the cavalry which +blocked their path, and reached the main line of retreat with scarcely +enough men to keep their formation. The name of Ziethen must stand in +equal renown with that of Colborne among the annals of Waterloo. The +rout of the French left was the beginning of Napoleon's calamity, as +that of his right under Colborne was its consummation. + +Before the combined armies of Wellington and Blücher the French could +not stand; but, in spite of inferior numbers and the manifest signs +of defeat, General Bonaparte might have conducted an orderly retreat. +The case was different with Napoleon the Emperor, even though he were +now a liberator; to retreat would have been merely a postponement of +the day of reckoning. Accordingly, the great adventurer, facing his +destiny on the height at Rossomme, determined, in a last desperate +effort, to retrieve the day, and stake all on a last cast of the dice. +For an instant he appears to have contemplated a change of front, +wheeling for that purpose by Hougomont, where his resistance was still +strong; but he finally decided to crush the Anglo-Belgian right, if +possible; roll up both armies into a confused mass, so that, +perchance, they might weaken rather than strengthen each other; and +then, with Grouchy's aid, strike for victory. Though indifferent to +Ney's demands, he had set in array against Bülow the very choicest +troops of his army; surely they might stand firm while his blow +elsewhere was delivered. But he did not reckon in this with +Wellington's reserve power; though the dramatic stories of the duke's +mortal anxiety rest on slight foundation, there is no doubt that he +felt a great relief when the Prussians entered the combat, for +immediately he turned his attention, not to rest, but to the reforming +of his line. Officers and men, English or German, knew nothing of +Bülow's or Blücher's whereabouts when Napoleon took his resolution; +but, sensible of having been strengthened, they displayed at half-past +seven that evening the same grim determination they had shown at +eleven in the morning. Though Wellington's task of standing firm until +Blücher's arrival was accomplished, and though, perhaps, his soldiers +heard the distant firing of the Prussian guns, yet nothing could be +seen across the long interval, the noise attracted little attention, +and neither he nor they could know what was yet before them. It was, +therefore, splendid courage in general and army which kept them ever +ready for any exertion, however desperate. + +Against this army, in this temper, Napoleon despatched what was left +of that force which was the peculiar product of his life and genius, +the old and middle guard. Most of its members were the children of +peasants, and had been born in ante-Revolution days. Neither +intelligent in appearance nor graceful in bearing, they nevertheless +had the look of perfect fighting-machines. Their huge bearskin caps +and long mustaches did not diminish the fierceness of their aspect. +They had been selected for size, docility, and strength; they had been +well paid, well fed, and well drilled; they had, therefore, no ties +but those to their Emperor, no homes but their barracks, and no +enthusiasm but their passion for imperial France. They would have +followed no leader unless he were distinguished in their system of +life; accordingly, Ney was selected for that honor; and as they came +in proud confidence up the Charleroi road, their Emperor passed them +in review. Like every other division, they had been told that the +distant roar was from Grouchy's guns; when informed that all was ready +for the finishing-stroke, that there was to be a general advance along +the whole line, and that no man was to be denied his share in certain +victory, even the sick, it is said, rose up, and hurried into the +ranks. The air seemed rent with their hoarse cheers as their columns +swung in measured tread diagonally across the northern spur of the +cruciform elevation which divided the surface of the valley. + +Wellington, informed of the French movement, as it is thought by a +deserter, issued hurried orders to the center, ordered Maitland's +brigade to where the charge must be met, and posted himself, with +Napier's battery, somewhat to its right. While yet his words of +warning were scarcely uttered, the head of the French column +appeared. The English batteries belched forth a welcome; but although +Ney's horse, the fifth that day, was shot, the men he led suffered +little, and with him on foot at their side they came steadily onward. +The British guards were lying behind the hill-crest, and the French +could discern no foe--only a few mounted officers, of whom Wellington +was one. Astonished and incredulous, the assailants pressed steadily +on until within twenty yards of the English line. "Up, guards! make +ready!" rang out the duke's well-known call. The British jumped up and +fired; about three hundred of Ney's gallant soldiers fell. But there +was no confusion; on both sides volley succeeded volley, and this +lasted until the British charged. Then, and then only, the French +withdrew. Simultaneously Donzelot had fallen upon Alten's division; +but he was leading a forlorn hope, and making no impression. + +As Ney fell back, a body of French cuirassiers advanced upon the +English batteries. Their success was partial, and behind them a second +column of the guard was formed. Again the assault was renewed; but the +second attempt fared worse than the first. To the right of Maitland, +Adam's brigade, with the Fifty-second regiment, had taken stand; +wheeling now, these drove a deadly flank fire into the advancing +French, while the others poured in a devastating hail of bullets from +the front. The front ranks of the French replied with spirit, but when +the British had completed their manoeuver, Colborne gave the order, +his men cheered in response, and the countercharge began. "Vive +l'Empereur!" came the responsive cheer from the thinning ranks of the +assailants, and still they came on. But in the awful crash they +reeled, confusion followed, and almost in the twinkling of an eye the +rout began. A division of the old guard, the two battalions under +Cambronne, retreated in fair order to the center of the valley, where +they made their last gallant stand against the overwhelming numbers of +Hugh Halkett's German brigade. They fought until but a hundred and +fifty survived. From far away the despairing cry of "Sauve qui peut!" +seemed to ring on their ears. To the first summons of surrender the +leader had replied with dogged defiance; the second was made soon +after, about three in the afternoon, and to this he yielded. He and +his men filed to the English rear without a murmur, but in deep +dejection. This occurrence has passed into tradition as an epic event; +what Cambronne might well have said, "The guard dies, but never +surrenders," was not uttered by him, but it epitomizes their +character, and in the phrase which seems to have been shouted by the +men themselves in their last desperate struggle, they and their leader +have found immortality. + +The last charge of what remained of the guard took place almost at the +moment when Durutte was finally routed. Wellington then sent in the +fresh cavalry brigades of Vivian and Vandeleur against the column of +Donzelot and the remnants of the French cavalry. These swept all +before them, and then the duke gave the order for a general advance. +The French left fell into panic, and fled toward Belle Alliance. +Before La Haye Sainte stood two squares of French soldiers, the +favored legion chosen to protect the imperial headquarters. In the +fatal hour it splendidly vindicated the choice, and amid the chaos +stood in perfect order. Throughout the famous charge of his devoted +men Napoleon rode hither and thither, from Rossomme to Belle Alliance. +His looks grew dark, but at the very last he called hoarsely to the +masses of disorganized troops that came whirling by, bidding them to +stand fast. All in vain; and as the last square came on he pressed +inside its serried wall. It was not too soon, for the Prussians had +now joined the forward movement, and in the supreme disorder +consequent the other square dissolved. Napoleon's convoy withstood the +shock of a charge from the Twelfth British light dragoons, and again +of a Prussian charge at Rossomme, where Gneisenau took up the fierce +pursuit. Though assaulted, and hard beset by musketry, the square +moved silently on. There were no words except an occasional remark +addressed by Napoleon to his brother Jerome, or to one of the +officers. At eleven Genappe was reached; there, such was the activity +of the pursuers, all hope of an orderly retreat vanished, and the +square melted away. Napoleon had become an object of pity--his eyes +set, his frame collapsed, his great head rolling in a drowsy stupor. +Monthyon and Bertrand set him as best they could upon a horse, and, +one on each side, supported him as they rode. They had an escort of +forty men. At Quatre Bras they despatched a messenger to summon +Grouchy, bidding him to retire on Namur. The Prussians were only one +hour behind. At daybreak the hunted Emperor reached Charleroi, but his +attendants dared not delay; two rickety carriages were secured, and it +was not until the wretched caravan reached Philippeville that the +fugitives obtained a few hours' repose. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + +THE SURRENDER[26] + + [Footnote 26: References: Ernouf: Histoire de la dernière + capitulation de Paris, 1815. Rédigée sur des documents + officiels et inédits. Houssaye: 1815, La seconde abdication. + La terreur blanche.] + + Nature of Napoleon's Defeat -- Its Political Consequences -- + Napoleon's Fatal Resolution -- The State of Paris -- Napoleon at + the Élysée -- His Departure for Rochefort -- Thoughts of Return + -- Procrastination -- Wild Schemes of Flight -- A Refuge in + England -- His Only Resource -- The White Terror and the Allies. + + +The battle of Waterloo is so called because Wellington's despatch to +England was dated from his headquarters at that place. The world-wide +celebrity of the fight was due to the failure of a tremendous cause +and the extinction of a tremendous genius. That genius had been so +colossal as to confuse human judgment. Even yet mankind forgets that +its possessor was a finite being and attributes his fall to any cause +except the true one. Western Europe had paid dearly for the education, +but it had been educated, learning his novel and original methods in +both war and diplomacy. We have followed the gradual decline of the +master's ability, physical, mental, and moral; we have noted the rise +of the forces opposed to him, military, diplomatic, and national. +Waterloo is a name of the highest import because it marks the final +collapse of personal genius, the beginning of reaction toward an order +old in name but new in spirit. Waterloo was not great by reason of the +numbers engaged, for on the side of the allies were about a hundred +and thirty thousand men, on the other seventy-two thousand +approximately; nor was there any special brilliancy in its conduct. +Wellington defended a strong position well and carefully selected. But +he wilfully left himself with inferior numbers; he did not heartily +coöperate with Blücher; both were unready; Gneisenau was suspicious; +and the battle of Ligny was a Prussian blunder. Napoleon committed, +between dawn and dusk of June eighteenth, a series of petty mistakes, +each of which can be explained, but not excused. He began too late; he +did not follow up his assaults; he did not retreat when beaten; he +could attend to only one thing at a time; he failed in control of his +subordinates; he was neither calm nor alert. His return from Elba had +made him the idol of the majority in France, but his conduct +throughout the Hundred Days was that of a broken man. His genius +seemed bright at the opening of his last campaign, but every day saw +the day's task delayed. His great lieutenants grew uneasy and +untrustworthy, though, like his patient, enduring, and gallant men, +they displayed prodigies of personal valor. Ney and Grouchy used their +discretion, but it was the discretion of caution most unlike that of +Desaix at Marengo, or of Ney himself at Eylau. Their ignorance cannot +be condoned; Grouchy's decision at Walhain, though justified in a +measure by Soult's later order, was possibly the immediate cause of +final disaster. But such considerations do not excuse Napoleon's +failure to give explicit orders, nor his nervous interference with +Ney's formation before Quatre Bras, nor his deliberate iterations +during his captivity that he had expected Grouchy throughout the +battle. Moreover, the interest of Waterloo is connected with its +immediate and dramatic consequences rather than with its decisive +character. If Napoleon had won on that day, the allies would have +been far from annihilation; both Wellington and Blücher had kept open +their respective lines of retreat. The national uprising of Europe +would have been more determined than ever; 1815 would have been but a +repetition of 1814. Finally, the losses, though terrible, were not +unparalleled. Grouchy won at Wavre, and, hearing of the disaster at +Mont St. Jean, first contemplated falling on the Prussian rear as they +swept onward in pursuit. But he quickly abandoned this chimerical +idea, and on receipt of Napoleon's order from Quatre Bras, withdrew to +Namur, and thence, by a masterly retreat, conducted his army back into +France. Including those who fell at Wavre, the allies lost about +twenty-two thousand five hundred men, of whom seven thousand were +British and a like number Prussians. The records at Paris are very +imperfect, but they indicate that the French losses were about +thirty-one thousand. + +The booty captured after Waterloo was unimportant; but the political +spoils were immense, and they belonged to the Prussians. Their high +expectation of seizing Napoleon's person was disappointed; but the one +great result--the realization, namely, of all the tyrannical plans +formed at Vienna for the humiliation of liberal France--that they +secured by their instant, hot pursuit. It is hard to discern the facts +in the dust of controversy. Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great +Britain have each the national conviction of having laid the Corsican +specter; France has long been busy explaining the facts of her defeat, +but seems to have at last completed the task; the most conspicuous +monument on the battle-field is that to the Dutch-Belgians! + +Napoleon was fully aware that at Waterloo he had made the last cast of +the dice and that he had lost. It cannot be proven, but the charge is +made, that far earlier he had ceased to reckon with facts and had +begun to juggle with unrealities. The return from Elba has all the +elements of romance, but events proved that it was based on a sound +judgment. Had the allied powers been willing to give France the +privilege of choosing her own government, which in spite of all that +had occurred was hers by every principle known to international law, +Europe would have enjoyed some years of repose, at any rate; +considering Napoleon's shattered health and premature old age, France +might for a long period have ceased to be a disturber of the public +peace, working out then as now, perhaps in equal tribulation, the +enduring principles of the Revolution; forty years of turmoil might +have been spared to the Continent and the gory floods poured on the +ground at Quatre Bras, Ligny, and Waterloo might have coursed +unmolested in the veins of the innocent men from which they welled +out. The responsibility for all the blood which was shed after the +first treaty of Paris must be shared with Napoleon by dynastic Europe, +in particular by the diplomatists who represented the hate of Russia, +Austria, and Prussia and suffered it to find an outlet in a war of +revenge; a portion too belongs to the factious bitterness which +reigned supreme in the various French parties, awakening civil strife +and endangering French nationality. From first to last there had been +little consistency or continuity in Napoleon's character--it is by no +means certain that he might not well have played, and perhaps +magisterially, the rôle of a national ruler; it is of course also +possible that he might have remained the same untamed, cosmopolitan +adventurer to the end. In view of the political history of France +during the Hundred Days, the former is more probable. But after +Waterloo he was clearly aware that he could no longer be either the +one or the other. It was not to be expected that every instinct would +disappear at once, that he would resign himself to obscurity without +an effort. + +After a short rest at Philippeville, Napoleon composed the customary +bulletins concerning his campaign, and despatched them to the capital, +together with a letter counseling Joseph to stand firm and keep the +legislature in hand. If Grouchy had escaped, he wrote, he could +already array fifty thousand men on the spot; with the means at hand, +he could soon organize a hundred and fifty thousand; the troops in +regimental depots, together with the national guard, would raise the +number to three hundred thousand. These representations were based on +a habit of mind, and not on genuine conviction. He believed Grouchy's +force to have been annihilated, and though he paused at Laon as if to +reorganize an army, he went through the form of consulting such +officers as he could collect, and then, under their advice, pressed on +to Paris. The officers urged that the army and the majority of the +people were loyal, but that the aristocracy, the royalists, and the +liberal deputies were utterly untrustworthy. "My real place is here," +was the response. "I shall go to Paris, but you drive me to a foolish +course." This was the voice of reason, but he obeyed the behest of +inclination. Yet he halted at the threshold, and, entering the city on +the night of June twenty-first, made no public announcement of his +presence. On the contrary, he almost slunk into the silent halls of +the Élysée, where a sleepy attendant or two received the unexpected +guest without realizing what had happened. He must have felt that the +moral effect of Waterloo had been his undoing; unlike any other of his +defeats, it had not ruined him as general alone, nor as ruler alone: +his prestige as both monarch and soldier was gone. + +The news of Ligny had been received in the city with jubilations; at +the instant of Napoleon's arrival the truth about Mont St. Jean was +passing all too swiftly on the thousand tongues of rumor from quarter +to quarter throughout the town, creating consternation everywhere. +Early in the morning, Davout, fully aware of public sentiment, and +true to his instincts, advised the shrinking Emperor to prorogue the +chambers, and throw himself on the army; Carnot believed the public +safety required a dictatorship, and urged it; Lucien was strongly of +the same opinion. But the old Napoleon was no more; vacillating almost +as if in partial catalepsy, murmuring empty phrases in quick, +indistinct utterance, he refused to decide. Members of the council +began to gain admittance, and, waxing bolder as Napoleon grew more +silent, the word "abdication" was soon on every tongue. At last a +decision was taken, and such a one! Lucien was sent to parley with the +chambers, and Fouché was summoned. The latter, with insidious +eloquence, argued that in the legislature alone could Napoleon find a +support to his throne. The talk was reported, as if by magic, in the +assembly halls, and Lafayette, supported by Constant, put through a +motion that any attempt to dissolve the chambers would be considered +treason. Lucien pleaded in vain for a commission to treat with the +invaders in his brother's name; the deputies appointed a committee of +public safety, and adjourned. + +Broken in spirit, Napoleon spent the evening in moody speculation, +weighing and balancing, but never deciding. Should he appear at dawn +before the Tuileries, summon the troops already in Paris, and prorogue +the hated chambers, or should he not? The notion remained a dream. +Early in June the court apothecary, Cadet de Gassicourt, had been +ordered by the Emperor to prepare an infallible poison. This was done, +and during this night of terrible vacillation the dose was swallowed +by the desperate fugitive. But, as before at Fontainebleau, the +theory of the philosopher was weaker than his instincts. In dreadful +physical and mental agony, the would-be suicide summoned his +pharmacist, and was furnished with the necessary antidotes. But the +morning brought no courage, and when the chambers met at their +accustomed hour, on the motion of an obscure member they demanded the +Emperor's abdication. The message was borne by the military commander +of the Palais Bourbon, where the legislature, which had now usurped +the supreme power, was sitting, and he asserted of his own motion +that, if compliance were refused, the chambers would declare Napoleon +outlawed. The Emperor at first made a show of fierce wrath, but in the +afternoon he dictated his final abdication to Lucien. No sooner was +this paper received than the wild excitement of the deputies and peers +subsided, and at once a new Directory, consisting of Carnot, Fouché, +Caulaincourt, and Quinette, took up the reins of government. The city +acquiesced, and hour after hour nothing interrupted the deep seclusion +of the Élysée, except occasional shouts from passing groups of +working-men, calling for Napoleon as dictator. + +But there was a change as the stragglers from Waterloo began to +arrive, vowing that they still had an arm for the Emperor, and +denouncing those whom they believed to have betrayed him. The notion +of sustaining Napoleon by force began to spread, and when the soldiers +who were coming in, after suppressing the insurrection in Vendée, +added their voices to those of their comrades from Waterloo, the new +authorities feared Napoleon's presence as a menace to their power. +Davout had been the first to suggest an appeal to force, but when +Napoleon recurred at last to the idea, the marshal opposed it. On June +twenty-fifth, therefore, the fallen man withdrew to Malmaison; where, +in the society of Queen Hortense and a few faithful friends, during +three days he abandoned himself for long intervals to the sad memories +of the place. But he also wrote a farewell address to the army, and, +in constant communication with a committee of the government, +completed a plan for escaping to the United States, "there to fulfil +his destiny," as he himself said. For this purpose two frigates were +put at the disposal of "him who had lately been Emperor." All was +ready on the twenty-ninth. That day a passing regiment shouted, "Long +life to the Emperor," and, in a last despairing effort, Napoleon sent +an offer of his services, as a simple general, to save Paris, and +defeat the allies, who, though approaching the capital, were now +separated. Fouché returned an insulting answer to the effect that the +government could no longer be responsible for the petitioner's safety. +Then, at last, Napoleon knew that all was over in that quarter. Clad +in civilian's clothing, and accompanied by Bertrand, Savary, and +Gourgaud, he immediately set out for Rochefort. General Becker led the +party as commissioner for the provisional government. + +It was the exile's intention to hurry onward, but at Rambouillet he +halted, and spent the evening composing two requests, one for a supply +of furniture from Paris, the other for the library in the Petit +Trianon, together with copies of Visconti's "Greek Iconography" and +the great work on Egypt compiled from materials gathered during his +ill-starred sojourn in that country. Next morning a courier arrived +from Paris with news. "It is all up with France," he exclaimed, and +set out once more. Crowds lined the highways; sometimes they cheered, +and they were always respectful. Such was the enthusiasm of two +cavalry regiments at Niort that Becker was induced to send a despatch +to the government, pleading that an army, rallied in Napoleon's name, +might still exert an important influence in public affairs. Just as +the general was closing the document there arrived the news of the +cannonade heard before the capital on the thirtieth. Napoleon dictated +a postscript: "We hope the enemy will give you time to cover Paris and +bring your negotiations to an issue. If, in that case, an English +cruiser stops the Emperor's departure, you can dispose of him as a +common soldier." + +By a strange coincidence, English cruisers had, as a matter of fact, +appeared within a few days in the offing before Rochefort. Whatever +the relation between this circumstance and his suggestion, Napoleon +studied every possible means of delaying his journey, and actually +opened a correspondence with the commanders in Bordeaux and the +Vendée, with a view to overthrowing the "traitorous" government. It +was July third when he finally reached Rochefort. Again for five days +he procrastinated. But the allies were entering Paris; Wellington was +bringing Louis XVIII back to his throne; in forty-eight hours the +monarchs of the coalition would arrive. Blücher had commissioned a +Prussian detachment to seize and shoot his hated opponent, wherever +found. On the eighth, therefore, the outcast Emperor embarked; but for +two days the frigates were detained by unfavorable winds. On the +tenth, English cruisers hove in sight, and on the eleventh Las Cases, +who had been appointed Napoleon's private secretary, was sent to +interview Captain Maitland, of the _Bellerophon_, concerning his +instructions from the British government. The envoy returned, and +stated that the English commander would always be ready to receive +Napoleon, and conduct him to England, but he could not guarantee that +the ex-Emperor could settle there, or be free to betake himself to +America. + +This language was almost fatal to the notion of a final refuge in +England, which Napoleon had begun to discuss and consider during the +days spent in Rochefort; so Las Cases sought a second interview. +According to his account, Maitland then changed his tone, remarking +that in England the monarch and his ministers had no arbitrary power; +that the generosity of the English people, and their liberal views, +were superior to those entertained by sovereigns. To the speaker this +was a platitude; to the listeners it was a weighty remark. A prey to +uncertainty, Napoleon entertained various schemes. He bought two +small, half-decked fishing-boats, with a view to boarding a Danish +ship that lay outside, but the project was quickly dropped. Two young +officers of the French frigate suggested sailing all the way to New +York in the little craft. Napoleon seriously considered the +possibility, but recalling that such vessels must get their final +supplies on the coasts of Spain or Portugal, rejected the plan, for he +dared not risk falling into the hands of embittered foes. Word was +brought that an American ship lay near by, in the Gironde. General +Lallemand galloped in hot haste to see whether an asylum for the +outlawed party could be secured under her flag. He returned with a +reply that the captain would be "proud and happy to grant it." + +But in the interim Napoleon had determined to throw himself on the +"generosity of England." On the thirteenth Gourgaud was sent to +London, with a request to the Prince Regent that the Emperor should be +permitted to live unknown in some provincial English place, under the +name of General Duroc. On the fifteenth Napoleon embarked on the +_Bellerophon_, where he was received with all honors; next day the +vessel sailed, and on the twenty-fourth she cast anchor in Torbay. +During the voyage the passenger was often somnolent, and seemed +exhausted; but he was affable in his intercourse with the officers, +and to Maitland, who unwisely yielded the expected precedence. To his +kindly keeper, in a sort of beseeching confidence, the prisoner showed +portraits of his wife and child, lamenting with tender sensibility his +enforced separation from them. The scenes in Torbay were curious. +Crowds from far and near lined the shores, and boats of all +descriptions thronged the waters; the sight-seers dared everything to +catch a glimpse of the awful monster under the terrors of whose power +a generation had reached manhood. If, perchance, they succeeded, the +air was rent with cheers. After two days the ship was ordered round +into Plymouth Sound, but the reckless sensation-seekers gathered there +in still greater numbers. + +Many have wondered at Napoleon's surrender of his person to the +English. There was no other course open which seemed feasible to a +broken-spirited man in his position. His admirers are correct in +thinking that it was more noble for him to have survived his greatness +than to have taken his own life. To have entered on a series of +romantic adventures such as were suggested--concealment on the Danish +vessel, flight in open boats, concealment in a water-cask on an +American merchantman, and the like--would have been merely the +addition of ignominy to his capture; for his presence under the +American flag would have been reported by spies, and at that day the +standard of the United States would have afforded him little immunity. +It is possible that on the morrow of Waterloo Napoleon might, with +Grouchy's army, the other survivors, and the men from Vendée, have +reassembled an army in Paris, but it is doubtful. Nothing in +Revolutionary annals can surpass the horror of royalist frenzy, known +as the White Terror, which broke out in Provence and southern France +on receipt of the news from Waterloo. The ghastly distemper spread +swiftly, and when Napoleon embarked the tricolor was floating only at +Rochefort, Nantes, and Bordeaux; his family was proscribed, Ney and +Labédoyère were imprisoned and doomed to execution. To have +surrendered either to Wellington or Blücher would have been seeking +instant death; to have collected such desperate soldiers as could be +got together would have been an attempt at guerrilla warfare. To take +refuge with the officers of England's navy was the only dignified +course with any element of safety in it, since Great Britain was the +only land in Europe which afforded the privileges of asylum to certain +classes of political offenders. Naturally, the negotiators did not +proclaim their extremity. Considering the date of Gourgaud's embassy, +it is clear they were in no position to demand formal terms, and +Maitland's character forbids the conclusion that he made them. It is +unfortunate that he did not commit to writing all his transactions +with Lallemand, Savary, and Las Cases; perhaps he was injudiciously +polite, but it is certain that, contrary to their representations, he +made no promise, even by implication, that under England's flag +Napoleon should find a refuge, and not a prison. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + +ST. HELENA[27] + + [Footnote 27: References: Abell, Mrs. L. E. (late Miss + Balcombe), Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon; Cockburn: + Diary of Buonaparte's voyage to St. Helena in 1815; Lowe, + Mémorial relatif à la captivité de Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène; + Maitland: Narrative of the surrender of Buonaparte and his + residence on board the _Bellerophon_ between May 24th and + August 8th, 1815; O'Meara, Napoleon in Exile; or, a Voice + from St. Helena: being the opinions and reflections of + Napoleon on the most important events of his life and + government in his own words; Rosebery: Napoleon, the Last + Phase; Silvestre: De Waterloo à Sainte-Hélène; Gourgaud: + Sainte-Hélène, journal inédit de 1815 à 1818; Masson: Autour + de Sainte-Hélène; Las Cases: Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène; + Antommarchi: Les derniers moments de Napoléon; Henry: Events + of a Military Life; Montholon: Récits de la captivité de + l'empereur Napoléon; Montholon: Souvenirs de la comtesse; + Montholon: Lettres du comte et de la comtesse (ed. P. + Gonnard); Frémaux: Napoléon prisonnier; Planat de la Faye: + Souvenirs; Gonnard: Origines de la légende napoléonienne.] + + Embarrassment of the English Ministry -- A Strange Embassy -- + Napoleon's Attitude -- The Transportation -- The Prison and its + Governor -- Occupations of the Prisoner -- Napoleon's Historical + Writings -- Failing Health and Preparations for Death -- His Last + Will and Testament -- The End -- Imprisoned Genius -- The St. + Helena Period -- The Insatiate Curiosity of Europe -- First + Communications from the Island -- Napoleon's Appeal -- Gourgaud + in Europe -- His Undeserved Notoriety -- Futile Efforts of Las + Cases -- O'Meara's Activities -- Confusion During the Last Years + -- Documentary Evidence -- The Legend as a Historical Force. + + +[Illustration: NAPOLEON SLEEPING BY LAS CASES ON BOARD THE BELLEROPHON + +In red chalk by Lépicié.] + +[Sidenote: 1815-21] + +The ministry of Lord Liverpool, though ultra-Tory, was nevertheless +embarrassed by the course of affairs. On June twentieth the premier +wrote to Castlereagh that he wished Napoleon had been captured by +Louis XVIII, and executed as a rebel. This amazing suggestion was the +result of the progress made within a year by the doctrine of +legitimacy. Although Talleyrand had observed the Hundred Days from the +safe seclusion of Carlsbad, and was coldly received by his +"legitimate" sovereign when he returned to Paris under Wellington's +ægis, yet there was no one equally able to restore a "legitimate" +government, and, with the aid of Wellington, who assumed without +question the chief place in reconstructing France, he was soon in full +activity. In strict logic, the allies reasoned that Napoleon was their +common prisoner, and, as the chief malefactor, he should meet the fate +which was to be Ney's, and later that of Murat. By long familiarity +with such notions, the Czar had finally been converted to the once +abhorrent idea of legitimacy, and was hatching the scheme of the Holy +Alliance; even he would have made no objection. But English opinion, +however irritated, would not tolerate the idea of death as a penalty +for political offenses. Whatever ministers felt or said, they dared +consider no alternative in dealing with Napoleon except that of +imprisonment. Accordingly, St. Helena, the spot suggested at Vienna as +being the most remote in the habitable world, was designated and the +island was borrowed from the East India Company. Acts of Parliament +were passed which established a special government for it, and cut it +off from all outside communication, "for the better detaining in +custody Napoleon Bonaparte." The Continental allies, therefore, on +August second, declared the sometime Emperor to be their common +prisoner. To England they yielded the right to determine his place of +detention, but to each of themselves--Austria, Russia, and +Prussia--was reserved the right of sending thither a commissioner who +should determine the fact of actual imprisonment. + +It was in Torbay that the newspapers brought on board the +_Bellerophon_ first announced what was under consideration. On July +thirty-first, with inconsistent ceremony, the determination was +formally announced by an embassy consisting of Lord Keith, the +admiral; Sir Henry Bunbury, an under-secretary of state; and Mr. +Meike, secretary to the admiral. To whom did this highest official +authority address itself? To General Bonaparte, a private citizen! +Their message was read in French, and Napoleon displayed perfect +self-control. Asked if he had anything to say, the ex-Emperor, without +temper or bitterness, appealed against the judgment of governments +both to posterity and to the British people. He was, he said, a +voluntary guest; he wished to be received as such under the law of +nations, and to be domiciled as an English citizen (_sic_). During the +interval before naturalization he would dwell under superintendence +anywhere in England, thirty leagues from any seaport. He could not +live in St. Helena; he was accustomed to ride twenty miles a day; what +could he do on that little rock at the end of the world? He could have +gone to his father-in-law, or to the Czar, but while the tricolor was +still flying he had confided in British hospitality. Though defeated, +he was still a sovereign, and deserved to be treated as such. With +emphasis he declared that he preferred death to St. Helena. + +The embassy withdrew in silence from the moving scene. Lord Keith had +previously expressed gratitude to Napoleon for personal attentions to +a young relative who had been captured at Waterloo. Him, therefore, +the imperial prisoner now recalled, and asked if there were any +tribunal to which appeal might be made. The answer was a polite +negative, with the assurance that the British government would +mitigate the situation as far as prudence would permit. "How so?" said +Napoleon. "Surely St. Helena is preferable to a smaller space in +England," answered Keith, "or being sent to France, or perhaps to +Russia." "Russia!" exclaimed Napoleon, taken off his guard. "God +preserve me from it!" This was the only moment of excitement; the +witnesses of the long and trying scene have left on record the +profound impression made on them by Napoleon's dignity and admirable +conduct throughout. Subsequently the prisoner composed a written +protest appealing to history. An enemy who for twenty years had waged +war against the English people had come voluntarily to seek an asylum +under English laws; how did England respond to such magnanimity? In +his own mind, at least, he instituted and therefore wrote a comparison +between-himself and Themistocles, who took refuge with the Persians, +and was kindly treated. The parallel broke down in that the great +Greek had never forced his enemy into entangling alliances, as +Napoleon had forced England into successive coalitions for +self-preservation. Moreover, his surrender was not voluntary: his life +would not have been worth a moment's purchase either in France or +elsewhere on the Continent, to have fled by sea would have been to +invite capture. "Wherever," as he himself repeatedly said--"wherever +there was water to float a ship, there was to be found a British +standard." Still there were many in England who took his view; much +sympathy was aroused, and some futile efforts for his release were +made. + +For the journey to St. Helena, Napoleon was transferred to Admiral +Cockburn's ship, the _Northumberland_. The suite numbered thirty, and +was chosen by Napoleon himself. Its members were Bertrand, Montholon, +and Las Cases, with their families, together with Gourgaud and, +following in a later ship, a Pole of doubtful duty and dubious +personality, the self-styled Colonel Piontkowski. There were sixteen +servants, of whom twelve were Napoleon's. The voyage was tedious and +uneventful. The admiral adhered to English customs, and discarded the +etiquette observed toward crowned heads; but he remained on the best +of terms with his illustrious prisoner. There were occasional +misunderstandings, and sometimes ill-natured gossip, in which the +admiral was denounced behind his back as a "shark"; but such little +gusts of temper passed without permanent consequences. Napoleon had +secured the excellent library he desired, and every day read or wrote +during most of the morning; the evenings he devoted to games of hazard +for low stakes, or to chess, which he played very badly. He was +careful as to his diet, took abundant regular exercise, and, since his +health was excellent, he appeared in the main cheerful and resigned. + +The island of St. Helena is the craggy summit of an ancient volcano, +rising two thousand seven hundred feet above the sea, and contains +forty-five square miles. Its shores are precipitous, but it has an +excellent harbor, that of Jamestown, which was then a port of call on +the voyage from England, by the Cape of Good Hope, to India. It lies +four thousand miles from London, one thousand one hundred and forty +from the coast of Africa, one thousand one hundred and eighty from the +nearest point in South America. There were a few thousand inhabitants +of mixed race, and the tropical climate, though moist and enervating, +is fairly salubrious. Under the act passed by Parliament, England +increased the territorial waters around the island to a ring three +times the usual size, and policed them by "hovering" vessels, which +made the approach of suspicious craft virtually impossible. This, +with numerous other precautionary measures of minor importance, made +St. Helena an impenetrable jail. It was October sixteenth, 1815, when +Napoleon landed on its shores. + +The residence provided for the imperial captive was a rather ordinary +farm-house in the center of the island, on a plateau two thousand feet +high. The grounds were level, and bounded by natural limits, so that +they were easy to guard, and could be observed in all their extent by +sentries; eventually a circuit of twelve miles was marked out, and +within this the prisoner might move at will; if he wished to pass the +line, he must be attended by an English officer. Considering the +conceptions of state and chivalry then prevalent, the place was mean; +long after, when enlarged and repaired, the house was thought not +unsuitable for the entertainment of an imprisoned Zulu chieftain. +Longwood, for this is the familiar name, might at a pinch have +sufficed for the lodging of General Bonaparte; it was certainly better +than a dungeon; but its modest comfort was far from the luxurious +elegance which had become a second nature to the Emperor Napoleon. +Such as it was to be, however, it was still uninhabitable in October, +and its destined occupant was, until December ninth, the guest of a +hospitable merchant, Mr. Balcombe, at his villa known as The Briars. +The sentinels and patrols remained six hundred paces from the door +during the day; at night the cordon of guards was drawn close around +the house; twice in twenty-four hours the orderly must assure himself +of the prisoner's actual presence, and human ingenuity could devise no +precaution which was not taken by land and sea to make impossible any +secret communication, inward or outward. Cockburn's serene good-nature +rendered it out of the question for the captive to do more than +declare his policy of protest and exasperation, until April, 1816, +when the admiral departed, and was replaced by Sir Hudson Lowe. The +latter was a vulnerable foe. A creature of routine, and fresh from a +two years' residence as English commissioner in Blücher's camp, he had +thoroughly absorbed the temper both of the Tory ministry and of the +Continental reactionaries. Neither irascible, severe, nor ill-natured, +he was yet punctilious, and in no sense a match for the brilliant +genius of his antagonist. With the arrival of this unfortunate +official properly begins the St. Helena period of Napoleon's life--a +period considered by many to be instructive; but, as regards the talk +and futile calculations in which he indulged, comparable only to that +of his ineffectual agitations in Corsica. + +[Illustration: From the collection of W. C. Crane. Engraved by +S. W. Reynolds. + +NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA. + +Painted by Horace Vernet.] + +Napoleon, the prisoner, had a double object--release and +self-justification. The former he hoped to gain by working on the +feelings of the English Liberals; the latter by writing an +autobiography which, in order to win back the lost confidence of +France, should emphasize the democratic, progressive, and beneficent +side of his career, and consign to oblivion his tyrannies and +inordinate personal ambitions. The dreary chronicle of the quarrel +between a disarmed giant and a potent pygmy is uninteresting in +detail, but very illuminating in its large outlines. The routine of a +court was instituted and for a time was rigidly observed at Longwood. +The powerless monarch so successfully simulated the wisdom and +judgment of a chastened soul that the accounts which reached the +distant world awakened a great pity among the disinterested. As on +shipboard and at The Briars, he gave his mornings to literature, clad +in a studied, picturesque dishabille. The afternoon he devoted to +amusement and exercise; but a distaste for more physical exertion than +was actually essential to health grew steadily, until he became +sluggish and corpulent. At table he was always abstemious; his sleep +was irregular and disturbed. The evenings he spent with favorite +authors, Voltaire, Corneille, and Ossian; frequently, also, in reading +the Bible. The opinions he expressed were in the main those of his +pseudoscientific days; among other questions discussed was that of +polygamy, which he upheld as an excellent institution theoretically. +Much time was spent by the household in abusing Longwood, and so +effectually that a wooden house was constructed in England, and +erected near by; but the prisoner made difficulties about every +particular, and never occupied it. There were continuous schemings for +direct intercourse with friends in France, and partial success ended +in the dismissal of Las Cases. Gourgaud, too, departed, ostensibly +because of a quarrel with Montholon, really, as he represented, to +agitate with Alexander, Francis, and Maria Louisa for Napoleon's +release. The exile confessed, in an unguarded moment, that no man +alive could have satisfied him in the relation of governor of St. +Helena, but yet he was adroit and indefatigable in his efforts to +discredit Lowe. The "Letters from the Cape of Good Hope," published in +England anonymously, but now incorporated in the official edition of +Napoleon's works as the thirty-first volume, abuse the climate of St. +Helena, depict the injustice of the imprisonment, and heap scorn on +the governor. The book was widely read, and furnished the Whigs in +Parliament with many shafts of criticism. This success emboldened the +author, and further compositions by his hand were mysteriously +published in Europe. + +For three years Napoleon's self-appointed task as a historian was +unremittingly pursued, and the results, while he had the assistance of +Las Cases and Gourgaud, were voluminous; thereafter the output was a +slender rill. Most of the volumes which record his observations and +opinions bear the names of the respective memorialists, Montholon, Las +Cases, Gourgaud, O'Meara, and Antommarchi, the two latter his +attendant physicians. The period he took pains to elucidate most fully +in these writings was that between Toulon and Marengo. Over his own +name appeared monographs on Elba, the Hundred Days, and Waterloo. His +professional ability is shown by short studies on the "Art and History +of War," on "Army Organization," and on "Fortification"; likewise by +his full analyses of the wars waged by Cæsar, Turenne, and Frederick +the Great. These are not unworthy of the author's reputation; his +versatility is displayed in a few commonplace notes--some on +Voltaire's "Mahomet," some on suicide, and others on the second book +of the Æneid. A widely circulated treatise, the "Manuscript from St. +Helena," was long attributed to him, but was a clever forgery. As will +be explained, its effect on history was important. + +For nearly four years Napoleon's health was fair. O'Meara, the +physician appointed to attend him, was assiduous and skilful, but when +he became his patient's devoted slave he was dismissed by Lowe. +Thereupon certain disquieting symptoms, which had been noted from time +to time, became more pronounced, and the prisoner began to brood and +mope in seclusion. In the autumn of 1819, Dr. Antommarchi, a Corsican +physician chosen by Fesch, was installed at Longwood. For a time, as +he claimed, he had some success in ameliorating the ex-Emperor's +condition, and to what the writer records as their confidential talks +we owe our knowledge of Napoleon's infancy. But from month to month +the patient's strength diminished, and the ravages of his mysterious +disease at length became very apparent. The obstinacy of Lowe in +carrying out the letter of his instructions, by intruding on the +sufferer to secure material for a daily report, seriously aggravated +Napoleon's miseries. Two priests accompanied Antommarchi: one only +remained for some time, and after his arrival mass was celebrated +almost every morning in the chapel adjoining the sick-room. "Not every +man is an atheist who would like to be," was a remark Napoleon dropped +to Montholon. Yet, though preparing for death, he was making ready +simultaneously to speed his Parthian arrow. + +His testament displays his qualities in their entirety. The language +sounds simple and sincere; there is a hidden meaning in almost every +line. His religion had been outwardly that of a deist; he now +professed a piety which he always felt but rarely practised. During +his life France had been caressed and used as a skilful artificer +caresses and uses his tools; the last words of his will suggest a +passionate devotion. To his son he recommended the "love of right, +which alone can incite to the performance of great deeds"; for his +faithless wife he expressed the tenderest sentiments, and probably +felt them. It was his hope that the English people would avenge itself +on the English oligarchy, and that France would forgive the traitors +who betrayed her--Marmont, Augereau, Talleyrand, and Lafayette--as he +forgave them. Louis he pardoned in the same spirit for the "libel +published in 1820; it is full of falsehoods and falsified documents." +The blame for Enghien's murder he took to himself. The second portion +of the document is a series of munificent-sounding bequests to a list +of legatees which includes every one who had done the testator any +important service since his earliest childhood. France under the +Bourbons confiscated the imperial domain of about a hundred and eighty +millions, which Napoleon had estimated at over two hundred and twenty. +When the nation passed again under the Bonapartes it appropriated +eight millions toward the unpaid legacies. In the end his executors +collected three and a half millions of francs wherewith to pay +bequests amounting on their face to over nine and a half. In a codicil +he remembers a certain Cautillon, who had undergone trial for an +alleged attempt to assassinate Wellington. "Cautillon had as much +right to assassinate that oligarch as he [Wellington] to send me to +the rock of St. Helena to perish there." Such was the nature and +substance of an appeal to a generous, forgiving nation, and to +posterity, by one who wrote in the same document that he wished to die +in the bosom of the Christian church, whose central doctrine is love, +and whose ethic is forgiveness of enemies. + +"I closed the abyss of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I +cleansed the Revolution, ennobled the people, and made the kings +strong. I have awakened all ambitions, rewarded all merit, and +enlarged the borders of glory." These were the words of Napoleon in +1816; he Lived in this hallucination to the end. In the autumn of 1820 +he realized his condition, and throughout the winter he was feeble and +depressed. In February, 1821, he began to fail rapidly, and the +symptoms of his disease, cancer in the stomach, multiplied; but, in +spite of feebleness, he faced death with courage. On May third two +English physicians, recently arrived, came in for consultation; they +could only recommend palliatives, and under the influence of that +treatment the imperial patient kept an uncertain hold on his +faculties. Two days later a violent storm of wind and rain set in. A +spreading willow, under which Napoleon had spent many hours, was +overturned; the trees planted by his hands were uprooted; and a +whirlwind devastated the garden in which he had worked for exercise. +The death of the sufferer was coincident, and scarcely less violent. +The last words uttered were caught by listening ears as the sun rose; +they were "Tête ... armée." Mme. Bertrand and her children were +present; at the sight of their friend's suffering the boy fainted and +the little girls broke into loud lamentation. At eleven in the morning +the supreme agonies began; a little before six in the evening the +heart put forth its last convulsive effort, and ceased to beat. The +mournful band of watchers within bowed their heads. Without the door +another watch was set--that of the orderly. During the first outburst +of grief among those at the bedside two officers entered silently, +felt the cold limbs, marked the absence of life, and left without a +word. England's prisoner had escaped. + + * * * * * + +It requires a complex environment to develop a man of any sort; for +the exhibition of his personality and identity he must live in family, +church, and state, and beyond all these surroundings even the meanest +of mankind is subject to some cosmopolitan influence. How much more +true is this of a historical and political personage, who is and can +be himself only under the conditions which permit the play of his +powers. Removed from these, his soul and spirit sicken, his character +becomes morbid, his capacities are crippled, his identity is +distorted. Nothing could be more fatuous and simple than the effort to +read the true character of Napoleon Bonaparte from his talk and +behavior when an exile; a prisoner of time and space, as world +communications then were; an exhausted body; a crippled, outraged +spirit, reduced for attack and defense to the weapons of the pen and +the tongue wielded on and over an immensity of apartness. Yet exactly +this has been the self-imposed task of many investigators and writers. +The literature of his prison-house has grown to vast dimensions, and +readers feel cheated when the bald outline of all that may even be +considered history is offered for their consideration. The narrative +of the St. Helena epoch in his life just given is probably accurate, +and there are portions of it that rest on historical evidence both +objective and internal, as trustworthy as most of what passes for +history. + +But when this is said the statement must be carefully guarded, for the +reason that substantially all our evidence is virtually such as would +be given about himself by a convict behind the bars, his sympathizing +accomplices, his jailer, and his prosecutors. The simile is not +strained. The surgeon of the _Northumberland_, ignorant of French, +gathered from those of Napoleon's attendants who spoke English such +scraps regarding the prisoner as he could, published them, and lost +his government employment. The book was widely read and proved a very +lucrative enterprise. Outside its pages there was profound silence and +complete ignorance in Europe regarding the now mysterious convict, +buried to the world. Craving for information was universal and +insatiate; if only Napoleon himself would speak! It appeared as if the +longing were satisfied in a published "Manuscript arrived from St. +Helena by unknown means." The volume was difficult to procure, +although edition followed edition in swift succession; many a precious +copy was used in reading circles and there are still in existence a +considerable number of the very numerous reproductions made at the +time with pen and ink. One of these was actually sold not long ago to +an unsuspecting editor in the United States and published in his +magazine as a rarity. It fell flat because so many knew the truth: +that it was apocryphal, the merry jest of a Genevese gentleman, Lullin +de Châteauvieux, who lived to see his sport a dangerous element in +the falsification of history. It was not only Napoleonic in style, but +too Napoleonic; and, considered as an imperialist pamphlet, an +anti-royalist pronunciamento, brought into being the embryo of a +legend such as men crave and which the loyal efforts of many +historians have utterly failed to destroy. Its contents, of course, +are utterly worthless except as a comedy, a mask of literature which +influenced public opinion. + +The first known opportunity of the Napoleon court for communication +with the outside world was afforded by the British government. The +guarding and maintenance of Napoleon proved a source of great +expenditure. The garrison and military staff, the hovering vessels of +the navy, the entertainment of the continental commissioners, and +especially the allowance for the establishment of Longwood, miserable +as it was--the total cost appeared to the London authorities +exorbitant. Prices of supplies at St. Helena were enormous because of +its remoteness. So the subordinates of the ministry, with the assent +of their superiors, determined upon reductions, and they began with +the household of the Emperor, issuing orders that four of its members +should be dismissed. These were, first, the Polish adventurer +Piontkowski, part gentleman, part domestic, and wholly emissary and +spy, who had been sent out by the English government in a vessel which +followed the _Northumberland_, for reasons best known to themselves. +He appears to have accepted a charge from Napoleon; that, namely, of +laying before the Czar a formal protest against the treaties which +made Napoleon the joint prisoner of the allies, entrusted to the +charge of Great Britain. The next to leave were Archambaud and +Rousseau, one a huntsman, one a chief butler; they were to visit +Joseph Bonaparte in the United States and give him the fullest +information. The fourth was the chamberlain Santini, a Corsican, and, +though a soldier, utterly illiterate. To him was confided a protest +for use either in London or in Italy, as the event should determine. A +copy was made in Chinese ink on white satin ribbon for concealment +about his person, but the chief reliance was, that "verbally and +literally" he was drilled in its repetition until he could neither +forget nor mistake in its recital. The faithful servants reached +Joseph's home in America, the Pole on arrival in England styled +himself Count and Colonel, became the hero of a social season in +London, and vanished from history as mysteriously as he entered it. +But Santini with Italian adroitness gained not only the presence of +Lord Holland but his attentive ear; his recital was translated into +English and published, the matter was brought before Parliament by +interpellation of the great Whig statesman and caused great excitement +throughout the world. + +Napoleon's "Appeal to the English Nation," as printed from Santini's +copy, recited the stupidity of his jailer, the unhealthiness of the +climate, the expense and difficulty of living. His statements were not +merely confirmed, the conditions of life on St. Helena were +monstrously exaggerated by Montchenu, the French commissioner, in a +private letter which was published soon after the arrival of Santini +in London. This, too, was circulated all abroad. Public opinion was +further agitated. The allied dynasties were made to feel ashamed by +their subjects, and in Great Britain there was a fierce surge of +reprobation, the resonance of which has not yet died away. The exile +was chained to a horrid rock, in a climate Europeans could not endure, +his miserable existence in hovels overrun with vermin must be eked out +by loans from friends and the sale of his silver tableware, he was +put to needless shame by the stupid regulations of a stupid +government, stupidly enforced by a stupid governor, he was sick of +body and heart, very sick and might die. Whose was the responsibility +for this disgrace to civilization? Somewhat in this way men talked and +questioned; soon his faults were forgotten in the pitiful recital of +his woes; the legend was further advanced, once more the glory of +Napoleon's epoch became a powerful force in Europe. + +On the fourteenth of March, 1818, there arrived in England a member of +the St. Helena court, whose name and fame bid fair to rival if not to +obliterate those of all his companions in exile, though most +undeservedly. This was General Gourgaud, styled Master of Ordinance. +He was thirty-five years old and had been a soldier for sixteen, +winning promotion for intelligence and intrepidity, securing +Napoleon's affection by personal charm and by services which once at +least, and probably twice, directly saved the Emperor's life, until at +last he was a baron, a general at Waterloo, and a companion in St. +Helena. This all seems passing strange because he was a high officer +of Louis XVIII before Napoleon's return from Elba; made obeisance to +established authority as soon as he returned from captivity, and +during the successive governments of France to his death in 1852 found +favor with each in turn. Whatever he was before and after, his life in +St. Helena was that of a sentimental, jealous, sensitive child, +scarcely a male at that. Every word and every act of every one gave +him such pangs of wounded vanity that at last his presence was +intolerable and by the influence of the Montholons it was arranged +that he should leave. No sooner was the dust of Longwood shaken from +his feet than within sight of its doors he accepted the kindly +attentions of his former jailers with eagerness, and no sooner were +those feet ashore in England than he began to woo the ministry, to +make advances to the Bourbons, and to fawn on the Holy Alliance +itself. It was not until he experienced certain chills and got his +groping finger on the pulse of public opinion that he found himself +utterly mistaken and in danger of mortal error. He then wrote, and +gave to the public prints, a curious letter, addressed to Marie +Louise, asserting that Napoleon was dying in the torments of a +frightful agony. This amounted to a recantation. In consequence he was +banished from England under the Alien Bill. At once he hurried away to +Prince Eugène (Napoleon's treasurer) and from him reclaimed and +received, for four years certainly, his arrears of imperial pay and +pension. In 1822 he was permitted to return to France. + +The notoriety of his name is due to two sets of circumstances. Sir +Walter Scott told the truth about his conduct, just when the noble +general was beginning to swim in the refulgence of the Napoleonic +legend. There ensued a wordy warfare. The weapons on one side were +official papers; on the other denials, insinuations, and finally the +assertion of some vague commission or another given by the great +captive, impossible of fulfilment in any way other than by the +mysterious course of the plenipotentiary. This mystery is still +unsolved and the commission undiscovered, but in France at least the +conflict still rages. As late as 1908 a caustic critic was challenged +to a duel by the testy and furious family head of the Gourgauds. The +other set of circumstances is equally curious. Gourgaud left behind +him a journal of his St. Helena life. Its contents are certainly +authentic evidence of the writer's character, and as there is no means +of checking the authenticity of what is recorded about Napoleon and +his Longwood household, the record may possibly be and probably is +accurate. The sore spirit of the writer required a confidant, and +since there was no congenial soul to receive his outpourings he +relieved himself as other sentimental egoists have done in the pages +of a journal. From these the most conscientious efforts have been made +to construct a psychology of the Emperor. The result is a morbid +psychology of a caged falcon, the revival of bitter controversy as to +the treatment of the great prisoner by a Tory ministry, and generally +of a rather abstracted but intense interest in the Napoleonic legend. +Hence the prolonged vogue of a celebrity which should have been +ephemeral. The general is in no proper sense a historical factor +except as the influence of his behavior in Europe served to quicken +the existing lively interest in Napoleon. As far as his earliest +testimony went, and many inclined to heed it, the master he had served +was in excellent health, was kindly treated, and in general was better +off than could have been expected. This of course lashed the +imperialists to fury; their information was to the diametrically +opposite effect. + +Antecedent to Gourgaud's departure was that of Las Cases, but his +journey was so impeded, his health so shaken, and his devotion so +discounted, that whatever he accomplished in molding public opinion +was logically subsequent to the work of the general. Spanish by +origin, French by six centuries of devotion, his family was of the +higher nobility. He himself had been an emigrant, but had returned to +become a member of the Council of State. As a great civil official he +had learned to love Napoleon and deliberately chose exile with him +rather than honors and service under the restored Bourbons. In 1816 he +wrote, and endeavored to forward secretly, letters containing his +views as to the disgraceful treatment of Napoleon. These were +intercepted and the writer was condemned in Lowe's first fury to +depart. On second thought the governor begged him to remain under +certain restrictions; these Las Cases would not accept, possibly +because he saw himself of greater use in Europe than in St. Helena. He +reached the Cape of Good Hope in January, 1817, was there detained +eight months, was then forwarded to England, where he was forbidden to +land, thence to Belgium, and finally, in December, a physical +derelict, he found shelter in Frankfort-on-the-Main, where he lived +for a time under the strictest surveillance. His faculties were soon +restored to a certain rather impaired activity, and in 1818 he laid a +powerful protest against the treatment of Napoleon before the Congress +of Aix-la-Chapelle. No less a person than the Emperor's mother was his +agent and intermediary. A meeting of reactionary sovereigns and their +ministers, terrified by the throes of a revolutionary spirit more and +more personified in Bonaparte, could in no case be receptive to such a +remonstrance, and was utterly cold and scornful in the face of +Gourgaud's evidence to the well-being and kind treatment of Napoleon, +already published. Even with the most enlightened and liberal public +of Europe, that of Great Britain, Las Cases' controversial +publications fell rather flat. Readers were weary of the theme, since +O'Meara was now and had been for some time past in possession of the +Napoleonic field. + +Dr. O'Meara, the Emperor's body-physician, was a warm-hearted +Irishman, faithful, able, and devoted. That he received substantial +gratuities from his patient is no longer questioned, and these +transfers of money have been called by a harsh name; yet it is easy +for a loyal but illogical devotee to confuse salary, gifts, fees, +bribes, each with each, and one with the other; the crime was not +quite so heinous with a man of his character as it would have been in +persons of severer quality and mold. It seems equally certain that +the stern pedant acting as governor would gladly have employed the +same inducements to secure him as a spy. At least he did not qualify +as the channel of a double espionage, and for that reason fell under +the grave suspicion of authority. The diagnosis of Napoleon's malady +as very grave, which he had made, was confirmed in January, 1819, by +Stokoe, the ship's surgeon of the _Conqueror_, the British flag vessel +then in the harbor. But from O'Meara it was not accepted; he was +dismissed from service and on July twenty-fifth, 1818, sailed +homeward. On August seventeenth the London "Morning Post" began to +print communications sent from St. Helena by him, and shortly after he +landed, in October, there appeared a pamphlet by him attacking Sir +Hudson Lowe. His voluminous "Voice from St. Helena" was not published +until after Napoleon's death. Like the rest of the contemporary +memoirs and memorials, the value of his writings lies in their effect +on the liberal sentiment of the world. The Metternich system of +repression and intervention, which worked its will in dynastic +government for a generation after Napoleon, engendered a newer +liberalism which forgot the tyranny of Napoleonic imperialism and +remembered the Consulate as expressing a well-organized form of +government, adapted superbly for crushing systems, dynastic or +aristocratic or plutocratic, which oppressed mankind by denying the +only possible equality, equality of opportunity, the Napoleonic +"carrière ouverte aux talents." By all sympathetic nationalists, +constitutionalists, and radicals these books were literally devoured, +and in France particularly their effect was lasting. There could never +have been a second Napoleon except as he was thought likely to +reproduce the Consulate; when his rule had proved to be imperialistic +the country was disenchanted. Liberty with order is so ardently +desired! but too often the devices to secure it beget license with +chaos. The literal correctness of O'Meara's reporting, like that of +the rest, cannot be controverted by any rebutting testimony, but the +nature portrayed is the same morbid, sensational, notoriety-seeking, +unwholesome, and pathological specimen as that furnished by the +others. + +Dr. Stokoe was speedily disgraced because it was now certain that any +bulletin of serious illness was evidence of conspiracy by the Emperor +and his friends for his escape. It is still affirmed that this second +physician yielded to the Emperor's blandishments and disobeyed Lowe's +orders. His successor, Dr. Verling, was Lowe's man, and, finding his +position intolerable, resigned with the insinuation that he could not +accept bribes. The party strife demanded either that Napoleon must be +entirely well and well treated, or else utterly moribund and +abominably used. Neither was the case, but a mortal disease had +declared itself, his grand marshal was seriously alarmed, and the +members of the Bonaparte family in Europe were dreaming of Napoleon's +escape or planning the renewal of his household by fresh blood. The +Bertrands and the Montholons, though faithful and devoted, were simply +worn out. A Corsican physician, Dr. Antommarchi, and an Italian +priest, Buonavita, were added to the household in September, 1819. +Mme. Montholon with her child was already at home seeking substitutes, +having departed from St. Helena in July. Neither event had any special +consequences. Mme. Montholon found a possible successor to the grand +marshal in the person of Planat, an officer of the Hundred Days. +Negotiations for his sailing were protracted; such was Napoleon's +condition before they were concluded that Montholon would not consider +deserting his post, though Bertrand was quite willing to see Planat +supplant himself. Buonavita was ill and returned to Europe. +Antommarchi was detested by his patient, a new priest and a new doctor +were found, and the faithful Pauline desired to join her exiled +brother. By this time the year 1820 had passed and the fateful spring +of 1821 was well advanced. All preparations for relieving the +household and the guard at St. Helena were now, of course, futile. +Three years of suffering had culminated in the death of the exile. + +The documentary material for the St. Helena epoch is very scanty. The +"Mémorial" of Las Cases and the "Voice" of O'Meara are both valuable +as works but not as transcripts. Of Gourgaud's "Journal" the value is +greater, but the medium of transmission most abnormal. The volumes of +Mrs. Abell and Lady Malcolm furnish very slight material; the papers +of the outsiders like Montchenu, Balmain, and Sturmer, like even Lowe +himself, furnish side-lights only; the souvenirs of Mme. Montholon are +trifling and cannot bear critical examination. The recitals of +Montholon were thought of importance until careful scrutiny showed how +he had drawn on Las Cases and O'Meara, how scanty, scrappy, and +confused his own notes were, and finally, when his letters to his wife +were printed, how completely these unfalsified documents contradicted +the other publications in the few interesting points on which they +touch, both in the English edition of Colburn and the carefully edited +and reedited French edition. The more the slight authentic material is +examined the more certain it appears that it is hopeless to read from +it Napoleon's character, even in the unnatural environment of St. +Helena, least of all for the years of real life. Conduct is the only +test of belief, not the invalid lamentations or cynical banter of +dreary, hopeless imprisonment. And when all this talk of a man in +anguish is dubiously reported, distorted by the medium of a +heart-sick listener, or by the transcription of men bored to +extinction, its value is obviously still further diminished. The story +has been briefly narrated of how the legend was engendered, of how it +was planted and watered on the continent of Europe, and its influence +on subsequent generations has been indicated. This is the sum total of +what history finds as its material during the closing years of +Napoleon's life. The souvenirs of Bertrand and Marchand are as yet +inaccessible, if indeed they exist. Some day their possible +publication may shed a few rays of new light on minor points: they +cannot greatly enlarge or substantively reconstruct the slight +historical material we have been able to discover. For valuable +generalizations we must fall back on the many abundant facts of +Napoleon's long career, on the very few facts of his conduct when +mewed and exasperated at St. Helena, on the effects which these in sum +have produced in history. The world at large marvels at the general, +the statesman, the conqueror, the emperor; it is apt to pass unnoticed +the judge and tamer of two epochs, the mediator between a ruined past, +a chaotic present, and a future, orderly at least, though streaked +with the stains of tyranny. + + + + +CHAPTER XX + +SOLDIER, STATESMAN, DESPOT + + Questionings -- The Industrious Burgher -- The Industrious + Sovereign -- End of the Marvelous -- Public Virtue and Private + Weakness -- The Man and The Age -- Latin and German -- First + Struggles -- Usurpation of Power -- Political Theories -- The + Napoleonic System -- Its Foundation -- Stimulus to Despotism -- + The Surrender of France -- The Master Soldier. + +[Sidenote: Review] + +The tomb of Erasmus in Basel is marked by a stone slab on which are an +epitaph, an effigy, and then the pathetic word "Terminus." Should +these fateful syllables be written over the mortal remains of Napoleon +Bonaparte? No. Beyond his death there was more, far more than the work +he wrought during his life. Men ever love a seeming mystery, and while +they do, a favorite theme of speculation will be the career of the +great Corsican in its historical aspect. Before our long study can be +brought to a close, two questions must be considered, or rather two +sides of one question must be viewed. Why did he rise, and what did he +accomplish? The answers will be as various as the investigators who +give them. But the man as seen in the preceding pages certainly +displays these recognizable characteristics: he was a man of the +people, he had a transcendent military genius, he was indefatigable, +and he had unsurpassed energy. + +No mere man, even the most remarkable, can climb without supports of +some kind, however unstable they may be. Napoleon Bonaparte did not +soar, he rose on the ladder of power by stages easily traceable: first +by the protection of the Robespierres; then by the necessities and +velleities of Barras and the Directory; afterward by the encouragement +of all France, which was sick of the inefficient Directory; and still +later by the army, which adored a leader who frankly repaid devotion +in the hard cash of booty, and bravery in the splendid rewards of that +glory which was a national passion. With such opportunities, Bonaparte +unfolded what was certainly his supereminent quality--the quality +which endeared him to the French masses as did no other, the quality +which above all others distinguished him from the hated tyrants under +whom they had so long suffered, the quality which even the meanest +intellect could mark as distinctively middle-class, in opposition to +its negation in the upper class--the quality, namely, of untiring +industry; laborious, self-initiated, self-guided, self-improving +industry. This burgher quality Napoleon possessed as no burgher ever +did. It was no exaggeration, but the simple truth, when he said to +Roederer: "I am always working. I think much. If I appear always ready +to meet every emergency, to confront every problem, it is because, +before undertaking any enterprise, I have long considered it, and have +thus foreseen what could possibly occur. It is no genius which +suddenly and secretly reveals to me what I have to say or do in some +circumstance unforeseen by others: it is my own meditation and +reflection. I am always working--when dining, when at the theater; I +waken at night in order to work." How profoundly this was impressed +upon those intimately associated with Napoleon can be traced in their +memoirs on many a page. It was Soult who said, most sapiently: "What +we call an inspiration is nothing but a calculation made with +rapidity." + +Generally there is no mystery in the power of domination: he rules +who is indispensable. The Jacobins needed a man, they found him in the +unscrupulous Bonaparte; the Directory needed a man, they found him in +the expert artillerist; France needed a man, she found him in the +conqueror of Italy. And having risen, he did not intermit his industry +for a moment. Rehearsing his coronation by means of puppets, or +studying with painful care the complicated accounts of his fiscal +officers, or absorbing himself in whatever else it might be, he was +always the man who knew more about everything than any one else. +Throughout his reign he was the fountainhead of every governmental +activity: the council of state sharpened not their own, but his +thoughts; his secretaries were his pocket note-book; his ministers +were the executors of his personal designs; pensions and presents were +given by him to his friends, and not to those who served the state as +they themselves thought best; every French community received his +personal attention, and every Frenchman who came to his general +receptions was treated with rude jocularity. In all this he was +perfectly natural. At times, however, he felt compelled to +attitudinize; perhaps, in the theatrical poses which he assumed for +self-protection or for the sake of representing a personified, +unapproachable imperial majesty, he copied Talma, with whom he +cultivated a sort of intimacy. Possibly, too, his violent sallies were +considered dramatic by himself. "Otherwise," he once said, "they would +have slapped me on the shoulder every day." "It is sad," remarked +Roederer, apropos of a certain event. "Yes, like greatness," was +Napoleon's rejoinder. + +Napoleon's preëminence lasted just as long as this effective personal +supremacy continued. When his faculties refused to perform their +continuous, unceasing task, he began to decline; when the material of +his calculations transcended all human power, even his own, the +descent grew swifter; and the crash came when his abilities worked +either intermittently or not at all. Ruin was the consequence of +feebleness; the imagination of the world had clothed him with demoniac +qualities, but it ceased so to do just in proportion as his +superiority to others in plan and execution began to diminish. "There +is no empire not founded on the marvelous, and here the marvelous is +the truth." These were the words of Talleyrand, addressed to the First +Consul on June twenty-first, 1800, just after the news of Marengo had +reached Paris. The marvel of the absolute monarchy was the divine +right of kings: when men ceased to hold the doctrine, the days of +absolutism were numbered. The marvel of Napoleon was his unquestioned +human supremacy: when that declined his empire fell. + +In the truest sense of that word so dear to modern times, Napoleon was +a self-made man. By his extraordinary energy he made a deficient +education do double duty; and those of his natural gifts which in a +sluggish man would have been mediocre, he paraded so often, and in +such swift succession, that they appeared miraculous. This fiery +energy, it cannot too often be repeated, was the man's most +distinctive characteristic; when it failed he was undone. Was +consistency, as generally understood, to be expected in this +personage; is it, indeed, found in most great men? Nowhere does the +theory of evolution writhe to sustain itself more than in psychology; +nowhere does it discover a greater complexity--a complexity which +makes doubtful its sufficiency. Admitting that Napoleon was selfish; +that he was lustful; that once, at least, he was criminal; that at +various times--yes, even frequently--he was unpopular, and dared not +in extremity call for a national uprising to sustain his cause; that +he had pitiful limitations in dealing with religion, politics, and +finance; supposing him to have displayed on occasion the qualities of +a resurrected medieval free-lance, or of the Borgias, or of other +historical monsters; confessing that he was launched upon the fiery +lake of revolution by the madness of extreme Jacobinism; sustaining +the awful indictment in each detail--was there no reverse to the +medal, no light to the shadow, no general result except negations? Was +the work of Alexander the Great worthless because of his debaucheries? +Was Catharine II of Russia a mere damned soul because of her +harlotries? Did Talleyrand's duplicity and meanness render less +valuable or permanent the work he did in thwarting the coalition at +Vienna? The answer of history is plain: what the great of the earth +have wrought for others or against them is to be recorded and judged +with impartiality; how they sinned against themselves is to be told as +an awful warning, and then to be left for the decision of the Great +Tribunal. Modern philosophy requires such complicated and yet such +minute knowledge in every department of science that the specialist +has supplanted the general scholar and the system-maker; the man who +aspires to create a plan displaying the unity of either the objective +or the subjective world, or any harmony of one with the other, is +generally regarded as either an antiquated imbecile or a charlatan. +Yet in the examination of historical characters a symmetrical +consistency capable of being grasped by the meanest intellect is +imperiously demanded by all readers and critics. This is natural, but +not altogether reasonable: symmetry cannot be found in the commonest +human being on our globe, much less in those who rise supereminent. +The greater the man, the more impossible to connect in a mathematical +diagram the different phases of his conduct. The search for mediocre +consistency in the character of Napoleon is like the Cynic +philosopher's quest for a man. + +This personage strove, and with considerable success, to think and act +for an entire nation--ay, more, for western Europe. In order to render +this conceivable, he first took command of his own body--sleeping at +will, and never more than six hours; eating when and what he would, +but always with extreme moderation; waking from profound slumber and +rousing his mind instantaneously to the highest pitch, so that he then +composed as incisively as in the midst of active ratiocination. He was +able to train his secretaries and servants into instruments destitute +of personal volition--even his great generals, who were taught to act +for themselves within certain limits, never transcended the fixed +boundary, and grew inefficient when deprived of his impulse. He never +failed to reward merit or to gratify ambition for the sake of securing +an able lieutenant, and nascent devotion he quickened into passion by +the display of suitable familiarity. A thoughtful, self-contained, +self-sufficient worker, he was sometimes a trifle uneasy in social +intercourse, perhaps always so beneath his mask of good breeding, when +he wore one; but he played his various rôles in public with consummate +skill, except that he made nervous movements with his eyes, hands, and +ears. His little tricks of rolling his right shoulder, tugging at his +cuffs, and the like; his inability to write, and his generally clumsy +movements when irritated, were due to deficient training in early +childhood. Forbidding in his intercourse with ambitious women and +other self-seekers, he was considerate with the suffering, and found +it difficult, if not impossible, to refuse the petitions of the needy. +Loving rough and ready ways in those busied about his person,--as, for +instance, when his valet rubbed him down in the morning with a coarse +towel,--he was yet so sensitive that he had to have his hats worn by +others before he could set them on his own head. It is useless to seek +even homely physical consistency in a man thus constituted. + +It is equally useless to ask whether Napoleon could have been as great +a man in another epoch as he was in his own. In any epoch of warfare +he would have been great; it is likely that in any epoch of peace he +would have reached eminence as a legislator and administrator. The +real historical question is this: How did he, being what he was, and +his age, being what it was, interact one upon the other; and what was +the resultant? There was as little consistency in his age as in +himself; the sinuosities of each fitted strangely into those of the +other, and the result was a period of twenty years on which common +consent fixes the name of the Napoleonic age. Does his personality +throw any light on the antecedent period--does his career influence +the succeeding years? + +The age of the Revolution has such intimate connection with the +movements of French society that it is very generally called in other +countries the French Revolution. But while the movement developed +itself more easily and took more radical forms in France than +elsewhere, it was due to the condition of civilization the world +around. France has been in a peculiar sense the teacher of Europe; for +in language, literature, laws, and institutions she is the heir of +Rome. In spite of Roman Catholicism, or perhaps in consequence of the +Roman hierarchy, her inheritance has been pagan rather than Christian; +her ethics have been Hellenic, her literature Augustan, her laws +imperial, her temperament a combination of the Stoic and Epicurean +which is essentially Latin, her language elegant, elliptical, and +precise like that of Livy or Tacitus. The Teuton in general, the +Anglo-Saxon in particular, may give his days and nights to classical +studies: he is never so imbued with their spirit as the Gaul. "It is +with his Bible in one pocket and his Shakspere in another," said an +eminent Frenchman not long since, "that the Anglo-Saxon goes forth to +reduce the world in the interests of his commerce, his civilization, +and his religion. The most enlightened has neither the cold +worldliness of Horace nor the calculating zeal of Cæsar, but he has +the persistency of faith in himself and his nation which, whatever may +be his personal belief, is a constituent element in his blood, or, +better still, the controlling member of that complex organism to which +he belongs." I venture to believe, on the other hand, that the +Frenchman espouses his cause from an unselfish impulse begotten of +pure reason, an ethereal ichor percolating through society by channels +of sympathy, which diminishes the historic pressure for continuous +national consistency and natural unity, but emphasizes the great +uplifting movements of society. The French armies of the Revolution +went forth to scour Europe for its deliverance from feudalism, +absolutism, and ecclesiasticism, because the French people had renewed +their youthful and pristine vigor in their enthusiasm for pure +principle without regard to experience or expediency. Napoleon +Bonaparte had all their doctrine, with something more: a consuming +ardor unconscious of any physical limitations to the nervous strength +of himself or others, and a readiness for any fate which would +transmute his dull, unsuccessful, commonplace existence into +excitement. When he found his opportunity to heap Pelion upon Ossa, to +supplement himself by the splendors of French devotion, he did indeed +come near to transcending even the Olympians and storming the seat of +Kronos. + +It was a long, discouraging, heartbreaking struggle by which he gained +his first vantage-ground. This was no exceptional experience; for +every adventurer knows that it is more troublesome to make the start +than to continue the advance. It is harder to save the first small +capital than to conduct a prosperous business. It is more difficult, +apparently, in human life to overcome the inertia of immobility than +that of motion; at least psychological laws seem in this respect to +contravene those of physics. It is not true that the armies of the +Republic were those of the Bourbons: the transition may have been +gradual, but it was radical. It is also untrue that the armies of +Napoleon were those of the Revolution: they differed as the zenith +from the nadir, being recruited on a new principle, animated by new +motives, and led by an entirely different class of men. A supreme +command having been attained by means curiously compounded of +chivalric romance and base scheming, the man of action did not +hesitate a moment to put every power in motion. Throwing off all +superior control, he set himself to every task in the revolution of +Italy--conquest, political and religious; constructive politics and +administration; social and financial transformation. Winning the +devotion of his troops by intoxicating successes, as a leveler he was +permanently successful; but this typical burgher had no permanent +success in building up a democratic-imperial society out of the royal, +princely, and aristocratic elements which had so long monopolized the +ability of the peninsula; what he wrought outlasted his time, but the +country had to undergo another revolution before its middle classes +were ready for the heavy burden of independence and self-government. +Yet the struggle for what was accomplished appears to have created a +climacteric in the doer. Before the days of Italy his ambitions were +petty enough: employment in the service of Russia or England, +supremacy in Corsica or military promotion in France; but afterward +they enlarged by leaps and bounds: Italian principalities, Austrian +dukedoms, Lombard confederations, the primacy of France in some form, +Oriental dominion--one such concept took form in the morning, to be +swept away at night and replaced by ever more luxurious growths of +fantasy. The realization of these dreams was still more amazing than +their misty formation. The Revolutionary doctrines of the passing age +had stimulated France to over-exertion; her leaders were discredited, +her people exhausted. The same agitation had stupefied the Italians; +but whatever their political disintegration may have been, the Roman +chair and throne retained its moral influence as the bond and +mainspring of society throughout the whole peninsula; and now the +successor of St. Peter was humbled to the dust, willing to escape with +the mere semblance of either secular or ecclesiastical independence. +It was an exceptional moment, a vacillating, retrogressive hour in the +history of Austria, of France, and of Italy. The exceptional man, the +vigorous citizen of a new political epoch, the inspired strategist of +a new military epoch, the unscrupulous doubter of a new religious +epoch--this typical personage was at hand to take advantage of the +situation; and he did so, hastening the disintegrating processes +already at work, seizing every advantage revealed by the crumbling of +old systems, and reaping the harvest of French heedlessness. The +opportunity gave the man his chance, but the chance once seized, the +man enlarged his sphere with each successive year. + +This he did by means which were as remarkable as the personage who +devised them--and remarkable, too, not for their negative, but for +their constructive quality. Broadly stated, the Revolution utterly +expunged all the governmental and social guarantees of the preceding +monarchy, destroying not merely the absolute power of one man with +its sanction of divine right, but all the checks upon it to be found +either in the ancient traditions of the people or in their ancient +institution of parliaments. It will be clear to the careful student of +the Revolutionary governments that while there was a gradual +clarifying of opinion antecedent to the Consulate, and a vague longing +for guarantees of individual rights higher than the acts of any +assembly, however representative it claimed to be, nevertheless great +ideas, great conceptions, great outlines, had all remained in their +inchoate state, and that of the several succeeding constitutions each +had been more worthless than the one before. Almost any kind of a +constitution will serve an enlightened nation which has confirmed +political habits, if it chooses to support a fundamental law not +hostile to them; and none, however ingenious, can stand before +recalcitrant populations. The Revolutionary constitutions of France, +excepting perhaps that of 1791, were alike feeble; and in the stress +applied to the one democratic land of Europe by her dynastic enemies +all around, they were not worth the paper and ink used to record them. +Under each had developed a pure despotism of one kind or another, on +the plea that in war there must be a single head, either an executive +committee or an executive man. These persons or person had, on pleas +of necessity or expediency, gradually arrogated to the executive all +the powers of government, befooling the people more or less completely +by the specious formalities of various kinds through which the popular +will was supposed to find expression. No one understood this fact +better than Napoleon Bonaparte; and since it seemed that the supreme +power had to be in the hands of some one man or clique, he was easily +tempted to grasp it for himself when it became clear that the +profligate and dishonest Directory had run its course. He did not +make the situation, but he used it. History does not record that the +French nation was shocked or discouraged by the events of the +eighteenth of Brumaire; on the contrary, the occurrences in Paris and +at St. Cloud seemed commonplace to a storm-tossed people, and the +results were welcomed by the majority in every class. + +The reasons for this general satisfaction varied, of course; for the +conservative and progressive royalists, the conservative and radical +republicans of every stripe, had widely different expectations as to +the next act in the drama. But the chief actor was concerned only for +himself and the nation; partizans he neither honored nor feared, +except as he was anxious not to be identified with them. To him, as a +man of the people, it seemed that in the Revolution the third estate +had asserted itself; that the third estate must be pacified; that the +third estate must be prosperous; that the third estate, for all these +purposes, needed only to be confirmed in their simple theory of +government, which was that the power could be delegated by them to any +one fit to wield it, and this once done, the delegate might without +harm to the state be left undisturbed to manage the public business, +while the people should give their undivided attention to their +private affairs. How successful the Consulate was in this respect is +universally known and admitted. With consummate cleverness the First +Consul summoned to his assistance all the giants of his time, whether +they were scholars with their theories and knowledge, administrators +with their tact and experience, political managers with their easy +consciences and oiled feathers, or skilful demagogues with their +greedy followers and insatiate self-interest. These he either enticed +or bullied into his service, according as he read their characters; a +few--a very few--like Barère, he found obdurate, and drove into +provincial exile. At no time did he make a finer display of his +astounding capacity for molding strong men by his still stronger will +than during the early days of the Consulate; and the manifest reason +for his success was that he had a fine instinct for character and for +putting the right man in the right place. + +What he thus accomplished has been told. The foundations he then laid +rest solid to-day; the now antiquated edifice he erected on them, +though altered and repaired, still retains its identity. The +Revolution had overthrown the old régime completely, and the ruins of +society were without form and void. From this chaos Napoleon painfully +gathered the substantial materials of a new structure, and out of +these reconstructed the family, the state, and the church. He revived +the domestic spirit, made marriage a solid institution, and +reëstablished parental authority while destroying parental despotism. +In civil society he restored the right of property and fixed the +sanctity of contract, thus assuring respect for the individual and the +ascendancy of the law. The finances he reformed by an equitable system +of taxation, and by the establishment of an ingenious treasury system +comparable to that devised by Alexander Hamilton for the United +States. In the Concordat he went as far, probably, as France could +then go in emancipating religion and the church; Protestantism has +prospered under the regulations he laid down, and by his treatment of +the Jews they have been changed from despised and down-trodden social +freebooters into prosperous and patriotic citizens. Upon every class +of men then living he imposed by an iron will a system of his own. The +leading survivors of Jacobinism, extreme royalists, moderate +republicans, proscribers and proscribed, men of the bourgeoisie--all +bowed to his sway and accepted his rewards. It is said that they +yielded to the superior force of his police and his pretorians. Be it +so. The fivefold police system he established was a system of checks +and counter-checks within itself, within the administration, and even +within the army--a body without which, as he firmly believed, the +beginnings of social transformation could not be made. He professed, +and no doubt honestly, that he would divest himself of this police +service as opportunity served, and deluded both himself and his +followers into the belief that the process was almost complete before +the close of his era. Through the perspective of a century we can see +the faults of Napoleon's plan. The Gallic Church is still Roman, in +spite of his intention that the Roman Church should become French; the +extreme centralization of his administrative system still throttles +local free government and makes both oligarchic rule and political +revolution easier in France than in any other free land; the +educational scheme which he formed, although more fully changed than +any other of his institutions, and but recently embarked, let us hope, +on a course for ultimate independence, nevertheless suffers in its +present complete dependence on state support, and in the consequent +absence of private personal enthusiasm which might make its separate +universities and schools rich in opportunities and strong in the +loyalty of their sons. But we must remember that the Consulate was a +hundred years since, and that for its day it wrought so beneficently +that Bonaparte, First Consul, remains one of the foremost among all +lawgivers and statesmen. And that, too, precisely for the reasons +which some cite as condemning him. He took the revolutionary ideas of +political, civil, and religious emancipation: with these he commingled +both his own sound sense and the experience of advisers from every +class, realizing as much of civil liberty and good order as appears +to have been practical at the moment. + +But in one respect he failed miserably, and that failure vitiated much +of the substantial gain which seemed to have been made. He failed in +curbing his own ambition. The majestic ridge of his achievement was +the verge of the precipice over which he fell. In the first place, his +signal success as a lawgiver was due entirely to the dazzling +splendors of his victories. Marengo was the climax to a series of such +achievements as had not so far been wrought on the tented field within +the bounds of French history. It is easy to assert that the French +were intoxicated because they were French: there is not the slightest +reason to suppose that any other nation under similar circumstances +would have behaved differently. The Seven Years' War turned the heads +of the English people completely, and they lost their American +colonies in consequence; Rome lost her political liberty when she +became mistress not only of the Latin, but of the Greek and Oriental +shores of the Mediterranean; the distant military expeditions of +Alexander the Great prepared the fall of his ill-assorted empire. In +each case the careful student will admit that social exaltation was +the forerunner of division and of subsequent despotism in some form. +Even in the little states of Greece and southern Italy the tyrants +always arose from the disintegration of legal government, and by the +assertion of some form of power--mind, money, or military force. + +It was, therefore, as a military despot that the First Consul +promulgated beneficent codes, founded an enduring jurisprudence, +created an efficient magistracy, and established social order. In this +process he completed the work of the Revolution by exalting the third +estate to ascendancy in the nation. The whole work, therefore, was not +only recognized as his in the house of every French burgher: he was +considered at every fireside to be the consummator of the Revolution +for which France had so long suffered in an agony of bloody sweat. Was +it therefore any wonder that not only he himself, but even the most +enlightened leaders of European thought, considered the safety and +renovation of European society to depend upon the extension of his +work? It is hard for us to appreciate this, because in France +Napoleon's institutions have remained almost as he left them, and +well-nigh stationary, while for a century the processes of ruthless +reform have been continuously working in other European lands, and +some neighboring peoples have outstripped the French in the matter of +a national unity consistent with local freedom. The First Consul felt +that in order to become great he had been forced to become strong; we +can understand that he could easily deceive himself into concluding +that in order to be greater he must become stronger. It was in these +days that he exclaimed, in the intimacy of familiar intercourse: "I +feel the infinite in me." Thereafter democracy in any form, even the +mildest, was offensive. Such men as Roederer were sent to Naples, +Berg--anywhere out of France. The times were not far removed from +those of the beneficent despots, except that this one ruled, not by +hereditary divine right, but by military force. Bonaparte's imperfect +training in politics and history made it possible for such visions as +those which now arose to haunt his brain. The beneficence he had +displayed already; for despotism he had had the finest conceivable +training, first among the sluggish populations of the Italian states +which he had reorganized, then in the myth of Egyptian conquest which +he had created and felt bound to maintain, and lastly in the national +disorders of a France shuddering at the possibility of a return either +to the hideous excesses of the Terror or to the intolerable abuses of +ecclesiasticism and absolute monarchy. + +Among other dreadful curses incident to revolution and civil war is +the stimulation of fanaticism. In his seizure of the supreme power the +purpose of the First Consul was justified to himself, and his +procedure was rendered tolerable to the nation at large by the +scandalous intrigues and complots which were hatched like cockatrices' +eggs in every foul cranny of the land. The conspirators stopped at +nothing: bad faith, subornation, murder of every variety, from the +dagger to the bowl. This gave the First Consul his chance to become +himself the arch-intriguer, and as such he overmatched all his +opponents, ultramontanes, radicals, and royalists. Finally only a few +unreconstructed reactionaries were left from each of these classes, +who, though exhausted and panting, still had the strength to be noisy, +and occasionally to make a feint of activity. But in the various +localities and classes of France each of the factions had numerous +silent and inactive sympathizers who had surrendered only as they felt +unable to keep up the uneven conflict. The flames of the volcano were +quenched, and the gulf of the crater was bridged by a crust, but the +lava of sedition boiled and seethed below. It is a well-known nostrum +for civil dissension to stir up foreign conflict, and then to call +upon the patriotism of men from all parties. To this the First Consul +dared not openly resort. In fact, the indications are that if his +enemies in France and his foes abroad had consented peaceably to the +fulfilment of his now manifest ambitions, he would himself have been +glad enough to secure without further fighting what he had gained by +war, and to extend the influence of a Bonapartist France by steady +encroachments rather than by exhausting hostilities. The word of every +man has exactly the value which his character gives it, and treaties +are worth the good faith of those who make them, not a tittle more. +Neither of the parties to the general peace was exhausted, neither was +really earnest. It was a bellicose age: war was then in the air, as +peace is now. The rupture of the treaty made at Amiens was quite as +much the work of George III as it was of Bonaparte the First Consul, +and the two nations over which they ruled were easily led to renew the +struggle. Nothing goes to prove that there was long premeditation on +the part of either; but at the time and since, were it not for the +widespread distrust in Bonaparte's character, popular opinion would +have put the blame of renewed war more upon his opponent than on him. +Thus far the angel and the devil which struggle for possession of +every man had waged a fairly even conflict, and the blame and praise +of what is stigmatized as Bonaparte's conduct must be meted out to his +foes in even measure. He and his times had interacted one upon the +other to a remarkably even degree. But once launched on the career of +personal aggrandizement, every hindrance to consuming ambition was +ruthlessly cast aside. Until 1812 the responsibility for inordinate +bloodshed is all his own. + +It is needless to dwell upon the period of the Empire in order to +study Napoleon's character. It shines forth effulgent, but noxious. He +remained personally what he had always been--imperious, laborious, +unprincipled; but, on the other hand, kindly, generous, sensitive to +the popular movements. His thirst for power became predominant; his +lavish contempt for men and money displayed the recklessness of a +desperate parvenu; his passion for war burst all its bounds. Personal +ambition eclipsed principle, expediency, shrewdness--in short, every +quality which makes for self-preservation. The reason was not +conscious despair, but unconscious desperation. Politically he had +fought and won an easy but a decisive battle. Imperialism was firmly +seated. The behavior of the French people was natural enough, but they +lent themselves to his purposes with complete surrender. In this the +world learned a lesson which should never be forgotten: that democracy +is an excellent workhorse, but a poor charger; a good hack, but an +untrustworthy racer. The interest of the plain man is in his daily +life, his family, his business, his advancement. He cannot be an +expert in foreign or domestic politics, in public law, or in warfare; +expertness requires the exclusive devotion of a lifetime. Make the +common person a theorist, and he is an ardent democrat, but a poor +administrator. Hence the necessity in transition epochs for a wise +constitution. It was not difficult to convince the French burgher +that, all other forms of democratic administration having had a chance +and having failed in times of war, the only one so far untried--that +of delegating power to a single superior man--should have a fair +trial, the more as the excellent man was at hand. Even in times of +peace the hard-worked citizen either neglects his political duties +altogether, or, performing them in a thoughtless routine, longs for +some one he can trust to do his thinking and acting: in war, as far as +we have had the opportunity to observe in ancient and modern times, +his imperialism is avowed, and he demands a dictator. We have no +reason to suppose that there is any democracy which could outlast +twenty years of a herculean struggle for national life or death, and +such the Franco-English wars which introduced the last century seemed +to the Frenchman of that time to be. + +From the soldier's point of view, Napoleon had likewise such an easy +triumph as has fallen to the lot of few commanders. His opponents were +so conservative that their ideas were antiquated, his own strategy was +so new and revolutionary that it dumfounded them. A favorite method +of detraction is illustrated by the familiar story of Columbus's egg. +What is once done, anybody can do. The strategic reputation of +Frederick the Great is in our day first attacked by the so-called +comparative method--that is, by comparing it with the achievements and +system, not of his contemporaries, but of Napoleon, his successor; and +then the strategic reputation of Napoleon is diminished by sneering at +that of Frederick, with whose antiquated method the new one came into +comparison and contact, to the complete disaster of the former. This +vicious circle may be dismissed with contempt. Napoleon's strategic +genius was, unlike any other talent he possessed, constructive and +original. No doubt he studied Cæsar; no doubt he studied Maillebois; +no doubt he studied the work of Turenne and of the great Frederick; no +doubt he was a pupil of the giant soldiers who inaugurated and carried +on the wars of the Revolution; but while others had pursued the same +studies, it remained for him to devise and put into operation a +strategy based upon past experience, but subversive of accepted +dogmas, new, adapted to its ends, and founded on theories which, +though modified in practice by the discoveries of an intervening +century, have, when properly understood, never, not even to-day, been +shaken in principle. His triumphs as a soldier, therefore, are his +own; and it was not until all Europe had learned the lessons which he +taught her generals by a series of object demonstrations lasting +twenty years, that the teacher began to diminish in success and +splendor. The persistent critics of Frederick have been asking and +reiterating questions such as these: Why did not the king begin early +in July, 1756? Why did he not storm the camp of Pirna? Why did he not +continue the war in October? Why did he not renew hostilities the +following year until forced to it? And so on, and so on. By this +method they have shrunk the horizon to their own dimensions, and have +imprisoned their victim within the pale of his faults; but a wider +view and the historic background display his strategy in large +outline, as illuminated by the light of his age; and thus the defeats +of Kolin and Kunersdorf, as well as the victories of Leuthen, +Rossbach, Zorndorf, and Torgau, exhibit the Prussian general as the +great genius which he was. It was not until Napoleon had taught his +rivals what fighting ought to be that men could also pick and nag at +him by asking why Waterloo did not begin four hours earlier, why more +explicit directions were not given to Grouchy, why in 1814 the +desperate man chose to cut off the line of his enemies' communications +rather than withdraw into Paris and call the nation to arms; and so on +to infinity. Judged either historically or theoretically, the strategy +of Napoleon is original, unique, and unexcelled. It is his greatest +achievement, because his most creative. + + + + +CHAPTER XXI + +NAPOLEON AND THE UNITED STATES + + A Decisive Epoch -- Britain Dominates the Sea -- Napoleon's + Policy -- Trade and Western Empire -- To the West Indies -- Needs + of the Empire -- Great Britain's Sea Rival -- The Imperial Policy + Revealed -- Tempestuous Times in the United States -- Party + Government -- Livingston's Efforts -- Louisiana Purchased -- + Effect on American Life -- Change in Constitutional Attitude -- + The Kaleidoscope of Party Politics -- Preponderance of the South + and West -- The Louisiana Purchase and the Nation. + + +A decisive epoch was that of the eighteenth-century revolutions, a +crisis reached after long, slow preparation, precipitated by social +and religious bigotry, dizzy in its consummation, wild and headlong in +its flight, precipitous in its crash. Of this important time the +results have been so permanent that they are the commonplaces of +contemporary history; in what Carlyle called the revolutionary loom +the warp and woof were spun from the past, and the fabric is that from +which our working-clothes are cut. Within those years appeared the +great dominating soul of modern humanity, who displayed first and last +every weakness and every sordid meanness of mankind, but in such giant +dimensions that even his depravity inspires awe. His virtues were +equally portentous because they worked on the grand scale, with +materials that had been threshed and winnowed in the theory and +experience of five generations of mankind. It was well within this +stupendous age and by the act of this representative man that +Louisiana was redeemed from Spanish misrule and incorporated with the +territories of the United States. Nor was this all. A careful +examination of the general political situation at that time will +exhibit the elemental and almost ultimate fact that the sale of +Louisiana was coincident with the turn of the age. + +The substance of the treaty of Amiens was that Great Britain +ostensibly abandoned all concern with the continent of Europe, and +that France, ostensibly too, should strictly mind her own affairs in +her colonies and the remoter quarters of the globe. George III removed +from his escutcheon the fleur-de-lis, and from his ceremonial title +the style of king of France. Events narrated in another connection +proved the whole negotiation to have been on both sides purely +diplomatic, an exchange of public and hollow courtesies in order to +gain time for the realities in the struggle for supremacy between the +world powers of the period, a struggle begun with modern history, +renewed in 1688, and destined to last until the exhaustion of one of +the contestants in 1815. Neither party to the treaty had the slightest +intention of observing either its spirit or its letter. While the +paper was in process of negotiation Bonaparte was consolidating French +empire on the Continent, and after its signature he did not pause for +a single instant to show even a formal respect for his obligations. +The reorganization of Holland in preparation for its incorporation +into the French system, the annexation of Piedmont and the defiance to +Russia in the matter of her Italian protégés, the Act of Moderation in +Switzerland, and finally, the contemptuous rearrangement of Germany, +were successive steps which reduced England to despair for her +continental trade. To her it seemed as if there could be no question +about two things: first, that the old order must be restored, in +order to safeguard her commerce; and second, that her colonial policy +must be more aggressive than ever. + +It was Samuel Adams who first sneered at his fatherland as a people of +shopkeepers. The winged word soon became a commonplace to all +outsiders, but as it flew every nation that used the gibe girded +itself to enter the struggle for the same goal. France above all was +determined to be a nation of shopkeepers, and the First Consul of what +was still a shaky experiment in government knew well that rather than +abandon that ambition, he must sacrifice every other. After all, a +colonial empire has value only as the home nation has accessible +ports, manufactories for colonial products, and wares to exchange with +the producers. France had neither factories nor manufactures, and was +destitute of nearly the whole machinery of exchange. Her merchant +vessels sailed only by grace of the British fleet. Her home market was +dependent on British traders even in times of war. Bonaparte's +foremost thought, therefore, was for concentration of energy. The +sea-power of the world was Britain's, and her tyranny of the seas +without a real check; even the United States could only spit out +defiant and revengeful threats when her merchantmen were treated with +contempt on the high seas by British men-of-war. Therefore with swift +and comprehensive grasp he framed and announced a new policy. The +French envoy in London was informed that France was now forced to the +conquest of Europe--this of course for the stimulating of French +industries--and to the restoration of her Occidental empire. This was +most adroit. The embers of French patriotism could be fanned into a +white heat by these well-worn but never exhausted expedients--a blast +against perfidious Albion and a sentimental passion for the New France +beyond the Atlantic. The motions were a feint against England by the +formation of a second camp at Boulogne, where a force really destined +for Austria was assembled, and the wresting of Louisiana from the weak +Spanish hands which held it. As an incident of the agitation it seemed +best that the French democracy should have an imperial rather than a +republican title, and the style of emperor and empire was exhumed from +the garbage heap of the Terror for use in the pageantry of a court. + +In Europe thus, as in the neighboring continents, the rearrangement of +politics, territorial boundaries, social, economic, and diplomatic +relations, a change which has made possible the modern system, was +really dependent on the events which led to the adoption of the policy +just described. But this policy involved a reversal of every sound +historical principle in Bonaparte's plans. For twelve years longer he +was to commit blunder upon blunder; to trample on national pride; to +elevate a false system of political economy into a fetish; to conduct, +as in the Moscow campaign, great migrations to the eastward in +defiance of nature's laws; to launch his plain, not to say vulgar and +weak, family on an enterprise of monarchical alliances for which they +had no capacity; to undo, in short, as far as in him lay, every +beneficent and well-conceived piece of statesmanship with which he had +so far been concerned. It has been well said that had he died in +midsummer, 1802, his glory would have been immaculate and there would +have been no spots on his sun. The Napoleonic work in Europe was +destined to have its far-reaching and permanent results, but the man +was ere long almost entirely eliminated from control over them. The +very last of his great constructions was the sale of Louisiana. He +needed the purchase-money, he selected his purchaser and forced it on +him, with a view to upbuilding a giant rival to the gigantic power of +Great Britain. + +When we turn therefore to America, we shall at once observe on how +slender a thread a great event may depend, how great a fire may be +kindled by a spark adroitly placed. While yet other matters were +hanging in the balance, he selected his own brother-in-law, General +Leclerc, such was his deep concern, to conduct an expedition to the +West Indies. There were embarked 35,000 men, and these the very flower +of the republican armies, superb fighters, but a possible thorn in the +side of a budding emperor at home. Their goal was San Domingo, where a +wonderful negro, Toussaint Louverture, noting the attractive example +of the benevolent despots in Europe, had, under republican forms, not +only abolished slavery, but had made himself a beneficent dictator. +The fine but delicate structure of his negro state was easily crushed +to the earth, but the fighting was fierce and prolonged, the climate +and the pest were enabled to inaugurate and complete a work of +slaughter more baleful than that of war, and two-thirds of the French +invaders, including the commander and fifteen of his generals, fell +victims to the yellow fever. The French were utterly routed, the sorry +remnant sailed away, and the blacks fell into the hands of the +worthless tyrant Dessalines, whose misrule killed the germs of order +planted by Toussaint. One of our historians thinks this check of +France by black soldiers to have been a determinative factor in +American history, for thereafter there could be no question of a Gulf +and Caribbean empire for France. Louisiana, he indicates, became at +once a superfluous dependency, costly and annoying. This is a +far-fetched contention: great as have been the services of the negro +to the United States since he first fought on the battle-field of +Monmouth under Washington, the failure of France in San Domingo was +not through the sword of the blacks, but was an act of God through +pestilence. + +The circumstances that forced Louisiana upon the United States, then a +petty power with revenues and expenditures less than those of many +among the single states which now compose the federation, arose from +Napoleon's European necessities. The cession from Spain included all +that Spain had received from France, the whole Gulf coast from St. +Mary's to the Rio Grande, and the French pretensions not only +northwestward to the Rockies but even to the Pacific. The return made +to Spain was the insignificant kingdom of Etruria and a solemn pledge +that, should the First Consul fail in his promise, Louisiana in its +fullest extent was to be restored to Spain. France therefore might not +otherwise alienate it to any power whatever. The exacting and +suspicious spirit shown both by Charles IV and his contemptible +minister Godoy, Prince of the Peace, had exasperated Bonaparte beyond +endurance. The Spanish Bourbons were doomed by him to the fate of +their kinsfolk in France; a pledge to a vanishing phantom of royalty +was of small account. It was during the delay created by the punctilio +of Godoy that the failure of the San Domingo expedition extinguished +all hope of making Louisiana the sole entrepôt and staple of supplies +for the West Indies. And simultaneously it grew evident that the truce +negotiated at Amiens as a treaty could not last much longer, that +either France must endure the humiliation of seeing her profits +therefrom utterly withheld, or herself declare war, or goad Great +Britain into a renewal of hostilities. This last, as is well known, +was the alternative chosen by Napoleon. + +Our government had been in despair. The establishment of French empire +in the West Indies would have destroyed our lucrative trade with the +islands. It was trying enough that a feeble power like Spain should +command the outlet of the Mississippi basin, but intolerable that +such a mastery of the continent should fall into the hands of a strong +and magisterial power like France. We were in dismay, even after the +departure of the French from San Domingo. Bonaparte, however, was +scarcely less disturbed; for Jefferson, despite his avowed Gallicism, +spiritedly declared both to the First Consul and to Livingston, our +minister to Paris, that the occupation of Louisiana by the great +French force organized to that end could only result in an alliance of +the two English-speaking nations which would utterly banish the French +flag from the high seas. Bonaparte preserved an outward calm for those +about him and went his way apparently unperturbed. But inwardly his +mind seethed, and without long delay he took his choice between the +courses open to him. It was the first exhibition to himself and his +family of the imperial despot soon to be known as Napoleon I, Emperor +of the French. If Britain was the tyrant of the seas, he would be +despot of the land. To French empire he would reduce Germany, Italy, +and Spain in subjection, and with all the maritime resources of the +Continent at his back he would first shut every important port to +English commerce, and then with allied and dependent fleets at his +disposal try conclusions with the British Behemoth for liberty of the +seas and a new colonial empire. By the second camp at Boulogne and the +occupation of Hanover, Napoleon threw England into panic, while +simultaneously he began the creation of his grand imperial army and +thereby menaced Austria, the greatest German power, in her coalition +with Russia, Sweden, Naples, and Great Britain. The latter, he was +well aware, could face a hostile demonstration on her front with +courage, if not with equanimity; and he determined to add a double +stroke--to gain a harvest of gold and on her rear to strengthen her +exasperated transatlantic sea rival by selling Louisiana to the +United States. + +[Illustration: Photograph in the collection of Dr. Charles J. Cooper + +NAPOLEON I + +From the bust by Chaudet, after the death-mask. The bust marks the +place where stood the bed on which Napoleon died.] + +That determination was the turning-point in his career, just as the +sudden wheel and about-face of the splendid force at Boulogne, when he +hurled it across Europe at Vienna, displayed at last the turning-point +in his policy. His brother Lucien had been an influential negotiator +with Spain and plumed himself on the acquisition of the great domain +which had been for long the brightest jewel in the crown of France. +His brother Joseph had negotiated the treaty of Amiens as a step +preparatory to regaining a magnificent colonial empire for his +country, an empire of which an old and splendid French possession was +to be the corner-stone. Both were stunned and then infuriated when +they learned their brother's resolution, sensations which were +intensified to fury when they heard him announce that he would work +his will in spite of all constitutional checks and balances. There is +no historic scene more grotesque than that depicted by Lucien in his +memoirs when he and Joseph undertook to oppose Napoleon. The latter +was luxuriating in his morning bath on April seventh, 1803, in the +Tuileries when the brothers were admitted. After a long and intimate +talk on general politics the fateful subject was finally broached by +Napoleon, as he turned from side to side and wallowed in the perfumed +water. Neither of the brothers could control his feelings, and the +controversy grew hot and furious from minute to minute until Joseph, +leaning over the tub, roared threats of opposition and words of +denunciation. Brother Napoleon, lifting himself half-way to the top, +suddenly fell back and clenched his arguments by splashing a full +flood in the face and over the body of Joseph, drenching him to the +skin. A valet was summoned, entered, and, paralyzed by the fury of the +scene, fell in a dead faint. New aid was called and, the fires of +passion being quenched for the time, the conflict ended until +Napoleon and Joseph were decently clothed, when it was renewed in the +office of the secretary Bourrienne. Ere long hot words were again +spoken, violent language was succeeded by violent gestures, until at +last Napoleon in a theatrical rage dashed his snuff-box on the floor, +and the contestants separated. Disjointed and fierce as was the stormy +argument, it revealed the whole of the imperial policy. + +Meanwhile events in America, if not so picturesque and majestic, were +equally tempestuous. The peace policy of Jefferson was rapidly going +to pieces in the face of a westward menace, the Federalists were +jubilant, and in the Senate James Ross, of Pennsylvania, called for +war. When the intendant of Spain at New Orleans denied Americans the +storage rights they had enjoyed in that city since 1795, the French +politics of the President fell into general disrepute and contempt, +for men reasoned _a fortiori_, if such things be done in the green +tree, what shall be done in the dry? It mattered not that Spain's +highest official, the governor, disavowed the act, the fire was in the +stubble. The intendant was stubborn and the fighting temper waxed hot. +Both the governor and the Spanish envoy at Washington disavowed the +act again and rebuked the subordinate. Congress was soothed, but not +so the people of the West and South. They were fully aware, as have +been all our frontiersmen and pioneers from the beginning, that the +Mississippi and all the lands it waters are the organic structure of +unity and successful settlement on this continent. The Pacific and +Atlantic coast strips, even the great but bleak valley of the St. +Lawrence, are mere incidents of territorial unity and political +control when compared with the great alluvion of the Mississippi. This +was unknown, utterly unknown, and worse yet, entirely indifferent to +our statesmen. Madison certainly, and possibly Jefferson, believed +that western immigration would pause and end on the east bank of the +Father of Waters. + +Yet party government was a necessity under the American system, and +Jefferson's ladder, the Republican party, would be knocked into its +component parts should the West and South, noisy, exacting, and +turbulent, desert and go over to the expiring faction of the +Federalists; nay, worse, it might be forced into almost complete +negation of its own existence by a forced adoption of the +Federalist policy, alliance with Great Britain--monarchic and +aristocratic--rather than with radical and democratic France. What +could a distracted partizan do? Jefferson was adroit and inventive. +He sent James Monroe to negotiate with Bonaparte for the purchase +of New Orleans and both Floridas at the price of two millions, or +upward to ten, for all or part, whatever he could get; he was not +even to disdain the deposit or storage right, if nothing else could +be had, and if he could get nothing, he was to await instructions. +With such credentials he sailed on March eighth, 1803. A +peace-lover must sometimes speak low and small, even as cowards +sometimes do. Three weeks later appeared in New Orleans Laussat, +the advance agent of French occupation; Victor and his troops were +to follow. It is not possible to conceive that a foreign policy +could be more perplexing, confused, or uncertain than that of the +philosophic theorist who is the hero of the strict-constructionist +party in these United States. + +Robert R. Livingston, the regular American envoy at Paris, had, under +his instructions from home, worked with skill and zeal on the +spoliation claims and incidentally on the question of the Mississippi +and the Floridas. While the colonization schemes of Bonaparte seemed +feasible, Livingston made no headway whatever, except to extort an +admission that the spoliation claims were just. Neither Talleyrand nor +Livingston was much concerned about the great Northwest. The American +was clear that the importance of any control lay in the possession of +New Orleans, and on April eleventh, 1803, he said so to the French +minister, vigorously and squarely declaring further that a persistent +refusal of our request would unite us with Great Britain to the +serious discomfiture of France in her colonial aspirations. This was +said with some asperity, for Livingston had been aware that the First +Consul wanted all negotiation transferred to Washington under the +guidance of a special envoy, the wilful Bernadotte, sent for the +purpose; and now, worse yet, he himself was to be superseded by +Monroe. He had been a diligent and even importunate negotiator; it was +a ray of comfort in later days to recall that the first suggestion for +the sale of all Louisiana was made to him in that momentous interview. + +What had occurred Livingston could not know. It was this. On the +morning of that very day there reached the Tuileries despatches giving +in full detail an account of the tremendous preparations making in +England for the renewal of war both by land and sea. Bonaparte's +impatience knew no bounds. Hitherto he had concealed his true policy +of sale behind a scheme to spend the purchase-money on internal +improvements in France, and he had on his work-table map-outlines for +five great canals. Now, at daybreak, he summoned Barbé-Marbois, +sometime French consul-general in the United States, an official of +state with a thorough knowledge of our affairs, and ordered that a +negotiation for the sale, not of the Floridas and New Orleans, but of +all Louisiana, should immediately be opened with Livingston. He fixed +the price at fifty million francs. The envoy could of course do +nothing, but he thought thirty millions enough. Next day Monroe +arrived at Havre, and reaching Paris on the thirteenth, that very same +day Barbé-Marbois and our two great statesmen began to treat. Upon +Monroe and Livingston devolved a momentous responsibility. To Monroe +by a most indefinite implication was left a certain liberty, for under +no circumstances whatsoever was he to end a negotiation if once it was +begun. And here, instead of minimizing terms, was, so to speak, a +great universe of land tender. But we had not so easily thrown off the +bright and glistening garment of righteousness as had Napoleon +Bonaparte, and in the minds of both Americans was the question, +non-existent for the First Consul, as he himself squarely said, of +whether the inhabitants of the district, men and women, human souls, +could be dealt in as chattels are. + +Livingston had already seen darkly as in a glass what possession of +the west might do for the United States. Bonaparte's contributions to +the discussion were terse and trenchant. If he did not transfer the +title right speedily, a British fleet would take possession almost in +a twinkling; the transfer, he said, might in three centuries make +America the rival of Europe; why not? it was a long way ahead; but, on +the other hand, there never had been an enduring confederation, and +this one in America was unlikely to begin the series; finally, he +wanted the cash, as the United States wanted the land. Let there be no +delay. And there was none. The terms of the sale and the facts of the +transfer do not concern us here. In Bonaparte the United States had no +friend; but what the ancient régime began in helping to establish +American independence, the First Consul completed; for, thanks to him, +the war of 1812 was fought for commercial liberty, while the +exploitation of Louisiana has made the nation what it is to-day. The +great territory, with all its responsibilities and possibilities, made +the United States a world power; a puny enough power at first, but it +has grown. Jefferson and his agents were primarily statesmen for the +purpose of existing conditions, and in Monroe's mission desired a +remedy solely and entirely for party evils. They had, however, the +courage to accept the fortune forced upon them, even though in their +case, as in that of Bonaparte, it entailed, we repeat, a complete +reversal of all the political and party principles of the platform on +which they had hitherto stood. + +The change wrought by the Louisiana purchase in American life and +culture was simply revolutionary. Hitherto in our weakness we had +faced backward, varying between two ideas of European alliance. We +virtually had British and French parties. Jefferson, who represented +the latter, thought of no other alternative in his trouble than to +strike hands with England. With Louisiana on our hands, we turned our +faces to our own front door. The Louisiana we bought had no Pacific +outlet in reality, but the Lewis and Clark expedition gave it one, and +that we have broadened by war and by purchase until we control the +western shore of the continent. Under such engrossing cares we ceased +to think of either French or British ties, except as exasperating, and +became not merely Americans, but, realizing Washington's aspirations, +turned into real continentals, with a scorn of all entanglements +whatever. In the occupation and settlement of Louisiana the slavery +question became acute, and the struggle to expand that system over +Louisiana soil precipitated the Civil War. + +But if the change in national outlook was radical, that in +constitutional attitude was even more so. The constitutions of our +original states were the expression of political habits in a +community, the Federal Constitution was in the main a transcript of +those elements which were common in some degree to all the British +colonies. It was an age of written constitutions, because the flux of +institutions was so rapid that men needed a mooring for the +substantial gains they had made. The past was so recent that statesmen +were timid, and they wanted their metes and bounds to be fixed by a +monument. Nothing was more natural than to pause and fall back on the +record thus made permanent, and strict construction was and long +continued to be a political fetish. The Louisiana purchase was a +circumstance of the first importance in party struggle. Yet neither +Federalist nor Republican dared, after mature deliberation, to urge +the question of constitutional amendment as essential to meet the +crisis thus precipitated. The enormous price entailed what was felt to +be an intolerable burden of taxation, and in the uproar of spoken and +printed debate played no small part. But the vital question was +whether the adjustment of new relations was constitutional. + +Never did the kaleidoscope of politics display a more surprising +reversal of effect. The loose-construction party lost its wits +entirely, while the strict constructionists suddenly became the +apostles not of verbal but of logical construction. Jefferson violated +his principles in signing the treaty, but he was easily persuaded that +amendment was not necessary, that on the contrary the treaty-making +power covered the case completely. This was not conquest, which would +have been covered by the war power, but purchase, which is covered by +the treaty power, surrendered, like the other, by the states to the +federal government. The Federalists were represented in the House by +Gaylord Griswold; in the Senate by Ross and Pickering. Their +resistance was identical in both factious to the highest degree. They +contended that the executive had usurped the powers of Congress by +regulating commerce with foreign powers and by incorporating foreign +soil and foreign people with the United States, this last being a +power which it was doubtful whether Congress possessed. Supposing, +however, that New Orleans became American, how could a treaty be valid +which gave preferential treatment to that single port in admitting +French and Spanish ships on equal terms with those owned by Americans? +The treaty, they asseverated, was therefore unconstitutional and, even +worse, impolitic, because we were unfitted and did not desire to +incorporate into our delicately balanced system peoples different in +speech, faith, and customs from ourselves. They were, however, only +mildly opposed to expansion; they were determined and captious in the +interpretation of the Constitution. The party in power were avowedly +expansionist; their retort was equally dialectic and vapid. The whole +discussion would have been empty except for Pickering's contention +that there existed no power to incorporate foreign territory into the +United States, as was stipulated by the treaty. The House had +resolved, ninety to twenty-five, to provide the money and had +appointed a committee on provisional government; the Senate ratified +the treaty, twenty-six to five. + +What made the debates and action of Congress epochal was the +Federalist contention that Thomas Jefferson as provisional and interim +governor was nothing more or less than an American despot in +succession to a Spanish tyrant. Where was the Constitution now; where +would it be when in appointing the necessary officials--executive, +judicial, and legislative--he would usurp not merely Spanish despotism +but the powers of both the other branches of the federal government? +The Republicans quibbled, too; to appoint these three classes of +officials was not to exercise their powers. But they confirmed in +unanswerable logic a distinction thus far only mooted in our political +history--that between states and territories. Already presidential +appointees were exercising all three powers in Mississippi and +Indiana. This clenched the contentions of the Republicans, and the +bill for provisional government passed by an overwhelming vote on +October thirty-first. Both parties throughout the struggle had tacitly +abandoned the position that Congress possessed merely delegated powers +and nothing further except the ability to carry them into effect. Both +therefore admitted the possible interpretation of the Constitution +under stress of necessity, and the Federalists in their quibbling +contentions lost hold everywhere except in New England. That section +saw its influence eclipsed by the preponderance of Southern and +Western power and ere long was ripe for secession. + +Volumes have been written and more will be on the romance of the +Louisiana purchase; Josiah Quincy threatened the dismemberment of the +Union when the present state of Louisiana was admitted in 1812; but +for Jefferson's wisdom in exploration it might have remained a +wilderness long after settlement began; Great Britain coveted it in +1815 when Jackson saved it; Aaron Burr probably coveted an empire +within it; Napoleon III had dreams of its return to the new France he +was to found in Mexico. Excluding the Floridas, which Spain would not +concede as a part of it, and the Oregon country, the territory thus +acquired was greater than that of Great Britain, Germany, France, +Spain, Portugal, and Italy combined. Its agricultural and mineral +resources were, humanly speaking, inexhaustible. No wonder it excited +the cupidity as it stirred the imagination of mankind; no wonder if +men avid to retain their power were dismayed at the preponderance it +was sure to exert eventually in a federal union of states. At the +present moment fourteen of our commonwealths, with a population of +about sixteen millions and a taxable wealth of seven billions, occupy +its soil. By the time we are fifty years older, at the present rate of +settlement, these will contain about a third of the power in the Union +as determined by numbers and prosperity. All of them, however, were +from the first administrative districts, never states, and by the +retroactive influence of this fact state sovereignty has thus been +made an empty phrase. + +And this leads us to remember that, if the Louisiana purchase +revolutionized our national outlook, our constitutional attitude, and +our sectional control, it quite as radically changed our national +texture. From that hour to this we have called to the masses of Europe +for help to develop the wilderness, and they have come by millions, +until now the men and women of Revolutionary stock probably number +less than fifteen millions in the entire country. These later +Americans have, like the migrations of the Norsemen in central and +southern Europe, proved so conservative in their Americanism that they +outrun their predecessors in loyalty to its essentials. They made the +Union as it now is, in a very high sense, and there is no question +that in the throes of civil war it was their blood which flowed at +least as freely as ours in its defense. It is they who have kept us +from developing on colonial lines and have made us a nation separate +and apart. This it is which has prevented the powerful influence of +Great Britain from inundating us, while simultaneously two +English-speaking peoples have reacted one upon the other in their +radical differences to keep aflame the zeal for exploration, +beneficent occupation, and general exploitation of the globe in the +interests of a high civilization. The localities of the Union have +been stimulated into such activities that manufactures and agriculture +have run a mighty race; commerce alone lags, and no wonder, for +Louisiana gave us a land world of our own, a home market more valuable +than both the Indies or the continental mass of the Far East. + + + + +CHAPTER XXII + +NAPOLEON'S PLACE IN HISTORY + + Exhaustion -- The Change in Napoleon's Views -- Intermitting + Powers -- Their Extinction -- Common Sense and Idealism -- The + Man and the World -- The Philosophy of Expediency -- A Mediating + Work -- French Institutions -- Transformation of France -- + Napoleon and English Policy -- His Work in Germany -- French + Influence in Italy and Eastern Europe -- Napoleon and the Western + World. + +[Sidenote: Summary] + +If Napoleon's qualities as usurper, statesman, and warrior be as +remarkable as they appear, why was his time so short, what were the +causes of his decline, and what is his place in history? The causes of +his decline may be summed up in a single word--exhaustion. There +exists no record of human activity more complete than is that of +Napoleon Bonaparte's life. In its beginnings we can see this worshiper +of power stimulating his immature abilities in vain until, with +reckless desperation, he closed the period of training and made his +scandalous bargain with Barras; then, grown suddenly, inexplicably +rich, becoming with better clothing, food, and lodging physically more +vigorous, he seems mercilessly to drive the rowels into his own flanks +until initiative, ingenuity, and ruthlessness are displayed with +apparently superhuman dimensions. The period of achievement is short, +but glorious in politics; the age of domination is long and exciting. +Throughout both there is the same wanton physical excess and +intellectual dissipation. Then comes the turn. Every human age has in +it the germs of the next; we begin to die at birth, and the +characteristic qualities and powers of one period diminish as those of +the next increase. So it was with Napoleon. He compressed so much, +both as regards the number and importance of events, into so short a +space that his times are like those wrinkled Japanese pictures which +are made by shriveling a large print into a small compass--intense and +deep, but unreal. To change the metaphor, he found the ship of state +dashing onward, with her helm lashed and no one daring to take the +task of the steersman in hand. He cut the lashings and laid hold. His +unassisted efforts as a pilot gave the vessel a new course; but he had +no steam or other mechanical power, no _deus ex machinâ_, to aid him; +and, as the storm increased, exhaustion followed; he seemed to be +steering when, in reality, his actions were under the compulsion of +events he was not controlling; and this continued until the wreck. + +But the inertia of his powers resembled their rise so perfectly as to +represent continuous growth, and thus to deceive observers: in a few +years he had ordered the Revolutionary chaos of western Europe to his +liking, and the resultant organization worked by the principles he had +infused into it. As he saw his imperfect and shallow theories of +society successively confounded, he had no vigor left to reconstruct +them and adapt himself to new situations. His efforts at the rôle of +liberator throughout the Hundred Days deserve careful study. He simply +could not yield or adapt himself, except in non-essentials. The shifts +to which he had resort would have been ridiculous had they not been +pathetic. The governmental forms attempted by the Revolution had been +successively destroyed by the furious energy of Jacobinism: the +Directory was but a compromise, and when it took refuge for safety in +the army its performances seemed to the masses sure to bring back the +Terror; the Consulate was only a disguised monarchy founded on +military force; and as royalism was impossible, there seemed to vast +numbers no other alternative than the Empire. That there was no other +alternative was due to Napoleon's imperious character, now developed +to its utmost extent. He was selfish, hardened, and, though active +like his symbolic bee, without capacity for further development. His +mother knew that he could not hold out; she said it, and saved money +for a rainy day. He himself had haunting premonitions of this truth. +His passion to perpetuate himself by founding a dynasty was the real +basis for his warlike ardor. Profoundly moved, in fact awe-stricken, +by the imperishable hatred of the older dynasties, and yet reveling in +his military genius, he waged war ruthlessly and with zest, enjoying +the discomfiture of his foes, and delighting in the exercise of his +powers. But, after all, war was but a means. He frequently dwelt on +the advantages of hereditary succession; he lingered with suspicious +frequency over the satisfaction a dynastic ruler must feel in the +devotion or, if not that, in the submissiveness of his people; he was +hypersensitive to the slightest popular disturbance; and he must have +foreboded his own fall, since he was accustomed to wear poison in an +amulet around his neck, so that when the great crisis should arrive he +might take his own life. "Ah! why am I not my grandson?" he longingly +ejaculated. + +This single cause of Napoleon's fall can be better seen in the record +of his second captivity than in any other portion of his life. There +is no such thing as absolute exhaustion short of death. But +intermittent and flickering exertion is symptomatic of failing powers +in a jaded horse; it forebodes the end in a worn-out man. Cheerful and +busy at first, because recruited by a long and favorable sea-voyage, +he set out in St. Helena at a racing gait to write history and mold +the public opinion of Europe. Playful and energetic, he caught +together the scanty remnants of his momentary grandeur, and emulated +the masters of ceremony at the Tuileries in organizing a court and +issuing edicts for the conduct of its little affairs. His life was to +be that of a caged lion--caged, but yet a lion. The plan would not +work. In the affairs of Longwood there were, as everywhere, hitches +and irregularities. To Napoleon these soon became not the incidents, +but the substance of life. With the departure of his secretaries the +business of biographical composition became first irksome, then +impossible, and the poor muse of history was finally turned out of +doors. To regular exercise succeeded spasmodic over-exertion; +complaint became the subject-matter for the exercise of both mind and +tongue; daily association with kindly but second-rate persons checked +the flow of great ideas; the combinations of Austerlitz and Wagram +gave place to the small moves in a game of spite with a bureaucratic +British governor. From the days of his boyhood until his alliance with +Barras the exile had been a dreamy, vague, indefinite, unsuccessful +fellow; his powers were not quickly developed. While he had France and +Europe to work upon, he showed the extraordinary qualities repeatedly +outlined, mind and hand, thought and deed, working together. Already +jaded, his stupendous capacity became intermittent after the fatal +armistice of Poischwitz; but it worked, for it still had the raw +material of grand strategy and great politics to work on. This +continued until after Waterloo. That battle, not a great one in +itself, was nevertheless epic, both in its effects upon the world and +in its ruin of the brains which had swayed the destinies of Europe for +twenty years. Between the flight to Charleroi and the escape to the +_Bellerophon_, Napoleon shows no pluck and no brains. + +In actual captivity his mind was without a sufficient task and under +no pressure from necessity. It consequently, though somewhat +invigorated at first, intermitted more and more toward the close, +working, when it did work, awkwardly and with friction, until the +physical collapse came, and the end was reached. The attempts to +remodel history, the efforts to delineate his own and others' motives, +the specious summaries of his career and its epochs, the fragmentary +expositions of his philosophy in ethics, politics, and psychology--all +the stately volumes which bear his name, his literary remains, in +fact, present a pitiful sight when closely examined. They are but the +scoriæ of a burnt-out mind, but dust and ashes; a splendid mass, but +an extinct volcano. It was only natural that his successors and +admirers should seek to erect a more enduring foundation for his fame +by collecting and carefully editing what he had written when at his +best, when acting according to his momentary, normal impulse, and +when, therefore, he had the least pose and the greatest sincerity. But +it is a proof of their shrewdness that they selected and published +less and less after Erfurt, and that out of the voluminous pen-product +of St. Helena they chose a hundred and fifty pages which the +"Correspondence," intended to be the most splendid monument to the +Emperor's glory, could present as authentic biographical material. + +If, then, Napoleon was after all but a plain man, how did he become a +personage? Simply because he was the typical man of his day, less the +personal mediocrity; the typical burgher in personal character, the +typical soldier in war, the typical despot in peace, and the typical +idealist in politics; capable in all these qualities of analysis; +capable, consequently, of being understood; capable of exhaustion and +of being overwhelmed by combinations. In other words, he was really +great because he was the shrewd common-sense personage of his age, +considering the ideal social structure as a level of comfort in money, +in shelter, in food, in clothes, in religion, in morality, in decency, +in domestic good-nature, in the commonplace good things fairly divided +as far as they would go round. This was the side of his nature which +in a period of social exhaustion planted him four-square as a social +force, presented him to France as the rock against which the "red +fool-fury" of Jacobinism had dashed itself to pieces, and gave him for +a time command of all hearts. Thus established, he at once fell heir +to French tradition--that is, to the continuous policy of the nation +in foreign and domestic affairs; which was that France should be the +Jupiter in the Olympus of European nations by reason of her excellence +both in beauty and in strength. Here was a temptation not to be +resisted, the superlative temptation like that of the serpent and the +woman, the chance to transcend by knowledge, the opportunity to "hitch +his wagon to a star," to commingle the glory of France with his own +until the elements were no longer separable. Into this snare, great as +he was in his representative plainness, he fell, and in the ensuing +confusion he not only destroyed himself, but brought the proud and +splendid nation which had cherished him to the very verge of +destruction. He could not sway one emancipated people without swaying +an emancipated Europe, and this after Austerlitz he determined to do. +Then he lost his head: his wisdom turned out to be nothing but +adoration of mere expediency; his strength proved weakness when, with +his imperial idealism, he braved in Spain the idealism of a true +nation; his vaunted physical endurance disappeared with +self-indulgence, the golden head and brazen loins fell in a crash as +the feet of clay disintegrated before the storm of national +uprisings. + +This being true, we have in his career every element of epic +greatness: a colossal man, a chaotic age, the triumph of principle, +the reëstablishment of historical equilibrium by means of a giant cast +away when no longer needed. And this epic quality, which is not in the +man alone nor in the age alone, appears when the two are combined, and +then only. Looking at him in our cold light, he has every attribute of +the commonplace adventurer; looking at the France of 1786 with our +perspective, the people and the times appear almost mad in their +frantic efforts to accomplish the work of ages in the moments of a +single lifetime. Yet combine the two, and behold the man of the third +estate rising, advancing, reflecting, and then planting himself in the +foreground as the most dramatic figure of public life, and you have a +scene, a stage, and actors which cannot be surpassed in the range of +history. To the end of the Consulate the action is powerful, because +it represents reality: a nation unified, a people restored to +wholesome influences, peace inaugurated, constitutional government +established. There is so far no tawdry decoration, no fine clothes, no +posing, no ranting. But with the next scene, that of the Empire, the +spectator becomes aware of all these annoyances, and more. The leading +actor grows self-conscious, identifies himself with the public +interest for personal ends and to the detriment of the nation, +displays no moral or artistic self-restraint, and soon arranges every +element so as to make his studied personal ambitions appear like the +resultants of ominous forces which act from without, and against which +he is donning the armor of despotism for the public good. The play +becomes a human tragicomedy, and, verging to its close, ends, like the +tragedies of the Greeks, with a people betrayed and the force of the +age chained to a torrid rock as the sport of the elements. + +Was this the end, and did Napoleon have no place in history, as many +historians have lately been contending? Far from it. From his couch of +porphyry beneath the gilded dome on the banks of the Seine, the +Emperor, though "dead and turned to clay," still exercises a powerful +sway. The actual Napoleonic Empire had, as we have before remarked, a +striking resemblance to those of Alexander and Charlemagne. Based, as +were these, upon conquest, and continued for a little life by the +idealism of a single person, it seemed like a brilliant bubble on the +stream of time. But Alexander hellenized the civilization of his day, +and prepared the world for Christianity; Charlemagne plowed, harrowed, +and sowed the soil of barbaric Europe, making it receptive for the +most superb of all secular ideals, that of nationality; Napoleon tore +up the system of absolutism by the roots, propagated in the most +distant lands of Europe the modern conception of individual rights, +overthrew the rotten structure of the German-Roman empire, and in +spite of himself regenerated the long-abused ideas of nationality and +fatherland. It must be confessed that his own shallow political +science, the second-hand Rousseauism he had learned from his desultory +reading, had little to do with this, except negatively. One by one he +saw his faiths made ridiculous by the violent phases of Jacobinism +after it took control of the Revolutionary movement. His heart, his +conscience, his intellect, all undisciplined, then revolted against +the metaphysic which had misled him, and "ideologist" became his most +contemptuous epithet. Controlled by instinct and ambition, he +nevertheless remained throughout his period the one thorough idealist +among the men of action, Goethe being the superlative, transcendent +genius of idealism among the thinkers. Each successive day saw his +scorn of physical limitations increase, his impatience of language, +customs, laws, of local attachment, personal fidelity, and national +patriotism grow. The result was a fixed conviction that for humanity +at large all these were naught. At last he planted himself upon the +burgher philosophy of utility and expediency, putting his faith in the +loyalty of his family, in homely dependence upon matrimonial alliance, +in the passion of humanity for physical ease and earthly well-being. +This was the concert by which he sought to create a federation of +beneficent kingdoms that would win all men to the prime mover. Space +and time rebelled; the lofty ideals of humanity and philosophy would +not down; selfishness proved impotent as a support; the dreamer +recognized that again he had been deceived. Haggard and exhausted, he +finally turned, in the rôle of Napoleon Liberator, to the notion of +nationality and of government swayed by popular will in all its +phases. But it was too late. Instead of being the leader of a van, he +had forgotten, in his own phrase, to keep pace with the march of +ideas, and was a straggler in the rear, without a moral status or a +devoted following. + +All this is true; but it is equally true that much of his work endured +both in France and in the civilized world. In France, indeed, the work +he did has been in some details only too enduring. History is there to +tell us that the test of high civilization is not necessarily in great +dimensions. Those histories of the ancient world in which humanity +seems strange and distasteful, of Egypt, Phenicia, Babylon, and +Assyria, were wide in extent and long in duration: those of Greece and +Rome, whose poets, statesmen, legislators, and warriors are our +despair, were small in proportion and comparatively short in duration, +while they were normal and healthy; the world-empires of both were +neither natural nor admirable. It will not do, therefore, to judge +Napoleon by the length of his career, nor by the standards of other +times and different circumstances. The centralization of +administration in the commonwealth which he rescued from the clutches +of anarchy was probably essential to the rescue; the expediency which +he deliberately cultivated in the Concordat, in the laws of the family +and inheritance, and in the fatal Continental System, was possibly a +statesman's palliative for momentary political disease. His artificial +aristocracy, his system of great fiefs, his financial shifts--who +dares to say that these institutions did not meet a temporary want? +Moreover, it is worth considering whether a direct reaction to +moderate, sane republicanism from extreme and furious Jacobinism was +possible at all, and whether a reaction from Napoleon's imperial +democracy was not easier and the results more permanent. In other +words, is it likely that the third French republic could have been the +direct successor of the first? The question is certainly debatable. No +pen can so delineate the sufferings of France under Napoleonic +institutions as that of Taine has so ably and scathingly done; his +wonderful etching powerfully exhibits painful truths. But who is to +blame if a nation is hampered by its administration, by a +centralization it no longer needs, by social regulations which it has +outgrown, by political habits which do not suit the age? Not alone the +man who inaugurated them, for ends partly selfish but also partly +statesmanlike; the people who timidly endure are responsible for the +doom which will certainly overtake any nation living in a social and +political structure antiquated and unsuitable. + +One thing at least the new France has done with magisterial style: she +has introduced into her political machinery respect for political +habit. The French government of to-day is distinctly an outgrowth of +conditions, and not of theories. Its constitution has none of the +fatal marks of completeness which her other republican constitutions +have borne; on the contrary, there never was a period in modern times +when to the outsider French institutions seemed as crescive as they do +to-day. And they have abundant material on which to work. There are +signs that the system of nations as armed camps, for which Napoleon +set the example, is breaking by its own weight; modern armies are +mostly national schools controlled by scientific inquisitiveness and +permeated by a civic spirit; the pacific federal system of the great +European powers sometimes seems feeble and rickety, but it is in +existence. Alliances are now federations for peace; the Triple +Alliance continues to be a federation for peace; so too the Sextuple +Alliance, so energetic and persistent in its support of Turkey, has +been a federation for peace. Perhaps the day is nearer than we think +when the Hague tribunal shall develop a vigorous, practical working +system of international understandings, without appeal to war. Then +certainly, but long before, let us hope, France may anchor her +liberties in a bill of rights, destroy judicial inquisition, begin to +slacken the bonds of her prefectoral system, emancipate her +universities and academies, regenerate public feeling as to the +increase of population by modifying her laws of the family, and go on +not only to populate her own fertile fields, but to make the +magnificent colonies which she has acquired the future homes of +countless children, a field for exerting her superfluous energy--in +short, when she may slough off her now superfluous Napoleonic +institutions. + +It would be utterly unjust, however, to plead a justification of +Napoleon solely by such a monumental fact as that he was in all +likelihood the forerunner of modern France. Even when the country +adopted him, his positive, direct influence for good was great. The +Concordat whatever its faults, partly secured a free church and a free +state, separating thus what God had never joined together in holy +wedlock; his splendid codes--for no matter who pondered and shaped +them, they were his in execution--have guaranteed the perpetuity of +civil equality not only in France, but, as the sequel has shown, +throughout great expanses of Europe; the questions of a nation's right +to its chosen ruler and government, agitated in a new form during the +Hundred Days, were those with which succeeding generations were +concerned until they were answered in the affirmative. The difference +between the France of 1802 and that of 1815 is on one side painful, +but on another side it is remarkably significant. The former was +transitional and chaotic; the latter had that amazing but completed +social union, stronger than any ever known in history, which has saved +the country in succeeding storm-periods. In it there was respect for +persons, for contract, for property; the administration was unitary, +homogeneous, and active; the finances, though not regulated, were +restored to vigor; and the processes were inaugurated by which the +great cities of France have become healthful and beautiful, while at +the same time the internal improvements of the country have been +systematized and rendered splendid in their efficiency. Revolutionary +concepts were so modified and assimilated that the efforts of the +dynasties, when put to the test of public opinion, failed because they +were felt to be absurd by the masses. It was one of Napoleon's +aphorisms that "to have the right of using nations, you must begin by +serving them well." Like a good burgher, he made his servants +comfortable and happy. His example, moreover, was reflected abroad +throughout Europe; and to the millions of plain and not very shrewd +inhabitants of other lands, the Revolution, as Napoleon had shaped it, +lost many of the horrors with which Jacobinism, to the everlasting +damnation of both the thing and its name, had clothed it. It is a +question whether there was in existence a strong liberal France, such +as idealists depict, that could pacifically have done this wonderful +work. Examining and duly weighing the desperation of dynastic +absolutism, it looks as if nothing but the counter-poison of +Napoleon's militarism could have prevented its annihilating French +liberalism. Without Napoleon the conservative liberalism of to-day +would have been impossible. + +Turning to the field of general history, there are certain facts, +admittedly Napoleon's doing, which quite as certainly are among the +most important factors of contemporary politics. Of themselves +these would suffice to give him a high place in constructive +history. In the first place, he deprived England of the monopoly in +what had long been essentially and peculiarly her political ideal. +What was the basis of the long conflict between England and France +to which Napoleon fell heir? Was the struggle of these two glorious +and enlightened sister nations a struggle for territorial +ascendancy in Europe? Not entirely. Was it a life-and-death +struggle for ascendancy in the western world? No. The Seven Years' +War had decided that question against France, and the American war +for independence had in a sense evened the score in its decision +against England; for the prize had been awarded to a new people. +No; the conflict did not rage over this. What, then, was the cause? +Nothing less than a passion for the ascendancy of one of these +highest forms of civilization throughout the globe, including both +Europe and America. This Anglo-Saxon political, commercial, +religious, and social conception was, after the Napoleonic wars, no +longer confined to Great Britain. Thence onward the great powers +of Europe have been chiefly concerned, aside from their care for +self-preservation, in partitioning Africa and Asia among +themselves; and this process is no sooner complete than they begin +to murmur about the Monroe doctrine and to cast longing eyes toward +Central and South America. The state system which was once European +has become coextensive with the sphere on which we live, and this +notion of world-domination, so denounced when held by Napoleon, has +become the motive-power of every great modern civilization. + +If we consider the national politics of Europe beyond the boundaries +of France, history again becomes a record of influences started by +Napoleon's works, either of commission or of omission. Russia's +grandeur as a European power appears to be largely due to the +temporary extinction of Poland's hope for national resurrection. Had +Napoleon, instead of playing his doubtful game with the grand duchy of +Warsaw, turned into an autonomous permanency the scarcely known +provisional government of Poland, which he actually inaugurated and +which worked for a considerable time, and had he restored to its sway +both the Prussian and Austrian shares in the shameless partition, we +might have seen quite another result to the military migration of +1812. We can scarcely doubt, moreover, that Poland, restored under +French protection, would have been a buffer state between Russia, +Prussia, and Austria, rendering the crushing coalition an +impossibility in 1813, while in 1814 the allies could probably never +have crossed the French frontier, if indeed they had dared to go even +so far in their march across Europe. But his positive achievement was +quite as important. The Germany of to-day is a great federal state +guided, but not dominated, by Prussia. What are its other important +members? Bavaria, Würtemberg, and Baden--all three in their present +extent and influence the creations of Napoleon; the nice balance of +powers in the German Empire is due to his arrangement of the map. +There is even a sense in which all Germany, as we know it, sprang full +armed from his head. He not merely taught the peoples of central +Europe their strategy, tactics, and military organization: it was he +who carried the standard of enlightenment (in his own interest, of +course, but still he carried it) through the length and breadth of +their territories, and made its significance clear to the meanest +intellect of their teeming millions. Thereafter the longings for +German unity, for German fatherland, for the organization of German +strength into one movement, could never be checked. The swarm of petty +tyrants who had modeled their life and conduct on the example of Louis +XIV, and who in struggling to vie with his villainies had debauched +themselves and their peoples, was swept away by Napoleon's +ruthlessness, to give place to the larger, more wholesome nationality +of the nineteenth century, which was destined in the end to inspire +the surrounding nations with the new concept of respect, not alone for +one's own nationality, but for that of others. + +What French influence effected in Italy is a topic so recondite as to +require separate discussion; for the results were not so immediate or +so dramatic as they were in Germany. But the destruction of petty +governments was as ruthless as in the north; the ideas which marched +in Bonaparte's ranks found at least a large minority of intelligent +admirers among the invaded; and Italian unity, though won by a family +he feared and abused, is in no doubtful sense indebted for its +existence, not merely to Napoleon's age, but to the ideas he +disseminated and to the efforts at a practical beginning which he +made. As to Austria-Hungary, the new historical epoch which makes her +essentially the empire of the lower Danube takes its rise from +Napoleon's time and influence. The relaxation of her grasp on Italy +has thrown her across the Adriatic for the territorial expansion +essential to her position as a great power. It has been her mission to +rescue by moral influence some of the fairest lands in the Balkan +peninsula from waste and anarchy. Mere proximity is a powerful factor; +the turbulence of Austrian local patriotism has been the seed of +wholesome discontent among the Christian populations of Turkey, whose +first awakening was largely due to the emissaries sent by Napoleon to +fire the hearts of the oppressed and suffering subjects of that +distracted land. Servia is one example of this; and in a sense the +national awakening of Greece began with the hopes similarly aroused. + +The astounding magic of his name in the United States is partly due to +a quality of the American mind which makes its possessor the +passionate and indiscriminating adorer of greatness in every form. The +Americans are more French than the French in their admiration of +power. But, after all, this is not the main reason for their interest +in Napoleon. They are, dimly at least, aware of certain facts which +have determined their history and made them an independent nation; +though already stated and discussed, we may be pardoned for +recapitulating them in this connection. Their first war for +independence left them tributary to the mother-country both +industrially and commercially. It was Napoleon who pitilessly, though +slyly and indirectly, launched them into the second war with Great +Britain, from which they emerged with some glory and some sense of +defeat, but, after all, with the tremendous and permanent gain of +absolute commercial independence. In the second place, their purchase +of Louisiana, though understood by only a few at the moment, +revolutionized their national system both inside and outside. That +momentous step destroyed the literal interpretation of the +constitution, hitherto enslaving a congeries of jarring little +commonwealths in the bondage of verbalism, because, though manifestly +beneficent and necessary, it could be justified before the law only by +an appeal to the spirit and not to the letter. Thenceforward Americans +have steadily been enlarging their constitutional law by +interpretation, and the apparent timidity of amendment which they +display is simply due to the absence of necessity for revision as long +as expansion by interpretation continues. But certainly quite as +important as this was also the displacement, by the acquisition of +that vast territory, of what may be called the national center of +gravity. Until then the aspirations of Americans had been toward +Europe; the public opinion of the country had, until then, demanded +the largest possible intercourse with that continent compatible with +freedom from political entanglement. Thereafter there was a change in +their spirit: a continent of their own was open to their energies. For +two generations their history has been concerned with exploration, +with mechanical invention, and with solving the great problem of how +to prevent an extension of slavery corresponding to the extension of +territory. But nevertheless, steadily and vigorously two correlated +concepts were propagating themselves: neglect of Europe, in order to +expand and assimilate their recent acquisition; industrial +exclusiveness, for the sake of this great home market which +immigration, settlement, and the formation of new commonwealths were +creating, not at the front door, but in the rear of the states +stretching along the Atlantic. This resulted in a temporary +"about-face" of the nation; and it is only now, when the prize of +material greatness and of territorial unity has been secured, that the +people turn once more toward the rising sun, in order to get from +older lands everything germane to its own civilization, and to +assimilate these acquisitions, if possible, in realizing its own +ideals of moral grandeur. + + + + +HISTORICAL SOURCES + + +In making this book I had access to the following original sources: + +I. Unpublished Documents: _a_, The papers of the French Ministry of +Foreign Affairs during the years of Napoleon's life, including those +of the "Fonds Napoléon." _b_, The unpublished correspondence of +Napoleon kept in the French Ministry of War, including the "Volumes +Rouges" and the "Dossier de l'Empereur." This is as voluminous at +least as the published correspondence, but of personal and technical +rather than political interest. I have also consulted the archives of +the General Staff in the same building concerning many events +connected with Napoleon's career. _c_, The papers of Napoleon's youth +known as the Ashburnham papers, but now owned by the Italian +government, and kept in the Laurentian Library at Florence. Since I +used them they have been published by Masson and Biagi, but the +editors have corrected the text to an extent which is in our day not +considered scientific. _d_, The despatches of American diplomatists +resident abroad during Napoleon's career. _e_, Certain papers from the +Record Office in London relating to Napoleon's surrender and his life +in St. Helena. _f_, Certain papers of Henri Beyle containing +characterizations of Napoleon and contemporary anecdotes concerning +him. These were translated by Jean de Mitty from a cipher manuscript +in the public library at Grenoble. _g_, A considerable number of +Napoleon's letters, kindly put at my disposal by various collectors. + +II. Published Official Papers. Within the last few years original +documents concerning the Napoleonic epoch have been printed very +extensively. Nearly all the important books are based on archival +research, and the respective authors generally print a certain number +of despatches or reports in justification of their conclusions. The +following collections are the most important: _a_, The Correspondence +of Napoleon. _b_, Official Papers of the Helvetic Republic. _c_, +Diplomatic Correspondence between Prussia and France, 1795-97. _d_, +Lord Whitworth's despatches. _e_, Ducasse's Supplement to Napoleon's +Correspondence. _f_, The Papers of Gentz and Schwarzenberg. _g_, The +Papers of Metternich. _h_, Napoleon's Letters to Caulaincourt. _i_, +Napoleon's Letters to King Joseph. _j_, The Letters of King Jerome, +Queen Catharine, and King Frederick of Würtemberg. _k_, The Papers of +Castlereagh, Banks, Jackson, and other English statesmen of the time. +_l_, Diplomatic Correspondence between Russia and France. _m_, The +Archives of Count Woronzoff. _n_, Diplomatic Correspondence of the +Sardinian ambassadors at St. Petersburg. _o_, Diplomatic +Correspondence of the ministers of the republic and kingdom of Italy. +_p_, Lecestre's Unpublished Letters of Napoleon. This list might be +extended almost indefinitely by adding such collections as Ducasse's +Memoirs of King Joseph, Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, the +Correspondence of Eugène, etc., etc.; but these older books are too +well known to require enumeration, and, though authentic, are only +semi-official or personal publications. + +III. Contemporary Memoirs. Those titles given in the bibliography are, +with a few exceptions, the most valuable. The positive, literal truth +of the so-called memoirs attributed to Bourrienne, Constant, +Caulaincourt, Barras, Fouché, and Avrillon is very slender. They are +all made by skilful patchwork and must be read with the utmost +caution. In fact, it is doubtful whether, with the exception of +Barras's scandalous record, they have, strictly speaking, any right to +the names they bear. This much negative value they have: that they +show how history can be falsified in one interest or another. + +During the fourteen years which have elapsed since the book was +completed for magazine publication, and the twelve since it was +revised to the form of four volumes, great numbers of what were then +manuscript journals, memoirs, or letters have been printed and +published; of these proper use has been made in this edition, and +their titles are given in the bibliography. The author may be pardoned +for remarking that few details of importance have been found +incorrect, wherever experts agree, and that his many critics have made +no demand for the reconstruction of his characterization in its broad +outlines, however opposed they may be to his portrayals or +discussions. + +This list of books makes no pretense to completeness. It is a +conservative estimate that there are two hundred thousand titles of +books relating to Napoleon and his age. What is here given is +sufficient to assure the reader a complete view of Napoleon and his +times from the best sources. + + WM. M. SLOANE. + +_New York, August 1, 1910._ + + + + +GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY + + +BIBLIOGRAPHIES + +=Brière, G.=; =Caron, P.=; et =Maistre, H.= Répertoire Méthodique de +l'histoire moderne et contemporaine de la France. Paris, 1898 (one +vol. yearly). + +=Cambridge Modern History=. New York and London, 1906. Vol. IX, +Napoleon. + +=Catalogue de l'Histoire de France=. 15 v. + +=Dahlmann, E. C.=, and =Waitz, G.= Quellenkunde der deutschen +Geschichte. + +=Fournier, A.=, ed. Bourne, E. G. New York, 1903. + +=Gardiner, S. R.=, and =Mullinger, J. B.= Introduction to English +History. London, 1894. + +=Kircheisen, F.= Bibliography of Napoleon. Leipzig, 1902. + +=Kircheisen, F.= Bibliographie du temps de Napoléon. Paris, Geneva, +London, 1908. + +=Lumbroso, A.= Saggio di una bibliografia ragionata per servire alla +storia dell' epoca Napoleonica. Modena, 1894-96. Parts 1-5. + + +EUROPE + +=Alison, Sir A.= History of Europe from the commencement of the French +Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815. London, +1841-42. 10 v. 8{o}. + +=Bredow, G. G.= Chronik des XIXten Jahrhunderts. 2 v. Altona, 1801. +Continued by C. Venturini. 20 v. Altona, 1809-28. + +=Delbrück, H.= Historische u. politische Aufsätze. Berlin, 1887. 8{o}. + +=Faguet, E.= Politiques et moralistes du 19e siècle. Paris, 1891. +12{o}. + +=Froidevaux, H.= La politique coloniale de Napoléon Ier. In Revue des +questions historiques, tom. 68, pp. 608-620. Paris, Ier avril, 1901. + +=Heeren, A. H. L.= Handbuch der Geschichte des europäischen +Staatensystems und seiner Colonieen. Göttingen, 1819. + +=Houssaye, H.= 1814. 7 éd. Paris, 1888. 16{o}. + +=Houssaye, H.= 1815. Paris, 1899. + +=Houssaye, H.= 1815. Waterloo et la Terreur Blanche. Paris, 1899. + +=Lavisse, E.=, et =Rambaud, A.= Histoire générale du IVme siècle à nos +jours. 12 v. Paris, 1893-1901. (Vol. IX, 1800-15. Bibliography.) + +=Mahan, A. T.= Influence of Sea Power upon History. London, 1889. +8{o}. + +=Mahan, A. T.= The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution +and Empire. 2 v. London, 1893. + +=Montgaillard, J. G. M. Rocques de=. De la France et de l'Europe sous +le gouvernement de Bonaparte. Paris et Lyon, an XII (1804). + +=Plotho, C.= v. Der Krieg des Verbündet. Europa gegen Frankreich im +Jahre 1815. Berlin, 1818. 8{o}. + +=Pölitz, K. H. L.= D. Europäischen Verfassungen seit d. Jahre 1789 bis +auf die neueste Zeit. Mit geschichtl. Einleit. u. Erläuter. 2te neu +geordn., berichtigte u. ergänzte Aufl. Leipzig, 1833. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Rambaud, A.=, et =Lavisse, E.= Histoire générale. v. Lavisse. + +=Rocke, P.= Die Kontinentalsperre. Naumb., 1894. 8{o}. + +=Schlegel, A. W.= Über d. Continentalsystem u. d. Einfluss desselben +auf Schweden. Leipzig, 1814. 8{o}. + +=Schulz, K. G.= Geschichte d. Kriege in Europa seit dem Jahre 1792. +Berlin, 1827-53. 15 Bände in 23 Theilen. + +=Sorel, A.= L'Europe et la Révolution française (1789-1815). 8 v. +Paris, 1885-1904. + +=Sorel, A.= Essais historiques et critiques. Paris, 1894. + + +TREATIES + +=Angeberg, d'=. Le Congrès de Vienne et les traités de 1815, précédé +et suivi des actes diplomatiques, avec intr. hist. par M. Capefigue. +Paris, 1864. 2 v. + +=Barral-Montferrat, Marquis de=. Dix ans de paix armée entre la France +et l'Angleterre, 1783-1793. Ier v. Paris, 1893. 8{o}. + +=Bowman, H. M.= Die englisch-französische Friedensverhandlung (Dez., +1799, bis Jan., 1800). Leipzig, 1899. + +=Garden, G. de=. Histoire générale des traités de paix et autres +transactions principales entre les puissances de l'Europe depuis la +paix de Westphalie. Paris, 1848-59. 14 v. 8{o}. + +=Laperouse, A.= Le Congrès de Châtillon. Châtillon-sur-Seine, 1865. +8{o}. + +=Leclercq, A.= Recueil des traités de la France. Publ. sous les +auspices du ministre des affaires étrangères. Paris, 1864-72. 10 v. +8{o}. + +=Martens, G. F. de=. Recueil des principaux traités d'alliance, de +paix, de trève, etc., conclus par les puissances de l'Europe, tant +entre elles qu'avec les puissances et états dans d'autres parties du +monde depuis 1761 jusqu'à présent (1801). Paris, 1791-1801. 7 v. 8{o}. +Suppl. to 1807. Paris, 1802-08. 2 éd. Paris, 1817-35. 8 v. 8{o}. +(Continued by his nephew to the present time.) + +=Pons, André, Comte de Rio=. Known as Pons de l'Hérault. Le Congrès de +Châtillon. Paris, 1825. 8{o}. + +=Weiss, J. B. von=. Weltgeschichte (vols. XIX-XXII, 1795-1815). +Leipzig, 1896-98. + + +DIPLOMATIC HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW + +Bailleu, P. Preussen und Frankreich von 1795 bis 1807: diplomatische +Correspondenzen. Leipzig, 1881-87. 2 v. 8{o}. (Publ. a. d. K. preuss. +Staatsarchiv. Bde. 8, 29.) + +Bignon, L. P. Souvenirs d'un diplomate (La Pologne, 1811-13), +précédés d'une notice hist. sur la vie de l'auteur par M. Mignet. +Paris, 1864. + +=Buchez, P. J. B.= Histoire parlementaire de la Révolution française. +2 éd., revisée et entièrement remaniée par l'auteur, en collaboration +avec MM. Jules Bastide, E. S. de Bois-le-Comte et Q. Ott. Paris, +1845-47. 6 v. 12{o}. + +=Constant de Rebecque, H. B.= Cours de politique const.; ou, Coll. des +ouvrages publ. sur le gouvernement représentatif, avec une intr. et +des notes par Éd. Laboulaye. Paris, 1861. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Histoire des négociations diplomatiques relatives +aux traités de Mortfontaine, de Lunéville et d'Amiens. Paris, 1855. 3 +v. 8{o}. + +=Dufraisse, M.= Histoire du droit de guerre et de paix (1789-1815). +Paris, 1867. + +=Fournier, A.= Der Congress von Châtillon. Die Politik im Kriege von +1814. Eine historische Studie. 8{o}. Wien u. Prag, 1900. Tempsky. + +=Fournier, A.= Gentz u. Cobenzl. Geschichte d. österreich. Diplomatie +in den Jahre 1801-05. Nach neuen Quellen. Wien, 1880. 8{o}. + +=Gardane, A. de=. Mission du Gén. Gardane en Perse sous le premier +Empire. Documents historiques. Paris, 1865. 8{o}. + +=Gardane, Comte G.= De histoire générale des traités de paix depuis la +paix de Westphalie (to 1813). 14 v. Paris, 1849-59. + +=Goldsmith, L.= Secret history of the cabinet of Bonaparte. London, +1810. 8{o}. + +=Greppi=. Révélations diplomatiques sur les relations de la Sardaigne +avec l'Autriche et la Russie. Paris, 1859. 8{o}. + +=Kiesselbach, W. D.= Continentalsperre in ihrer Oekonomisch-Polit. +Bedeutung. Ein Beitrag z. Handelsgeschichte. Stuttgart, 1850. 8{o}. + +=Kleist, Heinr. v.= Politische Schriften und andere Nachträge zu +seinen Werken. Mit einer Einleitung zum ersten Male herausg. von R. +Kopke. Berlin, 1862. 8{o}. + +=Klinkowström, Clem. v.= Aus d. alten Registratur d. Staatskanzlei. +Briefe Polit. Inhalts von u. an Frdr. v. Gentz aus den Jahren +1799-1827. Wien, 1870. 8{o}. + +=Lefebvre, A.= Histoire des cabinets de l'Europe pendant le consulat +et l'Empire. Paris, 1866-69. + +=Léouzon-le-Duc, L. A.=, Éd. Correspondance diplomatique du baron de +Staël Holstein et de son successeur le baron Brinkman: documents inéd. +sur la Révolution (1783-99), recueillis aux archives royales de Suède +et publiés avec une introduction par L. Léouzon-le-Duc. Paris, 1881. +8{o}. + +=Maistre, J. de=. Correspondance diplomatique, 1811-17. Éd. par A. +Blanc. Paris, 1860. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Masson, F.= Le département des affaires étrangères pendant la +Révolution (1787-1804). Paris, 1877. + +=Montgaillard, J. G. M. Roques=, known as Comte de. Mémoires +diplomatiques 1805-1819, extraits du ministère de l'intérieur et +publiés, avec une introduction et des notes, par Clément de Lacroise. +Paris, 1896. 8{o}. + +=Napoléon I.= Collection générale et complète de lettres, +proclamations, discours, rédigée d'après le Moniteur, classée suivant +l'ordre du temps 1796-1807, accompagnée de notes historiques, publiée +par C. A. Fischer. Leipzig, 1808-13. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Pingaud, L.= Un agent secret sous la Révolution et l'Empire: le comte +d'Antraigues. Paris, 1893. 8{o}. + +=Pozzo di Borgo, Comte=. Correspondance diplomatique du C{te} Pozzo di +Borgo et du C{te} de Nesselrode depuis la Restauration. + +=Pradt, D. D. de=. Histoire de l'ambassade dans le grand duché de +Varsovie en 1812. 5 éd. rev. et corr. Paris, 1815. 8{o}. + +=Stewarton=. Secret history of the court and cabinet of St. Cloud. In +a series of letters. Anon. 4th American ed. New York, 1807. 12{o}. + +=Tratchefski, A.= Relations diplomatiques de la Russie avec la France +à l'époque de Napoléon I. Saint-Pétersbourg, 1890-93. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Ulmann, H.= Russisch-preussische Politik unter Alexander I und +Friedrich Wilhelm III bis 1806, urkundlich dargestellt. 8{o}. Leipzig, +1899. Duncker. + +=Vandal, A.= Négociations avec la Russie relatives au second mariage +de Napoléon. In Revue historique, tom. 44, pp. 1-42. Paris, 1900. + + +MILITARY HISTORY + +=Aster, K. H.= D. Kriegsereignisse zwischen Peterswalde, Pirna, +Königstein u. Priesten im Aug., 1813, u. die Schlacht bei Kulm. +Dresden, 1845. 8{o}. + +=Aster, K. H.= Gefechte u. Schlachten bei Leipzig im October, 1813. 2 +Ausg. Dresden, 1852-53. 2 Bde. 8{o}. + +=Aster, K. H.= Schilderung d. Kriegsereignisse in und vor Dresden, vom +7 März bis 28 August, 1813. 2 Ausg. Leipzig, 1856. 8{o}. + +=Barral, Georges=. L'épopée de Waterloo: narration nouvelle des cent +jours et de la campagne de Belgique en 1815. Paris, 1895. 8{o}. + +=Beauchamp, A. de=. Histoire des campagnes de 1814-15. Paris, 1815-17. +4 v. 8{o}. + +=Beauharnais, le Prince Eugène de=. Mémoires et correspondance +politique et militaire. Publ., annotés et mis en ordre par A. du +Casse. Paris, 1858-60. 10 v. 8{o}. + +=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Krieges von 1806-07, oder Bemerk. +Berichtigungen u. Zusätze zu d. in Theile des Werkes: Geschichte d. +Kriege in Europa seit d. Jahre 1792 als Folgen d. Staatsveränderung in +Frankreich unter Ludwig XVI, etc. Berlin, 1834. Breslau, 1836. + +=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Krieges vom Jahre 1806 u. 1807, oder +Bemerk. Berichtigungen u. Zusätze zu d. in Theile des Werkes, etc. +Breslau, 1836. (Contains the memoirs of Oginski, Eugen's von +Würtemberg, and Bennigsen.) + +=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Französ.-russ. Feldzügs im Jahre 1812. +Breslau, 1814. 8{o}. + +=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Feldzüge 1814-15 in Frankreich, in +besond. Beziehung auf d. Commando d. Kronprinzen v. Würtemberg, +herausg. v. d. Offizieren d. Würtemb. Gen. Quart. Staabs. Stuttgart, +1818. 3 Hefte, mit 12 Plänen. + +=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Feldzüge v. 1813-14, von e. Offizier d. +alliirten Armee. Berlin, 1815. 8{o}. + +=Bernays, Guillaume=. Schicksale d. Grossherzogth. Frankfurt u. seiner +Truppen. Eine kulturhistor. u. militär. Studie aus der Zeit d. +Rheinbundes. Berlin, 1882. 8{o}. + +=Berthezène, P.= Souvenirs militaires de la République et de l'Empire +[1798-1815]; publ. par son fils. Paris, 1855. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Bertin, G.= La campagne de 1814, d'après des témoins oculaires. 8{o}. +Paris, 1897. Flammarion. + +=Bertrand, E.= Les marins de la garde (1803-1815). 8{o}. Paris, 1895. +Baudin. + +=Bleibtreu, K.= Geschichte und Geist der europäischen Kriege unter +Friedrich dem Grossen und Napoleon. Leipzig, 1893. + +=Borcke, J. v.= Kriegerleben. 1806-15. Nach dessen Aufzeichng. bearb. +von Leszczynski. Berlin, 1888. 8{o}. + +=Bourgeois, R.= Relation fidèle et détaillée de la dernière campagne +de Bonaparte terminée par la bataille de Mont Saint-Jean, dite de +Waterloo ou de la Belle Alliance, par un témoin oculaire. Paris, 1815. +8{o}. + +=Bourgoing, P. de=. Itinéraire de Napoléon I de Smorgoni à Paris, +épisode de la guerre de 1812. Premier extrait des mém. militaires et +politiques inédits. Paris, 1862. + +=Bustelli, G.= L'Enigma di Ligny e di Waterloo (15-18 giugno, 1815) +studiato e sciolto. 3 v. 8{o}. Viterbo, 1897. Agnesotti. + +=Buturlin=. Hist. militaire de la campagne de Russie en 1812. Paris, +1824. 2 v. 8{o}. Atlas 4{o}. + +=Chabot-Arnault=. Histoire des flottes militaires. Paris, 1889. 8{o}. + +=Charras, J. B. A.= Histoire de la campagne de 1815. Waterloo. Avec un +atlas. 6 éd. Paris, 1869. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Chesney, C. C.= Étude de la campagne de 1815: Waterloo. Bruxelles, +1870. 8{o}. + +=Chesney, C. C.= Waterloo lectures. 2 ed. London, 1869. 8{o}. + +=Chevalier, Éd.= Histoire de la marine française sous le Consulat et +l'Empire. Paris, 1886. 8{o}. + +=Clausewitz, C.= v. Hinterlassene Werke ü. Krieg u. Kriegführung. +Berlin, 1862-89. 10 v. 8{o}. + +=Colin, J.= Études sur la campagne de 1796-97 en Italie. 8{o}. Av. +carte et croquis. Paris, 1897. Baudoin. + +=Colomb, E.= v. Blücher in Briefen aus den Feldzügen 1813-15. +Stuttgart, 1876. 8{o}. + +=Corte=. Battaglie di S. Michele e Mondovi. Torino, 1846. + +=Damitz, K. von=. Geschichte des Feldzugs von 1815 in den Niederlanden +u. Frankreich. Berlin, 1837-38. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Danielson, J. R.= Finska kriget och Finlands krigare (1808-1809). +Stockholm, 1898. Wahlstrom. + +=Danilewsky, M.= Darstellung d. Feldzuges in Frankreich im Jahre 1814. +In's deutsche übertr. v. C. v. Kotzebue. Riga, 1837-38. 2 Bde. + +=Danilewsky, M.= Geschichte des Krieges im Jahre 1812. Mit 33 Plänen. +Riga, 1840. 8{o}. + +=Danilewsky, M.= Geschichte des Vaterland. Krieges im Jahre 1812, auf +Allerhöchsten befehl des Kaisers von Russland verfasst. Aus d. Russ. +übersetzt von C. R. Goldhammer. Riga, 1840. 4 Thle. + +=Danilewsky, M.= Relation de la campagne de 1805 (Austerlitz). Tr. du +russe par le gén. L. Narischkine. Paris, 1846. 8{o}. 1 carte et 1 +plan. + +=Davout, L.=, Prince d'Eckmühl. Opérations du 3e corps, 1806-07. +Rapport publié par son neveu le général Davout, duc d'Auerstädt. +Paris, 1896. 8{o}. + +=Dechent=. Beiträge z. Gesch. des Feldzuges von 1806, nach Quellen des +Archivs Marburg. Berlin, 1887. 8{o}. + +=De Cugnac=. Campagnes de l'armée de réserve en 1800. Tom. I: Passage +du grand Saint-Bernard. Tom. II: Marengo. Av. 21 cartes et croquis. +Paris, 1900-01. Chapelot. + +=Delauney=. Napoléon et la défense des côtes. Extrait du "Mémorial de +l'artillerie de la marine." Paris, 1895. 8{o}. + +=Denniée=, Baron. Itinéraire de l'Empereur Napoléon pendant la +campagne de 1812. Paris, 1842. 8{o}. + +=Desbrière, E.= 1793-1805. Projets et tentatives de débarquement aux +îles britanniques. Av. 60 cartes et croquis. 3 v. 8{o}. Paris, +1901-02. Chapelot. + +=Ditfurth, M.= D. Schlacht bei Borodino am 7 Sept., 1812. Mit besond. +Rücksicht auf die Theilnahme d. deutschen Reitercontingente. Marburg, +1887. + +=Doisy de Villargennes, A. J.= Reminiscences of Army Life under +Napoleon Bonaparte. Cin., 1884. 12{o}. + +=Dörr, J. D.= Schlacht von Hanau am 30 Oktbr., 1813. Cassel, 1851. +8{o}. + +=Doublet, P. J. L. O.= Mémoires historiques sur l'invasion et +l'occupation de Malte par une armée française en 1798. Publ. pour la +première fois par le comte de Panisse-Passis. Paris, 1883. 12{o}. + +=Dumas, M.= Précis des événements militaires; ou, Essai historique sur +les campagnes de 1799 à 1814. Paris, 1816-26. 19 v. 8{o}. + +=Durdent, R. J.= Campagne de Moscou en 1812. Paris, 1814. 8{o}. + +=Duruy, A.= Études d'histoire militaire sur la Révolution et l'Empire. +Paris, 1888. 8{o}. (First chapter is La conspiration du Gén. Malet.) + +=Du Teil, B{on} J.= Napoléon Bonaparte et les généraux du Teil +(1788-94). L'École d'artillerie d'Auxonne et le siège de Toulon. Une +famille militaire au XVIIIe siècle. + +=Eniden, F.= Erinnerungen eines österreichischen Ordonnanzoffiziers +aus dem Feldzuge 1812. 8{o}. Wien, 1898. Seidel. + +=Fabvier, C. N.= Journal des opérations du sixième corps pendant la +campagne de 1814 en France. Paris, 1819. 8{o}. + +=Fezensac, R. E. P. J. de Montesquiou, duc de=. Souvenirs militaires +de 1804 à 1814. 4 éd. Paris, 1870. 12{o}. + +=Foucart, P.= Bautzen (une bataille de 2 jours), 20-21 mai, 1813. +Paris, 1897. 8{o}. + +=Foucart, P.= Campagne de Prusse (1806), d'après les archives de la +guerre: Jena. Paris, 1887. 8{o}. + +=Französische= Armee im Jahre 1813, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte d. +Befreiungs Kriege. Berlin, 1889. 8{o}. + +=Friant Comte=. Vie militaire du lieutenant-général comte Friant. +Paris, 1857. 8{o}. + +=Gachot, E.= Histoire militaire de Masséna. Paris, 1901. + +=Gamot=. Réfutation en ce qui concerne le M{al} Ney de l'ouvrage ayant +pour titre "Campagne de 1815 ... par le G{al} Gourgaud." Paris, 1818. +8{o}. + +=Gardner, D.= Quatre-Bras, Ligny, Waterloo: Narrative of the campaign +in Belgium, 1815. London, 1882. 8{o}. + +=Gérard, E. M., Comte=. Quelques documents sur la bataille de +Waterloo, propres à éclairer la question portée devant le public par +M. le Marquis de Grouchy. Paris, 1829. 8{o}. + +=Giraud, P. F. F. J.= Campagne de Paris en 1814, précédée d'un coup +d'oeil sur celle de 1813; ou, Précis historique et impartial des +événements depuis l'invasion de la France par les armées étrangères +jusqu'à la capitulation de Paris, la déchéance et l'abdication de +Buonaparte inclusivement. Paris, 1814. 8{o}. + +=Gleig, G. R.= Story of the battle of Waterloo. New York, 1847. + +=Gouvion Saint-Cyr, L., Marquis de=. Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire +militaire sous le Directoire, le Consulat et l'Empire, 1798-1813. +Paris, 1831. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Grenier, P.= Étude sur 1807 Manoeuvres d'Eylau et Friedland. Av. +croquis. Paris, 1901. 8{o}. + +=Grouchy, Gen.= Observations sur la relation de la campagne de 1815, +pub. par le Gén. Gourgaud; et réfutation de quelques-unes des +assertions d'autres écrits relatifs à la bataille de Waterloo. Paris, +1819. 8{o}. + +=Grouchy, Marquis de=. Mémoires du M{al} de Grouchy. Paris, 1873-74. 5 +v. 8{o}. + +=Guillaume, F., dit Guillaume de Vaudoncourt=. Histoire des campagnes +de 1814 et 1815 en France. Paris, 1826. 5 v. 8{o}. + +=Guillon, E.= Les complots militaires sous le consulat et l'empire, +d'après les documents inédits des archives. 12{o}. Paris, 1894. Plon. + +=Guillon, E.= Nos écrivains militaires. Études de littérature et +d'histoire militaire. 2e sér. Depuis la Révolution jusqu'à nos jours. +12{o}. Paris. Plon. + +=Hamilton, Captain Thomas=. Annals of the Peninsular campaigns from +1808 to 1816. Edinburgh, 1829. 3 v. 18{o}. + +=Helfert=. D. Schlacht bei Kulm, 1813. Wien, 1863. Gr. 8{o}. + +=Helldorff=. Zur Geschichte d. Schlacht bei Kulm. Aufklärung +verschiedener bis jetzt unrichtig darg. Thatsachen über die Tage vom +25-30 August, 1813. Berlin, 1856. 8{o}. + +=Heymès=. Relation de la campagne de 1815, dite de Waterloo, pour +servir à l'histoire du Maréchal Ney. Paris, no date. 8{o}. + +=Histoire= des sociétés secrètes de l'armée et des conspirations +militaires qui ont eu pour objet la destruction du gouvernement de +Bonaparte. Paris, 1815. [Anon.] + +=Hofmann, G. W. v.= Die Schlacht bei Borodino mit einer Uebersicht des +Feldzugs von 1812. Koblenz, 1846. 8{o}. + +=Hooper, G.= Waterloo, the downfall of the first Napoleon. London, +1890. 16{o}. + +=Höpfner, Ed. v.= D. Krieg von 1806 u. 1807. Beiträge zur Geschichte +d. preuss. Armee nach d. Quellen d. Kriegs-Archivs bearb. Berlin, +1850-51. 4 v. 8{o}. Mit Schlacht u. Gefechts Plänen u. Beilagen. + +=Houssaye, H.= 1815. Waterloo. 8{o}. Paris, 1898. Perrin. Trad. en +allem. par A. Ostermeyer. 8{o}. London, 1900. Grant Richards. + +=Jomini, H. de=. Portable atlas of the fields of Waterloo and Ligny. +Brussels, 1851. 8{o}. + +=Jomini, H. de=. Histoire crit. et militaire des guerres de la +Révolution, 1792-1803. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1820-24. 15 v. 8{o} and atlas +fol. + +=Jomini, H. de=. Précis politique et militaire des campagnes de 1812 à +1814, extr. des souvenirs inéd., avec une notice biog. et des cartes, +plans et légendes, publ. F. Lecomte. Lausanne, 1886. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Jomini, H. de=. Précis politique et militaire de la campagne de 1815, +pour servir de supplément et de rectification à la vie politique et +militaire de Napoléon, racontée par lui-même. Paris, 1839. 8{o}. + +=Jurien de la Gravière, J. B. E.= Guerres maritimes sous la République +et l'Empire, avec les plans des batailles navales ... et une carte du +Sund ... 3e éd. Paris, no date. 2 v. 12{o}. + +=Koch, J. B. F.= Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la campagne de +1814. Paris, 1819. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Krebs, L.=, et =Morris, H.= Campagnes dans les Alpes pendant la +Révolution, d'après les archives des états-majors français et +austro-sarde (1794-1796). 8{o}. Av. 2 cartes et 7 croquis. Paris, +1895. Plon. + +=Lacroix, D.= Les maréchaux de Napoléon. 12{o}. Av. grav. Paris, 1896. +Garnier. + +=Larrey, D. J.= Mémoires de chirurgie militaire et campagnes. (In his +Mém. de méd. et de chirur. militaire. 4 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1813-18.) + +=La Tour d'Auvergne, E. de=. Waterloo. Étude de la campagne de 1815. +Avec cartes et plans. Paris, 1870. 8{o}. + +=Lecène, P.= Les marins français, 1793-1815. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1885. +8{o}. + +=Legler, Th.= Denkwürdigkeiten a. d. russischen Feldzuge vom Jahr +1812. Jahrb. des hist. Vereins des Kantons Glarus, 1868. + +=Leissnig, W. S.= Märsche u. Kriegsereignisse, Terrain Bemerkungen, u. +s. w., eines Königl. Sächs. Dragoner Offiziers bei d. französ. Armee +auf dem Zuge nach Moskau im Jahre 1812. I. Th. Marsch aus Lausitz, +durch Polen, Preussen, Litthauen bis Moskau. Leipzig, 1828. 8{o}. + +=Lewal=. La veillée d'Jena. Étude de stratégie de combat. 8{o}. Paris, +1899. Chapelot. + +=Leydolph, E=. Die Schlacht bei Jena. Mit 2 Karten. 2 Aufl. 8{o}. +Jena, 1901. Bräunlich. + +=Loben-Sels, E. von=. Précis de la campagne de 1815 dans les Pays-Bas. +La Haye, 1849. 8{o}. + +=Loir, M.= Gloires et souvenirs maritimes d'après les mémoires et les +récits de Baudin, Bonaparte, de l'admiral P. Bouvet, du vice-admiral +Courbet, etc. 4{o}. Avec plans. Paris, 1900. Hachette. + +=Loir, M.= Brueys à Aboukir (1er août, 1798). 8{o}. Paris, 1900. +Chapelot. Extrait de la "Revue militaire." + +=Loir, M.= Études d'histoire maritime (Révolution; Empire; +Restauration). 16{o}. Paris, 1901. Berger-Levrault. + +=Loir, M.= Gloires et souvenirs maritimes. Paris, 1895. 4{o}. + +=Lossau, v.= Charakteristik der Kriege Napoleons. (Mit Plänen u. +Karten.) Karlsruhe, 1843-47. 3 v. 8{o}. Atlas fol. + +=Lumbroso, B{on} A.= La campagne de Murat en 1815. Précis militaire et +politique de la campagne de J. Murat en Italie contre les Autrichiens. +8{o}. Paris, 1899. + +=Maag, A.= Die Schicksale der Schweizer-Regimenter in Napoleons I +Feldzug nach Russland, 1812. 8{o}. Biel, 1890. Kuhn. 3 Aufl. 8{o}. +Biel, 1900. Kuhn. + +=Malachowski, v.= Üb. die Entwickelung der Leitenden Gedanken zur +ersten Campagne Bonapartes. Ein Vortrag. Berlin, 1884. + +=Malo, C.= Champs de bataille de l'armée française (Belgique, +Allemagne, Italie) (Genappe, Fleurus, Ligny, Steinkerque, Neerwinden, +Malplaquet, Waterloo, Jena, Auerstädt, Eylau, Friedland, Lützen, +Dresde, Leipzig, etc.). Avec illustr. 4{o}. Paris, 1901. Hachette. + +=Martinien, A.= Liste des officiers généraux tués ou blessés sous le +premier Empire. Paris, 1895. 8{o}. + +=Masson, F.= Cavaliers de Napoléon. Paris, 1895. Fol. + +=Menge, A.= Die Schlacht von Aspern am 21 und 22 Mai, 1809. Eine +Erläuterung der Kriegsführung Napoleons I und des Erzherzogs Carl von +Oesterreich. 8{o}. Berlin, 1900. Stilke. + +=Miller, M. v.= Darstellung d. Feldzugs d. Französ. verbündeten Armee +gegen d. Russ. im Jahre 1812, mit besond. Rücksicht auf d. Theilnahme +d. K. Würtembergischen Truppen. Stuttgart, 1823. 2 Thle. 4{o}. + +=Morris, W. O'C.= Napoleon, warrior and ruler, and the military +supremacy of revolutionary France. New York, 1893. 8{o}. + +=Mudford, W.= Historical account of the battle of Waterloo. London, +1817. 4{o}. + +=Müffling, A. G. v.= (genannt Weiss). Stratégie napoléonienne. La +campagne d'automne de 1813 et les lignes intérieures. 8{o}. Paris, +1897. Baudoin. + +=Müffling, C. v.= Geschichte d. Feldzuges d. Armee unter Wellington u. +Blücher im Jahre 1815. Nebst d. Plänen d. Schlachten von Ligny, +Quatre-Bras u. Belle-Alliance. Stuttgart, 1817. 8{o}. + +=Müffling, D.= Operationsplan der Preussisch-sächsischen Armee. 1806. +Schlacht von Auerstädt, Rückzug bis Lübeck. Weimar, 1807. 8{o}. + +=Müffling, C. v.= Histoire de la campagne de l'armée anglaise et de +l'armée prussienne en 1815. Stuttgart, 1817. 8{o}. + +=Müller, P.= L'Espionnage militaire sous Napoléon Ier. C. +Schulmeister. 12{o}. Paris, 1896. Berger-Levrault. + +=Napier, Sir Wm.= History of the War in the Peninsula and the South of +France, 1807-14. London, 1828. + +=Napoléon I.= Correspondance avec le ministre de la marine depuis 1804 +jusqu'en avril, 1815. Extrait d'un portefeuille de Ste Hélène. Paris, +1837. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Ney, M. L. F., duc d'Elchingen=. Documents inédits sur la campagne de +1815. Paris, 1840. 8{o}. See also Dumoulin. + +=Nösfelt, F. A.=, und =Löbell, J. W.= Kriegsgeschichten aus d. Jahren +1812 u. 13, oder Darstellungen a. d. Feldzügen d. Franzosen u. +verbündeten Truppen, u. s. w. mit dem Plan d. Schlacht bei Leipzig. +Breslau, 1814-16. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Oman=. History of the Peninsular War. London, 1903. 3 v. + +=Oncken, W.= D. Zeitalter d. Revolution d. Kaiserreiches u. d. +Befreiungskriege. Berlin, 1884-86. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Pascallet, E.= Notice biog. sur M. le maréchal marquis de Grouchy, +pair de France, avec des éclaircissements et des détails hist. sur la +campagne de 1815 ... et sur la bataille de Waterloo. 2 éd. Paris, +1842. 8{o}. + +=Pelet, J. J. G.= Réponse aux observations du Gén. Müffling sur la +campagne de 1813. (Extrait du "Spectateur militaire.") = Pelet, J. J. +G., Baron=. Des principales opérations de la campagne de 1813. Paris, +1826. 8{o}. (Extrait du "Spectateur militaire.") + +=Pelet, J. J. G.= Tableau de la grande armée en sept. et oct., 1813. +(Extrait du "Spectateur militaire.") + +=Pelleport, le gén. vicomte Pierre de=. Souvenirs militaires et +intimes de 1793 à 1853. Publ. par son fils sur manuscrits originaux, +lettres, notes et documents officiels laissés par l'auteur. Bordeaux, +1857. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Petzel=. Die Operationen Napoleons von La Rothière bis Bar-sur-Aube +vom 1-25 Febr., 1814. 8{o}. Berlin, 1900. Mittler. + +=Pfalz, A.= Die Marchfeldschlachten von Aspern und Deutsch-Wagram im +Jahre 1809. 2 Aufl. Kornenburg, 1900. Kühkopf. + +=Pfister, A.= Aus dem Lager der Verbündeten, 1814 und 1815. Stuttgart +und Leipzig, 1897. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt. + +=Picard, C.= La cavalerie dans les guerres de la Révolution et de +l'Empire. 2 v. 8{o}. Saumur, 1895-96. Milon. + +=Pièces= diverses relatives aux opérations militaires et politiques du +général Bonaparte. Paris, an VIII. 8{o}. + +=Pion des Loches, A. A. F.= Mes campagnes (1792-1815). Notes et +correspondance, mises en ordre et publiées par M. Chipon et L. +Pingaud. Paris, 1889. 8{o}. + +=Plotho, C. v.= Tagebuch während d. Krieges zwisch. Russland u. +Preussen in d. Jahren 1806 u. 7. Mit 2 Plänen. Berlin, 1811. 8{o}. + +=Pönitz, C. E.= Militärische Briefe eines Verstorbenen, an seine noch +lebenden Freunde; historischen, wissenschaftlichen, kritischen u. +humoristischen Inhalts. Zur unterhaltenden Belehrung f. Eingeweihte +und Laien im Kriegswesen. Adorf, 1841-45. 5 v. 8{o}. + +=Porter, Sir R. Ker.= Hist. de la campagne de Russie pendant l'année +1812, contenant des détails puisés dans des sources officielles ou +provenant de récits français interceptés et inconnus jusqu'à ce jour, +traduit de l'anglais sur la 6e éd. M.... avec des notes. Paris, 1817. +8{o}. + +=Poyen, H. de=. Les guerres des Antilles de 1793 à 1815. 8{o}. Av. +cartes. Paris, 1896. Berger-Levrault. Extr. du Mémorial de +l'artillerie de la marine. + +=Quinet, E.= Histoire de la campagne de 1815. Paris, 1862. 8{o}. + +=Radetzky, Graf=. Denkschriften militärisch-politischen Inhalts aus +d. handschriftlichen Nachlass. Stuttgart, 1858. + +=Roloff, G.= Politik und Kriegführung während des Feldzuges von 1814. +8{o}. Berlin, 1891. Mayer. + +=Ropes, J. C.= Campaign of Waterloo. A Military History. 2d éd., with +atlas. New York, 1893. 8{o}. Atlas fol. + +=Ropes, J. C.= First Napoleon. A sketch political and military. +Boston, 1895. 8{o}. + +=Roth v. Schreckenstein=. D. Kavallerie in d. Schlacht an der Moskwa +(von d. Russen Schlacht bei Borodino genannt) am 7 Sept., 1812. Nebst +einigen ausführlichen Nachrichten u. d. Leistungen des 4 +Kavallerie-corps unter d. Anführung d. Gen. Latour-Maubourg. Münster, +1858. 8{o}. + +=Roussel=. Les maitres de la guerre. Frédéric II, Napoléon, Moltke. +Essai critique, d'après des travaux inédits du G{al} Bonnal. 18{o}. +Paris, 1899. Montgredien. + +=Rousset, C.= La grande armée de 1813. Paris, 1871. 8{o}. + +=Rousset, C.= Les volontaires, 1791-94. Paris, 1870. 8{o}. + +=Rühle v. Lilienstern, J. J. v.= Reise eines Malers mit der Armee im +Jahre 1809. Rudolstadt, 1809-11. 3 v. + +=Rühle v. Lilienstern, Th. Jak.= Bericht von Augenzeugen v. d. Feldzug +im Oct., 1806. 2 Thle. Tübingen, 1809. + +=Rühle v. Lilienstern, Th. Jak.= Pallas: e. Zeitschr. f. Staats. u. +Kriegskunst. Jahrg. 1808-10. 12 Hefte. (Battle of Wagram.) + +=Rüstow, W.= D. Krieg von 1805 in Deutschland u. Italien. Als +Anleitung zu kriegshistorischen Studien bearb. Fraunfeld, 1853. 8{o}. + +=Sargent, H. H.= Campaign of Marengo, with comments. 8{o}. London, +1897. Paul. + +=Sargent, H. H.= Napoleon Bonaparte's first campaign, with comments. +8{o}. London, 1895. Paul. + +=Saski=. Campagne de 1809 en Allemagne et en Autriche. 2 v. 8{o}. +Paris, 1899, 1900. Berger-Levrault. + +=Sauzey=. Iconographie du costume militaire de la Révolution et de +'Empire, contenant de courtes notices historiques sur plus de deux +cent corps de troupes, et huit mille références à plus de cinq mille +planches d'uniformes coloriés. Av. preface par H. Bouchot. 16{o}. +Paris, 1901. Dubois. + +=Schleiffer, A. D.= Schlacht bei Hohenlinden am 3 Dezbr., 1800, u. d. +vorausgegangenen Heeresbewegungen. Nach d. besten Quellen bearb. Mit +e. Legende u. color. Karte. Rathenow, 1885. 8{o}. + +=Ségur, P. P. de=. Histoire de Napoléon et de la grande armée pendant +l'année 1812. 16e éd. Paris, 1852. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Sérurier, Baron=. Mémoires militaires, mis en ordre et rédigés par +son ami M. le Miere de Corvey. Avec une introduction de J. Turquan. +Paris, 1894. 18{o}. + +=Siborne, W.= History of the War in France and Belgium in 1815. 3d ed. +London, 1848. 8{o}. Atlas fol. + +=Smekal, G.= Die Schlacht bei Aspern und Esslingen, 21 und 22 Mai, +1809. 8{o}. Wien, 1899. Seidel. + +=Soltyk, Comte R.= Napoléon en 1812. Mém. hist. et militaires sur la +campagne de Russie. Paris, 1836. 8{o}. + +=Souvenirs militaires=. Napoléon à Waterloo, ou précis rectifié de la +campagne de 1815, avec des documents nouveaux et des pièces inédites, +par un ancien officier de la garde impériale qui est resté près de +Napoléon pendant toute la campagne. Paris, 1866. 8{o}. + +=Stewart, C. W. V.= Histoire de la guerre de 1813 et 1814 en Allemagne +et en France. Paris, 1833. 8{o}. + +=Stuhr, P. F.= D. drei letzten Feldzüge gegen Napoleon, Krit. +historisch dargestellt. Lemgo, 1832. 8{o}. + +=Tondu-Nangis= père. La bataille de Montereau (18 févr., 1814). Av. +notes, etc. 16{o}. Montereau, 1900. Zanote. + +=Treuenfeld, v.= D. Tage von Ligny u. Belle-Alliance. Hann., 1880. +8{o}. + +=Wedel, C. A. W., Graf von=. Geschichte eines offiziers im Kriege +gegen Russland, 1812, etc. Berlin, 1897. Asher. + + +NAPOLEON + +_a._ MEMOIRS + +=Abell, Mrs. L. E. B.= Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon on the +Island of St. Helena. 3d ed., rev. by her daughter, Mrs. C. Johnston. +London, 1873. 12{o}. + +=Allonville, Comte d'=. Mémoires secrets de 1770 à 1830. Paris, +1838-45. 6 v. 8{o}. + +=Anglemont, E. d'=. Le Duc d'Enghien, histoire-drame. Paris, 1832. +8{o}. + +=Arnault, A. V.= Souvenirs d'un sexagénaire. Paris, 1833. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Audiffret-Pasquier, E. D., Duc d'=. Histoire de mon temps: Mémoires +publ. par le Duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier. 5 éd. Paris, 1894. 6 v. 8{o}. + +=Audiffret-Pasquier, E. D., Duc d'=. History of my time: Memoirs, ed. +by the Duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier, tr. by C. E. Roche. The Revolution, +the Consulate, the Empire. New York, 1893-94. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Avrillon, Mme.= Mémoires sur la vie privée de l'Imp. Joséphine, sa +famille, et sa cour. Paris, 1833. 2 v. 12{o}. + +=Barante, A. G. P. Brugière de=. Études historiques et biographiques. +Nouv. éd. Paris, 1858. 2 v. 18{o}. + +=Barante, A. G. P. Brugière de=. Souvenirs, 1782-1866. Publ. par son +petit-fils C. de Barante. Paris, 1890-95. 5 v. 8{o}. + +=Barbé-Marbois, F. de=. Journal d'un déporté non jugé; ou, +Déportation, en violation des lois, décrétée le 18 fructidor an V. (4 +Sept., 1797). Paris, 1834. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Barras, P. F. J. N., Comte de=. Mémoires. Pub. avec une introduction +générale, des préfaces et des appendices par G. Duruy. Paris, 1895. 4 +v. 8{o}. + +=Baudouin, A.= Anecdotes historiques du temps de la Restauration, +suivies de recherches sur l'origine de la presse, son développement, +son influence sur les esprits, ses rapports avec l'opinion publique, +les mesures restrictives apportées à son exercise. Paris, 1853. 12{o}. + +=Bausset, L. F. J. de=. Mémoires anecdotiques sur l'intérieur du +palais. 1805-14. 2 éd. Paris, 1827. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Belliard, A. D.= Mémoires (1792-1831), recueillis et mis en ordre par +M. Vinet. Paris, 1842. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Bellune, Claude Victor Perrin=, duc de, pair et maréchal de France. +Mémoires mis en ordre par son fils aîné, Victor St. Perrin. Paris, +1847. v. 1. (No more published.) + +=Béranger, P. J. de=. Ma biographie, suivie d'un appendice. 3 éd. +Paris, 1859. 12{o}. + +=Bertin, G. La= campagne de 1812, d'après des témoins oculaires. Paris +n. d. 8{o}. + +=Beugnot, Comte J. C.= Mémoires (1783-1815), publ. par le comte A. +Beugnot, son petit-fils. 3 éd. Paris, 1889. 8{o}. + +=Bigarré, Général=. Mémoires, 1775-1813. Paris, 1893. 8{o}. + +=Bonaparte, Lucien=, et ses mémoires (1775-1840), ed. by T. Jung. +Paris, 1882. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Bonaparte, Lucien=. Réponse aux mémoires du général Lamarque sur les +faits relatifs à 1815. London, 1835. 8{o}. + +=Bourrienne, L. A. F. de=. Mémoires sur Napoléon, le Directoire, le +Consulat, l'Empire et la Restauration. 1829. + +=Broglie, A. C. L. V., Duc de=. Souvenirs. 1785-1870. Paris, 1886-87. +4 v. 8{o}. + +=Buloz, A., Éd.= Bourrienne et ses erreurs volontaires et +involontaires; ou, Obs. sur ses mémoires par Belliard, Gourgaud, +d'Aure, de Survilliers, Méneval, Bonacossi, d'Eckmühl, Massias, Boulay +de la Meurthe, de Stein, Cambacérès. Paris, 1830. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Cadoudal, S. G. de=. Georges Cadoudal et la Chouannerie. Paris, 1887. +8{o}. + +=Carnot, S. H.= Mémoires, par son fils. Paris, 1861-64. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Castellane, B. E. V. E., le Maréchal de=. Journal ... 1804-62. 2 éd. +Paris, 1895-97. 5 v. 8{o}. + +=Caulaincourt=. Souvenirs du duc de Vicence. Recueillis et publiés par +Charlotte de Sor (Mme. Oilleaux-Désormeaux). 4 éd. Paris, 1837. 2 v. +8{o}. + +=Chaptal, J. A., Comte de Chanteloup=. Mes souvenirs sur Napoléon. +Publ. par A. Chaptal. Paris, 1893. 8{o}. + +=Chastenay, Mme. de=. Mémoires. Publiés par Roserot. Paris, 1896. + +=Chateaubriand, M. le Vicomte de=. Mémoires d'outre-tombe. Paris, n. +d. 6 v. 8{o}. (Oeuvres.) + +=Chateaubriand, F. A. de=. Mémoires de Bonaparte. Paris, 1860. 8{o}. +(Oeuvres, v. 3.) + +=Consalvi, H., Cardinal=. Mémoires, avec une intr. et des notes par J. +Crétineau-Joly. Ces mém. publ. pour la première fois sont enrichis du +fac-simile de 8 autographes précieux. Paris, 1864. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Constant de Rebecque, B.= Mémoires sur les Cent Jours. Paris, +1820-22. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Courier, P. L.= Collection des lettres et articles publ. jusqu'à ce +jour. Paris, 1824. 8{o}. + +=Davout=. Life. By Count Vigier. 2 v. Paris, 1898. + +=Davout, L., Prince d'Eckmühl=. Mémoire au roi. Paris, 1814. 8{o}. + +=Dieffenbach, L. F.= Karl Ludwig, Schulmeister, d. Hauptspion, +Parteigänger, Polizeipräfekt u. geheimer Agent Napoleons I. Eine mit +benützung zahlreicher, bisher unbekannter amtl. Aktenstücke +angestellte histor. Untersuchung. Leipzig, 1879. + +=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Le Général Arrighi de Casanova, duc de Padoue. +Paris, 1866. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Le Général Vandamme et sa correspondance. Paris, +1870. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Dufort, J. N.= Mémoires sur les règnes de Louis XV et Louis XVI et +sur la Révolution. Publ. avec une intr. et des notes par R. de +Crèvecoeur. Paris, 1886. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Dumas, C.= Memoirs of his own time, including the Revolution, the +Empire, and the Restoration. Philadelphia, 1839. 2 v. 12{o}. + +=Dumoulin=. Procès du maréchal Ney. Paris, 1815. 2 v. + +=Ernouf, A. A.= Le Gén. Kléber: Mayence et Vendée, Allemagne, +expédition d'Égypte. 2 éd. Paris, 1870. 12{o}. + +=Ernouf, A. A.= Maret, Duc de Bassano. 2 éd. Paris, 1884. 8{o}. + +=Fain, A. J. F.= Manuscrit de 1812, contenant le précis des événements +de cette année pour servir à l'histoire de Napoléon. Paris, 1827. 2 v. +8{o}. + +=Fain, A. J. F.= Manuscrit de 1813, pour servir à l'histoire de +l'empereur Napoléon. 3 éd. Paris, 1829. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Fain, A. J. F.= Manuscript of 1814: A history of events which led to +the abdication of Napoleon. London, 1823. 8{o}. + +=Fleury de Chaboulon, P. A. E., Baron=. Mémoires pour servir à l'hist. +de la vie privée, du retour, et du règne de Napoléon en 1815. London, +1820. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Fouché, F.= Memoirs of his public life, comprising letters to +Napoleon, Wellington, Blücher, etc. London, 1818. 8{o}. + +=Gaëte, Duc de=. Mémoires, souvenirs, opinions et écrits. Paris, 1826. +2 v. 8{o}. + +=Garat=. Éloge funèbre des généraux Kléber et Desaix, prononcé le 1er +vendémiaire an IX à la Place des Victoires. Paris, an IX. 8{o}. + +=Geffroy, A.= Notices et extraits des manuscrits concernant l'histoire +ou la littérature de France qui sont conservés dans les archives ou +bibliothèques de Suède, Danemark et Norvège. Paris, 1856. 8{o}. + +=Gentz, F. de=. Mémoires et lettres inédits. Publ. par G. Schlesier. +Stuttgart, 1841. + +=Gérando, M. A. de Rathsamhausen, baronne de=. Lettres, suivies de +fragments d'un journal écrit par elle de 1800 à 1804. Paris, 1880. +12{o}. + +=Grouchy, Marquis de=. Le M{al} de Grouchy du 16 au 19 juin, 1815, +avec documents historiques inédits et réfutation de M. Thiers. Paris, +1864. 18{o}. + +=Hobhouse, J. C.= Letters by an Englishman at Paris during the last +reign of the Emperor Napoleon I. Philadelphia, 1816. 8{o}. + +=Home, G.= Memoirs of an Aristocrat and Reminiscences of the Emperor +Napoleon. London, 1838. 8{o}. + +=Junot, L. P., Duchesse d'Abrantès=. Memoirs. London, 1831-35. 8 v. +8{o}. + +=Junot, L. P., Duchesse d'Abrantès=. Mémoires; ou, Souvenirs +historiques sur Napoléon et la Révolution, le Directoire, le Consulat, +l'Empire et la Restauration. 2 éd. Paris, 1835. 12 v. 8{o}. + +=Kotzebue, A. F. F. v.= Erinnerungen aus Paris im Jahre 1804. Berlin, +1804. 2 v. + +=Kotzebue, A. F. F. v.= Souvenirs de Paris en 1804. Trad. de l'all. +avec des notes. Paris, 1805. 2 v. 12{o}. + +=Lafayette, G. M. de=. Memoirs, correspondence and manuscripts. Publ. +by his family. London, 1837. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Lafayette, G. M. de=. Mes rapports avec le Premier Consul +(1797-1805). (V. 5 of his Mémoires.) + +=Lamarque, M.= Mémoires et souvenirs. Paris, 1835-36. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Lamothe-Langon, Baron E. L. de=. Mémoires et souvenirs d'une femme de +qualité sur le Consulat et l'Empire. Paris, 1830. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Landrieux, J.= Mémoires, 1795-97, avec une intr. biog. et hist. par +L. Grasilier. Tome 1er. Paris, 1893. 8{o}. + +=Larévellière-Lepeaux, L. M.= Mémoires. Publ. par son fils, sur le MS. +autographe de l'auteur, et suivis des pièces justificatives et de +corresp. inédites. Paris, 1895. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Laskey, J. C.= Description of the series of medals struck by order of +Napoleon Bonaparte. London, 1818. 8{o}. + +=Lavalette, Comte de=. Mémoires et souvenirs. Publ. par sa famille et +sur ses manuscrits, 1789-1829. Paris, 1831. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Lejeune, L. F., Baron, Général=. Mémoires publiés par M. G. Bapst. +Paris, 1895. 2 v. 16{o}. + +=Lemann, J.= Napoléon 1er et les Israélites. La prépondérance juive. +2me partie: Son organisation (1806-1815). 8{o}. Lyon, 1894, Vitte; +Paris, Lecoffre. + +=Libri-Carrucci=. Souvenirs de la jeunesse de Napoléon. Paris, 1842. +8{o}. + +=Macdonald, E. J. J. A., Duc de Tarente=. Souvenirs, avec une +introduction par M. C. Rousset. Paris, 1892. 8{o}. + +=Mahon, Patrice= (Art Roë, Papa Felix). Trois Grenadiers de l'an VIII. +Paris, 1897. 8{o}. + +=Maistre, J. de=. Mémoires politiques et correspondance diplomatique. +Avec explications et commentaires historiques, par A. Blanc. 2e éd. +1859. 8{o}. + +=Malouet, P. V.= Mémoires. Publ. par son petit-fils. 2 éd. augm. de +lettres inédites. Paris, 1874. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Marbot, Baron M. de=. Mémoires. Paris, 1891. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Marmont, A. F. L. Viesse de, Duc de Raguse=. Mémoires. 1792-1841. +Paris, 1857. 9 v. 8{o}. + +=Masséna, A., Duc de Rivoli, Prince d'Essling, Maréchal de France=. +Mémoires, rédigés d'après les documents qu'il a laissés et sur ceux du +dépôt de la guerre et du dépôt des fortifications, par le général +Koch. Paris, 1848-50. 7 v. and atlas. + +=Masson, F.= Napoléon chez lui. Paris, 1894. + +=Melzi, d'Eril F., Duca di Lodi=. Memoire, documenti e lettere inedite +di Napoleone 1º e Beauharnais. Ed. G. Melzi. Milano, 1865. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Mémoires= et souvenirs d'un pair de France, ex-membre du Sénat +conservateur. Paris, 1829-30. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Mémoires= tirés des papiers d'un homme d'état, sur les causes +secrètes qui ont déterminé la politique des cabinets dans la guerre +de la Révolution, depuis 1792 jusqu'en 1815. Paris, 1828-38. 13 v. +8{o}. (Par le comte A. F. d'Allonville, A. de Beauchamp et A. +Schubart.) + +=Méneval, C. F., Baron de=. Memoirs illustrating the history of +Napoleon I from 1802 to 1815. Ed. by his grandson, Napoleon Joseph de +Méneval (tr. by Robert H. Sherard). New York, 1894. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Miot de Melito=. Mémoires (1788-1815). 2 éd. Paris, 1873. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Mollien, N. F., Comte=. Mémoires d'un ministre du trésor public, +1780-1815. Paris, 1845. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Montégut, E.= Le Maréchal Davout, son caractère et son génie. Paris, +1882. 12{o}. + +=Muralt, C. v.= Hans v. Reinhard, Bürgermeister d. Eidgenossischen +Standes Zürich u. Landammann d. Schweiz. Beitrag z. Gesch. d. Schweiz +während d. letzten Jahrzehnte; bearb. nach Reinhards nachgelassenen +Denkschriften, Tagebüchern u. Briefwechsel. Zürich, 1838. + +=Napoléon I.= Memoirs of the history of France. Hist. miscellanies. +London, 1823. 3 v. 8{o}. (Dictated to the Count de Montholon.) + +=Napoléon I.= Memoirs of the history of France during the reign of +Napoleon, dictated by him at St. Helena. London, 1823-4. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Nasica, T.= Mémoires sur l'enfance et la jeunesse de Napoléon I +jusqu'à l'âge de 23 ans. Paris, 1852. 8{o}. 2e édit., 1865. 12{o}. + +=Neuville, J. G. Hyde de=. Mémoires et souvenirs. Paris, 1890. 2 v. +8{o}. + +=Ney, M. L. F., Duc d'Elchingen=. Mémoires. Publiés par sa famille. +Paris, 1833. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Nodier, C. E.= Souvenirs, Portraits, Épisodes de la Révolution et de +l'Empire. 7 éd. doublée par l'adjonction de morceaux nouveaux et +accompagnée de notes. Paris, 1863. 2 v. 12{o}. + +=Nougarède de Fayet, A.= Notice sur la vie et les travaux de M. le +comte Bigot de Préameneu, ministre des cultes sous l'Empire, l'un des +trois rédacteurs du Projet de Code Civil. Paris, 1843. 8{o}. + +=Odeleben, E. O. I., Freiherr von=. Napoleon's Feldzug in Sachsen im +Jahre 1813. 3 Aufl. Dresden, 1840. 8{o}. + +=Pajol, C. P. V., C{te}=. Kléber, sa vie, sa correspondance. Paris, +1877. 8{o}. + +=Pelet, J. J. G.= Mém. sur la guerre de 1809 en Allemagne, avec les +opérations particulières des corps d'Italie, de Pologne, de Saxe, de +Naples et de Walcheren. Paris, 1824-26. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Peyrusse, G. J. R., Baron=. 1809-15: Mémorial et archives de M. le +B{on} Peyrusse, trésorier-général de la couronne pendant les Cent +Jours. Vienne, Moscou, Île d'Elbe. Carcassonne, 1869. 8{o}. + +=Pontécoulant, L. G. D., Comte de=. Souvenirs historiques et +parlementaires, extraits de ses papiers et de sa correspondance, +1764-1848. Paris, 1861-65. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Rapp, Gén.= Mémoires des contemporains pour servir à l'histoire de la +République et de l'Empire. Ière livraison. Mémoires du gén. Rapp. +Publiés par sa famille. Paris, 1823. 8{o}. + +=Récamier, Mme J. F. J. A. B.= Souvenirs et correspondance tirés des +papiers de Mme Récamier (par Mme Lenormant). 3e éd. Paris, 1860. 2 v. +8{o}. + +=Récamier, J. F. J. A. B.= Memoirs and correspondence. Tr. and ed. by +I. M. Luyster. London, 1867. 12{o}. + +=Rémusat, C. E. J. G. de V. de=. Mémoires, 1802-08. Publiés par Paul +de Rémusat. Paris, 1880. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Rémusat, C. E. J. G. de V. de=. Lettres, 1804-14. Publiées par Paul +de Rémusat. Paris, 1881. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Rieu, J. L.= Mémoires. Genève, 1871. 18{o}. + +=Roederer, P. L., Comte=. Oeuvres, publ. par son fils, A. M. Roederer. +Paris, 1853-59. 8 v. 4{o}. + +=Saint-Elme, Ida=. Mémoires d'une contemporaine; ou, Souvenirs d'une +femme sur les principaux personnages de la République, du Consulat, de +l'Empire, etc. (1792-1824). Paris, 1827-28. 8 v. + +=Savary, A. J. M. R., Duc de Rovigo=. Mémoires pour servir à l'hist. +de l'Empereur Napoléon. Paris, 1828. 8 v. 8{o}. + +=Ségur, P. P., Comte de=. Histoire et mémoires. Paris, 1873. 7 v. +8{o}. + +=Ségur, P. P., Comte de=. Mélanges. Paris, 1873. 8{o}. + +=Staël-Holstein, Madame de=. Considérations sur la Révolution +française: Ouvrage posthume publ. en 1818 par M. de Broglie et M. de +Staël. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1861. 2 v. 12{o}. + +=Stedingk, C. B. L. C., Comte de=. Mémoires posthumes: rédigés sur des +lettres, dépêches et autres pièces authentiques, laissées à sa +famille, par le Gén. de Bjornstjerna. Paris, 1845-48. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent=. Extraits des +Mémoires de. Recueillis et mis en ordre par Madame la comtesse O ... +du C ... (le baron Lamothe-Langon), auteur des Mémoires d'une femme de +qualité. Paris, 1838. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent=. Mémoires, publ. +avec une préf. et des notes par le Duc de Broglie. Paris, 1891. 4 v. +8{o}. + +=Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent=. Correspondance +diplomatique: le ministère de Talleyrand sous le Directoire. Avec +intr. et notes par G. Pallain. Paris, 1891. 8{o}. + +=Thibaudeau, A. C.= Mémoires sur la Convention et le Directoire. 2e +éd. Paris, 1827. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Thibaudeau, A. C.= Mémoires sur le Consulat de 1799 à 1804, par un +ancien conseiller d'état. Paris, 1827. 8{o}. + +=Thiébault, P. C. F. A. H. D., Baron=. Mémoires, publ. sous les +auspices de sa fille, Mlle C. Thiébault, d'après le MS. orig. par F. +Calmettes, 1769-1813. Paris, 1893-95. 5 v. 8{o}. + +=Vauthier, G.= Essai sur la vie et les oeuvres de Népomucène +Lemercier. Toulon, 1886. 8{o}. + +=Villèle, Comte de=. Mémoires et correspondance. Paris, 1888-90. 5 v. +8{o}. + +=Vitrolles, E. d'Arnaud, Baron de=. Mémoires et relations politiques: +publ. par E. Forgues, 1814-1830. Paris, 1884. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Waldburg, G. T. v.= Nouvelle relation de l'itinéraire de Napoléon de +Fontainebleau à l'île d'Elbe. Trad. de l'allemand. Paris, 1815. 8{o}. + +=Welschinger, H.= Le Duc d'Enghien, 1772-1804. Paris, 1888. 8{o}. + +=Wiehr, E.= Napoleon und Bernadotte in Herbstfeldzuge 1813. Berlin, +1893. 8{o}. + +=Wilson, Sir R. T.= Private diary during the campaigns of 1812-14; +from the invasion of Russia to the capture of Paris; ed. by H. +Randolph. London, 1861. 2 v. + + +NAPOLEON + +_b._ HIS CORRESPONDENCE + +=Davout, L., Prince d'Eckmühl=. Correspondance: ses commandements, son +ministère, 1801-1815. Avec intr. et notes par Ch. de Mazade. Paris, +1885. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Driault, E.= Napoléon à Finkenstein (avril-mai, 1807), d'après la +correspondance de l'empereur, les archives du ministère des affaires +étrangères, les archives nationales. In Revue d'histoire diplomatique, +tom. XIII, pp. 404-462. Paris, 1899. + +=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Supplément à la correspondance de Napoléon I: +lettres curieuses omises par le comité de publication, rectifications. +Paris, 1887. 12{o}. + +=Fiévée, J.= Correspondance et relations avec Bonaparte. Paris, 1837. +3 v. 8{o}. + +=Fournier, A.= Zur Textkritik der Korrespondenz Napoleons I. (Archiv. +für Österr. Gesch., vol. 93.) Vienna. + +=Guillois, A.= Napoléon: l'homme, le politique, l'orateur, d'après sa +corresp. et ses oeuvres. Paris, 1889. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Lecestre, Léon=. Lettres inédites sur Napoléon Ier (an VIII-1815). +Paris, 1897. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Le Vasseur=. Commentaires de Napoléon; suivis d'un résumé des +principes de stratégie du Prince Charles. Paris, 1851-52. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Livre IX=. Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France en 1815, avec +le plan de la bataille de Mont Saint-Jean. Paris, 1820. 8{o}. This is +the "Second manuscrit venu de Sainte-Hélène." It was attributed to +Napoleon and not repudiated by him. + +=Marmottan, P.= Bonaparte et la république de Lucques. Paris, 1896. +12{o}. + +=Mauduit, H. de=. Les derniers jours de la grande armée; ou, +Souvenirs, documents, et correspondance inédite de Napoléon en 1814 et +1815. 2 éd. Paris, 1847-48. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Napoléon I.= Commentaires. Paris, 1867. 6 v. 4{o}. + +=Napoleon I=. Confidential correspondence with his brother Joseph. +Sel. and tr. with notes from the "Mém. du roi Joseph." New York, 1856. +2 v. 12{o}. + +=Napoléon I.= Correspondance. Publ. par ordre de l'Empereur Napoléon +III. Paris, 1858-1870. 32 v. 8{o}. + +=Napoléon I.= Correspondance militaire, extrait de la corresp. +générale. Paris, 1876-77. 10 v. 12{o}. + +=Napoléon I=. Lettres à Joséphine et lettres de Joséphine à Napoléon +et à sa fille. Paris, 1833. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Napoléon I.= Lettres inédites de. (An VII-1815.) Paris, 1897. 2 v. +8{o}. + +=Napoléon I.= Letters to Caulaincourt. Published by A. Vandal in the +"Revue bleue," mars--avril, 1895. + +=Napoleon I.= New letters omitted from the edition publ. under the +auspices of Napoleon III. Transl. by Lady M. Lloyd. London, 1897. +Heinemann. + +=Napoléon I.= Oeuvres littéraires. Publ. d'après les originaux et les +meilleurs textes, avec une intr., des notes historiques et littéraires +et un index par T. Martel. Paris, 1888. 4 v. 12{o}. + +=Napoléon I.= Oeuvres litt. et politiques. Nouvelle éd. (Ed. par P. +Lacroix.) Paris, 1840. 18{o}. + +=Napoléon I.= Recueil, par ordre chronologique, de ses lettres, +proclamations, bulletins, discours sur les matières civiles et +politiques, etc., formant une histoire de son règne, écrite par +lui-même et accompagnée de notes historiques par M. Kermoysan. Paris, +1853-1865. 4 v. 12{o}. + +=Napoleon I.= Selection from his letters and despatches. With explan. +notes by D. A. Bingham. London, 1884. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Napoléon I.= Opinions sur divers sujets de politique et +d'administration recueillies par un membre de son conseil d'état +(B{on} Pelet) et récit de quelques événements de l'époque. Paris, +1833. 8{o}. + +=Pelet de la Lozère, J.= Opinions de Napoléon sur divers sujets de +politique et d'administration, recueillies par un membre de son +conseil d'état et récit de quelques événements de l'époque. Paris, +1833. 8{o}. + +=Sassenay, Marquis de=. Napoléon I et la fondation de la République +Argentine. Jacques de Liniers et le marquis de Sassenay (1808-1810). +Paris, 1892. 12{o}. + +=Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent=. Correspondance +avec le Premier Consul pendant la campagne de Marengo. Publiée par le +Comte Boulay de la Meurthe. Extrait de la "Revue d'histoire +diplomatique." Laval, 1892. 8{o}. + +=Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent=. Lettres inédites +à Napoléon (1800-1809), publ. d'après les originaux conservés aux +archives des affaires étrangères. Avec une intr. et des notes par P. +Bertrand. 2e éd. Paris, 1889. 8{o}. + + +NAPOLEON + +_c._ HIS FAMILY + +=d'Arzuzon, C.= Hortense de Beauharnais. 12{o}. Paris, 1897. Lévy. + +=d'Arzuzon, C.= Mme Louis Bonaparte. 8{o}. Paris, 1901. Lévy. + +=Aubenas, J. A.= Histoire de l'Impératrice Joséphine. Paris, 1857-58. +2 v. 8{o}. + +=Beauharnais, Eugène de=. Mémoires et correspondance politique et +militaire. Edited by A. du Casse. 10 v. Paris, 1858-60. + +=Becker, A.= Der Plan der zweiten Heirat Napoleons. In Mittheilungen +des Instituts für oesterreichische Geschichtsforschung, tom. 19, pp. +92-156. Innsbruck, 1898. + +=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Les rois frères de Napoléon I; documents inédits +relatifs au premier Empire. Paris, 1883. 8{o}. + +=Ducrest=. Mémoires sur l'Impératrice Joséphine. Paris, 1828. 2 v. +8{o}. + +=Durand, Madame=. Napoleon and Marie-Louise (1810-14). A memoir. +London, 1886. 12{o}. + +=Herisson, M., Comte de=. Le cabinet noir: Louis XVII, Napoléon, +Marie-Louise. 14 éd. Paris, 1887. 12{o}. + +=Lamothe-Langon, B{on} E.L. de=. Napoléon, sa famille, ses amis, ses +généraux, ses ministres et ses contemporains; ou, Soirées secrètes du +Luxembourg, des Tuileries, de Saint-Cloud, de la Malmaison, de +Fontainebleau, etc., par M. le ... ex-ministre de S.M. Impériale et +Royale. Paris, 1840. 5 v. 8{o}. + +=Marie-Louise=. Correspondance, 1799-1847. Lettres intimes et inédites +à la comtesse de Colloredo et à Mlle de Poutet, depuis 1810 comtesse +de Crenneville. Paris, 1887. 18{o}. + +=Marmottan, P.= Elisa Bonaparte. 12{o}. Paris, 1898. Champion. + +=Masson, F.= Napoléon et sa famille. (1769-1802.) Paris, 1896. 8{o}. + +=Mémoires= sur l'Impératrice Joséphine, ses contemporains, la cour de +Navarre et de la Malmaison (par Mme G.D. Bochsa, nièce de Mme de +Genlis). Paris, 1828. 3 v. 8{o}. (Attribués par M. Delacourt à Mme +Durand.) + +=Méneval, C.F., Baron de=. Napoléon et Marie-Louise: souvenirs +historiques. 2 éd., cor. et augm. Paris, 1844-45. 3 v. 12{o}. + +=Montesquiou, Abbé de=. Le divorce de Napoléon et l'abbé de +Montesquiou. Auch., 1895. 8{o}. + +=Turquan, J.= Souveraines et grandes dames. L'Impératrice Joséphine +d'après les témoignages des contemporains. Paris, 1896. 16{o}. + +=Welschinger, H.= Le divorce de Napoléon. Paris, 1889. 12{o}. + +=Wertheimer, E.= Die Heirat der Erzherzogin Marie Louise mit Napoleon +I. Wien, 1882. + + +NAPOLEON + +_d._ HIS MARSHALS AND GENERALS. See also MEMOIRS + +=Berthier, Marshal=. Life. by Gen. Derrécagaix (Part I, to 1804). +Paris, 1894. + +=Bessières, Marshal=. By A. Rabel. Paris, 1903. + +=Blocqueville, A.L. d'Eckmühl=. Le Maréchal Davout, Prince d'Eckmühl, +raconté par les siens et par lui-même. Paris, 1879-80. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Davout, Marshal=. Correspondance (1801-05). Edited by C. de Mazade. 4 +v. Paris, 1885. + +=Desaix, General=. By J. Desaix and La Folliot. Paris, 1879. + +=Dumas, Général Comte M.= Souvenirs (1770-1836). Edited by his son. 3 +v. Paris, 1839. + +=Goecke, R.= Das Grossherzogth. Berg unter Joachim Murat, Napoleon I +u. Louis Napoleon, 1806-1813. Ein Beitrag zur gesch. der französ. +Fremdherrschaft auf dem rechten Rheinufer. Meist nach den Acten d. +Düsseldorfer Staats-Archivs. Köln, 1877. 8{o}. + +=Grouchy, Marshal=. Mémoires. Edited by the Marquis de Grouchy. 5 v. +Paris, 1873-74. + +=Jourdan, Marshal=. Mémoires militaires. 2 v. Paris, 1899. + +=Lefebvre, Marshal=. By J. Wirth. Paris, 1904. + +=Kläber, H.= Leben und Thaten des französischen Generals J.B. Kléber. +Dresden, 1900. + +=Maret, Marshal=. Life, by A. A. Ernouf. Paris, 1891. + +=Moreau, J. V.=, Vie politique, militaire et privée du Général. By A. +de Beauchamp. Paris, 1814. + +=Martha-Beker, F., Comte de Mons=. Études historiques sur le général +Desaix. Clermont-Ferrand, 1852. 8{o}. + + +NAPOLEON + +_e_. HIS BIOGRAPHY + +=Ashton, J.= English caricature and satire on Napoleon I. London, +1884. 2 v. New ed., 1888. + +=Barni, J.= Napoléon I et son historien M. Thiers. Paris, 1865. 12{o}. + +=Batjin, N.= Histoire de l'Empereur Napoléon Ier. London, 1867. 2 v. +8{o}. + +=Baudus=. Études sur Napoléon. Paris, 1841. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Belloc, Mme. L. Swanton=. Bonaparte et les Grecs. Paris, 1826. 8{o}. + +=Beyle, H.= (=Stendhal=, _pseud._). Vie de Napoléon: fragments. 2 éd. +Paris, 1877. 12{o}. + +=Böhtlingk, A.= Napoléon Bonaparte: seine Jugend und sein Emporkommen +(1769-1801). 2 Ausg. Leipzig, 1883. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Bois, M.= Napoléon Bonaparte, lieutenant d'artillerie à Auxonne; vie +militaire et privée. 12{o}. Paris, 1898. Flammarion. + +=Bonaparte, N. Joseph C. P., Prince=. Napoleon and his Detractors. Tr. +and ed. with a biog. sketch and notes by R. S. de Beaufort. London, +1888. 8{o}. + +=Bondois, P.= Napoléon et la société de son temps (1793-1821). 8{o}. +Paris, 1895. Alcan. + +=Bonnal de Ganges=. La génie de Napoléon. Paris, 1896. 2 v. 12{o}. + +=Bourrienne, L. A. F. de=. Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte. Ed. with +pref. and notes by R. W. Phipps. New York, 1889. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Chalamet, A.= Guerres de Napoléon, 1800-07, racontées par des témoins +oculaires. Paris, 1895. 8{o}. + +=Channing, W. E.= Remarks on the life and character of Napoleon +Bonaparte. Edinburgh, 1837. 16{o}. + +=Chuquet, A.= La jeunesse de Napoléon. 3 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1897-99. +Colin. I. Brienne. II. La Révolution. III. Toulon. + +=Colin, J.= L'Éducation militaire de Napoléon. Paris, 1900. Chapelot. + +=Coquelle, P.= Napoléon et l'Angleterre, 1803-15. Paris, 1904. + +=Coston, F. G., Baron de=. Biographie des premières années de Napoléon +Bonaparte, c'est-à-dire depuis sa naissance jusqu'à l'époque de son +commandement-en-chef de l'armée d'Italie, avec un appendice renfermant +des documents inédits ou peu connus postérieurs à cette époque. Paris, +1840. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Dayot, A.= Napoléon raconté par l'image. Paris, 1894. 4{o}. + +=Des Armoises, O.= Avant la gloire. Napoléon enfant. Napoléon et ses +compatriotes. 18{o}. Paris, 1898. Librairie illustrée. + +=Ducéré, E.= Napoléon à Bayonne. Bayonne, 1897. 8{o}. + +=Dumouriez, C. F. D.= Jugement sur Bonaparte. (In his Mémoires, v. 4.) + +=Fischer, A.= Goethe und Napoleon. Eine Studie. 8{o}. Frauenfeld, +1899. Huber. Aufl. mit Anhang: Weimar und Napoleon. 8{o}. Ibid. 1900. +Ibid. + +=Fournier, A.= Napoleon I. Eine Biographie. Leipzig, 1888-89. 3 v. +8{o}. (Das Wissen d. Gegenwart. v. 67, 71, 72.) Eng. trans. New York, +1903. (Bibliography.) + +=Gadobert, B.= La jeunesse de Napoléon I. De 1786 au siège de Toulon. +(Relation inédite.) 12{o}. Paris, 1897. Chamuel. + +=Gallois, Léon=. Histoire de Napoléon d'après lui-même. 5e éd. Paris, +1829. 8{o}. + +=Garsou, J.= Béranger et la légende napoléonienne. 8{o}. Bruxelles, +1897. Weissenbruch. + +=Garsou, J.= Les créateurs de la légende napoléonienne. Barthélemy et +Méry. Bruxelles, 1899. + +=Gautier, Paul=. Madame de Staël et Napoléon. Paris, 1903. + +=Geoffroy de Grandmaison, C. A.= Napoléon et ses historiens. 12{o}. +Paris, 1896. Perrin. + +=Germond de Lavigne, L. A. G.= Les pamphlets de la fin de l'Empire, +des Cent Jours et de la Restauration. Catalogue raisonné. Paris, 1879. +12{o}. + +=Grand-Cartaret, J.= Napoléon en images. Estampes anglaises. +(Portraits et caricatures.) 4{o}. Avec 130 reproductions. Paris, 1895. +Firmin-Didot. + +=Hazlitt, W.= Life of Napoleon Buonaparte. 2 ed. London, 1852. 4 v. +8{o}. + +=Holzhausen, P.= Der erste Konsul Bonaparte und seine deutschen +Besucher. 8{o}. Bonn, 1900. Holzhausen. + +=Jorissen, T.= Napoléon I et le roi de Hollande, 1806-1813, d'après +des documents authentiques et inédits. (La Haye, M. Nighoff.) Paris, +1868. 8{o}. + +=Jung, Th.= Bonaparte et son temps (1769-1799), d'après les documents +inédits. Paris, 1880-81. 3 v. 12{o}. + +=Lanfrent=. Histoire de Napoléon I. Paris, 1867-75. 5 v. 12{o}. + +=Laurent, P. M.= History of Napoleon. London, 1840. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Laurent de l'Ardèche, P. M.= Histoire de l'Empereur Napoléon. +Illustrée par H. Vernet. Paris, 1849. Gr. 8{o}. + +=Lemoine, A.= Napoléon Ier et les Juifs. 18{o}. Paris, 1900. Fayard. + +=Lettow-Vorbeck, O. von=. Napoleons Untergang, 1815. Berlin, 1904. + +=Lévy, M.= Bonaparte à Valence. 8{o}. Tournon, 1898. Boyer. + +=Lévy, A.= Napoléon intime. 5 éd. Paris, 1893. 8{o}. + +=Lockhart, J. G.= History of Napoleon Bonaparte. 3 ed. London, 1835. 2 +v. 16{o}. + +=Lumbroso, A.= Miscellanea Napoleonica. Roma, 1895, 1896, 1897. 8{o}. + +=Lumbroso, A.= Napoleone I e l'Inghilterra. Roma, 1897. 8{o}. + +=Maitland, Sir F. L.= Relation concernant l'embarquement et le séjour +de l'Empereur Napoléon à bord du _Bellérophon_. Paris, 1826. 8{o}. + +=Masson, F.= Les débuts des Bonapartes. 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Leipzig, +1805. 8{o}. + +=Pélissier, L. G.= Le registre de l'île d'Elbe. Lettres et ordres +inédits de Napoléon Ier, 28 mai, 1814,-22 févr., 1815. 12{o}. Paris, +1897. Fontemoing. + +=Peyre, R.= Napoléon I et son temps: histoire militaire, gouvernement +intérieur, lettres, sciences et arts. Paris, 1888. 4{o}. + +=Pingaud, L.= Bernadotte, Napoléon et les Bourbons. Paris, 1901. + +=Poullet, P.= La Belgique et la chute de Napoléon I. Extrait de la +"Revue générale." Bruxelles, 1895. 8{o}. + +=Prentout, H.= L'Île de France sous Decaen, 1803-10. 8{o}. Paris, +1901. Hachette. + +=Remacle, C{te} de=. Bonaparte et les Bourbons. Relations secrètes des +agents de Louis XVIII à Paris sous le Consulat (1802-03). 8{o}. Paris, +1900. Plon. + +=Révérend, V{te} A.= Armorial du premier Empire. Titres, majorats et +armoiries concédés par Napoléon Ier. 4 v. 4{o}. Paris, 1897. Champion. + +=Riols, J. de=. Napoléon peint par lui-même, anecdotes, souvenirs, +caractère, appréciations, etc. Paris, 1895. 18{o}. + +=Rocquain, F.= Napoléon I et le roi Louis, d'après les documents +conservés aux archives nationales. Paris, 1875. 8{o}. + +=Roloff, G.= Napoleon I. 8{o}. Berlin, 1900. Bondi. Coll. Vorkampfer +des Jahrhunderts. + +=Rose, J. H.= Napoleon and English Commerce. In English Historical +Review, v. VIII, pp. 704-725. London, 1893. + +=Rose, J. H.= The Life of Napoleon I, including new materials from the +British official records. London, 1902. + +=Saint-Hilaire, Marco=. Histoire populaire, anecdotique et pittoresque +de Napoléon et la grande armée. Paris, 1843. Gr. 8{o}. + +=Scott, Sir Walter=. Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, with a preliminary +view of the French Revolution. Edinburgh, 1827. 9 v. 12{o}. + +=Scott, Sir Walter=. Vie de Napoléon Buonaparte, précédée d'un tableau +préliminaire sur la Révolution franç. Paris, 1827. 9 v. 8{o}. + +=Seeley, J. R.= Short History of Napoleon I. London, 1886. 8{o}. + +=Seeley, J. R.= Courte histoire de Napoléon I. Trad. Paris, 1887. +18{o}. + +=Ségur, P. P. de=. Geschichte Napoleons und der grossen Armee im Jahre +1812. Stuttgart, 1841. 2 v. 16{o}. + +=Sepet, M.= Napoléon, son caractère, son génie, son rôle historique. +Paris, 1894. 16{o}. + +=Sorel, A.= Bonaparte et Hoche en 1797. Paris, 1896. 8{o}. + +=Tatistcheff, S.= Alexandre I et Napoléon (1801-12), d'après leur +correspondance inédite. Paris, 1891. + +=Thibaudeau, A. C.= Histoire générale de Napoléon Bonaparte, de sa vie +privée et publique, de sa carrière politique et militaire, de son +administration et de son gouvernement. Paris, 1827-28. 6 v. 8{o}. + +=Vallaux, C.= Les campagnes des armées françaises (1792-1815). Av. 17 +cartes. 18{o}. Paris, 1899. Alcan. + +=Vandal, A.= L'Avènement de Bonaparte. Paris, 1902. + +=Vandal, A.= Napoléon et Alexandre Ier: l'alliance russe sous le +premier Empire. Paris, 1893-96. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Whately, R.= Historic doubts relative to Napoleon Buonaparte. With +intr. by H. Morley. New York, no date. 16{o}. + +=Yorck v. Wartenburg=. Napoleon als Feldherr. 2 Aufl. Berlin, 1887-88. +2 v. 8{o}. + + +NAPOLEON + +IN ELBA + +=Campbell, Sir N.= Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba. 1814-1815. +London, 1869. 8{o}. + +=Fabre, J.= De Fontainebleau à l'île d'Elbe. Paris, 1887. 8{o}. + +=Foresi, E.= Napoleone I all' isola dell' Elba. Firenze. + +=Gourgaud et Montholon=. Mémoires p. s. à l'histoire de France sous +Napoléon, écrits à Sainte-Hélène par les généraux qui ont partagé sa +captivité, et publ. sur le manuscrit entièrement corrigés de la main +de Napoléon. 8 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1822-25. Didot. Bossange. Trad. en +allem., espagn., angl. et dan. + +=Helfert, J. A.= Napoleon I Fahrt von Fontainebleau nach Elba, +April-Mai, 1814. Mit Benützung der ämtlichen Reiseberichte des +kaiserlich österreichischen Commissars Gen. Koller. Wien, 1874. 8{o}. + +=Lancelotti=. Napoleon auf Elba. Dresden, 1815. + +=Livi, G.= Napoleone all' isola d'Elba. Milano, 1888. + +=Pélissier, L. G.= L'Île d'Elbe au commencement du XIXe siècle. In +Bulletin de la Société languedocienne de géographie, 1897. + +=Pellet, E. A. M.= Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe: mélanges historiques. +Paris, 1888. 12{o}. + +=Pichot, A.= Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe: chronique des événements de +1814-15, d'après le journal du Col. Sir Neil Campbell, le journal d'un +détenu et autres doc. inédits ou pen connus, pour servir à l'hist. du +premier Empire et de la Restauration, accompagné d'une gravure en +taille douce. Paris, 1873. 8{o}. + +=Waldburg, G. T. v.=, Ed. Napoleon Buonaparte's Reise von Fontainebleau +nach Fréjus, vom 17 bis 29 April, 1814. Einzigrechtmässig. Ausg. Berlin, +1815. 16{o}. + + +FRANCE + +=Anti-Jacobin, or Weekly Examiner=. 1st ed. London, 1797-98. 2d ed., +1799. + +=Aucoc, L.= Conférences sur l'administration et le droit +administratif, faites à l'École des Ponts et Chaussées. 3 éd. Paris, +1885-86. 2v. 8{o}. + +=Aucoc, L.= Le conseil d'état avant et depuis 1789, ses +transformations, ses travaux, et son personnel: Étude hist. et +bibliographique. Paris, 1876. 8{o}. + +=Aulard, F. A.= Le Directoire exécutif (in Rambaud et Lavisse, +Histoire générale, t. VIII). Paris, 1898. 8{o}. + +=Bailac, J. B.= Nouvelle chronique de la ville de Bayonne, par un +Bayonnais. Bayonne, 1827-28. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Barante, A. G. P. Brugière de=. Histoire du Directoire de la +République française. Paris, 1855. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Ruckzugs d. Franzosen nach d. Schlacht +bei Leipzig. Leipzig, 1815. 8{o}. + +=Bertrand, A.= L'Organisation française: le gouvernement, +l'administration. Paris, 1882. 12{o}. + +=Bignon, L. P.= Histoire de France sous Napoléon, rédigée et terminée +par A. Ernouf. Paris, 1838-50. v 14. 8{o}. + +=Biré, E.= Causeries historiques. Les historiens de la Révolution et +de l'Empire. 8{o}. Paris, 1897. Bloud. + +=Blanc, A. E.= Napoléon Ier: Ses institutions civiles et +administratives. Paris, 1880. 8{o}. + +=Blanc, L.= Histoire de la Révolution française. Paris, 1847-62. 12 v. +8{o}. Nouvelle éd. ornée de 600 gravures. Paris, 1881. 2 v. 4{o}. + +=Bogdanowitsch, M.= Geschichte d. Krieges 1814 in Frankreich u. d. +Sturzes Napoleons I, nach d. zuverlässigsten Quellen. Aus d. Russ. von +G. Baumgarten. Leipzig, 1866. 8{o}. + +=Boissonnade, J. F.= Critique littéraire sous le premier Empire. Publ. +par F. Colincamp. Paris, 1863. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Bosse, R. H. B. von=. Übersicht d. französischen Staatswirthschaft. +Braunschw., 1806. 2 Thle. + +=Boulay de la Meurthe, Comte de=. Les dernières années du Duc +d'Enghien. (1801-1804.) Paris, 1886. 12{o}. + +=Brunetière, F.= Études critiques sur l'histoire de la littérature +française. Paris, 1880-93. 5 v. 12{o}. + +=Buchez, P. B. J., et Roux-Lavergne, P. C.= Histoire parlementaire de +la Révolution française; ou, Journal des assemblées nationales depuis +1789 jusqu'en 1815. Paris, 1833-1838. 40 v. 8{o}. + +=Chuquet, A.= L'Alsace en 1814. 8{o}. Paris, 1900. Plon. + +=Corréard, F.= La France sous le consulat. 8{o}. Paris, 1899. May. +Coll. Bibliothèque d'histoire militaire. + +=Cobbett, W.= Facts and observations relative to the peace with +Bonaparte. Philadelphia, 1802. 8{o}. + +=Debidour, A.= Études critiques sur la Révolution, l'Empire et la +période contemporaine. 12{o}. Paris, 1886. Charpentier. + +=Debidour=. Histoire des rapports de l'église et de l'état en France +(1789-1870). Paris, 1898. Alcan. + +=Dejob=. L'Instruction publique en France et en Italie au XIXe siècle. +12{o}. Paris, 1894. Colin. + +=Delplace, L.= La Belgique sous la domination française. 2 v. Louvain, +1896. + +=Des Granges, C. M.= Geoffroy et la critique dramatique sous le +Consulat et l'Empire (1800-14). (Thèse.) Paris, 1897. Hachette. + +=Desmarets, C.= Témoignages historiques, ou quinze ans de haute police +sous Napoléon. Paris, 1833. 8{o}. + +=Dontenville, J.= Le Général Moreau, 1763-1813. Paris, 1899. + +=Duruy, A.= L'Instruction publique et la Révolution. Paris, 1882. +8{o}. + +=Duvergier de Hauranne, P.= Histoire de gouvernement parlementaire en +France, 1814-1848; précédée d'une intr. Paris, 1857-65. 7 v. 8{o}. + +=Faber, T.= Notices sur l'intérieur de la France, écrites en 1806. +St.-Pétersbourg, 1807. 8{o}. (La paix de Tilsit arrêta la publication +d'un second vol. qui devait paraître. Le premier vol. n'a pas été +répandu dans le public que par une réimpression faite à Londres, dans +le recueil intitulé: "Offrandes à Bonaparte par trois étrangers." +1810.) + +=Fauchille, P.= Du blocus maritime. Paris, 1882. 8{o}. + +=Fauchille, P.= La question juive en France sous le premier Empire, +d'après des documents inéd. Paris, 1884. 8{o}. + +=Fauriel, C.= Les derniers jours du Consulat, manuscrit inéd. Publ. et +annot. par L. Lalanne. Paris, 1885. + +=Fescourt=. Histoire de la double-conspiration de 1800 contre le +gouvernement consulaire et de la déportation qui eut lieu dans la +deuxième année du Consulat; contenant des détails authentiques et +curieux sur la machine infernale et les déportés. Paris. 1818. 8{o}. + +=Fiévée, J.= Correspondance polit, et administrative, commencée au +mois de mai, 1814. 3 v. Paris, 1815-28. 12{o}. + +=Forneron, H.= Hist. générale des émigrés pendant la Révolution +française. 4 éd. rev. et corr. Paris, 1884. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Fortescue=. The manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq. Preserved at +Dropmore. London, 1894. + +=Goncourt, E. et J. de=. Histoire de la société française pendant le +Directoire. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1892. 12{o}. + +=Gourgaud, G.= Campagne de 1815, ou relation des opérations militaires +qui out eu lieu en France et en Belgique pendant les Cent Jours. +Paris, 1818. 8{o}. + +=Grouchy, Gén.= Fragments historiques relatifs à la campagne de 1815 +et à la bataille de Waterloo. Paris, 1829. 8{o}. + +=Hamel, E.= Hist. des deux conspirations du Gén. Malet. Nouv. éd. +rev., corr. et augm. d'une nouvelle préface. Paris, 1873. 8{o}. + +=Hahn, L.= D. Unterrichtswesen in Frankreich mit einer Geschichte der +Pariser Universität. Breslau, 1848. 8{o}. + +=Hélie, F. A.= Les constitutions de la France. Ouvrage contenant, +outre les constitutions, les principales lois relatives au culte, à la +magistrature, aux élections, à la liberté de la presse, de réunion et +d'association, à l'organisation des départements et des communes, avec +un commentaire. Paris, 1875-79. 4 facs. + +=Houssaye, H.= 1815, la première Restauration, le retour de l'île +d'Elbe, les Cent Jours. 15 éd., rev. Paris, 1894. 12{o}. + +=Hüffer, H.= Quellen zur Geschichte des Zeitalters der französischen +Révolution. Leipzig, 1900. Teubner. + +=Julien, B.= Histoire de la poésie française à l'époque impériale. +Paris, 1844. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Jullien, M. A.= Entretien politique sur la situation actuelle de la +France et sur les plans du nouveau gouvernement. Paris, an VIII +(1800). 8{o}. + +=Labaume, E.= Histoire de la chute de l'empire de Napoléon, ornée de +huit plans ou cartes pour servir au récit des principales batailles +livrées en 1815-16. Paris, 1820. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Lacombe, P.= Essai d'une bibliographie des ouvrages relatifs à +l'histoire religieuse de Paris pendant la révolution (1789-1802). +Paris, 1884. 8{o}. + +=Lacretelle, C. J. D. de=. Dix années d'épreuves pendant la +Révolution. Paris, 1842. 8{o}. + +=Lafon, J. B. H.= Hist. de la conjuration du Gén. Malet, avec des +détails officiels sur cette affaire. 2 éd., rev., corr. et augm. des +pièces offic. des procès; recueillies à la com. militaire, etc. Paris, +1814. + +=Lamartine, A. M. L. de=. Histoire de la Restauration. Paris, 1851-52. +8v. 8{o}. + +=Lamartine, A. M. L. de=. History of the restoration of monarchy in +France. New York, 1851-53. 8{o}. + +=Lamothe-Langon, Baron E. L. de=. Les après-dîners de S. A. S. +Cambacérès, second consul, ou révélations de plusieurs grands +personages sur l'ancien régime, le Directoire, l'Empire et la +Restauration, recueillies et publiées par le b{on} E. L. de +Lamothe-Langon. Paris, 1837. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Lanzac de Laborie, de=. La domination française en Belgique, +1795-1814. Paris, 1895. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Lavallée, J.= Histoire de l'origine, du progrès et de la décadence +des diverses factions qui ont agité la France depuis le 14 juillet, +1789, jusqu'à l'abdication de Napoléon. London, 1816. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Lavisse, E.=, et =Rambaud, A=., Histoire générale du IVe siècle +jusqu'à nos jours, ouvrage publié sous la direction de. Paris, +1893-97. 8 v. 8{o}. + +=Lubis, F. P.= Histoire de la Restauration (1814-1830). 2e éd. Paris, +1848. 6 v. 8{o}. + +=Lubis, F. P.= Résumé de l'histoire des Cent Jours. Paris, 1843. +12{o}. + +=Mahan, A. T.= Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and +Empire, 1793-1812. London, 1893. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Martel, Comte A. de=. Historiens fantaisistes (M. Thiers). Paris, +1883. 2 v. 18{o}. + +=Merlet, G.= Tableau de la littérature française (1800-1815). Paris, +1877-84. 3v. 8{o}. + +=Meyer, Fr. J. L.= Briefe aus d. Haupstadt u. dem innern Frankreichs +unt. d. Consular-regierung. Stuttgart, 1802. 2 Thle. 8{o}. + +=Montglave, G. de=. Les souvenirs d'un grognard de la vieille. Paris, +1842. 8{o}. + +=Mortimer-Ternaux=. Histoire de la Terreur (1792-1794). Paris, +1862-1881. 8 v. 8{o}. + +=Nicolas, Ch.= Les Budgets de la France depuis le commencement du XIXe +siècle. Tableaux budgétaires. Paris, 1882. 4{o}. + +=Nougarède de Fayet, A.= Recherches hist. sur le procès et la +condamnation du Duc d'Enghien. Paris, 1844. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Pajol, C{te}=. Pajol, général en chef, par le gén. de division C{te} +Pajol, son fils aîné. Paris, 1874. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Panckoucke, P.= La République considérée dans ses divers +gouvernements, ou la France comme elle est après ce qu'elle a été. +Essai d'observations impartiales et instructives sur les événements et +les hommes pendant la Révolution. Paris, an IV (1801). 8{o}. + +=Passy, L.= Frochot, préfet de la Seine. Hist. administrative, +1789-1815. Paris, 1867. 8{o}. + +=Peuchet, J.= Essai d'une statistique générale de la France. Paris. +1802. 4{o}. + +=Pfuel, E. v.= D. Rückzug der Franzosen aus Russland. Hrsg. von F. +Förster. Berlin, 1867. 8{o}. + +=Picaud, A.= Carnot, l'organisateur de la victoire, 1753-1823. Nouv. +éd. Paris, no date. 8{o}. + +=Pisani, Abbé P.= La Dalmatie de 1797 à 1815. Épisode des conquêtes +napoléoniennes. Paris, 1893. Gr. 8{o}. + +=Pradt, D. D. de=. Récit historique sur la restauration de la royauté +en France le 31 mars, 1814. Par l'auteur du "Congrès de Vienne," etc. +2e éd. Paris, 1822. 8{o}. + +=Procès= instruit par la cour de justice criminelle contre Georges, +Pichegru, Moreau et autres prévenus de conspiration contre la personne +du Premier Consul. Paris, 1804. 8 v. 8{o}. + +=Rapetti, P. N.= La défection de Marmont en 1814, ouvrage suivi d'un +précis des jugements de Napoléon Ier sur le maréchal Marmont, d'une +notice bibliog., avec extraits de tous les ouvrages publ. sur le même +sujet, etc. Paris, 1858. 8{o}. + +=Regnault-Warin, J. B. J. I. P.= Introduction à l'histoire de l'empire +français; ou, Essai sur la monarchie de Napoléon. Paris, 1820. 2 v. +8{o}. + +=Rochechouart, Général Comte de=. Souvenirs sur la Révolution, +l'Empire et la Restauration. Mémoires inédits publiés par son fils. +Paris, 1889. 8{o}. + +=Rocquain, F.= État de la France au 18 brumaire d'après les rapports +des conseillers d'état chargés d'une enquête sur la situation de la +république, avec pièces inédites, de la fin du directoire, publiées +pour la première fois et précédées d'une préface et d'une +introduction. Paris, 1874. 12{o}. + +=Rodriguez, J. A.= Relation historique de ce qui s'est passé à Paris à +la mémorable époque de la déchéance de Napoléon Buonaparte, écrite en +espagnol et traduite en français par l'auteur. Paris, 1814. 8{o}. + +=Sainte-Beuve, C. A.= Chateaubriand et son groupe littéraire sous +l'Empire. Nouv. éd., cor. Paris, 1889. 2 v. 12{o}. + +=Schaeffner, W.= Geschichte d. Rechtsverfassung Frankreichs. 2 Ausg. +Frankfurt-am-Main, 1859. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Schlarendorf, G. v.= Napoleon u. das französische Volk unter seinem +Consulate. Hrsg. von J. F. Reichardt. Germanien., 1804. 8{o}. + +=Schlarendorf, G. v.= Bonaparte and the French people under his +consulate. 5 American ed. New York, 1804. 8{o}. + +=Schmidt, A.= Paris pendant la Révolution, d'après les rapports de la +police secrète, 1789-1800. Trad. franç. accompagnée d'une préface par +P. Viollet. Paris, 1880-90. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Schmidt, A.= Parizer Zustände während d. Revolutionszeit von +1789-1800. Jena, 1874-76. 3 v. in 1. 8{o}. + +=Schmidt, A.= Tableaux de la Révolution française. Publ. sur les +papiers inédits du département de la police secrète de Paris. Leipzig, +1867-70. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Schoelcher, V.= Vie de Toussaint Louverture. Paris, 1889. 12{o}. + +=Schoell, F.= Recueil de pièces officielles sur les événements qui se +sont passés depuis quelques années. Paris, 1814. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Sorel, A.= L'Europe et la Révolution française. Paris, 1893-95. 4v. +8{o}. + +=Stourm, R.= Les finances de l'ancien régime et de la Révolution, +origines du système financier actuel. Paris, 1885. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Sybel, H. von=. Geschichte d. revolutionszeit von 1789-1800. Neue +Ausg. Stuttgart, 1882. 5 v. 8{o}. + +=Taine, H.= Les origines de la France contemporaine. Paris, 1890-93. 5 +v. 8{o}. + +=Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M.= Correspondance inédite du prince de +Talleyrand et du roi Louis XVIII pendant le congrès de Vienne, publiée +sur les manuscrits conservés au dépôt des affaires étrangères, avec +préface, éclaircissements et notes par G. Pallain. Paris, 1881. 8{o}. + +=Thibaudeau, A. C.= Le Consulat et l'Empire; ou, Histoire de France et +de Napoléon Bonaparte de 1789 à 1815. Paris, 1834-35. 10 v. 8{o}. + +=Thiers, A.= Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire (1799-1815). Paris, +1845-62. 20 v. 8{o}. Atlas fol. + +=Thiers, A.= History of the Consulate and the Empire of France under +Napoleon. Tr. by D. F. Campbell. London, 1845-62. 20 v. Also Atlas +fol. 1859. + +=Toulongeon, F. E.= Histoire de France depuis la Révolution de 1789. +Paris, 1801-06. 4 v. 4{o}. + +=Vaulabelle, A. T. de=. Histoire de deux restaurations jusqu'à +l'avènement de Louis-Philippe de jan., 1815, à oct., 1830. Nouv. éd. +Paris, 1874. 11 v. 8{o}. + +=Véron, L. D.= Mémoires d'un bourgeois de Paris, comprenant la fin de +l'Empire, la Restauration, la Monarchie de juillet, la République +jusqu'au rétablissement de l'Empire. Paris, 1856-57. 5 v. 16{o}. + +=Villemain, A. F.= Souvenirs contemporains d'histoire et de +littérature. Paris, 1855-56. 2 parts. 8{o}. + +=Vührer, A.= Histoire de la dette publique en France. Paris, 1886. 8 +v. + +=Walsh, R.= Letter on the genius and dispositions of the French +government. Philadelphia, 1810. 8{o}. + +=Welschinger, H.= La censure sous le premier Empire. Paris, 1882. 1 v. +8{o}. + +=Williams, H. M.= Narrative of the events which have taken place in +France, with an account of the present state of society and public +opinion. 2 ed. London, 1816. 8{o}. + + +THE CODE + +=Colmet de Santerre=. Le divorce de l'empereur et le code Napoléon. +8{o}. Paris, 1894. + +=Des Gilleuls, A.= De l'esprit du droit public sous le Consulat et +l'Empire. 8{o}. Paris, 1896. Picard. + +=Jac, E.= Bonaparte et le code civil. De l'influence personnelle +exercée par le premier consul sur notre législation civile. 8{o}. +Paris, 1898. Rousseau. + +=Locré de Roissy, J. G., Baron de=. Procès-verbaux du conseil d'état, +cont. la discussion du projet de code civil. Années IX-XII. Paris, an +XII (1803-04). 5 v. 4{o}. + +=Pérouse, H.= Napoléon I et les lois civiles du Consulat et de +l'Empire. Paris, 1866. 8{o}. + +=Rehberg, A. W.= Ueber den Code Napoleon u. dessen Einführung in +Deutschland. Hannover, 1814. 8{o}. + +=Roloff, G.= Die Kolonialpolitik Napoleons I. Karte. München, 1899. +Oldenbourg, Coll. Historische Bibliothek. + +=Sévin, F.= Étude sur les origines révolutionnaires des codes +Napoléon. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1879. 8{o}. + +=Thézard, L.= De l'influence des travaux de Pothier et du chancelier +d'Aguesseau sur le droit civil moderne. Paris, 1866. 8{o}. + + +GREAT BRITAIN + +=Adolphus, J.= History of England from the accession to the decease of +King George III. London, 1840-45. 7 v. 8{o}. + +=Alison, Sir A.= Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart, +the 2d and 3d marquesses of Londonderry; with annals of contemporary +events. Edinburgh, 1861. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Auckland=. Journal and correspondence of William, Lord Auckland. +London, 1861. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Bisset, R.= The History of the Reign of George III to the termination +of the late war. London, 1803. 6 v. 8{o}. + +=Brougham.= Historical sketches of statesmen who flourished in the +time of George III. Paris, 1839. + +=Browning, O.= England and Napoleon in 1803, being the despatches of +Lord Whitworth and others, now first printed. London, 1887. 8{o}. + +=Buckingham=. Memoirs of the court and cabinets of George III, by the +Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. London, 1853-55. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Burghersh, Lord=. (John Fane, Earl of Westmoreland.) Memoir of the +operations of the allied armies under Prince Schwarzenberg and Marshal +Blücher, 1813-14. London, 1822. 8{o}. + +=Castlereagh, Lord=. Correspondence, despatches and other papers. Ed. +by C. W. Vane. London, 1851-53. 8 v. 8{o}. + +=Charlemont, James, First Earl of=. Manuscripts and correspondence. +London, 1894. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Cockburn, Henry=. Memorials of his time. New ed. Edinburgh, 1874. +16{o}. + +=Cornwallis=. Correspondence, ed. by Charles Ross. London, 1859. 3 v. +8{o}. + +=Cottin, P.= Toulon et les Anglais en 1793, d'après des documents +inédits. Avec 3 planches et 4 dessins. 8{o}. Paris, 1898. Ollendorf. + +=Cottin, P.= L'Angleterre devant ses alliés (1793-1814): Toulon +(1793), Anvers et Nimègue (1794), Quiberon (1795), Guadeloupe (1795), +Égypte (1798-1800), Naples (1799), Cadix et Cabrera (1808-14). 8{o}. +Paris, 1893. Aux bureaux de la Revue rétrospective. + +=Elliot, Sir G., Earl of Minto=. Life and Letters, 1751-1806. Ed. by +the Countess of Minto. London, 1874. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Fox, C. J.= Memorials and correspondence, Ed. by Lord J. Russell. +London, 1853-57. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Fox, Henry R.=, Lord Holland. Foreign reminiscences. Ed. by his son. +New York, 1851. 12{o}. + +=Henry, W.= Events of a military life. London, 1843. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Jackson, Sir G.= Diaries and letters from the peace of Amiens to the +battle of Talavera. Ed. by Lady Jackson. Paris, 1872. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Jackson, Sir G.= The Bath Archives. A further selection from [his] +diaries and letters from 1809-16. Ed. by Lady Jackson. London, 1873. 2 +v. 8{o}. + +=James, W.= Naval history of Great Britain. London, 1860. 6 v. + +=Laughton, J. K.= Life of Nelson. London, 1894. 2d ed. 1900. + +=Laughton, J. K.= The Nelson Memorial. Nelson and his companions in +arms. London, 1896. 8{o}. + +=Liverpool, Earl of (R. B. Jenkinson)=. Memoirs. London, 1827. + +=Mahan, A. T.= Life of Nelson. London, 1897. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Malmesbury, Lord=. Diaries and Correspondence. London, 1844. 4 v. +8{o}. + +=Massey=. A History of England during the reign of George III. London, +1855-63. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Maxwell, W. H.= Life of the Duke of Wellington. 4th ed. 1845. 3 v. +8{o}. + +=Morris, Gouverneur=. Diary and Letters. New York, 1888. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Paget, Sir Arthur=. The Paget Papers. London, 1896. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Parliamentary History=. Vols. XXXVI _et seq_. London, 1803 _et seq._ + +=Romilly, Sir Samuel=. Memoirs and Correspondence. London, 1847. 3 v. +8{o}. + +=Rose, G.= Diaries and Correspondence. Ed. by L. V. Harcourt. London, +1859. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Ségur, P. P. de=. History of the expedition to Russia in 1812. +Philadelphia, 1825. 8{o}. + +=Sidmouth=. Life and correspondence of Henry Addington, first Viscount +Sidmouth. Ed. by G. Pellew. London, 1847. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Sinclair, Sir J.= Correspondence, with reminiscences of the most +distinguished characters in Great Britain and in foreign countries +during the last fifty years. London, 1831. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Stanhope=. Life of the Right Honorable William Pitt. London, 1861-62. +4 v. 12{o}. + +=Stewart, C. W. V=., first Earl Vane and third marquis of Londonderry. +Narrative of the war in Germany and France in 1813-14. London, 1830. +4{o}. + +=Wellesley, A., Duke of Wellington=. Civil Correspondence and +Memoranda. London, 1860. 5 v. 8{o}. + +=Wellesley, A., Duke of Wellington=. Despatches from 1799-1818. New +ed. London, 1837-38. 9 v. 8{o}. (Vols. 4-12 of Coll. Despatches.) + +=Windham, W.= The diary of William Windham, 1784-1810. Ed. by Mrs. +Henry Baring. London, 1866. 8{o}. + +=Yonge, C. D.= Life and administration of Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2d +earl of Liverpool (1786-1820). London, 1868. 3 v. 8{o}. + + +ITALY + +=Besancenet, A. de=. Le Général Dommartin en Italie et en Égypte. +Ordres de service. Correspondance, 1789-1799. Paris, 1880. 12{o}. + +=Botta, C.= Storia d'Italia dal 1789 al 1814. Torino, 1824. 8 v. + +=Bouvier, F.= Bonaparte en Italie (1796). 8{o}. Av. cartes. Paris, +1899. Cerf. + +=Cantù, C.=, Ed. Corrispondenze di diplomatici della repubblica e del +regno di Italia 1796-1814. Compilazione archivistica. Vol. Iº. Milano, +1884. 8{o}. + +=Castro=. Milano durante la dominazione napoleonica. Milano, 1880. +8{o}. + +=Castro=. Storia d'Italia dal 1799 al 1814. Milano, 1881. 8{o}. + +=Coignet, Capitaine=. Les cahiers (1799-1815), publ. d'après le MS. +orig. par L. Larchey. Nouv. éd., rev. et cor. Paris, 1889. 12{o}. + +=Coletta, P.= Storia del reame di Napoli dal 1734 al 1825. Paris, +1835. 8{o}. + +=Coppi=. Annali d'Italia dal 1750 al 1807. Rome, 1849. 8{o}. + +=Dandolo, G.= La caduta della republica di Venezia ed i suoi ultimi +cinquant'anni. Studii, storici, ed appendice. Venezia. 1855-57. 2 v. +8{o}. + +=Dejob=. Mme de Staël et l'Italie (avec une bibliographie de +l'influence française en Italie, 1796-1814). Paris, 1890. + +=Einsiedel, A. A. v.= Die Feldzüge d. Oesterreicher in Italien im +Jahre 1805. Mit 1 Schlachtplan u. 1 Karte. Weimar, 1812. 8{o}. + +=Fabry, G.= Histoire de l'armée d'Italie (1796-97). De Loano à févr., +1796. 2 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1900. Champion. Tom. 3. 8{o}. Paris, 1901. +Chapelot. + +=Gachot, E.= La deuxième campagne d'Italie, 1800. 16{o}. Paris, 1898. +Perrin. + +=Gaffarel, Paul=. Bonaparte et les républiques italiennes 1796-1799. +Paris, 1895. 8{o}. + +=Graham, Colonel T.= Despatches on the Italian campaign of 1796-97. +Ed. by J. H. Rose. In English Historical Review, vol. 14, pp. 111-124, +321-331. London, 1900. + +=Helfert, J. A.= Königin Karolina von Neapel u. Sicilien im Kampfe +gegen die französische Weltherrschaft, 1790-1814. Mit Benützung von +Schriftstücken des K. K. Haus-Hof-u. Staats-Archivs. Wien, 1878. 8{o}. + +=Johnston, R. M.= The Napoleonic Empire in Southern Italy. 2 v. +London, 1904. (Bibliography.) + +=La Folie, C. J.= (Coraccini, _pseud._) Histoire de l'administration +du royaume d'Italie pendant la domination française. Paris, 1823. +8{o}. + +=La Folie, C. J.= (Coraccini, _pseud._) Storia dell'amministrazione +del regno d'Italia durante il dominio francese. Lugano, 1823. + +=Liebenstein, T. E. F. v.= D. Krieg Napoleons gegen Russland in d. +Jahre 1812 u. 13. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1888. 2 Thle. + +=Litta Biumi, A.= Della Battaglia di Montenotte. Milano, 1846. 8{o}. + +=Lucchesini=. Historische Entwickelung der Ursachen und Wirkungen des +Rheinbundes. Aus dem Italienischen. Leipzig, 1822. 2 Thle. 8{o}. + +=Nani-Mocenigo, Conte=. Venezia durante la dominazione napoleonica. +Venezia, 1896. 8{o}. + +=Pellet, E. A. M.= Bonaparte en Toscane en 1796. Paris, 1887. 12{o}. +(Extrait de la "Revue bleue.") + +=Reumont, A. v.= Beiträge zur Italienischen Geschichte. Berlin, +1853-57. 6 Bde. + +=Rolhenburg, v.= Die Schlacht bei Rivoli. Leipzig, 1845. + +=Romanin, F.= Storia documentata di Venezia. Venezia, 1853-61. 10 v. + +=Sforza, G.=, Ed. Sull' occupazione di Massa di Lunigiana da' Francesi +nel 1796, lettere d'un Giacobino. Lucca, 1880. 8{o}. + +=Trolard, E.= Pélerinage aux champs de bataille français d'Italie, v. +1. De Montenotte au pont d'Arcole. v. 2, 3. De Rivoli à Marengo et à +Solferino. Paris, 1893. 4 v. 12{o}. + +=Welschinger, H.= Le roi de Rome, 1811-32. Paris, 1897. 8{o}. + + +THE PAPACY + +=Artaud de Montor, F.= Histoire des souverains pontifes romains. +Paris, 1847-49. 8 v. 12{o}. + +=Boulay de la Meurthe, Comte de=, Ed. Documents sur la négociation du +concordat. Paris, 1891-95. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Chotard, H.= Le pape Pie VII à Savone, d'après les minutes des +lettres inéd. du gén. Berthier au prince Borghèse et d'après les +mémoires inéd. de M. de Lebseltern, conseiller d'ambassade autrichien. +Paris, 1887. 12{o}. + +=Geoffroy de Grandmaison=. Napoléon et les cardinaux noirs, 1810-14. +Paris, 1895. 16{o}. + +=Giucci, G.= Storio de Pio VII. Rome, 1857-64. + +=Haussonville, J. O. B. de Cleron d'=. L'Église romaine et le premier +Empire, 1800-1814; avec notes, correspondances dipl. et pièces +justificatives, entièrement inédites. 3e éd. Paris, 1870. 5 v. 8{o}. + +=Mejer, O. Z.= Geschichte der römisch-deutschen Frage. Rostock, +1871-74. 3 Thle. + +=Pradt, D. D. de=. Les quatre concordats; suivis de considérations sur +le gouvernement de l'Église en général et sur l'Église de France en +particulier depuis 1515. Paris, 1818. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Séché, L.= Les origines du concordat. I. Pie VI et le directoire. II. +Pie VII et le consulat. Paris, 1894. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Theiner, A.= Hist. des deux concordats de la république française et +de la république cisalpine conclus en 1801-1803 entre Napoléon +Bonaparte et le Saint-Siège; suivie d'une relation de son couronnement +comme empereur des Français par Pie VII, d'après des doc. inéd. +extraits des archives du Vatican et de celles de France. Paris, +1869-70. 8{o}. + + +SWITZERLAND + +=Amtliche Sammlung= der Acten aus d. Zeit d. Helvetischen Republik +(1798-1803) in Anschluss an d. Sammlung d. ältern. eidg. Abschiede. +Hrsg. auf Anordng. d. Bundesbehörden. Bearb. v. J. Strickler. Bern, +1886-89. 3 Bde. 4{o}. + +=Luginbühl, R.= Ph. Alb. Stapfer, helvetischer Minister d. Künste u. +Wissenschaften (1766-1840). Ein Lebens u. Kulturbild. Basel, 1887. +8{o}. + +=Oechsli, W.= Die Schweiz in den Jahren 1798 und 1799. 8{o}. Zürich, +1899. Schulthess. + +=Rutsche, P.= Der Kanton Zürich zur Zeit der Helvetik (1798-1803). +8{o}. Zürich, 1900. Fasi. + +=Schweizer, P.= Geschichte der Schweizerischen Neutralität. + +=Senfft, F. C. L., Comte de=. Mémoires: organisation politique de la +Suisse, 1800-1813. Leipzig, 1863. 8{o}. + +=Vulliemin, L.= Geschichte der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft. +Deutsch v. J. Keller. Aarau, 1877. 8{o}. + +=Vulliemin, L.= Histoire de la confédération suisse. Éd. révisée et +corrigée. Lausanne, 1879. 2 v. 8{o}. + + +SPAIN AND PORTUGAL + +=Barkhausen, G. H.= Tagebuch eines Rheinbund-Offiziers aus dem +Feldzuge gegen Spanien und während spanischer und englischer +Kriegsgefangenschaft. 1808-14. Hrsg. von seinem Enkel. 8{o}. +Wiesbaden, 1900. Bergmann. + +=Baumgarten, H.= Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch d. französisch. +Revolution bis auf unsere Tage. Leipzig, 1865-71. 3 v. 8{o}. +(Staatengesch. d. neuesten Zeit. Bde. 9, 17.) + +=Boppe, P.= La légion portugaise, 1807-13. 8{o}. Paris, 1897. + +=Boppe, P.= Les Espagnols à la grande armée. Le corps de la Romana +(1807-08); le régiment Joseph-Napoléon (1809-13). 8{o}. Paris, 1899. + +=Grolmann, E. v.= Tagebuch eines deutschen Offizier üb. seinen Feldzug +in Spanien, 1808. Hrsg. v. P. T. Rehfues. Nürnberg, 1814. + +=Hitzigrat, H.= Hamburg und die Kontinentalsperre. 4{o}. Hamburg, +1900. Herold (Programm). + +=Joseph-Napoléon, King of Spain=. Mémoires et correspondance politique +et militaire, publ., annot. et mis en ordre par A. du Casse. 2 éd. +Paris, 1854-55. 10 v. 8{o}. + +=Lafuente y Zamálloa, M.= Historia-general de España, desde los +tiempos mas remotos hasta nuestros dias. Madrid, 1850-67. 30 v. 8{o}. + +=Moore, J.= Narrative of the campaign of the British army in Spain +commanded by Sir John Moore. 2d ed. London, 1809. 4{o}. + +=Rehfues, P. J.= Spanien nach eigner Ansicht im Jahre 1808 his auf die +neueste Zeit. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1813. 4 Bde. + +=Southey, R.= Hist. of the Peninsular War. London, 1823-32. 3 v. 4{o}. + + +GERMANY, INCLUDING RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA + +=Adam, A.= Aus dem Leben eines Schlachtenmalers, Selbstbiographie +nebst e. Anh. Hrsg. v. H. Holland. Stuttgart, 1886. 8{o}. + +=Baader, J.= Streiflichter auf die Zeit d. tiefsten Erniedrigung +Deutschlands oder die Reichsstadt Nürnberg in d. Jahren 1801-1806. +Nürnberg, 1878. + +=Beaulieu-Marconnay, Karl Frhr. v.= Karl v. Dalberg u. seine Zeit, zur +Charakteristik d. Fürsten Primas. Weimar, 1879. 2 Bde. 8{o}. + +=Beer, A.= Geschichte des Welthandels im XIX Jahrhunderte. Wien, +1864-84. 2 Bde. + +=Beer, A.= Zehn Jahre österreichischer Politik, 1801-1810. Leipzig, +1877. 8{o}. + +=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Jahres 1813, von einem höhern Offizier d. +preuss. Armee. Potsdam, 1843. 2 Bde. mit Beilagen. + +=Beitzke, H.= Geschichte d. deutschen Freiheitskriege in den Jahren +1813-14. 4 neu bearb. Aufl. v. P. Goldschmidt. Bremen, 1883. 2 Bde. +8{o}. + +=Blumenthal, M.= Der preussische Landsturm von 1813. Auf +archivalischen Grundlagen dargestellt. 8{o}. Berlin, 1900. Schröder. + +=Bockenheimer, C. E.= Erinnerungen an die Geschichte d. Stadt Mainz in +d. Jahren 1813 u. 14. Mainz, 1863. 8{o}. + +=Bogdanowitsch, M.= Geschichte des Feldzuges im Jahre 1812, nach den +zuverlässigsten Quellen. Aus d. Russ. v. G. Baumgarten. Leipzig, +1862-63. 3 Bde. 8{o}. + +=Böhtlingk, A.= Napoleon Bonaparte u. d. Rastatter Gesandtenmord: ein +Wort an meine Herren Kritiker. Leipzig, 1883. 8{o}. + +=Bouvier, F.= Les premiers combats de 1814. Prologue de la campagne de +France dans les Vosges. Paris, 1895. 8{o}. + +=Boyen, H. V.= Erinnerungen aus dem Leben d. Gen. Feldmarschalls H. v. +B. aus seinen Nachlass im Auftrage d. Familie, hrsg. v. F. Nippold. 3 +Thle. Leipzig, 1889-90. 8{o}. + +=Brandt, Heinrich=. Aus dem Leben des Generals der Infanterie von +Brandt, 2te Auflage. 3 Thle. Berlin, 1870-82. + +=Burghersh, Lord=. Memoiren üb. d. Operationen d. verbündeten Heere +unter dem Fürsten Schwarzenberg u. dem Feldmarschall Blücher während +des Endes 1813 u. 1814. Aus d. Engl. von J. W. Schreiber. Berlin, +1844. 8{o}. + +=Buturlin=. Tableau de la campagne d'automne de 1813 en Allemagne. 2e +éd. rev. Paris, 1818. 8{o}. + +=Cadet de Gassicourt, Ch. L.= Voyage en Autriche, en Moravie et en +Bavière, fait à la suite de l'armée française en 1809. Paris, 1818. +8{o}. + +=Cerini, Cl. F. X. v.= D. Feldzüge d. Sachsen in d. Jahre 1812 u. +1813. Aus d. bewährt. Quellen gezogen u. dargestellt von e. +Stabsoffizier. Dresden, 1821. 8{o}. + +=Charras, J. B. A.= Histoire de la guerre de 1813 en Allemagne. +Derniers jours de la retraite de Russie. Insurrection de l'Allemagne. +Armements. Diplomatie. Entrée en campagne. 2 éd. Paris, 1870. 8{o}. + +=Clair, C.= André Hofer et l'insurrection du Tyrol en 1809. 3 éd. +Paris, 1880. 8{o}. + +=Clausewitz, C. v.= Nachrichten über Preussen in seiner grossen +Katastrophe. Berlin, 1888. 2 v. + +=Colomb, F. A. von=. Aus dem Tagebuche. Streifzüge, 1813-14. Berlin, +1854. 8{o}. + +=Dahlmann, F. C.= Waitz, G. Quellenkunde d. deutschen Geschichte. 5te +Aufl. Quellen und Bearbeitungen der Deutschen Geschichte neu +Zusammengestellt von G. Waitz. 3te Aufl. Göttingen, 1883. 8{o}. + +=Darmstaedter, P.= Das Grossherzogtum Frankfurt. Ein Kulturbild aus +der Rheinbundszeit. 8{o}. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1900. Baer. + +=Dechend=. Die pr.-hess. Waffenbruderschaft im Jahre 1805. Jahrbücher +für die deutsche Armee und Marine. 1885. July, Oct., Nov. + +=Delbrück, H.= Das Leben d. Feldmarschalls Grafen Neithardt v. +Gneisenau. Berlin, 1882. 2 Bde. 8{o}. + +=Droysen, J. G.= D. Leben d. Feldmarschalls Grafen York v. Wartenburg. +10 Aufl. Leipzig, 1890. 2 Thle. + +=Duncker, M. W.= Abhandlungen aus der neueren Geschichte. Leipzig, +1887. 8{o}. + +=Eckardt, J.= Yorck u. Paulucci, Aktenstücke u. Beiträge z. Geschichte +d. Convention von Taurogge (18-20 Dezbr., 1812). Leipzig, 1865. 8{o}. + +=Egger, Jos.= Geschichte Tirols von den ältesten Zeiten bis in die +Neuzeit. Innsbruck, 1871-76. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Ernouf, A. A.= Les Français en Prusse (1807-08), d'après des +documents contemporains recueillis en Allemagne. Paris, 1872. 18{o}. + +=Escoiquiz, Don Juan=. Wahrhafte darstell. d. Gründe, welche den König +Ferdinand VII im April d. Jahre 1808, zur Reise nach Bayonne bewogen +haben. Aus d. Span, übersetzt. Wien, 1816. + +=Eugen, Herzog v. Württemberg=. Memoiren. Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, 1862. +3 v. 8{o}. + +=Euler, C.= Friedrich Ludwig Jahn; sein Leben u. Wirken. Stuttgart, +1881. 8{o}. + +=Eyssenhardt, F.= Barthold Georg Niebuhr: ein biog. Versuch. Gotha, +1886. 8{o}. + +=Fichte=. Der geschlossene Handelstadt. Wien, 1801. 16{o}. + +=Fisher, H.= Studies in Napoleonic Statesmanship: Germany. Oxford, +1903. + +=Förster, F.= Geschichte d. Befreiungskriege, 1813-15. Nach Theilweise +ungedruckten Quellen u. mündlichen Aufschlussen bedeutender +Zeitgenossen. Leipzig, 1856-58. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Foucart, P.= Campagne de Prusse (1806), d'après les archives de la +guerre. Prenzlow-Lübeck. Paris, 1890. 8{o}. + +=Fournier, A.= Historische Studien u. Skizzen. Prague, 1885. 8{o}. + +=Friccius, C.= Geschichte des Krieges in den Jahren 1813 u. 1814. Mit +besond. Rücksicht auf Ostpreussen u. d. Königsberg'sche +Landwehrbataillon. Berlin, 1843. 8{o}. + +=Funck, K. W. F.= Erinnerungen aus d. Feldzüge des Sächsischen Corps +unter d. Gen. Reynier im Jahre 1812, aus Papieren d. Verstorbenen. +Dresden, 1829. + +=Gagern, F. H. E.= Mein Antheil an der Politik. I: Unter Napoleons +Herrschaft. II: Nach Napoleons Fall--d. Congress zu Wien. III: D. +Bundestag. Stuttgart, 1822-30. + +=Gentz, F. de=. Oesterreichs Theilnahme an den Befreiungskriegen. +Nebst einem Anhang "Briefwechsel zwischen den Fürsten Schwarzenberg +und Metternich." Wien, 1887. 8{o}. + +=Gentz, F. de=. Tagebücher. Aus dem Nachlass Varnhagen's v. Ense. +Leipzig, 1873-74. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Gildemeister, J. K. F.= Fink's u. Berger's Ermordung. Beitr. zur +Charakteristik d. französ. Herrschaft in Deutschland. Bremen, 1814. + +=Goecke, R.= D. Königr. Westphalen. 7 Jahre französ. Fremdherrschaft +im Herzen Deutschlands, 1807-1813. Nach den Quellen dargestellt +vollendet u. hrsg. von Th. Ilgen. Düsseldorf, 1888. 8{o}. + +=Goltz-Colmar, Frhr. v.= Rossbach u. Jena: Studien üb. die Zustände u. +das geistige Leben in der preuss. Armee während der Übergangszeit vom +XVIII zum XIX Jahrh. Berlin, 1883. + +=Grolmann, E. v.= Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1814 in dem östlichen +u. nördlichen Frankreich bis z. Einnahme v. Paris, als Beitrage z. +neueren Kriegsgeschichte. Hrsg. von Major v. Damitz. Berlin, 1842-43. +4 v. 8{o}. + +=Guretzky-Cornitz, H. v.= Geschichte d. Ersten Brandenburgischen +Ulanen-Regiments (Kaiser v. Russland) vom Jahre 1809-1859. Berlin, +1866. 8{o}. + +=Häusser, L.= Deutsche Geschichte vom Tode Friedrichs des Grossen bis +zur Gründung des deutschen Bundes. Berlin, 1854-57. 4 Thle. 2 +veränderte u. vermehrte Aufl. Berlin, 1858. + +=Havemann, Wilh.= D. Kurfürstenthum Hannover unter Zehnjähnger +Fremdherrschaft, 1803-1813. Jena, 1867. 8{o}. + +=Heilmann, J.= Feldmarschall Fürst Wrede. Leipzig, 1881. 8{o}. + +=Heinrich, P.= Erzherzog Johann. Vienna, 1901. + +=Helfert, J. A., Frhr. von=. Zur Lösung der Rastatter +Gesandtenmordfrage. Gesammelte Aufsätze. 8{o}. Stuttgart und Wien, +1900. Roth. + +=Helfert, J. A.= Joachim Murat, seine letzten Kämpfe u. sein Ende. +Wien, 1878. 8{o}. + +=Helfert, J. A.= Maria Karolina v. Oesterreich, Königin v. Neapel u. +Sicilien. Anklagen u. Vertheidigg., mit Benützg. v. Schriftstücken d. +K. K. Haus-Hof-u. Staats-Archivs. Wien, 1884. 8{o}. + +=Helfert, J. A.= Maria Louisa, Erzherzogin v. Oesterreich, Kaiserin d. +Franzosen. Mit Benützg. v. Briefen an ihre Æltern u. v. Schriftstücken +d. K. K. Haus-Hof-u. Staats-Archivs. Prague, 1873. 8{o}. + +=Henckel von Donnersmark, W. L. V., Graf=. Erinnerungen aus meinem +Leben. Zerbst, 1847. 8{o}. + +=Hofmann, G. W. v.= Zur Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1813. 2 neu. +bearb. u. verm. Aufl. Berlin, 1843. 8{o}. + +=Hofmann, G. W. v.= Zur Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1815 bis nach d. +Schlacht von Belle-Alliance. Koblenz, 1849. 2 Aufl. Berlin, 1851. + +=Holzhausen, P.= Davout in Hamburg. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der +Jahre 1813-14. Von einem Freunde historischer Wahrheit. Deutsche +Ausgabe. 8{o}. Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, 1892. Zeigenhirt. + +=Hormayr, J. F.= D. Heer von Inneröstreich unter den Befehlen d. +Erzherzogs Johann im Kriege von 1809 in Italien, Tyrol u. Ungarn. +Durchgehends aus Offiziellen Quellen, aus d. erlass. Befehlen, +Operations Journalen. Leipzig, 1848. 8{o}. + +=Hormayr, H. v.= Lebensbilder aus dem Befreiungskriege. Piece aus den +"Politischen Predigten des Dr. Faber." Leipzig, 1844. 8{o}. + +=Horn, G.= Das Buch der Königin Luise. Mit Portraits u. Illustr. nach +gleichzeit. Originalen. 2 Aufl. Berl., 1884. Fol. + +=Hüffer, H.= Die Politik der deutschen Mächte im Revolutionskriege bis +zum Abschluss des Friedens von Campo-Formio. (Dipl. Verhandlungen a. +d. Zeit d. Französisch. Rev. Bd. i.) + +=Hüffer, H.= Oestreich u. Preussen gegenüber der Französischen +Revolution bis zum Abschluss des Friedens von Campo-Formio. +Vornehmlich nach ungedr. Urkunden d. Archivs in Berlin, Wien u. Paris. +Bonn, 1868. 8{o}. (Dipl. Verhandlungen a. d. Zeit d. Französisch. Rev. +Bd. i.) + +=Hüffer, H.= D. Rastatter Congress u. d. Zweite Coalition. Bonn, +1878-79. 2 v. 8{o}. (Dipl. Verhandlungen a. d. Zeit d. Französisch. +Rev. Bd. i.) + +=Knesebeck, E. v.= Leben des Freiherrn Hugh v. Halkett, k. +Hannoverischer General d. Infanterie. Stuttgart, 1865. 8{o}. + +=Koberstein, K.= Preussisches Bilderbuch. Leipzig, 1887. 8{o}. + +=Krauss, Th.= Geschichte d. bayerischen Heeresabtheilung im Feldzug +gegen Russland, 1812. Augsburg, 1857. 8{o}. + +=Krones, R. v. Marchland, Frz.= Zur Geschichte Oesterreichs im +Zeitalter d. französischen Kriege u. d. Restauration, 1792-1816. Mit +besond. Rücksicht auf das Berufsleben d. Staatsmannes Frhrn. Ant. v. +Baldacci. Gotha, 1886. 8{o}. + +=Ledebur, A. L. v.= Erlebnisse aus den Kriegsjahren 1806-07. Ein Zeit +u. Lebensbild zusammengestellt aus den hinterlassenen Papieren, etc. +Nebst einigen kurzen Notizen über das Leben des Verewigten. Berlin, +1855. + +=Lehmann, M.= Freiherr vom Stein. Vols. I and II, 1757-1808. Leipzig, +1903. + +=Lehmann, M.= Knesebek u. Schön: Beitrage zur Gesch. d. +Freiheitskriege. Leipzig, 1875. 8{o}. + +=Lettow-Vorbeck, O. v.= D. Krieg v. 1806-1807. Berlin, 1891-96. 4 v. +8{o}. + +=Lombard, J. G.= Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire des années +1805-07, dédiés aux Prussiens par un ancien compatriote. Paris, 1808. +12{o}. + +=Lützow, Adf.= Freikorps in den Jahre 1813 u. 1814 von K. v. L. +gegenüber d. in d. preuss. Jahrbücher, hrsg. v. H. v. Treitschke, auf +genommenen Darstellung v. A. Koberstein. Berl., 1884. 8{o}. + +=Mallet du Pan, J.= Correspondance inédite avec la cour de Vienne +(1794-98), publ. d'après les MSS. conservés aux archives de Vienne par +A. Michel; avec une préface de H. Taine. Paris, 1884. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Matériaux= pour servir à l'histoire de la bataille d'Austerlitz, +recueillis par un militaire. Weimar, 1806. 8{o}. With a map of the +battle-field. + +=Meerheimb, F. v.= Die Schlachten bei Bautzen am 20 u. 21 Mai, 1813. +Vortrag geh. in d. militär. Gesellschaft zu Berlin am 2 Novbr., 1872. +Berlin, 1873. 8{o}. + +=Metternich, C. W. N. L., Fürst v. Metternich-Winneburg=. Aus +nachgelassenen Papieren (1773-1859). Hrsg. von R. Metternich-Winneburg; +geord. von A. v. Klinkowström. Wien, 1880-84. 8 v. in 7. 8{o}. + +=Metternich-Winneburg, R.=, Ed. Österreichs Theilnahme an den +Befreiungskriegen: ein Beitrag z. Gesch. d. Jahre 1813-15 nach +Aufzeichngn. von Frdr. v. Gentz, nebst e. Anh. Briefwechsel zwischen +den Fürsten Schwarzenberg u. Metternich, geordnet u. zusammengestellt +von A. v. Klinkowström. Wien, 1887. 8{o}. + +=Meyer=. Erinnerungen aus Hannover u. Hamburg aus den Jahren +1803-1813. Nebst einem Anhang mit Bemerkungen. Von einem Zeitgenossen. +Hannover, 1843. 8{o}. + +=Mirus, R. D.= Treffen bei Wartenburg am 3 Okt., 1813. Berlin, 1863. + +=Monckeberg, C.= Hamburg unter dem Drucke d. Franzosen, 1806-1814. +Hist. Denkwürdigkeiten. Hamburg, 1863. 8{o}. + +=Montgelas, Max, Graf v.= Denkwürdigkeiten (1799-1817) im Auszug aus +dem Französ. Original übers. von Max Frhrn. v. Freyberg-Eisenberg u. +hrsg. v. Ludg. Grafen v. Montgelas. Stuttgart, 1887. 8{o}. + +=Müffling, F. C. F., Frhr. v.= (sonst =Weiss= genannt). Aus meinem +Leben. 2 Thle. Berlin, 1851. 8{o}. Aus meinem Leben. Berlin, 1855. 2 +Thle. 8{o}. (Untrustworthy.) + +=Müffling, C. v.= D. Preussisch-russische Campagne im Jahre 1813 bis +zum Waffenstillstande. Breslau, 1813. 8{o}. + +=Müller, F. v.= Erinnerungen aus den Kriegszeiten v. 1806-1813. +Braunschw., 1851. 8{o}. + +=Natzmer, G. E.= Aus dem Leben der Gen. Oldwig v. Natzmer: Ein Beitrag +z. preuss. Geschichte. Berlin, 1876. + +=Naumann, R. D.= Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig. Nebst Nachrichten von +Zeitgenossen u. Augenzeugen über Dieselbe. Karte des Schlachtfeldes u. +Plane d. Stadt Leipzig von 1813. Leipzig, 1863. 8{o}. + +=Neumann, L.=, et =Plason, A. de=. Recueil des traités et conventions +conclus par l'Autriche avec les puissances étrangères depuis 1763 +jusqu'à nos jours. Leipzig, 1855-59. 6 v. 8{o}. Nouvelle suite. +Vienne, 1877-91. 12 v. 8{o}. + +=Ompteda, F. v.= Zur deutschen Gesch. in dem Jahrzehnt vor den +Befreiungskriegen. + + I: D. Überwältigung Hannovers durch die Franzosen. Eine hist, + polit. Studie. Hannover, 1866. + + II u. III: Politischer Nachlass des hannoverschen Staats u. + Cabinet-ministers Ludw. von Ompteda aus den Jahren 1804-1813. + Veröffentlicht von F. v. Ompteda. Jena, 1869. + +=Oncken, W.= Oesterreich und Preussen im Befreiungskriege: urkundliche +Aufschlüsse über d. politische Geschichte des Jahres 1813. Berlin, +1876-79. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Perthes, C. T.= Politische Zustände u. Personen in Deutschland z. +Zeit d. franz. Herrschaft. Das südliche u. westliche Deutschland. 2 +Aufl. Gotha, 1863. 8{o}. + +=Pertz, G. H.= D. Leben den Feldmarschalls Graf en Neithardt v. +Gneisenau, 1760-1815. Schluss Bd. von H. Delbrück. Berlin, 1864-81. 5 +Bde. 8{o}. + +=Pertz, G. H.= D. Leben des Ministers Freiherrn von Stein, 1757-1831. +Berlin, 1849-55. 6 v. 8{o}. + +=Pfister=. Aus dem Lager des Rheinbundes, 1812-13. Stuttgart, 1897. + +=Plotho, C. v.= D. Krieg in Deutschland u. Frankreich in d. Jahren +1813-15. Berl., 1817. 4 Thle. 8{o}. + +=Pohl, J. G. v.= Denkwürdigkeiten a. meinen Leben u. aus meiner Zeit. +1840. + +=Prokesch, A. v.= Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben des Feldmarschalls +Fürsten Carl zu Schwarzenberg. Neue Ausg. Wien, 1861. 8{o}. + +=Ranke, L. von=. Hardenberg u. d. Gesch. d. preussischen Staates von +1793-1813. 2 Aufl. Leipzig, 1879-81. 3 v. 8{o}. (Sämmt. Werke. Bde. +46-48.) + +=Reichardt, J. F.= Vertraute Briefe aus Paris, geschrieben in den +Jahren 1802-3. 2 Ausg. Hamburg, 1805. 3 Thle. 8{o}. + +=Reiche, L. v.= Memoiren, hrsg. von L. v. Weltzien. Leipzig, 1857. 2 +Thle. 8{o}. + +=Rist, J. G.= Lebenserinnerungen, herausg. von G. Poel. Gotha, 1880. 2 +Th. + +=Roos, H. U. L. v.= Ein Jahr aus meinem Leben, oder Reise von den +westl. Ufern d. Donau an die Nara, südl. von Moskwa u. zurück an die +Beresina mit d. grossen Armee Napoleons im Jahre 1812. St. Petersburg, +1832. 8{o}. + +=Schimpff, G. v.= 1813. Napoleon in Sachsen. Nach des Kaisers +Korrespondenz. 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Naumburg, +1846. 8{o}. + +=Chambray, G.= Histoire de l'expédition de Russie, 1812. 3 éd. Paris, +1839. 8{o}. + +=Choiseul-Gouffier, Comtesse de=. Reminiscences sur l'empereur +Alexandre I et sur l'empereur Napoléon I. Paris, 1862. 8{o}. + +=Czartoryski, A. G., Prince=. Memoirs and correspondence, with +documents relative to the Prince's negotiations with Pitt, Fox, and +Brougham, and an account of his conversations with Lord Palmerston and +other Eng. statesmen in London, 1832. Ed. by A. Gielgud. 2 ed. London, +1888. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Czartoryski, A. G., Prince=. Mémoires et correspondance avec +l'empereur Alexandre I. Préf. de Ch. de Mazade. Paris, 1887. 2 v. +8{o}. + +=Förster, F.= Napoleon I russischer Feldzug, 1812. 3 Aufl. 1857. + +=Foucart, P.= La campagne de Pologne: Pultusk et Golymin, nov., +1806,-jan., 1807, d'après les archives de la guerre. Paris, 1882. 2 v. +12{o}. + +=Gentz, F. de=. Dépêches inédites du chevalier de Gentz aux hospodars +de Valachie, pour servir à l'histoire de la politique européenne (1813 +à 1828), publiées par le comte Prokesch-Osten fils. Paris, 1876-77. 3 +v. 8{o}. + +=George, H. B.= Napoleon's Invasion of Russia. London, 1899. Unwin. + +=Goethe, Thdr.= Aus d. Leben eines sächsischen Husaren u. aus dessen +Feldzugen, 1809, 1812-13 in Polen u. Russland. Leipzig, 1853. 8{o}. + +=Gourgaud, G.= Napoléon et la grande armée en Russie, ou examen +critique de l'ouvrage de M. le Comte Ph. de Ségur. 4e éd. Paris, 1827. +2 v. 8{o}. + +=Guillaume, F.=, dit =Guillaume de Vaudoncourt=. Mémoires pour servir +à l'histoire de la guerre entre la France et la Russie en 1812. London +et Paris, 1816 et 1817. 4{o}, et un petit vol. de planches. + +=Helldorf=. Aus dem Leben des kaiserlich. russischen Generals d. +Infanterie, Prinzen Eugen v. Württemberg, aus dessen eigenhändigen +Aufzeichnungen so wie aus dem schriftlichen Nachlass seiner Adjuanten +gesammelt u. hrsg. Berlin, 1861-62. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Joyneville, C.= Life and Times of Alexander I, Emperor of All the +Russias. London, 1875. 3 v. 12{o}. + +=Kobeko, D.= La jeunesse d'un tsar. Paul Ier et Catherine II. Éd. +Dimitri de Benckendorff. Paris, 1896. 8{o}. + +=Labaume, E.= Circumstantial narrative of the campaign in Russia, with +plans of the battle of Moskwa and Malojaroslavetz, 1812. Tr. E. Boyce. +7 ed. London, 1816. 8{o}. + +=Labaume, E.= Relation circonstantiée de la campagne de Russie en +1812. Ouvrage orné des plans de la bataille de la Moscowa et du combat +de Malojaroslavetz. Paris, 1814. 8{o}. + +=Léher, J. A.=, Éd. de Bréaut des Marlots, J. Lettre d'un capitaine de +cuirassiers sur la campagne de Russie, 1812. Paris, 1885. 12{o}. + +=Lehmann, M.= Scharnhorst. 2 Thl. seit dem Tilsiter Frieden. Leipzig, +1887. 8{o}. + +=Lossberg, H. v.= Briefe in d. Heimat geschrieben während des +Feldzuges 1812 in Russland: ein Beitrag z. Geschichte dieses +Feldzuges. Cassel, 1844. 8{o}. + +=Margueron=. Campagne de Russie. 8{o}. Paris, 1897. +Charles-Lavauzelle. + +=Meerheim, R. v.= Erlebnisse eines Veteranen d. grossen Armee während +des Feldzuges in Russland in 1812. Herausg. v. dessen Sohne R. v. +Meerheim. Dresden, 1860. 8{o}. + +=Miliutin=. Geschichte des Krieges Russlands mit Frankreich im Jahre +1799. München, 1856. 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Minckwitz, A. v.= D. Brigade Thielmann in dem Feldzuge von 1812 in +Russland. Hierzu ein (lith.) Situationsplan vom Schlachtfelde d. +Schlacht an der Moskwa am 7 Sept., 1812. Dresden, 1879. 8{o}. + +=Oginski, M. v.= Denkwürdigkeiten üb. Polen u. die Polen im Jahre +1788-1815. Deutsch v. F. Gleich. Leipzig, 1827. 2 Thle. 8{o}. + +=Oginski, M. v.= Mémoires sur la Pologne et les Polonais depuis 1788 +jusqu'à la fin de 1815. Paris, 1826-27. 4 v. 8{o}. + +=Porter, Sir R. Ker.= Narrative of the Campaign in Russia during +1812. London, 1815. + +=Puibusque, L. G.= Lettres sur la guerre de Russie en 1812, sur la +ville de St.-Pétersbourg, les moeurs et les usages des habitants de la +Pologne. 2 éd. Paris, 1817. 8{o}. + +=Rambaud, A.= History of Russia from the earliest times to 1877. Tr. +by L. B. Lang. London, 1879. 8{o}. + +=Röder, Frz.= D. Kriegszug Napoleons gegen Russland im Jahre 1812. +Nach den besten Quellen u. seinen eigenen Tagebüchern dargestellt, +nach d. Zeitfolge d. Begebenheiten, hrsg. v. K. Röder. Leipzig, 1848. +8{o}. + +=Röder v. Bomsdorf, O. W. K.= Mittheil. aus d. Feldzug in Russland +1812, an einen Offizier des Generalstabes. Leipzig, 1816. 2 Thle. +8{o}. + +=Rostopchin=, or =Rostoptchine, F.= Vérité sur l'incendie de Moscou. +Paris, 1823. + +=Rüstow, W.= D. Krieg gegen Russland. Politisch-militärisch Bearb. +Zürich, 1885. 2 Bde. 8{o}. + +=Surruges, Abbé=. Lettres sur l'incendie de Moscou, écrites de cette +ville au R. P. Bouvet. 2 éd. Paris, 1823. 8{o}. + +=Tatistcheff, S.= Alexandre I et Napoléon, d'après leur correspondance +inédite. 1801-12. Paris, 1891. 8{o}. + +=Tchitchagoff, P.= Mémoires inédits. Campagnes de la Russie, 1812, +contre la Turquie, l'Autriche et la France. Berlin, 1855. 8{o}. + +=Tolstoi, L.= Physiologie de la guerre. Napoléon et la campagne de +Russie. Tr. par M. Delines. Paris, 1887. 12{o}. + +=Wilson, Sir R.= Narrative of events during the invasion of Russia by +Napoleon Bonaparte, and the retreat of the French army, 1812. Ed. by +G. H. Randolph. London, 1860. 8{o}. + +=Woronzow, S. R., Comte de=. Arkhiv kniazia Vorontsova, viii, ix. +Boumagi gr. S. R. Vorontsova. Moskva, 1876. 3 t. 8{o}. + + +NETHERLANDS + +=Grolmann, E. von=. Geschichte des Feldzugs von 1815 in den +Niederlanden u. Frankreich, als Beitrag z. Kriegsgeschichte d. neueren +Kriege. Hrsg. von Major v. Damitz. Berlin, 1837. 12 v. 8{o}. + +=Kampen, van=. Geschichte der Niederlande. Hamburg, 1831-33. 2 v. +8{o}. + +=Legrand, L.= La révolution française en Hollande: la république +Batave. Paris, 1894. + +=Paquet, Syphorien=. Voyage historique et pittoresque fait dans les +Pays-Bas et dans quelques départements voisins pendant les années +1811, 1812 et 1813. Paris, 1813. 2 v. 12{o}. + + +SCANDINAVIAN POWERS + +=Hochschild, C. F. L.= Désirée, reine de Suède et de Norvège. Paris, +1888. 16{o}. + +=Schinkel, B. v.= Minnen ur Sveriges nyare historia. I{ra} afd. +Bihang, 1, 2, 3. Upsala, 1881-83. 8{o}. + +=Schmidt, Fr.= Schweden unter Karl XIV Johann. Heidelberg, 1842. +8{o}. + +=Swederns, G.= Schwedens Politik u. Kriege in dem Jahre 1808-1814 +vorzüglich unter Leitung des Kronprinzen Carl Johan. Deutsche, von dem +verf. gänzlich umgearb. Ausg. aus dem Schwed. von C. F. Frisch. +Leipzig, 1866. 2 Thle. 8{o}. + +=Thorsoë, A. D.= Danske stats-politiske historie fra 1800-1864. I. +Tidsrummet, 1800-14. Kiobenhavn, 1873. 8{o}. + +=Touchard-Lafosse, G.= Histoire de Charles XIV (Jean Bernadotte), roi +de Suède et de Norvège. Paris, 1838. 3 v. 8{o}. + + +EGYPT + +=Abdurrahman Gabarti=. Journal pendant l'occupation française en +Égypte, suivi d'un précis de la même campagne par Mou'allem +Nicolas-el-Turki, tr. de l'arabe par A. Cardin. Paris, 1838. 8{o}. + +=Bertrand, Général H. G.=, Ed. Guerre d'Orient. Campagnes d'Égypte et +de Syrie. Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de Napoléon dictés par +lui-même à Sainte-Hélène et publiés par le Gén. Bertrand. Paris, 1847. +2 v. 8{o}. Atlas fol. + +=Boulay de la Meurthe, Comte=. Le directoire et l'expédition d'Égypte: +Étude sur les tentatives du directoire pour communiquer avec +Bonaparte, le secourir et le ramener. Paris, 1885. 12{o}. + +=Copies= of original letters from the army of Gen. Bonaparte in Egypt, +with an Eng. tr. London, 1798-1800. 3 parts. 12{o}. + +=La Jonquière, C.= L'Expédition d'Égypte (1798-1801). 2 v. 8{o}. Av. +cartes. Paris, 1900-1901. Charles Lavauzelle. + +=Nakoula-el-Turk=. Histoire de l'expédition des Français en Égypte. +Tr. et publ. par Desgranges. Paris, 1839. 8{o}. + +=Pièces= officielles de l'armée d'Égypte. 2e partie. Par., an IX. +8{o}. + +=Simon, E. T.= Correspondance de l'armée française en Égypte, +interceptée par l'escadre de Nelson. Trad. en franç. Paris, an VII. +8{o}. + +=Richardot, C.= Nouveaux mémoires sur l'armée française en Égypte et +en Syrie, ou la vérité mise au jour sur les principaux faites et +événements de cette armée, la statistique du pays, les usages et les +moeurs des habitants, avec le plan de la côte d'Aboukir à Alexandrie +et à la tour des Arabes. Paris, 1848. 8{o}. + +=Villiers du Terrage, E. de=. Journal et souvenirs sur l'expédition +d'Égypte (1798-1801); publ. par le B{on} M. de Villiers du Terrage. +8{o}. Av. cartes et gravures. Paris, 1899. Plon. + +=Wilson, Sir R. T.= History of the British expedition to Egypt. 2 ed. +London, 1803. 4{o}. + + +THE BALKAN STATES + +=Beer, A.= D. Orientalische Politik Oesterreichs seit 1774. Prague, +1883. 8{o}. + +=Boppe, A.= Documents inédits sur les relations de la Serbie avec +Napoléon I, 1809-14. Extrait de l'Otatchbina, livres XIX et XX. +Belgrade, 1888. 8{o}. + +=Zinkeisen=. Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches. Gotha, 1859. 8{o}. + + +SAINT HELENA + +=Abell, Mrs. L. E. B.= Recollections of the emperor Napoleon during +the first three years of his captivity. London, 1845. 12{o}. + +=A Diary of St. Helena= (1816-1817). The journal of Lady Malcolm, +containing the conversations of Napoleon with Sir P. Malcolm, ed. by +Sir A. Wilson. 16{o}. London, 1899. Innes. + +=Antommarchi, F.= Mémoires; ou, Les derniers moments de Napoléon. +Bruxelles, 1825. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Bingham, Gen. G. R.= Diary of Napoleon's Voyage to St. Helena. +Blackwood's Magazine, Oct., 1896. + +=Forsyth, W.= History of the captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena: from +the letters and journals of Sir H. Lowe. London, 1853 3 v. 8{o}. + +=Gourgaud, Gén. G. de=. Sainte-Hélène: Journal inédit de 1815 à 1818. +2 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1899. Flammarion. Trad. en allem. par H. Conrad. +8{o}. Stuttgart, 1901. Lutz. Coll. Memoiren-Bibliothek. + +=Las Cases, E. A. D. M. J., Marquis de=. Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène; +ou, Jour. où se trouve consigné, jour par jour, ce qui a dit et fait +Napoléon durant dix-huit mois. Paris, 1823-24. 8 v. 8{o}. + +=Lullin de Châteauvieux, J. F.= Manuscripts transmitted from St. +Helena by an unknown channel. New York, 1817. 12{o}. + +=Lullin de Châteauvieux, J. F.= Manuscrit venu de Sainte-Hélène d'une +manière inconnue. 4 éd. Lond., 1817. 8{o}. + +=Maitland, Sir F. L.= Narrative of the surrender of Buonaparte and of +his residence on board the _Bellerophon_. 2 ed. London, 1826. 8{o}. + +=Masson, F.= Autour de Sainte-Hélène. Paris, 1909. + +=Melliss, J. C.= St. Helena: a phys., hist., and topog. description of +the island, incl. its geology, fauna, flora, and meteorology. London, +1875. 4{o}. + +=Montchenu, Marquis de=. La captivité de Sainte-Hélène, d'après les +rapports inédits, par G. Firmin-Didot. Paris, 1894. 8{o}. + +=Montholon, C{tesse} de=. Souvenirs de Sainte-Hélène (1815-1816); +publ. sous les auspices du V{te} du Couedic de Kergoualer, son +petit-fils, par le C{te} Fleury. Av. gravures. 18{o}. Paris, 1901. +Paul. + +=Montholon-Sémonville, C. T. de=. History of the captivity of Napoleon +at St. Helena. London, 1846-47. 4 v. 8{o}. American ed., Philadelphia, +1847. 8{o}. + +=Montholon-Sémonville, C. T. de=. Récits de la captivité de l'Empereur +Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène. Paris, 1847. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Napoléon I.= Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France sous le +règne de Napoléon, écrits à Sainte-Hélène par les généraux Gourgaud et +Montholon, qui ont partagé sa captivité. 2e éd., disposée dans un +nouvel ordre et augmentée de chapitres inédits, etc. Paris, 1830. 9 v. +8{o}. + +=O'Meara, B. E.= Napoléon dans l'exil; ou, Une voix de Sainte-Hélène. +Trad, par A. Roy. London, 1823. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=O'Meara, B. E.= Napoléon in Exile; or, A Voice from St. Helena +(1815-18). 2 ed. New York, 1853. 2 v. 8{o}. + +=Recueil de pièces authentiques sur le captif de Sainte-Hélène=, de +mémoires et documents écrits ou dictés par l'Empereur Napoléon, suivis +de lettres de MM. le grand maréchal C{te} Bertrand, le C{te} de Las +Cases, le Gén. B{on} Gourgaud, le Gén. C{te} Montholon. Paris, +1821-25. 12 v. 8{o}. + +=Schlitter, H.= D. Berichte d. K. K. Commissars Bartholomäus v. +Stürmer aus St. Helena zur Zeit d. dortigen Internirung Napoleon +Bonapartes, 1816-18. 8{o}. Wien, 1886. 8{o}. + +=Warden, W.= Conduct and conversations of Napoleon Buonaparte and his +suite during the voyage to St. Helena, and some months there. Albany, +1817. 12{o}. + + + + +INDEX + + +A + + =Aachen=, _N.'s_ court at, ii. 329, 339, 350. + + =Aalen=, the French position at, ii. 365. + + =Abdullah Pasha=, routed at Esdraelon, ii. 71, 72. + + =Aben, River=, military operations on the, iii. 207. + + =Abensberg=, Lefebvre defeats the Austrians at, iii. 207; + Oudinot ordered to, 208; + battle of, 211. + + =Aberdeen, Lord=, English envoy at Vienna, iii. 422. + + =Abo=, Alexander's hint to Bernadotte at, iv. 55. + + =Aboukir=, battle of, ii. 77-80, 97; + trophies from, deposited at the Invalides, 147. + + =Aboukir Bay=, battle of, ii. 62, 63. + + =Abrantès=, Junot at, iii. 121. + + =Abrantès, Duchesse d'=, friendship with _N._, i. 178, 283. + + =Absolutism=, its growth in Europe, i. 67; + its decline and abolition, 106-110, 119, 151; + iv. 162, 250, 292. + + =Academy, The=, ordered to occupy itself with literary criticism, + iii. 26. + + =Acken=, military operations near, iv. 21, 22, 25. + + =Acqui=, military operations at, i. 354. + + =Acre=, Phélippeaux at, i. 65; + siege of, ii. 47, 70-76; + the key of Palestine, 73; + relief expedition from Constantinople to, 73-75; + parley between Phélippeaux and _N._ at, 79; + compared with Smolensk, iii. 340. + + =Act of Mediation, the=, ii. 234. + + =Acton, Sir J. F. E.=, rule of, in Naples, ii. 357. + + =Adam, Albrecht=, on the French advance into Russia, iii. 337. + + =Adam, Sir F.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209. + + =Adda, River=, military operations on the, i. 359, 381; + ii. 172. + + =Addington, Henry=, succeeds Pitt in the ministry, ii. 208; + negotiates for peace, 210; + belief in the peace of Amiens, 213; + holds England to be arbiter of the Continent, 263; + Continental policy, 263, 266, 267; + appoints Lord Whitworth ambassador to Paris, 266; + his influence undermined by Pitt, 292; + driven from power, 337. + + =Addison, Joseph=, on England's insular position, ii. 263. + + =Additional Act, the=, iv. 160, 161, 166. + + =Aderklaa=, Austrian advance through, iii. 219. + + =Adige, River=, military operations on, i. 371, 379, 383-391, + 406-414, 434, 442; + ii. 87, 91, 193, 368; + iii. 201; + iv. 39; + cession to Austria of lands on, ii. 21; + boundary of the Cisalpine Republic, 21; + boundary of Austria in Italy, 193; + Eugène to collect troops on, 362. + + =Adrial, M.=, member of the council of state, ii. 222; + reviser of the Code, 222. + + =Adriatic Sea=, _N._ threatens to seize, i. 404; + French fleet in, ii. 18; + cession to Austria of lands on, 21; + marriage of, 24; + _N.'s_ control of, iii. 110; + the highway to India, 111. + + =Æetes=, _N._ likened to, iv. 387. + + =Æneid=, _N.'s_ notes on the, iv. 232. + + =Afghanistan=, projected rising against England in, iii. 21. + + =Africa=, proposed military operations in northern, iii. 114; + the partition of, iv. 298. + + ="Agamemnon," the=, at siege of Bastia, i. 260; ii. 62. + + "=Agathon=," iii. 175. + + =Agricultural laborers=, condition at outbreak of the Revolution, + i. 102, 105, 109. + + =Agriculture=, encouragement of, ii. 220. + + =Aigues-Mortes=, the canal of, ii. 349. + + =Aisne, River=, military movements on the, iv. 77, 93. + + =Aix=, Fesch at, i. 44; + _N._ at, 141; iv. 139, 154; + arrest of Corsican commissioners at, i. 204; + _N.'s_ sickness at, iv. 139; + bitter feeling against _N._ at, 138, 154. + + =Ajaccio= made a seat of government, i. 25; + the Bonaparte family in, 26-35; + _N._ at, 81-90, 118, 128, 135, 159, 193, 203 prepares plans for + its defense, 91; + political parties in, 116; + patriotic schemes, 118; + _N._ assumes leadership in, 118; + the democratic club at, 118, 123, 127, 128, 145, 184; + withdrawal of French troops from, 121; + reorganizing the municipal government, 123, 127; + attack on _N._ in, 128; + disorders in, 128-130, 166-172, 180, 191; + claims to be capital of Corsica, 134; + political movements in, 163-170; + election of officers in, 165, 166; + popular feeling against _N._ in, 170, 171; + embarkation of Sardinian expedition at, 191; + _N._ demands allegiance to France from, 199; + _N.'s_ plot against the citadel at, 201-209; + expedition from St. Florent against, 204-207; + outburst against the Bonapartes in, 205; + _N.'s_ cave at, 210; + weakness of, 257; + _N.'s_ last visit to, ii. 82. + + =Albania=, _N._ offers the country to England, ii. 404. + + =Albuera=, battle of, iii. 289. + + =Albufera, Duke of=. _See_ =Suchet=. + + =Alessandria=, opening of the road to, i. 257; + military operations near, 352; + in French hands, 373; + Melas rallies his army at, ii. 174, 177; + topography of the country, 177, 178; + Melas retires to, 180; + _N._ concedes to the allies at Châtillon, iv. 87. + + =Alexander I=, succeeds Paul I, ii. 210; + waives claim to Malta, 210; + liberates English ships, 210; + his bloody title to the throne, ii. 210, 317; iii. 36, 37; iv. 114; + abandons the neutrality policy, ii. 263; + personal relations between _N._ and, 263; iii. 34, 37, 40, 43, + 52-53, 64, 73, 97, 105, 107, 116, 118, 248, 255, 310, 408, 411; + pacification of, ii. 265; + ruptures diplomatic relations with France, 311; + animus toward France, 330; + greed for Oriental empire, 330, 331, 347, 348, 357, 406, 418; + iii. 33, 176, 236, 245; iv. 67; + attitude on the death of Enghien, ii. 330, 348; + demands indemnity for King of Sardinia, 330; + _N.'s_ words of warning to, 347; + demands indemnity for Piedmont, 348; + undertakes peace negotiations, 356; + his scheme of redistribution of Europe, 355; + England's negotiations with, 355; + character and personality, 356; iii. 41-43, 117, 171, 310, 351, + 420; iv. 6, 68, 132; + recalls his peace envoy, ii. 357; + brings Prussia into the coalition, 376, 377; + at Berlin, 376, 377; + relations with Frederick William III, 377; iii. 57, 107, 195; + prefers one of Paul I's assassins, ii. 380; + at Olmütz, 380; + _N._ opens negotiations with, 380; + forces the battle of Austerlitz, 382; + after the battle, 389; + deserts Francis I, 390; + interview with _N._, 391; + retreats to Poland, 391; + evacuates Naples, 405; + conscienceless concerning territories of others, 405; + breaks off negotiations with _N._, 418; + rejects the Oubril treaty, 421; + uncertain attitude, 420; + _N.'s_ insinuations concerning Queen Louisa and, iii. 57; + _N.'s_ doubts about his movements, 1; + activity after Jéna, 1; + offers rewards for French prisoners, 9; + devotion of the army to, 9, 10; + interest in Constantinople, 28; + meeting with _N._ at Tilsit, 34 et seq., 49, 53; + _N.'s_ proposals to, 36; + reminded of Paul I's death, 36; + invited to make a separate peace, 36; + accepts _N.'s_ terms, 37; + promises to aid France against England, 41; + deserts Prussia, 42; + proposed visit to Paris, 51; + proposes a treaty with Turkey, 51; + on European politics, 51; + opinion of Louis XVIII, 52; + claims concessions from _N._, 55; + saves Silesia to Prussia, 56; + acquires Bielostok, 56; + refuses to seize Prussian territory, 62; + parting from _N._ at Tilsit, 63; + Savary's influence over, 64; + hostility of Russian society to, 64, 109, 118, 336; + enmity to England, 70; + _N._ proposes matrimonial unions to, 93, 179, 181, 247, 248; + coquets with English agents, 97; + effect of the treaty of Tilsit on, 99; + apprehensions at England's actions, 99; + seeks to abolish serfdom, 99; + difficulties of his position, 99; + demands reparation for Denmark, 100; + declares war on England, 102; + repudiates the agreement of Slobozia, 105; + keeps faith with _N._, 105; + holds _N._ to his promises, 106; + ambition to acquire the Danubian principalities, 105, 116, 117, + 176, 248; + appoints Tolstoi to negotiate with _N._, 107; + declines _N.'s_ offers, 108; + essays to effect the liberation of Prussia, 108, 168; + continues his demands on _N._, 110; + _N._ seeks further interviews with, 113, 116; + court intrigue around, 115; + receives presents from _N._, 116; + seeks to acquire Finland, 115, 168, 176; + breaks off negotiations for interview with _N._, 116; + "stalemated," 117; + humiliation of, 117, 310; + Joseph seeks his consent to acceptance of the Spanish crown, 131; + uncertainty concerning _N.'s_ plans, 165; + approves _N.'s_ course at Bayonne, 166; + friendship with Caulaincourt, 165, 168, 248; + proposed second meeting with _N._, 166, 168, 169; + informed of the capitulation of Baylen, 166; + influence on Emperor Francis, 167; + rewon by _N.'s_ promises, 166; + remonstrates with Austria, 166, 168; + determines to exact the fruits of Tilsit, 168; + intellectual pretensions, 171; + meeting with _N._ at Erfurt, 172 et seq.; + dramatic incident at performance of "Oedipe," 172; + apparent success of his demands at Erfurt, 177; + hot words with _N._ at Erfurt, 177; + approves of _N.'s_ contemplated divorce, 181; + relies on _N._ to gratify his ambitions, 194; + at Königsberg, 193, 194; + modifies his tone to Vienna, 194; + neutrality of, 225; + gives no support to Francis, 236; + orders invasion of Galicia, 236; + his observance of Franco-Russian treaties, 238, 244; + advises peace, 239; + _N._ explains the treaty of Schönbrunn to, 245; + hesitates to betroth his sister to _N._, 247, 248; + fears the loss of Moldavia and Wallachia, 248; + chagrined at the Austrian war and its results, 249; + anxiety for a French alliance, 248; + attitude concerning _N.'s_ second marriage, 255, 316; + offers Norway to Sweden, 281, 314, 321; + discriminates against France in customs duties, 288; + action on _N.'s_ occupation of the North Sea coast, 287; + reserves his family rights over Oldenburg, 288; + refuses to accept Erfurt, 288; + liberal tendencies, 309; + friendship with Czartoryski, 309, 311, 383; + ambition for equality with _N._, iii. 310; + essays the rôle of European mediator, 309; + disgusted with the old dynasties, 309; + outwitted by _N._ in the Polish negotiations, 310 et seq.; + impending rupture with _N._, 310 et seq.; + rupture with _N._ over the Polish question, 311 et seq.; + refuses to restore the integrity of Poland, 312; + proposes to accept the crown of Warsaw, 311; + virtual declaration of war against France, 311; + hopes of the Poles in, 313; + _N._ offers the use of the "Moniteur" to, 315; + _N._ threatens action against, 314; + prepares for war, 315; + proves an untrustworthy ally, 316; + determines on defensive warfare, 316; + position as to the Continental System, 316, 328; + _N._ warns him of his military preparations, 318; + hints an offer of the French crown to Bernadotte, 321; + makes qualified alliance with Prussia, 320; + effect of his policy on Prussia, 320; + makes terms with Turkey, 321; + personal connection with the war of 1812, 328; + concessions by, 328; + ultimatum to France, 328, 329; + proposes counter-terms to _N._, 329; + demands better terms for Sweden, 330; + invited to Dresden, 331; + demands the evacuation of Prussia, 330; + ukase of December, 1810, 329; + his German advisers blamed, 336; + allays trouble at St. Petersburg, 326; + financial difficulties, 336; + military policy, 341; + replaces Barclay de Tolly by Kutusoff, 343; + his advisers, 351-352; + silent steadfastness, 351-352; + religious spirit, 351; + conduct after the capture of Moscow, 352; + determines to continue the war, 351; + friendship with Galitzin, 351; + treatment of French prisoners, 367; + makes terms with Prussia, 382; + goes to Vilna, 383; + project to become king of Poland, 384; + seeks alliances with Prussia and Austria, 384; + abandons the Polish idea, 384; + ambition to pose as liberator of Europe, 383; + relations with Stein, 385, 396; + in correspondence with York, 384; + negotiates treaty with Spain, July, 1812, 391; + Metternich seeks to embroil him with Bernadotte, 394; + advances against Eugène, 395; + favors annexation of Saxony by Prussia, 399; + importance of keeping him hostile to France, 415; + _N.'s_ attempt to negotiate with, 415; + secret meeting with Metternich, 415; + fatalism of, 420; + Francis seeks alliance with, 420; + jealousy of Austria, 424; + mediocrity in military affairs, iv. 6; + in military council at Trachenberg, 6; + battle of Leipsic, 28-34; + anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40; + distrust of his allies, 40; + Jacobinism of, 40; + dissatisfied with Frankfort terms, 40; + desires revenge for Moscow, 40; + checks Bernadotte's ambitions, 55; + encourages Bernadotte's ambition, 55, 57; + holds the balances in the coalition, 57; + ambition for European supremacy, 58; + predicts speedy entry into Paris, 61; + military blunder, 63; + designs to acquire Galicia, 67; + poses as a liberal, 68; + designs regarding Poland, 67; + desires to conquer France, 67; + forbids the restoration of Vaud to Bern, 68; + suspends the Congress of Châtillon, 70; + consents to re-opening the Congress, 72; + activity of, 88, 89; + prepares for the entry into Paris, 90; + terror-stricken at Arcis, 92; + attitude toward Austria, 98; + holds a military council, 98; + intrigues with Vitrolles, 98; + eagerness to annihilate _N._, 98; + violates armistice before Paris, 110; + orders an assault, 110; + fears _N.'s_ arrival at Paris, 110; + Talleyrand sends a "blank check" to, 113; + leads the allies into Paris, 113; + schemes for French government, 114; + the representative of legitimacy, 114; + presides at the council for peace, 114; + deceived by the Parisians' reception, 113; + approves the Bourbon restoration, 114; + Caulaincourt seeks audience of, 116; + Marmont's offer to, 119; + hears Talleyrand's remonstrance against the regency, 125; + presentation of _N.'s_ abdication to, 124, 125; + hatred for absolutism, 126; + hears of the defection of _N.'s_ army, 126; + revulsion of feeling in favor of the Empire, 126; + refuses to accept the abdication, 129; + generous impulses, 132; + proposes a home for _N._ in Russia, 133; + alleged indelicacy of his visit to the Empress at Rambouillet, 135; + boast as to his servants, 138; + protests to Talleyrand against violations of treaty obligations, 153; + determines to retain ascendancy in the coalition, 169; + converted to the legitimacy idea, 224; + besought for _N.'s_ release, 231; + correspondence with: + Galitzin, Prince, iii. 311; + George III, iii. 181; + Marmont, iv. 119; + Napoleon, iii. 111, 113, 165, 315, 350. + + =Alexander the Great=, _N._ likened to, i. 423; iii. 319; iv. 292; + _N.'s_ admiration for, ii. 15, 47, 147, 157; + his work for civilization, 157; iv. 251, 292; + his ideal, iii. 319; + the cause of his undoing, iv. 261. + + =Alexandria=, _N.'s_ views concerning, ii. 47; + Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, 57; + _N.'s_ arrival at, 57; + capture of, 58; + the march to Cairo from, 59; + Adm. Brueys ordered to, 61; + _N._ at, 66; + arrival of the Rhodes expedition at, 77; + English fleet at, 79; + _N._ sails from, 81; + England's occupation of, 280. + + =Alfieri, Vittorio=, sings of Italian freedom, ii. 232; iv. 39. + + =Alien Act=, England's position with regard to, ii. 271. + + =Alkmaar=, capitulation of the Duke of York at, ii. 93; + capitulation of, 141. + + =Alle, River=, military operations on the, iii. 29, 30. + + =Allemand=, retreat of the French through, iv. 99. + + =Allenburg=, Bennigsen collects his troops at, iii. 31. + + =Allix, J. A. F.=, at Auxerre, iv. 102; + battle of Waterloo, 201. + + "=All the Talents=," the ministry of, iii. 46. + + =Almeida=, siege and capture of, iii. 284; + retaken by the English, 289. + + =Alpon, River=, military operations on the, i. 389, 391. + + =Alps, the=, military operations in, i. 213, 412, 426, 433; + ii. 160-173, 186, 187; + the keys of, i. 342, 355; + French supremacy in, ii. 96; + Suvaroff's disasters in, 141; + Hannibal's passage of, 169; + road across the Simplon, 233; + France's "natural boundary," iv. 41. + + =Alsace=, Austria driven out of, i. 273; + royalists in, ii. 301; + Duc d'Enghien's conspiracy in, 301, 305; + regulations for Jews in, iii. 77; + proposed cession of, to Austria, iv. 67. + + =Alten, K. A. von=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209. + + =Altenburg=, peace negotiations at, iii. 237. + + =Altenkirchen=, battle of, i. 385. + + =Alvinczy, Gen. Joseph=, _N.'s_ operations against, i. 350; + commanding Austrian forces for relief of Mantua, 386-392; + defeats Masséna at Bassano and Caldiero, 389; + operations against Verona, 389-392; + retreats from Caldiero, 390; + operations on the Adige, 406-414; + the Rivoli campaign, 406 et seq.; + defeat at Rivoli, 414; + flees to the Tyrol, 414. + + =America=, disquiet of the English colonies in, i. 22; + precedent for France's aid to English colonies in, 23; + English measures against colonies in, 24; + Raynal's question concerning the discovery of, 137; + Marquis de Beauharnais in, 314; + collapse of French schemes of colonization in, ii. 237; + France looks to her possessions in, 280; + scheme for a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 141. + + =American Embargo Act of 1807=, iii. 101-102, 274-275. + + =Americas, Emperor of the Two=, iii. 120. + + =Amiens=, the treaty of, ii. 211, 230-236, 243, 262-264, 266-274, + 280, 284, 332, 351, 400; iii. 47; iv. 264. + + =Amsterdam=, asked for loan of ten millions, ii. 154; + smuggled commerce of, iii. 265, 267; + Louis permitted to return to, 271; + removal of the capital to, 277; + march of French troops to, 276; + sends deputation to Paris, 380. + + =Amurrio=, Gen. Victor at, iii. 183. + + =Anarchists=, in France, ii. 134; + assassination schemes among, 239. + + =Anarchy=, the seed of "a pure democracy," i. 397. + + =Ancients, Council of the=, represent public sentiment, ii. 2; + members of, proscribed, 8; + Sieyès president of, 35; + join the Bonapartist ranks, 100; + give banquet to _N._ in St. Sulpice, 100; + share in Bonapartist plots, 101; + plots of the 18th Brumaire, 102 et seq.; + endeavor to postpone _N.'s_ dictatorship, 112; + pass vote of confidence in _N._, 114; + adopts the Consulate, 123. + + =Ancona=, capture of, i. 422; + importance of, 423; + _N._ at, 423; + _N._ proposes to seize, 447; + rise of, 447; + fall of, ii. 142; + Austrian occupation of, 182; + seized by French troops, 396; + annexed to Italy, iii. 69, 118. + + =Andalusia=, Dupont advances toward, iii. 156; + withdrawal of troops from, 188; + Soult ordered to, 286. + + =Andernach=, alteration of boundary at, ii. 21. + + =Andréossy, Gen. A. F.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53; + accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81; + action on the 18th Brumaire, 105; + ambassador to London, 277; + despatch from _N._ to, 284; + reports Austrian activity, iii. 21; + influence in Vienna, 23. + + =Angély, Regnault de St. Jean d'=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 94; + member of the council of state, 152; + prophesies the undoing of France, iii. 325. + + =Angerburg=, Lestocq at, iii. 8. + + =Anghiari=, Provera crosses the Adige at, i. 410, 414. + + =Anglas, Boissy d'=, quells riot at the National Convention, i. 283. + + =Anglo-Saxon= spirit of civilization, iv. 254. + + =Angoulême, Duchess of=, affronts Madame Ney, iv. 148. + + =Angoulême, Duke of=, proclaims Louis XVIII, at Bordeaux, iv. 87. + + =Anne, Grand Duchess=, mentioned for marriage with _N._, iii. 179, 181; + _N._ seeks her hand in marriage, 248, 250. + + =Ansbach=, Bernadotte's movements in, ii. 365, 376; + ceded to Bavaria, 390; + Augereau commanding in, 416; + French violation of territory, iii. 59; + military movements near, iv. 35. + + =Anselme, Gen.=, i. 191. + + =Antibes=, recruits for _N.'s_ army from, iv. 155. + + =Antilles=, scheme for population of the, ii. 236. + + =Antommarchi, Dr. F.=, assists _N._ on his history, iv. 232; + _N.'s_ physician, 232. + + =Antonelli, Cardinal=, diplomatic duel with Portails, ii. 346. + + =Antraigues, Comte d'=, exposes Pichegru's treachery, ii. 5, 6; + furnishes pen portrait of _N._, 28, 29. + + =Antwerp=, commercial key to central Europe, iv. 42; + _N._ "loses his crown for," 42; + refused to France by the allies, 67; + _N._ refuses to give up, 74; + _N._ concedes, to the allies, 87. + + =Aosta=, arrival of Lannes at, ii. 171. + + =Apennines=, military operations in the, i. 243, 352, 374; ii. 93. + + =Apolda=, military movements near, ii. 432. + + =Apollonius of Tyana=, _N._ compares Jesus Christ with, ii. 206. + + =Aqua tofana=, plot to poison _N._ with, i. 418. + + =Arabia=, _N.'s_ attention turned toward, i. 78, 95. + + =Aragon=, French occupation of, iii. 155; + military government of, 279; + captured by Suchet, 289; + French possession of, 377. + + =Aranjuez=, the revolution at, iii. 135-144; + Charles IV's court at, 135, 136, 138. + + =Arc de Triomphe=, erection of the, iii. 74. + + =Arch-Chancellor of State=, creation of the office of, ii. 322. + + =Arch-Chancellor of the Empire=, creation of the office of, ii. 322. + + "=Archive Russe=," cited, i. 216. + + =Arch-Treasurer=, creation of the office of, ii. 322. + + =Arcis-sur-Aube=, Blücher advances on, iv. 58; + _N._ moves to, 85-88; + battle of, 86, 92, 93; + proposed concentration of the allies at, 89; + retreat of the French from, 93; + _N.'s_ retreat from, 95; + French capture of, 96. + + =Arcole=, _N._ at, i. 393; + the lessons of, 394; + battle of, 389, 390, 399; ii. 140. + + =Ardennes Mountains=, proposed boundaries for Germany, iii. 320; + military operations in the, iv. 170. + + =Ardon=, loss of, iv. 79. + + =Aremberg, Duke of=, marries Mlle. Tascher de la Pagerie, iii. 132. + + =Arena, Joseph=, success of, in Isola Rossa, i. 119; + member of the National Assembly, 133; + banished to Italy, 162; + influence of, 233; + charged with conspiracy, ii. 235; + execution of, 241. + + =Arenberg=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403. + + =Argenson, Comte d'=, suggests the Suez Canal, ii. 46. + + =Argenteau, Gen.=, defeated at Dego and Montenotte, i. 353. + + =Aristocrats=, guillotining the, i. 251; + under the régime of the First Consul, ii. 258. + + =Arles=, the canal of, ii. 349. + + =Armed neutrality=, the, ii. 209-212; + Russia abandons the, 263. + + =Army= (French), its relation to the throne, i. 67; + demoralization and discontent in, and desertions from, 67-69, 96, + 112, 142, 173; iii. 4, 5, 224, 290, 291, 323, 326, 342, 360, + 365, 372, 383, 402-404, 411, 412; iv. 4, 7, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22, + 36, 62, 63, 69, 73, 83, 99, 101, 118, 122, 146, 147; + changes in the, i. 141-143; + compulsory service, 142, 143, 213; + reorganization of the, 149, 158, 159, 164; + regulations, 287; + political sentiments in, and influence of, 305, 347, 348, 426; + ii. 4, 5, 102, 103, 235; iv. 118, 126; + _N.'s_ relations with, care for, and reliance on, i. 362, 365, + 366; ii. 29, 140, 153, 196, 248, 318, 361, 408; iii. 50, 325, + 379, 380, 386, 387; iv. 50, 59, 123, 131, 137; 219, 248, 249, + 255, 259, 260; + its prestige weakened by 18th Fructidor, ii. 22; + its mainsprings of action, 37; + importance of _N.'s_ securing its adhesion, 102; + _N.'s_ manifestos to, 159, 160; + contempt for the Concordat, 217; + quartered in foreign countries, 141; + disappearance of discontent in the, 318; + creation of marshals of France, 321; + conciliating the, 323; + its leaders, 364; + effect of Trafalgar on, 376; + effect of Austerlitz on, 394; + the army chest, 409, 410; iii. 295; + change in the personnel of the, 3; + venality of contractors, 4, 5; + improving the commissary, 7; + strengthening the, 22; + censorship of correspondence from the, 25; + founding of military factories, 25; + morale after Eylau, 45; + _N.'s_ exhibitions of, to the Czar, 50; + pension system, 87; + military schools, 91; + its lust for sack and booty, 155, 224; + over-confidence in, 231; + the cantinière of Busaco, 291; + discipline in Spain, 292; + "Marshal Stockpot's" deserters, 291; + expense of maintenance, 295, 305; + its equipment for the Russian campaign of 1812, 333; + _N.'s_ address to, before the Russian campaign, 334; + sufferings in Russia, 337, 357 et seq.; + vitality, 374; + wrath at _N.'s_ desertion, 375; + scheme for supporting, 388; + quality of the new (1813), 401; + juvenile soldiers in, iv. 4, 5, 21; + corruption in the, 5; + lack of pay for, 5; + effect of long campaigning on the generals, 7; + dwindling numbers of, 20; + dearth of military supplies, 50; + ambition among the minor generals, 118; + revival of Bonapartist feeling among the, 148; + returns to _N.'s_ standard, 158; + reorganization of, 165; + its morale at Waterloo, 198; + _N.'s_ farewell address to the, 219. _See also_ =Conscription=. + + =Army of Catalonia=, service on the Rhine, iv. 55. + + =Army of Egypt=, advances on Syria, ii. 68, 69; + abandoned by _N._ in Egypt, 80; + Adm. Bruix sent to relieve the, 79; + its desolate plight, 80, 81. + + =Army of England, the=, creation of, ii. 24; + _N._ general of, 24, 35; + on the watch at Boulogne, 48; + the right wing of, 51; + strength, 290, 291; + ordered to march to the eastward, 362. + + =Army of Helvetia=, incorporated into the Army of the Rhine, ii. 140. + + =Army of Holland=, freed for active service, ii. 146. + + =Army of Italy=, equipment of the, i. 196; + campaign in the Alps, 213; + _N.'s_ service with and command of, 216, 224, 237, 255, 318-22, 342; + question of its sustenance, 239; + strength and organization, 240, 241; + _N.'s_ plans for the, 245; + Corsicans in the, 252; + _N.'s_ monograph on, 288; + promised booty, 339, 340, 344; + the question of its employment, 342, 343; + joined to that of the Pyrenees, 343; + destitution of, 344; + strength (1796), 346; + pillage in the, 351; + reinforced from Vendée, 387; + popularity of, 419; + growing arrogance of the, ii. 4; + reinforced by the Army of the Alps, 9; + speculations as to further employment, 32; + restrained from pillage, 42; + Moreau's service with, 72; + division of, and disaster, 87; + frauds in, 91; + commanded by Masséna, 140, 186; + scheme for raising money for, 154; + _N.'s_ manifesto to, 159, 160; + its line of operations, 160; + service on the Rhine, iv. 55. + + =Army of Silesia=, contemplated movement against, iv. 24; + contemplated movement of, 25. + + =Army of the Alps=, Napoleon's plans for the, i. 245; + combined with Army of Italy, ii. 9. + + =Army of the Danube=, under command of Jourdan, ii. 72. + + =Army of the East= (Allies), iv. 3. + + =Army of the Elbe=, formation of, iii. 393. + + =Army of the Interior=, the, i. 298; + _N._ made second in command, 305; + _N._ reorganizes, 308; + 1796, 345; + commanded by Augereau, ii. 7. + + =Army of the Main=, formation of the, iii. 393. + + =Army of the Netherlands=, service on the Rhine, iv. 55. + + =Army of the North=, conquers the Austrian Netherlands, i. 273; + in 1796, 347; + operations on the Rhine, 434; + Barras's schemes in regard to, ii. 6. + + =Army of the North= (Allies), in Brandenburg, iv. 3; + contemplated movement against the, 24. + + =Army of the Pyrenees=, transferred to Maritime Alps, i. 342; + joined to that of Italy, 344; + service on the Rhine, iv. 55. + + =Army of the Reserve=, ordered to Italy, ii. 163, 164; + expected to attack Melas, 170; + crosses the Alps, 169-173. + + =Army of the Rhine, the= (French), _N._ seeks to join, i. 216; + _N._ fails of admission, 224; + commanded by Citizen Beauharnais, 314; + the question of its employment, 342; + fails to support _N._ in Italy, 435; + destitution of, ii. 6; + Augereau commander of, 7; + disbanded, 35; + Moreau commanding, 140; + _N.'s_ manifesto to, 159; + contempt for the Concordat in, 235; + the San Domingo expedition selected from, 236; + _N.'s_ method of quelling opposition in, 235-237; + weakened to ensure success in Italy, 296. + + =Army of the Rhine= (Archduke Charles's), i. 425. + + =Army of the Sambre and Meuse=, wins battle of Fleurus, i. 273; + campaigning in the Alps, 425; + brought to Paris, ii. 7. + + =Army of the South= (Allies), iv. 3; + pursues Murat, 26; + Augereau attempts to hinder, 94; + Francis joins, at Lyons, 97. + + =Army of the Tyrol= (Austrian), retreats to head waters of the Enns, + iii. 216; + Archduke John ordered to join, 216. + + =Army of the Var=, i. 191. + + =Army of the West, the=, _N._ ordered to join, i. 263; + _N._ refuses to serve in, 279, 296; + under Hoche, 346; + reinforces the Army of Italy, 387; + freed for active service, ii. 146. + + "=Army Organization=," _N.'s_ essay on, iv. 232. + + =Arnault, A. V.=, reports _N.'s_ speech to Barras, ii. 107; + "Memoirs" of, iii. 298; + records interview between Mme. de Staël and _N._, 298. + + =Arndt, E. M.=, member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416; + his war-cry of "Freedom and Austria," iii. 195; + inspires to German unity, 397. + + =Arrighi=, Gen. J. T., wounded at Acre, ii. 76. + + =Art=, _N.'s_ plunder of works of, i. 368, 423, 446; + revival of, ii. 259; + _N._ advises encouragement of, 347. + + "=Art and History of War=," _N.'s_ essay on, ii. 340. + + =Artillery=, _N.'s_ study and use of, i. 48; ii. 178; + condition in 1796, 329; + its use at Wagram, iii. 229; + use of, at Leipsic, iv. 28, 33. + + =Artisan class=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102. + + =Artois, Count of=, leads emigrant royalists against France, i. 298; + returns to England, 304; + schemes for the restoration of, ii. 239; + complicity in the Cadoudal conspiracy, 298; + refrains from entering France, 301; + doubtful courage of, 301-303; + suspected of plotting in Paris, 303; + _N._ determines to seize, 302; + his plots in Paris, 311; + supposed capture of, iv. 104; + enters Paris, 132; + reception in Lyons, 156. + + =Asia=, France's interest in, ii. 16; + _N.'s_ schemes of conquest in, 61; + Russia's ambition in, 154, 193; + England's vulnerability in, iii. 112; + proposed invasion of, 113; + _N.'s_ scheme to drive Russia into, 332; + the partition of, iv. 298. + + =Asia Minor=, proposed military operations in, iii. 114. + + =Aspern=, the advantage of position at, ii. 179; + battle of, iii. 218-225, 231, 232; + monument in churchyard of, 223; + losses at, 224; + military operations near, 226; + captured by the Austrians, 228. + + =Assembly of Notables=, i. 105. + + =Assyria=, the history of, iv. 293. + + =Asti=, topography of country near, ii. 178. + + =Astorga=, British troops at, iii. 186, 188; + _N._ at, 188, 196; + Ney at, 188. + + =Astrakhan=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209. + + =Asturias=, rebellion in, iii. 154; + flight of Blake into, 185. + + =Asturias, Prince of=, leads revolt against Godoy, iii. 70; + conspiracy of his father against his succession, 71, 127; + arrest of, 72, 126; + proposed French matrimonial alliance for, 71, 125, 133, 144; + character, popularity, and following, 124; + seeks _N.'s_ aid, 125, 126; + mentions his mother's shame, 126; + commissions the Duke del Infantado, 126; + trial and release, 127; + pardoned by his father, 127; + Charles IV, abdicates in favor of, 136. + _See also_ =Ferdinand VII=. + + =Astyanax=, the King of Rome likened to, iv. 91, 108. + + =Atheists=, in the National Convention, i. 250. + + =Athies=, capture and recapture of, iv. 80, 81. + + =Atlantic=, _N.'s_ mastery of ports on the, iii. 264. + + =Attila=, _N._ likened to, i. 443. + + =Aube, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58, 60, 74, 85, 86, + 91, 93, 96. + + =Aubry, François=, royalist intrigues by, i. 278; + _N.'s_ vindictiveness toward, 287, 289. + + =Auerstädt=, battle of, ii. 430-434; + Prussia's humiliation at, iii. 57; + Davout created Duke of, 86. _See also_ =Davout=. + + =Augereau, Gen. P. C. F.=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; + general of division, Army of Italy, 345; + defeats Austrians at Millesimo, 353, 354; + at Lonato, 381; + battle of Bassano, 388; + at Verona, 388; + battle of Arcole, 380-391; + battle of Lonato, 393; + driven into Porto Legnago, 409; + the Rivoli campaign, 410, 414; + commanding Army of the Interior, ii. 7; + takes command in Paris, 7; + events of the 18th of Fructidor, 8; + commanding Army of the Rhine, 9; + opposes _N._, 35; + blunders in south-western Germany, 37; + commanding in the Pyrenees, 37, 44; + Jacobin candidate for supreme command, 94; + fails to attend banquet at St. Sulpice, 101; + offers services to _N._, 109; + position on the Main, 190; + dangerous position after Hohenlinden, 191; + at Concordat celebration at Notre Dame, 215; + victory at Castiglione, 323; + created marshal, 323; + plan of naval expedition for, 333; + commanding in Germany, 364; + exasperates the people of Ansbach, 416; + near Coburg, 428; + battle of Jéna, 429-431; + at Golynim, iii. 4; + strength in Poland, 7; + in the Eylau campaign, 13, 14-17; + wounded at Eylau, 17; + created Duke of Castiglione, 86; + income, 87; + service in Spain, 283; + in campaign of 1813, 402; + battle of Leipsic, iv. 32; + confronting Bubna at Geneva, 56; + sent to Eugène's assistance, 56; + waning loyalty of, 56, 59; + repulses Bubna from Lyons, 67; + moral exhaustion of, 72; + letter from _N._, 72; + driven back to Lyons, 81; + strength, 94; + incapacity, 94; + evacuates Lyons, 94; + _N.'s_ kindness toward, 94; + contrasted with Suchet, 94; + strength, March, 1814, 102; + available forces, 118; + transfers allegiance to Louis XVIII, 133, 138; + meeting with _N._ near Valence, 138; + alleges patriotism as cause of his desertion, 138; + attainted, 157; + _N.'s_ forgiveness for, 233. + + =Augsburg=, military movements near, iii. 203, 205. + + =Augusta of Bavaria=, marries Eugène de Beauharnais, ii. 399. + + =Aujezd=, military operations at, ii. 388. + + =Aulic Council=, i. 426, 430; ii. 160, 367. + + =Austerlitz=, battle of, ii. 379 et seq., 423; + the lessons of, 391, 392; iii. 341; + "the sun of," ii. 392; iii. 343; + reception of the news in England, ii. 393; + meeting of the sovereigns after, iii. 38; + fruits of the battle, 109; + Talleyrand's policy after, 125; + _N.'s_ terms after, 164; + Alexander's pliableness after, 351; + the battle compared with that at Leipsic, iv. 37; + interview between Francis and _N._ at, 30. + + =Austerlitz, Bridge of=, in Paris, iii. 74. + + =Austin, John=, on the Napoleonic Code, ii. 223. + + =Austria=, hampered by alliances, i. 22; + campaign against France, 65; + France declares war against, 172, 187; + relations (alliances and negotiations for mutual support) with + Prussia, 174; ii. 389, 414; iii. 225, 235, 320, 331; + captures Lafayette, i. 179; + effect of military successes, 194; + military operations against, in Piedmont, 213; + partition of Poland, 220, 425; + Masséna's campaign against, 243; + opening of hostilities against, 243; + enters Genoese territory, 245; + cessation of operations against, 261; + defeated at Weissenburg and Fleurus, 273; + driven out of Alsace, 273; + relations with England (alliances and negotiations with, and + subsidies from), 277, 434; ii. 156, 160, 187, 188, 351, 358, + 369; iii. 104, 165, 194, 195, 198, 225, 422; iv. 76, 145, 164; + armistice between France and, i. 278; + French schemes against, 293; + defeated by Prussia, 325; + hostility to France, 325; + relations (alliances and negotiations for mutual support) with + Russia, 325, 425; ii. 45, 61, 72, 312, 355, 357, 360, 363; + iii. 178, 311, 328, 331, 385, 419; + question of military operations against, i. 342; + operations in Piedmont in 1794, 341; + plans for overthrow of, 346; + forces of, separated from Sardinians, 350; + _N._ dictates terms to, at Leoben, 350; + military operations in Lombardy, 352-362; + defeated at Montenotte, 353; + army separated from Piedmontese, 354; + crushed at Lodi, 360, 361; + violates Venetian neutrality, 361, 371; + treaty with Venice, 371; + outgeneraled by _N._ at Mantua, 372; + the system of cabinet campaigning in vogue in, 378; + interest in possession of Mantua, 379; + losses in campaign before Mantua, 383; + temporary cessation of hostilities between France and, 392; + France's interest in the humiliation of, 398; + military enthusiasm in, 406; + fourth attempt to retrieve position in Italy, 406; + Spain allied with France against, 421; + precarious condition of foreign relations, 424; + magnificence of her opposition to France, 426; + covets Venetian territory, 428; + reoccupies Triest and Fiume, 435; + England blamed for trouble between France and, 435; + treaty of Leoben, 436-441; + seeks to retain Modena, 270; + secures possession of Venetia, 437-442; ii. 38; + proposes to recognize the French republic, i. 439; + defeated by Hoche on the Rhine, 439, 440; + rupture of the coalition with England, 441; + _N._ offers Venice to, 446; + influence of _N._ in, 448; + desires restoration of the Milanese, 451; + schemes of European reorganization, 451; iii. 22, 41, 50, 109, 195; + Gen. Clarke's mission to, i. 451; + releases Lafayette, 457; + _N._ has free hand in negotiations with, ii. 7; + final negotiations with, 10; + activity of, 9; + treaty of Campo Formio, 19-21; + Carnot's desire for peace with, 19; + Venice seeks to continue war with, 24; + Congress of Rastatt, 27, 89, 191, 264; + humiliation of, 37, 265, 440; iii. 104, 211, 213, 251, 254-256; + attitude of Frederick the Great toward, ii. 41; + acquisition of Swiss territory, 40; + to be restrained from interference in Rome, 42; + declines reciprocity with France, 42; + favors secularization of ecclesiastical principalities, 41; + disturbed feeling in, 42, 43; + Bernadotte's embassy to, 42, 43, 51; + France's demands on, concerning the Bourbons, 43; + strained relations between France and, 43; + alliance with Turkey, 72; + violates the Helvetian Republic, 72; + relations (strained or hostile) with Prussia, 86, 264, 361; + iii. 21, 44; iv. 41, 57, 58; + scheme to dismember Bavaria, ii. 88; + military operations on the Adige, 91; + military operations on the Rhine, 91, 93; + joins the second coalition, 90, 136, 142, 143; + defeats Masséna at Zürich, and Joubert at Novi, 93; + incurs the ill-will of Paul I, 142, 193, 209; + holdings in Italy, 145; + duplicity with Russia, 145; + Russia incensed at, 154; + France's services to Prussia against, 154; + military situation at beginning of 1800, 160; + Moreau ordered to move against, 164; + system of tactics pursued by, 165; + defeated at Engen, 166; + successes in Italy, 170; + quality of her troops, 178; + battle of Marengo, 178-185; + negotiates for peace, 182, 187; + agrees to evacuate northern Italy, 182; + armistice between France and, 182, 188; + interest to abandon England, 187; + _N._ proposes general armistice to, 187; + seeks concessions in Italy, 189; + raises new troops, 188; + _N._ determines to prosecute the war with, 189; + position behind the Inn, 190; + signs peace of Lunéville, 192; + her line in Italy, as fixed at Lunéville, 193; + armistice of Steyer, 192; + battle of Hohenlinden, 192; + signs separate peace, 192; + loss of power, 194; + the spiritual principalities in, 193; + Russia's jealousy of, 194; + aspirations concerning Bavaria, 194; + ecclesiastical influence in, 264; + share in redistributions of 1802, 265, 266; + Ney's check on, 272; + proposed occupation of Malta by, 285; + _N.'s_ preparations for striking, 291; + truckles to France, 311; + withdraws troops from Swabia, 311; + acquiesces in creation of French empire, 320; + represented at _N.'s_ court at Aachen, 329; + _N.'s_ designs against, 334, 336, 347; + recuperating, 347; + pretext for war between France and, 352; + Francis's title and powers curtailed, 352; + the sanitary cordon, 355; + popular dislike of Russia in, 355; + Alexander's scheme for compensating, 355; + apprehensions of losing Venice, 357; + falls into _N.'s_ trap, 358; + army reforms, 358; + mobilizes troops, 358; + her ambitions, 358; + her disarmament demanded, 361; + _N._ threatens to march to Vienna, 361; + abused in Paris newspapers, 361; + declaration of war against, 362; + declares war against France, Sept. 3, 1805, 363; + strength, 363; + her line of defense, 365; + popular opinion of _N._ in, 366; + capitulation of Ulm, 367; + junction of troops at Marburg, 367; + outgeneraled by _N._, 377; + drives the Elector of Bavaria from Munich, 377; + battle of Austerlitz, 381 et seq.; + ill feeling between Russia and, 381; + threatened with loss of Venetia and the Tyrol, 389; + accepts _N.'s_ terms for an armistice, 389; + _N.'s_ scheme to crush, 390; + suspected bribery of Talleyrand by, 390; + pays war indemnity to France, 390; + cessions by, 390; + acquires Salzburg and Berchtesgaden, 391; + surrenders Venice to France, 390; + losses at Austerlitz, 392; + stripped of leadership, 394; + neutralization of her power, 402; + Francis I declares himself hereditary emperor, 404; + protector of Ragusa, 405; + demoralization of the army, 419; + rehabilitation of, 440; + neutrality between Russia and Turkey, 441; + anxiety concerning Polish lands, 444; + offer of Silesia to, 445; iii. 22; + resolves on neutrality, ii. 445; + Turko-Persian alliance against, iii. 20; + _N._ proposes alliance with, 21, 22; + hostile preparations, 21; + proposal for a new coalition, 21; + proposes to act as mediator, 22; + shrewd attitude of, 23; + throws troops on frontier of Galicia, 23; + omitted from the Continental Olympus, 41; + _N.'s_ object to humiliate, 44; + interest in Poland, 45; + partition of, 49, 55; + her position after Tilsit, 56; + proposed commercial war against England, 55; + offended dignity of, 65; + treaty of Fontainebleau, Oct. 10, 1807, 104; + outward subserviency to France, 104; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, 104; + military reorganization of, 103, 164, 166, 198, 199; + proposed neutralization of, 113; + the situation in, 117; + awakening of the national spirit in, 137; + encouraged to revolt, 159, 163-165, 178; + effect of the Bayonne negotiations on, 163 et seq.; + hereditary rivalry with France, 164; + belligerent tone in, 165, 178, 193, 195; + necessity for her repression, 167; + _N._ and Alexander remonstrate with, 167-169; + _N._ proposes alliance with, 169; + to be held in check by Russia, 169; + compact between Russia and France against, 169; + Russia urged to occupy part of, 177; + transformation of, 192 et seq.; + the German movement in, 193; + opportunity to lead a revolt against _N._, 195; + failure of negotiations with France, 198; + change of plan of campaign, 198, 204; + Napoleonic ideas in, 200; + Archduke Charles's proclamations, 200; + intoxicated with success, 201; + the fifth war with, 202 et seq.; + her aggressions, 213; + extinguishment of her hopes in Italy, 215; + claims the battle of Aspern, 223; + losses at Wagram, 230; + plague in her army, 237; + to reduce her army, 238; + cession of territory, 239; + _N.'s_ terms of peace, 239; + _N._ contemplates alliance with, 238, 245, 249; + reduced to a second-class power, 239, 251, 254, 255; + desire to assassinate _N._ in, 240; + recognizes _N.'s_ acquisitions in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, 239; + joins the Continental System, 239; + _N._ chooses a matrimonial alliance with the House of, 246; + necessity of placating, 254; + good feeling toward France, 254; + democratic tendencies in, 256; + distribution of the lands taken from, 266; + brought into the Napoleonic system, 268; + bankruptcy of, 304; + alliance with France, 310, 311; + interest in stirring up strife between France and Russia, 313; + pro-Russian party in, 313, 314; + _N.'s_ reply to Francis's request for assistance, 314; + Alexander seeks the favor of, 316; + foments hostile feeling between Russia and France, 316; + seeks territorial aggrandizement at expense of Turkey, 316; + contemplates neutrality, 320; + overawed by _N.'s_ preparations, 320; + contributes troops to the French army, 320; + stipulates for territorial enlargement, 320; + furnishes troops for Russian campaign of 1812, 320; + agricultural distress in, 328; + acquires Galicia, 331; + attitude of her troops toward Russia, 342; + _N._ suspicious of, 382; + narrow escape at Essling, 383; + Alexander seeks alliance with, 384; + value of her alliance to France, 390; + Roman Catholic influence in, 390; + proposed surrender of Illyria to, 392, 407, 415; + hostility to _N._ in, 394, 395; + Saxony turns toward, 394, 399; + Metternich's diplomatic schemes for, 395; + refuses to enter coalition against France, 396; + _N._ offers to subsidize, 395; + _N._ seeks aid from, to check Kutusoff, 395; + proposes to act as mediator, 395, 407-411, 415, 416, 419, 420; + wooed for the coalition, 398; + secret agreement with Saxony, 399; + rejects _N.'s_ offer of Silesia, 400; + hostile neutrality of, 403; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, 403; + pivotal in European politics, 403, 409, 411; + growing strength, 403, 419-423; + abandoned by Saxony, 407; + proposed surrender of Dalmatia to, 407; + proposed rectification of her western frontier, 407; + outwits _N._, 412, 424; iv. i, 13; + gathers troops in Bohemia, iii. 413-414; + the allies' reliance on, 415; + fear of _N._, 415; + Nesselrode demands her adherence to the coalition, 415; + aggrandizement by royal marriages, 416; + to be pledged never to side with France, 415; + proposed enlargement of, 416; + secret treaty of Reichenbach, 415, 418, 422; + throws off the mask of mediator, 419; + duplicity of, 419; + regeneration of, 419; + seeks to regain ascendancy in Germany and Italy, 423; + _N.'s_ agents in, 422; + _N._ attempts to bribe, 423, 424; + declares war, 423; + Hamburg and Triest offered to, 424; + takes the lead among the allies, iv. 6; + strength, 6; + _N._ seeks alliance with, 13, 17; + saved by Schwarzenberg from invasion, 18; + _N._ offers terms to, 21; + scheme to restore status of 1805, 22; + concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22; + seeks to regain predominance in Italy, 30; + rise of her Prussian rival, 37; + desires peace, 41; + demands Italian territory, 41; + at the Congress at Frankfort, 41; + troops on the Rhine, 54-56; + forms alliance with Murat, 56; + the Czar's designs to check, 67; + violates Swiss neutrality, 68; + suspicious slowness of her movements, 68; + eager for an armistice, 70, 71, 75; + _N._ endeavors to separate Russia from, 75; + treaty of Chaumont, 76; + the triple alliance, 76; + attitude toward _N._, 89; + _N.'s_ dread of capture of the Empress by, 91; + party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133; + weight of her yoke in Italy, 143; + negotiates secret treaty with England and France, 145; + invited to take part in the coronation of the King of Rome, 157; + member of the Vienna Coalition, 164; + quota of troops, 164; + refuses help to France, 165; + the campaign of the Hundred Days, 170 et seq.; + claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214; + claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of _N._, 215; + loss of Italian territory, 300. + + =Austria-Hungary=, the rise of, iv, 299, 300. + + =Austrian Netherlands, the=, defeat of the French in, i. 172; + the revolutionary spirit in, 187; + Dumouriez's successes in, 194; + French conquest, of, 273; + surrendered to France, ii. 21. + _See also_ =Belgium=. + + =Autun=, _N._ at, i. 30, 46, 48-50; iv. 157; + the Buonapartes at, i. 46; + Talleyrand bishop of, ii. 33. + + =Auxerre=, military movements near, iv. 60; + Imperial forces at, 102; + Ney rejoins _N._ at, 157. + + =Auxonne=, _N._ at, i. 94, 96, 111, 112, 141, 144-147, 223; + disturbances in, 111, 112, 152; + _N._ seeks to be retained at, 149. + + =Avignon=, the Girondists at, i. 214; + _N._ arrives before, 214; + Jacobin siege of, 214; + _N.'s_ life at, 214, 215; + annexed to France, 422; + the Pope asks compensation for the loss of, ii. 216; + lost to the Pope at the peace of Tolentino, 326; + residence of Pius VII at, 391; + Augereau's neglected guns at, iv. 94; + plots to assassinate _N._ at, 138. + + =Azanza, M. J. de=, King Joseph's Spanish minister at Paris, iii. 282; + + =Azara, Chevalier J. N. de=, represents Spain at Amiens, ii. 262; + at the Tuileries, March 13, 1803, 283. + + =Azores=, proposition to deport the Emperor to, iv. 145. + + +B + + =Babylon=, the history of, iv. 293. + + =Bacciocchi, Mme.=, literary coterie, ii. 258; + acquires the duchy of Lucca, 354. + _See also_ =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=. + + =Bacciocchi, Pasquale=, marries Elisa Buonaparte, i. 322. + + =Bachelu= in battle of Waterloo, iv. 199, 204. + + =Bacon, Francis=, _N.'s_ study of, ii. 53. + + =Badajoz=, Soult's capture of, iii. 286; + English siege and storming of, 289-291, 319. + + =Baden=, violation of her neutrality, i. 179; ii. 331, 363; + makes peace with France (1796), i. 385, 450; + relations with Russia, ii. 266; + strengthening of, 266; + residence of the Duc d'Enghien in, 301; + French expedition to, 304; + news of the Duc d'Enghien's arrest in, 305; + friendly relations with France, 377; + acquires territory after Austerlitz, 391; + subservience to France, 394, 402; + created a separate kingdom, 398; + member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 403; + supplies contingent for _N.'s_ army, ii. 404; iii. 322; + allotment of Austrian lands to, 266; + turns from _N._ to the allies, iv. 40; + position in Germany, 298. + + =Bagration, Gen. Peter=, holds Murat at Hollabrunn, ii. 379; + in battle of Austerlitz, 387; + in campaign of Eylau, iii. 14; + called in by Barclay de Tolly, 335; + movements on the Dnieper and Pripet, 336; + contemplated junction with Barclay, 336; + establishes communication with Drissa, 336; + driven east by Davout, 338; + junction with Barclay at Smolensk, 336, 338; + plan of junction with Barclay at Vitebsk, 338; + battle of Smolensk, 339. + + =Bailly, Jean Sylvain=, mayor of Paris, i. 109. + + =Balcombe, Mr.=, entertains _N._ at St. Helena, iv. 229. + + =Balearic Isles=, _N._ offers them to England, ii. 404, 405. + + =Balkan Peninsula=, Russia's ambitions in, iii. 310; + rescue of the people of, iv. 300. + + =Baltic Sea, the=, England's operations in and on, ii. 209, 210; + iii. 24, 35, 36, 98, 117; + gateway of, 69; + Spanish military movements on, 149; + _N.'s_ mastery of ports on, 266; + efficient blockade of, impossible, 280. + + =Baltimore=, Jerome Bonaparte's residence in, ii. 257. + + =Bamberg=, Austrian troops at, ii. 365; + _N.'s_ military route through, 422; + concentration of troops in, iii. 203. + + =Bank of England=, suspends specie payments, i. 456; + scarcity of money in, iii. 304. + + =Bank of France=, organization of, ii. 135, 219; + the Récamiers and the, 411, 412; + compelled to lower its rate, iii. 74; + plethora of silver in, 304. + + =Barbary=, plots of the pirates to seize _N._, iv. 150. + + =Barbé-Marbois, F.=, proscribed, ii. 8; + minister of finance, 214; + state treasurer, 220; + minister of the treasury, 410. + + =Barbets=, guerrilla bands of, i. 373. + + =Barcelona=, French troops at, iii. 132; + Duhesme besieged in, 183; + besieged by Vives, 184. + + =Barclay de Tolly, M. A.=, proposed movement against, iii. 335; + calls in Bagration, 335; + retreats to Drissa, 336; + junction with Bagration at Smolensk, 336-338; + plans to meet Bagration at Vitebsk, 338; + battle of Smolensk, 338-340; + takes stand behind the Uscha, 340; + retreats toward Moscow, 339; + charged with German bias, 342; + succeeded by Kutusoff, 343; + retained as military adviser, 343; + restored to chief command, 399, 410; + battle of Bautzen, 411; + with the Army of the South, iv. 3; + battle of Leipsic, 28; + advises pursuit of _N._, 98. + + =Barère, Bertrand=, exiled, ii. 356. + + ="Bargain of Famine,"= the, i. 96, 101. + + =Barham, Adm.=, naval administration of, ii. 370. + + =Baring, Major=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201, 204. + + =Barnabe=, declares Brumaire illegal, ii. 235. + + =Barras, Jean-Paul-François-Nicolas=, relations with _N._ and + influence on his career, i. 225, 236, 289, 293, 296, 299, 319, + 329; ii. 22, 31, 35; iv. 220, 285, 288; + in siege of Toulon, i. 231; + opposes Robespierre, 251; + influence among the Thermidorians, 254; + leader of military committee of the Convention, 272; + a Dantonist, 289; + in social life, 290, 329; + commander-in-chief of Convention forces, 299; + claims the honors of the 13th Vendémiaire, 301, 303; + resigns his command, 305; + member of the Directory, 309, 332; + character, 309, 329; ii. 35, 91; + intimacy with Josephine Beauharnais, i. 315; + connection with _N.'s_ marriage, 317; + bribed by Venetian ambassador, 440; + dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441; + learns of Pichegru's treachery, ii. 6; + plan to bring troops to Paris, 6; + clamors for peace, 19; + derides Carnot's suggestions, 19; + responsibility for the 18th Fructidor, 22; + responsibility for the 13th Vendémiaire, 22; + approves the treaty of Campo Formio, 24; + charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43; + intrigue with _N._, Talleyrand, and Sieyès for a new constitution, 49; + suggests that _N._ assume a dictatorship, 49; + warns _N._ to leave France for Egypt, 52; + resignation and fall of, 101, 107, 115, 119; + _N.'s_ charges against, before the Ancients, 113. + + =Barry, Mme. du=, relations with Talleyrand, ii. 33. + + =Bar-sur-Aube=, military movements near, iv. 60, 74, 90, 96, 104; + narrow escape of Francis at, 95; + _N.'s_ march through, 104. + + =Bar-sur-Ornain=, Oudinot at, iv. 103. + + =Bartenstein=, French occupation of, iii. 12; + military movements near, 15; + treaty of, iii. 22, 23, 36. + + =Barthélemy, F.=, member of the Directory, ii. 1; + imprisonment of, 8. + + =Basel=, treaty of, i. 276; ii. 204; iii. 124; + alteration of boundary at, ii. 21; + republican propaganda in, 40; + invasion of France via, iv. 57, 58; + headquarters of the allies at, 66; + Schwarzenberg's communications with, threatened, 95; + tomb of Erasmus in, 247. + + =Bassano=, defeat of Wurmser at, i. 384; + Alvinczy defeats Masséna at, 386, 387; + battle of, 386, 387; + creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; + Maret created Duke of, iii. 87. + _See also_ =Maret=. + + =Basseville, N. J. H.=, killed in Rome, i. 261, 375, 422. + + =Bastia=, made a seat of government, i. 25; + _N._ at, 90; + radical influences in, 116; + patriot success in, 120; + tradition concerning _N.'s_ connection with events at, 120; + share in annexation of Corsica to France 122; + Paoli's return to, 125; + revolutionary movements in, 131; + declared the capital of Corsica, 134; + disorders in, 162; + _N._ sails from, May 2, 1792, 171; + _N._ flees to, 202; + under domination of Salicetti, 204; + French power in, 207; + imprisonment of Corsicans in, 252; + English capture of, 260; + Nelson at, ii. 62. + + =Bastille, the=, destruction of, i. 108, 109, 158; + celebrations of the storming of, 174; ii. 195. + + =Batavian Republic, the=, formation of, i. 276; + an appanage of France, 325; + naval defeat at Camperdown, ii. 38; + dependence on France, 38; + levy of troops and war material on, 38; + Anglo-Russian force forced to evacuate, 93; + loyalty to _N._, 146; + a new constitution for, 233; + regains colonies, 233, 262; + English efforts to discredit France in, 264. + _See also_ =Holland=; =Netherlands=. + + ="Battle of Dorking,"= ii. 290. + + =Battle of Five Days=, iii. 210. + + ="Battle of the Nations,"= iv. 37. + + =Bautzen=, battle of, iii. 410, 411; iv. 4; + fatal results of the French victory at, iii. 411; + _N._ moves toward, iv. 17; + the Young Guard ordered to, 17; + _N._ nicknamed from, 20; + boy soldiers at, 21; + the armistice after, 42. + + ="Bautzen Messenger-Boy,"= the, iv. 20. + + =Bavaria=, treaty with France (1796), i. 450; + Austria's gaze on, 325; ii. 194, 358, 363; + Austria's scheme to dismember, 88; + Suvaroff driven from Italy to, 142; + Moreau ordered to drive the Austrians into, 164; + the campaign in, 190 et seq.; + negotiations with France, 211; + acquires Passau, 266; + relations with Russia, 266; + Alexander I's scheme of giving to Austria, 356; + _N._ threatens to enlarge, 361, 390; + Austrian troops in, 365; + the Elector driven from Munich by Austria, 377; + friendly relations with, subservience and military support to + France, 377, 394, 402, 404, 422; iii. 3, 195, 203, 279, 322, + 387; + acquires Ansbach, ii. 390; + created a separate kingdom, 389, 391, 398; + acquires territory after Austerlitz, 390; + member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 403; + joins in the war against Prussia, 422; + defeated at Innsbruck, iii. 201; + _N.'s_ success in, 225; + Maria Louisa's progress through, 256; + allotment of Austrian lands to, 266; + losses of her soldiers in Russia, 337; + Roman Catholic influence in, 390; + hesitates to furnish new levies, 394; + Augereau commanding troops of, 402; + national spirit in, iv. 19; + revulsion of feeling against France, 19, 22, 26, 40, 56; + part in the campaign at Leipsic, 35; + position in Germany, 298, 299; + battle of Hanau, 35; + the campaign of Waterloo 69, et seq. + + =Bayanne, Cardinal=, at Paris, iii. 68; + his demands on behalf of the Pope, 118. + + =Baylen=, capitulation of, Dupont at, iii. 157, 159, 166. + + =Bayonne=, formation of new French army at, iii. 120, 126, 132; + _N._ goes to, 142; + Ferdinand VII at, 144; + trial of Ferdinand at, 145; + end of negotiations at, 147; + convocation of Spanish notables at, 149; + ultimate failure of _N.'s_ work at, 151; + _N._ at, Nov. 3, 1808, 184; + effect of negotiations at, 185; + the decree of 1808, 274; + Soult shut up in, iv. 40. + + =Bayreuth=, _N._ at, ii. 422; + Ney at, 428; + Davout's force in, iii. 202. + + ="Beaucaire, the Supper of,"= i. 216, 219. + + =Beauderet=, military movements near, iv. 185. + + =Beauharnais, Marquis Alexandre de=, marriage to Josephine de la + Pagerie, i. 313; + service in America, 314; + separated from his wife, 314; + commander of the Army of the Rhine, 314; + partial reconciliation with Josephine, 314; + elected to States-General, 314; + president of National Assembly, 314; + denunciation, imprisonment, and execution, 314. + + =Beauharnais, Eugène de=, birth of, i. 313; + early life, 315; + interposes to reconcile Josephine and _N._, ii. 85; + viceroy at Milan, 258; + ordered to organize troops on the Adige, 362; + marries Augusta of Bavaria, 399; + expels the English from Leghorn, iii. 67; + letter from _N._ to, 68; + presents ultimatum to Pius VII, 68; + formally adopted by _N._, 130; + viceroy of Italy, 130; + defeated by Archduke John, 201; + letter from _N._ to, 208; + commanding in Italy, 211; + character, 211; + at Villach, 217; + at Bruck, 225; + drives Archduke John into Hungary, 226; + battle of Wagram, 228; + guards the Marchfeld, 235; + executes Hofer's sentence, 241; + offers amnesty to the Tyroleans, 241; + informs Josephine of the impending divorce, 246; + share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253; + acquires principality of Frankfort, 266; + viceroy of Italy, 279; + a grand duchy created for, 322; + strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324; + contemplated movement by, 336; + battle of Borodino, 344; + defeats Kutusoff at Malojaroslavetz, 355; + battle of Wiazma, 360; + the hero of the retreat from Moscow, 362, 363; + at Krasnoi, 364; + junction with Ney, 364; + succeeds Murat in command, 385, 393; + reorganizes the army, 393; + withdraws to Berlin, 393; + retires behind the Elbe, 393; + establishes headquarters at Leipsic, 393; + _N.'s_ instructions to, 393; + to guard Holland, 393; + Alexander advances against, 395; + strength in the Saxon campaign of 1813, 402; + junction with _N._, 404; + ordered to raise a new army in Italy, 407, 414; + driven over the Adige by Hiller, iv. 39; + checkmated in Italy, 56; + battle of Roverbello, 56; + concludes armistice, 56. + + =Beauharnais, François de=, French minister at Madrid, connection + with Ferdinand's conspiracy, iii. 127; + conducts intrigues for the Portuguese throne, 129; + opens the eyes of Godoy, 132; + advises Ferdinand to go to Bayonne, 142. + + =Beauharnais, Hortense=, birth of, i. 313; + early life, 315; + interposes to reconcile Josephine and _N._, ii. 85; + marries Louis Bonaparte, 257; iii. 269. + _See also_ =Buonaparte, Hortense=. + + =Beauharnais, Josephine=, social life in Paris, i. 290; + _N.'s_ infatuation for, and marriage, 312-323; ii. 341; + birth and early life, i. 313-315; + characteristics, 313-320; + imprisonment, 315; + returns to Martinique, 313; + returns to France, 314; + intimacy with Barras, 315. + _See also_ =Bonaparte, Josephine=. + + =Beauharnais family=, proposed alliance between Ferdinand VII and, + iii, 125-128; + share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253. + + =Beaulieu, J. P.=, commanding Austrian army in Lombardy, i. 352-361; + attacks Laharpe at Voltri, 352, 353; + falls back on Acqui, 354; + _N.'s_ operations against, 355-366; + military genius, 358; + defense of Milan, 358-361; + outflanked at Piacenza, 359; + retreats to the Mincio, 361; + seizes Peschiera, 361, 372; + thwarts _N.'s_ plan, 361; + violates Venetian neutrality, 372; + his army scattered, 378. + + =Beaumont=, military operations near, iv. 170. + + =Becker, Gen.=, accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, iv. 219; + urges _N.'s_ value as a general, 219. + + =Beet-root sugar=, production encouraged, iii, 79; + _N.'s_ interest in, 304. + + =Belce, Canon=, vice-president of the Directory of Corsica, i. 133. + + =Belgium=, proposals to establish a republic in, i. 194; + plunder of works of art from, 369; + _N.'s_ policy concerning, 429; + ceded to France by treaty of Leoben, 438; + England's efforts to release, 450; + France's interest in, 450; + England's concessions as to, ii. 12; + incorporated with France, 153; + the Code Napoléon in, 223; + public works in, 349; + visit of _N._ and Maria Louisa to, iii. 269; + mediocrity of soldiers of, iv. 20; + the allies refuse to give the country to France, 67; + _N._ entreated to abandon, 70; + _N._ refuses to give up, 74; + campaign of Waterloo, 169 et seq.; + provisions for defense of, 172; + weakness of her troops, 195, 201. + _See also_ =Austrian Netherlands=. + + =Belle Alliance=, French van at, iv. 190; + _N._ at, 193, 194, 196; + topography, 195; + the French position at, 196; + fighting at, 210. + + =Bellegarde, Gen. H. de=, supersedes Melas, ii. 188; + on the Mincio, 188. + + ="Bellerophon," the=, Napoleon embarks on, iv. 220, 221, 222, 287; + sails for Torbay, 221; + goes to Plymouth Sound, 222; + in Torbay, 227. + + =Bellesca=, organizes rebellion in favor of Don John, iii. 122. + + =Belleville=, defense of, iv. 109, 110. + + =Belliard, Gen. A. D.=, carries the news of surrender of Paris to + the Emperor, iv. 105, 115; + advises a return to Lorraine, 116; + transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132. + + =Bellingham, John=, assassinates Mr. Perceval, iii. 378. + + =Bellinzona=, Austrian force at, ii. 170; + Moncey arrives at, 172. + + =Bellowitz=, military operations near, ii. 386. + + =Belluno=, Lusignan driven beyond, i. 432; + creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 395; + Victor created Duke of, iii. 86. + _See also_ =Victor=. + + =Belt, the=, difficulties of Bernadotte's crossing the, iii. 117. + + =Belbedere, Gen.=, forces near Burgos, iii. 184. + + =Benevento=, Talleyrand created Prince of, ii. 396 (_see also_ + =Talleyrand=); + destruction of magazines at, iii. 188. + + =Bennigsen, Gen. L. A. T.=, assassin of Paul I, ii. 380; + commanding Russian forces at Breslau, 380; + battle of Pultusk, iii. 4, 8; + general-in-chief of the Russian army, 8, 9; + position at Szuczyn, 8; + turns back Ney from Königsberg, 8; + attempts to reach Dantzic, 9; + attempts to destroy Ney, 10; + defeated at Mohrungen, 10; + military genius, 9, 27; + campaign of Eylau, 13 et seq.; + captures French courier at Eylau, 14; + retreats to Königsberg, 18; + hampered for men and funds, 20; + moves against Ney on the Passarge, 28; + retires behind the Alle, 29; + strength, summer of 1807, 28; + battle of Heilsberg, 29; + injurious delays by, 30; + battle of Friedland, 31; + abandons Heilsberg, 32; + confesses defeat, 32; + retreats across the Niemen, 31; + reinforcements for, 32; + proposes an armistice, 34, 36; + commanding in Poland, iv. 3; + reaches Teplitz, 22; + in battle of Leipsic, 32. + + =Berchtesgaden=, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266; + ceded to Austria, 391; + embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, iii. 239. + + =Beresina=, battle of, compared with that of Friedland, iv. 37. + + =Beresina, River=, the crossing of the, iii. 363, 366, 374. + + =Berg, Grand Duchy of=, quota of men, ii. 404; + French seizure of lands near, 420; + vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, iii. 54; + the Grand Duchess quarrels with Queen Hortense, 179; + scheme to incorporate it with France, 266; + Louis Napoleon created Grand Duke, 279; + the French regency of, 421; + French influence in, 423. + + =Bergamo=, the revolutionary movement in, i. 428, 436, 437. + + =Bergen=, battle of, ii. 93. + + =Bergères=, Blücher retreats to, iv. 65. + + =Berlier, M.=, assists in preparation of the Code, ii. 222. + + =Berlin=, consternation in (1797-98), ii. 41; + Sieyès' mission to, 41; + French party in, 155; + the visits of Alexander I to, 376, 438; + war feeling in, ii. 417; + _N._ refuses to treat outside of, 435; + _N.'s_ entry into, 438; + _N._ receives Polish deputation in, 444; + French occupation of, iii. 12; + centralization in, 374; + Eugène at, 393; + the Prussian court removed to Breslau from, 396; + patriotism in the university, 398; + defense of, 399; + proposed allotment of, to Jerome, 409; + threatened by Oudinot, 413; + England's diplomacy in, 417; + French demonstrations against, iv. 2; + Bülow commanding at, 3; + overestimate of its strategical value, 5; + Blücher's road to, blocked by Lauriston, 8; + failure of Oudinot and Macdonald in movements against, 13-20; + _N._ determines to march on, 17, 18; + possible movement toward, 26. + + =Berlin Decree=, the, ii. 441; iii. 45, 48, 49, 101, 119, 273, 321. + + =Berlin University=, iii. 103. + + =Bern=, treaty of Leoben to be ratified at, i. 439; + proposed congress at, ii. 19, 20; + capture of the city, 40; + French intervention in, 40; + the plundering of, 40; + French military arrogance in, 41; + attempt to restore the constitution of, iv. 68. + + =Bernadotte, Gen. J. B. J.=, military successes of, i. 273; + a product of Carnot's system, 332; + commanding Army of the Sambre and Meuse, 426; + storms Gradisca, 433; + communicates Pichegru's treachery to Barras, ii. 6; + ambassador to Austria, 42, 51; + charges of venality concerning his mission, 43; + recalled, 43; + characteristics, 43, 93; iii. 317; iv. 2, 3, 55; + marries Désirée Clary, ii. 43; iii. 280; + ordered to the middle Rhine, ii. 87; + develops the conscription schemes of Carnot, 93; + secretary of war, 93; + counterplots on the 18th Brumaire, 109; + plans to head a force at St. Cloud, 109; + created marshal, 323; + ordered to Göttingen, 362; + commanding in Germany, 365; + marches to Ingolstadt, 365; + watches the Russian army, 366; + violates Prussian neutrality at Ansbach, 376; + in battle of Austerlitz, 383-385; + Prince of Ponte Corvo, 396; iii. 86; + at Lobenstein, ii. 428; + defeats Hohenlohe at Schleiz, 428; + at Naumburg, 429; + absence from Jéna and Auerstädt, 432; + relations with _N._, 432; iii. 280, 317; + at Apolda, ii. 434; + defeats Prussians at Halle, ii. 436; + sacks Lübeck, ii, 440; + strength in Poland, iii. 7; + position at Elbing, 8; + action at Mohrungen, 10; + escapes to Gilgenburg, 10; + threatens Königsberg, 10; + in campaign of Eylau, 13; + threatens Denmark, 69; + Denmark yields to, 70; + income, 87; + fails to join the Russian forces in Finland, 117; + restrains Spanish operations on the Baltic, 149; + his advance-guard of Spanish troops, 159; + troops in Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck, 202; + to concentrate in Dresden, 203; + ordered to Linz, 216, 225; + relieved by Lefebvre at Linz, 225; + in battle of Wagram, 228, 230; + disgraced at Wagram, 228, 237; + heads troops for service in the Netherlands, 237; + kindly treatment of Pomerania, 280; + failure on the Marchfeld, 281; + chosen as successor to Charles XIII, 280; + installation at Stockholm, 281; + assumes title of Prince Charles John, 280; + popularity in Sweden, 280; + republicanism of, 281; + ambition to acquire Norway, 281, 399; iv. 55; + changes from Roman Catholic to Lutheran, iii. 317; + character of his rule, 317; + eager to escape from French protection, 317; + varied character of his life, 317; + virtual king of Sweden, 317; + unwillingly grants a liberal constitution, 317; + ambition to acquire the French crown, 321; iv. 2, 3, 14, 15, 26, + 55, 57, 85, 114; + temporizes with France and Russia, iii. 321; + assists Russia against _N._, 350; + Metternich seeks to embroil him with Alexander, 394; + _N._ attempts to win over, 399; + Pomerania offered to, 399; + joins the coalition, 399; iv. 2, 3; + his troops evacuate Hamburg, 407; + commanding Army of the North, 3; + in military council at Trachenberg, 6; + battle of Grossbeeren, 14; + at Jüterbog, 18; + battle of Dennewitz, 18, 19; + crosses the Elbe, 22; + contemplated movement against, 23; + _N._ seeks to engage, 25, 26; + proposed junction with Schwarzenberg, 26; + at Merseburg, 27; + at Oppin, 28; + offers terms to Davout, 55; + ordered to the lower Rhine, 56; + at Liège, 85; + receives flag of truce from Joseph, 85; + the allies dread betrayal by, 85. + + =Bernadotte, Mme.=, i. 294. + + =Bernburg=, French forces at, iii. 393. + + =Berneck=, defeat of Junot by the Black Legion at, iii. 234. + + =Berner Klause=, the, i. 412. + + =Berry=, military movements near, iv. 77, 78. + + =Berry, Charles Ferdinand, Duc de=, doubtful courage of, ii. 301; + refrains from entering France, 301; + suspected of plotting in Brittany, 303. + + =Berry-au-Bac=, abandoned by Marmont, iv. 81; + Marmont at, 85. + + =Berthier, Gen. Alexandre=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; + service in the Alps, 346; + at Lodi, 361; + in the Rivoli campaign, 413; + carries treaty of Campo Formio to the Directory, ii. 24; + plunders Venetia, 38; + proclaims the Roman Republic, 39; + ordered to kill hostile tribesmen, 70; + ordered to prepare for triumphal entry into Cairo, 76; + accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81; + action on the 18th Brumaire, 104; + forms the army of reserve, 140; + sent to Geneva, 140; + method of computing his army, 169; + plans for crossing the Alps, 169; + urges capture of Fort Bard, 171; + created marshal, 323; + Master of the Hounds, 324; + muzzles the press in Prussia, 417; + letter from _N._, Aug. 25, 1806, 420; + personal attendance on _N._, 425; + in battle of Eylau, iii. 16; iv. 174; + at Tilsit, iii. 52, 59; + income, 87, 296; + created Prince of Neufchâtel, 86, 96, 279; + appointed vice-constable, 96; + at Bayonne, 144; + chief of staff, 203, 323, 402; + orders to, iii. 203; + deficiency of military knowledge, 204; + fails in execution of his orders, 205; + charged with treachery, 206; + on _N.'s_ habit of work, 210; + discovers attempt to assassinate _N._, 240; + _N.'s_ proxy to marry Maria Louisa, 254-256; + created Prince of Wagram, 256; + letter from Ney to, Nov. 5, 1812, 360, 361; + informs Macdonald of the Russian disasters, 384; + alleged hostility to Jomini, iv. 2; + battle of Dresden, 11; + at Nangis, 73; + receives flag of truce from Schwarzenberg, 73; + persuades _N._ to resume negotiations, 74; + capture of one of his couriers, 96; + at council at St. Dizier, 103; + advises a return to Lorraine, 116; + Marmont sends treasonable documents to, 119; + at the abdication scene, 121; + transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132; + nicknamed "Peter," 147; + faults at Eylau and Wagram, 173. + + =Berthollet, C. L.=, plunders Italian scientific collections, i. 369; + accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, ii. 81; + member of the senate, 151. + + =Berton, L. S.=, i. 61. + + =Bertrand, Gen. H. G.=, base conduct at Vienna, ii. 369; + in campaign of 1813, iii. 402; + in battle of Bautzen, 410; + beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413; + battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18; + driven by Blücher to Bitterfeld, 22; + battle of Leipsic, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35; + takes Weissenfels, 35; + defends the Rhine at Kastel, 54; + begs _N._ to abandon Belgium and the left bank of the Rhine, 70; + at the abdication scene, 121; + accompanies _N._ to Elba, 134, 138; + sends positive instructions to Grouchy, 187, 191; + escorts _N._ from the field of Waterloo, 211; + accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, 219; + accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, 227. + + =Bertrand, Mme.=, present at _N.'s_ death-bed, iv. 235. + + =Bessarabia=, alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55. + + =Bessières, Gen. J. B.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53; + created marshal, 323; + in battle of Austerlitz, 387; + in Eylau campaign, iii. 15, 16; + created Duke of Istria, 86; + income, 87; + character, 93; + _N.'s_ opinion of, 93; + invades Spain, 132, 134, 143; + instructions to, concerning Spanish policy, 140; + ordered to arrest Ferdinand, 144; + besieges Santander, 156; + defeats the Spaniards at Medina de Rio Seco, 156; + occupies Old Castile and Aragon, 155; + ordered to connect with Junot, 157; + at Miranda, 183; + pursues Hiller, 209; + battle of Essling, 220; + commanding the Young Guard, 324; + killed at Rippach, 404, 406; + importance of his loss to _N._, 404. + + =Bethencourt, Gen.=, crosses the Simplon, ii. 172; + near Domo d'Ossola, 172. + + =Beugnot=, regent of Berg, iii. 421; + anecdote concerning, 421, 422. + + =Beurnonville, Marquis de=, _N.'s_ envoy to Prussia, ii. 156; + royalist intrigues of, iv. 115, 140. + + =Beys=, the Egyptian, ii. 58. + + =Biberach=, battle of, ii. 167. + + =Biberich=, anecdote of _N._ at the castle of, iii. 422. + + =Bible=, _N.'s_ study of the, iv. 231. + + =Bicêtre, prison of=, imprisonment of a milliner in, iii. 92. + + =Bielostok=, united to Russia, iii. 56, 62. + + =Bilbao=, Lefebvre near, iii. 183. + + =Bisamberg=, junction of Archduke Charles and Hiller at, iii. 212, 216; + military operations near, 228, 229. + + =Biscay=, _N.'s_ contemplated movements in, iii. 184; + military government of, 279. + + =Bismarck, Prince Otto von=, policy in, 1875, ii. 269. + + =Bitterfeld=, Bertrand driven by Blücher to, iv. 22. + + =Biville=, landing of the Cadoudal conspirators at, ii. 298. + + =Black Elster, River=, military movements on the, iv. 20. + + =Black Forest, the=, Dessaix defeats the Austrians in, i. 440; + military operations in, ii. 166, 365. + + =Black Legion, the=, organization of, iii. 234; + defeats Junot at Berneck, 234; + defeats the Saxons at Nossen, 234. + + =Black Sea=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209. + + =Blake, Gen.=, defeated at Medina de Rio Seco, iii. 156; + advances from Durango, 184; + concerted French movement against, 185; + driven back to Valmaseda, 184; + _N.'s_ scheme to annihilate, 184; + defeated at Espinosa, 185; + joins La Romana, in Asturias, 185; + annihilation of his army by Suchet, 289. + + =Blankenburg=, Louis XVIII retreats to, ii. 5. + + =Blankenhain=, Prince Hohenlohe at, ii. 428. + + =Blasowitz=, military operations near, ii. 385. + + =Blois=, _N.'s_ private treasure at, iv. 50, 134; + imperial regency established at, 115; + French garrison at, 118; + dissolution of the imperial government at, 135. + + =Blücher, Marshal G. L. von=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415; + Prussian commander, 419; + military movements near Eisenach, 427; + battle of Auerstädt, 433; + reaches Lübeck, 437; + duplicity to Klein, 436; + surrender of, 437; + in campaign of 1813, iii. 399; + at Striegau, iv. 3, 6; + violates the armistice, 3, 6; + commanding the army of the East, 6; + gives _N._ an advantage, 6, 7; + secures an independent command, 6; + pursued by _N._, 7; + at Bunzlau, 7; + retreats behind the Deichsel, 7; + crosses the Katzbach, 8; + battle of Katzbach, 15; + pursues Macdonald, 15; + Macdonald fails to hold, 17; + operations in Silesia, 17; + attacks Macdonald at Fischbach, 18; + Macdonald ordered to check his advance, 20; + advances on Dresden, 20; + northward movement, 21; + marches to Kemberg, 22; + drives Bertrand to Bitterfeld, 22; + contemplated movement against, 23; + _N._ seeks to engage, 25, 26; + joint movements with Bernadotte and Schwarzenberg, 26; + advances to Halle, 26; + battle of Leipsic, 28, 30, 33; + acquires two Swedish corps, 56; + crosses the Rhine, 57; + aims to annihilate _N._, 57; + crosses the Saar, 58; + invests the Mosel fortresses, 58; + advances on Arcis, 58; + effects union with Schwarzenberg, 60; + defeated at Brienne, 60; + battles of La Rothière and Troyes, 60; + predicts a speedy entry into Paris, 61; + leads the advance down the Marne, 62; + attempts to cut off Macdonald, 61; + strength, Feb. 9, 1814, 61; + French movement from Sézanne against, 62, 63; + battle of Montmirail, 63; + retreat across the Marne, 63; + defeated at Vauchamps, 64; + retreats to Bergères, 65; + drives Marmont to Fromentières, 64; + _N._ deals him "a blow in the eye," 70; + Marmont ordered to hold, 71; + at Méry, 73; + collects his army at Châlons, 73; + Oudinot sent against, 73; + pursued by _N._, 75; + makes diversion in favor of main army, 75; + advances on Paris, 76; + letter from Frederick William III, Feb. 26, 1814, 75; + _N._ in pursuit of, 76; + moves on Meaux, 76; + recruits his forces at Soissons, 77; + retreats up the Ourcq, 76; + checked by Marmont and Mortier, 76; + crosses the Marne, 76; + cut off from Schwarzenberg, 77; + driven north, 77; + battle of Craonne, 78; + retreats from Craonne to Laon, 78; + dissensions in his army, 77-80, 84; + battle of Laon, 79; + recalls York, 80; + regains communication with Schwarzenberg, 80; + dismayed at the capture of Rheims, 84, 85; + besieges Compiègne, 84; + resumes the offensive, 92, 93; + Marmont's plan of operations against, 93; + crosses the Aisne, 93; + effects junction with Schwarzenberg, 94, 95, 97; + captures a courier to the Empress, 96; + advised of the movement on Paris, 98; + "Marshal Forward," 98; + crosses the Marne, 99; + fears of, in Paris, 108; + captures Montmartre, 111; + desires to take the field, 169; + plan of the campaign of Waterloo, 169; + quality of his troops, 171; + _N.'s_ position with regard to Wellington and, 171; + relative strength in Waterloo campaign, 172; + awaits developments, 173; + relations with Wellington, 176, 177; + possible change of strategy, 176; + defensive movements, 178; + at Fleurus, 179; + retires from Fleurus, 180; + his tactics criticized by Wellington, 181; + meeting with Wellington at Bry, 180; + battle of Ligny, 181, 182; + gets "a ---- good licking," 183, 184; + wounded at Ligny, 185; + Grouchy's pursuit of, 187; + apprehended movement to join Wellington, 187; + promises support to Wellington, 190; + Grouchy aims to prevent union between Wellington and, 191; + movement to Wavre, 191-194; + disaster at Ligny, 193; + possible retreat via Louvain, 194; + fails to come to Wellington's assistance, 204; + Wellington's faint-hearted coöperation with, 213; + his lines of retreat, 214; + determination to kill _N._, 220, 223; + _character_: ambition, iv. 7; + ardor and courage, 59, 98, 177, 181, 182; + desire for glory and revenge, 68, 220, 223; + duplicity, ii. 436; + head-strong temper, iv. 6, 7, 14; + influence over troops, 171, 172; + over-confidence, 62, 63; + self-indulgence, 172. + + =Bober, River=, military movements on the, iv. 7, 16. + + =Bocognano=, _N._ in hiding near, i. 202, 203. + + =Bohemia=, Archduke Ferdinand escapes into, ii. 366; + Archduke Ferdinand commanding in, 380; + _N.'s_ line of retreat through, 392; + plan of Austrian operations in, iii. 199; + _N.'s_ reasons for not pursuing Archduke Charles into, 210; + gathering of Austrian troops in, 414; + boundary of a neutral zone, 414; + beacons flash the declaration of war through, 423; + Austro-Russian troops in, iv. 3; + advance of Russian troops toward, 6; + the allies' communication with, threatened, 9; + guarding the passes from, 18; + refuge of the allies in, 24; + army of, moves on Paris, 98. + + =Bohemian Forest=, military movements in the, iii. 204, 210, 216. + + =Bois, Pierre du=, proposes French seizure of Egypt, ii. 46. + + =Bologna=, seizure and ransom of, i. 374, 375; + the Pope prepares to recover, 398; + armistice of, 401; + new scheme of government for, 402; + _N._ at, 409, 419; + military operations at, 409, 419; + surrendered to France, 421; + ceded to Venice at Leoben, 438; + corporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21. + + =Bonaparte=. _See_ =Buonaparte=. + + =Boniface, Pope=, crowns Pepin, ii. 325. + + =Bonifacio=, _N._ at, i. 193. + + =Bonnier, M.=, member of the Congress of Rastatt, ii. 89; + killed at Rastatt, 89. + + =Bontemps, M.=, arrest of, ii. 27. + + =Bordeaux=, condition in 1793, i. 222; + exempt from legislation concerning Jews, iii. 78; + opens its gates to English troops, iv. 87; + proclamation of Louis XVIII., 87; + _N._ seeks to rouse imperial feeling in, 220; + immunity from the White Terror, 223. + + =Borghese, Prince=, marries Pauline (Buonaparte) Leclerc, ii. 258; + separates from Pauline, iv. 142. + + =Borghese, Princess Pauline (Buonaparte)=, looseness of her life, + iv. 142; + acquires the duchy of Lucca, ii. 354; + dismissed from Paris, iv. 142; + accompanies _N._ to Elba, 139-142; + alleged scandalous relations with _N._, 142. + _See also_ =Buonaparte, Pauline=. + + =Borghetto=, battle of, i. 372. + + =Borgo, Pozzo di=. _See_ =Pozzo di Borgo=. + + =Bormida, River=, road to Italy opened through the valley of, i. 257; + the country of, ii. 177; + Melas crosses, 178; + military operations on the, 181. + + =Borodino=, Bonaparte at, ii. 392; + battle of, iii. 343, 344, 346-348; + rescuing the wounded from the field of, 358. + + =Borrissoff=, the French retreat through, iii. 363, 366, 370; + Russian plan of operation at, 366; + captured by Tchitchagoff, 367, 368; + battles at, 369-372. + + =Borstell, Gen.=, battle of Dennewitz, iv. 19. + + =Bosporus=, proposed expedition to the, iii. 113. + + =Botanical Garden=, lecture system of the, i. 281. + + =Bothnia=, repulse of the Russians from, iii. 116. + + =Bou, Mme.=, i. 184. + + =Boudet, Gen. Jean=, in battle of Essling, iii. 219, 220. + + =Bouillé, Marquis F. C. A. de=, i. 314. + + =Boulay de la Meurthe, Antoine=, presents temporary plan of the + Consulate, ii, 123; + member of the council of state, 152; + reviser of the Code, 222. + + =Boulogne=, the Army of England, flotilla, and military + preparations at, ii. 48, 290, 291, 331, 358; + _N._ at, 48; + _N.'s_ ceremonial at, July, 1804, 328; + real purpose of the flotilla, 334; + distribution of Legion of Honor crosses at, 360; + the army ordered east from, 362. + + =Bourbon-Condé, Louis-Antoine-Henri de=. _See_ =Enghien, Duc d'=. + + =Bourbon-Hapsburg alliance=, Corsica joins the, i. 21. + + =Bourbons, the=, influence of, i. 22; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, 177; ii. 29, 194, 205, 271, 301, 312, 356; + iv. 156; + discredit royalty, i. 268; + their motto, 297; + France's demands on Austria concerning, ii. 43; + hopes and rumors of restoration of, and plots therefore, 94, 122, + 158, 194, 255, 317; iv. 51, 67, 68, 113, 114, 164, 165; + Talleyrand's predilection for, ii. 122; + England's attitude toward, 143, 144, 271, 356; iv. 68; + a blow at the, ii. 207; + _N._ complains of England's protection of, 271, 356; + foster the Jacobin spirit of insurrection, 300; + responsibility for the execution of Ney, 300; + the Duc d'Enghien, 301; + intrigues against _N.'s_ life, 304; iv. 141, 144; + _N.'s_ attempt to fix death of Duc d'Enghien on, ii. 312; + causes of the French dislike for, 317; + their "divine right," 317; + their founder, 350; + scheme to establish a monarchy in America, iii. 134, 141; + Metternich's desire to restore the, iv. 67, 68; + rising in Vendée, 102; + restoration of, 109, 113-115, 132, 146; + enthusiasm for, in Paris, 115; + revulsion of feeling in France and by Alexander against, 125, 126; + fickle imperialists support Louis XVIII, 132; + maintain spies in Elba, 142; + _N._ on the illegitimacy of their throne, 156. + + =The Neapolitan=, impending downfall, ii. 357; + banished, 390, 395, 401; iii. 214; + proposal that they retain power in Sicily, ii. 401. + + =The Spanish=, scheme to emancipate Spain from rule of, ii. 44; + incapacity and degradation, iii. 70; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, 142; + deposed, 145-148, 150, 164; + proposals to restore the throne to, 271, 416. + + =Bourgeoisie=, the, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101, 107; + _N._ seeks the support of, ii. 278. + + =Bourmont, Gen.=, deserts before Charleroi, iv. 174. + + =Bourrienne, L. A. F. de=, on the question of _N.'s_ birth, i. 37; + shares mathematical honors with _N._, 56; + shares _N.'s_ poverty in Paris, 174; + obtains diplomatic position at Stuttgart, 174; + anecdotes of _N._ by, 175; + describes _N.'s_ personality, 284; + _N.'s_ friendship for, 295; + improved fortunes of, 295; + _N.'s_ confidences with, ii. 51; + on _N.'s_ plans of escaping from Egypt, 83; + _N._ expresses his satisfaction to, concerning the 18th Brumaire, 110; + rebukes _N._ at St. Cloud, 113; + character, 277; + dismissed, 277; + on Mme. de Staël, iii. 298; + venality of, iv. 106. + + =Bourse=, _N.'s_ failure to govern the, ii. 410; + rise in values after the Austrian marriage, iii. 264. + + =Bowles, Col. Geo.=, conversation with Wellington, iv. 184. + + =Boyer, Gen. J. P.=, prepares a "triumphal" return to Cairo, ii. 76. + + =Brabant=, visit of _N._ and Maria Louisa to, iii. 269; + French occupation of, 270; + _N.'s_ offer to exchange it for Hanseatic towns, 270. + + =Braganza, House of=, decline of, iii. 119; + flight to Brazil, 134; + _N._ proposes to restore Portugal to, 319. + + =Brandenburg=, proposed allotment of, to Jerome, iii. 409; + the Army of the North in, iv. 2; + contemplated operations in, 7. + + =Brandenburg, House of=, the imperial crown for the, ii. 420; + owes its safety to the Czar, iii. 73. + + =Braunau=, the Austrian camp at, ii. 365; + captured by Lannes, 367; + Russian troops at, 368; + French occupation of, 405. + + =Bray=, Macdonald before, iv. 72. + + =Brazi=, Don John embarks for, iii. 121. + + =Breisgau=, grant to Grand Duke of Tuscany in, ii. 193; + Duc d'Enghien prepares to retire to the, 302, 303; + part of, acquired by Baden, 391; + Würtemberg acquires part of, 391. + + =Breitenlee=, Austrian advance through, iii. 220. + + =Bremen=, closed to British commerce, ii. 287; + laid under contribution, 287; + proposal to give it to Prussia, 400; + Bernadotte's force in, iii. 202; + scheme to incorporate with France, 266; + position in the French empire, 279; + French forces at, 393. + + =Brenta, River=, military operations on the, i. 384, 390-392, 406. + + =Brescia=, seized by France, i. 371; + the French position at, 379; + captured by Quasdanowich, 380; + evacuated by the enemy, 381; + the revolutionary movement in, 428, 435. + + =Breslau=, Russian troops at, ii. 380; + the Prussian court moves from Berlin to, iii. 396; + patriotism in the university, 398; + French occupation of, 413; + pursuit of the allies to, 413; + French evacuation of, 414, 415; + military movements near, iv. 3. + + =Brest=, naval preparations at, ii. 48, 68, 333, 359, 360, 441; + blockade of, iii. 48; + junction of Nelson and Cornwallis before, ii. 359; + the fleet ordered to the English Channel from, 359; + Villeneuve's mission to relieve, 360; + the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean, iii. 111; + imprisonment of Schill's followers in, 233; + naval station at, 380. + + =Brest-Litovski=, military operations near, iii. 353. + + ="Briars, The,"= _N._ a guest at, iv. 229, 230. + + =Bribery=, _N.'s_ first lesson in, i. 203. + + =Bridge of Arts=, the, iii. 74. + + =Brienne=, _N._ at, i. 37, 46-59, 146, 210; iv. 60; + _N.'s_ mock battles at, i. 53; iv. 60; + Lucien Buonaparte at, i. 81; + Lucien quits, and Louis remains at, 88; + Louis fails of admission to, 96; + _N.'s_ garden at, 210; + _N.'s_ contemporaries at, 216; + battle of, iv. 60, 61; + military movements near, 95, 96. + + =Brienne, Mme. Loménie de=, _N.'s_ early friend, i. 52, 105. + + =Brigandage=, suppression of, in Corsica, i. 14, 15. + + =Brigido, Col.=, at battle of Arcole, i. 390. + + =Brindisi=, embargo on, ii. 287. + + =Brinkmann=, on _N.'s_ influence in France, ii. 133. + + =Brissot, J. P.=, leader of the Girondists, i. 189. + + =Brittany=, foundation of the Jacobin Club in, i. 107; + violence and civil war in, 207, 222, 277, 305; ii. 91, 146; + _N._ conciliates, 146; + suspected plot of the Duc de Berry in, 303. + + =Brixen=, Joubert at, i. 434; + apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266; + ceded to Bavaria, 391. + + =Broglie, Duc de=, on the Emperor's court at Fontainebleau, iii. 245. + + =Broussier, Gen.=, marches to relief of Paris, iv. 102. + + =Bruck=, Prince Eugène at, iii. 225. + + =Brueys d'Aigalliers, Vice-Adm. François-Paul=, commanding French + fleet in the Adriatic, ii, 18; + ordered to Corfu, 62; + ordered to Alexandria, 62; + in the battle of the Nile, 62-66. + + =Bruix, Adm. E.=, sent to conquer the Mediterranean ii. 79; + interview with Barras, 107; + argument in favor of the slave-trade, 236. + + =Brumaire=, the plot of the 18th of, ii. 102 et seq., 119 et seq., + 315; iv. 258. + + =Brune, Gen. G. M. A.=, plunders Bern, ii. 40; + military genius, 88; + campaign in Holland, 87, 93, 96, 323; + battle of Bergen, 93; + supersedes Masséna in Italy, 190; + advances to Trent, 192; + created marshal, 323; + venality of, iii. 81. + + =Brunet, Gen.=, commanding the Army of Italy, i. 213. + + =Brünn=, military operations near, ii. 367, 369, 379, 383-386; iii. 229; + _N._ establishes headquarters at, ii. 379. + + =Brunswick=, French occupation of, ii. 443; + organization of the Black Legion, iii. 234; + the Black Legion's escape through, 234; + restored to its former ruler, iv. 40. + + =Brunswick, Charles F. W., Duke of=, commander-in-chief of the + Prussian army, ii. 419, 424, 427; + at Naumberg, 424; + decline of his influence, 428; + at Erfurt, 427; + plan of opposition to the French, 428; + in battle of Jena, 429-433; + death of, 433, 443; + proclamation against the French republic, 443; + appeals to _N.'s_ mercy, 443. + + =Brunswick, Frederick W., Duke of=, deprived of his throne, iii. 234; + organizes the Black Legion, 234; + exploits with the Black Legion, 234; + escapes to England, 234. + + =Brunswick, House of=, Sieyès suspected of plotting with the, ii. 95. + + =Bruslart=, governor of Corsica, plots against _N._, iv. 150. + + =Brussels=, proposed invasion of France via, iv. 57; + York retires to, 80; + military operations near, 170, 179, 180, 190, 192, 194, 195; + topography of, 195. + + =Brutus=, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147. + + =Bruyères=, killed at Reichenbach, iii. 410. + + =Bry=, meeting of Wellington and Blücher at, iv. 180. + + =Bubna, Gen.=, emissary from Francis to _N._, iii. 238, 395; iv. 21; + suggests an armistice, iii. 408; + procrastinates, 417; + confronting Augereau at Geneva, iv. 57; + in the campaign of 1814, 62; + driven from Lyons by Augereau, 67. + + ="Bucentaur," the=, destruction of, ii. 24. + + ="Bucentaure," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374. + + =Budberg=, Russian councilor, iii. 52. + + =Budweis=, Archduke Charles at, iii. 216. + + =Buenos Ayres=, English expedition against, iii. 100. + + ="Buffer" states=, ii. 402; iii. 55. + + =Bug, River=, proposed French occupation to the, ii. 442; + military operations on the, iii. 2, 117, 358. + + =Bulgaria=, alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55. + + =Bull-fights=, _N._ proposes to introduce them into Paris, ii. 409. + + =Bülow, Gen. F. W. von=, junction of Bernadotte with, iii. 399; + commanding Army of the North, iv. 3; + holding Berlin, iv. 3; + strength, 3; + belittled by _N._, 5; + military ability, 14; + battle of Grossbeeren, 14; + battle of Dennewitz, 18; + coöperates with Graham in the Netherlands, 57; + captures Soissons, 77; + commanding reserve forces, 177; + in Waterloo campaign, 177; + near Beauderet, 185; + at St. Lambert, 194; + battle of Waterloo, 204-207. + + =Bunbury, Sir Henry=, on commission to notify _N._ of his sentence, + iv. 226. + + =Bunzlau=, Blücher at, iv. 7. + + =Buonaparte, Carlo Maria di= (father of _N._), early life of, i. 29, 30; + ennobled, 29; + marriage, 30; + submission and French naturalization, 32; + character, 22, 44; + death, 34, 63; + ambitions and advancements, 43-47, 57, 63; + mission to Versailles, 44-47; + claim against the Jesuits, 47, 63; + breaks down, 57; + his "infamy," 97; + _N._ renounces the royalist principles of, 136; + his paternity of _N._ denied, iv. 137. + + =Buonaparte, Caroline= (sister of _N._), birth, i. 33; + at Nice, 244; + early life, 322; + gift to her brother on departure for Egypt, ii. 53; + married to Murat, 195, 258; + resents _N.'s_ abuse of Murat, iv. 56. + _See also_ =Murat, Mme=. + + =Buonaparte, Princess Charlotte=, proposal to marry her to the + Prince of Asturias, iii. 129; + sent to Madame Mère, 130. + + =Buonaparte, Hortense=, life in Holland, iii. 26; + death of her eldest son, 52; + quarrels with the Grand Duchess of Berg, 179; + share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253; + Louis complains of, 270; + criticized by Mme. de Staël, 298. + _See also_ =Beauharnais, Hortense=. + + =Buonaparte, Jerome= (brother of _N._), birth, i. 33, 64; + sent to school in Paris, 309; + marriage to Elizabeth Patterson, ii. 257; + residence in the United States, 257; + deserts his wife Elizabeth, 257; + service in the West Indies, 257; + fails to secure divorce from his American wife, 396; + marries Catherine of Würtemberg, 399; iii. 93, 94; + assists in the sack of Poland, ii. 440; + commanding corps of Würtembergers and Bavarians, iii. 3; + King of Westphalia, 56, 279; + Pius VII refuses to annul his marriage, 68; + assumes the title of Napoleon, 82; + relations with _N._, 82; + ordered to raise levies in Westphalia, 132; + at the Erfurt conference, 171; + defeated by the Black Legion, 234; + deprived of part of Hanover, 278; + supplies quota to _N.'s_ army, 322; + in the Russian campaign, 336; + at Grodno, 336; + military blunders and incompetence, 336; + proposed allotment of Brandenburg and Berlin to, 409; + flees to France, iv. 40; + takes refuge in Switzerland, 135; + assigned to the House of Peers, 160; + battle of Waterloo, 199, 211. + + =Buonaparte, Joseph= (grandfather of _N._), ennobled, i. 28. + + =Buonaparte, Joseph= (brother of _N._), childish relations with + _N._, i. 40; + educated for the priesthood, 44, 55; + goes to Autun, 44; + character, 49; iii. 130, 131; iv. 106; + desire for military service, i. 55; + search for a career, 55, 57, 79, 83, 89, 96, 134, 140, 288, 292-295; + attends his father in his last illness, 58, 63; + his politics, 83; + studies law at Pisa, 89; + early struggles, 96; + claims share in framing Corsican appeal to National Assembly, 118; + appointed mayor's secretary at Ajaccio, 123; + at Marseilles, 127; + member of the Constituent Assembly at Orezza, 131, 134; + represents Ajaccio in district Directory, 134; + disappointments to, 134; + political offices and schemes, 140, 144; + member of Corsican Directory, 161; + reminiscences of, conversations, confidences, and relations with + _N._, 178; iii. 45, 82, 109, 140, 148, 149, 190; + leaves Corsica for Toulon, i. 207; + trades on his brother's commission in the National Guard, 208; + made commissary-general, 238; + marriage of, 254; + deprived of employment, 284, 287; + settles in Genoa, 288, 291; + proposed land speculation for, 288; + _N.'s_ correspondence with, 290-297, 312; ii. 66; iii. 18, 184, + 299; iv. 61, 73, 77, 91, 216; + plans for diplomatic appointment, i. 292, 294; + marriage, 295; + enamoured of Désirée Clary, 312; + receives diplomatic appointment, 309; + French minister at Rome, ii. 28, 39; + demands Provera's dismissal from Rome, 39; + demands his passports, 39; + sends information to _N._ in Egypt, 80; + political and social preferment, 96; + member of the Five Hundred, 95; + plenipotentiary to negotiate with Cobenzl, 188; + France's representative at Lunéville, 193; + his skilful diplomacy, 256; + negotiates the treaty of Amiens, 263; + _N._ confides the Duc d'Enghien's case to, 307; + at Malmaison, 308; + seeks clemency for the Duc d'Enghien, 308; + coolness between _N._ and, 308; + the right of imperial succession in his family, 322; + created Elector and imperial prince, 322; + on his brother's strength with the army, 334; + at _N.'s_ coronation, 342; + declines the crown of Italy, 352; + in battle of Austerlitz, 387; + made king of Naples, 395; + dominion over Sicily, 401; + advised to show himself terrible at first, 439; + reports _N.'s_ Indian scheme, 442; + Pius VII refuses to recognize his sovereignty, iii. 68; + assumes the title of Napoleon, 82; + residence at Naples, 129; + interview with _N._ at Venice, 129-131; + the crown of Spain offered to, 131; + reform of Neapolitan politics, 130; + ambition, 131; + ordered to Bayonne, 149; + king of Spain, 150, 169, 142, 279, 382, 421; + assumes government at Madrid, iii. 154; + entreats _N._ assistance in Spain, 158; + lacks male descendants, 160; + asserts his sovereignty, 190; + driven from Madrid, 190; + the Spaniards swear allegiance to, 191, 192; + accompanies _N._ on his second marriage journey, 258; + his Spanish territory contracted, 278; + signs a conditional abdication, 282; + bickerings with Soult, 287; + Wellington moves to Madrid against, 290; + temporary government at Valencia, 377; + acting regent in Paris, iv. 58, 61; + gives up hope, 81; + sends flag of truce to Bernadotte, 85; + enjoined to save the Empress and her son from Austrian capture, 91; + member of the Empress-Regent's council, 106; + proclaims his brother's approach to Paris, 109; + prepares for defense of Paris, 109; + deputy emperor, 111; + overtakes the Empress at Chartres, 111; + empowers Marmont to treat for surrender, 111; + Napoleon's rage at, 115; + takes refuge in Switzerland, 135; + assigned to the House of Peers, 160; + president of the council of state, 169; + advised to hold the legislature in hand, 216. + + =Buonaparte, Josephine=, marital relations with _N._, i. 452-455; + ii. 66, 84, 198, 256, 328; iii. 11, 26, 27, 160, 161, 179-181, + 246, 247, 252-253; + character, licentious conduct, jealousy, etc., i. 452-455; + ii. 55, 84; iii. 11, 27, 92, 246, 247; + domestic and social life, the imperial court, etc., i. 452-455; + ii. 254-257, 279; iii. 91-94, 145; + the divorce, its causes and decretal, i. 453, 454; ii. 66, 84, + 256, 328; iii. 99, 160, 161, 179-181, 245-247, 252, 253; + letters from _N._, i. 320, 452, 455; iii. 43, 60, 110; + visits Rome, ii. 28; + joins _N._ in Paris, Dec., 1797, 28; + royalist intrigues with, 36; + bids farewell to _N._ at Toulon, 55; + influence over Gohier, 97; + in pecuniary straits, 122; + brings about marriage between Hortense and Louis Bonaparte, 257; + fear of Talleyrand, 308; + attitude in the Duc d'Enghien's case, 308; + accompanies _N._ to Boulogne, 328; + ecclesiastically married to _N._, 341; + the coronation, 342-346; + forbidden to follow her husband to Poland, iii. 27; + reproaches _N._ with his amours, 27; + travels through France, 74; + accompanies _N._ to Bayonne, 142; + _N.'s_ harsh treatment at Fontainebleau, 179; + self-abasement of, 246; + withdraws to Malmaison, 247; + conducts negotiations for _N.'s_ Austrian marriage, 253; + _N._ visits, after the divorce, 257; + never preferred to power, 327. + + =Buonaparte, Letizia=, death of, i. 34; + tradition concerning birth of _N._, 39, 40; + character, 40; iv. 137, 287; + letter from _N._ to, i. 64; + vicissitudes of fortune, 64, 65, 80, 96, 225, 291; ii. 95; iv. 287; + her opinion of _N._, i. 84; + settles near Toulon, 262; + disapproves _N.'s_ marriage, 321; + social influence, ii. 96; + remark of Mme. Permon to, 130; + distrusts _N.'s_ elevation, 258; + residence in Corsica, 258; + refuses to attend the coronation, 342; + Princess Charlotte's sojourn with, iii. 130; + attacks on her good name, iv. 137; + visits _N._ at Elba, 142; + thrift, 287; + knowledge of _N.'s_ limitations, 287. + + =Buonaparte, Louis= (brother of _N._), birth, i. 33; + prospects, 80; + loses appointment to artillery school, 88; + remains at Brienne, 88; + _N._ aids and protects, 89, 96, 140, 144, 147, 149, 150; + fails to secure admission to Brienne, 96; + certificate to his republicanism, 136; + confirmed, 147; + follows his brother's fortunes, 159, 263; + idle career, 184; + promoted adjutant-general of artillery, 238; + ordered to Châlons as a cadet, 238; + officer of home guard at Nice, 254; + falls from favor, 254; + lieutenant of artillery, 262; + deprived of employment, 284; + ordered to Châlons, 288, 291; + promoted, 309; + marries Hortense Beauharnais, ii. 257; iii. 269; + his son Napoleon, ii. 282; + created Constable of France, 323; iii. 96; + at _N.'s_ coronation, ii. 342; + declines the crown of Italy for his son, 352; + made king of Holland, 397; iii. 25, 96, 269; + ordered to hold the Rhine, ii. 424; + character, iii. 25; + reprimanded by _N._ for economy, 25; + character of his reign, 25, 148, 270, 271, 276-278; + letters from _N._, 140, 148, 276; + relations with _N._, 82; + assumes title of Louis Napoleon, 82; + the Spanish crown offered to, 140; + refuses the crown, 140, 207; + loyalty to the Dutch, 140; + violates the Continental System, 266; + _N.'s_ affection for, 269; + promoted general, 269; + made councilor of state, 269; + share in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns, 269; + arrogates the royal dignity to himself, 270; + _N.'s_ quarrel with, 269-277; + _N._ offers to exchange the Hanseatic towns for Brabant and + Zealand, 270; + contemplates resistance to _N._, 270; + reduced to the position of a French governor, 270, 271; + prepares to defend Holland, 271; + summoned to Paris, 270; + complains of his queen Hortense, 270; + virtually a prisoner in France, 270; + submits to _N._, 271; + permitted to return to Amsterdam, 271; + opens negotiations with England, 271; + continues to oppose _N._, 275, 276; + flight to Teplitz, 276. + + =Buonaparte, Louis Napoleon= (nephew of _N._, son of Louis; crown + prince of Holland), created Grand Duke of Berg, iii. 279. + + =Buonaparte, Lucien= (great-uncle of _N._), condition, i. 40; + affection for his family, 65; + illness of, 79, 84-89; + political opinions, 115; + death, 161. + + =Buonaparte, Lucien= (brother of _N._), birth, i. 33; + goes to Autun, 43; + relations with _N._, 55, 89, 115; + advancement for, 57; + at Brienne, 81; + turns toward the priesthood, 81; + leaves Brienne, 88, 115; + efforts to enter at Aix, 96; + memoirs of _N._, 97, 98, 207, 316-319; ii. 265; + independence of, i. 140; + radical leader at Ajaccio, 184; + letter to Costa, 187; + in diplomatic service, 197; + denounces Paoli, 197; + at Toulon, 207; + appropriates _N.'s_ birth certificate, 208; + in commissary department, 208, 225; + "the little Robespierre," 238; + marriage, 254; + deprived of employment, 284; + destitution of, 288, 289; + imprisoned at Aix, 291; + liberated, 309; + foments quarrels in Italy, ii. 87; + political and social preferment, 95; + member and president of the Five Hundred, 97, 105, 114-118; + on the 19th Brumaire, 115-118; + makes a dramatic scene at St. Cloud, 116; + summons Bonapartist members of the Five Hundred to meet, 118; + harangues the mutilated chambers, 123; + minister of the interior, 131; + suggests plebiscite on the question of life consulship, 245; + declines to marry the queen of Etruria, 257; + exiled, 257; + second marriage, 257; + democracy of, 257; + in literary society, 257; + at summit of his career, 257; + French minister to Madrid, 257; + dispute between _N._ and Joseph concerning marriage of, 308; + the savior of _N.'s_ fortunes on the 18th Brumaire, 315; + the right of imperial succession in his family, 322; + created an imperial prince, 322; + at Rome during _N.'s_ coronation, 342; + proposal that he take the crown of Etruria, iii. 129; + opposes hereditary consulate for _N._, 129; + residence at Rome, 129; + marries Mme. de Jauberthon, 129; + refuses kingly honors, 129, 130; + refuses to divorce his wife, 129, 130; + character, 129, 135; + interview with _N._ at Mantua, 129, 130; + sails to the United States, 277; + captured by the English, 277; + Mme. de Staëls complaint of _N._ to, 298, 299; + fosters revolution in Rome, iv. 144; + assigned to the House of Peers, 160; + member of the council of state, 169; + advises a dictatorship after Waterloo, 217; + endeavors to solve the difficulties after Waterloo, 217; + _N._ dictates his abdication to, 218. + + =Buonaparte, Maria-Anna= (sister of _N._), i. 33. + + =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa= (sister of _N._), birth, i. 33; + educated at Saint-Cyr, 55, 60, 62, 71; + defective education, 71, 182; + _N._ visits at St. Cyr, 176; + quits St. Cyr and returns to Corsica, 182, 184; + at Nice, 244; + suitor for, 291; + marriage to Felice Bacciocchi, 322; + ii. 258; + acquires Massa-e-Carrara and Garfagnana, 395; + created Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Princess of Lucca and + Piombino, iii. 279. + _See also_ =Bacciocchi, Princess=. + + =Buonaparte, Nabulione=, i. 33, 36; + forms of the name, 38, 39. + + =Buonaparte, Napoleon=. + _See_ =Napoleon=. + + =Buonaparte, Napoleon Louis Charles= (nephew of _N._, son of Louis), + _N.'s_ partiality for, ii. 282; iii. 269; + proposal to create him king of Italy, ii. 352; + death of, iii. 52, 160, 269. + + =Buonaparte, Pauline= (sister of _N._), birth of, i. 33; + at Nice, 244; + suitor for, 291; + flirtation with Fréron, 322; + marries Gen. Leclerc, ii. 236; + marries Prince Borghese, 258; + acquires Guastalla, 395; + adviser to Maria Louisa, iii. 257; + created Duchess of Guastalla, 279. + _See also_ =Leclerc, Mme.=; =Borghese Princess=. + + =Buonaparte family, the=, i. 8, 20-34; + ennobling and coat armor of, 28; + vicissitudes of fortune, 35, 58, 63, 65, 80, 83-90, 96, 114, 115, + 134, 161, 164, 184, 185, 205, 215, 236, 284, 288, 291, 322; + _N._ regards himself as head of, 88, 161, 211, 309, 322; + claim against the government, 89, 115; + the "infamy" of, 97; + Salicetti's influence over, 116; + influence in Corsica, 139, 202; + _N.'s_ devotion to, 140, 161, 244; + outburst against, in Ajaccio, 205; + driven from their estates, 205; + leave Corsica for Toulon, 208; + residence in Toulon, 208, 212; + flight to Marseilles, 212; + driven from Toulon, 216; + social diplomacy of, 262; + news of _N.'s_ return from Egypt brought to, ii. 83; + political preferment among members of, 95; + meeting to consider the hereditary consulship, 244; + the women of, 258; + domestic life, 279; + relations with the First Consul, 279; + social triumph of, iii. 93; + urge divorce from Josephine, 125; + allotment of crowns among, 133, 139; + consolidation of Italy under, 167; + agree on the Austrian marriage, 254; + arrogance of its members, 270, 278; + fraternal instincts, 322; + Austrian discovery of their royal descent, iv. 44; + proscribed, 223; + France again under, 233. + + =Burgau=, ceded to Bavaria, ii. 391. + + =Burgos=, Murat assumes command at, iii. 134; + Ferdinand VII at, 143; + siege and fall of, 183, 185; + French movement toward, 185; + failure of Marmont to capture, 290. + + =Burgundy=, _N._ visits, i. 146. + + =Burke, Edmund=, influence of his oratory, i. 195; + on Malmesbury's mission to Paris, 449. + + =Burrard, Gen. H.=, defeats Wellesley's plans at Vimeiro, iii. 157; + retired from active service, 186. + + =Busaco=, battle of, iii, 284, 285; + the _cantinière_ of, 291. + + =Buttafuoco, Matteo=, treachery of, i. 17, 22; + invites Rousseau to Corsica, 19; + relations with Choiseul, 21; + represents Corsica at Versailles, 115; + attitude toward Corsican patriots, 117; + popular hatred of, 121, 133, 135; + succeeded by Salicetti, 133, 136; + _N.'s_ diatribe against, 133, 136; + _N.'s_ "Letters" to, 145; + his marriage condemned by _N._, 311. + + =Buxhöwden, Gen.=, advance of Russian troops under, ii. 367; + joins Kutusoff at Wischau, 379. + + =Bylandt, Count de=, advises Holland to defy France, iii. 271; + in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201. + + +C + + =Cabanis=, influence on the Consulate, ii. 195. + + =Cabarrus, Jeanne M. I. T.=, i. 315. + _See also_ =Fontenaye, Mme. de=; =Tallien, Mme.= + + =Cadiz=, Nelson loses an eye at, ii. 62; + Villeneuve makes for, 359, 371; + Collingwood blockades, 371; + Nelson's fleet off, 373; + threatened invasion by England, iii. 133, 155; + seizure of a French fleet at, 155; + Soult before, 286, 289; + Soult abandons, 290; + becomes the capital of the nationalists, 290. + + =Cadore=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 395; + Champagny created Duke of, iii. 87. + _See_ =Champagny=. + + =Cadoudal, Georges=, complaints of England's harboring of, ii. 271; + conspiracy to seize _N._, 297 et seq.; + leader of the Chouans, 297; + arrest and execution, 299, 303; + _N.'s_ clemency toward his co-conspirators, 328; + funeral mass celebrated for, iv. 146. + + =Cæsar, Augustus=, _N._ likened to, iii. 43. + + =Cæsar, Julius=, _N.'s_ study of and admiration for, resemblances + between _N._ and, i. 161, 395, 423; + ii. 147, 158, 159, 230; + iii. 319; iv. 130, 232, 266; + _N._ disclaims the rôle of, ii. 112, 117; + his work for civilization, 157; iii. 319. + + =Caffarelli, Gen.=, bearer of _N.'s_ letter to Pius VII, ii. 339; + in battle of Austerlitz, 387. + + =Cagliari=, expedition against, i. 191. + + =Cahors=, birthplace of Murat, ii. 195. + + "=Caia=," and "=Caius=," ii. 329. + + "=Ça Ira=," i. 244, 266. + + =Cairo=, military operations at, i. 352; + ii. 60; + Magallon consul at, 47; + the march from Alexandria to, 59; + capture of, 61; + failure of the promised plunder at, 61; + fortification of, 67; + _N._ at, 69, 76; + retreat of the army from Acre to, 75; + _N.'s_ "triumphal" return to, 76; + surrender of, 211. + + =Calahorra=, the Spanish forces near, iii. 184, 185. + + =Calais=, parallel between Magdeburg and, iii. 62. + + =Calder, Adm. Sir Robert=, encounters Villeneuve off Cape + Finisterre, ii. 359; + reinforces blockade of Brest, 359; + encounter with Villeneuve, 371. + + =Caldiero=, occupied by Alvinczy, i. 388; + Alvinczy retreats from, 390. + + =Calendar, the Republican=, i. 248. + + =Calonne, C. A. de=, taxation problems of, i. 105. + + =Calotte=, the constitution of the, i. 94. + + =Calvi=, French influence and power in, i. 116, 207; + the Buonapartes seek asylum in, 205; + _N._ at, 205; + imprisonment of Corsicans in, 252; + English capture of, 261. + + =Cambacérès, J. J. R.=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 93; + appointed consul, 130; + minister of justice, 130; + organizer of the Code Napoléon, 222, 226; + scheme for reform of the tribunate, 242; + suggests plebiscite on question of life consulship, 244; + Chancellor of France, 323; + at _N.'s_ coronation, 342; + demurs to action against the Duc d'Enghien, 304; + created Duke of Parma, iii. 86; + salary, 96; + arch-chancellor, 96; + on _N.'s_ appearance after the treaty of Schönbrunn, 245; + member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 253; + member of the Empress-Regent's council, iv. 106; + character, 106; + member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159. + + =Cambronne, Gen. P. J. E.=, aids in _N.'s_ escape from Elba, iv. 153; + in battle of Waterloo, 209. + + =Campan, Mme.=, appointment in the imperial court, ii. 324. + + =Campbell, Sir Neil=, British commissioner at Fontainebleau, iv. 134; + _N.'s_ relations with, 134, 142, 150; + accompanies _N._ to Elba, 140; + ambassador to _N.'s_ court at Elba, 144; + leaves Elba for Florence, 150, 153. + + =Camperdown=, battle of, ii. 38. + + =Campo Formio=, treaty of, i. 456; + ii. 18-22, 24, 31, 37, 42, 145, 148, 187; + iii. 329. + + =Canada=, lost to France, i. 17, 22. + + =Canals=, Bonaparte's scheme of, ii, 279. + + =Canino, Prince of=. + _See_ =Buonaparte, Lucien=. + + =Cannes=, _N.'s_ march through, on return from Elba, iv. 153, 154. + + =Canning, George=, denounces _N._, ii, 144; + foreign secretary in Portland cabinet, iii. 69; + responsibility for the bombardment of Copenhagen, 70, 97; + despatches the fleet to the Baltic, 98; + demands the secret articles of Tilsit, 98; + fall of, 272; + policy of action against _N._, 284; + enforces Orders in Council, 378. + + =Canonical institution=, the question of, iv. 390. + + =Canova, Antonio=, makes statue of Empress Maria Louisa, iii. 300. + + =Cantonal assemblies=, ii. 247. + + =Cape of Good Hope=, taken by England from the Dutch, ii. 12, 38; + ceded to the Batavian Republic by treaty of Amiens, 233; + England's rights in, 262; + _N.'s_ ambitions concerning, 289; iii. 308. + + =Cape St. Vincent=, battle of, i. 456; ii. 62. + + =Cape Verd Islands=, proposition to deport _N._ to, iv. 145. + + =Caprera=, expedition against, i. 192. + + =Caprino=, battle at, i. 412, 413. + + "=Captain=," Nelson's ship in battle of Cape St. Vincent, ii, 62. + + =Capuchins=, attempt to oust them from Corsican domains, i. 168. + + =Caraccioli, Adm. F. C.=, execution of, ii. 300. + + =Cardinals, the College of=, transplanted to France, iii. 258, 263. + + =Carinthia=, _N._ in, i. 434; + revolutionary sentiment in, ii. 42; + part of, ceded to France, iii. 239. + + =Carinthian Mountains=, pursuit of Archduke John across the, iii. 212. + + =Carlsbad=, Talleyrand at, iv. 224. + + "=Carmagnole=," the, i. 244, 266. + + =Carniola=, Charles guards road into, i. 432; + ceded to France, iii. 239. + + =Carnot, Lazare N. M.=, minister of war, i. 233, 279; + favors _N._, 299, 320; + reorganizes the French army, 240, 325, 332, 333, 379; + military policy of, 249; + removal of, 279; + escape of, 285; ii. 8, 27; + member of the Directory, i. 186, 330-333; + character, 330-333; + at battle of Maubeuge, 332; + plans the Italian campaign (1795), 346; + _N.'s_ correspondence with, May, 1796, 364; + advises restoring the Milanese to Austria, 451; + relations with _N._, ii. 8; + desire for peace with Austria, 19; + Barras derides his suggestions, 19; + writes a justificatory pamphlet, 91; + development of his conscription scheme, 93; + reappointed minister of war, 130, 153; + influence on the fall of the Directory, 130; + military genius, 153; + detaches Lecourbe's force from Moreau's army, 168; + possible successor to _N._, 186; + influence on the Consulate, 195; + member of the tribunate, 243; + remonstrates against adulation of _N._, 295; + opposes the creation of the Empire, 321; + pensioned, iii. 297; + commissioned to write on fortification, 297; + invited to join in insurrection, iv. 149; + member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159; + advises a dictatorship for France after Waterloo, 217; + member of the new Directory, 218. + + =Caroline, Queen of Naples=, iii. 124; + on Maria Louisa's imprisonment at Schönbrunn, iv. 143. + + =Carpentras=, lost to the Pope at peace of Tolentino, ii. 326. + + =Carrier, J. B.=, crimes of, i. 234; + opposes Robespierre, 251. + + =Carrion-Nisas, A. H.=, "Peter the Great," ii. 350. + + =Cartagena=, Villeneuve ordered to, ii. 371; + rebellion in, iii. 154. + + =Carteaux, Gen.=, seizes Valence, i. 214; + besieges Avignon, 214; + takes Marseilles, 220; + captures Ollioules, 225; + besieges Toulon, 224, 225; + ignorance of military affairs, 227; + removed from command, 228. + + =Cassel=, Blücher's military movements in, ii. 427; + restored to its former ruler, iv. 40. + + =Castaños, Gen. F. X. de=, causes Dupont's surrender at Baylen, iii. 156; + position on the Ebro, 184, 185; + concerted French movement against, 185; + collects his troops at Siguenza, 185. + + =Casteggio=, battle of, ii. 176. + + =Castellane=, journal of, iii. 361. + + =Castelnuovo=, disarmament of, i. 442. + + =Castiglione=, battle of, i. 382; ii. 140; + Augereau's victory at, 323; + celebration of the battle of, 228; + Augereau created Duke of, iii. 86. + _See also_ =Augereau=. + + =Castile=, French occupation of, iii. 286; + weakness of French forces in, 289; + reinforcements for Masséna ordered from, 289. + + =Castlereagh, Lord=, secretary for war in Portland cabinet, iii. 69; + policy of action and bitterness against _N._, 284; iv. 145, 162; + prime minister of England, iii. 328; + inspires action by Bernadotte, 350; + becomes foreign secretary, 378, 417, 422; + dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms, iv. 42; + character, 42, 67; + at headquarters of the allies at Basel, 66; + influence in European councils, 67, 68; + under Metternich's influence, 68; + uneasiness at _N.'s_ message to Francis, 75; + on the European policy of 1814, 89; + protests against the use of the imperial style by _N._, 133; + negotiates secret treaty between England, Austria, and France, 145; + protests to Talleyrand against violation of treaty obligations, 153; + retires from Congress of Vienna, 173; + letter from Lord Liverpool, June 20, 1815, 224. + + =Catalonia=, French occupation of, iii. 156; + Duhesme evacuates, 157; + military government of, 279; + French possession of, 377. + + =Catharine of Würtemberg=, marries Jerome Bonaparte, ii. 399; + iii. 93, 94. + + =Cathcart, Gen. W. S.=, besieges Copenhagen, iii. 70; + heads English embassy to Russia, 351; + influences the armistice of Poischwitz, 417; + English minister at St. Petersburg, 417; + at Congress of Prague, 423. + + =Catherine II=, policy of, i. 22; iii. 51, 309; + death of, i. 425, 452; + _N._ shatters a gift of, ii. 20; + _N.'s_ admiration for, 347; + share in partition of Poland, iii. 309; + her life and work, iv. 251. + + =Catherine, Grand Duchess= (of Russia), mentioned for marriage + with _N._, iii. 180, 181; + marries the Duke of Oldenburg, 181, 278, 310. + + =Catholic emancipation=, the question of, ii. 208. + + =Cato=, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147. + + =Cattaro=, Alexander I's scheme for acquiring, ii. 356; + Russian occupation of, 405; + compensation for, iii. 56. + + =Caulaincourt, A. A. L. de=, leads expedition to Offenburg, ii. 304; + Master of the Horse, 324, 425; + relations with _N._, 425; iii. 107; iv. 87, 105, 115, 134, 159; + conducts negotiations with Russia, iii. 87, 107-110, 113, 116-118, + 165, 168, 169, 244, 310, 315, 318, 408-411; + connection with the d'Enghien murder, iii. 107; + _N.'s_ instructions to, 115; + discusses partition of Turkey, 116; + explains Bernadotte's dilatoriness, 117; + reproved by _N._, 165; + friendship with the Czar, 165, 168; + ordered to ventilate the divorce question, 181; + conducts _N.'s_ matrimonial negotiations in Russia, 247, 248; + explains the Austrian marriage to Alexander, 255; + recalled, 318, 326; + knowledge of Russia, 325, 326; + French commissioner at Poischwitz, 414; + at Congress of Prague, 423; + letter from Metternich, November, 1813, iv. 42, 45; + Minister of Foreign Affairs, 42; + letter to Metternich, Dec. 2, 1813, 46; + conducts negotiations at Châtillon, 67-71, 74, 78, 87; + demands authority to treat after La Rothière, 69, 70; + blamed for not saving his country at Châtillon, 70; + letter from Maret, 87; + at council at St. Dizier, 103; + seeks peace at any price, 103; + seeks audience with Alexander, 116, 117; + at the abdication scene, 121, 122; + on commission to present abdication to Alexander, 124, 125, 126; + urges the regency, 126; + transfers his allegiance, 129; + _N.'s_ declaration to, concerning his generals, 128; + memoirs of, 130; + records _N.'s_ first attempt at suicide, 130; + member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159; + member of the new Directory, 218. + + =Cautillon=, attempt to assassinate Wellington, iv. 234; + _N.'s_ bequest to, 234. + + =Cavallos=, defends Ferdinand's position, iii. 143. + + =Cavalry=, _N.'s_ views on, and use of, i. 59; ii. 178. + + =Cayenne=, wholesale deportations to, ii. 8. + + =Celibacy=, _N._ on, i. 138. + + =Ceracchi=, charged with conspiracy, ii. 235; + execution of, 241. + + =Ceraino=, military operations near, i. 412. + + =Cerbeau, Du=, i. 143. + + =Cervoni=, i. 220, 233. + + =Ceva=, battle of, i. 352-335. + + =Ceylon=, retained by England, ii. 211, 262; + France guarantees its return to Holland, 289. + + =Chaboulon, Fleury de=, sent to Naples, iv. 152; + reveals the state of France to _N._, 152. + + =Chabran, Gen.=, forces in Savoy, ii. 169; + crosses the Little St. Bernard, 171. + + =Chabrol=, imperial prefect, iv. 106. + + =Chaillot=, suspected plot of royalists at, ii. 303. + + =Châlons=, _N._ leaves Paris for, iv. 53; + French concentration at, 58; + _N._ reaches, 58; + _N._ plans pursuing Blücher to, 65; + Blücher collects his army at, 73; + _N._ plans to attack Schwarzenberg at, 77; + Marmont ordered to, 91, 93; + the allies open new communications via, 97. + + =Cham=, Archduke Charles makes a stand at, iii. 210, 216. + + =Chamartin=, the French troops at, iii. 187, 189. + + =Chambers of Commerce=, establishment of, ii. 220. + + =Chambéry=, _N._ at, ii. 27, 30; + reinforcements for Augereau at, iv. 94. + + =Champagny, L. A.=, created Duke of Cadore, iii. 87; + appointed Minister of External Relations, 96, 132; + plenipotentiary at Altenburg, 238, 239; + succeeded in the Foreign Office by Maret, 318; + mission to Francis at Dijon, iv. 128. + + =Champaubert=, battle of, iv. 63, 66. + + =Championnet, Gen.=, overthrows the Neapolitan throne, ii. 87; + disgraceful conduct at Naples, 92. + + =Channel tunnel=, the, ii. 290. + + "=Chant du Départ=," the, iv. 118. + + =Chaptal, J. A.=, member of the council of state, ii. 152. + + =Chardon, Abbé=, on _N.'s_ boyhood, i. 45. + + =Charenton=, Marmont and Mortier driven back to, iv. 99. + + =Charette=, institutes royalist retaliation on republican + prisoners, i. 277. + + =Charleroi=, military operations near, iv. 171, 173-177, 179, 180, + 196, 208; + _N._ at, 175, 177, 211, 239. + + =Charles, Archduke=, defeats Jourdan, i. 385; + defeated by Moreau, 385; + campaign in the Tyrol, 425, 428; + ordered into Friuli, 426, 430; + military genius, 426; iii. 215; + guards Carniola, i. 432; + battle on the Tagliamento, 432; + on the river Mur, 434; + cut off from succor, 436; + letter from _N._, 435; + defeats Jourdan at Ostrach and Stockach, ii. 88; + effect of his successes, 89; + defeats Masséna at Zürich, 93; + defeated by Masséna at Zürich, 141; + withdraws temporarily from service, 160; + resumes command after Hohenlinden, 192, 358; + commanding Austrian army in Italy, 363; + reaches Marburg, 367; + position on the Adige, 367; + commanding Austrian troops from Italy, 380; + the throne of Spain offered to, iii. 166; + reorganizes the Austrian army, 198; + declares war against France, 199; + to operate in Bohemia, 199; + plans to rouse the German people, 199; + procrastinates, 199; + offensive movement in the Danube valley, 204; + _N.'s_ plan for meeting, 203; + mistakes in the campaign of Eckmühl, 204-207; + crosses the Isar, 205; + a lost opportunity, 204; + plan of offense, 205; + marches against Davout, 205; + marches on Ratisbon, 205, 208; + force at Ludmannsdorf and Rohr, 207; + force at Moosburg, 207; + retires to Ratisbon, 209; + in battle of Eckmühl, 209; + retires before Davout, 209; + _N.'s_ reasons for not pursuing after Eckmühl, 210; + crosses the Danube, 210; + makes a stand at Cham, 210, 216; + sues for peace, 211, 216; + junction with Hiller at Bisamberg, 212, 216; + seizes Ratisbon, 216; + at Budweis, 216; + indecision of, 216; + his line on the Danube, 216; + advance toward Wagram, 218; + attempts to break _N.'s_ bridges, 219; + in battles of Aspern and Essling, 219-223; + conduct after Aspern, 223-225; + seeks the offices of diplomacy, 224; + battle of Wagram, 226-232; + withdraws toward Znaim, 230; + orders Archduke John to attack, 230; + pursued by _N._ and Marmont, 235; + asks an armistice, 235; + quarrels with the Emperor and John, 235; + resigns his command, 235; + at marriage of Maria Louisa, 256. + + =Charles Emmanuel=, succeeds Victor Amadeus, i. 356; + retires to Sardinia, ii. 39, 87, 141. + + =Charles Emmanuel IV=, invited by Russia to return to Turin, ii. 141. + + =Charles Ludwig Frederic, of Baden=, marries Stephanie Napoleone, + ii. 399. + + =Charles the Great=, his work for civilization, ii. 157; + _N.'s_ emulation of, 157; iii. 304, 306; + French longings for a modern, ii. 214; + restoring the empire of, 233; + reversion to state and titles of the reign of, 323; + coronation of, 325; + gift to the Papacy, 346; + his system of "marches," iii. 55; + _N._ resumes the grant of, 118; + magnificence of his empire, 131; + Spanish territory of, 133, 134; + his donation to Hadrian I revoked by _N._, 215; + his ideal, 319; + _N._ compared with, 319; iv. 292; + the second, iii. 330; + imitation of his times, iv. 165; + influence on Europe, 292. + + =Charles IV= (of Spain), attachment to Godoy, ii. 204; + king of Spain, 289; + subserviency to France, and relations with _N._, iii. 71, 126-128, 141; + conspires against his son's succession, 71; + unites with _N._ in coercing Portugal, 119; + scheme to acquire Portugal, 120; + character, 124; + announces his son's conspiracy, 127; + blames the French minister at Madrid, 127; + correspondence with _N._, 128, 131, 133; + pardons Ferdinand, 127; + proposes to cut off Ferdinand's succession, 127; + _N._ reveals his policy to, 133; + panic-stricken at the French invasion, 133; + deposes Godoy, 135; + last days of his kingdom, 135; + abdicates, 136; + repudiates his abdication, 138, 145; + seeks Murat's protection, 138; + virtual prisoner in the Escorial, 142; + deposed, 144-148; + summoned to Bayonne, 145; + refuses Ferdinand's offer to surrender the crown, 145; + pensioned, 147; + restrains Gen. Solano's movements, 149; + at Compiègne, 148; + goes to Marseilles, 149; + weakness of, 150; + goes to Italy, 149. + + =Charles V=, magnificence of his empire, iii. 131. + + =Charles X.= + _See_ =Artois, Count of=. + + =Charles XII of Sweden=, military despotism of, ii. 118. + + =Charles XIII=, king of Sweden, ii. 416; + succeeds Gustavus IV, iii. 280; + makes Bernadette his successor, 280; + under _N.'s_ protection, 280; + feebleness of his rule, 317. + + =Charters=, destruction of feudal, i. 109, 110. + + =Chartres=, flight of the Empress and Joseph through, iv. 111. + + =Chartres, Duc de= (Louis Philippe), scheme to place him on the + French throne, iv. 148. + + =Chateaubriand, F. A.=, friendship with Mme. Bacciocchi, ii. 258; + literary works, 259; + envoy to Valais, 260; + a disciple of Rousseau, 259; + envoy to Rome, 260; + supposed sponsor for the Concordat, 260; + influence, 260; + his name omitted from the honor list of 1810, iii. 300; + on the new constitution, iv. 160. + + =Château-Thierry=, French occupation of, iv. 63; + Blücher's retreat through, and sack of, 63, 64; + Macdonald's failure at, 72; + military movements near, 94. + + =Châtelet=, military operations near, iv. 174, 177, 179. + + =Chatham, Earl of=, compared with Carnot, i. 331; + policy toward France, ii. 208. + + =Châtillon, Congress of=, iv. 68-75, 79, 87, 88; + Caulaincourt's carte blanche at, 69, 70, 88; + rumored preliminaries of peace at, 73; + sends ultimatum to _N._, 74, 76; + closes, 76; + capture of some of the diplomats of, 95. + + =Chaumont=, surrenders to one Würtemberg horseman, iv. 51; + treaty of, 76, 164; + military operations near, 90. + + =Chemnitz=, the Saxon army at, ii. 424; + contemplated movements at, iv. 23. + + =Chénier, André=, ii. 350. + + =Chénier, M. J.=, driven from the tribunate, ii. 243; + "Cyrus," 350; + suppresses his writings, iii. 88; + rewards for his literary work, 297; + opposes the empire, 300; + made inspector-general of the university, 301. + + =Cheops, Pyramid of=, _N._, in the, ii. 66. + + =Cherasco=, capture of, i. 354, 355. + + =Chevreuse, Mme. de=, pert remark to _N._, and banishment, iii. 94. + + =Chimay, Princess de=, i. 315. + _See also_ =Tallien, Mme.= + + =China=, _N.'s_ attention turned toward, i. 78. + + =Chiusa Veneta=, capture of fort at, i, 433. + + =Choiseul, C. A. G.=, refuses protectorate to Corsica, i. 16; + his policy toward Corsica, 20-22; + disgrace of, 43; + _N.'s_ hatred for, 50; + scheme of Egyptian conquest, ii. 46. + + =Chouans, the=, rebellion of, i. 277, 325, 449; + legislation against, ii. 94; + the Cadoudal conspiracy, 297 et seq. + + =Christian VII=, imbecility of, iii. 70. + + =Christianity=, _N.'s_ confusion of ideas concerning, i. 76, 77. + + =Church, the=, _N.'s_ attitude toward, and relations with, i. 76, + 77, 146, 147, 264; ii. 159, 173, 205, 206, 215, 246, 258, 265, + 398, 407; iii. 68, 69, 85, 89, 118, 119, 154, 190, 215, 242, + 243, 249, 258, 259, 262-264, 305, 306, 315, 377, 390; + demands for reform of, in Corsica, i. 116, 117; + enforced contributions by, at Ajaccio, 127; + attitude of the French governments toward, and relations with + the nation, 244; ii. 91, 131, 216, 258, 325 et seq.; + _N.'s_ study of the Gallican, i. 150; + reorganization of its property, 152; + changes in, 162; + sequestration of lands of, 161, 268, 269; + Louis XVI's support of, 268; + _N.'s_ speculation in sequestered lands of, 288; + plotting in, 297; + question of allegiance of the clergy, 401; + relation to education, ii. 226-228; + influence in Austria and Germany, 264; + reconstruction in France, 318; + scheme for unity of, in Germany, 402; + archbishops created counts, iii. 87; + degradation in Spain, 123; + pillaged in Spain, 158; + repressed in the Tyrol, 201; + the bishops' court pronounces _N.'s_ first marriage null, 253; + attitude toward _N.'s_ second marriage, 258, 259; + the College of Cardinals transplanted from Rome to Paris, 258, 264. + + =Cicero=, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147. + + =Cintra=, Junot surrenders at, iii. 157, 159, 186. + + =Cisalpine Republic, the=, formation of, ii. 10, 21; + pillage of, 38; + treaty with France, March, 1798, 38; + the Valtellina incorporated with, 40; + recognized by Prussia, 43; + dissolution of, 83; + picks a quarrel with Sardinia, 87; + reëstablishment of, 173, 186, 231; + tribute levied on, 186; + question of a president for, 230; + English efforts to discredit France in, 264. + + =Cispadane Republic, the=, i. 401, 402; + question of a constitution for, ii. 10. + + =Citadella=, battle of, i. 388. + + "=Citizen=," use of the term in France, ii. 194. + + =Citizenship=, liberty, equality, and fraternity in, i. 110; + the primary duty of, 306. + + =Ciudad Rodrigo=, Spanish defense of, iii. 284; + storming of, 290, 319. + + =Civil Code=, introduced into Warsaw, iii. 67. + _See also_ =Code=. + + =Civil liberty=, developed in inverse ratio to political liberty, + ii. 223. + + "=Civism=," i. 170, 180, 315. + + =Clacy=, captured by _N._, iv. 79. + + =Clanship=, i. 10. + + =Clarke, Gen.=, letter from _N._, Nov. 19, 1796, i. 399, 400; + at Montebello, 452; + meeting with _N._, 451; + mission to Vienna, 451; + French agent in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 20; + recalled to Paris, 20, 23; + forbidden to enter Vienna, 42; + guardian to King Louis's widow, 233; + drives British ships from Tuscan harbors, 287; + created Duke of Feltre, iii. 86; + ordered to fortify the Spanish frontier, 126; + minister of war, iv. 106; + member of the Empress-Regent's council, 106, 108; + advises the flight of the Empress, 108; + prepares for defense of Paris, 109; + _N.'s_ rage at, 115. + + =Clary, Eugénie Bernardine Désirée=, proposal to wed _N._ to, + i. 295, 312; + affianced to Duphot, ii. 39, 43; + marries Bernadotte, 43. + + =Clergy, the=, position at outbreak of the revolution, i. 100, 101, 107; + attitude in Corsica, 115, 116; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, and relations with, 124, 146, 147, 422, + 423; ii. 11; + revolution among the clergy of Dauphiny, i. 143, 152; + constitutional reforms for, 153; + upheaval among, 162; + attitude of the Directory toward, ii. 2, 36; + transported to Cayenne, 8; + Talleyrand a leader among, 33; + released from the Jacobin ban, 131; + abolition of celibacy of, 206; + conformists and nonconformists to the civil constitution, 205, 215; + a "consecrated constabulary," 217; + restoration to the ecclesiastical fold, 346; + encourage rebellion in Spain, iii. 154. + _See also_ =Church=; =Papacy=; =Pius VII=; =Rome=. + + =Cleves=, Prussia's price for, ii. 266; + ceded to France, 390. + + =Cleves and Berg=, the Grand Duchy of, ii. 404; + French garrison in, 404. + + =Clichy Club, the=, ii. 3, 5, 7, 23. + + =Coalition of 1813=, centrifugal forces in, iv. 55-58. + + =Cobenzl, Count L.=, Austrian plenipotentiary at Campo Formio, ii. 20; + at Congress of Rastatt, 28; + negotiates with France after Marengo, 189; + on universal conquest, iii. 43. + + =Coblentz=, headquarters of French royalists, ii. 121. + + =Coburg=, military operations near, ii. 428. + + =Cockburn, Adm. Sir George=, conveys _N._ to St. Helena, iv. 227, 230. + + =Code Civil=, its contravention by Jewish legislation, iii. 76. + + =Code Napoléon, the=, ii. 221-225; iv. 296; + introduced into Parma and Piacenza, ii. 354; + abolition of the law of entail and primogeniture, iii. 85; + _N.'s_ excuse for overruling, 85; + introduced into Holland, 277; + in Italy, iv. 40. + + =Code of Commerce=, the, ii. 224; iii. 74. + + =Code of Criminal Procedure, the=, iii. 224. + + =Coignet, Private=, _N.'s_ friendly familiarity with, ii. 196. + + =Coignet=, writes of the entry into Berlin, ii. 438; + on the march to Russia, iii. 326; + reports demoralization after Dresden, iv. 12. + + =Coigny, Mlle. de=, married to Savary, ii. 412. + + =Coimbra=, military movements near, iii. 285. + + =Colborne, Sir J.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209. + + =Col di Tenda=, the French line at, ii. 160. + + =College of Cardinals=, increased French representation in the, iii. 118. + + =College of France, the=, ii. 226. + + =Colli, Gen.=, commanding Piedmontese troops, i. 353, 354; + reinforcements for, defeated, 354. + + =Collingwood, Adm. Cuthbert=, his knowledge of the enemy's + movements, ii. 370; + blockades Cadiz, 371; + at Trafalgar, 373. + + =Cologne=, Macdonald entrusted with defense of, iv. 54. + + =Colombier, Caroline du=, _N.'s_ first love, i. 77, 149. + + =Colombier, Mme. du=, i. 75, 149. + + =Colonization=, Talleyrand's views on, ii. 33. + + =Colonna=, represents Corsica in the National Assembly, i. 117, 118; + member of the Directory of Corsica, 133. + + =Colonna-Cesari=, leads Corsican expedition against Sardinia, + i. 192, 193. + + =Column of Vendôme=, erection of the, iii. 74. + + =Comédie Française=, members accompany _N._ to Erfurt, iii. 174. + + =Commerce=, condition of, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102; + influence on the social life of the world, ii. 46; + encouragement of, 220; + revived by the peace of Amiens, 236; + improved condition of, 259; + the scope of British, 270. + + =Committee of Public Safety=, usurps supreme power, i. 207; + aided by Carnot, 223; + Corsicans denounced in, 252; + keeps _N._ under surveillance, 255, 256; + plans expedition against Rome, 261; + abolished, 279, 289; + the new, 291, 292, 297; + appoints _N._ on military commission, 292; + proposes to transfer _N._ to Constantinople, 297; + considers policy of excluding English goods from the Continent, + ii. 441; + difficulties with Mme. de Staël, iii. 297. + + =Communal list, the=, ii. 126. + + =Compiègne=, Spanish royal exiles at, iii. 148; + meeting of the Emperor with his Austrian bride at, 257, 258, 261, 268; + Blücher besieges, iv. 84. + + =Compignano, Countess of=. + _See_ =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=. + + =Compulsory loans=, ii. 134. + + =Compulsory military service=, i. 213. + + =Concordat, the=, ii. 207, 215, 301, 326 et seq., 402; iv. 259, 294, 296; + service in honor of, ii. 215; + its effect in France, 216; + "the vaccine of religion," 216; + contempt of the Army of the Rhine for, 235; + the supposed sponsor for, 260; + effect in Germany, 264; + extension to Venice refused by Pius VII, iii. 68; + Venetia admitted to, 118; + undoing the work of, 119; + rupture of, 306. + + =Concordat of Fontainebleau=, the, iii. 391, 392. + + =Condé=, evacuation of, i. 222. + + =Condé, the Great=, ii. 301. + + =Condé, Prince of=, ii. 308. + + =Condorcet, J. A. N. de C.=, believer in equality of the sexes, ii. 226. + + =Conegliano=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; + Moncey created Duke of, iii. 86. + _See also_ =Moncey=. + + =Confederation of the Rhine, the=, organization of, ii. 401-406, 417; + Hesse-Cassel refused admission to, 442; + levies of troops for France in, iii. 21, 196, 203, 322, 387, 394; + recognized at Tilsit, 54; + Saxony united with, 56; + relations with France, 73, 74, 279, 382; + additions to, 239; + called to arms by Prussia, 398; + proposed abandonment of French protectorate over, 407; + proposed dissolution of, 415; + proposed dynastic independence for sovereigns of, 422; + purpose of the allies to free, iv. 21; + resolved into its elements, 40; + forced by allies to raise military contingents, 54. + + =Confiscation=, opposition to the reintroduction of, ii. 242; + principle of punishment by, iii. 295, 296. + + =Coni=, surrendered to France, i. 355. + + =Connewitz=, military operations near, iv. 27, 28. + + =Consalvi, Cardinal=, negotiates the Concordat, ii. 207; + memorialist of Pius VII, 347; + dismissed from the papal service, 397. + + =Conscription, the=, i. 275, 379; ii. 87, 93, 248, 306, 362, 409, + 422; iii. 3, 21, 24, 25, 76, 77, 126, 132, 198, 291, 323, 326, + 386, 387, 390, 414; iv. 21, 47-51, 99, 165; + development of Carnot's scheme, ii. 93; + _N.'s_ influence on the laws of, 248; + how enforced, 306; + Jewish evasions of the, iii. 76; + Jews made subject to, 77. + + =Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers=, founded, i. 281. + + =Conservatory of Music=, reorganization of, i. 281. + + =Constable=, creation of the office of, ii. 322. + + =Constabulary=, abolition of the, i. 142. + + =Constance, city of=, ceded to Baden, ii. 391. + + =Constance, Lake=, the Austrian camp on, ii. 365. + + =Constant=, _N.'s_ valet, iv. 134. + + =Constant de Rebecque, Henri-Benjamin=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 94; + member of the tribunate, 151, 242; + driven from the tribunate, 243; + president of the council of state, iv. 159; + supports the chambers, 217. + + =Constantine, Grand Duke=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 387; + Bennigsen writes to, after Friedland, iii. 32; + leader of the peace party, 35; + at Tilsit, 52; + with the Army of the South, iv. 3. + + =Constantine the Great=, _N._ likened to, ii. 329. + + =Constantinople=, proposal to send _N._ to, i. 296; + _N.'s_ eye on, 423; + proposed mission for Talleyrand to, ii. 66; + Russia to aid in defense of, 73; + _N._ given leave to march on, 72, 73; + fleet sent to relief of Acre from, 73, 74; + Russian ambition to acquire, 356; iii. 28, 64, 108, 113; + a British fleet at, 20; + French influence at, 33, 99; + proposed disposition of, after Tilsit, 55; + revolution in, 162; + England threatens to bombard, 321. + + =Constitutional checks=, i. 106. + + =Constitution of 1799=, prohibition against First Consul's military + leadership, ii. 162. + + =Consular Guard, the=, at Marengo, ii. 179, 180; + strengthening of, 277. + + =Consulate=, proposed formation of a, ii. 102; + a disguised monarchy, iv. 287. + + =Continental System, the=, ii. 288, 375, 400; iii. 98, 101, 160, + 165, 197, 239, 249, 255, 262-281, 283, 287, 294, 303, 304, 310, + 316, 323, 328-330, 377, 409, 420, 425; iv. 294; + England's policy against, iii. 100-102. + + =Copenhagen=, battle of, ii. 209; + bombardment of, iii. 70, 97-100, 280. + + =Coppet=, Mme. de Staël's residence at, ii. 411; iii. 298. + + =Corday, Charlotte=, assassination of Marat, i. 234. + + =Cordova=, French capture and abandonment of, iii. 156. + + =Corfu=, _N._ proposes to seize, i. 447; + France's jealous care of, ii. 32; + Adm. Brueys ordered to, 62; + blockade of, 67; + Russian occupation of, 353, 356, 357, 405; + French occupation of, iii. 99, 109, 111; + English naval watch on, 111; + proposed expedition to Egypt from, 114. + + =Corizier=, wounded at Acre, ii. 76. + + =Corneille, Pierre=, _N.'s_ study of, iii. 173; iv. 231. + + =Cornet=, starts the proceedings of the 18th Brumaire, ii. 103. + + =Cornwallis, Lord Charles=, character, ii. 263; + negotiates the treaty of Amiens, 263. + + =Cornwallis, Adm. William=, junction of Nelson and, before Brest, + ii. 359. + + =Corona=, military operations at, i. 410, 414. + + =Correggio, A. A.=, plunder of the works of, i. 369, 374. + + =Corsica=, external relations, i. 8-16, 24, 26; + physical features and population, 8-16, 39, 263; + Rousseau's views on, 9, 19; + the Buonaparte family in, 8, 27 et seq.; + feudalism in, 9, 18; + Paoli's share in history of, 15 et seq., 117-125, 127, 130, 132, + 196-198, 204-207; + national heroes and patriotism in, 14, 42, 115, 117; + Jews in, 16; + French schemes concerning, expeditions against, and occupations + of, 16-25, 79, 120, 122, 125, 154, 165, 201-208, 261, 342, 403, + 421; + _N.'s_ love for, residences in, schemes concerning, and peculiar + relations to, 17-19, 50-53, 58, 81, 82, 87-92, 96, 112, 116, + 117, 122-124, 133, 160-170, 183-187, 209-211, 233, 253, 254, + 257, 340, 341; ii. 158, 250; + Montesquieu's views on, i. 19; + joins the Bourbon-Hapsburg alliance, 21; + ceded by Genoa to France, 22; + England's interests in, protectorate over, conquest and + abandonment of, 23, 119, 124, 196, 205-208, 256-262, 402, 421; + disaffection, riots, and rebellion in, 25, 42, 83, 111-122, 139, + 147, 166-170, 198, 254, 403; + compared with Sardinia, 25; + _N.'s_ history of, 76, 86, 91-98; + introduction of silkworm culture into, 80; + the betrayal of, 98; + the Revolution in, 111-122; + scheme of liberation, 112 et seq.; + plan for elective council in, 114; + rival parties and classes, schemes and intrigues in, 114-122, + 162, 163, 166, 169-170, 185, 190, 199-210; + desired reforms for, 116; + representation in the National Assembly, 116-122; + the council of twelve nobles in, 118; + Genoa's claims to, 120, 121, 126; + ecclesiastical and religious troubles, 128, 162, 168; + democracy in, 131; + meeting of the constituent assembly at Orezza, 131-134; + Bastia declared the capital, 134; + the National Guard in, 133, 139, 157-159, 185, 192; + _N._ leaves for Auxonne, 141; + _N._ mobbed in, 147; + customs in, 158; + _N._ leaves, 170; + expedition against Sardinia from, 189-193; + enforcement of the Convention's decrees in, 197; + Salicetti deserts the cause of, 201; + _N._ appointed inspector-general of artillery for, 202; + new commissioners sent to, 204; + the Buonapartes leave, 207; + success of revolt against the Convention, 216; + Convention commission for, 219; + _N.'s_ expedition against, 233, 256-258, 262; + employment of refugees from, 252; + Salicetti blamed for insurrection in, 254; + wretched internal plight, 260; + charges against refugees from, 263; + _N.'s_ last visit to, ii. 82. + + =Corsican Feuillants, the=, i. 163. + + =Corsican Jacobins, the=, i. 163. + + =Corso, Cape=, Paoli's landing at, i. 125. + + =Corte=, the town of, i. 15; + removal of seat of government from, 25; + Carlo Buonaparte at, 29-32; + a Paolist center, 116; + Joseph Buonaparte at, 161; + _N._ ordered to, 186, 203; + meeting between Paoli and _N._ at, 190; + _N._ a suspect at, 202. + + =Corunna=, the junta of, iii. 158; + Moore's retreat to, and death at, 189; + England's tardiness at, 192. + + =Cossacks=, military achievements of, iii. 9, 10, 13, 20; + harass the retreating French army, 362, 364; + relieve Hamburg, 402; + in battle of Leipsic, iv. 29; + in the campaign of 1814, 62; + advance to Nemours and Fontainebleau, 72; + at the battle of Laon, 79; + fears of, in Paris, 108. + + =Costa=, letter from _N._ to, i. 186; + letter from Lucien to, 186. + + =Council of Ancients=, the, i. 270. + + =Council of Juniors=, the, i. 270. + + =Council of State, the=, ii. 127, 149-152; + stripped of its supremacy, 247; + approves _N.'s_ action against the Duc d'Enghien, 305; + its functions, iii. 83. + + ="Count of Essex," the=, i. 86. + + ="Courier," the London=, publishes Spanish manifesto of _N._, iii. 283. + + =Coustou, Abbé=, attends Carlo Buonaparte's death-bed, i. 64. + + =Coxe's "Travels in Switzerland,"= _N.'s_ study of, i. 150. + + =Cracow=, ceded to the grand duchy of Warsaw, iii. 239; + Schwarzenberg seeks shelter in, 393. + + =Crancé, Dubois de=, i. 223; + reorganization of the French armies by, 325; + organizes national conscription, 379. + + =Craonne=, battle of, iv. 78. + + =Crema=, withdrawal of the Austrians from Milan to, ii. 173. + + =Croatia=, Austrian recruiting in, i. 386; + part of, ceded to France, iii. 239. + + =Cromwell, Oliver=, _N._ disclaims the rôle of, ii. 112, 117; + the need of a second, in France, 119; + _N._ compared with, 230. + + =Cronstadt=, Alexander fears for, iii. 98. + + =Crôsne=, Sieyès accepts the estate of, ii. 130. + + =Crottendorf=, military operations near, iv. 28. + + =Crusades, the=, ii. 46. + + =Cuneo=, associated with _N._ in Corsica, i. 117. + + =Custine, Gen. A. P.=, occupies Frankfort, i. 194; + defeat of, 194. + + =Cyprus=, Sir Sidney Smith puts into, ii. 82. + + ="Cyrus,"= by Chénier, ii. 350. + + =Czartoryski, A. G.=, memoirs of, ii. 356; + Russian minister of foreign affairs, 356; + on the Russian policy in 1805, 381; + friendship with Alexander I, ii. 445; iii. 309, 383; + on the hereditary disease of the Romanoffs, iii. 50; + retirement of, 309; + schemes in regard to restoration of Poland, 309, 315, 383; + transfers faith from Alexander to _N._, iii. 315. + + =Czernicheff, Count=, aide-de-camp to Alexander I, iii. 329; + _N._ offers terms to, 329. + + +D + + =Dagobert=, _N._ in the iron chair of, ii. 328. + + =Dalberg, Archbishop=, scheme to unify the German Church, ii. 402; + Prince-Primate, 402; + at the Erfurt conference, iii. 171; + receives Ratisbon in exchange for Frankfort principality, 266; + his territory erected into a grand duchy for Eugène, 322; + estimate of _N.'s_ influence, 322; + characterization of Talleyrand, iv. 107; + at peace council in Paris, 114; + member of the executive commission, 114, 115; + attainted, 157. + + =Dalmatia=, ceded to Austria at Leoben, i. 438; + alterations of boundaries near, ii. 21; + ceded by Austria to Italy, 391; + creation of hereditary duchy of, 395; + assigned by _N._ to Italy, 405; + _N._ offers to exchange, iii. 22; + French dominion recognized at Tilsit, 54; + Soult created duke of, 86 (_see also_ =Soult=); + French strength in, 113; + proposed surrender of, to Austria, iv. 407. + + =Dalrymple, Sir H. W.=, retired from active service, iii. 186. + + =Damascus=, garrison of El Arish ordered to, ii. 69; + reinforcements for Acre from, 71. + + =Danican, Auguste=, royalist leader, i. 298; + the 13th Vendémiaire, 302. + + =Danilevsky=, on the allies reaching Paris, iv. 110. + + =Danton, G. J.=, becomes head of the Jacobin commune, i. 187; + member of the National Convention, 188; + dictator of France, 194; + overawes the Girondists, 234; + murder of, 250. + + =Dantzic=, military movements near, iii. 7, 10, 13; + siege of, 12, 19; + surrender of, 22, 28; + freedom restored to, 56; + independence of, 73; + Lefebvre created Duke of, 86 (_see also_ =Lefebvre=); + Davout ordered to hold, 266; + French military stores in, 333; + Murat's position at, untenable, 385; + measures for the relief of, 393; + held by the French, 402; + Rapp commanding at, 402; + proposed new capital for Prussia, 409; + proposed division of the domain, 409; + proposed cession of, to Prussia, 415, 423. + + =Danube River, the=, rebellion against Turkey on, ii. 48; + Kray retreats toward, 166; + proposed Indian expeditions via, 209; + military operations on, 363, 366, 367, 441; iii. 105, 113, 117, + 163, 202-204, 206, 210, 212, 213, 216-221, 226, 227, 314; + Mack essays to cross at Günzburg, ii. 366; + the French march from the Rhine to, 376; + annihilation of Mortier on, 378; + _N.'s_ line of retreat to, 425; + Russian successes on the lower, iii. 20; + _N._ plans redistribution of territories on, 50; + proposed Russian acquisitions on, 55; + topographical features, 217; + the crossing at Lobau, 217, 218, 221, 226, 227; + defeat of Russians by Turks on, 248; + Russia warned not to cross, 314; + Russian successes on, 320; + withdrawal of Russian troops from, 321; + effect of the rising of, at Essling, 383. + + =Danubian Principalities=, proposed partition of, iii. 50; + Alexander's ambition to acquire, 105, 108, 116, 117; + _N._ offers to exchange them for Silesia, 106, 108, 112. + _See also_ =Moldavia=; =Wallachia=. + + =Dardanelles, the=, Alexander I's scheme for seizing, ii. 356. + + =Darmagnac, Gen.=, invades Navarre, iii. 132; + seizes Pamplona, 132. + + =Darmstadt=, relations with Russia, ii. 266; + strengthening of, 266; + quota of men, 404. + + =Daru, P. A. N.=, advises wintering in Moscow, iii. 352. + + =Daunou, P. C. F.=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 94; + ideas of government, 127; + named as consul, 130; + member of the tribunate, 151; + influence on the Consulate, 195; + driven from the tribunate, 243; + attempt to admit him to the senate, 243; + upholds Machiavelli's theses concerning the Church of Rome, iii. 262. + + =Dauphiny=, the peasantry of, i. 143; + _N._ travels in, 143; + revolutionary feeling among the clergy of, 143, 152; + anti-royalist feeling in, iv. 154. + + =David, Abbé=, arrest of, ii. 296. + + =David, Jacques L.=, painter, ii. 351. + + =Davidowich, Gen. P.=, defeated at Roveredo, i. 384, 385; + strength in the Tyrol, 387; + defeats Vaubois, 387, 388, 392; + retreats to the Tyrol, 392. + + =Davout, Gen. L. N.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53, 323; + service in the Army of England, 291; + created marshal, 323; + character, 364; iii. 93; + watches the Russian army, ii. 366; + in battle of Austerlitz, 380, 382, 386, 387; + at Nordhalben, 428; + at Naumburg, 429; + in battle of Jena, 430-434; + captures Wittenberg, 436; + sacks Poland, 440; + at Golynim, iii. 5; + strength in Poland, 7; + in the Eylau campaign, 13, 15-17; + in battle of Heilsberg, 29; + pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 31-33; + created Duke of Auerstädt, 86; + income, 87; + _N.'s_ opinion of, 93; + recalled from Poland to Silesia, 165; + commanding in Saxony, 198; + Archduke Charles plans to attack, 198; + his command in the fifth Austrian war, 202; + forces in Stettin, Bayreuth, Hanover, and Magdeburg, 202; + to concentrate at Bamberg, 203; + commanding on the Isar, 204; + Archduke Charles marches against, 205; + to concentrate at Ingolstadt, 204-207; + movements before Ratisbon, 205; + on the Laber, 207; + in battle of Eckmühl, 208; + forces back Archduke Charles, 208; + battles of Aspern and Essling, 220-222; + battle of Wagram, 230, 231; + ordered to hold Baltic positions, 266; + revenue of, 296; + occupies Swedish Pomerania, 321; + letter from _N._, 324; + strength, March, 1812, 324; + reproved for his reports of Prussia, 326; + slowness of action at opening of the Russian campaign, 336; + drives Bagration eastward, 338; + battle of Borodino, 344; + on the retreat from Moscow, 357-359, 363; + battle of Wiazma, 359; + at Krasnoi, 365; + division commander under Eugène, 393; + in campaign of 1813, 402; + occupies Hamburg, 407, 413; + Vandamme goes to his assistance, 413; + to threaten Berlin, iv. 2; + _N.'s_ instructions to, 5; + mediocrity of his troops, 20; + besieged in Hamburg, 55; + invited to join in insurrection, 149; + member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159; + advises _N._ after Waterloo, 217; + suggests _N.'s_ use of force, 218. + + ="Day of the Paris sections, the,"= i. 302-312. + + =Debry, J. A. J.=, _N.'s_ friendship with, i. 293; ii. 88, 89; + member of Congress of Rastatt, 88; + wounded at Rastatt, 88, 89; + accusations against, 89. + + =De Bussy=, in the La Fère regiment, iv. 78; + gives _N._ worthless information at Craonne, 78. + + =Décadi=, decadence of the festival, ii. 258. + + =Decrès, Adm.=, French minister of marine, ii. 291; + letter from _N._, Sept. 13, 1805, 291; + warns _N._ against his career of conquest, iii. 325; + member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, iv. 159. + + =Defermon, J.=, ii. 214. + + =Dego=, battle of, i. 352, 353, 355; iv. 65. + + =Deichsel River=, Blücher retreats behind the, iv. 7. + + =Delacroix=, French minister of foreign affairs, i. 449; + French agent in the Netherlands, ii. 38. + + =Demagogues=, disgust with, in France, ii. 134. + + =De Maistre=, _N._ refutes his theory of social order, iii. 89; + on the supineness of Pius VII, 264. + + =Democracy=, a pure, i. 131, 397; + Germany's opposition to, 247; + its good and bad qualities, iv. 265. + + =Denfort=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107. + + =Denmark=, joins the "armed neutrality," ii. 194; iii. 46, 66; + proposed commercial war against England, 55; + _N._ calls for alliance with, 66; + importance of her sea power, 69; + ordered to declare war against England, 69; + England offers to seize her fleet, 69; + refuses England's offer, 69; + yields to Bernadotte, 70; + losses of Norway, Schleswig, and Holstein, 70; + yields to England, 70; + humiliation of, 70; + vassalage to France, 70, 279; + England seeks to conciliate, 98; + bombardment of Copenhagen, 97-100, 280; + Alexander I demands reparation for, 100; + _N._ urges England's restoration of her fleet, 104; + Spanish troops in, 159; + seizure of American ships by, 275; + hostility to England, 280; + holds Norway, 280; + friendly to France, 281; + despatches troops to Hamburg, 407; + shifts her assistance from Russia to France, 407; + strengthening the alliance between France and, 421. + + =Dennewitz=, battle of, iv. 18, 19. + + =Denon, D. V.=, accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, ii. 81. + + =Departmental list, the=, ii. 126. + + =De Pradt=, in charge of Polish affairs, iii. 375; + interview between _N._ and, at Warsaw, 375, 382; + royalist intrigues of, iv. 106, 108. + + =Desaix, Louis-Charles-Antoine=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; + crosses the Rhine near Strasburg, 440; + defeats the Austrians in the Black Forest, 440; + service in Egypt, ii. 53, 60, 78, 81; + battle of the Pyramids, 60; + ordered to leave Egypt, 81, 177; + reaches Stradella, 177; + battle of Marengo, 176-186; + killed, 181, 187; + contrasted with Ney, iv. 213. + + =Desenzano=, military operations near, i. 411. + + =Desgenettes, Dr.=, heroism at Jaffa, ii. 75. + + =Des Mazis=, _N.'s_ friendship for, i. 62, 65; + appointed to the regiment of La Fère, 66. + + =Dessau=, captured by Lannes, ii. 436. + + =Dessolles, Gen.=, ii. 164. + + "=Destiny=," _N.'s_, i. 79. + + =Deutsch-Wagram=, Archduke Charles advances to, iii. 218. + _See also_ =Wagram=. + + =D'Hilliers, Gen.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53. + + ="Dialogue on Love,"= by _N._, i. 77, 145. + + =Diderot, Denis=, co-author with Raynal, i. 75. + + =Diebitsch, Gen. H. K. F. A.=, encounters a Prussian force, iii. 384; + military adviser to Alexander, iv. 98. + + =Dieppe=, landing of the Cadoudal conspirators near, ii. 298. + + =Diet, the=, reduction of Austria's power in, ii. 193. + + =Digeon, Gen. A. E. M.=, seduced by Marmont, iv. 125. + + =Digne=, _N.'s_ march through, on return from Elba, iv. 154. + + =Dijon=, _N._ visits, i. 146; + formation of an army of reserve at, ii. 140; + surrenders to the allies, iv. 67; + Francis in, 113, 128. + + =Diodorus Siculus=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78. + + =Diplomacy=, the language of, i. 21. + + =Dippoldiswalde=, military movements near, iv. 11. + + =Directory, the=, establishment of, i. 270, 305, 309, 329-331; + social life under, 280, 281; + Europe and, 324-338; + financial war policy, 340; + assumes to dictate military plans, 348, 354; + plans to belittle _N._, 363, 372; + entrusts _N._ with diplomatic powers, 364; + yields to _N.'s_ plans, 364, 373; + contributions sent to, 366, 367; + plans for campaign in Germany, 384; + attitude toward Italy, 397-405; + _N.'s_ relations with, 363-373, 397-405, 419, 422-427, 439, 441, 451; + ii. 7, 26, 30, 34-37, 42, 49-52, 67, 72, 80, 88-99, 108; + iv. 248, 249; + ratifies the treaty of Leoben, i. 441; + letters from _N._, April 19, 1792, 441; + May 27, 1797, 447; + Pitt's negotiations for peace with, 449; + refuses to treat with England, 450; + antagonism to the, ii. 2; + plot of Louis XVIII and Pichegru against, 5, 6, 7; + Moreau's relations with, 6; + gains complete control on the 18th of Fructidor, 8; + reliance on the army, 8; + effects of the 18th Fructidor on, 22; + attitude toward Italy and Venice, 23; + approves the treaty of Campo Formio, 24, 30; + relations with Talleyrand, 34; + members of, 35; + attitude toward emigrants, 36; + attitude toward clergy, 36, 41; + attitude toward royalists, 36, 205; + attitude toward the German ecclesiastical principalities, 41; + Eastern policy, 47; + Jacobinism in, 49, 94; + fails to secure alliance with Turkey, 67; + misunderstanding between the United Irishmen and, 67; + weakness, 68, 91; + desires the escape of the army in Egypt, 79; + reconstruction of, 83, 91, 92; + blunders in Italy, 87, 89; + corruption in, 91, 92; + Gohier president of, 97; + _N._ pays official visit to, on return from Egypt, 97; + relations with Moreau, 100; + last days and downfall, 103 et seq.; iv. 257, 258, 286; + Carnot's influence on its fall, ii. 130; + suppresses freedom of the press, 145; + incorporates Belgium with France, 153; + attitude toward Prussia, 155; + relations with Sieyès, 155; + liberty of conscience under the, 206; + suspends diplomatic relations with the United States, 212; + pretensions toward the United States, 211; + financial maladministration, 219; + recourse to forced contributions, 219; + plans for invading England, 290; + system of licenses for English goods, iii. 280; + difficulties with Mme. de Staël, 297; + organization of a new, iv. 218. + + =Divine right=, kings by, ii. 407; + abolition of, in France, iv. 257. + + =Divorce=, _N.'s_ share in codifying the law of, ii. 222; + under the Code, 224; + _N.'s_ advocacy of easy, 237. + + =Dnieper River=, military operations on the, iii. 315, 336, 338, + 339, 342, 364. + + =Dniester River=, Turkish movements on the, ii. 441. + + =Doctoroff, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 388; + in battle of Eylau, iii. 15. + + =Dôle=, publications of _N.'s_ literary work at, i. 145. + + =Dolgoruki, Prince=, mission from Alexander I to _N._, ii. 382. + + =Dolgoruki, Princess=, on _N.'s_ receptions, ii. 196. + + =Dölitz=, military operations near, iv. 29, 32. + + =Domination=, the power of, iv. 248, 249. + + =Domo d'Ossola=, Bethencourt near, ii. 172. + + =Don, River=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209; + the Cossacks of the, iii. 13. + + =Donaueschingen=, the Austrian headquarters at, ii. 160; + abandoned by Kray, 166. + + =Donauwörth=, military movements near, iii. 203; + _N._ reaches, 205. + + =Donzelot, Gen F. X.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201, 202, 203, + 209, 210. + + =Dora Baltea River=, Austrian force on the, ii. 170. + + =Dora Ridaria River=, Austrian force on the, ii. 170. + + =Dornburg=, military movements near, ii. 432, 434. + + =Dorothea, Empress-Dowager of Russia=, disapproves _N.'s_ proposed + marriage to Anne, iii. 248; + hatred of _N._, 248. + + =Douay=, _N._ ordered to, i. 79, 80. + + =Doulaincourt=, _N._ at, iv. 105. + + =Doulevant=, _N._ at, iv. 104. + + =Doumerc, Gen. J. P.=, moves from Sézanne against Blücher, iv. 62. + + =Dover=, scheme of naval demonstration off, ii. 332. + + =Drac, River=, iv. 155. + + =Draft=, use of, in France, ii. 93. + + =Drave, River=, military movements on the, i. 435; iii. 217. + + =Dresden=, death of Moreau before, ii. 299; + _N._ at, iii. 65, 66, 67, 375, 389, 394, 409, 416, 417, 423; + iv. 7-10, 12, 13, 17-21; + Bernadotte to concentrate in, iii. 203; + Saxon troops in, 203; + _N.'s_ strategy at, 216; + seized by the Duke of Brunswick, 234; + meeting of the allied sovereigns at, 330; + the climax of the Napoleonic drama, 330; iv. 16; + _N.'s_ incognito journey through, iii. 375; + interview between _N._ and Metternich at, 389; + interview between _N._ and Frederick Augustus at, 394; + French forces at, 393; + Eugène to hold, 393-394; + welcomes Alexander and Frederick William III, 399; + discontent at military occupation, 399; + retreat of the allies behind, 406; + destruction and rebuilding of the bridges at, 406, 407; + French occupation of, 408, 409; + defense of, iv. 2, 13, 17, 18; + held by Saint-Cyr, 7; + French advance to Zittau from, 6; + menaced by the allies, 7; + battle of, 8-13, 17-19; + demoralization of the army after, 12; + _N.'s_ mistakes after, 14-16; + _N.'s_ physical ailments at, 12, 16; + _N.'s_ successes at, 20, 21; + Schwarzenberg moves on, 18; + Oudinot at, 21; + Blücher advances on, 20; + boy soldiers at, 21; + _N.'s_ retreat from, 22-24; + _N.'s_ scheme to hold, 23; + Frederick's love for, 25; + French garrison in, 25-27; + Maret's influence over _N._ at, 69; + _N._ acknowledges his mistake in not making peace at, 135. + + =Drissa=, weakness of, iii. 336; + Bagration establishes communication with, 336. + + =Drouot, Gen. A.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 387; + battle of Leipsic, iv. 28, 32; + advises a return to Lorraine, 116; + attachment to _N._, 118; + strength after the surrender of Paris, 118; + accompanies _N._ to Elba, 134; + advises against the escape from Elba, 153. + + =Düben=, _N._ at, iv. 25. + + =Dubois, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 203. + + =Duclos's "Memoirs of the Reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV,"= + _N.'s_ study of, i. 150. + + =Duero, River=, military movements on the, iii. 157, 159, 290. + + =Dufresne=, ii. 214. + + =Dugommier, Gen. J. F.=, appointed commander-in-chief before + Toulon, i. 229; + influence at Toulon, 232. + + =Dugua, Gen. C. F. J.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53; + in battle of the Pyramids, 60. + + =Duhesme, Gen. P. G.=, invades Spain, iii. 132; + at Barcelona, 132; + occupies Catalonia, 155, 156; + evacuates Catalonia, 157; + besieged in Barcelona, 183; + in battle of Waterloo, iv. 205. + + =Dulaure's "History of the Nobility,"= _N.'s_ study of, i. 150. + + =Dumanoir, Adm.=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374. + + =Dumolard, J. V.=, interpellates the government as to _N.'s_ + independence, ii. 3. + + =Dumoulin, Jean=, comes to _N.'s_ aid at Laffray, iv. 156. + + =Dumouriez, Charles F.=, takes part in the conquest of Corsica, i. 120; + on the northeastern frontier, 184; + wins battle of Jemmapes, 194; + defection of, 198; + correspondence with Nelson, ii. 303; + suspected of royalist plots, 303, 305. + + =Dünaburg=, preparations for the siege of, iii. 333; + Ney advances toward, 336. + + =Duncan, Adm. Adam=, wins the battle of Camperdown, ii. 38. + + =Dunette, Gen.=, marches to relief of Paris, iv. 102. + + =Dunkirk=, besieged by Duke of York, i. 222. + + =Duphot, Gen. L.=, affianced to Désirée Clary, ii. 39, 43; + killed at Rome, 39. + + =Dupont, Gen. Pierre=, in battle of Friedland, iii. 31; + ordered to invade Spain, 128; + invades Spain, 132; + advances on Andalusia, 156; + holds the Tagus, 156; + capitulates at Baylen, 156, 157, 159, 167. + + =Durango=, Blake advances from, iii. 184. + + =Duroc, Gen. G. C. M.=, wounded at Acre, ii. 76; + _N.'s_ aide-de-camp, 101; + _N.'s_ envoy to Prussia, 156, 282; + Grand Marshal of the Palace, 324; + offers Hanover to Prussia, 362; + personal attendance on _N._, 425; + proposes terms after Tilsit, iii. 36; + blamed for Queen Louisa's failure, 62; + proposes indemnity for Maria Louisa, 67; + created Duke of Friuli, 86; + at Bayonne, 144; + foresees France's discontent, 326; + killed at Reichenbach, 410-411; + _N.'s_ grief for, 411; + _N._ contributes to monument to, iv. 5; + _N._ proposes to take the name of, 221. + + =Dürrenstein=, destruction of Mortier's division at, ii. 368, 378. + + =Durutte, Gen. J. F.=, sent to Ligny, iv. 181; + battle of Waterloo, 201, 202, 205, 206, 210. + + =Düsseldorf=, Jourdan's army at, i. 347; + Jourdan crosses the Rhine at, 385. + + =Dutch Flanders=, ceded to France, i. 276. + + =Duteil=, _N.'s_ acquaintance with, i. 95; + _N._ seeks aid from, 157; + grants _N._ permission to sail for Corsica, 180. + + =Duteil, Gen. J.=, general of artillery before Toulon, i. 229; + on _N.'s_ ability, 232. + + =Dutheil, N. F.=, devises plan of campaign for Austria and England, + i. 342. + + =Dutot=, takes _N.'s_ place in the West, i. 293. + + =Duval's "William the Conqueror,"= ii. 350. + + =Duvernet's "History of the Sorbonne,"= _N.'s_ study of, i. 150. + + =Dwina, River=, fortifications on the, iii. 315; + military movements on the, 337, 341, 359. 361. + + =Dyle, River=, military movements on the, iv. 188, 190. + + +E + + =East, the=, _N.'s_ attention turned toward, i. 78; + _N.'s_ comparison of Europe with, ii. 46; + _N.'s_ dreams of empire in. + _See also_ =Napoleon=. + + =East Friesland=, scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266. + + =East Galicia=, part of, ceded to Warsaw, iii. 239. + + =East India Company=, lends the island of St. Helena to the + government, iv. 225. + + =East Indies=, England watches French policy concerning, ii. 267. + + =East Prussia=, Ney moves on, iii. 8. + + =Ebelsberg=, battle of, iii. 211. + + =Ebrington, Lord=, _N.'s_ characterization of Cornwallis to, ii. 263; + _N.'s_ declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 311. + + =Ebro, River=, military movements on, iii. 133, 157, 159, 183; + proposed exchange of territory on, 133; + boundary of French annexed territory, 278. + + =Ecclesiastical princes=, _N._ on the status of, ii. 27. + + =Ecclesiastical principalities=, secularization of, on the Rhine, + ii. 193. + + =Ecclesiasticism=, _N.'s_ confusion of ideas concerning, i. 76. + + =Eckmühl=, the campaign of, iii. 202 et seq. + + =Education=, demands for, in Corsica, i. 117; + _N.'s_ interest in, system and reforms of, 176; ii. 225-228, 318, + 408; iii. 26, 89-91; iv. 260. + + =Égalité, Philip=, member of the National Convention, i. 188. + + =Eglé, Mme.=, guardian of the Beauharnais children, i. 314. + + =Egypt=, _N.'s_ plans of conquest of, i. 424; ii. 17, 33, 46-54, + 289; iii. 106; + scandals of Mameluke administration in, ii. 17, 47; + French schemes of conquest, 16, 46-54; iii. 112, 114; + importance of, ii. 46; + rebellion in, 47; + the expeditionary forces, 48-54; + scholastic branch of the expedition, 53; + plunder of, 55-57, 67; + departure of expedition from Toulon, 55; + character of the population, 57; + the Mamelukes, 58; + terrors of the campaign, 59; + the army disheartened, 61; + Nelson follows the French fleet to, 62; + _N.'s_ rule in, 65-67; + _N.'s_ religious masquerading in, 65-67; + establishment of printing-presses in, 66; + insurrection suppressed in, 67; + establishment of an Institute in, 66; + dearth of news from France, 67, 78; + rumors of _N.'s_ death in, 68; + despatches from France, Feb., 1799, 72; + _N._ given leave to remain in, 73; + importance of _N.'s_ conquering, 73; + Turkish preparations for the relief of, 74; + attempted risings in, 76; + Adm. Bruix sent to relieve the army in, 79; + _N._ returns from, 80-85; + the colonial idea, 81; + the turning-point of success in, 81; + Kléber prepares to evacuate, 143; + Desaix recalled from, 177; + desperate situation of the French in, 181; + Kléber's administration in, 181; + assassination of Kléber, 181; + French disasters in, 210; + restored to Turkey, 211; + England to evacuate, 262; + Turkey's suzerainty over, 262; + question of reëstablishing French colonies in, 273; + _N._ disclaims designs on, 280; + _N.'s_ irritation at England's occupation of, 280; + Davout's campaign in, 323; + _N.'s_ immoralities in, 328; + plan to allure Nelson to, 331; + the object of the expedition against, 337; + English commerce with, iii. 48; + English expedition to seize, 100; + French expedition against, in 1811, 308; + the tactics of the army in, adopted in Russia, 359; + _N.'s_ desertion of the army in, likened to his conduct at + Smorgoni, 375; + work on, compiled by _N.'s_ order, iv. 219; + history of, 293. + + =Eichstädt=, portion of, acquired by Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266; + ceded to Bavaria, 391. + + =Eisdorf=, fighting at, iii. 406. + + =Eisenach=, military movements near, ii. 425, 427; + the allies outwitted at, iv. 35. + + =El Arish=, siege and surrender of, ii. 69; + massacre of the garrison, 70; + treaty between Sir Sidney Smith and Kléber at, 181. + + =Elba=, _N.'s_ literary labors at, i. 177; iv. 159, 230-232; + secured to France, ii. 204; + France to evacuate, 262; + Countess Walewska follows _N._ to, iii. 11; iv. 143; + the sentence of exile to, iv. 129; + the monarch of, 129, 133, 151; + _N.'s_ journey to, 134-141; + possibility of her not receiving the imperial exile, 135; + imperialist and royalist sentiment in, 141; + _N._ begins his new administration, 141; + _N.'s_ life in, 141 et seq.; + Bourbon spies in, 142; + visitors to, 143; + scheme to deport _N._ from, 145; + _N.'s_ escape from, 152-154; + the naval patrol at, 153; + _N.'s_ monograph on, 232. + + =Elbe, River, the=, the Prussian base on, ii. 428; + key to the valley of, 437; + English blockade of, 441; iii. 48; + western boundary of Prussia, 56; + commanded by fortress of Magdeburg, 56, 57; + the kingdom of Westphalia created on, 56, 73; + preparations to oppose English landing on, 72; + French occupation of the coast near, 266; + military movements on, 393, 396, 406, 407; iv. 2, 6-9, 18, 20-26; + scheme of Hanoverian extension on, 399; + territory on, offered to Sweden, 399; + French recovery of the lower part, 407; + boundary of a neutral zone, 414; + exhaustion of the French on, iv. 19; + French garrisons on, 35. + + =Elbing=, military movements near, iii. 8, 13. + + =Elchingen=, Ney created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Ney=. + + ="Elective Affinities,"= iii. 172. + + =Electoral Colleges=, ii. 247. + + =Eliot, Sir Gilbert=, viceroy of Corsica, i. 261. + + =Elliott=, killed at Arcole, i. 399. + + =Elsfleth=, escape of the Black Legion to, iii. 234. + + =Elster, River, the=, military operations on, iii. 404, 405; + iv. 20-21, 27-30, 33-34. + + =Élysée, the=, _N._ takes up residence at, iv. 159; + _N._ returns from Waterloo to, 216, 218. + + =Embabeh=, battle of, ii. 59. + + =Embargo=, the, ii. 287, 389, 400, 441. + + =Emigrants=, plots by, i. 172, 277, 325; ii. 303; + confiscation of property of, and harsh legislation against, + i. 172, 305, 316; ii. 94, 219; + the aristocrats of the, i. 213; + _N.'s_ speculation in lands of, 288; + attitude of the Directory toward, ii. 2, 36; + _N.'s_ secret dealings with, 9; + Talleyrand among the, 33; + encouraged to return, amnesty to, and indemnity for, 130, 245, + 324; 411; + _N._ complains of England harboring, 271; + _N._ demands their expulsion from Naples, 357; + return to France under Louis XVIII, iv. 146; + banished again from France, 157. + + =Emigration, the=, i. 109, 152, 155, 268. + + =Emperor of the Two Americas=, the, iii. 120. + + =Empire=, the French use of the term, ii. 248. + + =Empire of the West=, _N._ threatens to resuscitate the, ii. 272. + + =Engen=, battle of, ii. 166. + + =Enghien, Duc d'=, arrest and murder of, i. 179; ii. 241, 304-309, + 312, 316, 331, 412; iii. 107; iv. 138; + monarchical schemes and plots of, ii. 239, 240, 301-305; + character, 301; + married to Princess Rohan-Rochefort, 301; + seeks service with England, 302; + residence at Ettenheim, 302-306; + prepares to retire to Freiburg, 302; + _N._ examines papers of, 305; + _N._ defends the execution of, 310; + _N._ blames Talleyrand for his murder, 311; iii. 197; + statements concerning _N.'s_ connection with his murder, 196, 197; + _N.'s_ self-blame for murder of, iv. 233. + + =England=, France's emulation of, i. 22; + hampered by parliamentary opposition and American disquiet, 22; + the American uprising against, 23, 24; + Paoli's relations with, asylum in, and aid from, 23, 124, 169, + 196-198, 205-207, 260; + gives aid to, establishes protectorate over, and takes possession + of Corsica, 23, 119, 190, 205-207, 256-262; + transformation of parties in, 24; + _N.'s_ study of history of, 78, 95, 114, 156; + sympathy with France in, 142; + French admirers of the constitution of, 143; + constitutional government in, 152; + closes the Scheldt, 194; + republican ideas in, 195; + effect of execution of Louis XVI in, 195; + hostility between France and, 195, 324; ii. 32, 35, 144, 208, + 269, 273-285, 400, 401, 441; iii. 64, 110, 378; + _N.'s_ ideas of serving, i. 207, 216, 317; ii. 15; iv. 255; + subsidizes European powers, i. 221; ii. 146, 187, 208, 263, 351, + 358, 360, 375, 401, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, 399, 417, 422-425; + iv. 30, 31, 55, 67, 76, 164; + naval establishment, expenses, and activity, i. 221, 421; + ii. 209, 290; iii. 236, 237; + captures Ollioules, i. 225; + in the defense and occupation of Toulon, 230, 239; + naval operations and power on the Mediterranean (other than + specifically mentioned items), 239, 257; ii. 15-19, 56, 262; + iii. 111, 112; + influence in Genoa, i. 243; + prints counterfeit French money in Genoa, 246; + fails to help the allies in Piedmont, 257; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, Sept., 1794, 257; + naval supremacy, 257; ii. 15-17, 48, 63, 209, 290, 371, 375; + iii. 47-49, 109-112, 267-268; iv. 41; + alliances with Austria, i. 276; ii. 156, 160, 188; + sends fleet to northern coast of France, i. 298; + subsidizes French royalists, 325; + the fleet driven from Leghorn, 373; + seizes Porto Ferrajo, 398; + insurrection in Corsica against rule of, 402; + blamed by _N._ for embroiling France and Austria, 435; + rupture of the coalition with Austria, 441; + military condition in 1796, 449; + desire for peace with France, and negotiations leading thereto, + 449, 456; ii. 12, 86; iii. 271, 415; + interest in the Netherlands and Belgium, i. 450; + prestige, magnificence of empire, influence, independence, etc., + of, 456; ii. 45, 55, 73, 209, 264, 297, 394, 401; iii. 45-49, + 110-112, 189, 318, 420; iv. 38, 140; + defeats Spain at Cape St. Vincent, i. 456; + price of consols, March, 1797, 456; + effect of the treaty of Leoben in, ii. 12; + conquest of Dutch colonies, 12, 38; + _N.'s_ personal hostility to, 14, 16, 188, 280-285, 330, 441-444; + iii. 49, 65, 66, 88, 109-114, 308-309, 329, 352, 408; iv. 75; + speculations in Paris as to operations against, ii. 32; + financial condition, 32, 208; + Talleyrand expelled from, 33; + defeats Holland at Camperdown, 38; + acquires the Cape of Good Hope, 38; + protects Sardinia, 39; + _N.'s_ schemes of invasion of, 48, 290-294, 328, 330-338, 358-362; + _N.'s_ views on political history of, 50; + her Indian possessions, and French and Russian schemes to strike + her through them, 52, 194, 209, 263, 273; iii. 110, 112-114; + naval operations at Acre, ii. 71, 73; + fleet at Alexandria, 79; + joins the second coalition, 90, 136, 143; + military operations in Holland, 91, 92; iii. 236, 272, 284, 294; + completion of the work of the Revolution in, ii. 139; + relations, negotiations, and alliances with Russia, 141, 210, + 356, 357, 401, 406, 420; iii. 41, 49, 55, 71, 98-100, 102, 105, + 117, 315, 321, 351, 392, 417; + reception of Russian soldiers in, after Alkmaar, ii. 141; + siege, capture, and occupation of Malta, and negotiations + concerning its cession and tenure, 141, 193, 210, 262, 267, + 273, 280, 284, 289, 351, 352, 356, 401; + attitude toward the Bourbons, 143; + declines to negotiate with _N._, 143; + prepares to invade France, 143; + denounced by _N._ as author of the war of 1799, 143; + debate in Parliament on _N.'s_ accession as First Consul, 143; + hatred of revolutionary excesses, 143; + alliance with Portugal, 154; + opposes spread of revolutionary ideas, 157; + blockades Genoa, 165; + formation of the "armed neutrality" against, 194; + accused by Paul I of treachery, 193; + the Continental System and the embargo, _N.'s_ commercial warfare + against, 203, 205, 269, 287, 288, 347, 375, 389, 399, 441; + iii. 45-49, 55, 64-65, 67, 71, 99, 102, 109, 165, 239, 265, + 268, 280, 284, 293-294, 303, 304, 307, 328, 420 (_see also_ + =Berlin Decree=; =Continental System=; =Milan Decree=); + Portugal forced to withdraw from alliance with, ii, 205; + reply to the "armed neutrality," 209; + _N.'s_ demands for colonial cessions, 210; + concludes peace with France, Oct. 1, 1801, 211; + retains Ceylon and Trinidad, 211; + treaty of Amiens, 210, 263, 266, 270, 273 et seq.; iv. 264; + treaty of commerce with the United States, 1794, ii. 212; + recognizes neutrality of United States, 212; + attempts to put down San Domingo insurrection, 237; + surrender of Rochambeau to, 237; + schemes for restoration of Charles X in, 240; + to evacuate Egypt, 262; + Paul I's antipathy to, 263; + efforts to discredit France in Europe, 264 et seq.; + disapproves _N.'s_ reconstruction of Europe, 266; + appoints Lord Whitworth ambassador to Paris, 267; + refuses to admit French consuls, 270; + protests against the slave-trade, 269; + commerce of, 269, 276; iii. 46, 49, 120, 265-268, 280, 288, 294, + 309, 316, 424; iv. 41; + position with regard to the Alien Act, ii. 171; + freedom of the press in, 270; + complaints against, of harboring emigrants and Bourbons, 271; + attacks of the French press on, 271, 294; + _N._ attempts to muzzle the press in, 270, 356; + _N.'s_ answer to remonstrances from, 272; + occupation of Alexandria, 280; + suspects France's war preparations, 280, 282; + _N.'s_ treatment of her representative, 280; + the royal message of March 8, 1803, 282; + the militia called out, March 10, 1803, 282; + diplomatic rupture with France, 285; + publication of Lord Whitworth's despatches in, 284; + declares war against France, May 18, 1803, 285; + declares embargo on French ships, 287; + commencement of hostilities, 287; + attacks Spanish commerce, 289; + panic in, 290; + plans for defense, 291, 329; + puts Caraccioli to death, 300; + interest in Jacobin insurrection, 300; + active diplomacy in, 301; + the Duc d'Enghien seeks to enter the service of, 302; + _N.'s_ attempt to fix the death of Duc d'Enghien on, 311; + Pitt's return to power, 329; + nature of the war with, 329; + expulsion of her envoys from Stuttgart and Munich, 330; + naval aid from Portugal, 332; + war with Spain, Dec., 1804, 332; + acquires Trinidad, 332; + blockades Brest, 333; + Addington succeeded by Pitt, 337; + justice of the war with, 352; + European alliances, 351; + bad faith of, 351; + _N._ insists on no asylum for the Bourbons in, 356; + fails to secure Prussia's alliance, 358; + _N.'s_ policy toward, 360; + author of the Third Coalition, 360; + Mack's ideas of her invading France, 365; + naval shortcomings, 370; + battle of Trafalgar, 373-376; + reception of the news of Austerlitz in, 393; + lethargy after Trafalgar, 399; + declares war against Prussia, 400; + Fox assumes power, 400; + _N._ considers peace with, 400; + Lord Yarmouth's negotiations, 404; + _N._ offers European territory to, 404, 405; + end of negotiations with, 405; + alliance with Prussia and Russia, 406; + demands the surrender of Sicily, 405; + proposal to give Hanover to, 418, 420; + state of war with Prussia, 422; + her vulnerable point, iii. 441; + "enemy's ships make enemy's goods," 441; + the soul of continental coalitions, 441; + right of search and impressment, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100; + Orders in Council, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100, 101, 265, 267, 272, 321, 378; + Turkey declares war against, iii. 20; + sends fleet to Constantinople, 20; + refuses subsidy to Russia, 20; + Afghanistan incited against, 21; + Persia stirred up against, 21; + proposal for a new coalition, 22; + naval operations in the Baltic, 24, 35, 36, 97, 98, 117; + withholds subsidies, 35; + troops in Pomerania, 36; + Alexander promises to oppose, 41; + opposed to Prussia's neutrality, 44; + necessity for _N.'s_ humbling, 44-49; + France declares war against (1793), 47; + "All the Talents" ministry, 46; + Duke of Portland's ministry, 46; + commercial rivalry with the United States, 46; + the "rule of 1736," 46; + understanding with the United States, 47; + declares blockade from Brest to the Elbe, 42; + war with France (1803), 47; + decline of manufactures, 47; + failure of commercial negotiations with Sweden and Russia, 48; + French demands on, 55; + Russia to mediate between France and, 55; + seizes the Portuguese fleet, 67; + gains entrance to and is expelled from Leghorn, 67; + offers to seize Denmark's fleet, 69; + Denmark ordered to declare war against, 69; + threatens to make Spanish South American colonies independent, 71; + bombards Copenhagen, 70; + enmity of Alexander I to, 70; + Parliament compared with the French tribunate, 83; + decadence of primogeniture in, 84; + seeks to conciliate Denmark, 98; + Egyptian expedition, 100; + expedition to Buenos Ayres, 100; + Russia declares war against, 100, 102, 105; + retaliates on Russia by Orders in Council, 100; + announces blockade of European ports, 100, 101; + decline of trade with the United States, 101; + the war of 1812, 102, 322; + Austria's secret sympathy with, 104; + _N._ urges her restoration of the Danish fleet, 104; + _N.'s_ desire for peace with, 104, 112, 159, 271, 392; iv. 46; + contempt for the blockade, iii. 109; + withdraws troops from Sicily, 111; + sends troops to Portugal, 111, 120, 122, 157, 283, 284; + supposed assistance to Sweden, 114; + proposed menace to, 113; + blockades the Russian fleet, 117; + promised coöperation of the Papal States against, 118; + Portugal enforces the Berlin and Milan decrees against, 119; + fate of her allies, 121; + supports the House of Braganza, 121; + outbreak of the Peninsular war, 123; + benefits accruing from the troubles in Spain, 131; + scheme to capture Cadiz, 133, 155; + negotiations with Austria, 163; + proposed humiliation of, 170; + plans of _N._ and Alexander at Erfurt concerning, 177; + _N._ fears an alliance between Turkey and, 177; + exasperated at the capitulation of Cintra, 186; + supposed plan to abandon Portugal, 187; + tardiness at Corunna, 192; + offers to subsidize Austria, 194; + Austria appeals for assistance to, 225; + escape of the Duke of Brunswick to, 234; + expedition to Flushing, 236-237; + necessity of bringing her to terms, 249; + _N.'s_ allegations against, 260; + the lesson of Trafalgar, 264; + paper blockade by, 268; + the neutralization system, 267; + licenses violations of the Orders in Council, 267; + Louis opens negotiations with, 271; + rejects Fouché's agent, 271; + loss of trade with Portugal, Spain, and Triest, 272; + threatened with loss of trade with Hanseatic towns and Holland, 272; + United States prohibition of commercial intercourse with, 274; + the Walcheren expedition, 272, 284, 294; + _N._ proposes that she withdraw the Orders in Council of 1807, 272; + proposal that she send joint expedition with France to establish + Louis XVIII in America, 271; + seizure of American ships by, 273; + Fouché's English-Dutch conspiracy, 273; + destruction of her wares on the French borders, 279; + Denmark's hostility to, 280; + divided councils in, 284; + expedition to Sicily, 284, 294; + finds support in Spanish popular feeling, 283; + strength of forces in the Peninsula, 284; + attitude toward affairs in the Peninsula, 288; + depreciation of the currency, 294; + expedition to Spain, 294; + Mme. de Staël in, 299; + _N._ hopes to meet her on the sea, 304; + threatened with bankruptcy, 304; + exchange of prisoners with, 307; + her colonial interests, 309; + Russia opens her ports to, 316; + refuses _N.'s_ offer of peace in Spain, 319; + armistice with Russia, 321; + threatens to bombard Constantinople, 321; + under Castlereagh's leadership, 328; + to be driven from Spain, 328; + arouses Sweden against France, 350; + negotiates peace between Turkey and Russia, 350; + distracted condition of politics in, 377; + naval defeats, 378, 379; + United States declares war against, 378; + assassination of Mr. Perceval, 378; + negotiates treaty between Russia and Spain, July, 1812, 392-393; + in grand European coalition against _N._, 392; + Metternich's negotiations with, 395; + returns to Pitt's policy, 399; + abandons Hanoverian schemes, 399; + proposal to bleed her colonies, 408; + proposed isolation of, 408; + the allies' reliance on, 422; + guarantees a war loan, 417; + treaty with Prussia, June 14, 1813, 417; + treaty with Russia, June 15, 1813, 417; + issues paper money, 417; + to be kept out of the continental peace, 419; + Metternich proposes that she continue the war, 419, 420; + commercial agreement with Sweden, 424; + influence in Holland, iv. 30, 41; + determination to crush France, 31; + at the Congress of Frankfort, 41; + proposal that she hand back French colonies, 41; + "maritime rights," 41, 45; + prolongation of the war in Spain, 51, 52; + desire to establish equilibrium in Europe, 67; + signs treaty of Chaumont, 76; + effect of the triple alliance on, 76; + troops occupy Bordeaux, 87; + party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133; + distinction in, between the two Napoleons, 133; + _N._ contemplates taking refuge in, 135; + _N.'s_ eulogy of her civilization and chivalry, 140; + negotiates secret treaty with Austria and France, 145; + regency in, 161; + lack of suitable leaders in, 161; + her dynastic alliances, 161, 162; + effects of _N.'s_ restoration on, 162; + member of the Vienna Coalition, 164; + campaign of Waterloo, 170-173; + losses at Waterloo, 214; + claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214; + watches the harbor of Rochefort, 220; + _N._ throws himself on the generosity of, 221; + reasons for _N.'s_ surrender to, 222-223, 227; + asylum for political refugees, 223; + intolerance of death penalty for political offenses, 225; + resolves to banish _N._, 225-229; + _N._ desires to acquire citizenship in, 226; + sympathy for _N._ in, 227, 230; + passes special acts for government of St. Helena, 228; + _N.'s_ last wishes for, 233; + the Seven Years' War, 261, 297; + character of the wars with France, 265; + _N.'s_ struggles with, 297; + wars with the United States, 300. + + =English Channel, the=, marching French troops to, ii. 24; + naval operations in, 52; + obstacles to _N.'s_ crossing, 291; + _N.'s_ hope to hold, 332; + French plans for seizing, 334; + Villeneuve ordered to, 359; + Villeneuve's attempt to enter, 371. + + =Enns, River=, military operations on the, ii. 367; iii. 216. + + =Entail=, restoration of the right of, iii. 82; + abolition of the law of, 84. + + =Enzersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 219, 220, 227. + + =Enzersfeld=, military movements near, iii. 217. + + =Épernay=, captured by the allies, iv. 94. + + ="Epochs of My Life,"= i. 82. + + =Eppes=, Marmont at, iv. 79. + + =Equality=, _N.'s_ affectation of love for, ii. 30; + one of the meanings of the word, 221. + + =Equality of citizenship=, decreed, i, 110. + + =Erasmus=, tomb of, iv. 247. + + =Erding=, battle of, iii. 211. + + =Erfurt=, military movements near, ii. 425; + the Duke of Brunswick at, 427; + fall of, 436; + meeting of _N._ and Alexander at, iii. 170 et seq.; + treaty of, 177, 236, 244, 248, 315; + _N.'s_ maladroitness at, 177, 178; + _N.'s_ vacillation at, 180, 181; + the conference at, 193, 194; + Alexander redeems his promise made at, 236; + offered to Alexander and refused by him, 288; + the throne of, offered to the Duke of Oldenburg, 307; + Alexander offers to exchange Oldenburg for, 328; + French troops ordered to, 328; + French forces at, 393; + _N._ goes to, 401; + plan of winter quarters at, iv. 23; + Saxon and Bavarian troops at, 35; + Murat deserts at, 56. + + =Erlon, Gen. d.=, in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 170, 176, 186; + battle of Quatre Bras, 181-187; + _N.'s_ expression of indignation at Ney to, 187; + battle of Waterloo, 200, 202, 206. + + =Erskine, Lord=, on England's attitude with regard to France, ii. 144. + + =Escoiquiz, Canon=, tutor to Ferdinand VII, iii. 124; + letter to _N._, Oct. 12, 1808, 124, 127; + defends Ferdinand's position, 143; + notified by _N._ of Ferdinand's deposition, 145; + infamy of, 150. + + =Escorial=, Godoy's intrigues at the, iii. 127; + Charles IV a virtual prisoner in, 142. + + =Escudier, J. F.=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219. + + =Esdraelon=, battle on the plains of, ii. 72. + + =Esla, River=, military movements on the, iii. 188. + + =Espagne, Gen. J. L. B.=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220. + + =Espinosa=, defeat of Blake at, iii. 185. + + =Essarts, Ledru des=, evacuates Meaux, iv. 99; + seduced by Marmont, 125. + + ="Essay on Revolutions"= (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259. + + =Essen, Gen. H. H.=, in campaign of Eylau, iii. 13. + + =Essenbach=, military operations near, iii. 206. + + =Essling=, battle of, iii. 219-222, 225-228, 232; + _N._ exposes himself at, 240-241; + effect of rising of the river at, 383. + + =Essling, Prince of=. _See_ =Masséna=. + + =Essonne, River=, military operations on the, iv. 116. + + =Essonnes=, _N._ at, iv. 105; + Marmont at, 124; + Marmont's defection at, 128. + + =Establishment of St. Louis=, the female academy at St. Cyr, + i. 182. _See also_ =St. Cyr=. + + =Estates, the=, meetings at Versailles, i. 96, 107. + + =Estates, the three=, i. 44; + in the seventeenth century, 107. + + =Estates-General=, meetings of the, i. 86, 106, 107; + fusion of the three bodies, 108; + troops ordered to control the, 108. + + =Esterhazy, Prince=, at the marriage of Maria Louisa, iii. 256. + + =Étoges=, battle of, iv. 65; + military movements near, 64, 94. + + =Etruria=, creation of the kingdom of, ii. 205; + death of King Louis, 233; iii. 67; + exchanged for Louisiana, ii. 272; + under French protection, 357; + _N._ calls for alliance with, iii. 66; + neutrality of, 66; + scheme to incorporate in Italy, 120; + proposal that Lucien take the crown of, 129; + abdication of the Queen Regent, 128; + incorporated into the kingdom of Italy, 129; + the crown offered to Ferdinand VII, 145; + _N.'s_ disposition of, 164. + + =Ettenheim=, residence of the Duc d'Enghien at, ii. 302; + reputed emigrant conspiracy at, 303; + Ordener's expedition to, 304; + arrest of the Duc d'Enghien at, 305; + Caulaincourt's mission to, iii. 107. + + =Eulen Mountains=, military movements near, iv. 413. + + =Euphrates=, proposed military operations on the, iii. 113. + + =Europe=, movement of civilization in, i. 2; + the revolutionary epoch and spread of revolutionary ideas in, + 2, 100 et seq.; ii. 44, 86, 156; + absolutism, its decay and abolition, i. 67; iii. 278; iv. 162, + 254, 292; + aroused feelings, concerted movements, and coalitions against + France, i. 142, 325, 441; ii. 51, 67, 86, 90, 136, 142, 145, + 194, 209, 330, 348; iii. 72, 106, 377, 382, 394, 396, 400, 417; + iv. 145, 146, 161-163; + _N._ on the sovereigns of, i. 156; + the Directory and, 324-338; + neutrality of northern, 341; + conditions of civilization and warfare in (1796), 349; + the destinies of, dependent on fate of Italy, 351, 385; + _N._ a citizen of, 404; + schemes of reconstruction of the map of, 425; ii. 265, 355, 402; + iii. 51, 55, 56, 72, 73, 199, 399, 422; iv. 3, 6, 144, 145; + schemes of pacification of, i. 447; ii. 203, 213, 356; iii. 307, + 382, 408, 414, 415, 419-421; iv. 75; + France's foreign policy, in, ii. 2; + schemes of Napoleonic and French empire over, 10, 29, 214, 272, + 336, 354; iii. 108, 114, 408; + _N._ on the freedom of, ii. 31; iii. 82; + _N.'s_ relations to, and influence on, ii. 37, 137, 213, 272; + iii. 179; iv. 133, 298; + upheavals in the politics of, ii. 40-45, 255; + compared by _N._ with the Orient, 46; + general armament of (1798), 68; + _N.'s_ visions of military domination in, 73; + situation of affairs at close of 1799, 86; + jealousy in, concerning the Mediterranean, 136; + _N._ the destroyer of, 144; + influence of England in, and her subsidies to the powers of, 145, + 187, 209, 263, 351, 359, 360, 374, 400, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, + 417-425; iv. 30, 31, 55, 68, 76, 164; + situation of affairs at beginning of 1800, ii. 152 et seq.; + efforts of the Directory to extend the French system in, 155; + Prussia's place in, 155; iii. 18; + military situation in (1800), ii. 160; + the "armed neutrality," 194; + reduction of Austria as a power in, 194; + the old dynasties and the dynastic idea in, 194, 269, 317; + iii. 65, 153, 162, 199, 200, 416; iv. 44; + anxiety in, as to permanency of peace of Amiens, ii. 261; + destruction of the balance of power, 266; + _N.'s_ warning to, March 13, 1803, 284; + _N.'s_ views on continental conquest, 290; + _N.'s_ notification to, in the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 316; + the embargo, blockades, and other commercial warfare in, 334, 347, + 376, 441, 442; iii. 48, 49, 55, 98-102, 109, 140, 279, 280, 307, + 328 (_see also_ =Berlin Decree=; =Continental System=; =Milan + Decree=); + outbreak of war in 1805, ii. 348; + _N._ arrayed against, 351; + the price of the hegemony of, 392; + Fox upholds existing sovereignties in, 404; + necessity of colonial produce to, 441; + Russia's ambition to be included in, iii. 45; + general warfare in, 47; + English monopoly of commerce, 46; + law of colonial trade, 46; + Alexander I on politics of, 52; + St. Petersburg holds the peace of, 65; + _N.'s_ hopes of a coalition in, against England, 65; + general Sanhedrim of, 76; + influence of the peace of Tilsit on, 95; + a moment of universal anarchy for, 104; + the situation in, 117, 118; + power of the word "legitimacy" in, 148; + growth of the national idea in, 154, 162, 200, 268; iv. 292 + (_see also_ =Germany=; =Prussia=); + the right of force in, iii. 164; + the French idea of their great cause in, 214; + views on _N.'s_ second marriage, 256; + publicity of _N.'s_ domestic concerns throughout, 277; + system of private confiscations, 296; + rejoicings over the birth of the king of Rome, 301, 302; + the condition of, set forth in _N.'s_ reply to the Paris Chamber + of Commerce, 303-305; + _N.'s_ coast system of protection 307; + apprehensions of war in, 315, 318; + tendency toward rupture of the peace of, 317; + the Russian march of French troops over, 330; + _N.'s_ scheme for two powers in, 329; + responsibility of Kutusoff for bloodshed in, 374; + Austria a pivotal state in, 403, 409, 411; + _N._ desires to avoid the reprobation of, 414; + a neutral zone for, 414; + peace congress of, 415; + nervousness among the allies, iv. 5; + Prussia acquires the hegemony of continental, 37; + distrust among the allies, 40, 41; + the commercial key to central, 42; + struggle for manhood suffrage in, 43; + exactions of the allies in central, 54, 55; + the armed forces of, Jan. 1, 1814, 55; + jealousies among the powers, 57, 58; + England's desire to establish equilibrium in, 68; + military outrages in, 102; + mobilization of troops, 165; + notified that the Empire means peace, 165; + possible consequences of _N.'s_ success at Waterloo, 213; + the doctrine of legitimacy, 224; + France the teacher of, 253; + abolition of feudalism and ecclesiasticism, 254; + progress of reform in, 263; + a bellicose age in, 264; + influence of Charles the Great on, 292; + the armies of modern, 295; + the alliances of, 295; + the national politics of, 298. + + =Eutritzsch=, military operations near, iv. 29. + + =Exagérés=, the, i. 234. + + =Executive Council=, establishment of the, i. 188; + military preparations by, 194. + + =Exelmans, Gen. R. J. I.=, corresponds with the Emperor, iv. 148; + in Waterloo campaign, 173. + + =Extravagance=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 105. + + =Eylau=, the campaign of, iii. 12 et seq.; iv. 173; + the causes of _N.'s_ weakness at, iii. 26; + the grand army after, 45; + the lessons of, 341. + + +F + + =Family relations=, under the Code, ii. 223. + + =Fanaticism=, iv. 263. + + =Fauvelet=, _N.'s_ school friend, i. 178. + + =Faypoult, G. C.=, French political agent in Genoa, ii. 10. + + =Feltre=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; + Clarke created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Clarke=. + + =Feraud=, murder of, 284. + + =Ferdinand, Archduke=, commanding Austrian army in Germany, ii. 363; + escapes into Bohemia, 366; + at Ulm, 366; + commanding in Bohemia, 380; + invades Poland and captures Warsaw, iii. 199, 201; + vicissitudes in Poland, 212; + evacuates Warsaw, 212; + on the way to Charles's assistance, 225. + + =Ferdinand of Parma=, ii. 205. + + =Ferdinand I=, King of Naples, ii. 357; iii. 319. _See also_ + =Ferdinand IV=. + + =Ferdinand III=, flees to Vienna, ii. 87. + + =Ferdinand IV=, position in 1797, i. 421; + evacuates the Papal States, ii. 204; + compelled to restore plunder, 204. + + =Ferdinand VII= (_see also_ =Asturias, Prince of=), letters to _N._, + iii. 137, 143, 149; + seeks _N.'s_ favor, 137, 150; + enters Madrid, 138; + doubtful recognition of his throne, 140; + hinted order that he go to Bayonne, 142; + at Vitoria, 143; + revulsion of Spanish feeling against, 143; + goes to Bayonne, 143, 144, 145; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, 142-151; + orders for his arrest, 144; + deposed, 144-148; + character, 146, 149, 150; + offers to surrender his crown, 146; + the crown of Etruria offered to, 145; + trial at Bayonne, 146; + popularity in Spain, 146, 154; + pension and grant to, 147; + in virtual custody of Talleyrand, 148; + cowed into submission, 147, 151; + asks _N.'s_ adoption and permission to appear at court, 261; + release of, iv. 52; + relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, 52. + + =Fère-Champenoise=, the Emperor at, iv. 87; + military movements near, 91; + retreat of the French through, 99. + + =Fermo=, consolidated with the kingdom of Italy, iii. 118. + + =Ferrara=, the Pope prepares to recover, i. 398; + new scheme of government for, 402; + surrendered to France, 422; + ceded to Venice at Leoben, 438; + incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21. + + =Ferrol=, reported junction of French and Spanish fleets at, ii. 359; + blockade of, 359; + Villeneuve's retreat to, 371; + supposed English schemes at, iii. 187, 188. + + =Fersen, Count=, essays to represent Sweden at Congress of Rastatt, + ii. 27. + + =Fesch, Joseph=, i. 32; + childhood with _N._, 40; + appointed to seminary at Aix, 44; + _N.'s_ correspondence with, 55, 79, 141; + enters the priesthood, 64; + returns to Corsica, 112; + literary collaborator with _N._, 124, 147; + member of the constituent assembly at Orezza, 131; + custodian of _N.'s_ papers, 139; + supplanted as head of family by _N._, 161; + radical leader at Ajaccio, 184; + leaves Corsica for Toulon, 207; + in commissary department at Toulon, 208; + storekeeper in commissary department, 225; + escapes arrest, 254; + at Aix, 291; + conforms to the civil constitution, ii. 206; + archbishop of Lyons and cardinal, 258; + reënters the church, 258; + Grand Almoner, 324; + selects a physician for _N._, iv. 232. + + =Feudal System=, in Corsica, i. 9, 18; + remnants of the, 67; + absorption of its power in the French crown, 100; + abolition of, 110, 152, 193; ii. 224; iii. 85, 189, 190; iv. 254; + the oath of the Legion of Honor concerning, ii. 246; + _N.'s_ influence on, iii. 322; + French hatred of, iv. 43. + + =Feuillants, the=, i. 153; + form a ministry, 174; + fall of the ministry, 179. + + =Fichte, J. G.=, member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416; + influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103. + + =Fifth Regiment= (French), _N._ offers himself to the bullets of + the, iv, 155. + + =Fifty-second Regiment= (English), in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209. + + =Figueras=, captured by the French, iii. 132. + + =Filangieri, Gaëtano=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78. + + =Finance=, an occult doctrine of, iii, 390. + + =Finisterre, Cape=, Calder encounters Villeneuve off, ii. 359. + + =Finkenstein=, _N._ at, iii. 18, 24, 25; + Persian envoy at, 18. + + =Finland=, Russian ambition to acquire, iii. 37, 98, 113, 168, 176; + Russia's claims to, recognized at Tilsit, 55; + acquired by Russia, 64, 236, 248, 268, 310, 316; + Russian invasion of, 115, 116; + Russia threatened with the loss of, 314; + offered to Sweden by _N._, 321. + + =Fioravente, Gen.=, captured at Verona, i. 443. + + =First Consul=, the office of the, ii. 127. + + =Fischbach=, military movements near, iv. 18. + + =Fismes=, _N._ aims to strike the Prussians at, iv. 77; + Marmont rallies his troops at, 81, 82; + junction of Marmont and Mortier at, 93; + Marmont retreats to, 100. + + =Fitz-James, Edward=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107. + + =Fiume=, reoccupied by Austria, i. 435; + seized by _N._, 434; + _N._ proposes to cede, iv. 423. + + =Five Hundred, the=, i. 270; + their representation of public sentiment, ii. 1; + inquiry in, as to _N.'s_ independence, 3; + its members proscribed, 8; + Jacobin majority in, 94, 97; + Bonapartes among, 95; + Lucien Bonaparte elected president, 97, 105; + _N._ at the meetings of, 18th and 19th Brumaire, 106, 111-120; + counterplots against _N._ among, 109; + opposition by, 110-120; + meeting of Bonapartist members of, 118; + adopts the Consulate, 123; + deposition of members, 125; + rewards among, for complacency, 125. + + =Flahaut, Gen. A. C. J.=, sent to seek Marmont's advice, iv. 116; + advises a return to Lorraine, 116; + bearer of despatch from _N._ to Ney, 186. + + =Flanders=, _N._ in, i. 79; + _N._ journey to, iii. 312. + _See also_ =Austrian Netherlands=; =Batavian Republic=; =Dutch + Flanders=; =Holland=; =Netherlands=. + + =Fleurus=, battle of, i. 273; + Jourdan's victory at, ii. 323; + military operations near, iv. 173, 175, 180; + _N._ at, 180, 185. + + =Florence=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27, 30, 44, 45; + position in the French empire, iii. 279; + sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380. + + =Flushing=, Holland's indemnity for, ii. 154; + English capture of, iii. 237; + _N._ builds ships at, 237. + + =Fombio=, battle of, i. 359. + + =Fontainebleau=, Pius VII, at, ii. 340; + treaty of, iii. 70; + social vices at, 92; + treaty of (Oct. 10, 1807), 104; + _N.'s_ court at, 108, 245, 301; + diplomatic negotiations at, 118; + treaty of (Oct. 28, 1807), for partition of Portugal, 119, 120, + 121, 133, 149, 151; + _N.'s_ harsh treatment of Josephine at, 179; + imprisonment of Pius VII at, 243, 377, 390, 391; + the decree (of Oct. 18, 1810), iii. 279; + the Concordat of, 391, 392; + military movements near, iv. 68, 72, 104; + _N._ at, 105, 116, 158; + _N._ reviews the Guard at, 116, 117; + treasonable utterances of the marshals at, 119; + scene of _N.'s_ abdication, 120-122; + council of war at, 128; + treaty of (April, 1814), 133-136, 137, 139, 144-146, 152; + _N._ leaves, for Elba, 139. + + =Fontanes, Marquis de=, oration on Washington by, ii. 148; + retires from presidency of the senate, iii. 294; + grand master of the university, 294. + + =Fontenaye, Mme. de=, i. 315. + _See also_ =Tallien, Mme=. + + =Forchheim=, _N.'s_ base, ii. 424. + + =Forez Regiment=, the, i. 143. + + =Forfait, P. A. L.=, Secretary of the Navy, ii. 130. + + =Förstgen=, military operations near, iv. 20. + + =Fort Bard=, ii. 171. + + =Fort Carré=, _N.'s_ confinement in, i. 253-255. + + =Fortification=, _N.'s_ essay on, iv. 232. + + =Fort Luco=, fires on French ship at Porto di Lido, i. 443, 446. + + =Fort Mulgrave=, capture of, i. 230. + + =Fouché, Joseph=, describes atrocities at Toulon, i. 233; + opposes Robespierre, 251; + Minister of Police, ii. 92, 323, 412; + joins the Bonapartist ranks, 106; + detection of plots by, 110; + _N.'s_ confidence in, 149; + attitude toward the conspirators of Nivôse, 241; + suspected of Jacobinism, 241; + disgraced, degraded, and banished, 241, 277; iii. 180, 275; + character, ii. 277; iii. 193, 253, 267, 271; iv. 148; + instigates Moreau's letter to _N._, ii. 299; + urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304; + ordered to supervise correspondence from the army, iii. 25; + created Duke of Otranto, 87; + licenses vice in Paris, 92; + whips in the nobility to the imperial court, 93; + favors Ferdinand VII, 125, 126; + share in the matter of Josephine's divorce, 179, 180; + raises national guards for service in the Netherlands, 237; + on the second marriage of _N._, 253; + advocates alliance with Russia, 253; + member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 253; + raises troops to repel the Walcheren expedition, 253; + the superserviceable Mephistopheles of the empire, 271; + intervenes in Holland's negotiations with England, 271; + English-Dutch conspiracy, 275; + returns from exile in Italy, 326; + memorializes against war, 326; + warns _N._ of the fate of Charles XII, 326; + recalled to active service, 421; + double intrigues of, iv. 149; + neutrality of, 157; + member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159; + military conspiracy of, 161; + plots against _N._, 165, 166; + attitude after Waterloo, 217, 218; + member of the new Directory, 218; + refuses responsibility for _N.'s_ safety, 219. + + =Fougé, Mme.=, _N.'s_ relations with, ii. 329. + + =Fouquier-Tinville, A. Q.=, execution of, i. 272. + + =Fourcroy, A. F.=, member of the council of state, ii. 152, 214; + organizer of the educational system of France, 227, 228. + + =Fourth Artillery=, treason in the, i. 173. + + =Fourth Regiment=, _N.'s_ service in the, i. 149, 159. + + =Fox, Charles James=, on French military successes, i. 275; + reports _N._ as favorable to peace, ii. 273; + defends France in Parliament, 273; + visits _N._ at Paris, 273; + bias toward France, 282; + lays aside French sympathies, 292; + secretary of state, 394; + becomes prime minister, 399; + declares war against Prussia, 400; + negotiations with _N._, 400, 404; + supposed peace policy of, 401; + upholds the claims of existing sovereignties in Europe, 404; + compelled to adopt Pitt's program, 405; + death, 405; iii. 46. + + =Foy, Gen. M. S.=, Masséna's envoy to Paris, iii. 287, 289; + brings orders for reinforcements, 289; + in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 171; + battle of Waterloo, 199. + + =France=, convention with Genoa regarding Corsica, i. 17, 21; + emulation of England, 22; + her colonial ambitions, possessions, and losses, 21, 450; + ii. 4, 237, 271, 281; iii. 55, 85; iv. 295, 296; + precedent for her aid to American colonies, i. 23; + relation of the army to the throne, 67; + _N._ studies her history and politics, 78, 95, 176; + _N.'s_ bitterness against, 80, 81, 92, 122, 136; + outbreak of the Revolution of 1789 in, 100 et seq.; + social conditions and customs, the domestic relations, etc., + 100-110, 193, 266, 290; ii. 45, 194-198, 200, 213, 223, 318; + iii. 75-79, 87-90, 159-161, 388-390, 392; iv. 48, 49, 259-262, + 295-296; + financial troubles, issues of paper money, financial policies and + reforms, i. 105, 289, 327; ii. 48, 134, 186, 219, 229, 318, + 409-411; iii. 25, 74, 78, 79, 197, 294, 295, 304-305, 388-390; + iv. 259; + declared a limited monarchy, i. 106; + the rise of popular government, 109; + destruction of feudalism, 110; iii. 85, 322; + adoption of the tricolor, i. 109; + the end of absolutism, 119; + the title and position of the king, 119, 151, 158; + Corsica and Navarre joined to, 120; + disorganization of the army, 140; + changes in, 140-144; + patriotism, spirit of national unity, military enthusiasm, etc., + 140, 155, 158, 195, 266-270, 326; ii. 146, 156, 225, 319; + iii. 6, 7, 198, 323, 324, 386, 387; iv. 73, 171; + the first stage of transformation in, i. 150; + famine, 151; + the problem of government, 151-154, 158; + geographical reconstruction, 152; + failure of reform, 153; + split on the subject of monarchy, 153; + the national oath, 155; + fear of war, 155; + vicissitudes of royalism in; + Bourbon and anti-Bourbon sentiment and intrigues, 155, 268, 278, + 297; ii. 8, 22, 95, 130, 235, 301; iv. 49, 50, 81, 113-115, 126; + desertion of troops to Austria, i. 173; + anarchy, 173, 234; + outbreak of insurrection, June 20, 1792, 174; + the republic, 176; + expected coalition against, 187; + efforts at and failures of constitutional government, 187, 268; + ii. 92, 101, 112, 121, 245; iii. 294, 295; iv. 157, 159, 166, + 257 (_see also_ specific constitutions mentioned infra); + abolition of the monarchy, i. 189, 194, 267; ii. 317; + declaration of the republic, i. 189; + establishment of an executive council, 189; + political parties, 188; + the republican calendar, 188; ii. 258, 346, 406; + the dictatorship, i. 194; + preparing for foreign war, 194; + declares war against England, 195; + _N.'s_ personal relations with and influence on; + the likes and dislikes of the French people for _N._, 209-211, + 323, 369; ii. 29, 97, 133, 142, 152, 185, 199, 215, 218, 272, + 293, 329; iii. 1, 2, 25, 65, 73-75, 79, 80, 160, 168, 315, 316, + 379, 380, 386, 387; iv. 41-45, 48-50, 53, 54, 101, 102, 123, + 124, 131-133, 146, 147, 150, 152, 233, 255, 256, 259, 260, 263, + 293, 298; + civil war, i. 212 et seq.; ii. 142, 145; + massacres, i. 234; + militarism, 249-251, 306; ii. 73; iii. 160; + difficulties of a new political program, i. 267-271; + confiscation of lands, 268; + adoption of ancient Roman governmental systems, 270; + the Directory, 270, et seq.; + land and labor troubles, 272; + purging of the army, 275; + military successes, 275; + territorial ambitions, 276; + suspected influences in the army, 278; + the constitution of 1795, 278, 293, 297, 299, 304-308, 309, + 330-333; ii. 1, 92, 96; + reaction in, i. 280; + condition of the press, 281; ii. 145, 254, 271, 294; + growth of science, literature, and the arts, i. 281; iii. 26, + 88-91, 297, 300; + woman in, i. 290; + British views of affairs in, 297; + English fleet on northern coast, 298; + military dictatorship, 305; + parties, 305; + the regicides in, 309; + coalitions against, 324; ii. 40, 86, 90, 136; + cursed by absolutism, i. 327; + the popular conception of its boundaries, 327; + struggle for and achievement of liberty and civil rights, 326-329; + ii. 126, 136, 261, 293, 317; iii. 82, 83; iv. 38, 160, 295; + the 13th Vendémiaire, i. 328; + foreign policy, 329; + intestinal troubles, 329; + military dictator of Europe, 333; + condition at opening of 1796, 333; + a new lease of national life for, 340; + military strength and recuperative power, 344-349; ii. 9, 13, 14, + 160; iii. 27, 28, 323, 324, 387-389; iv. 47, 48, 50, 59, 60, + 102, 103, 105, 148; + vicissitudes of her naval power, i. 345-349; ii. 331, 334, 359, + 360, 370, 375; iii. 314, 315; iv. 75; + apex of revolutionary greatness, i. 351; + preëminence in Europe, 351; + rejoicings over Lodi, 361; + foreign populations well disposed toward, 387; + Eastern policy, 423; ii. 47; + dissatisfaction with treaty of Leoben, i. 441; + desire for peace, ii. 1, 140, 187, 243, 394; iii. 112, 197; + iv. 19, 52, 157; + suicide among naval officers, ii. 3; + internal administration, offices and office-holders, and public + works, 3, 127, 149-159, 217-228, 271, 273; iii. 74, 91, 160, + 249, 296, 297, 301; iv. 48, 296; + the 18th of Fructidor, ii. 8; + martial law in, 8; + punctiliousness in exacting war indemnities, 13; + exasperation at England's mastery of the seas, 16; + aspirations toward "liberty of the seas," 16; + educational methods and reforms, 34, 225-228; iii. 26, 89-91; + iv. 261, 296; + _N._ constructive commander-in-chief, ii. 36; + makes war only against tyrannical dynasties, 42; + schemes of world-conquest, 46; + popular ideas concerning the Egyptian campaign, 67; + _N._ summoned to take supreme command, 80; + elections, May, 1799, 91; + relations between Church and state, religious sentiment, + the clergy, etc., 91, 131, 205, 206, 215, 224, 227, 258, 318, + 398; iii. 67, 90, 119, 306, 388, 391; iv. 147, 160, 253, 259, + 296; + fears of a revival of the Terror, ii. 92; + the draft in, 93; iii. 387 (_see also_ =Conscription=); + arbitrary tariff in, ii. 93; + thirst for glory and booty in, 93, 105, 268, 361; iii. 6, 82, 323; + iv. 49, 248; + the constitution of 1799, ii. 96, 100, 118, 126, 136, 148, 149, + 150, 162, 242, 246, 261; + "the pear is ripe," 98, 103; + need of a Cromwell, 119; + feelings of the various parties, 122; + adoption of the Roman consular system, 123; + the plebiscite of Dec. 15, 1799, 128, 136; + the new charter, 129; + compulsory loans, 134; + disgust at demagogues, 134; + results of the upheaval of Brumaire, 133; + taxation methods and reforms, 135, 153, 220, 349; iii. 78, 305, 389; + end of the provisional Consulate, ii. 137; + two policies open to _N._, 137; + confidence in the new administration, 140; + English preparations to invade, 143; + the inveterate foe of England, 146; + salaries of the First Consul, consuls, and other officers, 150; + the legislative system, 149-153, 242; iii. 83 (_see also_ titles + of its various branches); + the judicial system, and legal abuses and reforms, ii. 149-153, + 222-224, 306, 319; iv. 260, 295; + isolation against England and Austria, ii. 156; + _N.'s_ scheme of leadership among nations, 156; + her fate identified with that of _N._, 158; + inefficiency of the department of war, 165; + use of the term "citizen," 194; + public festivals, 195; + use of the term "empire," 194, 248; + the center of a system of republics, 205; + characteristics and temperaments of her people, 205, 254, 261, + 315; iii. 260; iv. 44, 171, 254; + satisfaction with the peace of Amiens, ii. 213; + _N.'s_ reorganization of, 213 et seq.; + aspirations toward a European empire, 214; + position in Europe in 1801, 214; + political centralization, 218, 293; iii. 160; iv. 92, 97, 260, 294; + usury in, ii. 219; iii. 75, 77; iv. 48; + speculation in, ii. 219; + the Ministry of the Interior, 218; + crime in, 218; + confiscation of crown and emigrants' lands, 219; + levy of forced contributions by, 220; + revival of the public credit, 220; + commerce, agriculture, and industries in, 220, 272, 349; iii. 75, + 76, 160, 249, 265, 295, 303, 304, 377; iv. 48; + compared with the Roman empire, ii. 222; + tendency toward one-man government, 229; + discontent of the republicans, 230; + tendency toward a paternal government, 235; + the Consulate compared with the Roman empire, 235; + plebiscite on question of hereditary consulship, 245, 247; + prerogatives of the government, 248; + her cup of satisfaction full, 248; + _N._ the personification of, 251; + autocratic power of the government, 254; + restoration of public confidence, 259; + sanctions _N.'s_ schemes of European reorganization, 265; + arbitrary shipping regulation, 270; + protective policy, 270; + restores the slave-trade, 270; + sequestrations of English property in, 270; + influence of the bourgeoisie, 278; + prepares naval armaments, 280; + importation of English goods into, forbidden, 288; + disregard for treaty stipulations, 288; + seizure of English prisoners of war in, 288; + declares embargo on British ships, 287; + failure of the Revolution to give political freedom to, 293; + effect of Moreau's fate on the moderate republicans, 300; + police system, 300, 412; iv. 260; + law of treason in, ii. 306; + indignation over the death of the Duc d'Enghien, 311; + the days before the empire, 317 et seq.; + _N.'s_ conception of the empire, 317, 318; + question of consular heredity, 317; + reforms in, 318; + creation of the empire, 322 et seq.; + the constitution of 1804, 322; + the question of hereditary empire, 322; + imperial titles in, 322; + creation of marshals, 323; + _N.'s_ civil list, 323; + the imperial heraldic device, 323; + _N.'s_ distinction between the state and the empire, 324, 396, 404; + scheme of a great empire, 330; + her generals and admirals contrasted, 334; + blockades European ports, 334; + destruction of the Pope's hopes for ecclesiastical matters in, 346; + restoration of the Gregorian calendar, 346; + European apprehensions as to her assumptions, 348; + decline in government bonds, 349; iii. 24; iv. 48; + union of the crowns of Italy and, ii. 352; + position in the European balance, 354; iii. 46; + military commanders, ii. 364; + naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 375; + preëminence of, 393; + the court of (1806), 406, 411; + the imperial catechism, 408; + venality of officials, 410; iii. 295; + continental conquests, ii. 441; + right of search and impressment, 441; + the supports of the empire, iii. 24; + likened to a cephalopod, 24; + founding of military factories, 25; + declares war against England (1793), 47; + colonial trade, rule of 1756. 47; + closes harbors to English ships, 47; + to mediate between Russia and Turkey, 55; + desire for naval allies, 66; + effect of the treaty of Tilsit in, 72; + her European relations, 73; + lays other countries under commercial tribute, 74; + journeys of the Emperor and Empress through, 74; + the Semitic question in, 75-77; iv. 259; + panic of 1805, iii. 78; + appreciation of government bonds, 79; + prosperity, 80; + creation of hereditary legislators, 82; + the right of entail, 82, 85; + the aristocracy, 85-87; + creation of a noble class, 86, 87; + salaries of ministers and ambassadors, 87; + the prefecture, 89; + restriction of commerce with the United States, 102; + lack of an heir to the throne, 112; + proposed supremacy in Europe, 114; + secret compact with Spain for partition of Portugal, 119; + negotiates for rights in Spanish colonies, 133; + welcome to the grand army in, 182; + rival schools of history in, 196; + the army and nation exhausted, 224; + discontent in, 233, 249, 325; iv. 49-52; + cession of Austrian territory to, iii. 239; + growing independence of the nobility, 250; + absolutist tendency, 256; + enthusiasm over _N.'s_ second marriage, 258-261; + transplantation of the ecclesiastical establishments from Rome to, + 258, 263; + creation of the papal departments of Rome and Trasimenus, 262, 263; + overpowered by England at sea, 264; + monopolies in, 267; + violations of the Continental System in, 266; + scheme to incorporate new lands into, 266; + seizure of American vessels by, 275, 321; + part of the North Sea coast incorporated into the empire, 278, 287; + enlargement of the empire, 279; + vassal states, 279; + a central bureaucracy in, 279; + proposal to incorporate Spain into, 282; + the natural extensions of, 282; + principle of punishment by confiscation, 295; + Russian discrimination against goods from, 288; + enthusiasm in, over birth of the King of Rome, 302; + the successor to the Frankish dominion of Charles the Great, 304; + military expenses, 305; + revenue from contributions, 304; + the war method of replenishing the treasury, 305, 308; + exchange of prisoners with England, 307; + expeditions against Sicily, Egypt, and Ireland, 308; + Russia's virtual declaration of war against, 312; + effect of the Continental System on industry, 323; + "flying columns," 323; + admiration for the empire in, 323; + general confidence in, 326; + intrigues leading to the Russian campaign of 1812, 328-332; + scarcity of provisions in, 329; + Malet's conspiracy, 361, 376; + revolutionary spirit in, 375, 376; + effect of the Russian failure in, 377; + civil officials whipped into line, 379; + relief for soldiers' families, 379; + plan of regency for, 380; + reception of stragglers from Russia in, 386; + the stimulus of bad news in, 386; + seizure of communal domains, 389; + proposed "guard of honor," 390; + _N._ threatens to abolish the legislature, 390; + value of the Austrian alliance to, 390; + possibility of _N.'s_ becoming king of, 400; + proposed territorial concessions by, 408; + scheme to confine her to the west bank of the Rhine, 423; + exhaustion of, iv. 1; + demoralization of the marshals, 13; + military reverses, 19; + revulsion of feeling of Bavaria and Saxony regarding, 19; + England's determination to crush, 31; + death throes of the empire, 37; + her "natural boundaries," 41; + the Frankfort proposals as to territorial changes, 42-45; + hatred of dynastic rule, 43; + failure of popular sovereignty, 43; + hatred of feudalism, 43; + movement for the expulsion of the invaders, 44; + publication of the allies' proclamation in, 45; + losses of the wars of 1812-1813, 47; + the home guard, 50; + radical agitation in, 49; + "sedentary" volunteers, 50; + panics, 51; + imperialist sentiment in, 52-55; + invaded by the allies, 53 et seq.; + disaffection in the National Guard, 53; + schemes of the allies for invasion of, 54, 57, 68; + the allies determine to confine her to her royal limits, 68; + the Czar's determination to conquer, 68; + proposal that she continue the war with England, 75; + attempt to confine _N._ to the boundaries of royal, 77; + marauding excesses of the allies, 85; + irregular warfare in, 99; + empty arsenals in, 106; + the dissolution of the empire, 110; + proposed forms of government for, 114; + under three forms of government, 115; + the provisional government seeks the Emperor's death by + assassination, 119; + regeneration of, 121; + proposed perpetuation of the empire, 120; + _N._ renounces the throne of, 131; + pensions _N._, 131; + the virtue of the French burgher, 141; + fails to pay _N.'s_ pension, 142, 144, 150; + formation of the new upper chamber, 146; + restored to position of a great power, 146; + Louis XVIII's constitution, 146; + change of public opinion, 146-150; + comparative expenses of the kingdom and the empire, 147; + return of the emigrants to, 147; + restriction of the suffrage, 147; + release of prisoners of war, 147; + "paternal anarchy" in, 147, 149; + abolition of orphan asylums, 148; + _N.'s_ march through, on his return from Elba, 158-162; + visions of a reunited, 157; + _N.'s_ plans for, on returning from Elba, 157; + returned emigrants banished from, 157; + _N._ the "liberator" of, 157; + the apostle of popular sovereignty in, 159; + abolition of privilege and divine right, 160, 257; + the new cabinet, 159; + reconstruction of the House of Peers, 160; + promulgation of the Additional Act, 160; + plebiscite in, 160; + the specter of war in, 161, 166; + bitterness of the nobles, 166; + pledged to self-defense only, 168; + reconstituted corps of marshals, 167; + the "French fury," 171; + Austrian and Prussian schemes for the humiliation of, 214; + Carnot advises a dictatorship for, 217; + organization of a new Directory, 218; + demands for _N.'s_ abdication, 218; + appointment of committee of public safety, 218; + the allies in, 219; + the White Terror, 222; + reconstruction, 224; + confiscation of the imperial domain, 233; + the Revolution in, 253-255; + the teacher of Europe, 254; + the heir of Rome, 253; + enthusiasm for principle, 254; + the Third Estate, 259, 261; + overthrow of the old régime, 260; + Protestantism in, 259; + the new régime, 260; + tendency toward revolution, 261; + the Terror, 262; + conspiracies in, 263; + rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 264; + trial of a single-headed government, 265; + abandonment of the people to _N.'s_ purposes, 265; + character of the wars with England, 265; + the French tradition, 290; + present conditions of government, 295; + hopes for the future, 295; + progress between 1802 and 1815, 296; + _N._ the forerunner of modern, 295; + the Seven Years' War, 297. + See also names of persons or places connected with events in, passim. + + =Francis I= (Emperor of Austria), scheme of territorial + aggrandizement, i. 325; + opposes the army of the Rhine, 342; + greed for Italian territory, 425, 438; ii. 141; + prepares for flight into Hungary, i. 437; + offers _N._ a principality and settled income, ii. 19; + declines to send diplomatic agent to Paris, 42; + _N._ writes personal letter to, 142; + military plans for 1800, 160; + letter from _N._ to, June, 1800, 187; + his claims of empire, 329; + dismemberment of his empire, 352; + advised of _N.'s_ seizure of the crown of Italy, 352; + declares war against France, Sept. 3, 1805, 363; + attempts negotiations with _N._, 368; + inaugurates peace negotiations, 381; + secures an armistice, 389; + interview with _N._ after Austerlitz, 389; iii. 38; iv. 30; + proposes to continue the war, ii. 390; + abandons his Germanic crown, 404; + outwitted by Andréossy, 444; + resolves on neutrality, 445; + attitude during the Eylau campaign, iii. 21; + _N._ offers Silesia to, 22; + his "divine right," 38; + character, 38; + the Czar's influence with, 166; + _N._ demands that he disarm, 169; + compact between Russia and France against, 176; + reproached by _N._ from Erfurt, 178; + decides to strike _N._ during his Spanish difficulties, 194; + abused by _N._, 213, 251; + treatment of Hungary, 214; + seeks aid of Frederick William, 225; + fails to secure advantage after Aspern, 225; + obstinacy of, 225; + his position after Wagram, 232; + hopes of continuing the war, 235; + assumes command of the army, 235; + trusts to dilatory negotiations, 236; + concedes _N.'s_ demands, 236; + gets no support from Alexander, 236; + proposal that he abdicate, 238, 251; + peace negotiations between _N._ and, 238; + angered at the treaty of Schönbrunn, 244; + at marriage of Maria Louisa, 256; + asks aid against Russian aggression, 314; + alarmed at Russian successes on the Danube, 320; + acquires Galicia, 331; + dean of the sovereigns at Dresden, 330; + _N._ seeks to hold his adhesion, 375; + lukewarmness toward _N._, 385; + dread of _N._, 394; + letter from _N._, 395; + _N.'s_ reply to his peace proposals, 408; + _N.'s_ dread of, 413; + at Gitschin, 415; + conference with Nesselrode, 415; + political use of his daughter, 416; + seeks alliance with Alexander, 419; + letter from Metternich, June 29, 1813, 420; + ratifies the treaty of Reichenbach, 422; + reception of _N.'s_ attempts to bribe Austria, 423; + fears French invasion of Vienna, iv. 3; + letter from _N._, Sept., 1813, 21; + declines to treat after Leipsic, 31; + anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40; + distrust of his allies, 40; + discovers the royal ancestry of the Buonapartes, 44; + proposed cession of Alsace to, 67; + to Maria Louisa on the situation, 68; + _N._ demands the Frankfort proposals from, 74; + narrow escape from capture at Bar-sur-Aube, 95; + joins the Army of the South at Lyons, 97; + relations with his allies, 97; + letter from _N._ to, March 28, 1814, 104; + at Dijon, 113, 128; + _N._ seeks the aid of, through Maria Louisa, 128; + Maria Louisa takes refuge with, 135, 143; + seeks the dissolution of his daughter's marriage, 135; + desires _N.'s_ exile, 138; + keeps his daughter a virtual prisoner, 143; + besought for _N.'s_ release, 231. + + =Francisco, Don= (Infante of Spain), ordered to Bayonne, iii. 146. + + =Franconia=, treaty with France, 1796, i. 450; + French occupation of, ii. 405; iii. 165; + the campaign in, 13; + exploits of the Black Legion in, 234. + + =Frankfort-on-the-Main=, occupied by Custine, i. 194; + member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403; + French demonstrations near, 424; + the principality transferred from Dalberg to Prince Eugène, iii. 266; + furnishes new levies, 394; + parley of the allies at, iv. 40-46; 67, 70; + _N._ adheres to the proposals of, 70, 73, 75. + + =Frasnes=, military operations at, iv. 176, 184, 189. + + =Fraternity=, decreed, i. 110. + + =Frederick VI=, signs treaty of Fontainebleau, iii. 70; + hopes to acquire Sweden, 280; + assists in the Continental System, 280. + + =Frederick August I=, Elector of Saxony, accepts French terms after + Jena, ii. 443; + proposed exchange of Poland for Saxony, iii. 50; + made king of Saxony, 56; + acquires the grand duchy of Warsaw, 56; + interview with _N._ at Dresden, 394; + peculiar relations toward _N._, 375, 394, 408; + offers his troops to Austria, 399; + difficult position of, 399; + declares himself favorable to France, 407; + love for his capital, iv. 25; + sent prisoner to Berlin, 34; + released by _N._ from his engagements, 39. + + =Frederick the Great=, opinion of Paoli, i. 18; + defeats Austria, 324; + his military genius and principles of warfare, 348, 379, 394; + ii. 419; iv. 266, 267; + contrasted with _N._, i. 348, 394; ii. 163; + attitude toward Austria, 41; + statue at the Tuileries, 147; + territorial acquisitions, 413; + _N.'s_ visit to, and spoliation of the tomb of, 438; + self-coronation, iii. 37; + end of his system, 103; + _N._ repudiates the military ideas of, 154; + _N.'s_ analysis of the wars of, iv. 232; + _N.'s_ study of, 266. + + =Frederick William I=, his civil and military administration, ii. 414; + school system of, 414. + + =Frederick William II=, reign of, ii. 414. + + =Frederick William III=, Sieyès's mission to, ii. 41; + _N._ offers the friendship of France to, 155; + character and personality, 155, 400, 414, 422, 442; iii. 44, 45, + 52, 57, 62; iv. 6; + refuses to make alliance with _N._, ii. 194; + neutrality of, 194, 311, 361, 414; + motive in joining the "armed neutrality," 194; + _N.'s_ threatening message to, 282; + friendly to France, 347; + letter to _N._, May, 1805, 356; + swears friendship with Alexander I, 377; + joins the third coalition, 376; + signs away Prussian independence, 400; + threatens to abdicate, 417; + proposes the organization of a North German Confederation, 418; + mobilizes the army, 420; + demands the French evacuation of Germany, 421; + declares war, 422; + at Naumburg, 424; + reluctance for war, 427, 428; + military blunders, 429; + in battle of Auerstädt, 433, 434; + sues for peace, 435; + flight from Jena, 436; + refuses to accept an armistice, 442; + desperation of, 442; + precarious situation at Königsberg, iii. 9; + _N._ opens negotiations with, 18; + refuses _N.'s_ overtures, 18; + refuses to negotiate separate peace, 36; + desperate situation, 37; + his "divine right," 38; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, 42, 44, 104; + armistice arranged with, 42; + meeting with the Emperors at Tilsit, 42-45, 49-52; + humiliation of, 57; + calls on his queen for aid, 57; + spoils interview between _N._ and his Queen, 59; + death of, 63; + residence at Memel, 107; + in need of comforts, 107; + sequestration of his Westphalian estates, 162; + friendship with Alexander, 194; + at St. Petersburg, 194; + proposes alliance with Austria, 225; + refuses aid to Francis, 225; + secret armament by, 225; + denounces Schill, 233; + withdraws from offer of alliance, 236; + sounds Austria, 320; + offers alliance to Alexander, 320; + at Dresden, 330; + _N._ seeks to hold his adhesion, 375; + Prussian disregard of, 382; + nominally degrades York, 384; + forced to a decision, 395; + negotiates with _N._, 396; + removes the court to Breslau, 396; + grief at death of the Queen, 397; + mobilizes the army, 397; + declares war, 398; + proposed allotment of territory to, 409; + mediocrity in military affairs, iv. 6; + in military council at Trachenberg, 6; + anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40; + distrust of his allies, 40; + dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms, 41; + seeks the retention of Prussian acquisitions, 67; + letter to Blücher, Feb. 26, 1814, 75; + at Congress of Châtillon, 76; + attitude toward Francis, 98; + favors movement on Paris, 98; + violates armistice before Paris, 110; + his relations with Alexander, 113; + enters Paris, 113; + at the peace council in Paris, 114; + approves the Bourbon restoration, 114; + deceived by the Parisians' reception, 114; + alleged indelicacy of his visit to the Empress at Rambouillet, 135; + system of promotion in the army, 171. + + =Frederick William IV= (crown prince), a suitor for a Napoleonic + princess, iii. 331; + persuades York to rejoin Blücher, iv. 80. + + =Frederick, king of Würtemberg=, at the Erfurt conference, iii. 172; + marries his daughter to Jerome Buonaparte, ii. 399. + + =Free trade=, demand for, in Corsica, i. 116. + + =Freiburg=, Duc d'Enghien prepares to retire to, ii. 302; + military movements near, ii. 430. + + =Fréjus=, _N._ lands at, ii. 83; iv. 139; + _N.'s_ triumphant progress to Paris from, ii. 84; + place of _N.'s_ embarkation changed from St. Tropez to, iv. 139; + arrival of _N._ at, 139. + + ="French Citizen," the=, change of name to "French Courier," iii. 88. + + ="French Courier," the=, iii. 88. + + =French Empire, the=, the Emperor the head of, ii. 395; + distinguished from France, 404. + + =French language=, _N.'s_ use of the, i. 86. + + =Frère, Gen.=, success at Segovia, iii. 156. + + =Fréron, Louis S.=, in siege of Toulon, i. 232, 233; + bloodthirsty character, 233; + _N.'s_ friendship with, 236; + opposes Robespierre, 251; + influence among the Thermidorians, 254; + social life in Paris, 289; + a Dantonist, 289; + uses influence in _N.'s_ behalf, 292, 296; + flirtation with Pauline Buonaparte, 322; + commissioner at Marseilles, 322. + + =Friant, Gen.=, marches toward Ingolstadt, iii. 207; + in battle of Borodino, 344. + + =Fribourg=, the plundering of, ii. 40. + + =Frick Valley=, to be ceded to Austria, ii. 40. + + =Friedland=, battle of, iii. 30-33; + the campaign reviewed, 32-37; + Alexander's pliableness after, 351; + battle of, compares with that at Beresina, iv. 37. + + =Friedrichshamn=, treaty of, iii. 248. + + =Friedrichstadt=, fighting at, iv. 9. + + =Friends of the Constitution, the=, i. 154. + + =Frischermont=, the farms of, iv. 195; + the French position at, 196. + + =Friuli=, retreat of Wurmser's troops through, i. 384; + Quasdanowich's strength in, 386; + Archduke Charles in, 425; + campaign in, 430 et seq.; + ceded by Austria to Italy, ii. 390; + creation of hereditary duchy of, 395; + Duroc created Duke of, iii. 86. + _See also_ =Duroc=. + + =Fromentières=, military operations near, iv. 64. + + =Fructidor, the 18th of=, ii. 8; + _N.'s_ responsibility for, 22, 31, 144; + Talleyrand's views of, 34; + counterstroke to, 92; + amnesty for the victims of, 130; + ruptures negotiations at Lille, 144. + + =Fructidorians=, attitude toward _N._, ii. 22; + the radical wing of the, 42. + + =Fuenterrabia=, _N._ seeks information concerning, iii. 128. + + =Fulton, Robert=, tries to interest _N._ in steam, ii. 335. + + =Fuentes de Onoro=, battle of, iii. 289. + + =Fusina=, the French army at, i. 443. + + +G + + =Gaëta=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396. + + =Gaffori=, i. 116; + fails to arouse enthusiasm in Ajaccio, 118. + + =Galicia=, Russian troops in, ii. 363; + Austria's forces on the frontier of, iii. 23; + Russian invasion of, 236; + _N._ demands cession of, 239; + part of, ceded to Russia, 239; + territory of, ceded to grand duchy of Warsaw, 239, 310, 311; + Austria stipulates for acquisition of, 320; + ceded to Austria, 331; + Poniatowski commanding in, 402; + Alexander proposes to exchange Alsace for, iv. 67. + + =Galitzin, Prince=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15; + invades Galicia, 236; + letter from Alexander I, 311; + Alexander's friendship with, 351; + character, 351. + + =Gallican Church, the=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 150; + a voluntary, ii. 206; + _N.'s_ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68; + regulation of its relations with Rome, 262, 263; + _N.'s_ failure to change, iv. 260. + + =Gallo=, Austrian plenipotentiary at Leoben, i. 437; + Austrian plenipotentiary in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 19; + bribed by _N._, 19. + + =Gambling=, suppression of, iii. 92. + + =Ganteaume, Adm.=, member of the council of state, ii. 152; + commanding at Brest, 333; + plan of naval operations for, 334; + fails to run the blockade of Brest, 333. + + =Gap=, _N.'s_ welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 154. + + =Garat, D. J.=, Bonapartist agent in Naples, ii. 89; + royalist intrigues of, iv. 106. + + =Garda, Lake=, military operations near, i. 372, 379-383, 412-414. + + =Gareau=, rapacity of, i. 376. + + =Garfagnana=, given to Elisa (Buonaparte), ii. 395. + + =Gasparin, A. E.=, member of Convention commission for Corsica, i. 219. + + =Gassendi=, _N.'s_ host in Nuits, i. 146. + + =Gassicourt, Cadet de=, story of Lannes's death-bed, iii. 224; + prepares poison for _N._, iv. 218. + + =Gaudin, M. M. C.=, appointed to the treasury, ii. 130, 220; + member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, iv. 159. + + =Gaza=, capture of, ii. 69. + + =Gembloux=, _N._ at, iv. 179; + military movements near, 185; + Grouchy ordered to, 185, 187, 191. + + =Genappe=, _N.'s_ flight through, iv. 211. + + =Gendarmerie=, formation of the system of, i. 142. + + =Geneva=, _N._ in, ii. 27; + to be ceded to France, 40; + Berthier sent to, 140; + Mme. de Staël's exile in, iii. 26; + Augereau confronting Bubna at, iv. 57; + surrenders to the allies, 67. + + =Geneva, Lake of=, French forces on the, ii. 169. + + ="Genius of Christianity"= (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259. + + =Genoa=, relation of Corsica to, i. 10; + loses its hold on Corsica, 15; + convention with France regarding Corsica, 17, 20; + cedes Corsica to France, 22; + the Buonaparte family in, 28; + Paoli's fears concerning, 116; + claims to Corsica, 120, 126; + _N.'s_ relations with and attitude toward, 122, 246-248, 253, 346; + ii. 10, 15; + relations with France, i. 239, 243-244; + English influence in, 243; + seizure of French vessel in harbor of, 243; + counterfeit French money in, 246; + her neutrality violated, 245; + preparations for war with, 246-248, 253; + _N.'s_ scheme of operations against Sardinia and, 247; + neutrality, 248; + the road opened to, 257; + reopening of commerce with Marseilles, 257; + political status in 1796, 345; + levy of enforced contributions from, 345; ii. 153; + military operations against (1796), i, 357; + French proposition to revolutionize, 373; + guerrillas from, 373; + coercive measures against, 373; + makes alliance with the Directory, 403; + disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439; + French intervention in, ii. 10; + sends an embassy to Montebello, 11; + revolution in, 11; + disappearance of Genoa the Superb, 11; + commercial greatness, 15; + plunder of, 16; + transformed into the Ligurian Republic, 21; + trampled under foot by _N._, 144; + the French line at, 160; + Austria's plans against, 160; + English expedition against, 160, 164; + Masséna forced back into, 165; + siege of, 165, 169, 172, 175; + the key of, 172; + surrender of, 175; + _N._ learns of Masséna's disaster at, 176; + accepts a consular constitution, 233; + contributes men to France in war of, 1803, 289; + Masséna's defense of, 323; + French acquisition of, 355, 357; + position in the French Empire, iii. 279. + + =Gentili=, member of the Directory of Corsica, i. 133; + delegate to the National Assembly, 133; + places Ionian Islands under French protection, ii. 16. + + =Gentz, Friedrich von=, manifesto against _N._, iii. 200; + on the campaign of 1813, iv. 40. + + =George III=, recalls Paoli to England, i. 261; + incurs the ill will of Paul I, ii. 141; + receives personal letter from _N._, 142; + pasquinades on, 146; + quarrel with Pitt over Catholic emancipation, 208; + character, 270; + fears for absolutism, 270; + on treaty of Amiens, 276; + message to Parliament, March 8, 1803, 282; + Elector of Hanover, 287; + effect of his imbecility, 329; + letter from _N._, Jan. 2, 1805, 351; + negotiations for the return of Hanover to, 400, 418, 420; + use of German troops in the American colonies, 419; + ousts the "All the Talents" ministry, iii. 46; + joint letter from _N._ and Alexander to (1808), 181; + retirement of, iv. 161; + rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 264. + + =George IV= (Prince Regent), attitude toward France (1795), i. 297; + regency of, iv. 161; + character, 161; + besought for asylum for _N._, 221. + + =Georgia=, France undertakes to drive the Russians from, iii. 21. + + =Gera=, military movements near, ii. 432. + + =Gérard, Gen. E. M.=, created baron, iii. 297; + battle of Borodino, 344; + seizes Montereau, iv. 73; + moves toward Vitry, 93; + attachment to _N._, 118; + strength after the surrender of Paris, 118; + in the Waterloo campaign, 171 et seq.; + at Châtelet, 174; + crosses the Sambre, 174, 179; + battle of Ligny, 181, 183, 190; + at Walhain, 192. + + =Gerasdorf=, military operations near, iii. 228; + Archduke Charles advances to, 218. + + =German Church=, _N.'s_ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68. + + =Germanic Diet=, Prussia's growing ascendancy in the, i. 425. + + =German Empire=, _N.'s_ scheme to rival the, ii. 337; + abolished, 391. + + =German-Roman Empire=, decadence of, ii. 41. + + =Germany=, honors to Paoli in, i. 23; + _N.'s_ study of, 78; + opposition of, to democracy, 247; + cedes the left bank of the Rhine to France, 276; + growth of liberal ideas in southern, 276; + neutrality of northern, 276; + secularization of Church lands in, 276; ii. 264; + republican schemes for, i. 329; + to be forced to yield the Rhine frontier, 334; + military operations in (1795), 342; + Jourdan's disasters in, 385; + _N._ enters, 434; + _N.'s_ influence in, 448; + claim to Malta, ii. 18; + Augereau's blundering in, 37; + plundering in, 38; + French military arrogance in, 40; + attitude of the Directory toward the ecclesiastical + principalities of, 41; + anti-revolutionary sentiment in, 43; + Jourdan ordered to command in, 87; + Archduke Charles commanding in central, 141; + the seat of liberalism in, 155; + billeting of French troops in, 156; + France's pecuniary demands upon, 156; + _N.'s_ plan for a campaign in central, 164; + Moreau levies contributions on, 186; + adjustment of the temporal and spiritual principalities of, 193, 264; + reduction of Austria's ascendancy in, 193; + France's rights in, according to Peace of Lunéville, 193; + Franco-Russian agreement concerning, 211; + the Code Napoléon in, 223; + effect of the Concordat in, 264; + question of indemnifying displaced princes, 264; + England's active diplomacy in, 264 et seq.; 301; + _N.'s_ policy of reorganization in, 265; + rearrangement of territories, 265, 352, 391; + development of national spirit, regeneration, and unification in, + 265, 352; iii. 95, 161, 200, 213, 320, 330, 383, 385, 394, 397, + 423; iv. 1, 19, 37, 40, 57, 298; + strength of the military party and anti-French sentiment in 1875, + ii. 269; + _N.'s_ eye to invasion of, 291; + Moreau's levies on, 296; + homage to _N._ by the princes of, 329; + _N.'s_ claim to, 354; + Alexander I's scheme for partition of, 356; + _N._ threatens to invade, 361; + Archduke Ferdinand commanding in, 363; + high-handed proceedings of the French army in, 376; + extension of the French empire in, 398; + humiliation of, 398 et seq.; + state of religion and morality in, 398; + scheme for unity of the Church in, 402; + good-will to _N._ in western, 402; + the Germanic empire abolished, 404; + French occupation of southern, 405, 418; + Russia's pretensions in, 418; + _N.'s_ intention to evacuate, 421; + Frederick William demands the evacuation of, 422; + Austria asks for rearrangement of, iii. 22; + its composite character, 56; + French nobility endowed with lands in, 87; + liberal movement in, 103; + Austria looks for indemnities in, 195; + hopes of the Hapsburgs to regain lost territory in, 199; + Archduke Charles's address to, 199; + insurrections in, 233; + hatred of _N._ in, 240; + French occupation of the coast, 266; + French evacuation of southern, 266; + confiscation in, 296; + Mme. de Staël's book on, 300; + withdrawal of French troops from, 307; + influence of Prussia in, 320; + proposed new boundaries for, 320; + feelings toward _N._ in, 322; + withdrawal of the Hapsburgs from the leadership of, 330; + conspiracies in, 375; + revolutionary feeling in, 382; + Russian proclamation to, 398; + Sweden sends troops to, 399; + Austria aims at recovering ascendancy in, 423; + purpose of the allies to restore states in, iv. 21; + the retreat from, 35; + proposed influence for _N._ in, 41; + Prussia's ambition for leadership in, 88; + _N.'s_ influence in the creation of modern, 299; + the federation of, 298. + + ="Germany in her Deepest Humiliation,"= ii. 417. + + =Gernstädt=, military operations near, ii. 433. + + =Gerry, Elbridge=, Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34. + + =Ghent=, flight of Louis XVIII to, iv. 161. + + =Giacominetta=, _N.'s_ childish love, i. 41. + + =Gibraltar=, i. 22; + Nelson sails for, ii. 359; + Nelson waters his ships at, 372; + importance of, iii. 111. + + =Gibraltar, Straits of=, Villeneuve ordered to, ii. 371. + + ="Gilded Youth," the=, i. 271. + + =Gilgenburg=, Ney and Bernadotte escape to, iii. 10; + military movements near, 13, 14. + + =Ginguené, P. L.=, Bonapartist agent in Turin, ii. 89. + + =Gironde, Department of the=, exempt from legislation concerning + Jews, iii. 77. + + =Gironde, River=, _N._ proposes to seek asylum on American ship in + the, iv. 221. + + =Girondists, the=, form a ministry, i. 172; + the fall from the ministry, 174; + leaders of, 189; + position in the National Convention, 188; + struggle between the Jacobins and, 189; + favor Louis XVI, 194; + failure of their policy, 212; + defeat the Jacobins in Marseilles, 213; + movement of Marseillais on Paris, 213; + retreat from Avignon, 216; + their cause discussed in the "Supper of Beaucaire," 216, 219; + prepare Toulon for siege, 221; + deliver the fleet at Toulon to Lord Hood, 221; + murders of, at Toulon, 233; + overawed by Danton and Marat, 234; + effects of their policy, 249; + failure of, 266, 267; + their part in organizing the Directory, 271; + influence on the new constitution, 278; + royalism among, 309. + + =Girzikowitz=, military operations near, ii. 386. + + =Gitschin=, Francis I. at, iii. 415. + + =Glatz=, siege of, iii. 20. + + =Glogau=, held by the French, iii. 402; + relieved by Victor, 413. + + =Glory=, the French passion for, ii. 249, 361; iii. 6. + + =Gneisenau, Gen. August=, institutes military reforms in Prussia, + iii. 103; + military ability, iv. 14, 59, 183; + spurs up Bernadotte at Leipsic, 31; + aims to annihilate _N._, 57; + warns Blücher against over-confidence, 62; + in Waterloo campaign, 172, 177; + orders the Prussian retreat to Wavre, 183, 184; + his title to fame, 182, 183; + holds Blücher's troops, 194; + doubts Wellington's ability to stand at Waterloo, 194; + in battle of Waterloo, 211, 212. + + =Godoy, Manuel de=, prime minister of Spain, ii. 204, 289; + relations with Queen Louisa, 204, 289, 332; iii. 71, 124, 144, 150; + the "Prince of the Peace," ii. 289; iii. 124; + proposed kingdom for, in Portugal, 67, 120; + Spanish revolt against, 71; + treachery to _N._, 71; + ill-gotten wealth, 124; + relations with _N._, 124, 131; + waning power and downfall of, 124, 128, 134, 135, 146; + causes arrest of Ferdinand, 126; + Ferdinand's charges against, 126; + becomes aware of _N.'s_ policy, 132; + skill in diplomacy, 131; + refuses to assent to French seizure of Portugal, 133; + appalled at the French invasion, 133; + contemplates a Bourbon monarchy in America, 134; + clamor for his death, 135; + capture of, 135; + seeks protection of Ferdinand, 136; + destruction of his property, 135; + proposed trial of, 135, 136, 144; + hinted order that he come to France, 140, 141; + summoned to Bayonne, 145; + popular hatred of, 146; + at Compiègne, 148; + infamy of, 150. + + =Goethe, Johann W. von=, meetings with _N._, iii. 172; + decorated at Erfurt, 176; + on _N._, 319, 322; + the idealist among thinkers, iv. 242. + + =Gohier, M.=, member of the Directory, ii. 92; + represents Jacobin element in the Directory, 94; + falls under Josephine's influence, 97; + president of the Directory, 97; + joins the Bonapartist ranks, 97; + proposed resignation of, 101; + seeks counsel with Barras, 106; + refuses to resign, 108; + imprisonment of, 108, 115. + + =Gohlis=, military operations near, iv. 29-32. + + =Goldbach, River=, military operations on the, ii. 385-388, 392. + + =Golden Book, the=. _See_ =Venice=. + + =Goltz=, at Tilsit, iii. 49, 57; + interview with _N._, 60. + + =Golynim=, military operations near, iii. 4. + + =Görz=, ceded to France, iii. 239. + + =Göss=, castle of, treaty of Leoben signed in, i. 437. + + =Gosselies=, military operations near, iv. 175, 176. + + =Gotha=, imprisonment of St. Aignan at, iv. 42. + + =Göttingen=, Bernadotte ordered to, ii. 362; + patriotism in the university, iii. 398. + + =Gourgaud, Gen.=, accompanies _N._ to Paris, iv. 105; + advises a return to Lorraine, 116; + requests interview with Souham, 126; + accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, 219; + goes to London to seek English asylum for _N._, 223; + accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, 227; + mission to secure _N.'s_ release, 231; + assists _N._ on his history, 232. + + =Government=, Rousseau's views on, i. 8; + the centralization of, ii. 218; + the mystery of, iii. 389. + + =Gradisca=, storming of, i. 433. + + =Graham, Gen.=, commanding English troops in the Netherlands, iv. 57. + + =Grain=, monopoly of trade in, i. 105. + + =Grand army, the=, _N.'s_ distrust of, iii. 45; + passes from Prussia to Spain, 182; + Murat commanding the remnants of, 373; + demoralization of, 373; + crosses the Niemen, 384. + + =Grandmaison=, charges plots among the Five Hundred, ii. 115. + + =Granville, Lord=, on affairs in France, i. 297. + + =Grasse=, _N.'s_ march through, on return from Elba, iv. 154. + + =Graudenz=, precarious situation of the garrison of, iii. 10; + Bennigsen attempts to succor, 10; + demanded by _N._ as a pledge, 36. + + =Gravina, Adm.=, escapes from Trafalgar, ii. 374. + + =Great Britain=, the modern empire of, ii. 55. + _See also_ =England=. + + ="Great Elector,"= the office of, ii. 126, 322. + + =Great Görschen=, fighting at, iii. 405. + + =Great Raigern=, military operations near, ii. 382. + + =Great St. Bernard Pass=, the passage of the, ii. 169-171. + + ="Great Terror," the=, i. 250. + + =Greece= (=ancient=), influence on French art, iii. 88; + effects of ambition in, iv. 261; + the history of, 293. + + =Greece=, Nelson seeks the French fleet at, ii. 61; + proposal that France take, iii. 50; + _N._ plans the liberation of, 51; + the national awakening of, iv. 300. + + =Grégoire, Henri=, influence on the Consulate, ii. 195; + royalist intrigues of, 195. + + =Gregorian calendar=, restoration of the, ii. 346. + + =Gregory VII=, ii. 340. + + =Grenadier Guards=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201. + + =Grenier, Gen.=, in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191; + division commander under Eugène, iii. 393. + + =Grenoble=, Pius VII a prisoner at, iii. 119, 242; + _N.'s_ march to, on return from Elba, iv. 154; + imperial proclamation at, 156; + obeys _N.'s_ summons to surrender, 156; + _N.'s_ welcome at, 156; + _N._ at, 165. + + =Grenville, Lord=, letter to Talleyrand from, ii. 143; + on _N.'s_ wickedness, 144. + + =Grisons, the=, quarrel between the Valtellina and, ii. 11; + Austrian violation of neutrality in, 72; + Kray's communications via, to be cut, 164. + + =Grodno=, Jerome at, iii. 336. + + =Gros, A. J.=, painter, ii. 351; + created a baron, 354. + + =Grosbois=, residence of Barras, ii. 119. + + =Grossbeeren=, battle of, iv. 14, 16, 19. + + =Gross-Ebersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 217. + + =Grouchy, Gen. E.=, in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191; + at Tilsit, iii. 52; + commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of 1812, 324; + in battle of Vauchamps, iv. 64; + recreated marshal, 167; + movements and orders in the Waterloo campaign, 170 et seq., 179, + 186, 191-194, 200, 213, 267; + letter to _N._, June 17, 1815, 187, 191; + suspected unwillingness of, 187; + Gérard to coöperate with, 190; + uneasy conscience of, 191; + garbled account of Waterloo by, 191; + at Walhain, 192, 213; + criticism of, 192; + at Wavre, 194; + _N.'s_ reliance on, 207, 213; + ordered to retire on Namur, 211, 214; + responsibility for disaster at Waterloo, 213; + victory at Wavre, 214; + leads his army back to France, 214. + + =Guadarrama Mountains=, _N._ crosses the, iii. 186-188. + + =Guadeloupe=, French plans to strengthen, ii. 333. + + "=Guardian Angel, The=," near Craonne, the Emperor's night at, + iv. 78, 79. + + "=Guard of honor=," the proposed, iii. 390. + + =Guards= (=English=), in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209. + + =Guastalla=, given to Pauline (Buonaparte), ii. 395; + granted to Maria Louisa, iv. 133. + + =Guastalla, Duchess of=, Pauline created, iii. 279. + + =Gudin, Gen.=, in battle of Pultusk, iii. 4; + in the Eckmühl campaign, 208. + + =Guérin, Pierre N.=, created baron, iii. 297. + + =Guernsey=, Russian soldiers transported to, ii. 141. + + =Guiana=, Pichegru escapes from, ii. 161. + + =Guidai=, engaged in Malet's conspiracy, iii. 376. + + =Guieu, Gen.=, in the Rivoli campaign, i. 410, 414. + + =Guilleminot, Gen.=, mediator between Russia and Turkey, iii. 105; + in battle of Waterloo, iv. 199. + + =Guillotine, the=, work of, i. 251. + + =Güldengossa=, military operations near, iv. 28. + + =Günzburg=, Mack essays to cross the Danube at, ii. 366. + + =Gustavus Adolphus=, scene of his defeat of Wallenstein, iii. 404. + + =Gustavus IV=, king of Sweden, hated by his subjects, iii. 35; + in Pomerania, 36; + weakness of, 36; + gives place to Charles XIII, 280. + + =Guyot=, battle of Waterloo, iv. 203. + + =Gyuläi=, Austrian diplomatic agent, ii. 381. + + =Gyulay, Gen.=, battle of Leipsic, iv. 28, 32. + + +H + + =Hadrian I=, Charles the Great's donation to, revoked by _N._, iii. 215. + + =Hague, The=, removal of the capital to Amsterdam from, iii. 277. + + =Hal=, Wellington's troops at, iv. 190, 195. + + =Halberstadt=, the Black Legion's escape through, iii. 234. + + =Halkett, Hugh=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210. + + =Halle=, Bernadotte's victory at, ii. 436; + the Black Legion's escape through, iii. 234; + patriotism in the university, 398; + Blücher's advance to, iv. 26, 27. + + =Hamburg=, negotiations between France and Prussia concerning, ii. 154; + laid under contribution, 286, 287; + closed to British commerce, 287; + seizure of Rumbold at, 330; + proposal to give it to Prussia, 400; + French occupation of, 443; + Spanish troops in, iii. 159; + Bernadotte's force in, 202; + smuggled commerce of, 265; + scheme to incorporate with France, 266; + position in the French Empire 279; + sends deputation to Paris, 380; + rising against the French garrison, 402; + captured by Vandamme, 407; + Danish troops sent to, 407; + occupied by Davout, 413; + the status quo to be maintained in, 414; + _N._ offers the city to Austria, 424; + end of _N.'s_ defensive line, iv. 1; + Davout besieged at, 55. + + =Hameln=, attempt to besiege, ii. 416; + capitulation of, 436. + + =Hamilton, Alexander=, U. S. treasury system, iv. 259. + + =Hanau=, Oudinot's command in, iii. 203; + battle of, iv. 35; + compared to Krasnoi, 36. + + =Hannibal=, _N.'s_ allusion to, i. 357; + his passage of the Alps, ii. 169, 186. + + =Hanover=, _N._ threatens to seize, ii. 282; + George III, Elector of, 287; + French occupations of, 287, 331, 418, 443, iii. 202, 266; + Prussia negotiates with France for, ii. 356, 362; + the French garrison replaced by Prussians, 362; + ceded to Prussia, 390, 400, 405; + negotiations for its return to George III, 400, 418, 420; + attempt to drive the French from, 416; + troops in Pomerania, iii. 36; + allotted to Jerome, 266; + Jerome deprived of part of, 278; + excepted from the scheme of Prussian aggrandizement, 398; + England abandons scheme for extension of, 399; + Prussia promises to cede part of Saxony to, 417; + proposed cession of Hildesheim to, 417; + restored to its former ruler, iv. 40; + campaign of the Hundred Days, 170 et seq. + + =Hanover, the House of=, ii. 317. + + =Hanseatic towns=, free cities, ii. 405; + Joachim I's aspirations concerning, 416; + proposal to include in North German Confederation, 418; + hesitate to reply to Prussia, 420; + neutrality of, iii. 46; + virtual dependence on France, 66; + smuggled commerce of, 265; + scheme to incorporate them with France, 266; + _N._ offers to evacuate, 272; + offered to Louis for Brabant and Zealand, 270; + England threatened with loss of trade with, 272; + _N._ refuses to cede points concerning, 392; + proposal that France evacuate the, 407; + proposed independence of the, 415; iv. 30. + + =Happiness=, _N._ on, i. 137. + + =Hapsburg, House of=, end of its policy of territorial expansion, + ii, 193; + effect of the Bayonne negotiations on, iii. 163 et seq.; + seeks indemnity for lost domains, 195; + hopes of regaining lost territory, 199; + demoralization in, 215; + matrimonial alliance with _N._, 249, 251; iv. 43; + democratic blows at the dignity of, iii. 256; iv. 37; + withdraws from the leadership of Germany, iii. 330. + + =Harcourt=, on affairs in France, i. 297. + + =Hardenberg, Prince K. A. von=, aims at consolidation of Prussia, + ii. 358; + dismissal of, 400; iii. 42, 49, 50; + Prussian minister, ii. 415. iii; 37; + at Tilsit, 50; + proposes the partition of Turkey, 50; + seeks refuge in Vienna, 178; + effect of his reforms, 319; + Metternich's negotiations with, 394; + hostility to _N._, 396. + + =Harel=, share in the execution of d'Enghien, ii. 310. + + =Hassenhausen=, engagement at, ii. 433. + + =Hatzfeldt, Prince=, court-martialed and sentenced to death, ii. 439; + the sentence commuted, 439. + + =Haugwitz, Count=, Prussian envoy to France, ii. 381, 399; + policy after Austerlitz, 389; + concludes treaty with France, 399; + demand for the disgrace of, 417. + + =Hauterive, Duhoux d'=, royalist leader, i. 298; + reviews French situation in 1801, ii. 214. + + =Havelburg=, French troops at, iii. 393. + + =Havre=, France's alleged naval preparations at, ii. 284. + + =Hébert, J. R.=, leader of the Exagérés, i. 234; + terrorist, 250. + + =Heddersdorf=, defeat of the Austrian, by Hoche at, i. 440. + + =Heidenheim=, the French position at, ii. 365. + + =Heilsberg=, Ney retreats from, iii. 10; + Bennigsen reaches, 10, 14; + battle of, 29; + _N._ concentrates his army at, 29; + the Russians abandon, 32; + _N.'s_ peril at, 33. + + =Heinrichsdorf=, engagement near, iii. 30. + + =Heliopolis=, battle of, ii. 181. + + =Helvetian Republic, the=, alliance with France, ii. 40; + formation of, 40, 86; + neutrality violated by Austria, 72; + _N._ Grand Mediator of the, 234; + English efforts to discredit France in, 264; + in vassalage to France, iii. 279. + + =Henry, Prince of Prussia=, ii. 415. + + =Henry III=, _N._ likened to, ii. 340. + + =Henry IV=, heads the Bourbon dynasty, i. 176; + _N._ discerns likeness to himself, ii. 350; + _N._ emulates in uxoriousness, iii. 258. + + =Herat=, proposed Franco-Russian expedition via, ii. 194. + + =Herbois, Collet d'=, member of the National Convention, i. 188, 233. + + =Hercules, Pillars of=, "the new," iii. 308. + + =Hereditary nobility=, abolished, ii. 223. + + =Heredity=, _N._ on, i. 137. + + =Herodotus=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78. + + =Hesse=, French march through, ii. 362; + furnishes contingent to _N.'s_ army, iii. 324. + + =Hesse-Cassel=, excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine, + ii. 403, 442; + proposal to include in the Confederation, 418; + hesitates to reply to Prussia, 420; + French occupation of, 443; + neutrality of, 443; + organized into the kingdom of Westphalia, iii. 56. + + =Hesse-Cassel, House of=, extinction of, ii. 443. + + =Hesse-Darmstadt=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403; + quota of men, 404; + turns from _N._ to the allies, iv. 40. + + =Heymès, Col.=, records _N.'s_ orders to Ney at Quatre Bras, + iv. 176, 184. + + =High Admiral=, creation of the office of, ii. 322. + + =Highways=, _N.'s_ scheme of, ii. 279. + + =Hildesheim=, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 265; + proposed cession of, to Hanover, iii. 417. + + =Hill, Lord=, joins Wellington in the Peninsula, iii. 283; + occupies Bordeaux, iv. 87; + in Waterloo campaign, 172. + + =Hiller, Gen.=, military operations on the inn, iii. 199; + movements to support, 204; + movements before Ratisbon, 208; + driven back to Landshut, 208; + flees to Neumarkt, 208; + Bessières pursues, 209; + crosses the Danube at Mautern, 212; + battle of Ebelsberg, 211; + defeats Wrede at Erding, 211; + effects junction with Charles at Bisamberg, 212, 216; + drives Eugène over the Adige, iv. 39. + + =Hilliers, Baraguey d'=, capture of his command in Russia, iii. 359. + + =History=, the functions and study of, i. 1, 2; iv. 251; + _N.'s_ study and theory of, i. 78, 127, 150. + + "=History of Corsica=," i. 91, 93, 123, 126. + + =Hoche, Gen. Lazare=, defeats Wurmser at Weissenburg, i. 273; + commanding Army of the West, 346; + military genius, 350; ii. 181; + campaign in the Netherlands, i. 427; + defeats Austria on the Rhine, 439; + expedition to Ireland, 449; + considered for minister of war, ii. 6; + distrusted by the people, 6; + death of, 9. + + =Hofer, Andreas=, exploits in the Tyrol, iii. 234; + capture, trial, and death of, 241; + his family ennobled, 241, 242; + his patriotism and fame, 241; + compared to Tell, 242. + + =Hohenems=, acquired by Würtemberg, ii. 391. + + =Hohenlinden=, battle of, ii. 190-194. + + =Hohenlohe, Prince of=, commanding at Chemnitz, ii. 424; + at Blankenhain, 427; + defeated by Bernadotte at Schleiz, 428; + in battle of Jéna, 433, 434; + retreats to Prenzlau, 434; + surrender of, 436. + + =Hohen-Thann=, military movements near, iii. 206. + + =Hohenzollern=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403. + + =Hohenzollern, House of=, ii. 317; + _N._ in the palace of the, 437; + its territories, 442; + _N._ contemplates its extinction, 442; + provisions for French evacuation of its lands, iii. 62; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, 106, 319; + humiliation of, 163. + + =Holitsch=, interview between Francis I and _N._ near, ii. 389. + + =Hollabrunn=, Bagration's stand at, ii. 379; + Soult at, 379. + + =Holland=, honors to Paoli in, i. 23; + _N.'s_ study of the history of, 156; + expected enmity of, 187; + closes the Scheldt, 194; + becomes the Batavian Republic, 276; + conquest and occupation by France, 324; ii. 5, 233; + republican schemes for, i. 329; + plunder of works of art from, 369; + organization of the Orange party in, 499; + efforts to check democracy in, 499; + English conquests of colonies from, ii. 12; + proposal to make her a dependency of France, 12; + loss of colonies by, 38; + compulsory enrolment in the republican system, 38; + Brune's campaign in, 87, 93, 323; + loyalty to _N._, 146; + indemnity for Flushing, 154; + the Code Napoléon in, 223; iii. 277; + a new constitution imposed on, ii. 233; + indemnity to House of Orange, 262; + French guarantees to, 289; + share in the war of 1803, 290; + independence of, 354; + _N.'s_ claim to, 354; + Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377; + Louis made king, 397; iii. 96, 269; + enlistments from, under the French eagles, 3; + Louis's reign in, 25, 270, 277; + vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, 54; + relations of France with, 73; + smuggled commerce of, 140, 265; + Louis's loyalty to the Dutch, 148, 149; + Oudinot ordered to coerce, 266; + England's paper blockade of, 267; + visit of _N._ to, 268; + violates the Continental System, 269-271; + _N._ reduces Louis to the position of a French governor, 271; + geographically a part of France, 270, 282; + _N.'s_ scheme for the annexation of, 271; + England threatened with loss of trade with, 272; + _N._ offers to evacuate, 272; + opposition to _N._ in, 275; + seizures of American ships in, 275; + Fouché's English-Dutch conspiracy, 275; + Louis abdicates, 276; + removal of the capital to Amsterdam, 277; + annexed to France, 277; + popularity of Louis in, 277; + prosperity under French rule, 277; + the national movement in, 278; + "the alluvium of France," 282; + English expedition to, 294; + incorporated into the French Empire, 294; + _N._ refuses to cede any part of, 392; + riots in, 392; + Eugène to guard, 393; + proposal that France evacuate, 407; + mediocrity of soldiers of, iv. 20; + _N._ offers to restore independence of, 30; + English influence in, 30, 41; + recalls the Prince of Orange, 40; + proposed independence of, 41. + + =Holland, Lord=, advocates _N.'s_ cause in Parliament, ii. 143. + + =Holstein=, threatened French invasion of, iii. 69; + Denmark's loss of, 70. + + =Holy Alliance, the=, iii. 425; iv. 225. + + =Holy Inquisition=, abolished in Spain, iii. 189. + + =Holy League, the=, i. 177. + + =Holy Roman Empire=, dismemberment of the, ii. 266; + abolition of, 418; + desire to substitute a Western empire for, 395; + title of the heir to, iii. 261. + + =Hood, Lord=, seizure at Toulon, i. 221. + + =Hortense, Queen=, at Malmaison, iv. 218. + _See also_ =Beauharnais, Hortense de=. + + =Hostage Law=, the, ii. 94, 134. + + =Hougomont=, the farm-house of, iv. 195, 197; + fighting at, 199-202, 207. + + =Hoyerswerda=, _N._ moves toward, iv. 17. + + =Hugo, Victor=, on _N._, i. 377; + at school in Madrid, iii. 292. + + =Humanity=, the cause of, i. 266. + + =Hyères=, retreat of the Corsican expedition to, i. 262. + + =Hulin, Gen. P. A.=, presides at trial of Duc d'Enghien, ii. 307-310; + transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132. + + =Humboldt, William von=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415; + reorganizes the educational system of Prussia, iii. 103; + at Congress of Prague, iii. 422. + + =Hundred Days=, the campaign of the, iv. 171 et seq.; + _N.'s_ monograph on, 232; + the political question of the, 296. + + =Hungary=, Francis I prepares for flight into, i. 437; + French machinations in, ii. 42; + importance of securing to the allies, 381; + Archduke John in, iii. 213, 217, 225, 226, 230; + _N.'s_ policy of winning the people of, 214; + Leopold II's reign, 214; + Francis I's treatment of, 214. + + +I + + =Iberian Peninsula=, proposed appropriation of, iii. 111. + + =Ibrahim Bey=, in the battle of the Pyramids, ii. 60; + fails to assist the Rhodes expedition, 77. + + =Île Dieu=, landing of Count of Artois on, i. 304. + + =Iller, Gen.=, commanding in the Tyrol, ii. 188. + + =Iller, River=, Austrian forces on the, ii. 363. + + =Illyria=, Austrian recruiting in, i. 386; + Marmont in, iii. 225; + constitution of, 239; + military government of, 279; + proposed surrender of, to Austria, iii. 320, 392, 407, 415, iv. 30. + + =Imagination=, _N's_ prophetic utterance on a disordered, i. 138. + + =Imperial Guard=, at Kronach, ii. 428; + discontent among the, iii. 5; + strength in Poland, 6, 7; + at Eylau, 15; + battle of Heilsberg, 29; + battle of Friedland, 30; + exclusiveness of, 87; + service in Spain, 133, 265, 283; + accompanies _N._ from Spain to Paris, 189; + strength in March, 1812, 323; + omission of _N._ to use them at Borodino, 346; + at Smolensk, 362; + at Krasnoi, 363; + on march from Smolensk to Lithuania, 5; + _N.'s_ address to, near Orcha, 366; + demoralization of, 365; + jealousy of the proposed "guard of honor," 390; + at Rippach, 404; + in battle of Lützen, 404; + the allies' belief in _N.'s_ use of, iv. 4; + at Lauban, 7; + feat of marching, 8; + battle of Dresden, 8, 9; + its losses, 78; + _N._ reviews the, 117, 118; + in Waterloo campaign, 171-211; + battle of Ligny, 183; + battle of Waterloo, 196, 207, 208; + personnel and morale, 208; + "dies but never surrenders," 210. + + =Imperial University=, founding of the, iii. 89. + + =Imposts=, the regulation of, i. 44. + + ="Inconstant," the=, _N.'s_ escape from Elba in, iv. 153. + + =India=, _N.'s_ attention turned toward, i. 78; + _N.'s_ aspirations for a career in, 207, 216, 317; ii. 15; + _N._ given leave to march on, 73; + importance of _N.'s_ conquering, 73; + Russia's ambition in, 154, 194, 263; + Franco-Russian plans for invasion of, 194, 209; + _N.'s_ dreams of empire in, 289; iii. 308, 352; iv. 256; + _N.'s_ plans for attacking England in, ii. 334; + proposed French expedition to, 441; + proposed Franco-Persian invasion of, iii. 21; + England's vulnerable heel, 109, 112-114; + the highway to, 111. + + =Indus, River=, the, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209. + + =Industry=, improved condition of, ii. 259; + _N._ advises encouragement of, 347. + + =Infantado, Duke del=, leader of Ferdinand VII's party, iii. 124; + commissioned governor of New Castile, 126. + + =Infantry=, _N.'s_ early views concerning, i. 56, 59. + + ="Influence of the Passions,"= _N.'s_ study of Mme. de Staël's, ii. 53. + + =Ingolstadt=, Bernadotte marches to, ii. 365; + Davout to concentrate at, iii. 204-208. + + =Inn Quarter=, ceded to Austria, ii. 40; + embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, iii. 239. + + =Inn, River, the=, military movements on, ii. 190, 363, 367; + iii. 199, 204, 211, 234. + + =Innocent II=, contrasted with =Pius VII=, iii. 264. + + =Innsbruck=, seized by the Tyrolese, iii. 201; + garrisoned by Austrians, 201; + Lefebvre drives Tyroleans from, 213. + + =Inquisition, the Holy=, blamed for disorders in Spain, iii. 158. + + =Institute of France=, reorganization of, i. 281; + Talleyrand a member of, ii. 33, 47; + elects _N._ a member, 98, 335; + part of the educational system of France, 226. + + =Institutions=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78. + + =International law=, the law of colonial trade, iii. 46, 47, 48; + neutral ships and neutral goods, 46-49; + the "rule of 1756," 46, 47; + right of search, 47, 100; + contraband of war, 47; + sanctity of all flags on high seas, 55; + the law of neutrals, 264, 267, 280; + use of "simulated papers," 267, 274. + + =International understandings=, a hoped-for system of, iv. 295. + + =Invalides, Hospital of the=, trophies from Aboukir deposited at, + ii. 147; + inauguration of the empire at, 327; + distribution of Legion of Honor crosses at, 361; + relics of Frederick the Great sent to, 437. + + =Ionian Islands=, taken under French protection, ii. 16; + worship of _N._ in, 16; + France retains, 21; + suzerainty of Turkey over, 262; + occupied by Russia, 330; + compensation for, iii. 56; + England's naval watchfulness over, 112; + military government of, 278. + + =Ireland=, Hoche's expedition to, i. 449; + plans of French invasion of, ii. 49, 67, 354, 371; + arrest and dismissal of French consuls in, 270; + _N._ foments disturbance in, 272; + volunteer forces in, 291; + English troops sent to Portugal from, iii. 122; + French expedition against (1811), 308. + + =Iron Mask, the Man in the=, i. 27. + + =Isar, River=, military movements on the, ii. 190; iii. 205-209. + + =Isenburg=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403. + + =Iser Mountains=, military movements near, iv. 7. + + =Islam=, _N._ professes the religion of, ii. 66. + + =Isola Rossa=, patriot success at, i. 119. + + =Isonzo, River=, military operations on the, i. 433; + proposed boundary for Italy, ii. 23. + + =Istria=, ceded to Austria at Leoben, i. 438; + Austrian forces in, ii. 170; + ceded by Austria to Italy, 391; + creation of hereditary duchy of, 396; + Bessières created Duke of, iii. 86. + _See_ also =Bessières=. + + =Italian Church=, _N._ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68. + + =Italian Republic=, _N._ president of the, 252. + + =Italy=, affinity with Corsica, i. 9, 10, 24, 25; + the root of the Buonaparte family in, 27; + expected enmity of, 187; + movements of the French fleet against, 191; + _N.'s_ plan of campaign in, 239, 244-246; + suspension of offensive operations in, 256; + opening the roads into, 257, 344; + uneasiness in, at English proximity, 261; + French schemes against English influence in, 261; + growth of liberal ideas in, 276; + _N._ claims the honors of the campaign in, 292; + adoption of _N.'s_ plan of campaign against (1795), 293; + Austria's gaze on, 325; + _N.'s_ peculiar relations to, and knowledge of, 340-345, 368; + the battle-field of rival dynasties, 345; + status in 1796, 345; + revolutionary spirit in, 345; + wealth, 345, 368, 375; + cost of the war in, 351; + _N.'s_ successes in (1796), 351; + French pillage in, 351, 423, 446; ii. 13, 17, 32; + the destinies of Europe dependent on fate of, i. 351; + "an artichoke," 352; + the garden of, 357; + crushed at Lodi, 361; + levying contributions in, 361, 366-369, 374, 375; + the fate of Europe dependent on campaign in, 385; + _N.'s_ personal views of his campaign in, 394; + _N.'s_ negotiations with, 397-404; + relations with France, 397-404; + the campaign in, 406 et seq.; + Austria's fourth attempt to retrieve position in, 406; + the key of, 411; + Spain's mastery of, 421; + Austria's greed for territory in, 425; + Austria's determination to fight in, 425; + spread of the revolutionary movement in, 428; + _N.'s_ organization of native forces in, 431; + scheme of a central republic for, 438; + general disarmament of, 442; + _N._ has free hand in rearrangement of, ii. 7; + _N.'s_ schemes to master, 9; + lands in, ceded to Austria, 21; + attitude of the Directory toward, 23; + _N.'s_ reports on the people of, 23; + _N._ the deliverer of, 26; + the enlightenment of, 37; + France's policy toward, 38; + keeping open gateways into, 40; + Polish troops in, 42; + _N.'s_ forces in, 42; + reasons for success of revolutionary propaganda in, 44; + proposed movements of the allies in, 72; + Joubert's command in, 72; + French disasters in, 80, 140; + dissolution of the republics in, 83; + France foments quarrels in, 87; + Schérer's blunders in, 88; + Russian military operations in, 90, 92; + Francis I determined to hold northern, 141; + _N.'s_ bad faith with the states of, 144; + French and Austrian troops in, 160; + _N.'s_ plan of campaign in, (1800), 162 et seq.; + the reserve army ordered to, 164; + Lecourbe ordered to, 168; + Austrian successes and forces in, 170; + open to _N.'s_ armies, 170; + Austria agrees to evacuate northern, 182; + Austria seeks concessions in, 189; + Masséna's maladministration in, 190; + Murat commanding in central, 190; + Brune's and Macdonald's movements in, 192; + Austria's line in, as fixed at Lunéville, 193; + alleged plans of _N._ to secure principality in, 194; + _N.'s_ problems in, 203 et seq.; + influence of France in, 207; + Franco-Russian agreement concerning, 211; + the Code Napoléon in, 223; iv. 40; + reorganization of the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 233; + _N.'s_ grip on, 263; + Austria's share in, 265; + Moreau's soldiers drafted into, 295; + the second campaign in, 295; + restriction of the temporal power in, 325; + necessity for reorganization, 347; + union of the crowns of France and, 352; + coronation of _N._ as king, 353; + _N.'s_ scheme of independence for, 355; + _N._ ignores Russian interference in, 356; + Prince Eugène Beauharnais viceroy of, 358; + _N.'s_ sojourn in, 357; + Austria's ambition concerning, 358; + Eugène Beauharnais to organize troops in, 362; + Austria's interest in, 363; + Archduke Charles commanding in, 363; + Prussia bound to secure the independence of, 377; + Austrian troops withdrawn to Vienna from, 380; + _N._ proposes to add Venetia to, 389; + acquires Friuli and Istria, 391; + acquires Dalmatia, 391, 405; + _N._ exacts tribute from, 396; + Venetia incorporated into, 395, 405; + enlistments from, under the French eagles, iii. 3; + French dominion recognized at Tilsit, 54; + temporal appointment of bishops in, 68; + ecclesiastical difficulties in, 67, 305; + relations of France with, 73; + proposal to lay under commercial tribute to France, 74; + French nobility endowed with lands in, 87; + _N.'s_ royal progress through, 109; + _N.'s_ firm hold on, 109; + as a highway to India, 111; + lack of an heir to the throne, 112; + abolition of the hostile strip between Naples and, 118; + annexation of Papal States, to, 68, 118; + Etruria incorporated with kingdom, 120, 129; + _N._ visits (Nov., 1808), 128; + _N._ offers the crown to Lucien, 129; + Austria looks for indemnities in, 195; + hopes of the Hapsburgs to regain territory in, 199; + defeat of Prince Eugène by Archduke John in, 201; + Archduke John in, 211; + consolidation of, under the Napoleon family, 215; + extinguishment of Austria's hopes in, 215; + the city of Rome incorporated with, 242; + Machiavelli and Daunou on the attitude of the Church of Rome + toward, 262; + breaking the chains of ecclesiastical oppression in, 264; + substitution of military despotism, 264; + allotment of Austrian lands to, 266; + England's paper blockade of, 267; + Eugène made viceroy of, 279; + "the flank of France," 282; + confiscation in, 296; + furnishes contingent to _N.'s_ army, 324; + _N._ ruler of, 382; + Roman Catholic influence in, 391; + _N._ refuses to cede any part of, 392; + Eugène ordered to raise a new army in, 408, 414; + proposal to liberate her from France, 416; + Austria seeks to regain ascendancy in, 423; iv. 30, 41; + _N._ offers to guarantee the unity of, 30; + sowing the seeds of unity for, 37; + effect of the battle of Leipsic on, 37; + confusion in, 39; + Alfieri's work in, 39; + humiliation of, 39; + proposed independence of, 41; + fails to support _N._, 56, 59; + lost to France, 56; + _N._ renounces the throne of, 131; + feels the Austrian yoke, 144; + revulsion of feeling toward _N._ in, 144; + plots against _N._, 150; + social reforms in, 255; + after-effects of the Revolution, 255; + _N.'s_ task in, 255; + French influences in, 299; + Austria driven from, 300. + + =Ivan=, body physician to the Emperor, iv. 130. + + =Ivrea=, attacked by Lannes, ii. 171; + capture of, 172. + + =Izquierdo=, Spanish minister to France, iii. 120; + conducts negotiations between Spain and France, 133; + reports failure of his mission, 133. + + +J + + =Jackson, Andrew=, at New Orleans, iv. 169. + + =Jacobin Club, the=, foundation of, i. 107; + influence, 151, 153, 157; + letter from _N._ to,176; + closing of, 271. + + =Jacobinism=, in _N.'s_ early life, i. 148; + _N._ renounces, 253; + its decline in France, ii. 2; + French hatred of, 36; + rising tide of (1799), 94; + Pitt's delusion concerning _N._ and, 143; + decadence and obliteration of, 195, 235, 258, 261; + effect on _N._, iv. 251. + + =Jacobins, the=, declare open hostility to Louis XVI, i. 171, 194; + Danton's leadership in, 187; + struggle between the Girondists and, 188; + position in the National Convention, 188, 266; + connection of the Buonapartes with, 212; + supremacy of, 212, 236; + defeated by the Girondists in Marseilles, 213; + intensity of their movement, 220; + disorders of their rule, 248; + decline of their power, 266, 268, 297; ii. 2; + military successes, i. 268; + influence among the Thermidorians, 271; + tyranny of, 273; + strive for the mastery, 278; + reaction in favor of, 283; + _N.'s_ relations with, 183, 304; + influence in the Directory, ii. 49; + activity in May elections (1799), 91; + political faith, 94; + influence in the Five Hundred, 97; + suppression of their section of the press, 96; + attitude on the 19th Brumaire, 115; + end of the party, 120, 125; + financial effects of their rule, 134; + legislation against, 134; + attitude toward the Church, 205; + assassination schemes among, 239, 241; + reputed rising in France, 298; + England fosters the spirit of insurrection among the, 300; + alienated from _N._, iv. 166; + subservient to _N.'s_ will, 259. + + =Jaffa=, bombardment of, ii. 69; + massacre and license at, 70; + the French hospitals at, 74, 75; + stories of _N.'s_ inhumanity at, 75; + the retreat from, 76. + + =Jamestown, St. Helena=, iv. 228. + + =Janina, Pasha of=, rebellious spirit of, ii. 17. + + =Janizaries=, rebellion of the, iii. 33, 163. + + =Jason=, _N._ likened to, iii. 387. + + =Jauberthon, Mme. de=, marries Lucien Buonaparte, iii. 129. + + =Jaucourt, ----=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107; + letter of, March 17, 1814, 107; + member of the executive commission, 115. + + =Jay treaty, the=, ii. 212. + + =Jemmapes=, battle of, i. 194. + + =Jefferson, Thomas=, his embargo policy, iii. 101, 102. + + =Jena=, battle of, ii. 429-434; + moral effect upon Prussia, 435; + practical results to the French, 437; + Prussia's humiliation at, iii. 57; + a royal hare-hunt on the field of, 178; + immediate effects of the battle, 190; + patriotism in the university, 398; + the strategy of, 404. + + =Jena, the bridge of=, in Paris, iii. 74. + + =Jerome= (king of Westphalia), violates the Continental System, iii. 266; + acquires Hanover and Magdeburg, 266; + hesitates about furnishing new levies, iv. 394. + _See also_ =Buonaparte, Jerome=. + + =Jesuits=, Carlo Buonaparte's claims against the, i. 32, 43, 63; + Alexander seeks their influence in Poland, iii. 384. + + =Jesus Christ=, _N._ compares Apollonius of Tyana with, ii. 206. + + =Jews=, in Corsica, i. 16; + Paoli's relations with the, 16; + rights and duties under the Code, ii. 224; + the Semitic question in France, iii. 75-78; + general Sanhedrim of, 76; + _N.'s_ legislation concerning, 85; + liable to military service, 77; + regulations for Alsace, 77; + present standing in France, 77; iv. 259. + + =Jezzar=, commanding Turkish troops in Syria, ii. 68-71; + N. reports his massacres to, 70; + reinforcements from Damascus for, 71. + + =Joachim I=, grand duke of Cleves and Berg, ii. 403. + _See also_ =Murat=. + + =John, Archduke=, succeeds Kray in command, ii. 188; + forces of, 188; + position on the Inn, 191; + battle of Hohenlinden, 191; + reaches Marburg, 367; + to excite revolt in the Tyrol, iii. 199; + defeats Prince Eugène, 201; + abandons the Tyrol, 211; + escapes from Macdonald into Hungary, 212; + ordered to Linz, 216; + at Völkermarkt, 217; + in Hungary, 225; + driven into Hungary by Eugène, 226; + preparations to oppose, 226; + advances toward Raab, 226; + in Presburg, 227, 228, 230; + turns to guard Hungary, 231; + ordered to attack, 230; + accused of criminal negligence, 230; + banished to Styria, 230; + proposes to continue the war, 235; + quarrels with Charles, 235. + + =John, Don=, regent of Portugal, iii. 119; + character, 119; + yields to demands of France, 120; + plan to capture, 121; + Bellesca organizes rebellion in favor of, 122. + + =Jomini, Henri=, on the Eckmühl campaign, iii. 210; + records _N.'s_ warlike spirit, 326; + _N.'s_ military confidences and conversations with, 333, 338; + alleged hostility of Berthier to, iv. 2; + goes over to the allies, 2; + military genius, 2. + + =Jouan, Gulf of=, landing of _N._ on shores of, iv. 153. + + =Joubert, Gen. B. C.=, in Rivoli campaign, i. 410-415; + occupies Rivoli, 410; + military operations in the Tyrol, 431, 435; + joins _N._, 435; + withdraws from the Tyrol, 436, 442; + French agent in the Netherlands, ii. 38; + to succeed _N._ in Italy, 73; + defeated and killed at Novi, 83, 92, 96; + succeeds Moreau, 92; + relations with Sieyès, 92; + statue at the Tuileries, 147. + + =Jourdan, Gen. J. B.=, defeats the Austrians at Fleurus, i. 273; + suspected of intrigue, 278; + a product of Carnot's system, 332; + saved from defeat at Maubeuge, 332; + commanding forces at Düsseldorf, 347; + military genius, 350; + seizes Würzburg, 385; + meets with disaster in Germany, 385; + defeated near Ratisbon, 385; + wins battle of Altenkirchen, 385; + disgraced, 450; + member of the Five Hundred, ii. 72; + commanding Army of the Danube, 72; + ordered to central Germany, 87; + defeated at Ostrach and Stockach, 88; + succeeded by Lenouf, 88; + carries out conscription measures, 93; + Jacobin candidate for supreme command, 94; + demands a vote of "public danger," 96; + fails to attend banquet at St. Sulpice, 100; + warned to keep the peace, 109; + legislation aimed against, 134; + annexes Piedmont, 233; + victory at Fleurus, 323; + pacification of Piedmont, 323; + created marshal, 323; + military adviser to Joseph, iii. 183; + goes over to Louis XVIII, iv. 132; + recreated marshal, 167. + + "=Journal of Debates=," the, iii. 88. + + "=Journal of the Empire=," the, iii. 88. + + =Joux=, imprisonment and death of Toussaint Louverture in castle of, + ii. 237. + + =Judicial administration, the=, ii. 149-153. + + =Judiciary=, reform of the, i. 152. + + =July 14=, celebration of, ii. 195. + + =Junot, Gen. Andoche=, _N._ wins the admiration of, i. 237; + letters from _N._, 255; iii. 356, 357; + accompanies _N._ to Paris, i. 263; + delivers _N.'s_ terms to Venice, 437; + escorts Josephine to Montebello, 455; + formulates demand on the Venetian senate, ii. 11; + service in Egypt, 53; + in battle of Esdraelon, 72; + ordered to leave Egypt, 81; + ordered with "corps of observation" to Portugal, iii. 67; + his venality and greed, 81, 122; + ordered to invade Portugal, 120; + reaches Abrantès, 121; + garrisons Portuguese fortresses, 121; + prepares for invasion of Spain, 121; + reaches Lisbon, 121; + military administration in Portugal, 122; + goes to Oporto, 122; + aspires to the crown of Portugal, 122, 287; + revulsion of feeling in Portugal against, 122; + appointed governor of Portugal, 132; + strength in Portugal, 156; + Bessières ordered to connect with, 157; + precarious situation, 157; + escapes to Cintra, 157; + defeated at Vimeiro, 158; + surrenders at Cintra, 158, 159, 186; + returns to France, 157; + forces in Spain, 183; + defeated by the Black Legion at Berneck, 234; + in Leon, 283; + battle of Borodino, 344. + + =Junot, Mme.=, i. 283; + opinions of _N._, ii. 197; + ancient lineage of, iii. 122. + + =Jura Mountains=, proposed boundary for Germany, iii. 320. + + =Jüterbog=, Bernadotte at, iv. 18. + + +K + + =Kaja=, fighting at, iii. 405. + + =Kalatscha, River=, military operations on the, iii. 343-344. + + =Kalish, treaty of=, Feb. 28, 1813, iii. 385, 398. + + =Kalkreuth, Gen.=, Prussian commander, ii. 419; + defense of Dantzic, iii. 22; + at Tilsit, 49; + agreement to evacuate Prussia, 99. + + =Kaluga=, extension of the Russian lines toward, iii. 351; + French retreat toward, 353. + + =Kamenski, Gen.=, Russian general-in-chief, iii. 8; + mistake at battle of Pultusk, 9; + retired, 9. + + =Kandahar=, projected rising against England in, iii. 21. + + =Kapzewitch, Gen.=, reinforces Blücher at Montmirail, iv. 63. + + =Karl August=, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, accepts French terms after Jena, + ii. 443. + + =Karlings, the=, the legitimacy of, ii. 325. + + =Kastel=, Bertrand stationed at, iv. 54. + + =Katzbach, River=, Blücher crosses the, iv. 7; + battle of, 15. + + =Kehl=, Moreau crosses the Rhine at, i. 385. + + =Keith, Adm. G. K. E.=, expedition against Genoa, ii. 160; + gratitude to _N._ for favors, iv. 226; + announces the sentence of imprisonment to _N._, 226. + + =Kellermann, Gen. F. C.=, defeats the allies at Valmy, i. 194; + commanding forces in the Alps, 213, 347; + plans of the Directory regarding, 363; + in Savoy, 365; + receives subsidy from _N._, 365; + proposition that he organize republics in Italy, 372. + + =Kellermann, Gen. F. E.=, in battle of Marengo, ii. 180, 272; + battle of Leipsic, iv. 29, 32; + transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132; + recreated marshal, 132; + in the Waterloo campaign, 172, 173, 182, 203; + battle of Quatre Bras, 182. + + =Kemberg=, Blücher's march to, iv. 22. + + =Keralio, M. de=, commends _N.'s_ ability, i. 56, 57. + + =Khiva=, proposed Franco-Russian expedition via, ii. 194. + + =Kienmayer, Gen.=, Austrian commandant in Franconia, iii. 234. + + =Kilmaine, Gen. C. J.=, watches Venice, i. 431. + + ="King of the French," or "King of France,"= i. 119. + + =Kings=, divine right of, iv. 250. + + =Kinzig=, the Austrian line at, ii. 160. + + =Kinzig, River=, military operations on the, iv. 36. + + =Kirchener, Gen.=, killed at Reichenbach, iii. 411. + + =Klagenfurt=, capture of, i. 434; + _N._ in, 435; + invasion of the Tyrol from, iii. 234. + + =Kléber, Gen. J. B.=, military successes of, i. 274; + a product of Carnot's system, 332; + service in Egypt, ii. 53 et seq.; + marches on Syria, 69; + in battle of Esdraelon, 71, 72; + at the siege of Acre, 74; + in the battle of Aboukir, 78; + appointed to chief command of army in Egypt, 80; + instructions for evacuating Egypt, 81; + protests against _N.'s_ conduct, 81; + deceived by _N._, 81; + prepares to evacuate Egypt, 143; + military genius, 189; + concludes treaty of El Arish, 189; + his admirable administration, 181; + assassination of, 181, 211; + succeeded by Menou, 181. + + =Klein, Gen.=, in the Austerlitz campaign, ii. 380; + Blücher's duplicity to, 436. + + =Kleist, Gen.=, in battle of Bautzen, iii. 410; + Prussian commissioner at Poischwitz, 415, 417; + battle of Kulm, iv. 15; + reinforces Blücher at Montmirail, 63; + displaced, 172. + + =Klenau, Gen.=, at surrender of Mantua, i. 417; + threatens Augereau, ii. 192; + commanding under Archduke John, 188; + battle of Wagram, iii. 228; + march from Tharandt to Dresden, iv. 10. + + =Knight of Malta, the=, letters from the Czar to, i. 424; + death of, ii. 18. + + =Knights of St. John of Malta, the=, corruption among, ii. 56; + wars against the Turks, 58; + Paul I seeks to head, 154; + Malta restored to, 262, 267. + + =Kobelnitz=, military operations near, ii. 385. + + =Kolberg=, Bennigsen attempts to succor, iii. 10; + siege abandoned, 20; + _N._ demands, as a pledge, 36. + + =Kolin=, battle of, iv. 267. + + =Koller, Gen.=, Austrian commissioner at Fontainebleau, iv. 135; + suggests an asylum for _N._ in England, 135; + accompanies _N._ to Elba, 140; + quits Elba, 142. + + =Kollowrath, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386; + ordered to seize Linz, iii. 216. + + =Königsberg=, Lestocq's retreat to, ii. 435; + Ney's false move toward, iii. 8; + Frederick William shut up in, 9; + Bennigsen's defense of, 14; + Bennigsen retreats to, 18; + Russian retreat toward, 30; + Lestocq driven into, 31; + reinforcements for Bennigsen from, 31; + _N._ leaves Tilsit for, 65; + the League of Virtue in, 103; + popularity of Stein's measures at, 193; + Alexander I at, 194; + Murat enters, 384; + patriotism in the university, 398; + proposed new capital for Prussia, 409. + + =Korner, Theodor=, incites Prussian patriotism, iii. 397. + + =Korneuburg=, military operations near, iii. 217. + + =Korsakoff, Gen.=, defeated by Masséna at Zürich, ii. 93, 142. + + =Kosciusko, Tadeusz=, lack of faith in _N._, ii. 444, 445. + + =Kösen=, the allies outwitted at, iv. 35. + + =Kossuth, Louis=, charges treachery against Maria Louisa, iii. 418. + + =Kottbus=, ceded to Saxony, iii. 62. + + =Kourakine, Count=, at Tilsit, iii. 49; + Russian ambassador to France, 314; + injured by fire, 314; + leaves Paris for St. Petersburg, 315; + takes _N.'s_ messages to Alexander, 315. + + =Krasnoi=, the French retreat through, iii. 363-366; + _N.'s_ coolness at, 365; + compared to Hanau, iv. 35. + + =Kray, Gen. Paul=, commanding Austrian troops on the Rhine, ii. 161; + _N.'s_ plans to defeat, 163; + abandons Donaueschingen, 166; + outwitted by Moreau, 166; + defeated by Moreau at Engen, 167; + retreats toward the Danube, 166; + defeated at Messkirch, 167; + superseded by Archkude John, 188. + + =Kremlin, the=, iii. 345, 348; + French occupation of, 345, 349; + pillaged, 349; + failure to destroy, 335, 356. + + =Krems=, Kutusoff crosses the Danube at, ii. 367. + + =Kronach=, the Imperial Guard at, ii. 428. + + =Krossen=, proposed allotment of, to Saxony, iii. 409. + + =Kulm=, battle of, iv. 14, 15. + + =Kunersdorf=, battle of, iv. 267. + + =Küstrin=, capitulation of, ii. 436; + held by the French, iii. 402; + relief of the French garrison in, iv. 2. + + =Kutusoff, Gen. M. L. G.=, moves toward Brünn, ii. 367; + crosses the Danube at Krems, 367; + escapes from Murat, 378; + pursued by the French, 379; + at Schrattenthal, 379; + outwits Murat at Hollabrunn, 379; + joins Austrian and Russian troops' at Brünn, 379, 380; + battle of Austerlitz, 386-390; + succeeds Barclay de Tolly, iii. 343; + battle of Borodino, 343, 344; + flight from Borodino, 345; + claims the victory, 345, 347; + reinforcements for, 350; + takes position at Tarutino, 350; + menaces the French in Moscow, 350; + refers Lauriston to St. Petersburg, 351; + extends his line toward Kaluga, 351; + feigned movement against, 353-356; + defeated at Malojaroslavetz, 355; + Russian failure to reinforce, 359; + _N._ plans an ambush for, 360; + battle of Wiazma, 359; + his allies Want and Winter, 360, 372; + at Krasnoi, 364; + pursuit of the French army, 366; + mistake as to _N.'s_ movements, 370; + responsibility for further bloodshed, 374; + "the plain gentleman of Pskoff," 375; + bad generalship of, 374, 384; + losses in the campaign, 383; + enters Vilna, 383; + desires peace, 383; + advance through Poland, 395; + _N._ seeks Austrian aid to check, 396; + issues proclamation to German princes, 398; + death, 399. + + +L + + =Labanoff, Prince=, comes to Bennigsen's aid after Friedland, iii. 32; + conducts negotiations with _N._, 37; + at Tilsit, 49. + + =Labédoyère, Gen. C. A. H.=, determines to support _N._, iv. 156; + imprisoned and condemned to death, 223. + + =Laber, River=, military operations on the, iii. 207, 208. + + =Laborde, Alexandre de=, _N.'s_ confidential agent in the treaty of + Schönbrunn, iii. 252; + suggests the marriage of _N._ and Maria Louisa, 252. + + =Labouchere, Henry=, mission from Holland to England, iii. 271. + + =La Carolina=, defeat of Dupont at, iii. 156. + + =Lacombe-Saint-Michel, J. P.=, secures _N.'s_ appointment to the + Army of the West, i. 263; + member of Committee of Safety, 263. + + =La Cour de France=, _N._ at, iv. 105, 116. + + =La Cuesta, Gen.=, defeated at Medina de Rio Seco, iii. 156. + + =La Favorita=, battle of, i. 415, 416. + + =Lafayette, Marquis de=, commands the National Guard, i. 110; + endeavors to calm the National Assembly, 174, 176; + _N._ on, 176; + commanding armies in the North, 179; + pronounces against popular excesses, 179; + flight, and capture by the Austrians, 179; + released from Austrian prison, 456; ii. 148, 247; + possible successor to _N._, 186; + influence on the Consulate, 195; + remonstrates against _N.'s_ life consulship, 247; + supports the chambers, iv. 217; + _N.'s_ forgiveness for, 233. + + =La Fère=, the regiment of, i. 66; + the regiment at Douay, 81; + ordered on special service, 86; + _N.'s_ service in, 94, 144; + mutiny in, 112; + transformed into the First Regiment, 149. + + =La Ferté-sous-Jouarre=, military movements near, iv. 63; + _N.'s_ rapid march to, 71. + + =Laffont=, royalist leader, i. 298; + on the 13th Vendémiaire, 303; + executed, 304. + + =Laffray=, dramatic welcome to the returned Emperor at, iv. 156; + _N._ offers himself to the bullets of the Fifth Regiment at, 155. + + =La Flèche=, the military school at, i. 48. + + =La Force=, imprisonment of Malet in, iii. 376. + + =Lagrange, Gen.=, moves against Castaños, iii. 185; + transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132. + + =Lagrange, J. L.=, created baron, iii. 297. + + =Laharpe, Gen.=, general of division, Army of Italy, i. 345; + attacked by Beaulieu at Voltri, 353, 354; + retreats to Savona, 353; + killed at Fombio, 359; + tutor to Alexander I, iii. 118. + + =La Haye=, the farms of, iv. 194; + fighting at, 206. + + =La Haye Sainte=, the farm-house of, iv. 194; + fighting at, 201-204, 210. + + =Lahorie, Gen. V.=, engaged in Malet's conspiracy, iii. 376. + + =Laine, J. H. J.=, radical member of the senate, iv. 114. + + =Lajolais, Gen. F.=, plots of, in the Cadoudal conspiracy, ii. 298; + implicates Moreau, 298. + + =La Junquera=, Saint-Cyr at, iii. 183. + + =Lakanal, Joseph=, provides for mixed schools, ii. 226. + + =Lake Constance=, Kray's communications via, to be cut, ii. 164. + + =Lallemand, Gen. C. F. A.=, proposes asylum for _N._ on an American + ship, iv. 221; + negotiations with Capt. Maitland, 223. + + =Lallemant, M.=, French republican agent in Venice, i. 445; ii. 10. + + "=L'Ambigu=," published in London, ii. 270; + _N._ lampooned in, 270. + + =Lambrecht=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 106. + + =La Mortilla=, _N._ prepares plans for its defense, i. 91. + + =La Mure=, _N.'s_ welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 155. + + =Land=, tenure at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 16, 102, 105, 109. + + =Landes, Department of the=, exempt from legislation concerning + Jews, iii. 77. + + =Landgrafenberg=, military operations at, ii. 429. + + =Landsberg=, engagement at, iii. 14. + + =Landshut=, military movements near, iii. 206-209, 216; + _N._ at, 208; + battle of, 210; + Archduke Charles's military mistake at, 216. + + =Langeron, Gen. Andrault=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 388; + captures Rheims, iv. 80; + on the dissensions in Blücher's army, 80; + on the terror of _N.'s_ name, 84. + + =Langres=, military movements near, iv. 58, 68, 95. + + =Lanjuinais, Jean D.=, president of House of Deputies, iv. 167. + + =Lannes, Gen. Jean=, recommended for promotion, i. 357; + threatens Genoa, 373; + service in Egypt, ii. 53; + wounded at Acre, 76; + battle of Aboukir, 79; + accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81; + action on the 18th Brumaire, 105; + commanding at the Tuileries, 108; + crosses the St. Bernard, 169-171; + attacks Ivrea, 171; + hesitates at Fort Bard, 171; + reaches Aosta, 171; + defeats Ott at Casteggio, 177; + commanding corps at Marengo, 176-180; + battle of Montebello, 196; + restored to favor, 277; + created marshal, 323; + character, 364; iii. 208, 223; + captures Braunau, ii. 367; + pursues the Russians, 378; + in battle of Austerlitz, 386, 388; + at Coburg, 427; + in battle of Jena, 429; + seizes Dessau, 436; + pursues Hohenlohe, 436; + ordered to the Narew, iii. 3; + battle of Pultusk, 4; + strength in Poland, 7; + sickness, 13; + battle of Heilsberg, 29; + battle of Friedland, 30; + created Duke of Montebello, 86; + familiarity with _N._, 93; + moves against Castaños, 185; + movements before Ratisbon, 208; + in battle of Eckmühl, 209; + at the crossing of the Danube at Lobau, 217; + battle of Essling, 220, 223; + mortally wounded, 223; + _N.'s_ grief at loss of, 223; + reproaches _N._ for his ambition, 223; + _N._ saves him from drowning, 241; + warns _N._ against treachery, 325; + characterization of Talleyrand, iv. 107. + + =Lanusse, Gen. F.=, recommended for promotion, i. 357. + + =Laon=, battle of, iv. 76-81, 84; + _N._ at, 216. + + =Laplace, P. S.=, Minister of the Interior, ii. 131; + succeeded by Lucien Buonaparte, 131; + created baron, iii. 297. + + =Lapoype, Gen. J. F.=, feeling against in Marseilles, i. 239; + acquitted by the Convention, 240. + + =Larevellière-Lépeaux, Louis-Marie de=, member of the Directory, + i. 309, 330, 331; ii. 35; + character, i. 310; + dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441; + _N.'s_ relations with, ii. 23; + resigns from the Directory, 92. + + =La Rochejaquelein, Gen. L. du V.=, killed, iv. 166. + + =La Romana, Gen. P. C.=, revolts in Denmark, iii. 159; + at Valmaseda, 184; + at Santander, 184; + joined by Blake, 185. + + =La Rothière=, battle at, iv. 60, 69. + + =Lasalle Gen. A. C.=, captures Stettin, ii. 436; + success near Valladolid, iii. 156; + in battle of Aspern, 220; + killed at Wagram, 230. + + =Las Cases, E. A. D.=, _N.'s_ intimacy with, i. 146; + memoirs of _N._, 232; + recounts the story of the "day of the sections," 307; + _N.'s_ conversations with, ii. 292; + _N.'s_ declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 311; + appointed private secretary to _N._, iv. 220; + negotiates with Capt. Maitland for _N.'s_ passage to England, 221, 223; + accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, 227; + assists _N._ on his history, 231; + dismissed, 232. + + =Latouche-Tréville, Adm. L.=, scheme of naval operations for, ii. 331; + death of, 332. + + =Latour-Maubourg, Gen. M.=, commanding cavalry in Russian campaign + of 1812, iii. 324; + battle of Dresden, iv. 8, 9; + battle of Leipsic, 29, 32; + transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132. + + =Lauban=, _N._ at, iv. 6. + + =Lauderdale, Lord=, British envoy to France, ii. 404, 405; + demands his passports, 420; + reopens negotiations, 421. + + =Laudon, Gen. G. E.=, commanding forces in the Tyrol, i. 434; + at Verona, 442. + + =Lauriston, Gen. A. J.=, splendid artillery work at Wagram, iii. 229; + replaces Caulaincourt at St. Petersburg, 318; + mission to Kutusoff's camp, 351; + commanding division under Eugène, 393; + in campaign of 1813, 402; + occupies Leipsic, 405; + battle of Lützen, 405; + battle of Bautzen, 405; + beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413; + confronts Blücher at the Bober, iv. 6; + detailed to block Blücher's road to Berlin, 8; + battle of Leipsic, 28, 33; + captured at Leipsic, 34. + + =Lausanne=, ovation to _N._ at, ii. 27; + French forces near, 169; + _N._ at, May 10, 1800, 169. + + =La Valette, Gen.=, formulates demands on the Genoese senate, ii. 11; + postmaster-general at Paris, letter to _N._, March, 1814, iv. 104. + + =Lawyers=, status at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101. + + =Lazaref=, Russian grenadier, decorated by _N._ at Tilsit, iii. 63. + + =League of Virtue=, the, iii. 103, 397. + + =Lebrun, Charles F.=, appointed third consul, ii. 130, 222; + revises the Code, 222; + evades responsibility concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 304; + Treasurer of France, 323; + at _N.'s_ coronation, 343; + created Duke of Piacenza, iii. 86; + Arch-Treasurer, 96; + salary of, 96; + at Krasnoi, 364. + + =Lech, River=, military operations on the, ii. 164; iii. 204. + + =Leclerc, Victor-Emmanuel=, conducts expedition against San Domingo, + ii. 237; + marries Pauline Buonaparte, 236; + death of, 237. + + =Leclerc, Mme.=, accompanies her husband to San Domingo, ii. 236; + marries Prince Borghese, 258. + + =Lecourbe, Gen. C. J.=, commanding in the Alps, ii. 164; + captures Memmingen, 167; + captures Stockach, 166; + ordered to Italy, 169. + + =Leers=, Gen. Reille at, iv. 170. + + =Lefebvre, Gen. F. G.=, commander of the Paris garrison, ii. 104; + joins the Bonapartist ranks, 104; + in battle of Jena, 429, 431; + strength in Poland, iii. 8; + besieges Dantzic, 20, 21; + created Duke of Dantzic, 86; + besieges Saragossa, 156; + success at Tudela, 156; + near Bilbao, 183; + rash movements by, 184; + in movement against Madrid, 186; + commanding Bavarian troops at Münich, 203; + in campaign of Eckmühl, 206; + defeats the Austrians at Abensberg, 207; + at Salzburg, 211; + drives Tyroleans from Innsbruck, 213; + relieves Vandamme at Linz, 225; + withdrawn from the Tyrol, 234; + commanding the Old Guard, 324; + a momentary attack of senility, iv. 104; + at council at St. Dizier, 104; + accompanies the Emperor to Paris, 105; + at the abdication scene, 121; + transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132; + recreated marshal, 167. + + =Lefebvre-Desnouettes, Col. Charles=, service in Egypt, ii. 53. + + =Leghorn=, _N._ plans to meet Joseph at, i. 292; + the English fleet driven from, 373; + levy of enforced contributions from, 375; + England gains entrance into, iii. 67; + expulsion of the English from, 67; + position in the French Empire, 279; + plots against _N._ in, iv. 150. + + =Legion of Honor=, establishment of the, ii. 245, 246; + distribution of crosses, 360; + first Russian member of the, iii. 63; + French pride in, 86; + new members of, 297; + abolition of the orphan asylums of the, iv. 148. + + =Legislature, the=, ii. 126, 149-153; + constitution of, 241; + new methods of electing to, 247; + _N._ opens, Aug. 16, 1807, iii. 73; + its functions, 83; + distribution of titles among heads of, 87; + _N._ contemplates its abolition, 389; + demands constitutional government, iv. 49; + prorogued, 50; + overthrows _N._, 115. + + =Legnago=, French occupation of, i. 372, 379; + military operations near, 409. + + =Legrand, Gen. C. J.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386; + in battle of Aspern, iii. 220. + + =Leibnitz, G. W. von=, advocates French conquest of Egypt, ii. 46. + + =Leipsic=, seized by the Duke of Brunswick, iii. 234; + Eugène establishes headquarters at, 393; + French forces at, 393, 405; + military movements near, 405; iv. 8, 21, 22, 25, 26; + battle of, 27 et seq.; + topography, 28; + _N._ in, 34; + importance of the battle in history, 37; + triumph of revolutionary liberalism at, 38; + _N._ spares the city from fire, 39; + effects of the battle of, 39; + mistaken ideas concerning _N.'s_ attitude after, 66. + + =Le Noble's "Spirit of Gerson,"= _N.'s_ study of, i. 150. + + =Lenouf, Gen.=, succeeds Jourdan in command, ii. 88; + retreats behind the Rhine, 88. + + =Leo III=, crowns Charles the Great, ii. 325. + + =Leoben=, the French at, i. 350; + seized by Masséna, 436; + _N.'s_ position at, 436; + treaty of, 436-441, 443, 446, 452, 456; ii. 12, 14, 19; + alleged duplicity by _N._ at, i. 437-439; + French march to, ii. 42; + Ney's victory at, 368. + + =Leon=, French troops in, iii. 283. + + =Leonetti=, denounced by N., i. 206. + + =Leopold II=, acknowledges Hungarian rights, iii. 214. + + =Lepelletier=, the section of, i. 300. + + =Lesmont=, military operations at, iv. 60. + + =Lesseps, J. B. B.=, French consul-general at St. Petersburg, iii. 98. + + =Lestocq, Gen.=, retreats to Königsberg, ii. 436; + joins the Prussian army, iii. 1; + at Neidenburg, 4; + at Angerburg, 8; + opposes Ney's march to Königsberg, 8; + relieves the garrison of Graudenz, 10; + in campaign of Eylau, 14, 15; + in battle of Heilsberg, 29-31; + in Friedland campaign, 31, 35; + pursued by Davout, 32. + + =Leszcynski, Maria=, _N.'s_ imitation of her marriage to Louis XV, + iii. 256. + + =Letourneur, C. L.=, member of the Directory, i. 330, 333; + character, 330; + retires from the Directory, ii. 1. + + ="Letters from the Cape of Good Hope,"= iv. 231. + + ="Letters of Buonaparte to Buttafuoco,"= i. 145. + + =Leuthen=, battle of, iv. 284. + + =Levant, the=, France occupies Venetian possessions in, i. 446; + Genoa's commerce with, ii. 15; + French plots for disturbances in, 17; + France's jealous care for possessions in, 32, 280; + England aspires to control, 143; + Sebastiani's mission to, 272-274; + question of establishing French colonies in, 273; + Portuguese naval operations in, 332; + plans for redistribution of lands on, iii. 51; + the control of, 111; + efficient blockade of, impossible, 280. + + =Leveson-Gower, Lord=, English ambassador at St. Petersburg, iii. 100. + + =Leyen, Von der=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403. + + =Liberty=, Paoli on, i. 16; + the recognized colors of, 109. + + =Liberty, fraternity, and equality=, i. 109. + + "=Liberty of the Seas=," ii. 16. + + =Lichtenstein=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403. + + =Lichtenstein, Prince John of=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386-389; + negotiates for an armistice, 389; + in battle of Aspern, iii. 223; + Austrian peace commissioner, 239-242; + at peace council in Paris, iv. 114. + + =Lido, Porto di=, Venetians fire on French vessel in, i. 442. + + =Liebertwolkwitz=, military operations near, iv. 27-30. + + =Liège=, flight of Lafayette to, i. 179; + military operations near, 194; iv. 54, 85, 171, 185. + + =Ligny=, battle of, iv. 180-186; + Gérard at, 190; + Blücher's disaster at, 193; + a Prussian blunder, 213; + the news of, in Paris, 216. + + =Liguria=, ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263. + + =Ligurian Alps=, guerrillas in the, i. 373. + + =Ligurian Republic=, the formation of, ii. 11, 21; + French control over, 39; + Piedmont added to, 39; + reorganized, 186; + tribute levied on, 186; + English efforts to discredit France in, 264; + incorporated with France, 354. + + =Lille=, peace negotiations at, ii. 12, 86, 144; + flight of Louis XVIII to, iv. 158. + + =Lindau=, ceded to Bavaria, ii. 391. + + =Lindenau=, seized by the Duke of Brunswick, iii. 234; + military operations near, iv. 28, 29, 35. + + =Linz=, military movements near, iii. 204-207; 216, 222. + + =Lisbon=, recall of the French envoy from, iii. 120; + democracy in, 121; + Junot's march to, 120, 122; + fraternization of the people with Junot's army, 120; + Russian squadron sent to, 167; + French scheme to seize, 265; + Masséna's march to, 285; + Masséna's precarious situation before, 286, 287; + Wellington's difficult position at, 288; + filled with fugitives, 288. + + =Lisle, Rouget de=, composes the "Marseillaise," i. 175. + + =Literature=, revival of, ii. 259; + censorship of, iii. 88. + + =Lithuania=, Poniatowski's doubts of, iii. 326; + impassivity of its people, 331; + the march from Smolensk toward, 363; + Maret in charge of affairs in, 375. + + =Littawa, River=, military operations on the, ii. 383. + + ="Little Corporal," the=, i. 362; iv. 118, 154. + + =Little Gibraltar=, capture of, i. 230. + + =Little Görschen=, fighting at, iii. 405. + + ="Little Napoleon,"= iii. 52. + + =Little St. Bernard Pass=, the crossing of the, ii. 169, 171. + + =Liverpool, Lord=, attacks Wellington, iii. 288; + recalls Wellington, iv. 149; + mismanagement of English affairs, 161, 162; + embarrassment of, 224; + views as to the disposition of _N._, 224; + letter to Castlereagh, June 20, 1815, 224. + + =Loano=, battle of, i. 344. + + =Lobau=, crossing the Danube at, iii. 217, 218, 223, 227. + + =Lobau, Gen.=, guarding roads from Bohemia, iv. 18; + holds Dresden, 25, 28; + in the Waterloo campaign, 170-173; + at Charleroi, 180; + ordered to Marbais, 186; + battle of Waterloo, 202, 205, 206; + + =Lobau, River=, military movements on the, iii. 218, 223, 227. + + =Lobenstein=, Bernadotte at, ii. 428. + + =Lodi=, battle of, 359-362; ii. 140; + _N.'s_ narrow escape at, i. 393; + withdrawal of the Austrians from Milan to, ii. 173. + + =Logroño=, French success at, iii. 156; + Ney at, 183. + + =Loire, River=, the Empress flees across the, iv. 105; + military movements on the, 128. + + =Loison, Gen. L. H.=, at Piacenza, ii. 177. + + =Lombardy=, French troops in, i. 128; + military operations against, 213, 243, 346, 352, 354; + favors the French Revolution, 261; + the military gate to, 342; + _N.'s_ successes in, 350; + expected partition of, 352; + richness of the country, 356, 357; ii. 179; + _N.'s_ influence in, i. 401; + revolutionary movement in, 428; + France's interest in, 451; + incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21; + held by Austria, 145; + _N._ aims to secure, 172; + the iron crown of, 353; + _N.'s_ royal progress through, iii. 109. + + =Lonato=, battle of, i. 380-383, 393; + _N.'s_ narrow escape at, 382, 393. + + =London=, Talleyrand diplomatic agent in, ii. 33; + Talleyrand expelled from, 33; + publication of "L'Ambigu" in, 270; + Irish radical paper, in, subsidized by _N._, 271; + reception of the Duke of Brunswick in, iii. 234. + + =Longwood=, _N.'s_ residence at, i. 40; iv. 229-235, 288. + + =Longwy=, garrison of, capitulates to Prussia, i. 179; + abandoned by the enemy, 186. + + =Loretto=, capture of, i. 421, 423; + the image of the Lady of, 423. + + =L'Orient=, the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean from, iii. 111. + + =Lorraine=, proposal to continue the war in, iv. 101, 104, 116. + + =Lothair=, _N._ contrasted with, iii. 264. + + =Louis=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 106. + + =Louis=, king of Etruria, attendant in _N.'s_ antechamber, ii. 205; + death of, 233; iii. 67. + + =Louis=, king of Etruria (son of the preceding), proposed kingdom + in Portugal for, iii. 120. + + =Louis=, prince of Prussia, ii. 415; + killed at Saalfeld, 428. + + ="Louis Capet,"= i. 194. + + =Louis Philippe.= _See_ =Chartres, Duc de=. + + =Louis XIV=, disgraces Vauban, i. 332; + schemes of world-conquest, ii. 46; + "abolishes" the Pyrenees, iii. 70; + _N._ not the successor of, 304; + influence of his villainies, iv. 299. + + =Louis XV=, refuses protectorate to Corsica, i. 16; + death of, 43; + _N.'s_ imitation of his marriage to Maria Leszcynski, iii. 256; + _N._ not the successor of, 304. + + =Louis XVI=, accession of, i. 43; + character, 101, 102, 108, 109; + contest with the Parliament of Paris, 106; + alienation of, from the people, 106-108; + attempted reforms by, 105-109; + abandoned by the nobles, 109; + curtailment of his hunting-grounds, 109; + takes up residence in Paris, 109; + title under the new constitution, 119; + honors Paoli, 124; + betrayal of, 151; + accepts the Constitution, 153; + flight and recapture, 154; + clamor for his trial, 156; + refuses to sanction secularization of estates of the Church and + nobility, 172; + negotiates with foreign powers, 172, 194, 269; + celebrates the fall of the Bastille, 174; + takes refuge in the National Assembly, 175; + the National Assembly dismisses his body-guard, 174; + Marseilles demands dethronement of, 174; + imprisoned in the Temple, 175; + _N.'s_ views concerning, 177; + condemnation and execution, 195; + causes of his downfall, 268; + the regicides of, 309; + celebrations of his death, ii. 195; iv. 149. + + =Louis XVII=, i. 268. + + =Louis XVIII=, recognized by the powers, i. 297; + relationship to Victor Amadeus, 355; + retires to Blankenburg, ii. 5; + purchases Pichegru's adhesion, 5; + _N.'s_ negotiations with, 9, 239; + banished, 209; + hopes for restoration of, 240; + residence in Warsaw, 240, 297, 301; + the Cadoudal conspiracy, 297; + promises constitutional government, 298; + manifesto of, 302; + Alexander I's opinion of, iii. 52; + at Mittau, 52; + offered a kingdom in the United States, 272; + proclaimed king at Bordeaux, iv. 87; + acclaimed in Paris, 113; + proclaimed king by the senate, 129, 132; + imperial generals transfer their allegiance to, 132; + character, 132, 146; + his feeble tenure, 133; + scandals circulated at the court of, 142; + treaty with the powers, May 30, 1814, 144; + power to create peers, 146; + blunders of, 146-149; + appoints Soult minister of war, 147; + _N._ prophesies the betrayal of, 151; + indifference to treaty obligations, 152; + sends troops against _N._, 158; + makes concessions, 158; + flees to Lille, 158; + flees to Ghent, 161; + _N.'s_ forgiveness for, 233. + + =Louisa, Queen= (of Prussia), brings about the treaty of Potsdam, + ii. 376; + character and influence, 415, 427; + _N.'s_ abuse of, 438; + at Memel, iii. 37, 107; + at Tilsit, 44; + scandal concerning the Czar, 57; + interviews with _N._ concerning Magdeburg, 57-63; + the incident of the rose, 61; + sarcastic speech to Talleyrand, 62; + compared with Queen Mary of England, 62; + death of, 63, 330, 397; + in need of comforts, iii. 107. + + =Louisa, Queen= (of Spain), relations with Godoy, ii. 204, 289, 332; + iii. 71, 124, 126, 144, 150; + friendship for _N._, ii. 332; + admits England to Leghorn, iii. 68; + supposed poisoning of her daughter-in-law, 124; + examines Ferdinand's papers, 126; + her son reveals her shame, 126; + suspected of intrigue in Spain, 128; + panic-stricken at the French invasion, 133; + advocates the scheme of monarchy in America, 134; + repents her abdication, 137, 138; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, 140; + virtual prisoner in the Escorial, 142; + summoned to Bayonne, 145. + + =Louisiana=, ceded to France, ii. 204, 272; + collapse of French rule in, 238; + expedition to, 272; + Spain's exasperation over loss of, 289; + _N.'s_ dream of empire in, 289; + sold by France to the United States, 289, 332; iv. 300. + + =Louvain=, Gneisenau opens fresh communications via, iv. 185; + possible retreat of the Prussians via, 194. + + =Louverture, Toussaint=, defense of San Domingo, ii. 237; + organizes a consular government, 237; + capture and death of, 237. + + =Louvre, the=, _N.'s_ second marriage in, iii. 259-261. + + =Love=, _N._ on, i. 77. + + =Low Countries=. _See_ =Austrian Netherlands=; =Batavian Republic=; + =Belgium=; =Dutch Flanders=; =Holland=; =Netherlands=. + + =Lowe, Sir Hudson=, allegations about _N.'s_ physical ailments, iv. 168; + character, 230; + his custody of _N._, 230-233; + _N.'s_ disputes with, 288. + + =Lübeck=, proposal to give it to Prussia, ii. 400; + surrender of, 437; + sack of, 440; + Bernadotte's force in, iii. 202; + extension of the French Empire, to, 278. + + =Luc=, _N._ at, iv. 139. + + =Lucca=, given to Pauline (Buonaparte) Borghese, ii. 354, 356; + given to Elisa, 395; + creation of hereditary duchy of, 396. + + =Lucca and Piombino=, Prince of. _See_ =Bacciocchi, F. P.= + + =Lucca and Piombino=, Princess of. _See_ =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=. + + =Luckau=, defeat of Oudinot at, iv. 8. + + =Ludmannsdorf=, Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 206. + + =Lunéville=, negotiations between Cobenzl and Joseph Bonaparte at, + ii. 189, 192; + the Peace of, 192, 193, 203, 204, 263, 266, 302, 358, 402. + + =Lusha, River=, military movements on the, iii. 355. + + =Lusignan, Gen.=, military operations on the Piave, i. 430-433. + + =Lützen=, battle of, iii. 404-408; iv. 4, 21. + + =Lützow, Baron L. A. W.=, raises the "black troop," iii. 397. + + =Luxembourg, the=, Barras's social life in, i. 290; + Gohier and Moulins withdraw to, ii. 108; + Moreau commanding guard at, 108; + the First Consul installed at, 124; + residence of the Bonapartes at, 195. + + =Lyceums, the=, ii. 227; iii. 90. + + =Lyons=, _N.'s_ memoir to the Academy at, i. 78; + the "Two-cent Revolt" in, 79; + _N._ at, 79, 183; ii. 83; iv. 137, 156, 165; + honors to Paoli in, i. 124; + massacres and anarchy in, 188, 207, 213; + Girondist success at, 214; + siege of, 222; + fall of, 229; + recapture of, 249; + reorganization of the Cisalpine Republic at, ii. 231; + Fesch becomes archbishop of, 258; + repulse of Bubna from before, iv. 67; + Augereau driven back to, 81; + assaulted by the allies, 94; + evacuated by Augereau, 94; + Francis I, at, 97; + constitutional assembly summoned to, 156; + reception of Artois and Macdonald at, 156; + national assembly at, 166. + + =Lyons Academy, the=, _N.'s_ essay before, i. 137-140; + _N.'s_ competition for prize of, 164. + + +M + + =Macdonald, Gen. E. J. J. A.=, commanding Army of the North, i. 347; + a product of Carnot's system, 332; + ordered to command in Naples, ii. 87; + succeeds Championnet, 92; + defeated on the Trebbia, 92; + action on the 18th Brumaire, 105; + commanding guard at Versailles, 108; + commanding in the Grisons, 190; + crosses the Splugen, 192; + created Duke of Tarante, iii. 86; + commanding in Italy, 211; + pursues Archduke John into Hungary, 213; + at Villach, 217; + battle of Wagram, 229; + strength, March, 1812, 324; + in Russian campaign, 338; + reaches Tilsit, 384; + campaign of 1813, 402; + battle of Lützen, 404; + battle of Bautzen, 409; + beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413; + confronts Blücher at the Bober, iv. 7, 15; + detailed to block Blücher's road into Saxony, 8; + fails in his movement against Berlin, 13-19; + battle of Katzbach, 14, 15; + reinforcements for, 18; + attacked by Blücher at Fischbach, 18; + ordered to check Blücher's advance, 20; + battle of Leipsic, 29-32, 34; + at crossing of the Elster, 34; + defends the Rhine at Cologne, 54; + Blücher attempts to cut off, 62; + fails to check Blücher's retreat, 64; + ordered toward Montmirail, 63; + ordered to join Victor at Montereau, 64; + his failure at Château-Thierry, 72; + before Bray, 72; + moral exhaustion of, 72; + opposed to Schwarzenberg, 76, 84; + driven beyond Troyes, 76; + demoralized at Provins, 81; + moves toward Vitry, 93; + at Perthes, 103; + Bourbon intrigues with, 113; + advises endeavor to recover Paris, 117; + strength after the surrender of Paris, 118; + at Fontainebleau, 119; + approves plan of attack on Paris, 120; + at the abdication scene, 121; + on commission to present abdication to the Czar, 125, 126; + rebuke to Marmont, 127; + transfers his allegiance, 129; + reception in Lyons, 157. + + =Macedonia=, _N.'s_ eye on, i. 424. + + =Macerata=, annexed to Italy, iii. 69, 118. + + =Machiavelli, his "History of Florence,"= _N.'s_ study of, i. 150; + on friendships, ii. 256; + theses concerning the Church of Rome, iii. 262. + + =Mack, Gen. K.=, leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 72; + mobilizes the Austrian army, 358; + quartermaster-general with Archduke Ferdinand in Germany, 363; + _N.'s_ opinion of, 363; + essays to cross the Danube at Günzburg, 366; + misled concerning _N.'s_ movements, 366; + interview with _N._, 367; + result of his capitulation, 367. + + ="Madame Mère,"= i. 34. _See also_ =Buonaparte, Letizia=. + + =Madeleine Islands=, _N._ writes of their strategic importance, i. 91. + + =Madison, James=, policy of nonintervention, iii. 102; + declares war against England, 321. + + =Madrid=, effect of Marengo at, ii. 204; + Lucien Buonaparte minister at, 257; + the land-owning class in, iii. 123; + culmination of intrigues at, 126; + the queen regent of Etruria sent to, 129; + irritation against France in, 132; + Murat advances on, 134; + rioting in, 135; + entry of Ferdinand VII into, 139; + Murat enters, 139-142; + proposed visit of _N._ to, 141-143; + _N._ disapproves the seizure of, 141; + Charles IV a virtual prisoner at, 142; + placed under administration of a junta, 143; + announcement of the Bourbons' deposition in, 146; + revolt against Murat's tyranny in, 146; + Joseph assumes the government at, 149, 154; + Murat commanding at, 155; + the French possession of, in danger, 156; + the French evacuate, 158; + Sir John Moore's supposed movement on, 186; + the French army before the gates of, 187; + capitulation of, 187; + _N._ makes officers prisoners of war, 187; + French troops leave, 188; + chilly reception of _N._ in, 189; + French evacuation of, 191; + Wellington moves against, 290; + Victor Hugo at school in, 292; + George Sand in, 292. + + =Magallon, Charles=, French consul at Cairo, ii. 47; + advocates seizure of Egypt, 47. + + =Magdalena=, bombardment of, i. 192; + capture of, 237. + + =Magdalena Islands=, expedition against the, i. 192. + + =Magdeburg=, Hohenlohe's retreat to, ii. 434; + siege of, 436; + Frederick William's hard struggle to retain, iii. 56; + Queen Louisa's efforts to save, 57-63; + passes to Jerome with Westphalia, 57, 266; + parallel between Calais and, 62; + French occupation of, 202, 266, 328, 333, 393; iv. 2, 23. + + =Maginajo=, Paoli's landing at, i. 125. + + =Magnano=, battle of, ii. 88. + + =Mahmud II=, proclaimed sultan, iii. 163; + makes treaty with Russia, 321. + + ="Mahomet"= (Voltaire's), _N.'s_ notes on, iv. 232. + + =Maillebois=, _N.'s_ study of, iv. 266. + + =Main, River=, Augereau's force on the, ii. 190. + + =Main, Army of the=. _See_ =Army of the Main=. + + =Mainau=, ceded to Baden, ii. 391. + + =Maintenon, Mme. de=, patron of the St. Cyr Academy, i. 176. + + =Mainz=, evacuation of, i. 222; + ceded to France, ii. 21, 28, 38; + Marmont ordered to, 362; + _N._ leaves Paris for, 422; + occupied by Mortier, 424, 443; + sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380; + _N._ at, 401, 420, 421; iv. 39; + meeting of _N._ and Maria Louisa at, iii. 421; + French retreat to, iv. 36; + disease in, 36; + _N.'s_ humanity at, 39; + defense of the Rhine at, 54; + Prussian forces at, 58; + _N._ concedes to the allies at Châtillon, 87. + + =Mainz, Bishop of=, _N.'s_ sarcasm to agent of, ii. 28. + + =Mainz, the Elector of=, ii. 402. + _See also_ =Dalberg, Archbishop=. + + =Maison, Gen.=, available forces of, iv. 118; + transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132. + + =Maistre, Joseph de=, on social order, iii. 89. + + =Maitland, Sir P.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 208, 209. + + =Maitland, Capt. F. L.=, takes _N._ on board the Bellerophon iv. 220; + relations with _N._, 220-223. + + ="Malbrook s'en va t'en guerre,"= iv. 34. + + =Malet, C. F. de=, conspiracy to overthrow the empire, iii. 361, 376; + his career and execution, 376. + + =Malmaison=, _N._ at, ii. 206, 256, 306; iii. 196; iv. 218; + social vices at, iii. 92; + Josephine withdraws to, 247; + _N._ visits Josephine at, 257. + + =Malmesbury, Earl of=, mission to Paris (1796), i. 449; + views concerning France, 449; + resumes peace negotiations at Lille, ii. 12. + + =Malojaroslavetz=, battle of, iii. 355, 360. + + =Malta=, _N._ plans seizure of, i. 424; ii. 16, 18, 33; + rival claimants of, 18; + French intrigues in, 56; + the citadel of the Mediterranean, 57; + _N.'s_ expedition against, 56, 57; + capture of, 56, 57; + the Knights of St. John, 56, 59; + blockade of, 67; + besieged by England, 141; + Paul I seeks control of, 141, 154, 193; + French capture of, 154; + captured by England, 193; + proposed cession of, to Russia, 193; + England withdraws from, 211, 262; + Russia waives claim to, 210; + restored to the Knights of St. John, 262; + proposed cession by England, 267; + France pushes England for declaration concerning, 273; + England's occupation of, 280, 284, 289, 351, 352, 356; + England refuses to admit the Neapolitan garrison, 285; + _N._ suggests Austrian or Russian occupation, 285; + England insists on ten years' occupancy of, 285; + _N.'s_ ambition concerning, 289; + proposal that England keep, 401; + importance of, iii. 111. + + =Mamelukes=, scandals concerning, ii, 17, 58; + usurpation of Egypt by, 47; + foundation of the military organization of, 58; + attack the French at Shebreket, 59; + in the battle of the Pyramids, 60; + enlisted in French army, 66; + the last of the, 77. + + =Manche, Letourneaux de la=, member of the Directory, i. 309. + + =Manhood suffrage=, i. 188. + + =Manin=, last doge of Venice, death of, ii. 24. + + =Mann, Admiral=, driven from the Mediterranean, i. 421. + + =Mannheim=, _N.'s_ line of retreat via, ii. 424; + proposed conference at, iv. 45, 68. + + ="Man of destiny," the=, i. 321. + + ="Man on horseback," the=, i. 301, 304. + + =Mansilla=, Soult ordered to, iii. 188. + + =Mantua=, capture of, i. 350; + military operations around, 359-361, 370-373, 378; + siege of, 372 et seq.; + garrison, 378; + importance, 379; + the siege raised, 380; + re-blockaded by the French, 383; + Wurmser relieves, 384; + Austria's efforts to relieve, 386, 406-418 et seq.; + _N.'s_ critical position before, 389; + Wurmser's ineffectual sally from, 392; + bids defiance to France, 401; + Wurmser's defense and surrender of, 415-418; + disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439; + capture of, 451; + incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21; + lost to France, 92; + interview between _N._ and Lucien at, iii. 129; + trial and execution of Hofer at, 241. + + =Manufactures=, condition of, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102; + encouragement of, ii. 220; iii. 25, 307. + + ="Manuscrit de l'Île d'Elbe," the=, i. 177. + + ="Manuscrit de Ste. Hélène,"= repudiated by _N._, iv. 232. + + =Marat, J. P.=, head of the committee of surveillance, i. 188; + crimes and assassination of, 234. + + =Marbais=, military movements near, iv. 186. + + =Marbeuf, Marquis de=, tradition concerning his paternity of _N._, i. 31; + influences _N.'s_ education, 43, 45, 52; + marriage of, 64; + death, 80, 115. + + =Marbeuf, Mgr. Y. A. de=, bishop of Autun, social influence of, i. 69; + disgrace of, 93; + literary patron of _N._, 92. + + =Marbot, Gen.=, denies the story of Lannes's death-bed, iii. 224; + relates anecdote of the cantinière of Busaco, 291; + memoirs of, iv. 192, 193; + on Grouchy's blunders, 192, 193. + + =Marburg=, junction of Austrian troops at, ii. 367. + + =Marceau, Gen. F. S.=, in battle of Fleurus, i. 273; + statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147. + + =March, River=, military operations on the, iii. 230. + + =Marchfeld, the=, fighting in, iii. 218; + military operations on, 224; + Prince Eugène left to guard, 235; + Bernadotte's failure on, 280. + + =Marchiennes=, military operations near, iv. 173, 177. + + =Marciana=, _N._ at, iv. 142. + + =Marcognet, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201. + + =Marengo=, _N.'s_ over-confidence at, ii. 177; + topography of country near, 178, 179; + battle of, 176-186; iii. 196, 299; + _N.'s_ triumphant return from, ii. 186; + _N.'s_ desire for peace after, 189; + effect of the battle at Madrid, 204; + Moreau's troops employed at, 295; + celebration on the field of, 355; + statements concerning _N.'s_ movements after, iii. 196; + _N.'s_ narrow escape at, 382; + a nobility dating from, iv. 44; + its place in French history, 261. + + =Maret, H. B.=, secretary to _N._, ii. 215; iii. 19; + recovery of, 27; + influence of, 27; + increased activity of, 27; + created Duke of Bassano, 86; + report from Laborde to, 252; + member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 254; + succeeds Champagny in the Foreign Office, 318; + warlike zeal of, 326; + letter from _N._, Sept. 10, 1812, 347; + letter from _N._, Nov. 29, 1812, 372; + in charge of affairs in Lithuania, 375; + meeting with Metternich, 416; + on the Austrian marriage, 416; + letter from _N._, Aug. 23, 1813, iv. 7; + Minister of Foreign Affairs, 42, 46; + succeeded by Caulaincourt, 42, 46; + transferred to the Department of State, 46; + French dislike of, 46; + influence over _N._ at Dresden, 69; + on the Congress of Châtillon, 69, 70; + records anecdote of Caulaincourt after La Rothière, 69, 70; + persuades _N._ to resume negotiations, 74; + wrings concessions from _N._, 87; + letter to Caulaincourt, March 17, 1814, 87; + at council at St. Dizier, 104; + at the abdication scene, 121; + member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159. + + =Maria, Queen of Portugal=, mental alienation of, iii. 119; + embarks for Brazil, 121. + + =Maria, Amelia=, princess of Saxony, mentioned for marriage with _N._, + iii. 179. + + =Maria Amelia=, queen of Saxony, reproaches Metternich for deserting + _N._, iv. 43. + + =Maria Antoinetta Theresa=, wife of Ferdinand VII, death of, iii. 124. + + =Maria Carolina=, queen of Naples, alleged intrigues of, ii. 357; + approaching downfall, 337; + breaks her compact with _N._, 395. + + =Maria Louisa=, of Austria, at Compiègne, iii. 148; + proposed marriage with _N._, 180, 252, 253; + preparations for her marriage, 253-257; + marriage in Vienna, 254-257; + progress from Vienna to Paris, 257; + meeting with _N._ at Compiègne, 258; + civil marriage, 258; + induction into her imperial court, 259-261; + personality and character, 260, 327, 330, 381; + visit to Holland, 269; + statue by Canova, 300; + birth of the King of Rome, 302; + abandonment of _N._, 302; iv. 135, 143, 162; + _N.'s_ affection for, iii. 302, 323, 327, 381; iv. 233; + accompanies _N._ to Dresden, iii. 330; + married to Neipperg, 330; + returns from Dresden to Paris, 331; + at Prague, 331; + lack of affection for, in France, 377; + plan of regency for, 381, 421; iv. 114, 124; + visits Pius VII, iii. 390; + Metternich on her marriage, 416; + political ends subserved through, 416; + her marriage "a piece of stupidity," 418; + charged with treachery, 418; + meets _N._ at Mainz, 421; + dramatic appearances before the people, iv. 51, 52; + entrusted to the care of the National Guard, 53; + Francis I to, on the situation, 67; + prepares for extremities, 81; + Joseph enjoined to preserve her from Austrian capture, 91; + letter from _N._, March 23, 1814, 96, 100; + character as Empress-regent, 105; + her council, 106; + rebuked by _N._, 105; + flight from Paris, 106-112; + establishes a regency at Blois, 115; + flight of, 117; + _N._ seeks her intervention with her father, 128; + declines to accompany _N._ to Elba, 135; + _N.'s_ anxiety for, 135-138; + takes refuge with her father, 135, 143; + at Rambouillet, 135; + _N._ breaks off relations with, 143; + succumbs to Neipperg's wiles, 143; + proposed coronation of, 157; + relations with Neipperg, 162; + disclaims connection with her husband, 162; + failure of the attempt to crown, 165; + besought for _N.'s_ release, 231; + _N.'s_ sentiments toward, 233. + + =Marie Louise=, queen of Etruria, Lucien refuses to marry, ii. 257; + abdicates and goes to Madrid, iii. 129; + interview with _N._, 129; + supports Charles IV, 137; + ordered to Bayonne, 147. + + =Maria Theresa=, character, iii. 37. + + =Marie Antoinette=, tradition concerning, i. 44. + + "=Marie Louises=," in the defense of Paris, iv, 99. + + =Mariotte=, Talleyrand's agent in Leghorn, iv. 150; + plots to seize _N._, 150. + + =Maritime Alps=, war in the, i. 196, 342, 345. + + =Markgrafneusiedl=, military operations near, iii. 227-229. + + =Markkleeberg=, fighting near, iv. 29. + + =Markoff, Count=, Russian ambassador at Paris, ii. 263, 330; + at the Tuileries, March 13, 1803, 282, 283. + + =Marlborough, Duke of=, military genius, i. 348; + _N._ compared with, 348. + + =Marmont, Gen. A. F. L.=, _N._ visits, i. 146; + records _N.'s_ mercy, 233; + admiration for _N._, 237, 245; + accompanies _N._ to Paris, May 2, 1795, 263; + at Milan, 366; + records utterances of _N._ at Milan, 366; + service in Egypt, ii. 53; + _N._ tells him of intention to return from Egypt, 79; + reports declaration of Sir Sidney Smith, 79; + accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81; + commanding at the military school, 108; + passes Fort Bard, 171; + in battle of Marengo, 120; + ordered from the Texel to Mainz, 362; + at Neuburg, 365; + character, 364; iv. 127; + letter from _N._ to, Nov. 15, 1805, ii. 378; + created Duke of Ragusa, iii. 86; + called to Vienna from Illyria, 225; + pursues Archduke Charles, 231, 235; + repulsed at Znaim, 235; + replaces Masséna, 289; + withdraws for concentration, 290; + move against Burgois, 290; + advances on Wellington, 290; + battle of Salamanca, 290, 343, 377; + campaign of 1813, 402; + the Saxon campaign, 404; + battle of Bautzen, 409, 410; + treachery, iv. 5; + recollections of _N._, 5; + confronts Blücher at the Bober, 7; + criticizes _N.'s_ plans, 7; + battle of Dresden, 8, 9; + sent to support of Vandamme at Kulm, 15; + _N._ confesses failure to, 21; + characterization of the march to Leipsic, 26; + battle of Leipsic, 27-30, 33; + on _N.'s_ conduct after Leipsic, 31; + assigned to defense of the Rhine, 54; + at Montierender, 60; + falls into panic, 62; + moves from Sézanne against Blücher, 62; + annihilates Olsusieff's corps, 63; + demoralization of, 64; + pursues Blücher, 64; + driven by Blücher to Fromentières, 64; + junction of _N._ and, near Étoges, 65; + battle of Champaubert, 66; + ordered to hold Blücher, 71; + at Sézanne, 74; + checks Blücher at the Ourcq, 76; + loses Soissons, 77; + junction with _N._, 77; + battle of Laon, 79; + routed by York, 79; + at Eppes, 79; + disaster at Athies, 80, 82; + abandons Berry-au-Bac, 81; + rallies his troops at Fismes, 81; + captures Rheims, 81; + reproached by _N._, 82; + at Berry-au-Bac, 85; + defends the Paris line against Blücher, 86; + letter from _N._, March 20, 1814, 91; + ordered to Châlons, 91-94; + joins Mortier at Fismes, 93; + plan of operations against Blücher, 94; + disobedience and incapacity of, 81, 93, 95, 99; + retreats to Fismes, 100; + junction with Mortier, 100; + supposed advantages of a retreat to Rheims, 100; + driven back to Charenton, 99; + driven back on Paris, 101, 105, 109, 110; + strength, 102; + empowered to treat for surrender, 111; + defense of Paris, 112, 113; + vanity, 113, 120; + concludes terms of surrender, 113; + approached by Bourbon intriguers, 113; + homage of Paris to, 113, 120; + denounced by _N._, 115; + receives the Emperor's congratulations, 116; + reveals the worst to the Emperor, 117; + ordered to take position under the walls of Paris, 116; + strength after the surrender of Paris, 118; + the treason of, 120; + terms of his secession, 120; + letter to Alexander, April 3, 1814, 119; + repeats the rôle of Monk, 120, 125; + sends treasonable documents to Berthier, 119; + seduces five of his generals, 125; + reveals his plot to Schwarzenberg, 125; + at Essonnes, 124; + attempts to explain away his action, 124; + demands to join the embassy to the Czar, 125; + "brought up in _N.'s_ tent," 124; + aids in delivering up Souham's troops, 126, 127; + fails to face Alexander, 126; + demoralization among his troops, 126; + seeks audience with the Czar, 126, 127; + his subsequent career of treason, and death, 127; + despised by the imperial generals, 127; + coining of the word "ragusade," 127; + Macdonald's rebuke to, 127; + nicknamed Judas, 127, 147; + stricken from the list of marshals, 127; + _N._ on his desertion, 128; + _N.'s_ charge against, 130; + puts the Paris garrison under arms, 149; + applies for post of minister of war, 148; + attainted, 157; + _N.'s_ forgiveness for, 233. + + =Marne, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58, 61, 63, 76, 97, 99. + + =Marriage=, under the Code, ii. 222, 224. + + =Marseillais=, the, in the riots of August 10, 1792, i. 178, 179. + + ="Marseillaise," the=, sung in Paris, i. 175; + permitted by imperial order, iv. 51; + played at Fontainebleau, 118. + + =Marseilles=, _N._ at, i. 81, 115, 141, 184, 263, 307, 322; + sends deputation to Paris, 174; + demands abolition of monarchy, 174; + equipment of Sardinian expedition from, 191; + anarchy and massacres in, 207, 212, 214, 220, 234; + the Buonapartes in, 212, 263, 309; + defeat of the Jacobins in, 213; + movement of Marseillais on Paris, 214; + captured by Carteaux, 220; + refugees from, at Toulon, 221; + the "Bastille" of, 239; + _N.'s_ views of the fortifications, 239; + feeling against _N._ in, 239; + circulation of counterfeit money in, 246; + news of the Terror in, 252; + reopening of commerce with Genoa, 257; + forced military loans in, 344; + Masséna commanding at, iv. 154; + _N._ sends emissaries to, 154. + + ="Marsh," the=, position in the National Convention, i. 188. + + ="Marshal Forward,"= iv. 98. _See also_ =Blücher=. + + =Marshall, John=, Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34. + + =Martial law=, reforms of, i. 142. + + =Martinique=, birthplace of Josephine Beauharnais, i. 313; + French squadron at, ii. 333; + French plans to strengthen, 333. + + =Mary, Queen= (of England), likened to Queen Louisa, iii. 62. + + ="Masked Prophet," the=, i. 86, 93. + + =Massa-e-Carrara=, incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21; + given to Elisa (Buonaparte), 395. + + =Masséna, Gen. André=, general in Army of Italy, i. 241, 345; + seizes Ventimiglia, 243; + plan of campaign in the Apennines, 243; + on the courage of his troops, 244; + defeats Austrians at Millesimo, 353; + at Lodi, 361; + defeated at Bassano, 388; + battle of Citadella, 388; + defeated by Alvinczy at Caldiero, 388; + military operations on the Piave, 388, 432; + attacked at St. Michel, 410; + in the Rivoli campaign, 413, 414, 416; ii. 323; + operations in the Italian Alps, i. 433; + captures Chiusa Veneta, 433; + seizes St. Michael and Leoben, 436; + operations on the river Mur, 436; + ordered to Switzerland, ii, 87; + military genius, 87; 440, iii. 283; + defeated at Zürich, ii. 93; + defeats Korsakoff at Zürich, 93; 142, 323; + fitted for rôle of General Monk, 94; + victories in Italy, 96; + supreme commander of the Army of Italy, 140, 160, 186, 362; + puts Suvaroff to flight, 142; + defeats Archduke Charles at Zürich, 141; + makes a forced levy in Switzerland, 153; + brings Switzerland into French hands, 164; + defense and surrender of Genoa, 165, 170, 172, 323; + plans for the relief of, 170, 172; + superseded by Brune, 190; + republicanism of, 190; + created marshal, 323; + leaves Italy for Austria, 380; + ordered to Naples, 395; + avarice of, 440; + venality of, iii. 81; + created Duke of Rivoli, 86; + yearly income and enormous fortune, 87, 224, 296; + to concentrate at Ulm, 203; + to concentrate on the Lech, 204; + movements on the Isar, 205, 208; + in campaign of Eckmühl, 206; + ordered from Augsburg to Ingolstadt, 206-208; + at Moosburg, 207; + in the Enns valley, 216; + crosses the Danube, 217; + in battle of Aspern, 219; + character, 224; + battle of Wagram, 227, 228; + commanding in Spain, 283; + disasters in the Peninsula, 284; + insubordination in his army, 285; + battle of Busaco, 284; + in Coimbra, 285; + march toward Lisbon, 285; + enters Portugal, 284; + Soult's jealousy of, 286; + Soult fails to relieve, 286; + withdraws toward Santarem, 286; + awaits reinforcements, 287; + failure in Spain, 287; + precarious situation before Lisbon, 288; + joined by Soult, 289; + defeated at Fuentes de Onoro, 289; + reinforcements ordered from Castile to, 289; + disgraced by _N._, 289; + succeeded by Marmont, 289; + holds his position, 289; + insubordination among his officers, 289; + punishes desertion, 291; + commanding at Marseilles, iv. 154; + neutrality of, 157; + recreated marshal, 167. + + =Masseria, Joseph=, associated with _N._ in Corsica, i. 117; + success of his agitation, 119. + + =Massias, Baron N.=, French minister at Karlsruhe, ii. 305. + + =Matra, M. E.=, a rival of Paoli, i. 16. + + =Maubeuge=, battle of, i. 332. + + =Maubreuil, Comte de=, arranges for the assassination of the Emperor, + iv. 119, 138. + + =Mautern=, Hiller crosses the Danube at, iii. 212. + + =Maximilian, Archduke=, evacuates Vienna, iii. 212. + + =Maximilian, Joseph=, king of Bavaria, gives his daughter to Eugène + de Beauharnais, ii. 399; + at the Erfurt conference, iii. 171; + his reforms in the Tyrol, 201; + threatens to join the coalition, iv. 16; + joins the allies, 22; + grant of autonomy to, 22; + defection of, 56. + + =Meaux=, prison massacres in, i. 188; + Blücher moves on, iv. 77; + _N.'s_ plan of movement via, 85; + evacuation of, 99. + + =Mecklenburg=, territory restored to the reigning house, iii. 49. + + =Mecklenburg-Schwerin=, proposal to include in North German + Confederation, ii. 418. + + =Mecklenburg-Schwerin=, Duke of, refuses to furnish levies, iii. 394. + + =Mecklenburg-Strelitz=, proposal to include in North German + Confederation, ii. 418. + + =Mecklenburgs=, the, assert their independence, iv. 40. + + =Medical School=, lecture system of the, i. 281. + + =Medina de Rio Seco=, French success at, iii. 156. + + =Mediterranean, the=, English naval operations in, and power on, + i. 207, 221, 257; ii. 15, 16, 56, 83; iii. 111; + naval operations in the, i. 421, 424; + departure of the English fleet from, 424; + _N._ a child of, ii. 15; + France's ambition for conquest of, 16; + the citadel of the, 18, 56; + _N.'s_ schemes on, 18, 157; iii. 111, 112; + elaboration of plans for operations in, ii. 33; + importance, 46; + _N._ calls for ships in, 68; + Adm. Bruix sent to conquer, 79; + European jealousy regarding control of, 136; + English cessions in, 211, 262; + Villeneuve's orders for operation in, 372; + attempt to unite French fleets in, iii. 111; + _N.'s_ mastery of, 264; + English trade with, 280; + Roman dominion of, 302. + + =Meerveldt, Gen.=, Austrian plenipotentiary at Leoben, i. 437; + Austrian plenipotentiary in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 19; + defeated at Leoben, 368; + battle of Leipsic, iv. 28, 30; + at Austerlitz, 30; + sent to ask an armistice, 30; + captured at Leipsic, 30. + + =Megnadier, Gen.=, seduced by Marmont, iv. 125. + + =Mehemet Ali=, accession to power, ii. 77. + + =Meike=, on commission to notify _N._ of his sentence, iv. 226. + + =Meissen=, French forces at, iii. 393. + + =Melas, Gen.=, commanding Austrian army in Italy, ii. 160; + drives Suchet across the Var, 165; + forces Masséna back into Genoa, 165; + military tactics, 165; + cuts off communication with Masséna, 169; + position on the Var, 169; + hurries to Turin, 169, 174; + _N.'s_ plans for the defeat of, 169, 172; + reinforcements for, 170; + rallies his army at Alessandria, 174, 177; + capture of one of his couriers, 175; + military characteristics, 178; + crosses the Bormida, 178; + in battle of Marengo, 178-185; + retires to Alessandria, 180; + superseded by Bellegarde, 188. + + =Melnik=, Austro-Russian troops near, iv. 3. + + =Mélun=, the garrison at, iv. 118. + + =Melzi, Comte F.=, nominated for president of the Cisalpine + Republic, ii. 231; + letter from _N._ to, March 6, 1804, 299. + + =Memel=, Queen Louisa at, iii. 37; + proposal that Russia seize, 62; + Tolstoi visits Frederick William and Louisa at, 108. + + =Memmingen=, captured by Lecourbe, ii. 168; + seized by Soult, 366. + + =Méneval, Claude F. de=, statement of _N._ to, concerning the Duc + d'Enghien, ii. 312; + reveals Maria Louisa's defection to _N._, iv. 143; + dismissed from the service of the King of Rome, 162. + + =Menou, Gen. J. F. de=, commanding the Army of the Interior, i. 298; + ordered to disarm the insurgents, 299; + pusillanimity of, 301, 307; + service in Egypt, ii. 53; + professes Islamism, 65; + succeeds Kléber, 181; + surrenders in Egypt, 181; + disasters in Egypt, 211. + + =Mentone=, _N._ in, i. 238. + + =Mercier, L. S.=, _N.'s_ study of his "Philosophic Visions," ii. 54. + + =Merlin, P. A.=, member of the Directory, ii. 8, 35, 52; + interferes to prevent _N.'s_ resignation as commander of Egyptian + expedition, 52; + resigns from the Directory, 92; + seduced by Marmont, iv. 125. + + =Merseburg=, Bernadotte at, iv. 27. + + =Méry=, Blücher at, iv. 73; + captured by Oudinot, 73. + + =Messkirch=, battle of, ii. 167. + + =Mettenberg=, engagement on the, ii. 168. + + =Metternich, Prince von=, character, ii. 131; iii. 417-420; + on _N.'s_ designs of 1804-5, ii. 338; + on the treaty of Tilsit, iii. 72; + allusions to _N.'s_ tenure of power, 104; + letter to Stadion, July 26, 1807, 104; + _N.'s_ conversations and confidences with, 110, 278, 311, 333, + 389, 418; + at St. Cloud levee, Aug. 15, 1808, 169; + deceived by the clique of Talleyrand and Fouché, 193; + goes to Vienna, 193; + plenipotentiary at Altenburg, 237; + suggests a union between _N._ and Maria Louisa, 252; + succeeds Stadion as foreign minister, 253; + reports France's financial condition, 305; + stirs up strife between France and Russia, 313; + reports the Russian army on the Danube, 314; + character of his negotiations with France, 317; + on the Russian war of 1812, 328; + interview with _N._ at Dresden, 389; + holds back Schwarzenberg, 395; + negotiations with England, 395; + prepares to desert _N._, 395; + seeks to embroil Russia and Sweden, 395; + negotiations with Hardenberg, 395; + negotiations with _N._, 395; + foresees the aims of the new coalition, 400; + triumph in the Saxon affair, 399; + _N._ fears the intrigues of, 409; + arranges a basis of mediation with Nesselrode, 415; + meeting with Maret, 416; + on the Franco-Austrian marriage, 416; + secret meeting with Alexander, 415; + double-dealing of, 418; + interview with _N._, 418-420; + demands suspension of the Franco-Austrian treaty of 1811, 419; + charged by _N._ with venality, 419; + poses as armed mediator, 420; + interview with _N._, June 27, 1813, 418-420; + letter to Francis, June 29, 1813, 419; + advocates a continental peace, 420; + encourages rivalries of petty potentates, 423; + at Congress of Prague, 422; + his policy exposed, 423; + diplomacy during the Frankfort parley, iv. 41-44; + reproached for deserting _N._, 43; + letter to Caulaincourt, Nov. 9, 1813, 42; + letter from Caulaincourt, Dec. 2, 1813, 46; + suggests compromise plan of invasion of France, 57; + his memoirs, 66, 67; + position in European diplomacy, 66-69; + influence over Castlereagh, 67; + desires to restore the Bourbons, 68; + his policy concerning France, 88; + strives to check Prussian ambition, 88; + on the European policy of 1814, 88; + relations with the allies, 97; + letter from _N._, March 28, 1814, 104; + besought to encompass _N.'s_ exile, 138; + urges Maria Louisa to break relations with her husband, 143; + negotiates secret treaty between Austria, England, and France, + 144, 145; + Fouché attempts intrigue with, 165. + + =Metternich, Countess=, share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, + iii. 253. + + =Metz=, imprisonment of the Prince of Hesse-Cassel in, ii. 443; + sends men to relief of Paris, iv. 102. + + =Meuse, River=, a French river, iii. 270; + military movements on the, iv. 166. + + =Mexico=, scheme of a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 142. + + =Middle Guard=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 208. + + =Milan=, under foreign yoke, i. 345; + _N.'s_ entry into and subsequent visits to, 351, 362, 367, 400; + ii. 175, 186; iii. 109; 129, 132; + defense of, by Beaulieu, i. 352-362; + flight of the Archduke from, 359; + coercion applied to, 361; + provisional government for, 367; + plundered of works of art, 368; + levy of enforced contributions from, 375; + _N.'s_ influence in, 427; + _N.'s_ residence at Montebello, 447, 452, 455, 456; + Gen. Clarke at, 451; + celebration of July 14, in (1797), ii. 4; + troops moved to Picardy from, 24; + Moreau ordered to cut Kray's communication with, 164; + plan of march to, abandoned, 169; + festival at, 173; + French entry into (June 2, 1800), 173; + _N.'s_ care for the cathedral, 173; + Austrian evacuation of, 173; + Count of St. Julien sent to, 187; + coronation of _N._ at, 353, 354; + Prince Eugène Beauharnais viceroy at, 358; + sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380. + + =Milan decree, the=, iii. 101, 109, 119, 321. + + =Milanese, the=, provisional government for, i. 367; + scheme to organize republic in, 373; + disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439; + question of restoring to Austria, 452. + + =Milhaud, Gen. J. B.=, transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132; + in Waterloo campaign, 173. + + =Military courts=, reconstitution of, i. 142. + + =Military discipline=, reforms in, i. 142-145. + + =Military schools in France=, i. 48; iii. 91; + _N.'s_ criticisms of, i. 61. + + =Military strategy=, _N.'s_ skill in, ii. 153; + the art of, 182. + + =Milleli=, _N.'s_ summer house and grotto, i. 135, 210. + + =Millesimo=, military operations at, i. 352, 354, 355; + battle of, iv. 65. + + =Mincio, River, the=, military operations on, i. 361, 371, 379, 381; + ii. 88, 188; + boundary of Austrian holdings in Italy, ii. 181. + + =Minsk=, _N.'s_ scheme to seize, iii. 333; + the French retreat through, 363, 370. + + =Miollis, Gen. S. A. F.=, occupies the city of Rome, iii. 242. + + =Miot de Melito=, i. 367; + conversations with _N._, ii. 162; + on the demonstration against England, 337; + "Memoirs" of, quoted, iii. 131. + + =Mirabeau, H. G. R.=, activity at the meeting of the Estates-General, + i. 108; + on position of the Navarrese, 120; + plea for Corsica in the National Assembly, 120; + share in the conquest of Corsica, 120; + inspires amnesty to Paoli, 120, 124; + leads the National Assembly against Buttafuoco, 135; + military reforms of, 142; + succeeds Necker, 153; + death, 153; + opinion of Talleyrand, ii. 33; + statue at the Tuileries, 147; + his politics to be ignored, iii. 27. + + =Miranda=, Bessières at, iii. 183. + + =Mississippi, River, the=, the United States acquires control of, + ii. 289. + + =Mittau=, Louis XVIII at, iii. 52. + + =Mlawa=, military operations near, iii. 13. + + =Möckern=, military operations near, iv. 27, 30. + + =Modena=, intrigue in the court of, i. 345; + held to ransom, 374, 375; + the armistice with, broken, 401; + Austria's protectorate over, 425; + Austria seeks to retain, 438; + disposition by treaty of Leoben, 438; + incorporated into the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21; + _N.'s_ bad faith with, 144. + + =Modena, Duke of=, attempts to bribe _N._, i. 366, 445; + destruction of his government, 374; + driven from his throne, 401. + + =Modlin=, French military stores in, iii. 333; + held by the French, 402. + + =Mohileff=, French garrison in, iii. 341. + + =Mohrungen=, skirmish at, iii. 10. + + =Moldavia=, Russian ambition to possess, ii. 356; iii. 98, 105, + 116, 176, 248, 310; + dismissal of the Turkish viceroy of, ii. 441; + alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55; + Russian evacuation of, 64; + _N._ offers to offset Silesia against Wallachia and, 107, 108, 113; + Russia threatened with the loss of, 314. + + =Molière, J. B.=, scene from "Tartufe," iii. 380. + + =Molitor, Gen. G. J. J.=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220. + + =Möllendorf, Gen. R. J. H.=, Prussian commander, ii. 419. + + =Mollien, N. F.=, director of public debt, ii. 220; + keeper of the army-chest, 409, 410; + minister of the treasury, 410; + advises against war, iii. 308; + protests against issue of paper money, 389; + remark of _N._ to, iv. 159; + member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159. + + =Monaco, Prince of=, brought as prisoner to _N._, iv. 154. + + =Moncey, Gen.=, crosses the St. Gotthard, ii. 170, 172; + created marshal, 323; + created Duke of Conegliano, iii. 86; + invades Spain, 132; + defeated at Valencia, 154; + advances on Valencia, 156; + at Madrid, 156; + at Tafalla, 183; + moves against Castaños, 185; + besieges Saragossa, 186; + at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau, iv. 118; + recreated marshal, 167. + + =Mondego, River=, Wellington retreats down the, iii. 284. + + =Mondovi=, battle of, i. 354, 355. + + =Money-lenders=, _N.'s_ hatred for, ii. 122. + + =Monfalcone=, ceded to France, iii. 239. + + =Monge, Gaspard=, _N.'s_ mathematical teacher, i. 181; + minister of the navy, 181; + founds the Polytechnic School, 281; + plunders Italian scientific collections, 369; + carries treaty of Campo Formio to the Directory, ii. 24; + warlike declaration against England, 32; + elaborates plan for operations, in the Mediterranean, 33; + accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81; + member of the senate, 151; + _N.'s_ friendship with, 335; + created baron, iii. 297. + + ="Moniteur," the=, records "Buona Parte's" action at Toulon, i. 230; + records _N.'s_ daily life, ii. 30; + on the events of the 18th Brumaire, 106; + excites warlike feeling in France (1800), 146; + attacks England, 271, 294; + publishes Sebastiani's report, 273; + on the imperial court at Aachen, 339; + threatens Austria, 361; + on the field of Austerlitz, 391; + insults Prussia, 400; + announces the position of the Napoleonic princes, iii. 82; + announces the fall of the House of Braganza, 121; + justifies French invasion of Spain, 133; + publishes "authorized" reports of the Spanish failure, 197; + on Austrian aggressions, 213; + announces the annexation of Holland, 277; + _N._ offers Alexander the use of, 315; + proclamation to the National Guard, March 8, 1815, iv. 145. + + =Monk, Gen. George=, _N._ is offered the rôle of, ii. 9; + Masséna fitted for the rôle, 94; + _N._ compared with, 230; + Marmont emulates the rôle, iv. 120, 125. + + =Monnier, Gen. J. C.=, in battle of Marengo, ii. 119. + + =Monroe, James=, President of United States, understanding with + England, iii. 48. + + =Monroe Doctrine, the=, iv. 298. + + =Montalivet, Comte J. P. B.=, member of the Empress-regent's + council, iv. 106. + + =Mont Blanc, Department of=, i. 222. + + =Montbrun, Gen. L. P.=, commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of, + 1812, iii. 324. + + =Mont Cenis pass=, the, crossed by _N._, ii. 27; + crossed by Turreau, 170, 172; + Austrian watch on, 170; + the road over, 349; iii. 74. + + =Monte Albaredo=, the French pass over, ii. 171. + + =Monte Baldo=, military operations near, i. 380, 388, 410-414. + + =Montebello=, the Austrian retreat toward, i. 392; + _N.'s_ residence at, 447, 452, 455, 456; + Josephine at, 455; + Genoese embassy to, ii. 11; + engagements near, 176; + battle of, 196; + Lannes created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Lannes=. + + =Monte Legino=, Rampon's stand at, i. 356, 393. + + =Montenotte=, battle of, i. 353; iv. 65. + + =Montereau=, military movements near, iv. 65, 68; + Victor ordered to seize, 71; + besieged by the Crown Prince of Würtemberg, 72; + battle of, 72, 73; + captured by the French, 72, 73. + + =Monte Rotondo=, Carlo Buonaparte at, i. 31. + + =Montesquieu, C. de S.=, views on Corsica, i. 19; + _N.'s_ views on his political speculations, ii. 49, 51; + _N.'s_ study of, 54; + on human ambition, iii. 82; + _N.'s_ admiration for, 176; + "Grandeur and Fall of the Romans," iv. 69. + + =Montesquiou, A. A. A.=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107; + member of the executive commission, 115. + + =Montesquiou, Mme. de=, governess to the King of Rome, iv, 53. + + =Montgelas, M. J. G.=, Bavarian minister of state, iii. 179. + + =Mont Genèvre=, building a road over, ii. 349. + + =Montholon, Charles=, the "Manuscrit de l'Île d'Elbe" attributed to, + i. 177; + _N.'s_ declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311; + accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, iv. 214; + residence on the island, 231; + assists _N._ on his history, 232; + remark of _N._ to, 233. + + =Monthyon, Gen.=, escorts _N._ from the field of Waterloo, iv. 211. + + =Montierender=, military movements at, iv. 61. + + =Montmartre=, defense of, iv. 109; + captured by the Prussians, 111. + + =Montmirail=, battle of, iv. 63, 64. + + =Montmorency=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107. + + =Montpellier=, death of Carlo Buonaparte, at i. 63. + + =Mont St. Jean=, Wellington's retreat to, iv. 184, 190; + possibility of Grouchy reaching, 192; + topography of, 195; + Wellington's center at, 195; + fighting at, 214. + + =Moore, Sir John=, commanding English troops in the Peninsula, iii. 186; + at Salamanca, 186; + at Astorga, 186, 187; + French search for, 187; + prepares to attack Soult, 188; + crosses the Esla, 188; + destroys magazines at Benevento, 188; + reaches Corunna, 188; + his retreat, death, and example, 189; + defeat of Soult, 286. + + =Moosburg=, Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 207; + Masséna at, 207. + + =Morand, Gen. L. C. A.=, in the Eckmühl campaign, iii. 208; + battle of Borodino, 344; + in battle of Waterloo, iv. 205. + + =Moravia=, Kutusoff's advance into, ii. 367. + + =Moreau, Gen. J. V.=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; + commanding forces at Strasburg, 347; + at Munich, 384; + defeats Archduke Charles, 385; + crosses the Rhine at Kehl, 385; + operations on the Rhine, 435; + military genius, 350; ii. 163, 164, 300; iv. 2; + fails to reinforce _N._, i. 438-443; + crosses the Rhine near Strasburg, 440; + declines to aid the Directors, ii. 6; + serves in the Army of Italy, 72; + suspected of complicity with Pichegru, 72, 164, 298; + last stand in Piedmont, 83; + succeeds Schérer in command, 88; + military operations in the Apennines, 93; + succeeded by Joubert, 92; + tempted with a dictatorship, 94; + tainted with royalism, 94; + joins the Bonapartist ranks, 97; + a banquet at St. Sulpice, 100; + relations with the Directory, 100; + commanding guard at the Luxembourg, 108; + blamed for imprisoning Moulins and Gohier, 108; + appointed to command the Army of the Rhine, 140, 160; + personal ambition, 140, 163; iv. 3; + a military rival of _N._, ii. 140, 163, 192; + _N.'s_ scheme to strengthen, 163; + letter from _N._, March 16, 1800, 163; + ordered to take the offensive, 163; + participation in the revolution of Brumaire, 164; + lack of supplies for, 165; + crosses the Rhine, April 25, 1800, 166; + outwits Kray, 166; + passes the Black Forest, 166; + defeats Kray at Messkirch and Engen, 167; + troops detached from, 170; + levies contributions on South Germany, 186; + effect of his victories, 186; + occupies Munich, 186; + fortresses ceded to, 188, 189; + representative of Revolutionary traditions in warfare, 181; + position near Munich, 190; + battle of Hohenlinden, 191; + eclipses _N._ in military glory, 192; + advances toward Vienna, 192; + republican sentiment in his army, 235; + fall of, 241, 295-299, 302; + implicated in the Cadoudal conspiracy, 296 et seq.; + arrest and imprisonment of, 298; + popular denunciation of, 299; + banishment of, 299; + takes up arms against _N._, 299; + mortally wounded at Dresden, 299; iv. 12; + effect of his disgrace, ii. 318; + movements at Munich, iii. 203; + summoned from America for European service, 407; iv. 3; + goes over to the allies, 3; + with Schwarzenberg's army, 3; + character, 3; + enters the Russian service, 3; + ambition to acquire the French crown, 3; + treachery of, 5; + plans the battle of Dresden, 7, 8; + refuses to fight against his country, 8; + death, 82; + funeral mass celebrated for, 146. + + =Moreau, Mme.=, ambition of, ii. 299. + + =Morlaix=, Villeneuve at, ii. 375. + + "=Morning Chronicle=," on England's indifference to French affairs, + iv. 163. + + =Morsbach=, military movements near, iii. 206. + + =Mortier, Gen. E. A.=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; + occupies Hanover, ii. 287; + created marshal, 323; + destruction of his division, 368; + annihilated at Dürrenstein, 378; + in the Austerlitz campaign, 380; + occupies Mainz, 424, 443; + seizes the Prince of Hesse-Cassel, 443; + threatens Stralsund, iii. 19; + battle of Heilsberg, 29; + battle of Friedland, 30; + created Duke of Treviso, 86; + yearly income, 87; + reinforcements for, 165; + occupies Franconia, 165; + forces in Spain, 191; + ordered to blow up the Kremlin, 355; + in the retreat from Moscow, 357; + commanding the Guard, campaign of 1813, 402; + battle of Dresden, iv. 9; + holds Pirna, 12, 18; + battle of Leipsic, 29; + at Troyes, 60; + battle of Montmirail, 63; + at Soissons, 74; + junction with _N._, 77; + checks Blücher at the Ourcq, 76; + battle of Laon, 79; + defends the Paris line against Blücher, 86; + at Rheims, 86; + at Soissons, 86; + junction with Marmont at Fismes, 93; + driven back to Charenton, 99; + junction with Marmont, 99; + driven back on Paris, 101, 105; + defense of Paris, 112, 113; + concludes terms of surrender, 113; + denounced by _N._, 115, 116; + ordered to take position under the walls of Paris, 116; + strength after surrender of Paris, 118; + attachment to _N._, 117; + absent from the Waterloo campaign, 171. + + =Moscow=, _N._ threatens to march to, iii. 304; + military enthusiasm in, 336; + Russian retreat from Smolensk toward, 339; + _N.'s_ line from the Niemen to, 340; + defense of, 343-345; + agreement of the opposing generals as to its capture, 345; + the Kremlin, 345, 347; + capture and burning, 345-349; + _N._ expects Alexander to save, 347; + _N.'s_ political and military blunders at, 343, 348; + fountain of Russian inspiration, 347; + topography, buildings, monuments, etc., 348; + Russian abandonment of, 349; + disputed honor of the conflagration, 349; + pillage of, 350; + the French army in, 349-352; + _N.'s_ dissipation in, 352; + _N.'s_ intention to be crowned in, 352; + French retreat from, 352-356, 357 et seq.; + throwing away the spoils of, 358; + destruction of, 382; + Alexander's desire to avenge the French seizure of, iv. 41. + + =Mosel, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58. + + =Moskwa, River=, military movements on the, iii. 344, 348. + + =Moulins, J. F. A.=, member of the Directory, ii. 92; + represents Jacobin element in the Directory, 94; + proposed resignation of, 101; + refuses to resign, 108; + imprisonment of, 108, 115; + _N.'s_ charges against, before the Ancients, 113. + + ="Mountain," the=, position in the National Convention, i. 188; + suspects an English party in Corsica, 196; + action discussed in the "Supper of Beaucaire," 218; + _N.'s_ affiliation with, 242; + fall of, 248; + factions in, 250; + status in the provinces, 268; + annihilation of, 284. + + =Moustier=, question of Grouchy's moving to, iv. 192, 193. + + =Mozhaisk=, military operations at, iii, 347, 356; + depot of the French army at, 357. + + =Müffling, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 204. + + =Muiron=, killed at Arcole, i. 400. + + =Mulde, River=, contemplated movements on the, iv. 24. + + =Müller, W.=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415. + + =Multedo=, member of Directory of Corsica, i. 133; + denounces _N._, 254; + letter from _N._, 257. + + =Münchberg=, Soult at, ii. 428. + + =Munich=, Moreau at, i. 384; ii. 186, 190; iii. 203; + military operations near, ii. 191; + Méhée de la Touche's machinations in, 297; + expulsion of the English envoy at, 330; + the Elector of Bavaria reoccupies, 377; + _N.'s_ plan to reach, iii. 204. + + =Münster=, position in the French Empire, iii. 279. + + =Mur, River=, military operations on the, i. 434. + + =Murad Bey=, attacks the French at Shebreket, ii. 59; + battle of the Pyramids, 60; + worries _N._ with mysterious intrigues, 76; + fails to assist the Rhodes expedition, 77; + death, 77. + + =Murat, Gen. Joachim=, at Borghetto, i. 372; + threatens Genoa, 373; + in Rivoli campaign, 415; + service in Egypt, ii. 53; + ordered to kill hostile tribesmen, 70; + battle of Aboukir, 78; + accompanies _N._ on return from Alexandria, 81; + action on the 18th Brumaire, 105; + commanding guard at St. Cloud, 108; + proposes to clear the Orangery, 117; + pursues the Austrians from Milan, 173; + battle of Marengo, 179; + commanding in central Italy, 190; + watches Naples, 190; + his plebeian birth, 195; + marries Caroline Buonaparte, 195, 258; + guardian to King Louis's widow, 233; + military commandant at Paris, 308; + share in trial of d'Enghien, 310; + created marshal, 323; + at _N.'s_ coronation, 342; + captures Werneck's division at Nördlingen, 367; + enters Vienna, 368; + reproached by _N._, 368; + crosses the Tabor bridge, 368; + base conduct at Vienna, 369; + vanity of, 378; + permits Kutusoff's escape, 378; + "destroys the fruits of a campaign," 379; + pursues the Russian force, 378; + checked by Bagration at Hollabrunn, 379; + outwitted by Kutusoff at Hollabrunn, 379; + battle of Austerlitz, 386, 388; + Grand Duke of Cleves and Berg, 403; + takes title of Joachim I, 403; + his ambitions, 416; + Prussian campaign of 1806, 422, 428, 429; + personal attendance on _N._, 425; + at Saalburg, 428; + in battle of Jena, 429; + character, 436; iii. 139, 141; + invests Magdeburg, ii. 436; + pursues Hohenlohe, 436; + at Golymin, iii. 4; + strength in Poland, 7; + in campaign of Eylau, 15-17; + pursues Bennigsen, 18; + battle of Heilsberg, 29; + pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 32; + at Tilsit, 52; + interview with Queen Louisa, 61; + assumes title of Napoleon, 82; + advances on Madrid, 134; + at Burgos, 134; + assumes command in Spain, 134; + his dilemma, 139; + his protection sought by Charles IV, 138; + letter to _N._, March 25, 1808, 139; + enters Madrid, 139-142; + ambition to secure the Spanish throne, 139, 146, 150; + letters from _N._, March, 1808, 141; + designated Protector of Spain, 141; + relations with _N._, 141; + attitude of Spanish people toward, 141; + his policy in Spain, 141, 142; + refuses to recognize Ferdinand, 143; + trouble with his prisoner Godoy, 145; + appointed dictator of Spain, 146; + Madrid revolts against, 146; + _N._ offers him the crown of Naples or of Portugal, 147; + executes patriots in Madrid, 147; + becomes king of Naples, 149, 278, 319; + _N.'s_ control over, 151; + butchery in the Madrid riots, 151; + strength at Madrid, 155; + commander-in-chief at Madrid, 155; + executes decree depriving the Pope of secular power, 242; + member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 253; + violates the Continental System, 266; + strength, March 12, 1812, 323; + cavalry command in the Russian campaign of 1812, 324; + urges action at Vitebsk, 338; + battle of Smolensk, 340; + remonstrates against fighting at Smolensk, 340; + enters Moscow, 345; + reports the temper of the Russian peasantry, 350; + sudden attack on, 352, 355; + desperate fighting on the retreat from Moscow, 362; + ordered to form behind the Niemen, 373; + commanding the remnants of the grand army, 373; + deserts the army and returns to Naples, 373, 385, 393; iv. 51; + crosses the Niemen, iii. 384; + enters Königsberg, 384; + held to his allegiance, 421; + battle of Dresden, iv. 10; + sent to support Vandamme at Kulm, 15; + fails to check Schwarzenberg or hold Blücher, 17; + ordered to hold Schwarzenberg, 22, 23; + battle of Wachau, 27, 28; + battle of Leipsic, 27, 28, 32; + forms alliance with Austria, 55; + marches on Rome, 56; + censured by _N._, 56; + deserts _N._, 56, 59; + characterization of Talleyrand, 107; + uneasy for his throne, 144; + deposed, 145; + Soult opposed to, 157; + condemned to death, 225. + + =Murat, Mme.=, marital relations, ii. 258. + + =Murati=, success of, at Bastia, i. 119. + + =Museum of Arts and Crafts=, founded, i. 281. + + =Mustapha IV=, seeks the friendship of France, iii. 106; + overthrows Selim III, 106; + weak reign of, 163; + murders Selim III, 162. + + +N + + =N=, Napoleon's monogram, iii. 40. + + =Namur=, military operations near, iv. 171, 176, 182, 186, 211. + + =Nangis=, Victor and Oudinot driven back to, iv. 65; + Wittgenstein driven from, 72; + _N._ at, 72; + Berthier at, 72; + French retreat stopped at, 84. + + =Nansouty, Gen.=, in the Eckmühl campaign, iii. 208; + commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of 1812, 324; + moves from Sézanne against Blücher, iv. 62; + ordered toward Montmirail, 63; + transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132. + + =Nantes=, immunity from the White Terror, iv. 222. + + =Napier, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 208. + + =Naples=, Bourbon influence in, i. 21; + humiliation of, 192, 374; + aids in defense of Toulon, 221; + under foreign yoke, 345; + French proposition to revolutionize, 373; + becomes refractory, 401; + makes peace with France, 402; + _N.'s_ leniency to, 421; + _N.'s_ influence in, 448; + plunder of, ii. 17, 18; + arrogance of, 17, 18; + diplomatic offset of Spain against, 18; + claims Malta, 18; + neutralization of, 33; + dread of French spoliation in, 39; + makes war on Rome, 68, 72, 86, 87; + spread of revolutionary ideas to, 86; + joins the second coalition, 86, 91; + Macdonald ordered to, 87; + Bonapartist agency in, 89; + capture of, by Championnet, 87, 93; + unbridled license at, 92; + watched by Murat, 190; + Russia intercedes for, 203, 204; + English ships forbidden to enter, 204; + forced contributions from, 204; + France withdraws from, 211, 262, 287; + not allowed to garrison Malta, 284; + seized by Saint-Cyr, 287; + fate of her admiral, Caraccioli, 300; + Russia demands France's evacuation of, 330, 347; + independence of, 357; + a focus of anti-French conspiracies, 357; + _N._ demands expulsion of emigrants from, 357; + _N._ threatens to seize, 362; + Villeneuve ordered to, 371; + Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377; + banishment of the Bourbons from, 391, 395, 401; iii. 214; + Russian occupation of, ii. 395, 418; + Joseph Bonaparte made king of, 395, 439; iii. 148; + Masséna ordered to, ii. 395; + rupture of the Queen's engagement with _N._, 395; + opened to English ships, 395; + _N._ exacts tribute from, 396; + Russia evacuates, 405; + vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, iii. 54; + trouble concerning the Papal States, 67; + abolition of the hostile strip between Italy and, 118; + financial and political reform in, 130; + Murat becomes king of, 147, 150, 279, 319; + England's loss of trade with, 272; + seizure of American ships by, 275; + Murat returns to 373, 385; + fails to support _N._, iv. 57, 59; + insecurity of Murat's throne, 144; + refrains from joining the European coalition against _N._, 162. + + =Naples, King of=. + _See_ =Buonaparte, Joseph=. + + "=Napoladron=," iii. 292. + + =Napoleon Buonaparte=. + (_Note._--Items concerning Napoleon's relations with persons or + places will be found under the respective names of such subjects. + For a conspectus of events in his career, _see_ the Tables of + Contents in each volume. + For aphorisms by or concerning Napoleon, _see_ =Phrases=. + For details of his character _see_ paragraph below,--_Analysis + of character_.) + Birth and infancy, i. 33-47; + brothers and sisters, 33, 34; + forms of his name, 38; + nicknames, 39; + his personal recollections of childhood, 40, 45; + development of military genius at the snow forts, 53; + challenges a schoolmate, 51; + letter to his father, 58; + conceptions of the state, 78; + aptitude for the navy, 57; + two enemies of, 65; + views on and first lessons in revolution, 123-134, 156, 190; + hatred of France, 92, 122; + improvement in financial condition, 127; + a Corsican revolutionist, 130; + first appearance as an orator, 132; + political schemes, 137; + certificates as to his republicanism, 136, 140; + prepared for confirmation, 146; + his detractors, 148; + his desire concerning his biographies, 148; + course of life from 1791 to 1795, 148 et seq.; + payment of debts, 149; + growing notoriety, 156; + a starting-point of his career, 159; + addresses the Minister of War on the National Guard, 159; + debts of, 159; + a Corsican Jacobin, 160-179; + strained relations with the Ministry of War, 160, 295; + purchases sequestrated church lands, 161; + election methods, 166; + his "civism," 170, 180; + with the mob at the Tuileries, 176; + on riots, 176; + relations with the Marseilles deputation, 178; + on the conflict of August 10, 1792, 178; + seeks commission in naval artillery, 182; + aims at Corsican leadership, 202; + failure in politics, 211; + general of brigade, 232, 236-242, 287; + his own record of his life, 237; + influential friends, 236, 240, 244; + a Jacobin general, 236-246; + denies his nobility, 237; + refuses to obey the Convention's summons, 240; + a Montagnard, 242; + the "plan-maker" of the Robespierres, 245; + the germ of his military system, 247; + vicissitudes in war and diplomacy, 247, 259; + suspension and arrest, 254-259; + appeal to the "representatives of the people" (1794), 255; + release, 257; + the end of apprenticeship, 260-271; + degraded from artillery to infantry, 278; + Jacobin proclivities, 284, 286; + renounces Jacobinism, 286; + the General of the Convention, 287-301; + plans marriage and settled life, 294; + jealousy directed against, 310; + his police services, 310; + courtship and marriage, 310, 323; + a typical Corsican, 311; + views on love and marriage, 311; + adopts new spelling of his name, 321; + a product of Carnot's system, 332; + the Oedipus of France, 339; + on a great stage, 339-351; + demands reinforcements, 347; + insists on unity of command, 348; + keynote of military policy, 348; + secret of his military success, 351; + "the Little Corporal," 362; iv. 154; + an insubordinate conqueror and diplomatist, i. 363-377; + entrusted with diplomatic powers, 364; + threats against, 364; + prostitution of his subordinates, 366, 376; + scheme of art plunder, 368; + views concerning arts and sciences, 369; + plans succeeding the capture of Milan, 372-377; + refuses bribes, 376; + a prophecy fulfilled, 385; + narrow escapes, 393; + extinction of the Corsican in, 404; + memoirs, 417; + military jealousy directed against, 426; + independent attitude of, ii. 4; + attitude toward royalty, 4; + "a personage in Europe," 9; + plans for building up sea power, 18; + bribery of and by, 19; + constructive commander-in-chief of French forces, 36; + represses pillage, 42; + supplanter of the Revolution, 46; + his "complete code of politics," 49; + theories of government, 49, 50; + doubtful points in connection with the Egyptian campaign, 49-52; + on English political history, 50; + "the pear is not yet ripe," 52; + assumes the rôle of a prophet, 66; + el Kebir, the Exalted, 67; + receives secret information from his brothers, 79; + summoned to take supreme command, 80; + death at St. Helena, 82; iv. 234; + gives toast: "the harmony of all the French," ii. 101; + scheme to make him consul, 102; + secret meeting of his friends, 15th of Brumaire, 102; + critical moment in Talleyrand's house, 103; + temporary dictator, 106; + speech to Barras's messenger, 19th Brumaire, 107; + dangerous confidence of, 109; + "traitor and outlaw," 113, 115, 122; + the arbiter of French destiny, 121; + reports of his wealth, 122; + First Consul, 124, 125, 130; + royalist predilections for, 134; + his choice of two policies, 138; + the epoch of, 139; + importance in universal history, 139; + apparent loss of military ambition, 140; + choice of administrators, 140, 149-153; + English views of, 143, 144; + salary as First Consul, 150; + the personality of the council of state his, 152; + aims at centralization of government, 153; + beneficent effects of his régime on the world, 153; + controls foreign relations, 153; + foreign policy, 157, 158; + makes enemies as First Consul, 158; + the fate of France identified with his, 158; + contrasts administrative with military glory, 164; + on the art of war, 165; + expansion of his schemes, 172; + his favorite tactics, 177; + distinction between the statesman and the general, 183-185; + violation of the constitution in assuming command, 186; + undisputed mastery of France, 185; + sportive tricks with old dynasties of Europe, 194; + period of his greatest renown, 198; + married life, 198, 199, 256; + malicious libels on, 199; + as kingmaker, 205; + urged by Russia to declare himself king, 209; + codification of the laws, 222; + regenerates feudal society, 224; + study of law, 227; + his interest in education, 227; + the new era, 229; + method of deporting opposition, 235-238; + apparent summit of his power, 239; + plots and attempts to assassinate, 239, 240; iv. 122, 138, 144; + policy toward his enemies, ii. 241; + popularity, 244-249; + proposal to make him king, 248; + the tool of fate and architect of his own fortunes, 250; + his first marriage, 250; + a soldier of fortune, 250; + at maturity, 250 et seq.; + a man of all ages, 253; + the personification of France, 253; + effect of conspiracies on, 255; + safeguards for, 256; + on friendships, 256; + on the forces by which kings rule, 256; + effect of his married life on the Code, 257; + war a necessity to, 268; + French admiration for, 377; + expansion of the revolutionary system, 278; + relations with the diplomatic corps, 279, 280; + consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280; + reception of diplomatic corps, Apr. 4, 1803, 284; + remonstrances against adulation of, 295; + mortification of, 312; + on the pinnacle of revolutionary power, 314; + brief review of his career, 314-318; + creates a virtual tyranny, 315; + "consul, stadholder, or emperor?" 321; + his imperial title, 323; + his civil list, 323; + heraldic device of the empire, 323; + secures the imperial succession to his family, 324; + inauguration of the empire, 326; + coronation, 327, 339 et seq.; iv. 249; + his naval plans of 1805, ii. 334; + reception of the news of Trafalgar, 334; + as a man of science, 335; + his strength with the army, 334; + forms of his strategy, 337; + fear of poison, 341; + encourages arts and sciences, 347-351; + first speech from the imperial throne, 347; + germs of the national uprising against, 348; + the spell of his name, 349; + deprecates war, 351; + backed by the nation, 352; + "moderation" of, 355; + anger at naval failures, 360; + rapidity and perfection of his movements, 363; + his military commanders, 364; + sinks the emperor in the general, 364, 423; iii. 112, 404; + the head of the French Empire, ii. 395; + demands recognition as Emperor of Rome, 396; + violation of dynastic ties, 404; + ideas about territorial sanctity, 404; + "Napoleon the Great," 407; + the imperial catechism, 408; + traveling arrangements, 425; + distrust of his suite, 426; + simplicity of his military dress, 438; + likened to an octopus, 445; + political methods and policies, iii. 1, 76, 115, 196, 316; + a new seat of war for, 3; + determined to "conquer the sea by land," 3; + new experience in campaigning 5; + his first child, 11; + the center of his administration, 24; + the supports of his empire, 24; + centralization of government in, 25; + nameless charges against, 26; + his excuses for his license, 26; + his monogram (N) 39, 40; + commercial policy, 46, 137; + attitude toward the Russo-Prussian alliance, 54; + preference for action before words, 66; + recognizes the power of decorations, 81; + drafts on his associates, 81; + the surname of Napoleon, 82; + on the ambitions of the French people, 83; + on paternal government, 83; + personal decrees, 86; + recognizes popular fickleness, 86; + creates a titled class, 86; + art under, 88; + system of imperial patronage, 91; + discourages gambling, 92; + relations with his friends and generals, 93; + imprisons a milliner, 92; + pert remarks addressed to, 94; + supposed cause of the turn of his fortunes, 96; + ignorance concerning American affairs, 101; + realizes the limitations of his power, 110; + his "master," 110; + ill luck at sea, 112; + political system of, 115; + the height of his power, 115; + crushes a watch in passion, 130; + his determination to crush opposition, 130; + intercepts suspected correspondence, 130, 162; + his "cabinet noir," 130; + turn of his fortunes, 137, 151; + justifies pillage, 159; + crushing blows, 159, 161 et seq.; + the embodiment of power, 160; + divorce impending, 160; + system of territorial expansion, 165; + his extinctions of ruling dynasties, 165; + diplomatic exhibit of his political scheme at St. Cloud, 169; + dramatic incident at performance of "Oedipe," 172; + appreciation of the drama, 173; + familiarity with ancient history, 174, 175; + thickening of the divorce plot, 179; + the character of his civilization, 179; + orders list of marriageable princesses to be prepared, 179; + a gang of self-seeking traitors to, 193; + well informed on the European situation, 195; + system of spies, 196; + skilful historians on, 196; + shifts responsibility for wars onto the enemy, 198; + his plan of campaigns, 202; + policy of wooing people and abusing their rulers, 213; + Bonaparte distinguished from Napoleon, 231; iv. 39, 133; + ultimate terms of peace, iii. 239; + sick of war, 238; + dread of assassination, 240; + excommunicated, 242; + change in his manner, 245; + his "harem," 246; + declining popularity, 249; + basis of his power, 250; + alleges the reasons for his divorce, 253; + decides on the Austrian marriage, 254; + second marriage, 259; + banishes the cardinals, 259; + renounces title of Roman Emperor, 261; + consolidation of his power, 262; + fills vacant bishoprics, 263; + extent of his empire, 264, 278; + change of naval policy, 264; + the national uprisings against, 269; + causes leading to his overthrow, 269; + mistaken policy of providing thrones for relatives, 278; + his perquisites in English sugar and coffee, 279; + Spanish schoolboys' nickname for, 292; + deals with state property for personal benefit, 295; + policy of personal attachments, 295; + his "extraordinary domain," 295, 305; + imperial residences, 301; + endows maternity hospital, 301; + chooses between lives of child and mother, 302; + aspirations for sea power, 304; + flood-tide of success, 305; + method of replenishing an empty treasury, 305, 309; + the man and the embodied political force of Europe, distinguished, + 306-309; + "Emperor of the Continent," 308; + an incident that changed the course of history, 314; + new naval schemes, 315; + belief in the devotion of France, 316; + policy of territorial aggrandizement, 316; + his ideal, 319; + beginning of his decline, 319; + considered the anti-christ, 322; + secret funds, 323; + studies Roman history, 325; + warned against war by ministers and friends, 326; + warned of the fate of Charles XII, 326; + moral reforms, 327; + the climax of his drama, 331; + physical characteristics at opening of the Russian campaign of + 1812, 332; + afflicted with dysuria, 332; + address to his army before the Russian campaign, 334; + plans of action, 335, 336; + longing for a great battle, 337; + desperate military straits of, 341; + deplores the barbarity of war, 343; + contracts a loathsome disease, 352; + weakness and indecision on the retreat from Moscow, 355; + shares the hardships of the army, 357, 362, 365; + commands a division of the army, 363; + bulletin of Dec. 3, 1812, 372; + false report of his death, 376; + wrath of the army against, 376; + "robbed the cradle and the grave," 386; + revolutionary training, 388; + his "library," 388; + on credit, 389; + faces a European coalition, 391, 392; + refuses to cede European holdings, 392; + conciliatory attitude, 393; + fallacies of his military schemes of 1813, 394; + aims of the new coalition against, 399; + belief in cavalry, 402; + attitude toward Austria, 404; + his blunder of 1813, 411; + the beginning of the final disaster, 411; + a tyro in dynastic politics, 416; + alleged turning-point in his career, 418; + suspects treachery, 418; + isolation of, 417, 423; + characterizes his Austrian marriage as stupidity, 418; + his first fatal blunder, 420; + tries to bribe Austria, 424; + former friends turn against, iv. 2; + advantage over the allies, 3; + the hazard of the die, 4; + characterization of the allies, 5; + value of his presence in the field, 10; + climax of disaster, 16; + appeals to sentiment rather than history, 16; + the wonder-year of his theoretical genius, 16; + transformed from strategist into politician, 17; + the diplomat outstrips the strategist, 16; + definition of a great man, 21; + outwitted by the allies, 25, 26; + the savior of society, 43; + found out by the masses, 44; + newness of his nobility, 44; + his aim the independence of the nations, 45; + spends his private treasure on the army, 50; + his last official act, 53; + no longer Emperor, 53; + leaves Paris for Châlons, 53; + value of his prestige, 60; + his supreme military effort, 59; + a famous march by, 64; + the allies' determination to exterminate the Napoleonic idea, 66, 67; + his military correspondence, 1814, 66; + yields to his marshals, 69; + estrangement and desertion of his marshals, 72, 121, 129-132; + suggestion that he abdicate, 74; + realizes the war is for his extermination, 80; + "the spasmodic stroke of the dying gladiator," 83; + rouses the peasantry to guerrilla warfare, 85; + desperate scheme of, 90; + "this movement makes or mars me," 97; + capture of a bundle of letters from Paris for, 98; + chances for a last stand, 102; + contemplates a new levy, 106; + the allies refuse to treat with, 114; + proposal that he govern France under guarantees, 114; + overthrown by the legislature, 115; + regains his equilibrium, 117; + rage at learning of the surrender, 116; + the allies refuse to negotiate with, 117; + his first abdication, 117, 123-125, 128; + influence over the troops, 118; + desertion of the army, 126; + the knell of the empire, 127; + proclamation of April 5, 1814, 129; + a homeless citizen of the world, 129; + determination never to be taken alive, 129; + final form of his declaration of abdication, 131; + use of the imperial style, 133; + the savior of European society, 133; + treatment accorded to, by the allies, 133-142; + parting gifts to old acquaintances, 134; + treasure at Blois, 134; + denies the charge of usurpation, 135; + alleged to be a bastard, 137; + alleged theft of crown jewels, 138; + his true name said to be Nicholas, 138; + calumnies heaped on, 138, 143; + plots for the exile of, 138; + adopts disguise, 139; + farewell to the allies' commissioners, 140; + effect of English customs on, 140; + begins the administration of his island realm, 141; + treasure at the Tuileries, 141; + his historical commentaries, 141; + forced to practise economy, 142; + diminution of his private fortune, 144; + scheme to deport him still further, 145; + keeps informed as to course of European events, 146, 149; + scouts the idea of a regency, 152; + prepares for his escape, 152; + alleged fears of deportation, 152; + his escape justified, 152; + dismisses the peasantry from his column, 155; + troops flock to, 158; + forms his new cabinet, 159; + acquiesces in popular demand for constitutional government, 159; + the apostle of popular sovereignty, 160; + views on abolition of censorship of press, 160; + devotion to the cause of public liberty, 161; + resolution of the European dynasties to extirpate his régime, 161; + "the enemy and disturber of the world's peace," 162; + proclaimed an outlaw, 162, 164; + turns toward the moderate liberals, 165; + call for volunteers, 165; + his reconstituted corps of marshals, 167; + proclamation to the army, June 15, 1815, 173; + apparent successes of June 16, 1815, 184; + effects of his inactivity, 194; + his last dream of glory, 196, 197; + loss of the last chance, 205; + the emperor contrasted with the general, 207; + demand for his abdication, 217; + calls for him as dictator, 218; + idea of regaining the government by force, 218; + abdicates for the second time, 218; + adopts civilian's clothing, 219; + the government refuses responsibility for his safety, 219; + romantic schemes for his escape, 222; + desire for his execution, 224; + regarded as the common prisoner of the allies, 225; + General Bonaparte, a private citizen, 226; + appeals against his sentence, 226, 227; + upholds polygamy, 231; + his autobiography, 230, 231; + efforts for his release, 230, 231; + as a prisoner, 230-235; + attempts intercourse with friends in France, 231; + farewell message to his son, 231; + his testament, 233; + bequests and their settlements, 233; + last sickness and death, 234; + a possible epitaph, 247; + his rise to power, 247 et seq.; + questionings as to his life and work, 247 et seq.; + his love of artillery, 248; + lack of education, 250; + on greatness, 249; + influence on history, 253 et seq.; + early struggles, 254 et seq.; + methods of acquiring supreme power, 258, 262, 263; + lasting character of his work, 259; + legal reforms, 260; + police system of, 260; + centralization of his administrative system, 260, 261, 264; + social reforms, 260, 261, 264; + educational system, 260; + the secret of his downfall, 261; + position among lawgivers and statesmen, 260; + rule by military force, 261; + attitude toward democracy, 261; + deficient education in politics and history, 262; + influence on modern times, 262, 292; + popular distrust of his character, 263; + meets intrigue with intrigue, 263; + responsibility for bloodshed, 265; + causes of his downfall, 285-288, 290; + his place in history, 285-292; + essays the rôle of liberator, 286, 290, 293; + in captivity, 289; + his "Correspondence," 289; + roots out absolutism, 292; + his artificial aristocracy, 294. + _Analysis of character_. + Ability to mold men, ii. 4, 5, 9, 33-36, 56, 97, 98, 102-105, + 126, 132, 142, 149-153, 159, 164, 194, 196, 234, 361; iv. 39, + 258, 259; + as an adventurer, iv. 291; + ambition, i. 55; 65, 71, 113, 117, 136, 161, 191, 199, 203, 206, + 209, 258, 263, 310, 311, 341, 346, 362, 405; ii. 14, 29-32, 48, + 73, 157, 314, 437; iii. 19, 21, 46, 83, 109, 110 114, 164, 245, + 306, 308, 329; iv. 255, 261-265, 292; + amusements, iv. 228, 230; + anxiety for his safety and comfort, iv. 134; + asceticism, i. 111; + autocracy, ii. 275; + bravado, iii. 18; + use of bribery, acceptance and rejection of bribes, i. 203; ii. 34; + as a burgher, ii. 279; iv. 248; + calmness under stress, ii. 334; iv. 165; + use of cant, iv. 45; + capacity for work, energy, industry, and attention to detail, + i. 210, 225, 245, 261, 263, 367; ii. 10, 29, 153, 197, 215, 222, + 426; iii. 19, 24-26, 29, 53, 74, 77, 92, 171, 182-184, 209, 210, + 216, 268, 269, 325, 333, 336-338; iv. 23, 54, 248-252, 265, 286; + casuistry, i. 144; + caustic, sarcastic or vigorous tongue or pen, i. 66, 118, 205; + ii. 56, 58, 107, 108, 113, 159, 268, 391; iii. 34, 35, 61, 62, + 65, 81, 213-215, 275, 327, 332, 343; + caution, i. 211, 253; ii. 122, 315, 384; + (lack of), ii. 315; iii. 3; + change in temperament, iii. 232; + character at Brienne, i. 58; + cheerfulness and good humor, ii. 197, 279; iii. 19, 52; + clemency, ii. 439; + coffee-drinking habit, iv. 24; + contempt for ideals, ii. 199; iii. 26; 88, 148, 315, 316; + contempt for men and money, iv. 264; + cosmopolitanism, 92; + courage, i. 265-390, 393, 405; ii. 385; iii. 16, 19, 188, 240; + iv. 62, 77; + charge of cowardice against, ii. 384; + a criminal, iv. 250; + cruelty, ii. 70, 417, 439; + decay of physical and intellectual powers, neglect of details, + vacillation, etc., iii. 27, 93, 181; 209, 239-241, 246, 332, + 347, 355; iv. 21, 31, 91, 197, 205, 214-218; 249, 285-291, 293; + desire for peace, ii. 142, 420; iii. 238, 382, 407, 414, 418, 424; + iv. 52, 160; + desperation, iii. 91; + despondency and pessimism, i. 80, 89, 98, 215; iii. 357; iv. 129; + despotism, iii. 80, 83, 86, 88, 121, 316; iv. 261; + the man of destiny and of the hour, the representative man of his + epoch, a fatalist and opportunist, i. 1, 80, 143, 166, 171, + 219, 237, 272-286, 321; ii. 97-110, 139, 381; iii. 61, 325; + iv. 119, 168, 219, 256, 265, 289; + determination to rule or ruin, iii. 399; + his "divine character," ii. 407; + domestic virtues--filial, parental, and connubial affection, + i. 58, 64, 81, 141, 145, 161, 264, 285, 291, 309, 452-455; + iii. 181, 224, 246, 252, 269, 276, 302, 306, 323, 327, 381, + 392, 416; iv. 134-138, 169; + love of dramatic effect; ability as an actor, i. 210, 341; + ii. 31; iii. 112; iv. 153, 166, 249; + dread of assassination and kidnapping, ii. 101; iii. 240, 368; + iv. 139, 150; + dreams of universal and European empire, i. 323; ii. 269, 272, + 331, 336, 395; iii. 46, 73, 111, 328, 408, 432, 433; iv. 42, + 159; + dreams of Oriental conquest and empire, i. 78, 114, 293, 296, + 317, 424; ii. 15-19, 47, 51-56, 61, 66, 73, 289, 440; iii. 20, + 21, 33, 36, 51, 65, 106, 110-113, 117, 129, 159, 163, 166, 167, + 309, 332, 352; iv. 256; + dress, i. 376; ii. 30, 438; iii. 40, 63, 93. 257; + duplicity, shiftiness, and versatility, i. 210, 234, 253, 265, + 296, 299, 309, 396, 397, 447; + dynastic ambitions and longings for an heir, ii. 233, 244-249, + 256, 308, 317, 322, 328, 341; iii. 82, 104, 112, 147, 160, 246, + 249, 252, 255, 260, 301, 307, 381, 416; iv. 159, 287; + early education and later studies, i. 39-67, 71-82, 93, 114, + 140-144, 151, 176, 182, 210, 265; + early military irregularities and inaptitude, i. 94, 96, 115, 157, + 160-174, 210; + organizes educational system, ii. 409; iii. 26, 90; + egoism, vanity, and self-assertiveness, ii. 80, 113, 118, 344, 437; + iii. 26, 73, 93, 191, 202, 245, 304, 316; + elasticity of spirits, iv. 117; + elements of his failure, iii. 401, 402; + endurance of privation, iii. 7, 18, 188, 209, 365; + equestrianism, sporting instincts, etc., iii. 52, 257; + exaggeration and disregard of truth, i. 233, 306; + as a financier, ii. 134, 219, 410; iii. 25, 78, 295-300, 315, 389; + iv. 249, 251, 259, 295; + foresight and insight, ii. 44, 314, 437; iii. 318, 424; + generosity, hospitality, and charity, i. 134, 417; ii. 30, 82; + iii. 171, 176, 295, 297, 300, 301, 330; + his all-embracing genius, ii. 203, 365; + habit of reducing thoughts to writing, iv. 23; + hallucinations and self-delusions, iii. 307, 332; iv. 91, 95, 104, 234; + hatred and vindictiveness, i. 287; ii. 29; + as a historian, iv. 152, 231, 288; + humanity, iv. 39; + his human supremacy, iv. 249; + an iconoclast, ii. 28; + imperious character, iv. 287; + inconsistency, iii. 165, 231, 238, 267; iv. 250-253; + inelegance of manner, lack of breeding and delicacy, ii. 197-202, + 255, 279, 411; iii. 42, 80, 179; + influenced by personal friendships, iv. 25; + intellectual powers, iii. 43; + intolerance of criticism, 88; + invincibility, ii. 78; iii. 392; + knowledge of human nature, ii. 227, 245; + qualities of leadership, i. 55, 59, 60, 113, 119, 129, 132, 134, + 186, 211, 221, 242, 310, 339-341; + liberalism, ii. 443; + literary tastes, studies, style, and work, i. 53, 54, 60, 63, 71, + 76-98, 114, 118, 123, 126-131, 135-147, 150, 163, 176, 199, 206, + 211, 216-219, 225, 265, 289, 307, 364-368, 400; ii. 15, 54, 408; + iii. 25, 26, 173-176, 300, 325; iv. 69, 134, 159, 228, 231, 289; + magnanimity (assumed), ii. 445; + magnificence, lavishness, and love of display, iii. 50, 91, 256, + 295, 301, 330-332, 352; + a man of the people, 288 et seq.; + views on marriage, 300; + mathematical ability, i. 56, 66, 265; + military blunders, iii. 4, 336, 341, 354-356, 374; iv. 186; + military education, and early service in the army, i. 59, 60, 68, + 73-82, 87, 94, 95, 126, 141, 144, 148, 157, 159-165, 180, 227, + 232, 236-240, 245, 256, 265, 287, 292-297; + military genius and strategy, i. 53, 217, 226, 239, 247, 264, 295, + 301, 304, 342, 345-351, 354-362, 368-373, 378-385, 387, 395, 412, + 416-418; ii. 32, 163, 169, 172, 182-185, 363-366, 369, 380, 402, + 419, 423-428, 435, 436; iii. 1, 2, 6, 13, 18, 29-35, 156, 184, + 192, 204-207, 210, 217, 219, 222, 229, 235, 333-335, 341-343, + 346, 353, 356, 363, 368, 382, 401, 402, 413; iv. 4, 8, 16, 19-22, + 29, 38, 54, 58, 59, 62, 65, 81, 92, 97, 146, 149, 154, 160, + 170-174, 180, 184, 197, 212, 231, 253, 256, 267, 287, 288, 289, + 299; + denies moral responsibility, ii. 408; + nerve, iii. 365; + nervousness, 403; + over-credulousness, iv. 7; + patriotism, i. 155, 164, 165, 199, 201, 399; ii. 158, 159; + persistence, i. 210, 211; ii. 62, 65, 72; + personal appearance, i. 46, 56, 113; ii. 29, 30, 406; iii. 43, 92; + iv. 197, 230; + physical condition and vigor, i. 215; iii. 19, 43, 209, 302; + iv. 149, 168, 169, 250-253; + physical peculiarities, conditions, ailments, etc., i. 80, 85, + 126; iv. 12, 15, 25, 168, 177, 179, 197, 200, 211-217, 222, + 231-235; + plain-spokenness, iii. 418; + his political acumen, ii. 136; + poverty, i. 52, 65, 66, 89, 111, 157, 174, 262, 279, 284, 288; + powers of analysis and calculation, i. 55, 56; + secret of his preëminence, iv. 249, 291; + ready wit, iii. 94; + recklessness, i. 236; + as a reformer, iii. 189; + reliance on public opinion, iv. 157; + attitude toward religion and relations with the church, i. 76, + 146, 209, 264, 422; ii. 41, 131, 173, 205, 206, 215, 224, 227, + 258, 264, 265, 325, 340, 396, 398, 407; iii. 26, 68, 85, 88, + 89, 118, 154, 174, 175, 190, 215, 242, 249, 258, 259, 263, 305, + 315, 377, 390; iv. 165, 230-235, 251, 259, 296; + resolution, iii. 28, 209; + restlessness, i. 156, 223, 227, 284; + review of his character, iv. 264; + sanguine temperament, iii. 21; + self-assertion, self-confidence, self-interest, and selfishness, + i. 59, 60, 66, 84, 113, 263, 309, 340, 363-366, 395; iii. 1, + 33, 82, 109, 208, 231, 304, 309, 328; iv. 140, 250, 287; + a self-made man, iv. 250; + self-restraint, i. 376, 395; + sensuality, i. 113, 452; ii. 66; iii. 10, 27, 108, 246, 257, 327, + 352; iv. 142, 250; + sensitiveness, ii. 197; + slow development, iv. 288; + social life, manners, and reforms, his court, public receptions, + etc., i. 69, 137, 151, 262, 265, 284, 290, 291, 295, 309-312, + 448; ii. 131 197, 200, 224, 255, 279, 406, 411; iii. 43, 58-61, + 64, 80-89, 91-94, 169, 174, 179, 224, 301, 390; iv. 352; + as soldier, statesman, and despot, iv. 247 et seq.; + speculative mania, 172, 173, 185; + statecraft and diplomacy, i. 265, 363, 431; ii. 20, 37, 125-131, + 137, 146, 149, 242-249, 261, 264-269, 271, 279, 314-324, + 329-332, 336, 346, 353, 354, 400-412, 426, 427; iii. 33, 64, + 95, 128, 190, 310, 315, 322, 328, 343, 401, 408, 423; + his strong will, ii. 224, 356, 357; + views concerning suicide, and his attempts thereat, i. 80; + ii. 75; iv. 130, 131, 218, 232, 287; + superstition, ii. 76; + temper, ii. 281; iii. 418; + the terror of his name, 359; iv. 80, 84, 88, 93; + theocratic assumptions, ii. 407; + thirst for conquest and warlike zeal, ii. 331, 351, 380, 381, 437; + iii. 326, 337; iv. 264, 287; + thirst for power, 264; + unscrupulousness, i. 87, 88, 126, 144, 160, 166, 201, 211, 237, + 265, 295, 300 308; ii. 67, 144, 251, 314, 377, 439; iii. 82, + 115, 316, 331; iv. 264; + attitude toward and relations with women, i. 256, 265, 290, 291, + 311, 312, 448; ii. 197, 438; iii. 26, 57-61, 298, 327; iv. 143, + 252. + + =Napoleon II=, king of Rome, _N.'s_ affection for, iii. 323, 381; + Malet's conspiracy, 361; + insignificance of, 377; + possibility of a regency for, 422. + + =Napoleone, Stéphanie=, marries Prince Charles of Baden, ii. 399; + _N.'s_ liaison with, 399. + + =Napoleon's Mount=, ii. 383, 386. + + =Narbonne, Comte de=, mission from Dresden to Russia, iii. 331. + + =Narew, River=, military movements on the, iii. 2, 13, 19. + + =Nassau=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403. + + =Nassau, Prince= of, anecdote of, iii. 422. + + =National Assembly, the=, Corsican affairs in, i. 117-122; + persuades Paoli to return to Corsica, 125; + condemns Buttafuoco, 135; + refuses to create Corsican National Guard, 140; + debates on the military power, 142; + difficulties of its work, 151-154, 158, 159; + self-effacement of, 153; + ecclesiastical legislation by, 168; + the King takes refuge in, 175; + dismisses the King's body-guard, 174; + abolishes the kingship, 175; + Lafayette endeavors to calm, 174, 176; + disperses, 188. + + =National Convention, the=, election of a, i. 188; + meeting of, Sept. 21, 1792, 188; + the King summoned before, 194; + enforces its decrees in Corsica, 198; + Paoli summoned to appear before, 198, 204; + appeal to, by _N._, in Paoli's behalf, 199; + denounces Paoli, 201; + sends new commissioners to Corsica, 204; + promises indemnity to Corsican sufferers, 208; + supremacy of, 208; + Corsica's successful revolt against, 216; + popular support of, 219; + effect of the "Treason of Toulon" on, 222; + receives news of capture of Toulon, 233; + vengeance on Toulon, 233; + overthrow of the Girondists, 234; + _N._ and Gen. Lapoype summoned before, 240; + terrorists in, 250; + turns on Robespierre, 251; + downfall, 251, 266; + Jacobins in, 266; + question of reelection of members, 271, 282, 298; + rebellion and riots against, 272, 283, 299; + proclaims amnesty, 277; + royalist intrigues in, 278; + popular hatred of, 282; + prepares for conflict, 282, 299; + adopts _N.'s_ plan for Italian campaign, 293; + distrusts _N._, 299; + triumph on the 13th Vendémiaire, 304-309; + its plans thwarted by violence, 306; + _N.'s_ peculiar relations to, 341; + financial maladministration, ii. 219; + plans for invading England, 290; + scheme of revolutionary extension, iii. 328; + + =National Guard, the=, organization and reorganization of, i. 109, + 143, 159, 272, 304, 308; + calling in officers of, 164; + _N._ adjutant-major in, 164; + feeling against the Convention among, 283, 299; + defense of the Tuileries, 299; + oppose the Convention forces, 301-305; + the 13th Vendémiaire, 301-305; + _N._ appointed commander of, ii. 104; + drafts for the imperial army from, iii. 387; + in defense of Paris, iv. 99, 105; + decay of imperialism among, 105; + fails to persuade the Empress to stay, 109; + _N._ hopes to raise, 116; + refuses to obey the provisional government, 126; + proclamation to, March 8, 1815, 146; + reviewed by _N._, 166; + surly spirit among, 165. + + =National Guard of Corsica=, _N.'s_ schemes to form, i. 122; + _N._ appointed adjutant-major in, 164. + + =National Library=, lecture system of the, i. 281. + + =National List, the=, ii. 126. + + =Naudin=, letter of _N._ to, July 27, 1791, i. 156. + + =Naumburg=, Prussian headquarters at, ii. 422, 424; + Davout and Bernadette at, 429; + Blücher pursues Macdonald to, iv. 15. + + =Navarre=, question of the sovereignty of, i. 120; + incorporated with France, 120; + French invasion of, iii, 132; + the château of, granted to Ferdinand VII, 147; + _N.'s_ contemplated movements in, 184; + military government of, 278. + + =Navy=, _N.'s_ aptitude for the, i. 57; + suicide among officers of the French, ii. 3; + preparations at Toulon, 40. + + =Nazareth=, skirmish at, ii. 71. + + =Necker, Jacques=, schemes of, i. 44; + _N.'s_ study of, 78; + minister of finance, 98; + problems of taxation, 98, 105; + flight from France, 98; + banishment, 108; + fall, 154; + Mme. de Staël's inheritance from, iii. 299. + + =Negroes=, arguments in favor of enslaving, ii. 236. + + =Neidenburg=, military operations near, iii. 4, 8. + + =Neipperg, Count A. A.=, relations with Maria Louisa, iii. 330; + iv. 143, 162. + + =Neisse=, siege of, iii. 20. + + =Nelson, Adm. Horatio=, captures Bastia, i. 260; ii. 62; + expected coöperation with Austria at Savona, i. 353; + sails from Cadiz in chase of the Egyptian expedition, ii. 57; + returns to Sicily, 61; + seeks the French fleet in Greece, 61; + follows to Egypt, 61; + loses an eye at Cadiz, 62; + battle of Cape St. Vincent, 62; + battle of the Nile, 62, 63, 81; + battle of Copenhagen, ii. 209; + sanctions the execution of Caraccioli, 300; + correspondence with Dumouriez, 303; + aided by Portugal, 332; + plan to allure him to Egypt, 331; + Villeneuve avoids, 334; + enticed to the West Indies, 358; + joins Cornwallis before Brest, 359; + sails for Portsmouth, 359; + pursues Villeneuve to Gibraltar, 358; + chases Villeneuve to the West Indies and back, 370; + arrives off Cadiz, 371; + his ambition, 372; + battle of Trafalgar, 373-376; + his death, 374. + + =Nemours=, Cossacks advance to, iv. 72. + + =Nesselrode, Count=, appearance in Russian diplomacy, iii. 409; + refuses to treat with France, 410; + conference with Francis, 415; + demands Austria's adherence to the coalition, 415; + agrees to basis of Austrian mediation, 415; + letter from Talleyrand to, iv. 107; + approves the restoration of the Bourbons, 114; + negotiates with Talleyrand, 113. + + =Netherlands=, French defeats in, i. 172; + Hoche's campaign in, 427; + England's interest in, 450; iv. 67; + the enlightenment of, ii. 37; + course of affairs (1797-98), 37, 38; + French agents in the, 39; + English expedition to destroy the dockyards of, iii. 237; + French influence in, iv. 41; + Bernadotte assigned to watch, 55; + English troops in the, 57; + the allies' invasion of France via, 59, 97; + campaign of the Hundred Days, 169 et seq.; + weakness of the troops of, 195, 202. + _See also_ =Austrian Netherlands=; =Belgium=; =Dutch Flanders=; + =Holland=. + + =Neuburg=, Marmont at, ii. 365. + + =Neufchâteau=, member of the Directory, ii. 8, 35; + mission to Congress of Rastatt, 52. + + =Neufchâtel=, ceded to France, ii. 390; + Berthier created Prince of, iii. 86. + _See also_ =Berthier=. + + =Neumarkt=, Jourdan's defeat near, i. 385; + Masséna's movements at, 436; + flight of Hiller to, iii. 208; + _N._ at, 413. + + =Neu-Reppin=, military movements near, ii. 434. + + =Neutrality=, the principle of the agreement of 1780, ii. 212. + + =Neuwied=, Hoche crosses the Rhine at, i. 440. + + =New Castile=, Duke del Infantado commissioned governor of, iii. 127. + + =New England=, commercial greed, iii. 102. + + =Newfoundland=, proposed French expedition to, ii. 333. + + =New Galicia=, annexed to the grand duchy of Warsaw, iii. 239. + + =New Orleans=, battle of, iv. 169. + + =New York=, proposal that _N._ sail to, iv. 221. + + =Ney, Marshal Michel=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; + in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191; + occupies Switzerland, 234, 272; + service in the Army of England, 291; + execution of, 300; + joins _N._ at Waterloo, 300; + created marshal, 323; + plan for his invasion of Ireland, 335; + character, 364; iii. 93; + holds the bridge at Günzenburg, ii. 366; + victory at Leoben, 368; + clears the enemy from the Tyrol, 380; + at Bayreuth, 428; + in battle of Jena, 430-432; + invests Magdeburg, 436; + at Neidenburg, iii. 4; + strength in Poland, 7; + threatens Königsberg, 9; + reprimanded by _N._, 8; + retreats from Heilsberg, 10; + pursued by Bennigsen, 10; + escapes to Gilgenburg, 10; + in Eylau campaign, 15; + battle of Heilsberg, 29; + movements on the Passarge, 28; + battle of Friedland, 30; + created Duke of Elchingen, 86; + yearly income, 87, 296; + _N.'s_ opinion of, 93; + quarrel with Tolstoi, 108; + at Logroño, 183; + moves against Castaños, 185; + lack of vigor of movement, 185; + movement against Madrid, 186; + stationed at Astorga, 188; + in Leon, 283; + strength, March, 1812, 324; + advances on Dünaburg, 336; + battle of Smolensk, 339; + reckless pursuit after Smolensk, 339; + battle of Borodino, 343; + "the bravest of the brave," 359; + hero of the retreat from Moscow, 359, 363; + letter to Berthier, Nov. 5, 1812, 361; + junction with Eugène, 364; + "A marshal of the Empire has never surrendered," 364; + perilous retreat from Smolensk, 364; + his most brilliant deed of arms, 364; + crosses the Dnieper, 364; + at the crossing of the Beresina, 366, 370; + reaches Vilna, 373; + in campaign of 1813, 403; + battle of Lützen, 404; + battle of Bautzen, 411; + beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413; + confronts Blücher at the Bober, iv. 7; + battle of Dresden, 9; + supersedes Oudinot, 17; + battle of Dennewitz, 18, 19; + driven into Torgau, 19; + letter to _N._, Sept. 7, 1813, 20; + battle of Leipsic, 32; + on the allies' march on Paris, 40; + moves from Sézanne against Blücher, 62; + commanding the Young Guard, 72; + battle of Craonne, 78; + battle of Laon, 79; + moves up the Aube, 91; + battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 92; + courage, 104; + at council at St. Dizier, 104; + strength after the surrender of Paris, 118; + at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau, 117; + treasonable utterance at Fontainebleau, 119; + demands the Emperor's abdication, 120; + voices the disaffection of the army, 122; + on commission to present abdication to the Czar, 123, 124; + transfers his allegiance, 129; + returns to Paris, 131; + resents royalist affronts to his wife, 148; + rejoins Napoleon at Auxerre, 157; + recreated marshal, 167; + in the Waterloo campaign, 172; + dispute concerning his orders, 176; + ordered to Quatre Bras, 176, 180, 185; + moves to Gosselies, 176; + interview with _N._, 179; + battle of Quatre Bras, 180-188; + at Frasnes, 184, 189; + _N._ determines to join, 186; + _N.'s_ despatch to, June 17, 1815, 186; + _N.'s_ indignation at, 187; + moves to coöperate with _N._, 189; + battle of Waterloo, 196, 200-210; + insubordinate spirit, 205; + commanding the Guard, 208; + at Quatre Bras, 213; + contrasted with Desaix, 213; + at Eylau, 213; + imprisoned and condemned to death, 223. + + =Nice=, _N._ at, i. 209, 240, 244, 248, 253, 307, 339; + inadequate works at, 214; + the Buonapartes at, 244; + news of the Terror in, 252; + France's ambition to gain, 276, 327; + lost to Sardinia, 352; + proposal that France should keep, iv. 41. + + =Niemen, River, the=, military movements on, iii. 31, 336, 341, 373, 384; + meeting of the sovereigns on, iii. 39 et seq.; + Prussian territory on, 63; + French advance from the Vistula to, 337; + French advance to the Dwina from, 337. + + =Nile, River, the=, the campaign on, ii. 59 et seq.; + Mamelukes drowned in, 60; + battle of, 61-66, 81, 370. + + =Nîmes=, alarm among the Protestants of, iv. 147. + + =Niort=, enthusiasm for the fallen Emperor at, iv. 218. + + =Nivelles=, military operations near, iv. 171, 178; + topography of, 195, 196. + + =Nivôse=, the Plot of, ii. 239-241. + + =Nobilles, Comte de=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107. + + =Nobility of France, the=, loss of its feudal power, i. 100; + privileges, and assumptions of privileges of, 105, 109; + yielding of privileges by, 109; + flight of, 109, 142 (_see also_ =Emigrants=). + + =Noble Guard=, institution of a, iv. 148; + abolition of the, 137. + + =Nogara=, military operation near, i. 410. + + =Nogent=, Victor ordered to, iv. 62; + _N._ at, 62, 74; + abandoned by Victor, 64; + Souham's forces at, 102; + abdication proposed to the Emperor at, 120. + + =Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809=, iii. 274. + + =Non-intervention Act, the=, iii. 102. + + =Nordhalben=, Davout at, ii. 428. + + =Nordhausen=, military movements near, ii. 434. + + =Nördlingen=, the French position at, ii. 365; + capture of Werneck's division at, 367. + + =Normandy=, unrest in, i. 222; + Marmont's troops to withdraw into, iv. 120. + + =North=, proposed League of the, ii. 418. + + =North Cape=, a boundary of the Continental System, iii. 280. + + =North German Confederation=, proposed organization of, ii. 418-421, 422. + _See also_ =Confederation of the Rhine=. + + =North Sea=, proposed French expedition to, ii. 334; + part of the coast incorporated into the French Empire, iii. 278, + 287, 294. + + ="Northumberland,"= the, conveys _N._ to St. Helena, iv. 227. + + =Norway=, lost to Denmark, iii. 70; + subordination to Denmark, 280; + in vassalage to France, 280; + offered by Alexander to Sweden, 281, 314, 320, 324; + Bernadotte's ambition to acquire, 281, 399; + in possession of Denmark, iii. 282; + Russian troops for the conquest of, 350; + struggle with Sweden, iv. 164. + + =Nossen=, defeat of the Saxons by the Black Legion at, iii. 234. + + =Notables of France=, ii. 126; + abolition of the list of, 247. + + =Notre Dame Cathedral=, service in honor of the Concordat at, ii. 215; + _N.'s_ coronation in, 341-345. + + =Novi=, battle of, ii. 83, 92, 96; + military operations near, ii. 178. + + =Nuits=, _N._ visits, i. 146; + society in, 146. + + =Nyon=, Carnot's concealment at, ii. 27. + + +O + + "=Oberon=," iii. 175. + + =Ocana=, battle of, iii. 287, 288. + + =Ochs, Peter=, republican propagandist in Switzerland, ii. 40. + + =Oder, River, the=, proposed surrender to _N._ of forts on, iii. 178; + threatened expulsion of the French from, 416; + military movements on, iv. 3; + French garrisons on, 35. + + "=Oedipe=," performed at Erfurt, iii. 172. + + =Offenburg=, reputed emigrant conspirators in, ii. 302; + Caulaincourt's expedition to, 304. + + =Officialdom=, popular hatred of, i. 105. + + =Offingen=, the French position at, ii. 365. + + =Oglio, River, the=, Beaulieu retreats behind, i. 361; + Austria's boundary in Venetia, 438; + Schérer driven behind, ii. 88. + + =O'Hara, Gen.=, captured before Toulon, i. 229. + + =Old Castile=, French occupation of, iii. 155. + + =Oldenburg=, proposal to include in North German Confederation, ii. 418; + scheme to incorporate with France, iii. 266; + Alexander I reserves his family rights over, 288; + Alexander offers to exchange, for Erfurt, 288; + incorporated in the French Empire, 310, 328; + proposal that France evacuate, 407; + restored to its former ruler, iv. 40. + + =Oldenburg, Duke of=, marries Grand Duchess Catherine, iii. 181, 278; + dethroned, 278, 307; + proposed allotment of territory to, 409. + + =Old Guard, the=, battle of Leipsic, iv. 27, 33; + moves against Blücher from Sézanne, 61; + _N._ reviews them at Fontainebleau, 117; + _N._ takes leave of, 135; + reduction of the pay of, 148; + in battle of Waterloo, 205, 208. + _See also_ =Imperial Guard=. + + =Ollioules=, capture and recapture of, i. 225. + + =Olmütz=, military operations near, ii. 379, 382. + + =Olsusieff, Gen.=, annihilated by Marmont at Champaubert, iv. 63. + + =O'Meara, Edward=, publisher of an Elban MS., i. 177; + _N.'s_ declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311; + _N.'s_ conversations with, 441; + physician to _N._, iv. 232; + assists _N._ on his history, 232; + dismissed by Lowe, 232. + + =Oneglia=, Masséna's advance through, i. 243; + French troops in the valley of, 244; + _N.'s_ service at, 245, 255. + + =Oporto=, seizure of the French governor of, iii. 122; + bishop of, applies to England for help, 122; + occupied by Soult, 286. + + =Oppin=, Bernadotte at, iv. 28. + + =Orange, House of=, indemnity to, for loss of power, ii. 262. + + =Orange, the Prince of=, recalled to Holland, iv. 40; + in Waterloo campaign, 172, 176; + at the Duchess of Richmond's ball, 178; + battle of Quatre Bras, 180. + + =Orcha=, military movements near, iii. 364. + + =Ordener, Gen.=, leads expedition to Ettenheim, and arrests the Duc + d'Enghien, ii. 304. + + =Ore Mountains=, contemplated operations in the, iv. 8; + retreat of the allies toward, 12. + + =Orezza=, _N._ at, i. 126, 160; + meeting of the constituent assembly at, 131-134. + + =Orgon=, attempt to assassinate _N._ at, iv. 138. + + =Oriani, Comte B.=, _N.'s_ statement to, i. 369. + + ="Orient," the=, sunk in Aboukir Bay, ii. 63. + + =Oriental question, the=, ii. 262. + + =Orleans=, prison massacres in, i. 188; + French garrison at, iv. 118. + + =Orloff, Count=, conducts negotiations for surrender of Paris, iv. 112. + + =Ormea=, Masséna's advance through, i. 243. + + =Orscha=, French garrison in, iii. 341. + + =Ortenau=, ceded to Baden, ii. 391. + + =Osnabrück=, position in the French Empire, iii. 279. + + =Ossian=, _N.'s_ acquaintance with and study of, ii. 53; iv. 134, 231. + + =Ostermann-Tolstoi, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15; + character, 107; + conducts negotiations with _N._, 107, 112, 113; + reception at Paris, 108; + quarrel with Ney, 108; + _N.'s_ opinion of, 113; + at St. Cloud levee, Aug. 15, 1808, 169. + + =Osterode=, _N.'s_ headquarters at, iii. 18, 25. + + =Ostrach=, battle of, ii. 88. + + =Ostrolenka=, Russian retreat to, iii. 5; + Russians driven out of, 19. + + =Othman=, the royal line of, iii. 163. + + =Otranto=, embargo on, ii. 287; + creation of hereditary duchy of, 396; + Fouché created Duke of, iii. 86. + _See also_ =Fouché=. + + =Ott, Gen.=, besieges Genoa, ii. 165, 170, 173, 175; + defeated by Lannes at Casteggio, 176; + reaches Alessandria, 177; + in battle of Marengo, 180. + + =Otto, Comte L. G.=, ambassador to England, ii. 273; + letter from _N._, Oct. 23, 1802, 272, 290; + recalled from London, 277. + + =Otto the Great=, _N._ likened to, ii. 340. + + =Ottoman Empire=, proposed partition of, ii. 47. _See also_ + =Egypt=; =Turkey=. + + =Oubril=, his treaty rejected by Alexander I, ii. 418, 421; + Russian envoy to Paris, 401, 405, 418. + + =Oudinot, Gen. C. N.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386; + created Duke of Reggio, iii. 86; + _N.'s_ opinion of, 93; + character, 93; + commanding in Hanau, 203; + ordered to Augsburg, 204; + ordered to Abensberg, 208; + battle of Wagram, 228; + ordered to coerce Holland, 266; + strength, March, 1812, 324; + at the crossing of the Beresina, 367-370; + in campaign of 1813, 402; + threatens Berlin, 413; + _N.'s_ instructions to, iv. 5; + defeated at Luckau, 8; + fails in his movement against Berlin, 12-16; + battle of Grossbeeren, 14; + retreats to Wittenberg, 14; + superseded by Ney, 17; + battle of Dennewitz, 18, 19; + at Dresden, 20; + battle of Leipsic, 29, 31; + checks pursuits at Lindenau, 35; + opposes Schwarzenberg, 61; + driven back to Nangis, 65; + before Provins, 72; + captures Méry, 73; + ordered to hold Blücher, 73; + checked by Schwarzenberg, 75; + driven beyond Troyes, 76; + retreats from Arcis, 94; + at Bar-sur-Ornain, 103; + strength after the surrender of Paris, 118; + at the abdication scene, 120; + transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132; + recreated marshal, 167. + + =Ourcq, River=, military operations on the, iv. 76. + + =Ouvrard, G. J.=, sent by Fouché on mission to England, iii. 272. + + +P + + =Pachra, River=, French crossing of the, iii. 355. + + =Pacific Ocean=, influence of the United States on the, ii. 288. + + =Paderborn=, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 265. + + =Padua=, military operations near, i. 410; + creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396. + + =Pagerie, Marie-Josephe-Rose Tascher de la=. _See_ =Beauharnais, + Josephine=. + + =Pagerie, Mlle. Tascher de la=, sought in marriage by Ferdinand VII, + iii. 125; + marries the Duke of Aremberg, 132. + + =Pagerie, Tascher de la=, father of Josephine Beauharnais, i. 313; + death of, 314. + + =Paine, Thomas=, on financial condition of England, ii. 32. + + =Pajol, Gen.=, seizes Montereau, iv. 73; + in the Waterloo campaign, 173; + engagement at Charleroi, 174; + battle of Ligny, 183. + + =Palace of the Government, the=, ii. 147. + + =Palafox, Gen. José de=, military ability, iii. 156; + at Saragossa, 184, 185. + + =Palais Royal=, headquarters of the tribunate, ii. 151; + a refuge for the disreputable, 151. + + =Palestine=, the key of, ii. 73; + importance of _N.'s_ conquering, 73. + + =Palm, J. P.=, bookseller of Nuremberg, execution of, ii. 417. + + =Palma=, _N._ advances to, i. 443. + + =Pamplona=, _N._ seeks information concerning, iii. 128; + seized by Darmagnac, 132. + + =Pan, Mallet du=, criticizes Mme. de Staël, iii. 298. + + =Panatheri=, secretary of Directory of Corsica, i. 133. + + =Pantheon Club=, closing of the, i. 310. + + =Paoli, Pascal=, his share in the history of Corsica, i. 15 et seq.; + relations with the Jews and with the Vatican, 16; + compared with Washington, 18; + his character and renown, 17, 18; + offers asylum to Rousseau, 19; + hoodwinked by Choiseul, 20, 21; + defeat and escape, 23; + appeals to the Powers, 23; + aspirations for Corsica, 26, 28, 116; + _N.'s_ address to, 40; + his conciliation sought by France, 42; + _N._ a supporter and admirer of, 53, 93, 137, 199, 210; + the "History of Corsica," dedicated to, 93; + _N.'s_ correspondence with, 96-98; + his return to Corsica, 117-125, 127, 131; + activity of his agents, 118; + directs Corsican agitation, 120; + amnesty granted to, 120, 124; + quits England, 124; + honored by Louis XVI and the National Assembly, 124; + misrepresented in Paris, 125; + popularity in Corsica, 126, 198; + meeting with _N._ at Rostino, 132; + virtual dictator of Corsica, 133; + agitation in his behalf in Corsica, 162, 170; + interferes in riots in Ajaccio, 169; + difficulties of his situation, 169; + displeasure at _N._, 170; + despair of, 185; + commander-in-chief in Corsica, 185; + _N._ seeks reconciliation with, 186; + lieutenant-general in the French army, 187; + opposes Sardinian invasion scheme, 189, 192, 196; + _N.'s_ insubordination to, 190; + suspected of intrigue with England, 190, 201; + position on declaration of war against England, 196; + denounced by Lucien Buonaparte, 197; + summoned to appear before the National Convention, 197, 204; + _N._ antagonizes, 199-203, 205, 210, 242; + denounced by the National Convention, 201; + summons _N._ to Corte, 203; + offers to leave Corsica, 204; + seeks English protection for Corsica, 205-208; + views of condition of France, 206; + declared an outlaw, 207; + fails to fortify Ajaccio, 257; + seeks aid from England, 257; + recalled to England, 261. + + =Paolists, the=, i. 116. + + =Papacy, the=, French feeling against the, i. 375; + the Directory desires its overthrow, 419, 422; + _N.'s_ alliance with, 422; + _N._ proposes negotiations with the, ii. 11; + relations of _N._ and France with, 205, 206, 216. + _See also_ =Church=; =Pius VII=; =Rome=. + + =Papal States, the=, French proposition to revolutionize, i. 373; + French seizures and ransom in, 374; + _N._ protects clergy in, 422; + under French influence, 439; + scheme to conquer, ii. 18; + held by Austria, 145, 160; + evacuated by Ferdinand IV, 203; + _N._ demands expulsion of Russians, English, and Sardinians from, 396; + _N.'s_ influence over, recognized at Tilsit, iii. 55; + _N._ demands banishment of hostile agents from, and closing of + ports to England, 67; + French invasion of, 118; + demands for the inviolability of, 118; + annexed to France, 262. + + =Papelotte=, the farms of, iv. 195; + fighting at, 201, 206. + + =Paradomania=, iii. 50. + + "=Parallel between Cæsar, Cromwell, and Bonaparte=," ii. 230. + + =Parbasdorf=, military operations near, iii. 226, 229. + + =Paris=, the military school at, i. 48, 59, 60; + _N.'s_ sojourn in (1787), 86; + the Parliament banished from, 106; + base elements of population flock to, 108; + encounter in the Place Vendôme, 108; + burning of the barriers, 108; + destruction of the Bastille, 108, 109; + Louis XVI takes up residence in, 109; + famine, 151; + return of the court to, 151; + municipal reform, 153; + _N._ returns to (May 28, 1792), 173; + _N.'s_ impoverished condition in, 173; + great outburst of sedition, 174; + Marseilles sends a deputation to, 174; + the barricades on August 10, 1792, 177; + _N._ and Elisa in, 182; + _N.'s_ residences in (Holland Patriots' Hotel), 183; + (Fossés Montmartre), 264; + (Michodière Street), 295; + (Chantereine Street), ii. 28; + (Victory Street), 84; + massacres of royalist prisoners, i. 183; + overturn of municipal government, 187; + committee of surveillance, 188, 189; + prison massacres in (Sept. 2-6, 1792), 188; + representation in the National Convention, 188; + condemnation and execution of Louis XVI, 195; + establishment of the revolutionary tribunal, 207; + _N._ at (1793), 223; + scenes of the Terror, 251; + _N.'s_ sojourn in (1795), 264, 280 et seq.; 289, 295; + influence in political movements, 266; + bread riots, 273; + Jacobin plots, 273; + critical condition of affairs, 273, 277, 280; + social life (1795, 1796), 280-285, 290, 291, 316; + hatred of the National Convention in, 282; + military preparations, 283, 298, 299; + royalist plots against, 298; + critical condition of affairs, 298-301; + rebellion against the Convention, 299 et seq.; + the 13th Vendémiaire, 301-305; + restoration of order, 305; + _N._ cows the low elements in, 308; + rejoicings in, over Piedmontese successes, 363; + glorification of _N._ in (1796), 365; + receptacle for plundered works of art, 369; + "the capital of European liberties," 369; + spring elections of 1797, ii. 2; + critical condition of affairs, 3; + royalist intrigues, the Clichy faction, 3, 5, 7; + necessity for a powerful general in, 5, 7; + Barras schemes to bring troops to, 6; + the 18th of Fructidor, 8; + _N.'s_ remittances to, 13; + feeling in, over the treaty of Campo Formio, 22; + return of _N._ to (1797), 26-31; + the "Street of Victory," 28; + plot and counterplot in, 36; + distrust of _N._ in (1798), 49; + popular ideas in, concerning the Egyptian campaign, 68; + _N.'s_ triumphant progress from Fréjus to, 83; + hatred of the Terror, 94, 95; + _N.'s_ reception in (from Egypt), 95-102; + banquet to _N._ in St. Sulpice, 100, 101; + _N._ appointed commander of the troops, 102 et seq.; + the 18th Brumaire, 103 et seq.; iv. 258; + Fouché closes the barriers, ii. 109; + apportionment of the guards in, 109; + _N._ reopens the barriers, 109; + the 19th Brumaire, 111 et seq.; + weeding out old republican politicians from, 125; + warlike feeling in (1800), 145; + welcomes _N._ from Marengo, 185; + _N.'s_ relations with polite society in, 199; + service in honor of the Concordat, 216; + schemes of the Duc d'Enghien's supporters in, 240; + explosion of infernal machine in Rue St. Nicaise, 240; + Mme. de Staël exiled from, 259; + restoration of street names, 258; + improved social conditions, 259; + the press of, attacks England, 271; + center of the government, 279; + feeling in, concerning _N.'s_ court at Aachen, 339; + coronation of _N._, 339, 340, 342-345; + prospects of coming war in, 312; + fickleness of society in, 312; + abuse of Austria and Russia by press, 361; + _N._ returns to (Jan. 27, 1806), 406; + affection for N. in, 407; + _N._ proposes to introduce bull-fights, 409; + _N._ leaves for Mainz, 422; + relics of Frederick the Great sent to, 437; + official reports from Eylau in, iii. 17; + the situation in (1807), 24 et seq.; + the head and body of France, 24; + sensitiveness of the Bourse, 24; + Mme. de Staël returns to, and again expelled from, 26; + the situation in, after Friedland, 36; + proposal that Alexander visit, 50; + question of the cardinal at, 69; + return of _N._ from Tilsit to, 72; + public works, 74, 380; + Jewish Sanhedrim in, iii. 76; + social vices in, 92; + Tolstoi's reception at, 108; + the soul of France, 151, 160; iv. 92, 99; + the divorce scandal in, iii. 180; + _N._ returns from Spain to (Jan. 6, 1809), 188; + _N._ returns from Vienna to, 241, 245; + _N.'s_ second marriage, 258-261; + the College of Cardinals transplanted from Rome to, 258, 264; + rejoicings in, over birth of the king of Rome, 302, 303; + a rival to Rome as capital of the Western empire, 307; + remembrance of the Terror, 323; + monarchical sentiment in, 323; + importance of _N.'s_ presence in, 372; + the Malet conspiracy in, 375; 376; + treachery in, 412; + the allies, advance on, iv. 40, 41, 61, 65, 71, 90, 96-103, 110, + 113, 219; + gloom and panic in, 51, 81, 98, 104, 108, 109, 117, 166; + _N.'s_ public appearances in, 51, 52; + the national-guard, 53; + defense of, 59, 73, 85, 96, 97, 99, 105-112; + Joseph acting regent in, 61; + Blücher's advance toward, 76; + sends reinforcements to _N._, 80, 86; + _N.'s_ resolution to abandon, 91; + _N.'s_ march toward, 104, 105, 157; + surrender of, 105, 113; + the Empress's flight from, 106-112, 117; + intrigue in, 107; + royalist influences in, 108; + in communication with Marmont, 109; + summoned to surrender, 109; + armistice before, 109; + looking for _N._ in, 112; + fighting before, 111; + not to be sacked, 112, 113; + entrance of the allies, 113, 117, 118, 221; + council of the allies and French diplomats, 114; + royalist enthusiasm in, 113-117; + assents to the overthrow of _N._, 115; + the white cockade in, 115, 147; + plans for the recovery of, 117; + reception of Louis XVIII in, 133; + riots in, at burial of an actress, 146; + secret longings for _N.'s_ return in, 147; + the garrison put under arms, 149; + disappearance of the government, 158; + raising the imperialist standard in, 158; + placard on the Vendôme column, 158; + excitement in, 158; + arrival of _N._ in, 159; + treaty of, 165; + the news of Waterloo and Ligny in, 215, 216; + _N._ returns from Waterloo to, 217; + formation of a new Directory, 218; + appointment of a committee of public safety, 218; + _N._ offers to defend, 220; + possibility of reassembling an army in, 222. + + =Paris, Forest of=, formation of the Prussians behind, iv. 202. + + =Paris, Marquis de=, leads the Parisian mob, i. 151. + + =Paris sections=, the day of the, i. 302-312. + + =Parker, Sir Hyde=, at battle of Copenhagen, ii. 209. + + =Parliament of Paris=, reconstitution of the, i. 106; + contest with Louis XVI, 106; + banished from the capital, 106. + + =Parma=, intrigue in the court of, i. 345; + plundered of works of art, 369; + _N.'s_ leniency to, 421; + _N.'s_ influence in, 448; + _N.'s_ violation of neutrality of, ii. 144; + secured to France, 204; + adopts the French Code, 354; + creation of hereditary duchy of, 395; + Cambacérès created Duke of, iii. 86 (_see also_ =Cambacérès=); + ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, 263; + position in the French Empire, 279; + granted to Maria Louisa, iv. 133. + + =Parma, Duke of=, submission of, i. 359; + plan to give the Papal States to, ii. 18; + _N.'s_ promises to, 332. + + =Parthe, River=, military movements on the, iv. 27. + + =Parthenopean Republic, the=, proclaimed, ii. 87; + abandonment of, 203-205; + fate of its admiral Caraccioli, 300. + + =Parthians=, Roman campaigns against the, iii. 325. + + =Pasquier=, Baron de, attitude toward _N._, ii. 95; + prefect of police, iii. 376; + episode of the Malet conspiracy, 377; + imperial prefect, iv. 106. + + =Passarge, River=, military operations on the, iii. 19, 22, 26, 28. + + =Passariano=, _N.'s_ headquarters at, ii. 20, 23, 24. + + =Passau=, apportioned to Bavaria, ii. 266, 391; + _N.'s_ line of retreat to, 392. + + =Passeyr=, the estates of, conferred upon Hofer's family, iii. 242. + + =Patterson=, Elizabeth, married to Jerome Buonaparte, ii. 257. + + =Paul I=, succeeds Catherine II, i. 425; + institutes the second coalition, ii. 86; + incensed at George III, 141; + demands Thugut's dismissal, 142; + incensed at Austria, 142, 154; + withdraws from the coalition, 142; + seeks control of Malta, 141, 154, 193; + friendship with _N._ and France, 142, 154, 193, 263; + plan for invasion of India and partition of Asia, 154; + receives the sword of Valetta from _N._, 154; + aims to destroy Austria's power, 194; + accuses England and Austria of treachery, 194; + concludes alliance with _N._, 209; + assassinated, 210, 330, 380; iii. 37; + effect of his death on France, ii. 210; + antipathy to Great Britain, 263; + supports the House of Savoy, 332. + _See also_ =Russia=. + + "=Paul and Virginia=," iii. 297. + + =Paunsdorf=, military operations near, iv. 32. + + =Pavia=, the sack of, i. 361; + military operations near, ii. 175. + + =Pawnbrokerage in France=, iii. 77. + + =Peasant proprietors=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102, 104. + + =Peccadeuc, Picot de=, _N.'s_ enemy, i. 65. + + =Pelet, Gen.=, charges Berthier with treachery, iii. 206; + on the battle of Aspern, 219; + denies the story of Lannes's death-bed, 224; + in battle of Waterloo, iv. 207. + + =Pelham, Thomas=, employs Méhée de la Touche, ii. 297. + + =Peltier, J. G.=, publishes "L'Ambigu," ii. 270; + prosecuted for libeling _N._, 271. + + =Penal Code, the=, iii. 295. + + =Peninsula, Peninsular War=. _See_ =Portugal=; =Spain=. + + =Pensions=, reforms in French, i. 142. + + =Pension system=, iii. 87. + + =Pepin the Short=, coronation of, ii. 325. + + =Peraldi=, associated with _N._ in Corsica, i. 117; + becomes an enemy of _N._, 165, 170; + seeks election in National Guard of Corsica, 166; + ordered to prepare fleet at Toulon, 187; + seeks to arrest _N._, 202. + + =Perceval, Spencer=, assassination of, iii. 378; + mismanagement of English affairs, iv. 161, 162. + + =Peretti=, his name reprobated in Corsica, i. 121; + vote of censure on, 133; + seeks election in National Guard of Corsica, 165. + + =Permon, Mme.=, _N.'s_ friendship with, i. 62, 178, 284-286; + friendship with Salicetti, 284-286; + correspondence with _N._, 285; + declines _N.'s_ matrimonial offer, 312; + notable saying of, ii. 130. + + =Perpignan=, reinforcements for Augereau from, iv. 94. + + =Perponcher, Gen. G. H.=, in battle of Quatre Bras, iv, 180. + + =Perregaux, Comte de=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 112. + + =Persia=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209; + Sebastiani's mission to, 272-274; + treaty with France, iii. 20, 21; + _N._ arranges treaty between Turkey and, 20, 21; + incited to invade India, 21; + proposed rupture with England, 21; + _N._ studies the history of, 166; + _N.'s_ intercourse with, 314; + Themistocles's refuge in, iv. 227. + + =Perthes=, Macdonald at, iv. 103. + + =Peru=, scheme of a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 142. + + =Peschiera=, seized by Beaulieu, i. 361, 371; + French occupation of, 372, 379; + the revolutionary movement in, 428; + disarmament of, 442. + + "=Peter the Great=," by Carrion-Nisas, ii. 350. + + =Peterswald=, military movements near, iv. 10, 15. + + =Petit, Gen.=, at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau, iv. 118; + _N.'s_ farewell to, 136. + + =Petit Trianon=, _N._ secures the library from, iv. 219, 227. + + =Peyrusse=, corruption of, iv. 5; + keeper of _N.'s_ purse at Elba, 152. + + =Pfaffenhofen=, military movements near, iii. 206. + + =Phélippeaux, A. de=, _N.'s_ enemy, i. 65; + superintends the defense of Acre, ii. 71, 73; + parley with _N._ at Acre, 79. + + =Phenicia=, the history of, iv. 293. + + =Philip, Don=, of Spain, ii. 205. + + =Philip le Bel=, schemes of world-conquest, ii. 46. + + =Philippe "Égalité,"= despicable actions of, i. 151; + scheme for his son, 331. + + =Philippeville=, _N._ at, iv. 211, 216. + + ="Philosophical and Political History of the Two Indies,"= _N.'s_ + study of, ii. 47. + + ="Philosophic Visions" (Mercier)=, _N.'s_ study of, ii. 53. + + =Phrases=: + _Alfieri:_ + "Italia virtuosa, magnanima, libera, et una," ii. 232. + _Anonymous or unassigned_ (see also _Popular_, infra): + [A lady] "fond of men when they are polite," iii. 179. + "A mystery in the soul of state," iii. 389. + "Democracy an excellent workhorse, but a poor charger; a good + hack, but an untrustworthy racer," iv. 265. + "Everything has been restored except the two million Frenchmen + who died for liberty," ii. 216. + "Freedom of the seas and the invasion of England," ii. 360. + [Bonaparte] "his consular majesty," ii. 293. + _A Paris actor:_ + "J'ai fait des rois madame, et n'ai pas voulu l'être," ii. 205. + "Legislative eunuchs," ii. 151. + [Louis XVIII] "learned nothing and forgot nothing," iv. 132. + [The army chest] "a French Providence, which made the laurel a + fertile tree, the fruits of which had nourished the brave + whom its branches covered," iii. 296. + _Arndt:_ + "Freedom and Austria," iii. 195. + _Berthier:_ + "By general's reckoning, not that of the office," ii. 169. + _Cambronne:_ + "The guard dies but never surrenders," iv. 210. + _Charles IV:_ + A king "who had nothing further to live for than his Louise and + his Emmanuel," iii. 166. + _Coignet:_ + "Providence and courage never abandon the good soldier," iii. 326. + _Congress of Vienna:_ + [Napoleon] "the enemy and disturber of the world's peace," iv. 162. + _Czartoryski:_ + "Paradomania," iii. 50. + _Dalberg:_ + "The monkey [Talleyrand] would not risk burning the tip of his + paw even if all the chestnuts were for himself," iv. 108. + _Princess Dolgoruki:_ + [The First Consul's residence] "is not exactly a court, but it + is no longer a camp," ii. 196. + _Gentz:_ + "The war for the emancipation of states bids fair to become one + for the emancipation of the people," iv. 40. + _Goethe:_ + "A great man can be recognized only by his peers," iii. 173. + _Kutusoff:_ + "The plain gentleman of Pskoff," iii. 383. + _Machiavelli:_ + "Friends must be treated as if one day they might be enemies," + ii. 256. + _Marmont:_ + "The tube of a funnel," iv. 26. + _Napoleon:_ + "About to produce a great novelty," iv. 153. + "A great man--one who can command the situations he creates," iv. 21. + "A kind of vermin which I have in my clothes," ii. 242. + "A lion's advice," iii. 352. + "A man like me troubles himself little about a million men," + iii. 418. + "A thing must needs be done before the announcement of your plan," + iii. 66. + "Bullets have been flying about our legs these twenty years," + iii. 364. + "Credit is but a dispensation from paying cash," iii. 389. + "Emperor of the Continent," iii. 308. + "Enemy's lands make enemy's goods," ii. 441. + [England a] "nation of traders," ii. 292. + "Everything to-morrow," iii. 411. + "Fortune is a woman; the more she does for me, the more I shall + exact from her," i. 366. + "Forty centuries look down upon you from ... the Pyramids," ii. 60. + "Gathered to strike; separated to live," ii. 367. _See also_ p. 378. + "Generals who save troops for the next day are always beaten," + iii. 347. + "God hath given it [the crown of Italy] to me; let him beware + who touches it," ii. 353. + "Great battles are won with artillery," iii. 403. + "I am conquered less by fortune than by the egotism and + ingratitude of my companions in arms," iv. 129. + "I am determined to be the last [the bottomless chasm] shall + swallow up," iv. 79. + "I am driven onward to a goal which I know not," iii. 325. + "I am the god of the day," ii. 117. + "I cannot be everywhere," ii. 376. (_Cf._ "The enemy's strength," + infra.) + "Ideologist," iv. 292. + "I feel the infinite in me," iv. 262. + "If there be one soldier among you who wishes to kill his + Emperor, he can. I come to offer myself to your assaults," + iv. 155. + "I have destroyed the enemy merely by marches," ii. 366. + "I have never found the limit of my capacity for work," iii. 210. + "I have often slept two in a bed, but never three," iii. 41. + "I leave my army to come and share the national perils," ii. 97. + "I may find in Spain the Pillar of Hercules, but not the limits + of my power," iii. 158. + "In our day no one has conceived anything great; it falls to me + to give the example," i. 366. + "In war the moral element and public opinion are half the battle," + iii. 393. + "In war you see your own troubles; those of the enemy you cannot + see. You must show confidence," iii. 208. + "I pray God to have you in his holy keeping," ii. 407. + "I shall conduct this war [Saxon campaign] as General Bonaparte," + iii. 403. + "It is ... courageous to survive unmerited bad fortune," iv. 134. + "It rains hard, but that does not stop the march of the grand + army," iv. 22. (_Cf._ "While others," etc., infra.) + "I walk with the goddess of fortune, accompanied by the god of + war," ii. 113. + "Liberty and equality ... put beyond caprice of chance and + uncertainty of the future," ii. 247. + "Masters of the channel for six hours, we are masters of the + world," ii. 332. + "My generals are a parcel of post inspectors," iii. 158. + "Metaphysicians ... fit only to be drowned," ii. 242. + "My enemies make appointments at my tomb," iii. 246. + "My master has no bowels, and that master is the nature of + things," iii. 110. + [Napoleon determined to] "conquer the sea by land," iii. 3. + [Napoleon] "shows himself terrible at the first moment," ii. 439. + [Napoleon] "the minister of the power of God, and his image on + earth," ii. 408. + [Napoleon's] "library," iii. 388. + [Ney] "the bravest of the brave," iii. 359. + "Perfidious and tyrannical Great Britain," iii. 150. + [Singing the tune of Tilsit] "according to the written score," + iii. 65. + "Spurred and booted ruler," ii. 145. + "Tête ... armée," iv. 235. + "The art of war is to gain time when your strength is inferior," + ii. 165. + [The Concordat] "the vaccine of religion," ii. 216. + "The Ebro is nothing but a line," iii. 158. + "The enemy's strength seems great [to the division commanders] + wherever I am not," iv. 7. (_Cf._ "I cannot," etc., supra.) + "The finances are falling into disorder, and ... need war," iii. 308. + "The game of chess is becoming confused," iv. 21. + "The genius of France and Providence will be on our side," iv. 75. + "The growlers," iv. 118, 123, 132. + "The new Pillars of Hercules," iii. 308. + "The pear is not yet ripe," ii. 52. (For the ripening of the + pear, _see_ ii. 99, 229.) + "The Revolution is planted on the principles from which it + proceeded. It is ended," ii. 137. + "The Spanish ulcer," iii. 265. + "The sun of Austerlitz," ii. 392. + "The system of hither and thither," iv. 18, 19, 25. + "The worse the troops the greater the need of artillery," iii. 403. + "This is the moment when characters of a superior sort assert + themselves," ii. 65. + "This movement makes or mars me," iv. 97. + "Three years more, and I am lord of the universe," iii. 308. + "To have the right of using nations, you must begin by serving + them well," iv. 296. + "To honor and serve the Emperor is to honor and serve God," ii. 408. + "To strike a salutary terror into others," ii. 311. + "Victor of Austerlitz," ii. 392. + "Vous êtes un homme," iii. 173. + "War is like government, a matter of tact," i. 364. + [War with Russia] "a scene in an opera," iii. 318. + "We'll pass these few winter days as best we may; then we'll try + to spend the spring in another fashion," iv. 151 + "We must pull on the boots and the resolution of 93," iv. 72. + "Wherever ... water to float a ship, there ... a British + standard," iv. 227. + "Which has been the happiest age of humanity?" iii. 175. + "While others were taking counsel the French army was marching," + ii. 434. (_Cf._ "It rains hard," supra.) + "Why am I not my grandson?" iv. 287. + "You manage men with toys," ii. 246. + _Nelson:_ + "England expects every man to do his duty," ii. 373. + "In case signals cannot be seen or clearly understood, no + captain can do wrong if he places his ship alongside that of + an enemy," ii. 373. + "Westminster Abbey or victory," ii. 63. + _Ney:_ + "A marshal of the Empire has never surrendered," iii. 364. + _Mme. Permon:_ + "The pike is eating the other two fish," ii. 130. + _Pitt_ (concerning): + The "Austerlitz look," ii. 393. + _Pius VII:_ + [Bonaparte the Pope's] "son in Christ Jesus," ii. 339. + _Popular_: + "Armed men spring up at the stamp of his foot," iii. 386. + "Ban," and "arrière ban" (feudal terms), iv. 55. + "Bautzen Messenger-boy," the, iv. 20. + [Blücher] "Marshal Forward," iv. 98. + "Emperor of the Gauls," ii. 319. + "Enemy's ships make enemy's goods," ii. 441. + "Equality," ii. 221. + "Fighting with the legs instead of with the bayonets," ii. 429. + "France the most beautiful land next to the kingdom of heaven," + iii. 7. + "French fury," iv. 171. (_Cf._ "Furia francesca," ii. 391.) + "Frenchmen, awake; the Emperor is waking," iv. 147. + "He has been and will be," iv. 158. + "His sacred Majesty," ii. 407. + "Liberty of the seas," ii. 236, 263. + "Marie Louises," the, iv. 51. + "Mother Moscow," "the holy city," iii. 347. + "Napoladron," iii. 292. + "Napoleon, by the grace of God Emperor," ii. 407. + [Napoleon] "perhaps an angel, perhaps a devil,--certainly not a + man," iii. 415. + "Napoleon the Great," ii. 407. + "Neutral flag, neutral goods," ii. 263. + "Neutral ships make neutral goods; free ships, free goods," ii. 212. + "Paternal anarchy," iv. 147, 149. + "Ragusade," iv. 127. + "Robbing the cradle and the grave," iii. 386. + "Sauve qui peut," iv, 210. + "The Emperor's last victory," iv. 50. + "The fountain of honor," ii. 246. + "The liberator of Poland," ii. 444. + "The little corporal," i. 362; iv. 118, 154. + "The man of God, the anointed of the Lord," ii. 407. + "The Napoleon of Potsdam and Schönbrunn," iv. 117. + "The return of the hero," ii. 97. + _Regnaud de St. Jean d'Angely:_ + "The unhappy man [Napoleon] will undo himself, undo us all, undo + everything," iii. 325. + _Revolution, Motto of the:_ + France, "one and indivisible," ii. 344. + _St. André:_ + "The fate of the world depends on a kick or two," iii. 422. + _Savigny:_ + [The Code Napoléon] "a political malady," ii. 223. + _Sieyès:_ + "Une poire pour la soif," ii. 130. + _Soult:_ + "An inspiration is nothing but a calculation made with rapidity," + iv. 248. + _Talleyrand:_ + "Italy the flank of France; Spain its natural continuation; and + Holland its alluvium," iii. 282. + "Napoleon's civilization that of Roman history," iii. 179. + "Pleasure will not move at the drum-tap," iii. 94. + "Society will pardon much to a man of the world, but cheating at + cards never," iii. 151. + "There is no empire not founded on the marvelous, and here the + marvelous is the truth," iv. 250. + _Vandamme:_ + "That devil of a man," iii. 93. + _Villeneuve:_ + "Any captain not under fire is not at his post, and a signal to + recall him would be a disgrace," ii. 273. + _Wellington:_ + "I must fight him here [Waterloo]," iv. 178. + "Old Blücher has had a ---- good licking," iv. 184. + "Up, Guards! make ready!" iv. 209. + _Zacharias, Pope:_ + "He is king who has the power," ii. 325. + + =Piacenza=, military operations near, i. 358, 359; ii. 175; + Loison at, 177; + adopts the French Code, 354; + creation of hereditary duchy of, 396; + Lebrun created Duke of, iii. 86. + _See also_ =Lebrun=. + + =Piacenza, Duke of=, submission of, i. 359. + + =Piave River=, military operations on the, i. 387, 388, 430, 432. + + =Picardy=, movement of troops to, ii. 24. + + =Pichegru, Gen. Charles=, _N.'s_ early acquaintance with, i. 216; + called to command Paris troops, 272; + conquers the Austrian Netherlands, 273, 275; + suspected of intrigue, 278; + royalist schemes of, 298; ii. 161, 298; + a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; + conquest of Holland, ii. 6; + plans a coup d'état, 5; + exposure of his treachery in 1795, 5, 6; + proscribed, 8; + implicated with Moreau, 72, 164, 299; + escapes from Guiana, 161; + heads royalist rising in Provence, 161; + fall and death, 298, 299; + leads royalist plot, 298; + Savary suspected of complicity in death of, 412; + funeral mass celebrated for, iv. 146. + + =Picton, Sir T.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 173; + battle of Waterloo, 201; + killed, 201. + + =Piedmont=, military operations in, i. 213, 256, 347, 352 et seq.; + troops of, enter Savoy, 222; + French movement against, 246; + _N._ advises against advancing into, 247; + Austro-Sardinian operations in (1794), 341; + revolutionary spirit in, 345; + conquest of, 352-362, 373; + army separated from Austrians, 354; + successes in, 363; + French propositions to organize republic in, 363, 373; + loses island of St. Peter, ii. 13; + incorporated with the Ligurian Republic, 38; + Moreau's last stand in, 83; + held by Suvaroff, 141; + held by Austria, 145, 160; + tribute levied on, 186; + incorporated with France, 232, 267, 272, 281; + Jourdan's pacification of, 323; + Alexander I demands indemnity for, 348; + ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263; + parallel between the Waterloo campaign and that in, iv. 170. + + =Piedmontese=, in French service, ii. 14. + + =Piktupönen=, Frederick William and Hardenberg at, iii. 42; + Frederick William's stay at, 60. + + "=Pillars of Hercules, the new=," iii 308. + + =Pillau=, Napoleon demands, as a pledge, iii. 36. + French military stores in, 333. + + =Pinckney, C. C.=, Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34. + + =Piombino=, given to Elisa (Buonaparte) Bacciocchi, ii. 354, 356. + _See also_ =Lucca and Piombino=. + + =Pirch, Gen.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172, 205. + + =Piré, Gen.=, ordered to Quatre Bras, iv. 176. + + =Pirna=, Vandamme at, iv. 8-11; + Mortier at, 12, 18; + sickness of _N._ at, 12, 131; + _N._ abandons, 17; + _N._ moves on, 18. + + =Pisa=, Carlo Buonaparte at, i. 29. + + =Pitt, William, Jr.=, prime minister of England, i. 195; + takes active measures against France, 221; + difficulties of his administration, 448, 449; + anxiety for peace after Leoben, ii. 12; + declines to negotiate with _N._, 143; + delusion concerning _N._ and France, 143; + denounces _N._ as the destroyer of Europe, 144; + advocates restoration of the Bourbons, 144; + policy toward France, 208, 329-331, 360, 405; iii. 399; + British confidence in, ii. 208; + falls from power on the Catholic Emancipation question, 208; + calls for defense of the kingdom, 292; + raises volunteers, 292; + returns to power, 329; + his policy of European coalitions, 329-331; + becomes prime minister, 337; + on France's designs against England, 337; + success of his efforts, 356; + reception of the news of Austerlitz, 393; + death, 393; + Fox compelled to adopt his program, 405; + England returns to his policy, iii. 399. + + =Pius VI=, signs treaty of Tolentino, i. 350; + ransoms Bologna, 374; + prepares to recover lost territory, 398; + quarrel with France, 401; + _N.'s_ problem concerning, 405; + hostilities by, 409; + campaign against, 419-423; + his army dispersed, 421; + expresses gratitude to _N._, 423; + _N.'s_ conquest of, ii. 9; + ill health, ii, persecution of, 39; + withdraws to Siena, 39; + stripped of his possessions, 39; + death, burial, and memorial services, 39, 131, 206, 216. + + =Pius VII=, election of, ii. 206; + resumes temporal power, 207; + removes the ban from Talleyrand, 216; + relations with _N._, 216, 339 et seq.; + iii. 68, 118, 391; + the matter of _N.'s_ coronation, ii. 325, 339-346 et seq.; + refuses to receive Mme. Talleyrand, 326; + his demands for the Church, 326; + at Fontainebleau, 340; + his humiliation and return to Rome, 344-347; + refuses a divorce to Jerome Buonaparte, 396; + neutrality in the Austerlitz campaign, ii. 396; + desires unity of the German Church, 402; + refuses to recognize Joseph's sovereignty, iii. 68; + _N.'s_ ultimatum to, 68; + refuses to join the French federation against England, 118; + his demands on _N._, 118; + concessions to _N.'s_ demands, 118; + prisoner at Grenoble, 119, 242; + disbandment of the Noble Guard, 118; + a _fainéant_ prince in the Quirinal, 119; + issues bull, June 10, 1809, 119; + wearing effect of _N.'s_ quarrel with, 119; + indemnity for, 215; + deposed from the temporal power, 215, 242, 249; + retains his ecclesiastical position, 242; + excommunicates _N._ and his adherents, 242; + imprisoned at Savona, 243, 306; + removed from Rome to Fontainebleau, 243; + refuses to renounce the secular power, 242; + in Florence, 242; + does not recognize _N.'s_ divorce, 259; + provision of residence and revenue for, 263; + the second quarrel of investitures, 263; + relations with the Gallican Church, 263, 264; + inflexibility of, 263; + De Maistre on the supineness of, 264; + contrasted with Innocent II, 264; + partial submission of, 305; + refuses to institute _N.'s_ nominees as bishops, 306; + prisoner at Fontainebleau, 377, 390; + hostility of the French ecclesiastics to, 391; + the Concordat of Fontainebleau, 391; + interviews with _N._ at Fontainebleau, 391; + restoration of Roman domains to, 391; + residence at Avignon, 391; + retracts his assent, 391; + release of, iv. 52; + humiliation of, 256. + + =Pizzighettone=, French occupation of, i. 372. + + =Placentia=, ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263; + granted to Maria Louisa, iv. 133. + + =Plagwitz=, fighting near, iv. 30. + + ="Plain," the=, position in the National Convention, i. 188. + + =Plancenoit=, fighting at, iv. 205. + + =Plancy=, military movements near, iv. 89. + + =Plato=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 95. + + =Platoff, Count M. I.=, harasses the French retreat from Moscow, + iii. 359, 364. + + =Plauen=, fighting near, iv. 10; + Austrians driven into, 10. + + =Plebiscites=, of Dec. 15, 1799, ii. 129, 136; + of May, 1802, 245-247; + of 1804, 324. + + =Pleisse, River=, military operations on the, iv. 27, 28. + + =Plombières=, Josephine's coterie at, ii. 85. + + =Plutarch=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78; ii. 47. + + =Plymouth Sound=, the "Bellerophon" in, iv. 222. + + =Po, River=, the country of the, i. 356; ii. 175-178; + military operations on the, i. 358, 359, 381, 441; ii. 172-174, + 175, 176, 185. + + =Point-du-Jour=, Sérurier's guard at the, ii. 108. + + =Poischwitz=, armistice of, iii. 414-418, 420; iv. 66, 197, 288. + + =Poland=, partition of, i. 220, 420, 425; ii. 354, 414, 444; iii. 22, 50; + Austria's gaze on, i. 325; + French schemes for the reconstruction of, ii. 42-44; + Alexander I's designs concerning, 356; iii. 45, 309, 316, 384; iv. 67; + Alexander retreats to, ii. 391; + extension of the French empire in, 396; + sack of, 440; + _N.'s_ opportunity to save, 445; + pro-Napoleon enthusiasm in, 445; iii. 17, 331; + dissensions in, ii. 445; + _N.'s_ policy concerning, iii. 1, 8, 18, 45, 56, 214, 244, 314, + 331; iv. 30; + French occupation of, iii. 4, 7; + enlistments from, under the French eagles, 3, 202, 324; + _N._ organizes government for, 8; + _N._ "the liberator of," 10; + horrors of the winter campaign in, 18; + a new field of warfare for _N._, 18; + new levies ordered in, 20; + morale of the French army in, 45; + proposed transfer to the King of Saxony, 50; + proposed new kingdom of, 56; + Prussian provinces ceded to Warsaw, 62; + possible restoration of, 65, 108, 244, 312-315, 322; iv. 298; + war indemnity exacted from, iii. 78; + French nobility endowed with lands in, 87; + strengthening the French forces in, 117; + dangers of withdrawing Russian troops from, 117; + Davout recalled from, 165; + reliance on _N._, 196, 316; + invaded by Archduke Ferdinand, 201; + concentration of troops at Warsaw, 203; + Archduke Ferdinand's vicissitudes in, 212; + enlargement of, 248; + second partition of, 309; + schemes of Alexander and Czartoryski in regard to, 309, 316; + rupture between Alexander and _N._ over, 310 et seq.; + Alexander refuses to restore the integrity of, 311; + the patriots of, in Warsaw, 313; + movement of Russian troops toward, 317; + factor in the Russian war of, 1812, 328; + _N.'s_ mistake in not restoring, 331; + Abbé de Pradt's mission from Dresden to, 331; + the Diet of Warsaw begs for the reconstruction of, 331; + possible schemes of French annexation of, 331; + Czartoryski's ambitions in, 383; + Kutusoff's advance through, 395; + Prussia seeks to recover part of, 395-400; + Bennigsen in, iv. 3; + _N._ offers to renounce, 30; + the extinction of, 298. + + =Poles=, seek alliance with France, i. 420; + in French service, 437; ii. 14; + military service in Italy, 42; + _N.'s_ policy of winning, iii. 214; + loyalty to _N._, 315; iv. 35; + _N.'s_ waning prestige among, iii. 335. + + =Polish Church=, _N.'s_ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68. + + =Politics, the art of=, i. 72; + _N.'s_ passion for, and study of, 94, 114, 126, 150, 199. + + =Polygamy=, forbidden by the French Sanhedrim, iii. 76; + _N._ upholds, iv. 231. + + =Polytechnic School=, founding of the, i. 281; ii. 225-227; + calling out of students of, iv. 109. + + =Pomerania=, Prussia recommended to seize, ii. 420; + Gustavus IV commanding in, iii. 36; + Prussia retains her strongholds in, 42; + _N._ promises to restore to Sweden, 268; + Bernadotte's kindly treatment of, 280; + Davout occupies Swedish, 321; + offered to Bernadotte, 399. + + =Pomerania, Duke of=, seeks representation at Congress of Rastatt, + ii. 27. + + =Pompei=, member of the directory of Corsica, i. 133. + + =Poniatowski, Prince J. A.=, relies on _N.'s_ good will, ii. 445; + Archduke Ferdinand's pursuit of, iii. 211; + reoccupies Warsaw, 212; + strength of his corps, March, 1812, 323; + doubts Lithuania's rising, 326; + battle of Borodino, 344; + battle of Wiazma, 359; + claims to the Polish throne, 383; + fails to keep Russia out of Warsaw, 385; + commanding in Galicia, 402; + at Fischbach, iv. 18; + battle of Leipsic, 29, 32, 34; + drowned in the Elster, 34. + + =Ponsonby, Sir W.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202. + + =Pont d'Austerlitz=, iii. 74. + + =Pont des Arts=, iii. 74. + + =Pont d'Jena=, iii. 74. + + =Pontebba Pass=, battles in, i. 433. + + =Ponte Corvo=, Bernadotte created Prince of, ii. 396; iii. 86. + _See also_ =Bernadotte=. + + =Pontécoulant, Doulcet de=, uses influence on _N.'s_ behalf, i. 292; + retired from the central committee, 295; + _N.'s_ relations with, ii. 3. + + =Ponte-Nuovo=, battle of, i. 23; + _N._ visits the battle-ground at, 132. + + =Pont Royal=, the mêlée at the, i. 303. + + =Popular government=, the rise of, i. 109. + + =Popular representation without eyes, ears, or power=, ii. 126. + + =Porcil=, military operations near, i, 391. + + =Portalis, J. E. M.=, councilor of state, ii. 214; + on committee to draft the Code, 222; + minister of public worship, 346. + + =Portland, Duke of=, prime minister of England, iii. 46, 69. + + =Port Mahon=, i. 22. + + =Porto Ferrajo=, seized by England, i. 398; + arrival of the exile at, iv. 141; + _N.'s_ residence at, 143; + danger of _N.'s_ remaining in, 152. + + =Porto Legnago=, Augereau driven into, i. 409. + + =Port Royal=, education of Josephine de la Pagerie at, i. 313. + + =Portsmouth=, Nelson sails for, ii. 359. + + =Portugal=, growth of liberal ideas in, i. 276; + war with Spain, ii. 18; + joins the second coalition, 90; + France offers peace to, 154; + alliances with England, 154, 332; + _N.'s_ problems in, 203 et seq.; + forced contribution levied on, 205; iii. 119; + abandons English alliance, ii. 205; + compelled to close her harbors to English ships, 205; iii. 67; + France guarantees integrity of, ii. 211; + neutrality of, 289, 332; iii. 67, 120; + Spanish invasion of, ii. 332; + proposed commercial war against England, iii. 55; + _N._ calls for alliance with, 66; + seizure of her fleet by England, 67; + Junot's army on the borders of, 67; + proposed acquisition by Spain, 67, 121; + movement of English troops into, 111, 121; + the situation in, 118; + French invasion of, 120 et seq.; 151; + obeys the Berlin and Milan decrees, 119; + closing of the harbors, 119; + rupture of diplomatic relations between France and, 119; + dynastic troubles in, 119; + democracy in, 119, 120; + proposed partition of, 120; + commerce with England, 120; + Spain coöperates with France against, 121; + seizure of fortresses by France, 121; + flight of Don John from, 121; + escape of the fleet from the Tagus, 121; + revulsion of feeling against Junot in, 122; + fraternization of the people with Junot's army, 122; + appointment of a council of regency, 122; + Junot's military administration in, 122; + applies to England for help, 122; + insurrections against French rule, 122; + _N._ offers the crown to Lucien, 129; + intrigues for the throne of, 129; + Junot appointed governor of, 132; + to be given to a Bonaparte prince, 133; + France proposes an exchange for, 133; + the crown offered to Murat, 147; + destruction of her commerce, 151; + Junot's occupation of, 156; + French evacuation of, 157; + Lord Wellesley enters, 157; + intensity of the rebellion in, 185; + sympathy with Spain, 186; + supposed English scheme to abandon, 187; + Wellesley expels the French from, 236; + England's loss of trade with, 272; + reinforcements for the English army in, 284; + English failures in, 283; + held by Wellington, 283; + Masséna invades, 284; + Junot aspires to the crown of, 287; + Soult aspires to the crown of, 287, 296; + Soult's invasion of (1809), 286; + Wellington retreats to, 289, 290; + _N._ proposes to restore, to the House of Braganza, 319; + member of the Vienna coalition, iv. 164; + _N.'s_ dread of capture in, 220. + + =Posen=, _N._ in, ii. 444; iii. 331; + expected scene of operations, 1; + French occupation of, 12; + incorporated into the grand duchy of Warsaw, 56; + Eugène assumes command at, 385; + Murat abandons the army at, 393. + + =Potemkin, Prince=, _N._ seeks service with, i. 216. + + =Potsdam=, treaty of, ii. 377, 390; + _N._ at, 437. + + =Pougy=, military operations near, iv. 89. + + =Pozzo di Borgo, Count C. A.=, the Corsican victory of, i. 22; + associated with _N._ in Corsica, 117; + member of the Directory of Corsica, 133; + delegate to the National Assembly, 133; + _N.'s_ lifelong foe, 165; iii. 314; iv. 98; + attorney-general of Corsica, i. 185; + suspected of intrigue with England, 190; + denounced by _N._, 206; + ordered to trial, 403; + Russian envoy at Vienna, ii. 445; iii. 178, 314; + on the humiliation of Prussia, 63; + influence at St. Petersburg, 165; + at peace council in Paris, iv. 114. + + =Pradt, Abbé de=, mission from Dresden to Poland, iii. 331. + + =Prague=, Maria Louisa at, iii. 331; + _N._ acknowledges his mistake in not making peace at, iv. 135. + + =Prague, Congress of=, iii. 417-420; 423; iv. 30, 41, 68. + + =Prairial=, the 30th of, ii. 92. + + =Pratzen=, fighting on the heights of, ii. 383-387. + + =Preameneu, Bigot de=, on committee to draft the Code, ii. 222. + + =Prefects=, the system of, ii. 127. + + =Pregel, River=, military movements on the, iii. 30. + + =Prenzlau=, Hohenlohe's retreat to, ii. 434; + Hohenlohe driven from, 436. + + =Presburg=, treaty of, ii. 391, 405; iii. 55, 109, 195, 200; + military operations near, 226, 230; + Archduke John at, 227, 230. + + =Press, the=, freedom of, decreed, i. 110; + demand for freedom of in Corsica, 116; + condition in France, 281; + members of, proscribed, ii. 8; + abolition of liberty of, 8, 145; + _N._ and the liberty of, 23; + muzzling of, 36, 254, 271; + suppression of Jacobin papers, 97; + _N.'s_ use of, 186; iii. 25; + servility to _N._, ii. 232-235; + censorship of, 234, 235, 296, 350, 362, 397, 417; iii. 25, 88, 160, + 297, 300; iv. 146; + in modern France, ii. 254; + _N.'s_ reason for repression of, 254; + liberty of, in England, 271; + _N._ attempts to muzzle the English, 356; + supervision of the, iv. 51; + abolition of censorship promised, 159. + + =Press-gang=, employment of, in France, ii. 332. + + =Pretender, the=. _See_ =Louis XVIII=. + + =Preussisch-Eylau=. _See_ =Eylau=. + + =Préval, Gen.=, refuses service on d'Enghien courtmartial, ii, 307. + + =Primary Assembly, the=, i. 305. + + =Primogeniture=, _N._ on, i. 137; + abolished, ii. 223; iii. 84; + its advantages and decay, 84. + + =Primolano=, capture of Wurmser's advance-guard at, i. 384. + + ="Prince of the Peace," the=. _See_ =Godoy=. + + =Pripet, River=, Bagration's stand on the, iii. 335. + + =Privilege=, the overthrow of, i. 158. + + =Privy council=, creation of a, ii. 247. + + =Probstheida=, military movements near, iv. 32. + + =Property rights=, _N.'s_ share in codifying the law concerning, ii. 223. + + =Prossnitz=, junction of Russian and Austrian troops at, ii. 379. + + =Protestants=, demand of civil rights, for the, i. 106. + + =Provence=, a tempestuous time in, i. 212; + royalist rising in, ii. 161; + royalist sentiment in, iv. 137; + _N.'s_ reception in, 138, 144; + longing in, for the Emperor's return, 152; + the White Terror in, 222. + + =Provera, Gen.=, in Rivoli campaign, i. 406-414; + called to reorganize the Roman army, ii. 39. + + =Provins=, military movements near, iv. 62, 72, 81, 85. + + =Prowtowski, Gen.=, accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, iv. 228. + + =Prud'hon, Pierre=, painter, ii. 351. + + =Prussia=, relations, alliances, etc., with Austria, i. 174, 324; + ii. 86, 155, 264, 389, 413; iii. 22, 225, 234, 330; iv. 41, + 57; + captures Longwy, i. 179; + expected enmity of, 187; + effect of military successes of, 194; + partition of Poland, 220, 425; + abandons the coalition, 276, 324; + defeats Austria, 325; + uplifting of, and growth of the national spirit in, 325, 350, 425; + ii. 41, 154, 415, 417; iii. 37, 44, 62, 95, 103, 106, 137, + 159, 161, 193, 213, 225, 319, 327, 382, 385, 391-394, 397, + 420, 423; + makes peace with France (1795), i. 341, (1796), 349; + neutrality of, 385; ii. 43, 90, 154-157, 311, 414; iii. 44; + treaty with France (1796), i. 450; + attitude toward France (1797-98), ii. 41-44; + favors secularization of ecclesiastical principalities, 41; + supposed mistaken policy of, 43; + recognizes the Cisalpine Republic, 43; + the center of gravity of Europe, 155; + negotiates with France for Hamburg, 154; + refuses to join the second coalition, 154; + France's assistance to, against Austria, 154; + _N._ negotiates with, 156; + supremacy in the German Diet, 193; + joins the "armed neutrality," 194; + territories acquired by (1802), 265; + strengthening of, 266; + Ney's check on, 272; + _N._ dictates her attitude, 1803, 282; + acquiesces in the creation of the empire, 320; + protests against Rumbold's seizure, 331; + negotiates for Hanover, 356-358; + relations with Russia, negotiations and treaties between the two + countries, and attitudes of their rulers, 355, 356, 405, 406, + 417, 418; iii. 1, 18, 22, 37, 41, 54, 108, 168, 178, 225, 316, + 320, 329, 330, 382, 385, 398, 424; iv. 67; + Hardenberg's aim at consolidation, ii. 358; + refuses alliance with England, 358; + to receive Hanover for assistance to France, 361; + garrisons Hanover, 361; + strength compared with France, 361; + violation of her neutrality, 365; + resents Bernadotte's violation of Ansbach, 376; + renounces her neutrality, 377; + decline of her influence, 377; + negotiates for peace, 381; + to close her ports to England, 390; + _N._ demands offensive and defensive alliance with, 390; + subservience to France, 394; + proposal to give Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck to, 400; + alliance with France, 400; + England declares war against, 400; + acquires Hanover, 400, 405; + humiliation of, 400, 406, 443; iii. 22, 37, 44, 56, 62, 65, 161-165; + neutralization of her power, ii. 402; + joins England and Russia, 406; + territorial aggrandizement, 413; + the reigns of the Fredericks, 413, 414; + her army, 413, 414, 418-422, 424, 427, 434, 437; iii. 397, 417; + iv. 171; + education in, ii. 415; + condition in 1806, 415; + feudalism in, 414-417; + influence of Queen Louisa in, 415; + the reform party in, 414-417; + exasperation at _N._ in, 416, 417, 420; + _N._ demands the disarmament of, 418; + ill effects of aristocratic pride in, 418-420; + advised by _N._ to seize Pomerania, 420; + _N.'s_ necessity for quick action with, 420-422; + the war party, 420, 427, 428; + hesitation about mobilization, 421; + declares war, 421; + state of war with England, 421; + weakness of, 422; + plan of the campaign, 423, 424, 427; + alliance with Saxony, 429; + moral effect of Jéna upon, 434, 435; + advance of the French through, 435-439; + total defeat of, 436-440; + _N.'s_ treatment of, 436, 441; + plundered of works of art, 439; + sack and rapine in, 439; + unconscionable demands on, 442; + peace negotiations, 442; + abandoned by Saxony, 443; + enlistments from, under the French eagles, iii. 3; + retreat from Pultusk, 4; + _N.'s_ proffered terms to, after Eylau, 18; + proposed rehabilitation of, 18; + _N.'s_ reserve forces in central, 22; + treaty with Russia at Bartenstein, 22; + proposal for a new coalition, 22; + weakness of, 23, 35; + numbers in the field, summer of 1807, 28; + severity of _N.'s_ terms for, 37; + _N._ grants concessions at Tilsit, 42; + armistice with, 42; + retains strongholds in Silesia and Pomerania, 42; + _N.'s_ attempts to secure alliance with, 44; + interest in Poland, 45; + French liberal idea of France's affinity with, 45; + representatives at Tilsit, 49; + acquisitions of territory, 50; + proposed transfer of Saxony to, 50; + responsibility for her belligerency, 50; + new boundaries, 55; + retains Silesia, 55, 56; + reorganization at Tilsit, 56; + the kingdom of Westphalia carved out of, 56; + treaty of Tilsit, 63 (_see also_ =Tilsit=); + feeling toward Frederick William in, 62; + mutilation of, 62; + war indemnity exacted from, 62, 78; + French occupation of, 63, 99, 104, 108, 116, 166, 307; + effect of the peace of Tilsit on, 95; + fails to raise war indemnity, 99; + closes and fortifies her harbors, 102; + abolition of old land tenures in, 102; + responsibility for the war with France, 102; + the patriotic writers of, 103; + reorganization of the educational system, 103; + abolition of the privy council, 103; + municipal autonomy, 103; + freeing the serfs in, 103; + the "yunker" class, 103; + military reforms in, 103, 104, 162; + the League of Virtue, 103, 161; + subserviency to France, 104; + hostility to France, 106; + pleads bankruptcy, 106; + _N._ proposes further humiliation of, 107; + _N._ offers to evacuate, 108, 112, 167; + encouraged to revolt, 159, 161, 163; + civil reforms in, 164; + death of military reforms in, 164; + death of militarism in, 164; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, 178; + endeavors to secure mitigation of _N.'s_ demands, 178; + proposes to reduce her army, 178; + French evacuation of, 178, 182; + effect of battle of Jena on, 190; + military centralization of, 190; + warlike temper in, 195; + the pursuit after Waterloo, 210; + secret armament in, 225; + offer of Warsaw to, 225; + French occupation of the coast, 266; + Mme. de Staël in, 300; + pecuniary demands upon, 307; + treaty with France, Feb. 24, 1812, 320, 330; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, 321; + influence in Germany, 320; + threatened dismemberment of, 320; + renders military aid to France, 320; + furnishes contingent to _N.'s_ army, 324; + _N._ belittles, 327; + coalition with Austria and Russia, 331; + religious aspect of the European situation in, 382; + _N._ hints at territorial cessions to, 392; + in grand coalition against _N._, 393; + forced to a decision, 395; + _N._ demands more troops from, 395; + advised by Metternich to join Russia, 395; + entry of Russian troops into, 393, 398; + aims to recover Prussian Poland, 396-400; + popular detestation of _N._ in, 397; + death of the Queen, 397; + mobilization of the army, 397; + condition at opening of 1813, 397-399; + declares war, 398; + scheme for territorial aggrandizement of, 398; + seeks subsidy from England, 398; + designs on Saxony, 399; + _N._ determines to dismember, 399; + subsidized by England, 399, 417; iv. 76, 164; + strenuous endeavors of, iii. 403; + proposed restoration of, 407; + proposed new capital for, 409; + _N.'s_ new schemes for, 409; + proposed enlargement of, 415; + proposed rectification of the western boundary, 415; + secret treaty of Reichenbach, 416, 417, 422; + guarantees a war loan, 417; + treaty with England, June 14, 1813, 417; + strength of, iv. 5; + _N.'s_ personal spite against, 5, 17; + _N.'s_ attempts to separate Russia from, 17; + heroism in, 19; + losses at Dennewitz, 19; + _N._ offers terms to, 21; + scheme to restore her status of 1805, 22; + concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22; + beginning of her military aggrandizement, 37; + acquires the hegemony of continental Europe, 37; + eagerness for war in, 41; + at the Congress of Frankfort, 41; + proposes to invade France via Liège, 54, 57; + troops on the Rhine, 55; + _N.'s_ implacable foe, 57; + seeks the retention of her acquisitions, 67; + desire for constitutional government in, 68; + eager for an armistice, 70, 71, 75; + treaty of Chaumont, 76; + the triple alliance, 76; + Metternich strives to check ambition of, 88; + party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133; + attitude at Congress of Vienna, 144, 145; + quota of troops, 164; + member of the Vienna coalition, 164; + campaign of Waterloo, 169 et seq.; + reaps harvest of political spoils at Waterloo, 214; + claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214; + losses at Waterloo, 214; + claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of _N._, 225; + influence in Germany, 298. + + =Pruth, River=, Russia acquires a boundary on the, iii. 321. + + =Przasnysz=, military operations near, iii. 13. + + =Public works=, _N.'s_ scheme of, ii. 279. + + =Pultusk=, battle of, iii. 1-10. + + =Puntowitz=, military operations near, ii. 385, 386. + + =Puster Valley=, military operations in the, i. 433. + + =Pyramids=, battle of the, ii. 60. + + =Pyrenees, the=, French troops in ii. 37, 44, 48; iii. 133, 134; + Louis XIV "abolishes," 70; + a boundary of the Continental System, 280; + plans for the defense of, 421; + Soult driven over, iv. 40; + France's "natural boundary," 41. + + +Q + + =Quasdanowich, Gen.=, _N.'s_ operations against, i. 350; + captures Brescia, 380; + battle of Lonato, 380, 383; + strength in Friuli, 386. + + =Quatre Bras=, military operations near, iv. 171, 175, 178; + battle of, 180-188; + _N.'s_ flight through, 211; + Ney at, 214. + + =Quedlinburg=, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 263. + + =Queiss, River=, military operations on the, iv. 15. + + =Quenza, Col.=, elected lieutenant-colonel in National Guard of + Corsica, i. 166; + commanding Corsican volunteers, 170; + conduct at Ajaccio condemned, 172; + his command under Dumouriez, 184. + + =Quiberon=, English expedition to, i. 277. + + =Quinette, N. M.=, member of the new Directory, iv. 218. + + =Quirinal, the=, Pius VII a _fainéant_ prince in, iii. 119; + forcible entry into, 242. + + +R + + =Raab=, Archduke John advances toward, iii. 226. + + =Radetsky, Count J. J. W.=, military genius, 6; + favors invasion of France, 57; + courage, 59; + advises concentration of the allies at Arcis, 89. + + =Radziwill, Princess=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415. + + =Ragusa=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; + _N._ offers the territory to England, 404, 405; + Marmont created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Marmont=. + + "=Ragusade=," the word, iv. 127. + + =Rahmaniyeh=, Mameluke retreat toward, ii. 69. + + =Raigern=, military operations near, ii. 385, 386. + + =Rambouillet=, the imperial court at, iii. 301; + flight of the Empress to, iv. 108-112, 135; + _N._ at, 219. + + =Rambouillet decree, the=, March 23, 1810, iii. 274. + + =Ramolini=, associated with _N._ in Corsica, i. 117. + + =Ramolino, Letizia= (mother of _N._), marriage, i. 30; + character, 30-34. + _See also_ =Buonaparte, Letizia=. + + =Rampon, Gen.=, holds Argenteau in check, i. 353, 356; + his stand at Monte Legino, 356, 393. + + =Rapinat=, frauds of, ii. 91. + + =Rapp, Count Jean=, on _N.'s_ desire for peace, ii. 268; + in battle of Austerlitz, 387; + seizes a would-be assassin of _N._, iii. 240; + recounts the horrors of the Russian campaign, 340; + begs _N._ to desist at Smolensk, 340; + commanding at Dantzic, 402. + + =Rastatt=, Congress of, ii. 19, 22, 27, 38, 41, 51, 52, 69, 88, 89, 264; + neutralization of, 22; + the murders at, 89, 300. + + =Ratisbon=, Jourdan's defeat near, i. 385; + selected as _N.'s_ headquarters, iii. 202; + military movements near, 203, 204, 205, 209, 216; + battle of, 211; + seized by Archduke Charles, 216; + _N._ wounded at, 240; + given to Dalberg, 266; + Saxon troops offered to Austria at, 399. + + =Raynal, Abbé G. T. F.=, _N._ a disciple of, i. 71, 75-78, 81, 114, + 115, 127, 137; ii. 46, 139; + his works and opinions, i. 75-78; + the "History of Corsica" addressed to, 92, 124, 127; + founds prize for essay on America, 137. + + =Raynouard, F. J. M.=, "The Templars," ii. 350. + + =Réal, P. F.=, urges action against Bourbon plotters, ii. 304; + police-agent, 306; + share in the trial of d'Enghien, 306-310. + + =Reason=, the party of, i. 250. + + =Récamier, Mme.=, social life in Paris, i. 290; ii. 411, 412; + instigates Moreau's letter to _N._, 290; + _N.'s_ differences with, 411, 412; + relations with Mme. de Staël, 411; + exiled, 412. + + =Récamier, M.=, bankruptcy of, ii. 411. + + =Recco, Abbé=, _N.'s_ early tutor, i. 41. + + ="Redoubtable," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374. + + =Red Sea=, its importance, ii. 46. + + "=Reflections on the State of Nature=," i. 145. + + =Reform=, the French nobility and, i. 142. + + =Regensburg=, seat of the German Diet, ii. 404. + _See also_ =Ratisbon=. + + =Reggio=, new scheme of government for, i. 402; + disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439; + creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; + Oudinot created Duke of, iii. 86. + _See also_ =Oudinot=. + + =Regnaud, M. L. E.=, ii. 214. + + =Regnier, C. A.=, moves the appointment of _N._ as commander of the + Paris garrison, ii. 104; + in Leon, iii. 283; + strength, March, 1812, 324. + + =Reich, Baronne de=, imprisonment of, ii. 304. + + =Reichenbach=, French generals killed at, iii. 410; + secret treaty of, 416, 418, 422, 423; iv. 68. + + =Reille, Gen.=, service in Spain, iii. 283; + at Leers, iv. 171; + in the Waterloo campaign, 171; + seizes Marchiennes, 173; + crosses the Sambre, 173; + at Thuin, 173; + disperses the Prussians at Gosselies, 175, 177; + battle of Quatre Bras, 181, 183, 186; + battle of Waterloo, 199-203. + + =Religion=, _N.'s_ attitude toward, i. 146; ii. 205-208, 215-218, + 224, 226, 227, 245, 256, 258, 259; iii. 174, 175; + influence on the social life of the world, ii. 47. + + =Religious opinion=, freedom of, decreed, i. 110. + + =Rémusat, Mme. de=, _N.'s_ relations with, i. 77; ii. 9, 55, 118, + 197, 198, 255, 421; iii. 19, 27, 80; + confidences with Josephine, ii. 308; + reports _N.'s_ answers to Josephine's charges, iii. 27; + conversations with Talleyrand, 80. + + =Réné=, exploit at Lake Garda, i. 414. + + =Rennes=, interview between _N._ and Villeneuve at, ii. 375. + + =Republican calendar=, ceases to exist, ii. 406. + + =Restoration, the=, revulsion of feeling against _N._ at the, ii. 199. + + =Reudnitz=, military operations near, iv. 28. + + =Revolution, the=, its germ, i. 74; + _N.'s_ views concerning, 78; + first mutterings and opening of, 96-98 et seq.; + excesses of, 108-111; + federation for, 141; + European antagonism to, 142; + in the Rhone Valley, 148-159; + becomes a national movement, 240; + favored in Lombardy and Tuscany, 261; + propagating the ideas of, 276; ii. 38; + failure to give political freedom to France, 293; + effect on the French people, 319; + its humanitarian mission, 348; + the art of, iii. 88; + treatment in French literature, 88; + completion of its program to close the continent to English + commerce, 279; + the work of, 422; + _N._ the standard-bearer of, 424; iv. 152, 261; + its principles and effect, 253-257; + shorn of its horrors, 297. + + =Rewbell, J. F.=, member of the Directory, i. 309, 329, 332; ii. 35; + character, i. 329; + dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441; + _N.'s_ relations with, ii. 23; + advocates _N.'s_ resignation, 52; + suspected of peculation, 92; + fails of reelection to the Directory, 91. + + =Rey, Gen.=, in the battle of Rivoli, i. 414. + + =Reynier, Gen.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53; + battle of the Pyramids, 60; + fails to keep Russia out of Warsaw, iii. 385; + division commander under Eugène, 393; + in campaign of 1813, 402; + beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413; + battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18; + battle of Leipsic, 27, 32, 34; + captured at Leipsic, 34; + exchanged, 61. + + =Rheims=, prison massacres in, i. 188; + occupied by _N._, iv. 77; + captured by St. Priest, 80; + _N.'s_ low physical and moral condition at, 82; + captured by the French, 82, 84, 85; + _N._ at, 91, 107; + captured by the allies, 94; + possible advantages of a supposititious retreat by Marmont to, 99. + + =Rhine, River, the=, the boundary question and struggles for, i. 276, + 327, 334, 446, 450; ii. 22, 38, 41, 51, 193, 264, 356; iii. 416, + 422; iv. 31, 41; + royalist plots on, i. 297; + military operations on, 341, 347, 358, 435, 439, 440; ii. 48, 87, + 88, 160, 166, 304, 362-364, 404; iv. 36, 40, 54-60, 70, 169; + plundering on, ii. 38; iii. 75; + French supremacy on, ii. 96; + _N.'s_ scheme of petty states on, 265; + French march to the Danube from, 376; + Louis ordered to hold, 424; + a French river, iii. 270; + _N.'s_ excursion on, 421. + + =Rhodes=, Turkish naval preparations at, ii. 75; + expedition to Egypt from, 75-79. + + =Rhone, River, the=, French acquisitions on, i. 422; + _N.'s_ reception on, iv. 137. + + =Rhone, Valley, the=, the Revolution in, i. 148-159; + _N.'s_ influence in, 178; + civil war in, 213; + to be ceded to France, ii. 40. + + =Richelieu, Cardinal=, scheme of intervention in Germany, ii. 211; + policy at close of the Thirty Years' War, 264. + + =Richepanse, Gen.=, success on the Mettenberg, ii. 168; + in battle of Hohenlinden, 191. + + =Richmond, Duchess of=, ball on the eve of Waterloo, iv. 178. + + =Richmond, Duke of=, interview between Wellington and, at the ball, + iv. 178. + + =Ricord=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219; + in siege of Toulon, 231; + in charge of movements against Genoa, 248. + + =Ricord, Mme.=, _N.'s_ attentions to, i. 256. + + =Riga=, _N._ threatens to march to, iii. 304; + preparations for the siege of, 333; + Prussian troops at, 338; + military operations near, 353. + + =Rights of man=, the, i. 326. + + =Rippach=, skirmish at, iii. 404; + death of Bessières at, 404. + + =Riviera=, Austrian garrison for the, ii. 170. + + =Rivoli=, the starting-point of _N.'s_ public career, i. 148; + battle of, 380, 388, 410-416; ii. 140, 323; + _N.'s_ estimate of, i. 416, 420; + effect of the campaign on European history, 416; + Masséna created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Masséna=. + + =Road-work=, French popular hatred of, i. 105. + + =Roberjot=, member of Congress of Rastatt, ii. 88; + killed at Rastatt, 89. + + =Roberjot, Mme.=, accuses Debry of murder, ii. 89. + + =Robespierre, Augustin=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219; + in siege of Toulon, 231; + _N.'s_ friendship with, 236, 241, 247, 253, 289; + leadership of, 241; + describes the French campaign in Lombardy, 244; + execution, 251; + influence on _N.'s_ life, iv. 248. + + =Robespierre, Charlotte=, _N.'s_ attentions to, i. 256. + + =Robespierre, Mme.=, pension for, ii. 293. + + =Robespierre, Maximilien=, member of the National Convention, i. 188; + dictator of France, 194; + fall and execution, 247-252, 266; + religious decrees, 250; + _N.'s_ characterization of, 251; + hatred of the Church, 330; + dread of Carnot, 333; + influence on _N.'s_ life, iv. 248. + + "=Robespierre, the Little=," i. 238. + + =Rochambeau, Gen.=, succeeds Leclerc in San Domingo, ii. 237; + surrenders to an English fleet, 237. + + =Rochefort=, naval expedition from, ii. 331, 333; + the fleet ordered to the English Channel from, 359; + Villeneuve's mission to relieve, 359; + the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean, iii. 111; + _N._ journeys to Rochefort, iv. 220; + English cruisers at, 220; + immunity from the White Terror, 223. + + =Roederer=, ii. 51, 214; + dreads a new Terror, 94; + joins the Bonapartist ranks, 96; + an opportunist, 98; + on the necessity of renewing the constitution, 106; + the 18th Brumaire, 107; + member of the council of state, 152; + on Fourcroy's educational measures, 227; + advocates the Legion of Honor, 246; + suggests hereditary consulship, 245; + dismissed, 277; + character, 277; + reforms Neapolitan finance, iii. 130; + interviews and conversations with _N._, 197; iv. 248, 249; + sent out of France, 262. + + =Roger-Ducos=, member of the Directory, ii. 92; + scheme to make him consul, 102; + proposed resignation of, 102; + resigns from the Directory, 106, 115, 118; + consul of France, 123. + + =Rohan, Cardinal=, retirement at Ettenheim, ii. 301. + + =Rohan-Rochefort, Princess Charlotte of=, married to Duc d'Enghien, + ii. 301; + the Duc d'Enghien's last message to, 310. + + =Rohr=, Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 207. + + =Roland, J. N.=, forms a ministry, i. 172; + leader of the Girondists, 189. + + =Romagna=, surrendered to France, i. 422; + ceded to Venice at Leoben, 439; + incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21; + Austrian forces in, 170. + + =Roman Catholic Church=, _N.'s_ views concerning the, i. 76; + influence in Corsica, 128; + opposition to the French Republic, 276; + the Pope shorn of his temporal power, iii. 242; + influence on France, iv. 253. + + =Roman Catholics=, disturbances among, in Corsica, i. 167, 168. + + =Roman Church=, _N.'s_ failure to Gallicize, iv. 260. + + =Roman Empire, the=, ii. 329; + compared with Napoleonic France, ii. 222, 235. + + =Roman Republic, the=, organization and proclamation of, ii. 30, 86; + Neapolitan invasion of, 87; + abandonment of, 205. + + =Romanoff, House of=, _N._ proposes matrimonial alliances with, iii. 93. + + =Rome=, maritime expedition against, i. 257, 261; + difficulties of an attack on, 262; + murder of French minister (Basseville) in, 261, 375, 422; + _N.'s_ hostility toward the central power at, 264; + temporal power of the Pope, 345; + plunder of, 369; ii. 39; + plan to capture, i. 375; + _N.'s_ plans concerning, 401, 405, 422, 423; + quarrel between France and, 401, 420; + influence of, 404; + proposition to hand her over to Spain, 420; + campaign against Pius VI, 420-423; + dispersal of the papal army, 422; + Victor's military watch on, 431; + _N.'s_ influence in, 448; + _N.'s_ operations against, ii. 9; + Joseph Buonaparte minister at, 28; + Berthier proclaims the Roman Republic in, 39; + calls Provera to reorganize her army, 39; + liberal rising in, 39; + Austria to be restrained from interference in, 42; + Neapolitan invasion of, 68, 72, 87; + recognition of the Pope's temporal power in, 207; + restrictions on residence in, 216; + remains of Pius VI sent to, 216; + Chateaubriand French representative at, 260; + France to evacuate, 262; + Madame Mère and Lucien at, 342; + _N._ demands recognition as Emperor of, 396; + ports of, closed to enemies of France, 396; + French occupation of, iii. 118; + excommunication for the invaders of, 119; + disbandment of the Noble Guard, 119; + Pius VII's idle state in, 119; + severing of the spiritual and temporal powers, 215, 242; + the city incorporated with Italy, 242; + occupied by Gen. Miollis, 242; + the College of Cardinals and ecclesiastical courts transported to + France, 258, 263; + the department of, created, 262, 263, 279; + secularization of the convents, 263; + dispersal of foreign prelates, 264; + Paris a rival to, as capital of the Western empire, 307; + sends deputation to Paris, 380; + restoration of the Pope's domains, 391; + Murat marches on, iv. 56; + Lucien fosters revolution in, 144; + France the heir of, 253; + influence throughout Italy, 256. + + =Rome= (ancient), governmental systems of, adopted in France, i. 269, + 270; ii. 123; + influence on French art, iii. 88; + the territorial expansion of, 164; + loss of her political liberty, iv. 260; + the history of, 294. + + =Rome, the King of=, Schwarzenberg's toast to, iii. 261; + the title, 262; + birth of, 302, 328; + brilliancy of his future, 302; + address of the Paris Chamber of Commerce on the birth of, 303; + his portrait at Borodino, 343; + entrusted to care of the National Guard, iv. 53; + Joseph enjoined to preserve him from Austrian capture, 91; + likened to Astyanax, 91, 108; + chances of his succession, 107; + flight from Paris, 107-110; + an ill omen for, 109; + proposed regency for, 114; + _N._ declares for his succession, 124; + territory granted to, 133; + proposed coronation of, 157; + dismissal of his French attendants, 162; + sends message to his father, 162; + failure of the attempt to crown, 165; + _N.'s_ farewell message to, 233. + + =Roncesvalles=, French military movements at, iii. 132. + + =Ronco=, military operations at, i. 389-391. + + =Rosily, Adm.=, ordered to supersede Villeneuve, ii. 372. + + =Rositten=, military operations near, iii. 14. + + =Rossbach=, battle of, iv. 267. + + =Rosslau=, military operations near, iv. 21, 22. + + =Rossomme=, _N._ at, iv. 195, 207, 210; + fighting at, 211. + + =Rostino=, meeting of _N._ and Paoli at, i. 132. + + =Rousseau, Jean Jacques=, views on Corsica, i. 18, 19; + offered asylum by Paoli, 19; + _N.'s_ study of, and admiration for, 65, 70-78, 114, 145, 264; + ii. 139, 256; iv. 292; + _N.'s_ style compared with that of, i. 136; + on man in a state of nature, 145; + influence of, in France, 266, 267; + theory of natural boundaries, 326; + Chateaubriand a disciple of, ii. 259. + + =Roussel, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202. + + =Roustan=, reply to Rousseau, i. 76. + + =Roverbello=, battle of, iv. 56. + + =Roveredo=, battle of, i. 384; + abandoned by Vaubois, 387. + + =Rovigo=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; + Savary created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Savary=. + + =Royal Corsican Regiment=, refuses to fight against its native + island, i. 22. + + =Royal family=, imprisoned in the Temple, i. 175. + + =Royalism=, hatred of the French for, ii. 194; + its evils abolished from France, 224. + + =Royalists=, institute the "White Terror," i. 277, 278; + plots and intrigues of, 277, 298, 328; ii. 3-6, 8, 36, 241, + 297-301; iv. 81; + English subsidies for, i. 325; + banished from Sardinia, 353; + the Clichy faction, ii. 3-5, 7, 8; + relations and negotiations between _N._ and, ii. 3-6, 36, 124, + 134, 195, 229, 239, 259; iv. 259; + extended influence in 1798, ii. 5; + events of the 18th of Fructidor, 7, 8, 22, 23; + Austria seeks their triumph in Paris, 19; + proscription of, 8, 22, 23; + attitude of the Directory toward, 36; + claims concerning the murders at Rastatt, 89; + Moreau's tendency toward, 94; + sigh for a second Richelieu, 120; + views of the results of the 18th Brumaire, 121; + encouraged to return to France, 130; + dissensions among, 239-241; + publish "L'Ambigu," 270; + the Cadoudal conspiracy, 297 et seq.; + in Alsace, 301; + argument in their favor, 348; + growing strength of, iv. 98; + display their enthusiasm in Paris, 114; + their hour of triumph, 127; + opposition to, by the army, 132; + supported in Provence, 137; + plots against _N.'s_ life, 138, 144; + commemorate the death of Louis XVI, 149; + defend the Tuileries, 158; + stirred up by Jacobin enmity to _N._, 166. + + =Royal power=, _N._ on, i. 93. + + =Royal Scots Fusileers=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201. + + ="Royal Sovereign," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 373. + + =Royer-Collard, P. P.=, Royalist intrigues of, iv. 106. + + =Rüchel, Gen.=, his military command, ii. 425; + at Eisenach, 427; + ordered to concentrate at Weimar, 430; + in battle of Jena, 430, 431. + + =Rue de Paix, the=, iii. 74. + + =Rue Rivoli, the=, iii. 74. + + =Rully, Gen.=, commands expedition to Corsica, i. 125; + killed at St. Florent, 126. + + =Rumanizoff, Count=, Russian minister, iii. 100, 113; + discusses partition of Turkey, 116; + at the Erfurt conference, 171; + foresees danger to the Franco-Russian alliance, 244; + adviser to Alexander I, 351; + leads the peace party of Russia, 351. + + =Rumbold=, seized by French agents at Hamburg, ii. 330. + + =Rumelia=, proposed disposition of, after Tilsit, iii. 55. + + =Russbach, River=, military operations on the, iii. 219, 226, 230. + + =Russia=, aggrandizement of, i. 22; + _N.'s_ ambition to serve, 216, 319; ii. 15; iv. 256; + share in the partition of, and relations with Poland, i. 220, 425; + iii. 45, 316, 318; + relations and alliances with Austria, i. 325, 425; ii. 44, 61, 72, + 145, 154, 209, 312, 355, 360, 363, 381; iii. 169, 178, 311-316, + 328, 331, 342, 419; iv. 75, 76; + death of Catherine II, i. 425; + foreign policy (1797), 425; + _N._ intercepts despatches from the Czar to Malta, 424; + weakness of revolutionary sentiment in, ii. 45; + alliances and relations with, schemes of conquest of, and wars + with Turkey, 67, 72, 418; iii. 20, 51, 52, 55, 64, 99, 106-114, + 162, 176, 236, 248, 309, 310, 321, 350; + plans military operations in Italy, ii. 72; + the second coalition, 86, 90, 136, 142; + military operations in Holland, 90; + military operations in Switzerland and Italy, 91; + successes on the Trebbia, 92; + defeats Joubert at Novi, 92; + defeated at Zürich by Masséna, 93; + withdraws from the second coalition, 142; + interest in, and activity concerning Malta, 141, 154, 193, 210, 285; + alliances and general friendly relations with France, 154, 203, + 209-211, 263, 266, 347, 394, 401; iii. 36, 38, 43-46, 49, 65, + 73, 107, 115, 166, 176, 178, 244, 255, 329; + organizes the "armed neutrality," ii. 194, 209, 210; + schemes of Oriental extension and conquest, 194, 209, 262, 330, + 347, 348, 401; iii. 50, 55, 64, 108, 167, 236; iv. 41, 67; + intercedes for Naples, ii. 203; + _N.'s_ relations with and attitudes toward, 203, 293, 356, 361; + ii. 440-442; iii. 45, 103, 115, 280, 304, 306, 313-318, 392; + relations with, subsidies from, and wars with England, ii. 209, + 210, 263, 357, 401, 406, 421; iii. 49, 55, 64, 99, 100, 102, + 105, 117, 265, 266, 287, 288, 316, 321, 351, 398, 417; iv. 41, + 76, 164; + assassination of Paul I and accession of Alexander I, ii. 210; + abandons the "armed neutrality," 263; + hostile and general unfriendly relations with France, 293, 312, + 330, 347-349; 355, 356, 361; iii. 287, 288, 305, 309-318, 329, + 392, 408; + mourns the death of the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311; + stains on reigning houses of, 317; + protests against seizure of Enghien, 331; + occupies Ionian Islands, 330, 353, 357, 405; + demands indemnity for the king of Sardinia, 330, 348, 418; + attitude in 1805, 352; + relations (friendly and hostile) with Prussia, 353, 376-378, 417, + 418; iii. 1, 18, 21-23, 55, 225, 316, 320, 331, 382, 385, 397, + 424; + her troops in Galicia, ii. 363; + Bernadotte and Davout watch her army, 366; + military position on the Inn, 367; + defeat of Mortier at Dürrenstein, 368; + military position on the Enns, 367; + outgeneraled by _N._, 376; + the battle of Austerlitz, 382 et seq.; + Czartoryski's view of her policy in 1803, 381; + occupies Naples, 395; + excluded from councils of Western Europe, 402; + occupies Bocche di Cattaro, 405; + strengthens Corfu, 405; + pretensions in Germany, 419; + military operations on the Danube, ii. 441; + military operations against, iii. 1; + concentrates troops at Pultusk, 1; + driven from Warsaw, 2; + character of the population, 3; + a new seat of war for _N._, 3; + battle of Pultusk, 4; + retreat to Ostrolenka, 5; + _N.'s_ new experience in campaigning in, 5; + defects in the army, 9; + devotion of the army to the Czar, 9; + the Cossacks, 9; + defeat at Mohrungen, 10; + condition of troops at Eylau, 14; + financial difficulties, 20, 35, 304, 305; + Turko-Persian alliance against, 20; + successes on the lower Danube, 20; + weakness of, 22, 23; + requests Francis's adherence to convention of Bartenstein, 22; + proposal for a new coalition, 22; + bravery of her soldiers, 27; + dissensions in the court, 28; + forces engaged at Friedland, 31, 32; + military sacrifices, 35; + peace party in, 35; + fighting the battles of others, 34, 35; + destitution in the army, 35; + schemes of territorial aggrandizement, 34, 35; + _N._ demands pledges from, 36; + proposed Baltic boundary line, 36; + ambition to be regarded as a European power, 45; + _N._ a foil to her ambition, 45; + representatives at Tilsit, 49; + schemes for the partition or acquisition of the Danubian + principalities, 50, 55, 98, 99, 105, 310, 314; + to mediate between England and France, 55; + acquires Bielostok, 56, 62; + refuses to seize Memel, 62; + dislike of Savary in, 64; + court and social manners and customs, 64; + discontent with the Czar, 64, 109, 117; + intrigues to acquire, and the invasion and acquisition of Finland, + 64, 98, 113-116, 236, 248, 268, 281, 310, 316; + attempts to bring Spain into the coalition, 71; + effect of the treaty of Tilsit, 72; + diplomatic intrigues in, 98; + her good offices sought with Denmark, 98; + frontier menaced by France, 99; + Alexander seeks to abolish serfdom in, 99; + commerce of, 99; + effects of the peace of Tilsit on, 99; + _N._ intervenes between Turkey and, 99; + terms of the agreement at Slobozia, 105; + Tolstoi defends, 105; + diplomatic crisis in, 108-110; + sends a fresh mission to _N._, 110; + proposed invasion of Sweden, 113; + court intrigue in, 115; + Caulaincourt conducts negotiations with, 116; + blockade of the fleet by England, 117; + outwitted by _N._, 129; + the Spanish question discussed with, 158; + _N.'s_ proposed naval coöperation with, 166; + the anti-French party in, 167, 195; + urged to occupy Warsaw, and parts of Prussia and Austria, 177; + _N._ makes technical call for the aid of, 198; + invades Galicia, 236; + acquires part of Galicia, 239; + menaced by the treaty of Schönbrunn, 244; + news of the Austrian marriage in, 255; + treaty with Sweden, Sept. 17, 1809, 268; + evades the Continental System, 280; + Mme. de Staël in, 299; + rivalry of France, 309; + effects of the Continental System on, 310; + an incident that changed the course of history, 314, 315; + advances an army to the Danube, 314; + prepares for war, 314; + opens negotiations with England and Sweden, 316; + war with France inevitable, 317; + acquires a boundary on the Pruth, 321; + treaty with Sweden, April 12, 1812, 321; + withdraws troops from the Danube, 321; + thoroughness of _N.'s_ preparations for war with, 323-325; + Caulaincourt's knowledge of, 326; + agricultural distress in, 328; + concentration of troops in, 328; + intrigues leading to the war of 1812, 328-333; + ukase of Dec., 1810, 329; + the neutral trade of, 329; + Narbonne's mission from Dresden to, 331; + _N.'s_ scheme to expel her from Europe, 332; + _N.'s_ military knowledge of, 333, 334, 340; + menacing outlook for, 334; + _N.'s_ plan of campaign in, 333, 338; + disposition of her army, 335; + _N._ strikes the first blow at, 335; + military weakness, 336; + military enthusiasm in, 337; + sufferings of both armies in, 337, 357 et seq.; + battle of Smolensk, iii. 339; + "the Ney of," 339, 340; + despotic character of her government, 340; + lack of centralization in, 340, 374; + horrors of the campaign in, 340, 341; + _N._ fails to pass counterfeit money in, 341; + the lessons of Eylau and Austerlitz, 341; + _N.'s_ ignorance of the strength of feeling in, 342; + speculation on the Czar's military policy, 342; + battle of Borodino, 343-345, 346; + the Kremlin, 345, 347; + claims the honor of burning Moscow, 349; + temper of the peasantry, 350; + the Old Russian party for peace, 351; + Alexander's advisers, 351; + founding of the Russian Bible Society, 351; + English military mission to reorganize the army, 351; + causes of the French disasters in, 353; + _N.'s_ retreat from Moscow, 353-356; + partizan warfare in, 359; + adopting the tactics of Egypt in, 359; + the terror of _N.'s_ name in, 360, 363, 365; + her allies, Want and Winter, 360, 373; + massacre of French stragglers in, 362; + _N.'s_ contempt for, 363; + treatment of French prisoners in, 367; + hopes in, of capturing _N._, 367; + _N.'s_ excuse for defeat in, 372; + compared with Spain, 374; + poor generalship in, 374; + diminishing strength of, 382; + invades the grand duchy of Warsaw, 385; + treaty with Spain, July, 1812, 391; + Metternich seeks to embroil Sweden and, 395; + possession of Warsaw, 399; + apathy of, 403; + Nesselrode's appearance in, 409; + secret treaty of Reichenbach, 416, 421; + issues paper money, 417; + treaty with England, 417; + to maintain a standing army, 417; + guarantees a war loan, 417; + inaugurates the coalition of 1813, 424; + strength, iv. 6; + _N._ attempts to separate Prussia from, 17; + concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22; + the campaign of 1813, 39; + at the Congress of Frankfort, 41; + anxiety for peace, 41; + troops on the Rhine, 55; + _N._ endeavors to separate Austria from, 75; + the triple alliance, 76; + treaty of Chaumont, 76; + suspicious of Schwarzenberg's attitude, 89; + barbarity of her troops, 102; + party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133; + Alexander proposes a home for _N._ in, 133; + attitude at Congress of Vienna, 144, 145; + quota of troops, 164; + member of the Vienna coalition, 164; + the campaign of the Hundred Days, 167 et seq.; + claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214; + claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of _N._, 225; + _N.'s_ horror of being sent to, 227; + expansion of, 298. + _See also_ =Alexander I=; =Paul I=; =St. Petersburg=. + + =Rustan=, _N.'s_ body-servant, ii. 426; iii. 74; 410; iv. 134; + Queen Louisa's allusion to, at Tilsit, iii. 61. + + =Rustchuk, Pasha of=, appointed grand vizir, iii. 162; + attempts to restore Selim III, 162. + + +S + + =Saalburg=, military operations at, ii. 428. + + =Saale, River=, military operations on the, ii. 429-433; iv. 19, 23, 25. + + =Saar, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58. + + =Sachsen, Gen.=, leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 72. + + =Sacken, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15; + checks Schwarzenberg, 369; + reinforces Blücher at Montmirail, iv. 63; + held by Mortier, 74; + battle of Craonne, 78. + + =St. Aignan=, French envoy to Saxon duchies, iv. 42; + imprisoned at Gotha, 42; + conducts negotiations with _N._, 42, 43, 45. + + =St. Amand=, d'Erlon ordered to move on, iv. 186. + + =St. André=, mayor of Mainz, anecdote concerning _N._ and, iii. 421. + + =St. Bartholomew's Day=, fears of a repetition of the massacre of, + iv. 147. + + ="St. Bartholomew of privilege," the=, i. 110. + + =St. Bernard range=, Austrian watch on the, ii. 170, 171. + _See also_ =Great St. Bernard=; =Little St. Bernard=. + + =Saint-Cannat=, _N._ at, iv. 139. + + =St. Cloud=, proposed councils at, ii. 101-104, 106, 109 et seq.; + Bernadotte plans to head a force at, 109; + Murat commanding guard at, 109; + the 18th and 19th Brumaire at, 111 et seq.; iv. 258; + _N._ declines a gift of, ii. 244; + promulgation of the decree creating the empire from, 322; + return of _N._ from Tilsit to, iii. 72; + social vices at, 92; + important levee at, Aug. 15, 1808, 169; + _N._ and Maria Louisa at, 258; + the imperial court at, 258; + _N._ returns to, iv. 39, 47. + + =Saint-Cyr=, Elisa Buonaparte educated at, i. 55, 176, 182; + the Academy at, 176, 182. + + =Saint-Cyr, Carra=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220, 221. + + =Saint-Cyr, Gen.=, military successes of, i. 274; + at battle of Biberach, ii. 167; + engagement on the Mettenberg, 168; + fails to come up at Messkirch, 167; + reinforces Moreau at Engen, 167; + enters Naples, 287; + ordered to occupy Naples, 362; + Villeneuve ordered to coöperate with, 371; + at La Junquera, iii. 183. + + =Saint-Cyr, Gouvion=, strength of his corps, March, 1812, iii. 324; + losses of his Bavarian corps in Russia, 337; + Wittgenstein resumes offensive against, 359; + junction with Victor, 360; + checks Wittgenstein, 361; + holds Dresden, iv. 7, 8, 25, 27; + battle of Dresden, 9; + sent to support Vandamme at Kulm, 15; + guarding roads from Bohemia, 18. + + =St. Denis=, tumults at, i. 86; + restoration of the cathedral at, iii. 74; + defense of, iv. 109. + + =St. Dizier=, military movements near, iv. 58, 60, 95; + _N._ at, 95, 96, 101; + military council at, 103. + + =St. Florent=, _N._ prepares plans for its defense, i. 91; + French fleet at, 125; + disorders at, 126, 191; + expedition against Ajaccio from, 203-208; + French power in, 207; + English capture of, 260. + + =St. George=, Provera at, i. 414. + + =St. Gotthard Pass=, Suvaroff's disasters in, ii. 141; + French passage of, 169, 172-174; + Austrian watch on, 170. + + =St. Helena=, _N.'s_ will made at, i. 127; + _N.'s_ reminiscent statements made at, 146, 232, 289, 306; ii. 47, + 75, 79, 81, 118, 145, 208, 292; 311; iii. 85, 210, 277; iv. 16, + 62, 153, 156, 177, 191; + _N.'s_ death at, ii. 82; iv. 234; + _N.'s_ ambition concerning, ii. 289; + early proposition to deport _N._ to, iv. 145; + chosen as the place of exile, 224-229; + _N.'s_ objections to the rock, 226; + special form of government for, 227, 229; + the voyage to, 227, 287; + landing of _N._ at, 229; + topography, climate, etc., 228, 232; + _N.'s_ life on, 229-235; + violent storm in, 234; + the exile's court at, 288. + + =Saint-Hilaire, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 388; + in Eylau campaign, iii. 15. + + =St. Ildefonso=, the treaties of, ii. 204. + + =St. Jean d'Acre=. + _See_ =Acre=. + + "=St. Jerome=," Correggio's, i. 374. + + =St. Julien, Count=, blundering negotiations by, ii. 187, 188; + imprisonment of, 188. + + =St. Lambert=, Grouchy ordered to, iv. 190; + Bülow at, 193. + + =St. Leu=, proposal that Louis withdraw to, iii. 276. + + =St. Mark=, actions at, i. 410, 412, 413. + + =St. Maximin=, Lucien Buonaparte in, i. 238. + + =St. Michael=, seizure of, by Masséna, i. 436. + + =St. Michel=, battle of, i. 410. + + =St. Napoleon=, i. 39. + + =St. Peter, island of=, capture, ii. 13. + + =St. Peter's, Rome=, _N._ claims coronation in, ii. 396. + + =St. Petersburg=, the French envoy dismissed from, ii. 348; + return of the Czar from Tilsit to, iii. 64; + the peace of Europe in, 65; + the French ambassador at, 87; + diplomatic intrigues at, 97; + Alexander fears for, 98; + diplomatic crisis in, 108, 109; + court intrigue in, 115; + terror of the British fleet in, 117; + situation at, 118; + social and diplomatic life in, 166; + Caulaincourt's mission to, 165, 168, 169; + Frederick William III at, 194; + news of the Austrian marriage at, 255; + _N._ threatens to march to, 304; + Lauriston sent to replace Caulaincourt at, 318; + defense of, 336; + demoralization at, 336; + military enthusiasm in, 337; + founding of the Russian Bible Society in, 351; + England's diplomacy in, 417. + _See also_ =Alexander I=; =Paul I=; =Russia=. + + =St. Pierre=, arrest of the Prince of Monaco at, iv. 154. + + =Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de=, rewards to, for literary work, iii. 297. + + =St. Priest, Gen.=, captures Rheims, iv. 80; + killed at Rheims, 82. + + =St. Quentin=, the canal of, ii. 349. + + =St. Roch=, the mêlée at the church of, i. 301-303. + + =Saint-Ruff, Abbé de=, _N.'s_ social relations with, i. 69, 81; + death of, 149. + + =St. Stephen=, attack on, i. 192. + + =St. Sulpice=, banquet to _N._ in church of, ii. 100, 101. + + =St. Tropez=, _N.'s_ embarkation from, iv. 135, 137, 139; + place of _N.'s_ embarkation changed to Fréjus, 139. + + =Saladin=, founds the military organization of Mamelukes, ii. 58. + + =Salamanca=, Sir John Moore at, iii. 186; + battle of, 290, 377; + defeat of Marmont at, iii. 343. + + =Salicetti, Christopher=, represents Corsica in the National + Assembly, i. 116-121; + succeeds Buttafuoco, 133; + influence in Corsica, 185, 197, 204; + plans invasion of Sardinia, 187-189; + arrives in Corsica, 201; + relations with _N._ and influence on his career, 201, 202, 205-209, + 219, 225, 228, 252-257; + adheres to France, 202; + defends the Corsican commission, 205; + arrives in Paris, 207; + heads a commission to Corsica, 219; + in siege of Toulon, 232, 233; + influence in France, 233; + plans expedition to Corsica, 233; + ambition, 238; + blamed for insurrection in Corsica, 254; + seeks his own safety, 254; + influence among the Thermidorians, 254, 255; + friendship with Mme. Permon, 285; + concealed by Mme. Permon, 285, 286; + _N.'s_ address to, 285, 286; + levies forced contributions in Genoa, 345; + plans of the Directory concerning, 364; + rapacity, 376; + duplicity, ii. 109, 110; + gives Genoa a consular constitution, 233. + + =Salm=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403. + + =Salo=, the revolutionary movement in, i. 436; + engagement at, 437, 441. + + =Salzburg=, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266; + ceded to Austria, 391; + Lefebvre at, iii. 211; + embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, 239. + + =Sambre, River=, military movements on the, iv. 170, 173-175, 181. + + =Sampiero=, i. 14; + resemblance to _N._, 26; + _N.'s_ sketch of, 92. + + =Sand, George=, in Madrid during the war, iii. 292. + + =San Domingo=, influence of Louverture in, ii. 237; + declares its independence, 237; + unsuccessful attempt to conquer, 237; + failure of _N.'s_ ambition concerning, 289; + plan for French recovery of, 333. + + =Sandoz-Rollin=, Prussian minister in Paris, ii. 31. + + =San Giuliano=, military operations at, ii. 178, 179. + + =San Miniato=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 30. + + =Sansculottes, the=, i. 249. + + =Sansculottides, the=, i. 249. + + =San Sebastian=, captured by the French, iii. 132. + + =Santa Lucia=, French plans to strengthen, ii. 333. + + =Santander=, besieged by Bessières, iii. 156. + + =Santarem=, Masséna withdraws toward, iii. 286; + "Marshal Stockpots" deserters at, 291. + + =Santerre, A. J.=, leader of the mob of Aug. 10, 1792, i. 178; + favored by _N._, 178; + _N.'s_ threat against, ii. 108. + + ="Santissima Trinidad," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374. + + =Santon, Mount= (Austerlitz), ii. 386, 387. + + =Saorgio=, _N._ at taking of, i. 255. + + =Saragossa=, siege of, iii. 154-159, 184-186. + + =Sardinia=, weakness of, i. 22; + compared with Corsica, 25; + hostilities between France and, 187-193, 196, 206, 214, 243, 247, + 261, 262; + goes to defense of Toulon, 221; + operations in Piedmont, in 1794, 341; + revolutionary spirit in, 345; + signs armistice, 350, 354, 356; + Victor Amadeus, king of, 352; + conclusion of peace with France (1796), 363, 364, 400; + _N._ opens negotiations with, ii. 11; + provoked by France into Italian quarrels, 87; + _N.'s_ bad faith with, 144; + Russia demands indemnity for the king of, 330, 417-418; + Prussia bound to secure indemnity for king of, 377. + + =Sardinia, island of=, Charles Emmanuel king of, i. 356; + Charles Emmanuel retires to, ii. 39, 141; + Nelson seeks shelter at, 57. + + =Sart-â-Walhain=, Grouchy's movements via, iv. 188, 193. + + =Sarzana=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27. + + =Satschan Lake=, Russian disasters at, ii. 388. + + =Saumarez, Sir James=, blockades the Russian fleet, iii. 117. + + =Sauvinières=, military movements near, iv. 185. + + =Savary, Gen.=, aide-de-camp to _N._, ii. 306; + share in Duc d'Enghien's trial and execution, 306, 308-310; + mission to Alexander I at Austerlitz, 382, 383; + reports interview of Alexander I with _N._, 389; + unsavory career, 412; + marries Mlle. de Coigny, 412; + in Eylau campaign, iii. 13; + on _N.'s_ mental and personal vigor, 19; + expels the Russians from the Narew and Ostrolenka, 19; + in battle of Heilsberg, 29; + report of the meeting at Tilsit, 41; + accompanies the Czar to St. Petersburg, 64; + French ambassador to Russia, 98, 105; + influence over the Czar, 64; + disliked in Russia, 64; + created Duke of Rovigo, 86; + mission to Madrid, 142, 143; + recognizes Ferdinand as king, 143; + reproached by Ferdinand, 143; + encourages Ferdinand to rely on _N._, 143, 144; + accompanies Ferdinand toward Bayonne, 143, 144; + notifies Ferdinand of his deposition, 145; + hatred of, in Paris, 275; + minister of police, 275, 376; + episode of the Malet conspiracy, 376; + provides for time of danger, 51; + records _N._ correspondence, 97; + alarm for the safety of Paris, 97; + member of the Empress-regent's council, 105; + character, 105; + reproved by _N._, 107; + Talleyrand to, on the flight of the Empress, 109; + surprises Talleyrand and De Pradt together, 109; + accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, 219; + negotiations with Capt. Maitland, 223. + + =Save, River=, territory on, ceded to France, iii. 239. + + =Savigny, F. K. von=, characterization of the Code, ii. 223. + + =Savona=, military operations at, i. 253, 352, 353; ii. 160; + imprisonment of Pius VII at, iii. 243, 306. + + =Savoy=, military operations against, in Piedmont, i. 213; + captured by France, 222; + France's ambition to conquer, 276; + France's claims to, 327; + lost to Sardinia, 352; + Kellermann in, 365; + Chabran's forces in, ii. 169; + proposal that France should keep, iv. 41. + + =Savoy, House of, the=, French schemes against, i. 187; + importance of France gaining over, 342; + its system of government, 345; + vicissitudes, 352; + Francis I's hostility to, ii. 141; + loses the support of Paul I, 232; + lineage, 317. + + =Saxe-Gotha=, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443; + spread of liberal ideas in, 443. + + =Saxe-Weimar=, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443; + spread of liberal ideas in, 443. + + =Saxony=, withdraws from the coalition, i. 385; + neutrality of, 1796, 385; + seizure of the English minister to, ii. 330; + excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine, 403; + proposal to include her in North German Confederation, 418; + reported French advance on, 420; + proposed independence for, 420; + military movements in, 424-425; + alliance with Prussia, 429; + takes part in the Jena campaign, 443; + spread of liberal ideas in, 443; + abandons Prussia and adopts neutrality, 443; + proposed exchange of territories, iii. 50; + united with the Rhine Confederation, 56; + acquires Kottbus, 62; + independence, 73; + the Archduke Charles proposes to march into, 198; + furnishes troops to France, 202; + troops in Dresden, 203, 324; + defeated at Nossen by the Black Legion, 234; + in vassalage to France, 279; + supports _N._, 322; + the levies in, 387; + peculiar relations toward _N._, 394; + turns to Austria, 394; + threatened war in, 394; + secret agreement with Austria, 399; + Prussian designs on, 399; + the campaign of 1813 in, 401 et seq.; iv. 1; + strategy of the campaign in, iii. 404; + abandons Austria, 407; + declares in favor of France, 407; + proposed allotment of territory to, 409; + Prussia promises to cede part of, to Hanover, 417; + invaded by Austro-Russian troops, iv. 8; + national spirit in, 19; + revulsion of feeling against France, 20, 22; + refuge of the allies in, 24; + defection of troops at Leipsic, 33; + character of the campaigns in, 38. + + =Say, J. B.=, member of the tribunate, ii. 151. + + =Scandinavia=, effort to bring her into the coalition, iii. 22. + + =Schaffhausen=, _N._ plans operations at, ii. 163. + + =Scharnhorst, Gen.=, plan of the Prussian campaign, ii. 427-429; + in battle of Eylau, iii. 16; + institutes military reforms in Prussia, 103, 161; + mission to Vienna, 320; + hostility to _N._, 396; + limits to his means, 403; + killed at Lützen, 406. + + =Scheldt, River, the=, reopening of, i. 194; + closing the navigation of, 450; + a French river, iii. 270; + scheme of Hanoverian extension on, 399. + + =Schérer, Gen.=, commanding the Army of Italy, i. 344; + ordered to upper Italy, ii. 88; + driven behind the Mincio and Oglio, 88; + defeated at Magnano, 88; + succeeded by Moreau, 88; + incompetency, 88, 91. + + =Schill, F. von=, _N.'s_ abuse of, iii. 213; + attempts to rouse the German spirit, 213; + final stand and death at Stralsund, 213, 233; + helps insurrection in Westphalia, 225; + denounced by Frederick William, 233. + + =Schimmelpenninck, R. J.=, Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic, + ii. 233; + represents the Batavian Republic at Amiens, 262; + intrigues to make Louis Buonaparte king of Holland, 397. + + =Schlapanitz=, military operations near, ii. 385. + + =Schleiermacher, F. E. D.=, member of the reform party in Prussia, + ii. 416; + influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103. + + =Schleiz=, engagement at, ii. 428. + + =Schleswig=, Denmark's loss of, iii. 70. + + =Schloditten=, military operations near, iii. 14. + + =Schönbrunn=, _N._ establishes headquarters in palace at (1805), + ii. 369, 378; (1809) iii. 212; + interview between _N._ and Haugwitz at, ii. 399; + treaties of, 417; iii. 241, 244, 252; + _N.'s_ proclamations from, 215; + _N._ leaves for the Lobau, 226; + Prince Liechtenstein at, 239; + accident to _N._ near, 240; + attempt to assassinate _N._ at, 240; + _N._ returns to Paris from, 245; + virtual imprisonment of Maria Louisa at, iv. 143. + + =Schrattenthal=, Kutusoff at, ii. 379. + + =Schwarzenberg, Prince=, reliance on Peccadeuc, i. 65; + Austrian minister to France, iii. 253; + suggests the marriage of _N._ and Maria Louisa, 253; + toasts the King of Rome, 261; + commands Austrian contingent in Russian campaign of 1812, 324; + in Volhynia, 338; + holds back Tormassoff, 341; + opposed by Tormassoff and Tchitchagoff, 350; + retreats behind the Bug, 358; + expected to cover the crossing of the Beresina, 363; + driven back, 366; + checked by Sacken, 369; + lukewarmness, 382; + retreats across the Vistula, 385; + evacuates Warsaw, 385; + seeks shelter in Cracow, 393; + held back by Metternich, 395; + commanding the Army of the South, iv. 3; + hampered by presence of the allied sovereigns, 3; + military incapacity, cowardice, and reputation, 6, 64, 69, 89, 90-94; + _N._ moves against, 8; + battle of Dresden, 9; + Vandamme's pursuit of, 15; + Murat fails to check, 17; + protects Austria from invasion, 18; + moves on Dresden, 18; + southern movement by, 21; + gets to southward of Leipsic, 22; + Murat ordered to hold, 23; + contemplated attack on, 23; + proposed junction of Blücher and Bernadotte with, 26; + battle of Wachau, 28; + battle of Leipsic, 27-32; + suggests compromise plan of invasion of France, 57, 58; + at Langres, 58; + crosses the Rhine at Basel, 58; + movement toward Auxerre, 60; + junction with Blücher, 60; + strength, Feb. 9, 1814, 62; + _N.'s_ contemplated movement against, 62-65; + steady advance of, 65; + crosses Switzerland, 67; + danger of his advancing to Fontainebleau, 72; + sends flag of truce to Berthier, 73; + retreats to Troyes, 73; + quails before _N.'s_ advance, 73; + Macdonald and Oudinot in pursuit of, 73; + checks Oudinot, 73; + strength at Troyes, 74; + withdraws behind the Aube, 74; + justifies his course, 74; + at Bar-sur-Aube, 74; + _N._ prepares to attack, 74; + at Congress of Châtillon, 77; + Blücher cut off from, 77, 78; + _N._ plans to attack him at Châlons, 77; + regains communications with Blücher, 80; + moves against Macdonald, 84; + dismayed at the capture of Rheims, 85; + supposed retreat to the Vosges, 86; + engagements at Arcis and Torcy, 87; + sickness, 89, 90; + on the European policy of 1814, 88; + retreats to Troyes, 90; + _N._ misled by his actions, 90; + apprehensions of _N.'s_ strength, 92; + strength, 92; + battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 93; + Blücher seeks a junction with, 94; + his communications threatened, 95, 96; + junction with Blücher, 95, 97; + favors movement on Paris, 98; + determines to seek a battle, 98; + proposes to pursue _N._, 100; + at peace council in Paris, 114; + enters Paris with the allies, 114; + seduces Marmont, 119; + sows treason in the French army, 120; + Marmont reveals his plot to, 125; + plan for the campaign of the Hundred Days, 169. + + =Schweidnitz=, the allied forces near, iii. 413; + _N.'s_ strategy at, 413. + + =Science=, _N._ advises encouragement of, ii. 347. + + =Scrivia, River, the=, Ott driven back to, ii. 176; + the country of, 176-178. + + =Sebastiani, Gen. F. H. B.=, mission to Persia and the Levant, + ii. 272-274; + obtains thorough knowledge of the East, ii. 440; + strategy and diplomacy at Constantinople, 20; + end of his influence in Turkey, 33; + defeats a Spanish division, 237; + moves up the Aube, iv. 91; + battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 92. + + =Secret police=, license vice, iii. 92. + + =Segovia=, French success at, iii. 156. + + =Ségur, Count=, minister to Russia, ii. 324; + appointed master of ceremonies at the Tuileries, 324, 328; + foresees France's discontent, iii. 326; + transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132; + plans the ratification of the Additional Act, 166. + + =Seine, River, the=, the quays of, iii. 74; + military movements on the, iv. 65, 69, 71, 73, 85, 90, 104, 112, 116. + + =Selim III=, dismisses viceroys of Moldavia and Wallachia, ii. 441; + moves against Russia, 441; + declares war against England, iii. 20; + overthrow of, 33, 51, 106, 162; + held prisoner in the Seraglio, 162; + murdered by Mustapha IV, 162. + + =Semaphore=, use of, in warfare, iii. 205. + + =Semlino=, disposition of the spoils of Moscow at, iii. 358. + + =Semonville, Huguet de=, envoy to Constantinople, i. 197; + dreads a new Terror, ii. 94. + + =Sénancour, S. P. de=, "Obermann," ii. 351. + + =Senarmont, Gen.=, in battle of Friedland, iii. 31. + + =Senate, the=, in 1799; ii. 126, 127, 150-153; + orders deportation of suspects, 241; + subservience to _N._, 242-244; + new methods of electing to, 247; + enlargement of its powers, 247; + the tool of the First Consul, 320; + steps toward creating the empire, 319-322; + changes in, under the constitution of 1804, 322; + announces the result of the plebiscite, 341; + substitution of a hereditary house for the elective, iii. 82; + its members ennobled, 87; + confirms the divorce, 247; + decrees the annexation of the Papal States, 262; + decadence of constitutional forms in, 295; + speech of Maria Louisa before the, iv. 106; + ordered to draft a new constitution, 114; + absolves the army from allegiance to _N._, 119; + proclaims Louis XVIII, 129, 132. + + =Sens=, military movements near, iv. 62, 68; + proposal to continue the war from a center at, 103; + _N._ at, 105; + the French garrison at, 118. + + "=Sentimental Journey to Nuits,"= _N.'s_, i. 146. + + =September 22=, celebration of, ii. 195. + + =Serfdom=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102; + abolished in Warsaw, iii. 67. + + =Serpalten=, military operations near, iii. 14. + + =Sérurier, Gen.=, general of division, Army of Italy, i. 345; + at siege of Mantua, 415, 418; + storms Gradisca, 433; + delivers Venice to Austria, ii. 24; + action on the 18th Brumaire, 105; + commanding at the Point-du-Jour, 108; + excites the soldiery at St. Cloud, 116; + recreated marshal, iv. 167. + + =Serves=, _N._ visits, i. 141. + + =Servia=, the rise of, iv. 300. + + =Seurre=, disorders in, i. 96. + + =Seventh Regiment of the Line=, supports _N._ on his return from + Elba, iv. 156. + + =Seven Years' War, the=, i. 17, 22; iv. 261, 296. + + =Sextuple Alliance, the=, iv. 295. + + =Seychelles=, deportation of suspects to the, ii. 241. + + =Sézanne=, _N._ at, iv. 61; + Marmont at, 74; + _N.'s_ plan of movement via, 85. + + =Shebreket=, Mameluke attack on the French at, ii. 59; + action at, 61. + + =Shipping=, harassing regulations by France, ii. 269. + + =Shuvaloff, Count=, Russian commissioner at Poischwitz, iii. 414, 417. + + =Sicily=, Ferdinand IV king of, i. 421; iii. 319; + Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, ii. 57; + Nelson returns to, 61; + Joseph made king of, 395, 401; + proposal that the Bourbons retain power in, 401; + _N._ offers England territory as substitute for, 404, 405; + England demands the surrender of, 405; + withdrawal of English troops from, iii. 111; + proposed French seizure of, 111, 112; + English troops sent to Portugal from, 122; + England threatened with loss of trade with, 272; + English expedition to, 284, 294; + French expedition against, 308. + + =Siena=, Pius VI withdraws to, ii. 39; + position in the French Empire, iii. 279. + + =Sierra Moreña=, defeat of Dupont in, iii. 156. + + =Sieyès, Abbé=, pamphlet of the Third Estate, i. 107, 330; + character, 330, 331; ii. 92; + declines service in the Directory, i. 330, 331; + relations with _N._, 330, 331; ii. 35, 49, 94, 100-102; + president of the Ancients, 35; + venality, 35; + mission to Berlin, 41; + checkmates Prussia, 43; + charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43; + theories of government, constitution-building, etc., 49, 96, + 100-102, 117, 118, 125, 126, 149, 322; + member of the Directory, 83, 92; + relations with Joubert, 92; + schemes for a dictatorship, 94, 95; + suspected of plotting with the House of Brunswick, 95; + brought into the Bonapartist ranks, 96-98; + surrenders his leadership, 100; + proposed resignation of, 101; + scheme to make him consul, 102; + difficulty of holding him in the traces, 102, 103; + resigns from the Directory, 106, 115; + at St. Cloud, 19th Brumaire, 111; + consul of France, 123; + proceedings for election of First Consul, 129; + accepts the estate of Crôsne, 130; + chief of the Senate, 129, 130; + keeper of the Directory's secret funds, 129; + negotiations and intrigues in Prussia, 155, 156; + relations with the Directory, 155; + monarchical schemes for France, 155, 156. + + =Siguenza=, Castaños collects his troops at, iii. 185. + + =Silesia=, wrested from Austria by Prussia, i. 325; + Austria seeks compensation for, 325; + Austria's ambition concerning, ii. 358; + offer of part of, to Austria, ii. 445; + military operations in, iii. 20; iv. 17; + _N._ offers it to Austria, iii. 22; + _N.'s_ reserve forces in, 22; + Prussia retains her strongholds in, 42; + position in Europe, 55; + remains Prussian, 55, 56; + _N._ offers to offset the Danubian principalities against, 106-108, + 112; + French occupation, 116; + Alexander demands relinquishment of designs on, 116; + Davout ordered to, 165; + Austria stipulates for acquisition of, 320; + to be connected with Old Prussia, 398; + Austria rejects _N.'s_ offer of, 400; + the Army of the East in, iv. 3; + contemplated operations in, 7; + military operations in, 17; + strength of her forces under Blücher, 62; + army of, moves on Paris, 98. + + =Silk culture=, introduced into Corsica, i. 80. + + =Simplon=, creation of the department of the, iii. 278. + + =Simplon Pass=, to pass under French control, ii. 40; + the crossing of the, 169, 172; + military road through, 233, 349; iii 74. + + =Sisteron=, _N.'s_ welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 154. + + =Slave-trade=, revival of the, ii. 236, 237, 245, 269, 270; + England protests against, 270. + + =Slobozia=, armistice concluded at, iii. 105; + treaty of, 163. + + =Smith, Adam=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78. + + =Smith, Sir Sidney=, captures French transports, ii. 71; + at the siege of Acre, 71, 73; + occupies Jaffa, 75; + watching _N._ at Alexandria, 79; + allows _N._ to slip through his fingers, 82; + puts into Cyprus, 82; + concludes treaty at El Arish, 181; + commanding British fleet at Lisbon, iii. 121; + urges Don John to embark for Brazil, 121. + + =Smohain=, the farms of, iv. 195; + fighting at, 206. + + =Smolensk=, _N.'s_ plan to seize, iii. 333; + military movements near, 333, 336-340, 350, 355, 356, 362; + enthusiasm among the Russians at, iii. 338; + strategical position, 338; + battle of, 338-341; + _N.'s_ military blunder at, 340-343; + the shrine at, 339, 343; + compared with Acre, 340; + French garrison in, 342, 358; + concentration of French troops at, iii. 347; + guerrilla warfare around, 350; + arrival of the French army at, in its retreat, 362; + massacre of French stragglers in, 362; + shameful scenes in, 362; + abandonment of wounded at, 363; + the march to Lithuania from, 363; + reorganization of the army at, 363; + destruction of the fortifications of, 363; + Ney's perilous retreat from, 364. + + =Smorgoni=, _N.'s_ desertion of his army at, iii. 373, 375. + + =Social contract=, _N.'s_ views concerning the, i. 77, 267. + + =Social customs, privileges=, etc., i. 100-103; + _N.'s_ study of, 137, 138, 145, 150. + + =Södermannland, Duke of=, attempts the siege of Hameln, ii. 416. + + =Soignes=, fears of Wellington's withdrawal behind, iv. 190; + Wellington's position in front of, 192, 195. + + =Soissons=, Maria Louisa's progress through, iii. 257; + Mortier at, iv. 74, 86; + Blücher recruits his forces at, 76; + surrenders to the allies, 77, 83; + French retreat to, 80; + _N._ at, 80; + the French army leaves, 81. + + =Sokolnitz=, fighting at, ii. 385-388. + + =Solano, Gen.=, makes ineffectual movement against the French, iii. 149. + + =Solothurn=, the plundering of, ii. 40. + + =Solre=, Gen. d'Erlon at, iv. 170. + + =Sombreffe=, military movements near, iv. 171, 175-180. + + =Somerset, Gen. F. J. H.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202. + + =Sommepuis=, military movements near, iv. 91. + + =Sommesous=, military movements near, iv. 91. + + =Somosierra=, crossing the pass of, iii. 186. + + =Sophia Dorothea=, wife of Jerome, iii. 322. + + =Sortlack, Forest of=, military movements in the, iii. 30. + + =Souham, Gen.=, in battle of Leipsic, iv. 32; + at Nogent, 102; + left in command at Essonnes, 124; + seduced by Marmont, 125; + summoned to Fontainebleau, 126; + delivers his army prisoners to the Austrians, 126, 127. + + =Soult, Marshal=, commanding force at Tarentum, ii. 204; + service in the Army of England, 291; + created marshal, 323; + character, 364; iii. 286; + seizes Memmingen, ii. 366; + reaches Hollabrunn, 379; + battle of Austerlitz, 384-388; + at Münchberg, 428; + battle of Jena, 429-432; + invests Magdeburg, 436; + battle of Pultusk, iii. 4; + strength in Poland, 7; + campaign of Eylau, 15; + at Osterode, 18; + battle of Heilsberg, 28; + pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 31; + created Duke of Dalmatia, 86; + yearly income, 87, 296; + movement against Blake, 185; + lack of vigor of movement, 185; + ordered to Mansilla, 188; + entrusted with the pursuit of Moore, 189; + battle of Corunna, 188; + crosses the Esla, 188; + defeated by Wellesley in Portugal, 236; + causes Wellesley to withdraw, 237; + service in Spain, 284; + ordered to Andalusia, 286; + ordered to join Masséna in Portugal, 286; + jealousy of Masséna, 286; + before Cadiz, 286; + fails to relieve Masséna, 286; + defeated in attack on Sir John Moore, 286; + captures Badajoz, 287; + invasion of Portugal (1809), 287; + occupies Oporto, 287; + expelled from Portugal, 287; + failure in Spain, 287; + battle of Talavera, 287; + made commander-in-chief, 287; + bickerings with Joseph, 287; + battle of Ocaña, 287, 288; + aims to win the crown of Portugal, 287, 296; + retreats toward the south coast, 289; + returns to Cadiz, 289; + defeated at Albuera, 289; + marches to relief of Badajoz, 289; + joins Masséna, 289; + marches to Joseph's aid, 290; + abandons Cadiz, 290; + despatched on Pyrenean campaign, 421; + shut up in Bayonne, iv. 40; + thrown back on Toulouse, 81; + strength, March, 1814, 102; + available forces of, 118; + defeat at Toulouse, 148; + appointed minister of war, 148; + revival of imperial sentiment in his army, 157; + opposed to Murat, 157; + recreated marshal, 167; + chief of staff in the Waterloo campaign, 171, 190; + blunder before Charleroi, 173, 174; + cognizant of Blücher's movement to Wavre, 191; + orders to Grouchy, 194, 214; + battle of Waterloo, 204; + on inspiration, 248. + + =Sound, the=, threats to close it to English commerce, iii. 69. + + =South America=, Spanish concessions to France in, ii. 205; + England's commerce with, iii. 55; + England threatens to make Spanish colonies independent, 71. + + =Spain=, affinity with Corsica, i. 9; + Bourbon influence in, 22; + expected enmity of, i. 187; + goes to defense of Toulon, 221; + blockades Mediterranean ports, 239; + _N.'s_ relations with, and attitude toward, 247; ii. 18, 203, + et seq., 289, 332, 405; iii. 54, 71, 127, 131, 139, 149, 151, + 157, 178, 190, 280 et seq., 293, 307, 319; iv. 30, 52; + growth of liberal ideas in, i. 276; + withdraws from the coalition (1795), 324; + relations and alliances with France, 341, 421; ii. 203-206, + 288-290, 332, 349, 358, 359, 371; iii. 78, 120, 132, 190; + _N._ proposes to hand Rome over to, i. 420; + drives Admiral Mann from the Mediterranean, 421; + destruction of fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 456; + diplomatic offset of Naples against, ii. 18; + war with Portugal, 18; + preparations for action in, 37; + schemes of revolutionary propaganda for, 44; + naval inaction, 67; + low intrigues in, 204; + effect of Marengo in, 204; + Godoy prime minister, 204; + proposed incorporation of Portugal with, 211; + recovers colonies under the peace of Amiens, 262; + exchanges Louisiana for Etruria, 272; + England attacks her commerce, 289; + exasperated over sale of Louisiana, 289; + treaties with France, 289, 332; + loses Trinidad and Louisiana, 332; + war with England, Dec., 1804, 332; + her maritime forces controlled by France, 332; + humiliates Portugal, 332; + naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 374; + _N._ offers part of her territory to England, 405; + called on for troops by France, iii. 22; + proposal that she acquire Portugal, 67; + attempt to bring her into the coalition, 71; + incapacity of the Bourbons in, 70; + _N._ encourages dissensions in, 71; + decay and humiliation, 71, 123, 126, 134, 150; + revolt against Godoy, 70; + embargo on English commerce, 72; + the fleet ordered to Toulon, 71; + necessity for the "regulation" of her affairs, 111; + the situation in, 118; + secret compact with France for partition of Portugal, 120; + new title for the king, 120; + plans for invasion of, 120; + scheme to acquire Portugal, 120; + depletion of the army, 123; + depopulation, 124; + corruption, 124; + social life, 124; + degradation of the Church in, 124; + primogeniture and land tenure, 124; + factions of the crown prince and of the prime minister, 125; + _N._ tempted by her colonies, 127, 133; + arrest of the crown prince, 126; + fortifying the French frontier, 126; + announcement of the crown prince's conspiracy, 127; + the "secret hand" in, 128; + expected regeneration by France, 127; + Dupont ordered to invade, 128; + benefits accruing to England from troubles in, 131; + _N._ on the intestinal troubles in, 131; + the crown given to Joseph, 131, 150, 169, 280, 318; + French invasion and occupation of, 132-135, 149, 151; + deposition of Godoy from office, 134; + Murat assumes command in, 135; + popular outbreaks, 135, 140; + abdication of Charles IV, 136; + patriotic and national spirit in, 137-141, 151-156, 284, 288, 290; + iv. 290; + enthusiasm for Ferdinand VII, iii. 138; + political intrigues in, 139-141; + Murat Protector of, 140; + attitude of the people toward Murat, 141; + deposition of the Bourbons, 145; + Murat appointed dictator, 146; + _N._ assumes the royal and hereditary rights of the throne of, 148; + Louis refuses the crown of, 148; + military movements in western Spain and on the Baltic, 149; + character of the people, 149-152, 153, 154, 190, 288; + convocation of notables at Bayonne, 149; + adoption of a new constitution, 150, 152; + destruction of her commerce, 152; + lack of centralization in, 151, 152, 374; + guerrilla warfare, iii. 152-155, 190, 291; + influence of the clergy in the rebellion, 154; + French disasters in, 154, 290, 291; + fate of French soldiers in, 155; + French movement against southern, 156; + French pillage in, 158; + national uprising against France, 158, 192; + difficulties of the French campaign in, 157; + offer of the throne to Archduke Charles, 166; + _N._ returns to, 182; + caliber of the French army in, 183; + _N.'s_ strength in, Nov. 3, 1808, 183, 184; + regular and irregular forces, 184; + _N._ assumes command in, 184; + lack of military genius in, 185; + Sir John Moore enters, 186; + sympathy between Portugal and, 186; + abolition of the Inquisition and of the feudal system, 189; + _N._ institutes reforms in, 189; + formation of a liberal constitution for, 191; + _N._ threatens to assume the crown, 191; + question of annihilating its nationality, 191; + statements as to _N.'s_ leaving, 196; + reinforcements for, 202; + Wellesley prepares for invasion of, 236; + need of prompt action in, 238; + the war in, 249; + the crown offered to Louis and rejected, 270; + England's loss of trade with, 272; + Fouché's offer to restore the Bourbons to, 271; + seizures of American ships in, 275; + annexation of part of, to France, 278; + open warfare in, 282; + seizure of northern provinces of, 282; + "the natural continuation of France," 282; + policy of total annexation, 282; + French rapine in, 282; + policy of military administration for, 282; + quality and strength of the French armies in, 283; + Masséna in command in, 283; + Wellington's provisions for French victories in, 284; + blunders by the insurrectionary leaders, 288; + Wellington enters, 289; + French occupation, close of 1812, 290; + Soult abandons the south of, 290; + discipline of the French army in, 291; + England's expeditions to, 293; + confiscation in, 296; + troops withdrawn from Germany for service in, 307; + _N.'s_ offer of peace in, refused by England, 318; + England to be driven from, 328; + compared with Russia, 374; + French disasters in, 377; + exhaustion of, 382; + recall of commanders from, 386; + treaty with Russia, July, 1812, 391; + in grand coalition against _N._, 392; + _N._ offers peace to England in, 392; + Wellington's reverses in, 392; + proposal to restore Bourbon rule, 416; + _N._ abandons, 420; + Wellington's successes in, 423; + French defeats in, iv. 14; + _N._ offers to restore the independence of, 30; + rises in support of Wellington, 40; + proposed independence of, 41; + prolongation of the war in, 51; + restoration of the king to, 52; + relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, 52; + adoption of a new constitution, 52; + member of the Vienna coalition, 164; + _N.'s_ dread of capture in, 221. + + =Spandau=, capitulation of, ii. 436; + proposed siege of, iv. 2. + + =Spartel, Cape=, Nelson's fleet off, ii. 372. + + =Specialist=, the work of the, iv. 251. + + =Speculation=, mania for, in France, i. 288, 289; ii. 219. + + =Spirding, Lake=, military movements near, iii. 10. + + =Splüglen Pass=, proposed movement of the reserve army via, ii. 169; + crossed by Macdonald, 192. + + =Spree, River=, military movements on the, iii. 407, 409; iv. 14. + + =Stadion, Count=, Austrian diplomatic agent, ii. 381; + Austrian minister of state, iii. 21, 104, 194, 199; + letter from Metternich, July 26, 1807, 104; + urges prompt action, 199; + resigns, 253; + mission to the allies' camp, 408. + + =Staël, Mme. de=, relations with, enmity toward, and criticisms of + _N._, ii. 22, 119, 139, 197, 199, 259; iii. 94, 297-301; + procures revocation of Talleyrand's exile, ii. 34; + _N.'s_ study of her writings, 53; + "Influence of the Passions," 53; + on liberty in France, 119; + her salon, 199; + her character, 259; iii. 297-301; + banishments of, ii. 411; + relations with Mme. Récamier, ii. 411, 412; + returns to Paris, iii. 26; + ordered back to Geneva, 26; + at Coppet, 298; + difficulties with the Directory, 298; + criticizes Josephine Beauharnais, 298; + difficulties with the Committee of Public Safety, 298; + poverty, 299; + her book on Germany, 300. + + =Stage=, censorship of the, ii. 349. + + =Standing armies=, i. 67. + + =Staps=, attempts to assassinate _N._, iii. 240. + + =Starhemberg, Count=, Austrian ambassador to London, iii, 104; + leaves London, 104. + + =Starsiedel=, fighting at, iii, 406. + + =State=, _N.'s_ conceptions of the, i. 78. + + =State system=, the, iv. 298. + + =States of the Church=, Pius VII strives to augment the, ii. 346. + + =Steffens, Prof.=, summons German students into the ranks, iii. 398. + + =Stein, Baron H. F. C.=, Prussian statesman, ii. 415; iii. 103; + frees the serfs, 103; + introduces military reforms in Prussia, 162; + resigns his ministry, 162; + _N._ demands his dismissal, 162, 178; + seeks refuge in Vienna, 178; + exile from Prussia, 193; + effect of his reforms, 320; + adviser to Alexander I, 351; + reorganizes Prussian provinces, 385; + formulates the treaty of Kalish, 385; + relations with Alexander, 385, 396; + hostility to _N._, 397; iv. 57, 67; + joins Frederick William at Breslau, iii. 396; + on the unification of Germany, 397; + character, 397; + leading part in Prussia's awakening, 398; + prepares to govern the conquered territories, iv. 34. + + =Sterling, Adm.=, naval operations of, ii. 359. + + =Stettin=, capitulation of, ii. 436; + Davout's force in, 202; + proposed French movement on, 393; + held by the French, 402; + relief of the French in, iv. 2. + + =Stewart, Sir Charles=, English minister at Berlin, iii. 417; + influences the armistice of Poischwitz, 417. + + =Steyer=, armistice signed at, ii. 192. + + =Stockach=, battle of, ii. 88; + captured by Lecourbe, 166. + + =Stockholm=, installation of Bernadotte at, iii. 281. + + "=Stockpot, Marshal=," iii. 291. + + =Stötteritz=, fighting at, iv. 33. + + =Strabo=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78. + + =Stradella=, Desaix commanding corps at, ii. 177; + fortified camp at, 175; + military operations near, 185. + + =Stralsund=, threatened by Mortier iii., 19; + Schill's final stand at, 213, 234; + capture of, 234. + + =Strasburg=, Moreau's army at, i. 347; + Moreau and Desaix cross the Rhine near, 440; + retirement of Cardinal Rohan from, ii. 301; + imprisonment of Duc d'Enghien at, 304, 305; + French expeditions to, 304; iii. 203; + Caulaincourt's mission to, 107; + Maria Louisa's progress through, 257; + Schwarzenberg's communications with, threatened, iv. 95, 96; + sends troops to relief of Paris, 102. + + =Strebersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 217, 218. + + =Street of Peace, the=, iii. 74. + + =Street of Rivoli, the=, iii. 74. + + =Strehla=, fighting near, iv. 9. + + =Striefen=, fighting near, iv. 9. + + =Striegau=, Blücher at, iv. 3, 6. + + =Stuart=, British envoy to Vienna, ii. 302. + + "=Study in Politics, A=," projected by _N._, i. 289. + + =Studjenka=, the passage of the Beresina at, iii. 368-371. + + =Stura, River, the=, Masséna's advance through valley of, i. 243; + Austrian force on, ii. 170. + + =Stuttgart=, Bourrienne in diplomacy at, i. 174; + machinations of Méhée de la Touche in, ii. 297, 298; + expulsion of the English envoy at, 330. + + =Styria=, junction of Austrian troops in. ii. 367; + Prince Eugène in, iii. 225; + Archduke John banished to, 230. + + =Suchet, Marshal Louis-Gabriel=, retreat before Melas, ii. 165; + expected to attack Melas, 170; + military operations on the Var, 174; + pursues the Russians, 378; + battle of Austerlitz, 387; + service in Spain, iii. 283; + annihilates Blake's Spanish army, 289; + captures Aragon and Valencia, 289; + captures Tarragona, 377; + contrasted with Augereau, iv. 94; + strength, March, 1814, 102; + available forces of, 118. + + =Sucy=, _N.'s_ letters to, i. 165; + prophesies as to _N.'s_ future, ii. 28. + + =Suez, Isthmus of=, importance of, ii. 46. + + =Suez Canal=, suggested by D'Argenson, ii. 46. + + =Suicide=, _N.'s_ views concerning, and his attempts to commit, + i. 80, 81; ii. 75; iv. 130, 131, 217, 232, 287. + + =Sunday=, resumption of its observance, ii. 258. + + ="Supper of Beaucaire," the=, i. 212-221, 286. + + =Survilliers, Comte de=. _See_ =Buonaparte, Joseph=. + + =Suvaroff, Gen. A. V.=, defeats Macdonald on the Trebbia, ii. 92; + holds Piedmont, 141; + driven by Masséna to Bavaria, 142; + disasters in the Alps, 141. + + =Swabia=, treaty with France (1796), i. 450; + demonstrations of emigrants in, ii. 307; + withdrawal of Austrian troops from, 311; + French occupation of, 405. + + =Sweden=, excluded from Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27; + joins the "armed neutrality," 194; + _N.'s_ hatred for the royal house of, 416; + Joachim I's aspirations to the crown of, 416; + Prussia recommended to go to war with, 420; + member of the coalition, iii. 20; + held back by Mortier, 19; + internal dissensions, 35; + neutrality of, 46; + failure of commercial negotiations with England, 49; + proposed commercial war against England, 55; + virtual dependence on France, 66; + English regulations concerning American trade with, 100, 101; + supposed assistance from England to, 113; + _N._ hints at rectification of her boundaries, 113; + proposed Russian invasion of, 113; + makes obstinate resistance in Finland, 117; + failure of the demonstration against, 159; + Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, 165; + _N._ promises to restore Pomerania to, 268; + promises to exclude British commerce, 267; + treaty with Russia, Sept. 17, 1809, 268; + cedes Finland to Russia, 268, 281; + Frederick VI hopes to acquire, 280; + _N.'s_ ambitions concerning, 280; + accession of Charles XIII, 280; + selection of Bernadotte as heir to the throne, 280; + abdication of Gustavus IV, 280; + Mme. de Staël in, 299; + Alexander offers Norway to, 314, 321, 350; + Russia opens negotiations with, 316; + demands and acquires a liberal constitution, 317; + eagerness to escape from French protection, 318; + _N._ offers Finland to, 321; + bids for her alliance by France and Russia, 320, 321; + Davout occupies Pomerania, 321; + treaty with Russia, April 12, 1812, 321; + Alexander demands better terms for, 329; + in grand coalition against _N._ (1813), 392; + Metternich seeks to embroil Russia and, 395; + subsidized by England, 399; + ambition to secure Norway, 399; + _N._ attempts to win over, 399; + evacuates Hamburg, 407; + commercial agreement with England, 424; + inaugurates the coalition of 1813, 424; + Bernadotte seeks to annex Norway to, iv. 55; + struggle with Norway, 164; + member of the Vienna coalition, 164. + + =Swiss Guard=, at the Tuileries, i. 299. + + =Switzerland=, republican schemes and revolutionary movements in, + i. 329; ii. 27, 40; + _N.'s_ schemes and influence in, i. 448; ii. 12, 144, 233, 234; + French plundering of, 40; + organization of the Helvetian Republic, 86; + Masséna ordered to command in, 87; + Russian military operations in, 91-93; + Berthier commanding in, 140; + Masséna's successes in, 140; + Masséna makes a forced levy in, 153; + falls into French hands, 164, 234, 281; + Kray's retreat via, cut off, 166; + jealousy of Piedmont, 233; + factions in, 234; + adoption of the name, 234; + neutrality of, 234; + the Act of Mediation, 234; + furnishes contingents to _N.'s_ armies, 234; iii. 3, 20, 323; + occupied by Ney, ii. 272; + lends aid to France in 1803, 289; + independence of, 354; + _N.'s_ claim to, 354; + Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377; + Mme. de Staël banished to, 411; + relations of France with, iii. 54, 73; + Valais separated from, 278; + violation of her neutrality by the allies, iv. 56, 57, 66, 67; + fails to support the Emperor, 57, 59; + reported rising in, 88; + Jerome and Joseph take refuge in, 135. + + =Syria=, Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition off the coast of, ii. 57; + _N.'s_ schemes of conquest in, 61, 62; + Turkish movements in, 68-70; + the French advance into, 68, 69. + + =Szuczyn=, Russian retreat to, iii, 8. + + +T + + =Tabor, Mount=, battle near, ii. 72. + + =Tabor Bridge=, Murat crosses the, ii. 368. + + =Tacticus=, _N.'s_ references to, ii. 235. + + =Tactics and strategy=, the lessons of Austerlitz, ii. 391, 392. + + =Tafalla=, Moncey at, iii. 183. + + =Tagliamento, River=, military operations on the, i. 430-432. + + =Tagus, River, the=, British fleet in, iii. 121; + French attempt to capture the fleet in, 121; + Dupont holds, 156; + the lines of Torres Vedras, 285; + military operations on, 285. + + =Taine, H. A.=, on the Napoleonic régime, iv. 294. + + =Talavera=, battle of, iii. 236, 284, 287. + + =Talleyrand, Prince=, minister of foreign affairs, ii. 17, 34, 35, + 130, 153, 323; + relations with and views on _N._, ii. 17, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33-35, + 96, 97; iii. 81, 94-96, 133, 151, 168, 175, 179, 301; iv. 165, + 233; + attempts to force _N.'s_ hand, ii. 23; + relations with Mme. du Barry, 33; + expelled from England, 33; + Mirabeau's opinion of, 33; + relations with the Directory, 34; + career, 33-35; + system of national education, 33, 225-227; + charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43; + member of the Institute, 47; + advocates seizure of Egypt, 47, 48; + intrigue with _N._, Barras, and Sieyès for a new constitution, 49; + ascribes the Egyptian expedition to _N._, 51; + proposed mission to Constantinople, 66; + dreads a new Terror, 94; + critical moment in his house, before the 18th Brumaire, 103; + influence on Barras, 107; + Bourbon sympathies of, 122; + _N._ proposes a constitution to, 126; + offers peace to Portugal, 154; + monarchical views of, 158; + discusses possibility of _N.'s_ death, 186; + negotiations with Count St. Julien, 188; + negotiations with Cobenzl, 189; + demands bribes from American envoys, 212; + the Pope's ban removed from, 216; + carves up German principalities, 265; + demands to know England's intentions concerning Malta, 273; + Lord Whitworth's utterances to, 284; + his explanation of the scene of March 13, 1803, 284; + urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304; + notifies Baden of the seizure of Duc d'Enghien, 308; + charged with suppressing despatches, 306; + Josephine's dread of, 308; + blamed by _N._ for the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 311; iii. 198; + murder of the Duc d'Enghien sits lightly on, ii. 312; + Grand Chamberlain, 324; + attitude of Pius VII toward, 326; + excommunication taken off from, 326; + replies to Russia's demands, 330; + diplomatic replies to Pius VII, 346; + at Vienna, 382; + created Prince of Benevento, 396; iii. 94, 279; + negotiations with Lord Yarmouth, ii. 400, 401; + bribed by German princes, 403; + on the proposed North German Confederation, 420; + at Tilsit, iii. 49, 53; + warns _N._ against Queen Louisa's fascinations, 60; + author of treaty of Tilsit, 60; + Queen Louisa's sarcasm to, 61; + showy character of his diplomacy, 65; + responsibility for the treaty of Tilsit, 72; + advocates support of the Emperor, 80; + conversations with Mme. de Rémusat, 80; + on the discords in the imperial court, 94; + resigns from the ministry, 94, 96; + salary, 96; + his influence on the wane, 96; + Vice-Grand Elector, 96; iv. 106; + policy after Austerlitz, iii. 125; + favors Ferdinand VII, 125; + resumes active diplomacy, 133; + negotiations with Izquierdo, 133; + at Bayonne, 145; + estimate of Ferdinand VII, 145; + constituted custodian of Ferdinand VII, 148, 169; + stinging rebuke addressed to _N._ by, 151; + prepares to return to public life, 169; + acts in the interests of Austria, 171, 178; + at the Erfurt conference, 171, 178-181; + ordered to ventilate the divorce question, 181; + his treachery read by _N._, 197; + blamed by _N._ for the Spanish failure, 197; + member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 254; + on the natural extensions of France, 282; + meeting of _N._ and Mme. de Staël at house of, 298; + pecuniary losses, 301; + on the aims of the coalition of 1813, 400; + spreads alarming reports, iv. 51; + on the Spanish situation, 51, 52; + royalist intrigues of, 51, 106, 107, 113; + member of the Empress-regent's council, 106; + Murat's and Lannes's characterizations of, 107; + desires a violent death for the Emperor, 107; + opposes the departure of the Empress from Paris, 107; + _N.'s_ knowledge of his duplicity, 107, 108; + on the Empress's flight from Paris, 108; + Dalberg's characterization of, 107, 108; + simulated flight from Paris, 112; + interview with Prince Orloff, 112; + sends a "blank check" to Alexander, 113; + at peace council in Paris, 114; + gives adherence to Louis XVIII, 113; + negotiates with Nesselrode, 113; + member of the executive commission, 114; + learns of Marmont's defection, 125; + remonstrates with Alexander against the regency, 125; + suspected complicity in plots to assassinate _N._, 138; + negotiates secret treaty between France, England, and Austria, 145; + influence at the Congress of Vienna, 144, 145; + double intrigues of, 148, 149, 153; + ignores Russian and English protests, 153; + attainted, 157; + _N._ appeals to, 165; + at Carlsbad, 224; + returns to Paris, 224; + reception by Louis XVIII, 224; + resumes active functions, 224; + on the secret of empire, 250; + his value in European politics, 251; + correspondence with--French, ambassador at London, ii. 284; + Grenville, Lord, 143; + Napoleon, 34, 49, 361; iii. 18, 117; + Nesselrode, Count, iv. 106; + _character:_ ambition, iii. 96; iv. 106; + brilliancy, ii. 33; iii. 65; + capacity for intrigue, ii. 49, 130; iv. 51, 106, 108, 112, 148, 153; + diplomatic and political ability, ii. 33, 131, 346; iii. 65, 95, 133; + duplicity, ii. 33-35, 130-132; iv. 107; + gaming passion, ii. 33; + greed 131; + learning, 33; + licentiousness, 33, 131; + self-interest, iii. 193, 197, 253, 381; + treachery, 193, 197; iv. 106; + unscrupulousness, ii. 33, 35, 212; iv. 107, 138; + venality, ii. 34, 131, 265, 390, 391, 403; iii. 81, 94, 125; iv. 251; + versatility, ii. 33. + + =Talleyrand, Mme.=, Pius VII refuses to receive, ii. 326. + + =Tallien, J. L.=, opposes Robespierre, i. 251; + social life in Paris, 290; + influence for _N._, 296; + favors appointment of _N._ as Convention general, 299; + marriage, 315. + + =Tallien, Mme.=, "the goddess of Thermidor," i. 290; + _N.'s_ social intercourse with, 291; + matrimonial experiences, 315. + + =Talma, F. J.=, i. 319; + accompanies _N._ to Erfurt, iii. 174; + _N.'s_ intimacy with, iv. 250. + + =Tanaro=, _N._ at taking of, i. 255. + + =Tanaro, River=, the country of the, ii. 178. + + =Taranto=, embargo on, ii. 287; + creation of hereditary duchy of, 396; + Macdonald created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Macdonald=. + + =Tarentum=, Soult's force at, ii. 204. + + =Tarragona=, captured by Suchet, iii. 377. + + =Tarutino=, Kutusoff takes position at, iii. 350. + + =Tarvis=, capture of, i. 433. + + =Tatars=, characteristics of the, iii. 9. + + =Tatary=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95. + + =Tauenzien, Gen.=, battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18; + during the Waterloo campaign, 172. + + =Tauroggen=, Convention of, iii. 385, 395. + + =Taxation=, Necker's problems of, i. 98; + exemption of privileged classes from, 98, 100, 105; + conditions of, at outbreak of the Revolution, 101-106; + the stamp tax, 106; + the land-tax, 105, 106; + outbreak against, at Auxonne, 111; + demand for equality of, in Corsica, 116, 117; + reform of the system of, ii. 134, 220. + + =Tchitchagoff, Adm.=, joins Tormassoff, iii. 350; + pursuit of the French army by, 358, 366, 383; + hopes of capturing _N._, 367; + description of _N._, 367; + captures Borrissoff, 367, 368; + driven out of Borrissoff, 368; + at the crossing of the Beresina, 370; + blamed by Kutusoff and Wittgenstein, 374, 375; + bad generalship of, 375, 383. + + =Tchernicheff, Gen.=, commanding Army of the North, iv. 2. + + =Telnitz=, fighting at, ii. 385, 386. + + ="Templars, The,"= by Raynouard, ii. 350. + + =Temple, the=, the royal family imprisoned in the, i. 175. + + =Tenda Pass=, captured by the French, i. 243, 256; + _N.'s_ entertainment for Mme. Turreau at, 256. + + =Teplitz=, Louis's flight to, iii. 276; + Bennigsen reaches, iv. 22. + + =Terror, the=, i. 250-252, 266, 272, 314, 333; iv. 262; + fears of a revival of, ii. 92. + + =Terrorists, the=, growing influence of, ii. 93; + assassination schemes among, 239. + + =Testamentary rights=, under the Code, ii. 224. + + =Tettenborn, Gen.=, relieves Hamburg, iii. 402. + + =Texel, the=, Marmont ordered to Mainz from, ii. 362. + + =Thann=, battle of, iii. 210. + + =Tharandt=, Klenau's march to Dresden from, iv. 10. + + =Themistocles=, his refuge with the Persians, iv. 227; + _N._ draws parallel between his case and that of, 227. + + =Thermidorians, the=, i. 252; + prominent members of, 254; + adopt Roman systems, 269, 270, 271; + establish the Directory, 271; + anger the people of Paris, 273. + + =Thielemann, Gen.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172; + at Wavre, 194. + + =Third Coalition, the=, ii. 354 et seq.; + Prussia induced to join, 376, 377; + rout of the allies at Austerlitz, 388; + destruction of its strength and morale, 388. + + =Third Estate, the=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101; + constitution of, 108; + assumes to represent the nation, 108; + forces a junction with the two upper Estates, 108; + Sieyès's pamphlet on the, 107; + _N.'s_ care for, iv. 258, 261. + + =Third Republic=, the constitution of the, i. 267. + + =Thirty Years' War=, Richelieu's policy at close of the, ii. 264. + + =Thomé=, alleges attempt to stab _N._, ii. 116. + + =Thonberg=, _N._ at, iv. 32. + + =Thorn=, siege of, iii. 2; + French occupation of, 12; + military movements near, 13; + _N._ in, 331; + French military stores in, 333. + + =Thought=, influence on the social life of the world, ii. 46. + + =Thouvenot, Gen.=, service in Spain, iii. 283. + + =Three Emperors, Fight of the=, ii. 391. + + =Thugut, Count=, greed for territorial aggrandizement, i. 325; + determines on Italian conquest, 425, 426; + opens negotiations at Leoben, 436; + warns Gen. Clarke to keep away from Vienna, 452; ii. 42; + not deceived by treaty of Campo Formio, 22; + Paul I demands his dismissal, 142; + repudiates St. Julien's negotiations, 188; + overthrow of, 189. + + =Thuin=, military operations at, iv. 173. + + =Thuméry, Marquis of=, suspected of plotting against _N._, ii. 303. + + =Thuringia=, military movements in, ii. 427. + + =Tiber, River=, military operations on the, i. 421. + + =Ticino, River=, military operations on the, i. 358; ii. 173. + + =Tierney, G.=, on England's attitude toward France, ii. 144. + + =Tilly, Count=, _N.'s_ letter to, Aug. 7, 1794, i. 253. + + =Tilsit=, Bennigsen crosses the Niemen at, iii. 31; + meeting of the Emperors at, 34-65, 93; + treaty of, 34, 35, 54, 60, 63-66, 69, 72, 95, 97, 99, 104-110, + 116-120, 132, 166-172, 177, 245, 248, 255, 265, 294, 304, 309, + 313, 314, 328; + neutralization of, 42; + reasons leading to the peace of, 44 et seq.; + Queen Louisa at, 44, 57-62; + French representatives at, 49; + fraternizing of Russia and France at, 49-53; + decoration of the Russian grenadier at, 63; + _N.'s_ position at, 179; + Macdonald reaches, 384. + + ="Times," the= (London), on the allies' capture of Paris, iv. 108. + + =Tissot, Dr.=, _N.'s_ letter to, i. 84. + + =Tobacco=, establishment of state monopoly in, iii. 304. + + =Toledo=, Dupont's forces near, iii. 156. + + =Tolentino=, treaty of, i. 350, 421; ii. 326. + + =Toll, Gen.=, meets Alexander I after Austerlitz, ii. 388; + proposes concentration of the allied forces, iv. 89; + advises movement on Paris, 98. + + =Tolosa=, French forces at, iii. 183. + + =Tolstoi, Gen.=, _See_ =Ostermann-Tolstoi=. + + =Torbay=, the "Bellerophon" at, iv. 221, 226. + + =Torcy=, battle at, iv. 86; + military operations at, 90. + + =Torgau=, Saxon troops withdrawn from, iii. 407; + French occupation of, iv. 2; + Ney driven into, 19; + battle of, 267. + + =Tormassoff, Gen.=, confronted by Schwarzenberg, iii. 342; + joined by Tchitchagoff, 351. + + =Torres Vedras=, the lines of, iii. 285. + + =Tortona=, surrendered to France, i. 355; + _N._ at, 453; + scheme to relieve Masséna via, ii. 169; + the key of Genoa, 172; + topography of the country, 177, 178; + the Consular Guard at, 178. + + =Tortugas, the=, death of Leclerc in, ii. 237. + + =Touche, Méhée de la=, contrives Moreau's ruin, ii. 296-298; + English plots with, 330. + + =Toulon=, the recovery of, for the Convention, i. 148; + military and naval preparations at, 187, 220, 221, 261; ii. 40, + 47, 57, 332; + return of the Sardinian expedition to, i. 198; + anarchy in, 207, 213; + the Buonapartes in, 212; + the Buonapartes driven from, 216; + siege of, 220, 233, 289; + Marseilles refugees at, 221; + Lord Hood's seizure at, 221; + the "treason" of, 221-223; + _N._ at, 223, 240, 255, 257, 289, 307; + _N.'s_ plans for capture of, 230; + _N._ seeks mercy for rebels at, 233; + the National Convention's vengeance on, 233, 234; + massacres in, 234; + British occupation of, 239; + recapture of, 249; + news of the Terror in, 251; + English fleet driven from, 260; + the Corsican expedition leaves, 262; + _N._ at siege of, 289; + forced military loans in, 345; + departure of Egyptian expedition from, ii. 52-56; + Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, 57; + _N._ sails from Alexandria for, 82; + failure of Villeneuve's expedition from, 333; + _N._ orders the Spanish fleet to, iii. 71. + + =Toulouse=, Soult thrown back on, iv. 81; + defeat of Soult at, 147. + + =Tournon, the Chamberlain de=, mission to Spain, iii. 128. + + =Tours=, the French garrison at, iv. 118. + + =Trachenberg=, military council at, iv. 6. + + =Trade=, condition at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101. + + =Trafalgar=, _N.'s_ reception of the news of, ii. 334; + battle of, 373-376; iii. 47; + effect in France, ii. 394; + _N.'s_ reply to, ii. 441; + the lesson of, 264. + + =Trannes=, military movements near, iv. 60, 89. + + =Transpadane Republic, the=, i. 367, 400, 402, 428; + question of a constitution for the, ii. 10. + + =Trasimenus=, creation of the department of, iii. 262, 263. + + =Traun, River=, military movements on the, iii. 211. + + =Treaties=, the value of, iv. 263. + For specific treaties see the names of parties signatory + (countries or rulers) and of the places at which signed. + + =Trebbia, River=, French disasters on the, ii. 83, 92. + + =Treilhard, M.=, member of the Directory, ii. 92. + + =Trent=, military operations near, i. 384, 409, 414; + abandoned by Vaubois, 387; + Brune advances to, ii. 192; + apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, 266; + ceded to Bavaria, 391. + + =Treuenbrietzen=, Prussian pursuit of Oudinot to, iv. 14. + + =Treviso=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; + Mortier created Duke of, iii. 86 (_see also_ =Mortier=); + the Buonaparte family princes of, iv. 44. + + =Trianon=, _N._ retires to, after the divorce, iii, 257; + the imperial court at, 301. + + =Trianon Decree, the=, iii. 279. + + =Tribunate, the=, ii. 126, 150-153; + constitution of, 241; + opposition to _N._ in, 242, 243; + secret sessions of, 247; + new method of electing to, 247; + form of addressing the First Consul in, 293; + Carnot remonstrates in, against adulation of _N._, 295; + independence of, 320; + initiates the imperial movement, 321; + condition under the imperial constitution of 1804, 322; + destruction of, iii. 82; + compared with the English Parliament, 83; + its functions, 83. + + =Tricolor=, Louis XVI, adopts the, i. 109; + _N.'s_ scheme to unfurl, in Corsica, 122; + insult to, in Naples, 192. + + =Triest=, _N._ threatens to seize, i. 404; + seized by _N._, 434; + reoccupied by Austria, 435; + rise of, 447; + importations of English goods at, iii. 165; + ceded to France, 239; + England's loss of trade with, 272; + basis of possible Oriental operations, 331; + French occupation of, 423; + _N._ offers the city to Austria, 424. + + =Trinidad=, retained by England, ii. 211, 262; + ceded to England, 332. + + =Triple Alliance, the=, iv. 21, 76, 295. + + =Triumphal Arch, Paris=, erection of the, iii. 74. + + =Tronchet=, on committee to draft the Code, ii. 222. + + =Troyes=, recall of the Parliament to Paris from, i. 106; + battle of, iv. 60; + military movements near, 60, 68, 72-76, 86, 88-91, 95, 104, 105. + + =Truchsess-Waldburg, Count=, Prussian commissioner at Fontainebleau, + iv. 134; + _N.'s_ attitude toward, 134; + allegations concerning _N.'s_ physical ailments, 139, 168. + + =Tudela=, French success at, iii. 156; + scheme of operations at, 158; + Spanish forces near, 184, 185. + + =Tuileries, the=, the mob at, i. 176; + the carnage at, 178; + Robespierre orders the destruction of, 251; + storming of, Aug. 10, 1702, 273; + defense of, 299-303; + _N._ at, on the 18th Brumaire, ii. 105, 106; + Lannes's guard at, 108; + decoration of, 147; + rechristened "the palace of the government," 147; + _N._ takes possession of, 148; + residence of the Buonapartes at, 195, 196; + social functions at, 255, 256, 279, 327-328, 406; + consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280; + _N.'s_ interview with Lord Whitworth at, Feb. 17, 1803, 280-282; + scene between Whitworth and _N._, March 13, 1803, 281, 282; + the imperial court at, 324, 326-328; + refurnishing the, iii, 25; + social vices at, 92; + _N._ at, 110; + the divorce scandal in, 180; + the divorce decree pronounced in, 247; + imperial family life at, 323, 381; + depository of the Emperor's funds, 366, 389; iv. 50, 141; + the officers of the National Guard summoned to, 53; + flight of the Empress from, 109; + changes in the court at, 148; + _N._ reënters, 158; + struggle between royalists and imperialists at, 158; + loneliness of, 159. + + =Turas=, military operations near, ii. 385. + + =Turenne, Marshal=, military genius, i. 348; + _N._ compared with, 348, 349; + _N.'s_ analysis of the wars of, iv. 232, 266. + + =Turin=, military operations around, i. 353, 354; + _N.'s_ influence in, 448; + Gen. Clarke's mission to, 452; + _N._ in, ii. 27; + revolutionary movements in, 39; + Bonapartist agency in, 89; + Charles Emmanuel IV invited to return to, 141; + Melas hastens to, 170, 174; + topography of country near, 178; + sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380. + + =Turkey=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95; + seeks to organize its armies, 292; + France seeks alliance with, 293; + _N.'s_ plans for service in, 292, 296-298; + Austria's gaze on, 325; + _N.'s_ eye on, 424; + France's influence on, 424; + disaffection in, ii. 17; + schemes for the dismemberment of, 16, 18, 33, 42, 44, 382, 405; + iii. 37, 51, 55, 99, 105-114, 165, 169, 176, 245, 311, 313, 316; + France's justification of Egyptian schemes to, ii. 47; + _N._ seeks alliance with, 48; + refuses alliance with France, 67; + negotiations and alliances with Russia, 67, 72; iii. 51, 56, 99, + 105, 322; 350; + alliance with Russia and Austria, 56; + military activity, 1799, 74; + joins the second coalition, ii. 90, 93; + checked by Franco-Russian treaty of peace (1800), 154; + defeat of, at Heliopolis, 181; + Egypt restored to, 211; + treaty between France and (1801), 211; + integrity of her boundaries, 262; + suzerainty over Ionia and Egypt, 262; + _N._ on her policy, 347; + source of discord between France and Russia, 417; + Oubril undertakes to guarantee her integrity, 417; + _N._ resolves to assert supremacy over, ii. 441; + military operations on the Dniester, 441; + _N.'s_ scheme of protectorate over, 441; + hostilities with Russia, iii. 1, 163, 236, 248, 310; + declares war against England, 20; + _N._ arranges a treaty between Persia and, 20, 21; + Austria espouses the cause of, 22; + overthrow of Selim III, 33, 51, 106, 163; + revolt of the Janizaries, 33; + alliance with France, 33; + end of Sebastiani's influence in, 33; + Russian acquisitions in, 64; + French influence in, 99; + _N._ intervenes between Russia and, 100; + terms of the agreement at Slobozia, 105; + Russia's ambition to acquire territory of, 108; + usurpation of Mustapha, iv, 162; + threatened anarchy in, 163; + reform in, 163; + threatened loss of French prestige in, 163; + accession of Mahmud II, 163; + Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, 166; + _N._ fears her alliance with Russia or England, 177; + England's trade under the flag of, 280; + Russian designs against, 309; + Austria seeks territorial aggrandizement at expense of, 316; + pivotal in European politics, 318; + _N._ endeavors to form alliance with, 322; + in grand coalition against _N._ (1813), 392; + European support of, iv. 295; + _N.'s_ influence on modern, 300. + + =Turreau, Gen.=, at Mont Cenis Pass, ii. 170; + crosses Mont Cenis, 172. + + =Turreau, Mme.=, _N.'s_ ghastly entertainment for, i. 256. + + =Tuscany=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27-29; + favors the French Revolution, 262; + peace between France and, 262; + withdraws from the coalition (1795), 324; + military operations against, 357-421; + French proposition to revolutionize, 373; + treaty with France, Jan. 11, 1797, 410; + plunder of, ii. 16; + involved in Italian quarrels, 87; + France acquires temporary possession of, 87; + _N.'s_ bad faith with, 144; + Austrian occupation of, 160, 170, 182; + reinforcements for Melas from, 170; + creation of kingdom of, 205; + British ships driven from harbors of, 287; + the situation in, iii. 118; + ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, 264; + Elisa created Grand Duchess of, 279. + _See also_ =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=. + + =Tuscany, the Grand Duke of=, i. 345; + flees to Vienna, ii, 87; + loses his territory, 193; + territories acquired by, 266. + + =Tutschkoff, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15. + + =Twelfth Light Dragoons=, at the battle of Waterloo, iv. 211. + + =Two-Cent Revolt, the=, i. 79. + + =Two Sicilies, the=, i. 421. + + =Tyrol, the=, the road to Vienna through, i. 342; + military operations in, 371-373, 383-387, 392, 414, 431, 433-436; + ii. 367, 380; iii. 201, 212, 213, 234; + _N.'s_ unsuccessful attempt to conciliate its people, i. 385; + loyalty to Austria, 409; + the insurrection in, 436; + Kray's retreat to, cut off, ii. 166; + Iller commanding in the, 188; + Soult cuts off the Austrian retreat to, 366; + Ney sweeps the Austrians from, 380; + _N._ threatens to seize, 389; + ceded by Austria to Bavaria, 391; + insurrection ripe in, iii. 195; + Archduke John to excite revolt in, 199; + rising against Bavarian rule, 201; + repression of priestly tyranny in, 201; + revolution against bondage in, 201; + characteristics of its people, 201; + Maximilian's reforms in, 201; + guerrilla warfare in, 210, 234; + abandoned by Archduke John, 211; + its people abused by _N._, 213; + French evacuation of, 225; + rising in, 234; + French invasion of, 241; + effects of the armistice of Znaim, 241; + reduced to submission, 241; + amnesty offered by Prince Eugène, 241; + opened to the allies, iv. 56. + + +U + + =Ucciani=, _N.'s_ escape to, i. 203. + + =Udine=, congress at, ii. 20. + + =Ulm=, Austrian retreat to, ii. 168; + Austrian troops in sight of, 363; + the French at, 363-365; + the capitulation at, 366, 367; + concentration of troops in, iii. 203. + + ="Undaunted," the=, _N._ sails for Elba on, iv. 140. + + =United Irishmen=, misunderstanding between the Directory and the, + ii. 67. + + =United States, the=, constitutional government in, i. 152; + the French idea of the system of government in, 269; + Talleyrand's residence in, ii. 33; + Talleyrand's views on, 33, 34; + mission concerning protection of commerce, 34; + treaty of commerce with England, 1794, 212; + arrogance of the Directory toward, 211, 212; + imbroglio with France, 212; + suspension of diplomatic relations with France, 212; + commercial convention with France, 212; + neutrality declaration, 1793, 212; + Jerome Buonaparte's residence in, 257; + events leading to the war of 1812, 288, 289; iii. 274; + purchases Louisiana, ii. 289, 332; iv. 300; + _N.'s_ relations with, and influence on, ii. 289; iii. 101, 275; + iv. 300; + Carnot's comparison of France with, ii. 321; + Moreau's banishment to, 299; + commercial rivalry with England, iii. 46; + British claim of right of search, 47, 48; + effect of British "orders in council" upon, 47; + ocean commerce, 48; + authorizes reprisals, 48; + French attacks on commerce of, seizures of vessels, etc., 49, 273, + 274, 296, 321, 322; + rising naval power, 49; + liberty of testamentary disposition in, 85; + English provisions concerning the carrying trade of, 100-102; + permitted to trade direct with Sweden, 100, 101; + _N._ attempts to force them into the French system, 101, 102; + decline of trade with England, 102; + Jefferson's administration, 101, 102; + agricultural policy of the Democrats, 101, 102; + the embargo, 102, 274, 275; + the war of 1812, 102, 322; + policy of the Federalists, 102; + the Non-intervention Act, 102; + indispensability of cotton in Europe, 266; + "neutralized" commerce of, 267; + proposal that Louis XVIII acquire a kingdom in, 271; + alleged seizure of French vessels by, 274; + the Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809, 274; + prohibition of commercial intercourse with England and France, 274; + seizure of ships by England, 275; + Lucien attempts to escape to, 277; + chafing under restrictions of commerce, 318; + crippled commerce of, 321; + declares war against England, 378; + naval successes of, 378; + Moreau summoned from, 407; iv. 2; + _N._ plans escape to, 219, 220; + Hamilton's treasury system, 259; + the independence of, 261; + the war for independence, 297; + wars with England, 300, 301; + popular interest in _N._ in, 300, 301; + expansion of constitutional law, 301; + growth of, 301; + _N.'s_ influence in, 301; + the slavery question in, 301. + _See also_ =America=. + + =University of Berlin=, iii. 103. + + =University of France=, ii. 228; iii. 89. + + =Ural Mountains=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209. + + =Urbino=, annexed to Italy, iii. 68, 118. + + =Uscha, River=, military operations on the, iii. 340. + + =Ussher, Capt.=, conveys _N._ to Elba in the "Undaunted," iv. 140, 141. + + =Usury=, the curse and its cure in France, ii. 219; iii. 76, 77. + + =Utizy=, military movements near, iii. 344. + + +V + + =Valais=, declared an independent commonwealth, ii. 233; + Chateaubriand French representative in, 260; + scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266; + separated from Switzerland, 278; + independence of, 278; + annexed to the French empire, 278. + + =Valeggio=, _N.'s_ narrow escape at, i. 393. + + =Valençay=, the Spanish captives at, iii. 148, 168, 261. + + =Valence=, _N._ joins his regiment at, i. 67; + _N.'s_ life at, and visits to, i. 66-82, 125, 134, 141, 145, 149, + 150, 154-158, 184, 223; + the garrison at, and people of, 143; + obsequies of Mirabeau at, 153, 154; + friends of the Constitution in, 155; + reception of _N._ and Elisa at, 184; + occupied by Carteaux, 215; + death of Pius VI at, ii. 39; + burial of Pius VI at, 216; + meeting of _N._ and Augereau near, iv. 138. + + =Valencia=, massacre of the French at, iii. 154; + Moncey advances on, 156; + French defeat before, 159; + captured by Suchet, 289; + temporary French government at, 377. + + =Valenciennes=, evacuation of, i. 222. + + =Valenza=, military operations near, i. 358. + + =Valetta=, French plot to seize, ii. 18; + the sword of, given to Paul I, 154. + + =Valjouan=, Victor drives the Austrians from, iv. 71. + + =Valladolid=, captured by the French, iii. 132; + French success near, 156; + French communications at, 157; + _N._ at, Jan. 6, 1809, 189. + + =Valmaseda=, Blake driven back to, iii. 184. + + =Valmy=, defeat of the allies at, i. 194. + + =Valtellina, the=, quarrel between the Grisons and, ii. 11; + incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 40. + + =Vandamme, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386-388; + dread of _N._, iii. 93; + in battle of Eckmühl, 209; + at Linz, 216, 225; + relieved by Lefebvre, 225; + strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324; + commanding division in Eugène's army, 393; + junction of Danish troops with, 407; + captures Hamburg, 407; + goes to Davout's assistance, 413; + in battle of Dresden, iv. 8-10; + at Pirna, 8-10; + pursues the allies, 10; + battle of Kulm, 15; + captured at Kulm, 15; + character, 15; + in the Waterloo campaign, 169-173; + advances toward Fleurus, 180; + battle of Ligny, 181. + + =Vandeleur, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210. + + =Vanne, River=, iv. 105. + + =Var, River=, military operations on the, ii. 160, 165, 170, 171, 174. + + =Vatican=, relations of Paoli with the, i. 16. + + =Vauban=, disgrace of, i. 332; + eulogized by Carnot, 333. + + =Vaubois, Gen.=, service in the Alps, i. 347; + defeated by Davidowich, 387, 388, 392; + service in Egypt, ii. 53. + + =Vauchamps=, battle of, iv. 64. + + =Vaud=, revolutionary outbreak in, ii. 27, 40; + French intervention in, 40; + Alexander forbids the restoration of, iv. 68. + + =Vaux=, submission of Carlo Buonaparte to, i. 31. + + =Venaissin, the=, annexed to France, i. 422. + + =Vendée, la=, civil war, massacres, and royalist plots in, i. 207, + 213, 222, 234, 249, 276, 305, 325, 449; ii. 91, 143, 146, 240, + 241; iv. 102, 166, 218; + reinforcements for the Army of Italy from, i. 387; + _N._ conciliates, ii. 146; + revulsion of feeling against the Bourbons in, iv. 146; + _N._ seeks to rouse imperial feeling in, 220. + + =Vendémiaire=, the 13th of, 301-305; ii. 22. + + =Vendetta, the=, i. 10-15. + + =Vendôme, Column of=, erection of the, iii. 74; + placard on the, iv. 158. + + =Venetia=, neutrality violated by Beaulieu, i. 361; + jealousy between Venice and other towns of, 427; + coveted by Austria, 428; + the revolutionary movement in, 436; + the mainland ceded to Austria, 438; + the oligarchy of, 444; + French military operations in, ii. 13; + France's acquisitions in, 21; + incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 21; + plunder of, 38; + surrender to Austria, 38; + _N._ threatens to seize, 389; + incorporated with Italy, 395, 405; + admitted to the Concordat, iii. 118. + _See also_ =Venice=. + + =Venetian Alps=, road to Vienna through the, i. 342. + + =Venetian Republic=, political status in 1796, i. 345. + + =Venice=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95; + Austria's ambitions in, 325, 424; ii. 357, 363; + military operations against (1796), i. 357; + Beaulieu violates neutrality of, 371-373; + treaty with Austria, 371; + decadence and downfall of, 371, 451; + at _N.'s_ mercy, 373; + resents violations of territory, 401; + _N.'s_ violation of neutrality of, 427; + the humiliation of, 427-429; + the Golden Book of, 428, 429, 436; + pillage in, 427, 445; ii. 16; + Kilmaine's military watch on, i. 431; + revolution in, 435, 445-447; + concludes negotiations with _N._, 436-438; + acquires Bologna, Ferrara, and the Romagna, 438; + _N._ forbidden to interfere with, 441; + loss of independence, 441-446; + fires on French ship, 443; + _N._ "an Attila to," 443; + _N._ declares war against, 443; + the oligarchy of, 444; + attempts to bribe _N._, 445; + treaty between France and (1797), 446; + the new republic of, 446; + loses independence, 446, 447; + French occupation of, 445-447; + letter from _N._ to the provisional government, 447; + _N.'s_ characterization of the Venetians, 447; + _N._ offers the republic to Austria, 446; + _N._ reproached for the overthrow of, ii. 5; + Lallemant's propaganda in, 10, 11; + Junot's demands on the senate, 11; + dismemberment of, 16; + the Directory's ambition for the conquest of, 16; + ceded to Austria, 21; + the last doge of, 24; + destruction of the "Bucentaur" at, 24; + destruction of naval stores at, 24; + seeks to continue war with Austria, 24; + dragged into war by _N._, 144; + election of Pius VII at, 206; + _N._ threatens to seize, 361; + surrendered to France, 391; + Pius VII refuses to extend the Concordat to, iii. 68; + ceded to France, 109; + appropriations for the harbor, 109; + _N._ at, Nov., 1808, 128; + interview between Joseph and _N._ at, 129-132; + basis of possible Oriental operations, 332. + _See also_ =Venetia=; =Venetian Republic=. + + =Ventimiglia=, seized by Masséna, i. 243. + + =Vercelli=, Melas proposes to attack _N._ via, ii. 174. + + =Verdier=, success at Logroño, iii. 156; + occupies Aragon, 155. + + =Verdun=, abandoned by the enemy, i. 186; + imperial troops at, iv. 102. + + =Verhuel=, Dutch commissioner to Paris, ii. 397. + + =Verona=, _N._ at, i. 399; + French occupation of, 372; + military operations near, 379, 380, 388-392, 410-414; + insurrection in, 436, 442, 443; + disarmament of, 442. + + =Veronese Vespers, the=, i. 436, 442. + + =Versailles=, meetings of the Estates at, i. 96, 107; + luxury in, 151; + the Parisian mob at, 151; + prison massacres in, 188; + Macdonald's guard at, ii. 108; + _N._ retires to, after his divorce, iii. 257; + Souham delivers his army prisoners at, iv. 126, 127. + + =Vicenza=, military operations before, i. 387; + creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396. + + =Victor, Gen. C. P.=, attacks Provera at La Favorita, i. 415; + watches Rome, 431; + reinforces Lannes at Casteggio, ii. 176; + commanding corps at Marengo, 176-182; + service in the Army of England, 291; + battle of Heilsberg, iii. 29; + battle of Friedland, 30-32; + created Duke of Belluno, 86; + yearly income, 87; + character, 93; + _N.'s_ opinion of, 93; + at Amurrio, 183; + defeated by Wellesley at Talavera, 236; + strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324; + ordered to advance east from the Niemen, 347; + in retreat from Moscow, 359 et seq.; + effects junction with Saint-Cyr, 361; + checks Wittgenstein, 361; + abandons Vitebsk, 361; + driven back, 366; + at the crossing of the Beresina, 366-372; + ordered to hold back Wittgenstein, 369; + defeated by Wittgenstein at Borrissoff, 369; + division commander under Eugène, 393; + in campaign of 1813, 402; + relieves Glogau, 413; + battle of Dresden, iv. 8-10; + guarding roads from Bohemia, 18; + battle of Leipsic, 28, 31, 32; + assigned to defense of the Rhine, 54; + ordered to Nogent, 62; + junction with Macdonald at Montereau, 64; + abandons Nogent, 64; + driven back to Nangis, 65; + drives the Austrians from Valjouan, 71; + fails to capture Montereau, 71-73; + moral exhaustion of, 71-73; + degraded, but restored to favor, 72; + commanding portion of the Young Guard, 72; + battle of Craonne, 78. + + =Victor Amadeus=, king of Sardinia, i. 244, 352; + guards Lombardy, 342; + checkmated by _N._, 355; + death of, 336; + relationship to Louis XVIII, 355, 356. + + ="Victory," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 373, 374. + + =Vienna=, plans for French advance on, i. 385; + Austria opposes _N.'s_ advance to, 426; + combined movements on, 430 et seq.; + the peace party in, 437; + rejoicing in, at treaty of Leoben, 439; + Gen. Clarke's mission to, 451; + rejoicings in, over treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 22; + Gen. Clarke forbidden to enter, 42; + dread of revolutionary sentiment in, 42; + attack on the French embassy (1798), 43; + flight of Ferdinand III to, 87; + _N.'s_ plans to subdue, 163; + _N._ sends peace commissioner to, 186; + court intrigues at, 189; + Moreau advances toward, 192; + Stuart British envoy to, 302; + _N._ threatens, 361, 378; + French treachery at, 369; + the French enter, 367-369, 378; + Talleyrand at, 382; + Pozzo di Borgo's mission at, ii. 445; + Andréossy's mission at, 443; + French influence in, iii. 22; + decree of, May 17, 1809, 118; + belligerent tone at, 165, 178, 193, 195; + effect of _N.'s_ and Alexander's remonstrances at, 167, 168; + Metternich goes to, 193; + defensive measures for, 203; + _N.'s_ march on, after Eckmühl, 212; + capitulation of, 212; + _N.'s_ characterization of its inhabitants, 213; + Charles's plan to free, 216; + proposed French retreat toward, 222; + _N.'s_ army around, 226; + consternation at rumored Franco-Russian marriage, 251; + French soldiers nursed in, 254; + marriage of Maria Louisa at, 254-257; + pro-Russian party in, 313, 314; + characterization of _N._ in, 415; + England's diplomacy in, 417; + Francis fears a French invasion of, iv. 3; + Congress of, 144, 145, 162, 164; + news of _N.'s_ escape in, 162. + + =Vienna Coalition, the=, iv. 164, 251. + + =Vigo=, Villeneuve at, ii. 359. + + =Villach=, _N._ enters Germany at, i, 434; + Eugène and Macdonald at, iii. 217. + + =Villanova=, military operations at, i. 389. + + =Villefranche=, expedition against Corsica from, i. 189. + + =Villeneuve=, _N._ at, iv. 105. + + =Villeneuve, Adm.=, in the battle of the Nile, ii. 63; + commanding at Toulon, 332; + proposed naval expedition for, 333; + escapes from Toulon, and returns, 333; + ordered to the West Indies, 334; + character, 333, 358, 371-375; + returns to European waters, 358; + his combined fleet at Ferrol and Corunna, 359; + at Vigo, 359; + disheartened, 359; + dissatisfied with his fleet, 359, 371, 372; + encounter with Calder, 359, 371; + ordered to relieve Rochefort and Brest, 359; + retreats to Cadiz, 359, 370, 371; + fails to appear in the Channel, 362; + chased by Nelson to the West Indies and back, 370; + retreat to Ferrol, 371; + orders for Mediterranean cruise, 372; + remonstrates against his orders, 372; + _N._ prepares to supersede, 372; + tries to evade disgrace, 372; + battle of Trafalgar, 373-375; + interview with _N._, 375; + his suicide, 375. + + =Villetard=, French republican agent in Venice, i. 445. + + =Vilna=, _N._ in, iii. 331-335; + Barclay de Tolly's army confronting, 335; + the French retreat through, 370, 372; + _N.'s_ incognito journey through, 375; + Kutusoff enters, 383; + Alexander goes to, 383. + + =Vimeiro=, defeat of Junot at, iii. 157-159. + + =Vincennes=, the trial and execution of the Duc d'Enghien at, + ii. 305, 306, 308-310; iii. 196. + + =Vincent, Gen.=, Austrian representative at Erfurt, iii. 178, 193. + + =Visconti=, "Greek Iconography," iv. 219. + + =Vistula, River, the=, _N.'s_ conquests west of, ii. 437; + plan of campaign on, 441; + bridging of, iii. 2, 3; + French positions on, 7; + attempt to drive the French across, 28; + proposed boundary line on, 36; + military operations on, 117, 393, 396; + Alexander promises assistance to Prussia on, iii. 320; + the French army reaches, 330; + French advance to the Niemen from, 337; + Murat's position on, untenable, 385; + Schwarzenberg retreats across, 385; + threatened expulsion of the French from, 416; + French garrisons on, iv. 35; + _N._ entertains hopes of returning to, 63, 66, 69. + + =Vitebsk=, its strategical position, iii. 338; + _N._ at, 338; + military movements near, 339, 364; + French garrison in, 341; + the French abandon, 361. + + =Vitoria=, Dupont ordered to, iii. 128; + Ferdinand VII at, 143; + French forces at, 183; + battle of, 420. + + =Vitrolles=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 98, 106, 108; + captured with Weissenberg at St. Dizier, 104. + + =Vitry=, military movements near, iv. 58, 91, 93, 94; + Prussian occupation of, 95; + French troops at, 102. + + =Vives, Gen.=, besieges Barcelona, iii. 184. + + =Vivian, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210. + + =Volga, River, the=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209; + Cossacks of, iii. 9. + + =Volhynia=, Austrian troops in, iii. 331, 338; + Bagration's position in, 335. + + =Völkermarkt=, Archduke John at, iii. 317. + + =Volney, Constantin F. C.=, espouses the Corsican cause, i. 120, 121; + _N.'s_ friendship with, 163; ii. 97, 335; + member of the senate, 151. + + =Voltaire=, on the character of Paoli, i. 18; + _N.'s_ study of, 78; ii. 256; iv. 231; + his "Essay on Manners," i. 150; + on the Hohenzollern territories, ii. 442; + performance of his "Oedipe" at Erfurt, iii. 172. + + =Voltri=, military operations at, i. 353. + + =Vorarlberg=, Kray's retreat via, cut off, ii. 166; + ceded to Bavaria, 391. + + =Vosges Mountains, the=, proposed boundary for Germany, iii. 320; + the allies turn the line of, iv. 57, 58; + supposed retreat of Schwarzenberg to, 86; + reported rising in, 88; + _N._ urges guerrilla risings in, 90. + + =Voss, Countess=, attendant on Queen Louisa, iii. 60. + + +W + + =Wachau=, battle of, iv. 27-30. + + =Wagram=, Charles's advance toward, iii. 218; + battle of, 225-232; iv. 173; + French demoralization after, iii. 231; + doubtful honors of, 231, 232; + _N.'s_ position after, 232; + position of Francis after, 232; + Berthier created Prince of, 256. + _See also_ =Berthier=. + + =Walcheren=, the English expedition to, iii. 237, 253, 270, 272, 284. + + =Walewska, Countess=, _N.'s_ amours with, iii. 11; + visits _N._ at Elba, iv. 142. + + =Walhain=, Gérard at, iv. 192; + Grouchy at, 192, 213. + + =Wallachia=, dismissal of the Turkish viceroy of, ii. 440, 441; + alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55; + Russian evacuation of, 64; + Russian ambition to possess, 98, 115, 116, 176, 310; + Russian occupation of, 99, 105; + Alexander demands possession of, 105; + _N._ offers to offset Moldavia and, against Silesia, 106, 108, 113; + proposed evacuation of Prussia for that of, 108; + Alexander's fear of losing, 248; + Russia threatened with the loss of, 314. + + =Wallenstein=, scene of his overthrow by Gustavus Adolphus, iii. 404. + + =War=, _N.'s_ aphorisms, theories, and plans of, i. 346-349; + ii. 268; iii. 202; + barbarity in, ii. 70; + thirst for, in France, 93; + the art of, 180. + + =Warens, Mme. de=, memoirs of, i. 76. + + =Warfare=, progress in methods of, i. 394, 395; + in Napoleonic times, ii. 178-180. + + =Warsaw= (city), Louis XVIII living in, ii. 239; + Polish national movement in, ii. 444; + the Russians driven from, iii. 1, 2; + French occupation of, 6-11; + frivolity in, 10; + _N.'s_ amours in, 11; + _N._ offers to evacuate, 167; + proposition that Russia occupy, 177, 178; + Archduke Ferdinand to march against, 199; + captured by Archduke Ferdinand, 201; + Polish troops at, 203; + reoccupied by Poniatowski, 212; + offered to Prussia, 225; + attitude of the Poles in, 313; + Jesuit influence in, 31; + proposition to make it capital of a Saxon province, 328; + _N._ in, 331; + the Diet begs the restoration of Poland, 331; + Schwarzenberg evacuates, 385; + Russian occupation of, 385; + proposed new capital for Prussia, 409. + + =Warsaw, Grand Duchy of=, creation of, iii. 56, 64, 73; + acquires Prussian territory, 62; + new constitution for, 67; + _N._ seeks to add Silesia to, 106, 108, 113; + Alexander's jealousy of, 108; + _N._ promises to evacuate, 113; + fortification of, 117, 165; + acquires New Galicia, 239; + territorial acquisitions, 244, 310; + pro-Russian party in, 311; + Alexander proposes to accept the crown of, 311; + military operations in, 322; + open to invasion, 329; + _N.'s_ incognito journey through, 375; + interview between _N._ and De Pradt at, 375, 382; + Russian invasion of, 385; + _N._ refuses to give up, 392; + reft from Saxony, 394; + in Russian possession, 399; + threatened dismemberment of, 409, 423; + proposed extinction of, 415; + _N.'s_ scheme in, 298. + + =Washington, George=, comparison of Paoli with, i. 18; + death of, ii. 147; + admiration of France for, 147; + statue at the Tuileries, 147; + festival in honor of, 147, 148; + compared with _N._, 148; + declares the neutrality of the United States (1793), 212. + + =Waterloo=, the advantage of position at, ii. 179; + the Prussian pursuit after, iii. 210; + _N.'s_ attempt at suicide after, iv. 131; + _N.'s_ reminiscences of, 175; + Wellington indicates the battle-ground, 178; + the controversial literature of, 186; + the battle-field, 189 et seq.; + character of the French troops at, 196; + Wellington's headquarters at, 195; + the plans of battle, 197; + the battle, 199 et seq.; + application of the name to the battle, 212; + review of the battle, 212 et seq.; + political spoils, 214; + moral effect on the Emperor, 216; + the news in Paris, 216; + _N.'s_ monograph on, 232; + _N.'s_ delay at, 267; + epic character of, 288; + effect on the world, 289. + + =Waterloo Campaign=, parallel between campaign in Piedmont and, iv. 170. + + =Wavre=, military operations at, iv. 182, 184, 187, 191-195, 214. + + =Wealth=, _N._ on, i. 137. + + =Weapons of war in 1796=, i. 349. + + =Wehlau=, military movements near, iii. 30. + + =Weimar=, dissension in the Prussian camp at, ii. 429; + fighting at, 431; + meetings of _N._ with Goethe and Wieland at, iii. 72, 73, 176. + + =Weimar, Grand Duchess of=, entertains _N._, iii. 174. + + =Weirother, Col.=, at Austerlitz, ii. 381. + + =Weissenberg, Gen.=, captured near St. Dizier, iv. 104. + + =Weissenburg=, battle of, i. 273; + the French position at, ii. 365. + + =Weissenfels=, taken by Bertrand, iv. 35. + + =Weissensee=, narrow escape of Frederick William III at, ii. 436. + + =Wellenburg=, acquired by Würtemberg, ii. 391. + + =Wellesley, Sir Arthur=, takes command of operations in Portugal, + iii. 122; + enters Portugal, 157; + defeats Junot at Vimeiro, 157; + recalled to England and vindicated, 186; + expels the French from Portugal, 236; + prepares for invasion of Spain, 236; + battle of Talavera, 236; + withdraws before Soult, 237; + created Duke of Wellington, 265; + _See also_ =Wellington, Duke of=. + + =Wellesley, Lord=, succeeds Canning as prime minister, iii. 272; + Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 284; + reinforces the army in Portugal, 284; + succeeded by Castlereagh, 378. + + =Wellington, Duke of= (_see also_ =Wellesley, Sir Arthur=), effect + of Moore's spirit on, iii. 189; + holds Portugal, 283; + reinforced by Lord Hill, 283; + battle of Talavera, 284, 287; + battle of Busaco, 284; + retreat down the Mondego, 284; + constructs the lines of Torres Vedras, 285, 286; + battle of Ocaña, 287, 288; + difficult position at Lisbon, 288; + character, 288, 289; + summons famine to his aid, 289; + advances into Spain, 289; + battles of Albuera and Fuentes de Onoro, 289; + retreats to Portugal, 289; + recaptures Almeida, 289; + attacked by Lord Liverpool, 288; + on Masséna's stand, 289; + battle of Salamanca, 290; + storming of Badajoz, 290, 319; + captures Ciudad Rodrigo, 290, 319; + advances on the Duero, 290; + period of inactivity, 290; + returns to Portugal, 290; + resumes the offensive, 290; + between two fires, 290; + demoralization of his army, 291; + moves against Madrid, 290; + defeats Marmont at Salamanca, 377; + withdraws to the Portuguese frontier, 377; + hampered by English political situation, 377, 378; + reverses in the Peninsula, 392; + battle of Vitoria, 420; + threatens France, 420; + successes in Spain, 420, 423; + Spain rises to support, iv. 40; + on the war in Spain, 52; + signs conditions with _N._, 52; + succeeds Castlereagh at Congress of Vienna, 145, 169; + proposes to deport _N._ to St. Helena, 145; + recalled by Lord Liverpool, 149; + desires to take the field, 169; + military genius, 169; + plan of campaign of the Hundred Days, 169; + dissatisfaction with his troops, 169; + _N.'s_ position with regard to Blücher and, 171; + influence over troops, 172; + relative strength in Waterloo campaign, 172; + awaits developments, 172; + reminiscences of Waterloo, 173, 178; + relations with Blücher, 176; + interview between the Duke of Richmond and, at the ball, 178; + indicates the battle-ground at Waterloo, 178; + concentration of his troops, 178, 179; + criticizes Blücher's tactics, 181; + meeting with Blücher at Bry, 180; + battle of Quatre Bras, 181-188; + conversation with Col. Bowles, 184; + retreat to Mont St. Jean, 185, 189; + _N._ determines to attack, 185; + apprehended junction of Blücher and, 187, 190; + his choice of position, 189 et seq., 193, 196, 213; + proposes to fall back to Brussels, 190; + strength at Waterloo, 190; + Blücher promises support, 190; + Grouchy aims to prevent union between Blücher and, 192; + his resolution to give battle in front of Soignes, 192; + his center at Mont St. Jean, 195; + Gneisenau's doubt of his standing at Waterloo, 194; + lack of confidence in the Dutch-Belgian troops, 195; + headquarters at Waterloo, 195; + lines of retreat, 195, 214; + the plan of Waterloo, 197; + battle of Waterloo, 199 et seq.; + repeated calls for Blücher, 204; + stories of his anxiety, 207; + his conduct of the Waterloo campaign, 213; + faint-hearted coöperation with Blücher, 213; + restores Louis XVIII, 220; + danger of _N.'s_ surrender to, 323; + share in the reconstruction of France, 225; + alleged attempt to assassinate, 234. + + =Wels=, Russian troops at, ii. 367. + + =Wereja=, capture of the French garrison of, iii. 350. + + =Werneck, Gen.=, capture of his division at Nördlingen, ii. 367. + + =Werther=, _N._ compared to, i. 81. + + =Wesel=, ceded to France, ii. 390; + French garrison at, 404, 416, 424; + demand for its restoration to Prussia, 422. + + =Weser, River=, French occupation of the coast near, iii. 266; + territory on, offered to Sweden, 399. + + =Western Empire=, accomplishment of _N.'s_ dream of, iii. 73; + an end to the dreams of, 422. + + =West Indies, the=, scheme for populating, ii. 236; + English blockade of the French fleet in, 257; + Jerome Buonaparte in, 257; + England watches French policy concerning, 267; + France looks to her power in, 280; + _N.'s_ ambitions in, 289; + French squadrons ordered to, 333; + Nelson enticed to, 358; + _N.'s_ ambitions in, iii. 308. + + =Westphalia=, military movements in, ii. 425; + organization of the kingdom of, iii. 56, 62; + Jerome king of, 73, 279; + war indemnity exacted from, 78; + levy of troops in, 132, 322-324; + sequestration of Frederick William's estates in, 162; + insurrection in, 225; + Schill's failure in, 233; + scheme to incorporate part with France, 266; + French occupation of, 307; + French influence in, 423; + flight of Jerome to France, iv. 40. + + =West Prussia=, Lestocq's retreat through, ii. 435. + + =Whitbread, Samuel=, on the French Revolution, ii. 144. + + ="White Terror," the=, i. 277; iv. 222. + + =Whitworth, Lord=, character, ii. 267; + ambassador to Paris, 266, 276; + evades declaration of England's Maltese policy, 273; + summoned to the Tuileries, Feb. 17, 1803, 280-282; + at consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280-282; + his attitude, 284, 285; + on _N.'s_ reception of April 4, 284; + reports on France's naval preparations, 284; + publication of his despatches in England, 284; + _N.'s_ declarations to, on subject of invading England, 290; + a diplomatic method of, iii. 418. + + =Wiazma=, battle of, iii. 350. + + =Wieland, C. M.=, interview with _N._ at Wiemar, iii. 174; + decorated at Erfurt, 176; + estimate of _N.'s_ influence, 322. + + =Wilberforce, William=, deprecates war with France, ii. 285. + + =Willach= (Carinthia), ceded to France, iii. 239. + + =Willenberg=, military movements near, iii. 13. + + =William, Prince= (of Prussia), mission to Paris, iii. 178; + in battle of Waterloo, iv. 205. + + ="William the Conqueror," by Duval=, ii. 350. + + =Willot, Gen.=, proposes to destroy the Directory, ii. 78; + suspected of plotting against _N._, 303. + + =Wilson, Sir Robert=, endeavors to reorganize the Russian army, iii. 351. + + =Wintzengerode=, captures Soissons, iv. 77; + defeated near St. Dizier, 95. + + =Wischau=, junction of Austrian and Russian troops at, ii. 379. + + =Wittau=, military operations near, iii. 227. + + =Wittenberg=, captured by Davout, ii. 436; + French forces at, iii. 393; + French occupation of, iv. 2; + military movements near, 14. + + =Wittgenstein, Gen.=, in the Russian campaign, iii. 341; + menaces the French left, 350; + resumes offensive against Saint-Cyr, 359; + checked by Victor and Saint-Cyr, 361; + pursuit of the French army, 366, 383; + Victor ordered to hold back, 368; + at the passage of the Beresina, 370; + defeats Victor at Borrissoff, 370; + bad generalship of, 374, 383, 384; + losses in the Russian campaign, 383; + fails to cut off Macdonald's retreat, 384; + commanding the allied army, 403; + the battle of Lützen, 405; + loses his command, 411; + commanding Army of the East, iv. 3; + battle of Leipsic, 29; + driven from Nangis, 72. + + =Wkra, River=, bridging of the, iii. 2. + + =Wolkousky, Prince P. M.=, in military council with Alexander I, iv. 98. + + =Women=, _N.'s_ attitude toward, and ideas concerning, i. 138, 143, + 256, 311, 317, 448; ii. 197, 198, 255; iii. 326, 327; + education of, ii. 225, 226; + demands of German social custom on, iii. 259, 260. + + =Wrede, Gen.=, in campaign of Eckmühl, iii. 206; + movements before Ratisbon, 209; + defeated by Hiller at Erding, 212; + battle of Wagram, 229; + reaches Vilna, 373; + commanding Bavarian troops, iv. 35. + + =Wright, Capt.=, lands the Cadoudal conspirators in France, ii. 297, 298; + Savary suspected of complicity in death of, 412. + + =Wurmser, Gen.=, _N.'s_ operations against, i. 350; + sent to reinforce Beaulieu, 357; + military genius, 378; + marches to relief of Mantua, 378 et seq.; + operations on Lake Garda, 381-383; + attempts to succor Mantua, 383, 384; + operations on the Brenta, 384; + advance-guard captured at Primolano, 384; + defeated at Bassano, 384; + demoralization of his army, 384; + makes ineffectual sally from Mantua, 392; + besieged in Mantua, his defense and surrender, 406-418; + _N.'s_ generosity to, 417, 418. + + =Würtemberg=, makes peace with France (1796), i. 385, 450; + grants to the Grand Duke of, ii. 265; + relations with Russia, 266; + French march through, 363; + friendly relations with and subservience to France, 377, 402; iii. 279; + created an independent kingdom, ii. 391, 398; + acquires territory after Austerlitz, 391; + member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 402, 403; + supplies contingents to _N.'s_ armies, ii. 404; iii. 3, 322, 324, 394; + Maria Louisa's progress through, iii. 256; + allotment of Austrian lands to, 266; + turns from _N._ to the allies, iv. 40; + position in Germany, 298. + + =Würtemberg, Princess Catherine of=, marries Jerome Napoleon, + iii. 93, 94. + + =Würzburg=, seized by Jourdan, i. 385; + reported French occupation of, ii. 420; + _N.'s_ base, 424; + French forces at, iii. 393. + + +Y + + ="Yamacks," the=, iii. 162. + + =Yarmouth, Lord=, negotiates for peace, ii. 400, 401, 404. + + =Yelin=, author of "Germany in her Deepest Humiliation," ii. 417. + + =Yermoloff, Gen.=, pursuit of the French army by, iii. 383. + + =Yonne, River=, military operations on the, iv. 116, 157. + + =York, Duke of=, besieges Dunkirk, i. 222; + defeated by Brune at Bergen, ii. 93, 323; + capitulates at Alkmaar, 93. + + =York, Gen.=, in correspondence with Alexander I, iii. 384; + concludes convention of Tauroggen, 385, 392, 395; + nominally degraded, 385; + desertion of the French cause, 393; + his action approved by the Estates of eastern Prussia, 397; + battle of Bautzen, 410; + battle of Leipsic, iv. 30; + reinforces Blücher at Montmirail, 63; + held by Mortier, 74; + routs Marmont at Athies, 79; + quits Blücher's army, but returns, 80. + + ="Young Guard,"= the, iii. 222; + battle of Lützen, 405; + battle of Dresden, iv. 9; + ordered to Bautzen, 18; + at Dresden, 21; + under command of Ney, 72; + Victor commanding portion of, 72; + "melts like snow," 78; + _N._ reviews, 117; + battle of Waterloo, 205. + + +Z + + =Zaborowski=, _N._ seeks service with, i. 217. + + =Zach, Gen.=, in battle of Marengo, ii. 180. + + =Zacharias, Pope=, on kingly power, ii. 325. + + =Zamosc=, held by the French, iii. 402. + + =Zampaglini=, Corsican patriot brigand, i. 139. + + =Zante=, France's jealous care of, ii. 32. + + =Zealand=, French occupation of, iii. 270; + _N.'s_ offer to exchange it for Hanseatic towns, 270. + + =Zembin=, the Emperor's retreat through, iii. 370. + + =Ziethen, Gen. J. J.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172; + at Charleroi, 173; + at Fleurus, 173, 174; + battle of Waterloo, 204, 205. + + =Zittau=, French advance from Dresden to, iv. 6; + Blücher's road to, blocked by Lauriston, 8. + + =Znaim=, military operations near, ii. 367; + Kutusoff's retreat to, 379; + Charles withdraws toward, iii. 230; + fighting at, 230; + French repulse at, 235; + the armistice of, 241, 251. + + =Zorndorf=, battle of, iv. 267. + + =Zürich=, the plundering of, ii. 40; + battles of, 93, 141; + Army of the Reserve ordered to, 164, 169; + Masséna's victory at, 323. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, by +William Milligan Sloane + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE *** + +***** This file should be named 34838-8.txt or 34838-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/8/3/34838/ + +Produced by Thierry Alberto, Bryan Ness, David Garcia, +Christine P. 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