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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, by 
+William Milligan Sloane
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte
+       Vol. IV. (of IV.)
+
+Author: William Milligan Sloane
+
+Release Date: January 3, 2011 [EBook #34838]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Thierry Alberto, Bryan Ness, David Garcia,
+Christine P. Travers and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected,
+all other inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's
+spelling has been maintained.
+
+Unusual subscripts have been marked with { }, e.g.: V{te} for
+Vicomte.
+
+Bold text has been marked with =.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: From a photograph by Braun, Clement & Co.
+
+EMPRESS MARIE LOUISE
+
+By Pierre Paul Prod'hon.]
+
+
+
+
+               THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
+
+                             BY
+
+                   WILLIAM MILLIGAN SLOANE
+                     PH.D., L.H.D., LL.D.
+        _Professor of History in Columbia University_
+
+
+                    Revised and Enlarged
+                       With Portraits
+
+
+                         VOLUME IV
+
+
+
+
+                          NEW YORK
+                       THE CENTURY CO.
+                            1916
+
+
+
+
+              Copyright, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1910
+                             BY
+                      THE CENTURY CO.
+
+                 _Published, October, 1910_
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+    CHAPTER                                                       Page
+
+         I. The Last Imperial Victory............................... 1
+
+        II. Politics and Strategy.................................. 11
+
+       III. The End of the Grand Army.............................. 23
+
+        IV. The Frankfort Proposals................................ 37
+
+         V. The Invasion of France................................. 47
+
+        VI. Napoleon's Supreme Effort.............................. 59
+
+       VII. The Great Captain at Bay............................... 71
+
+      VIII. The Struggles of Exhaustion............................ 84
+
+        IX. The Beginning of the End.............................. 101
+
+         X. The Fall of Paris..................................... 111
+
+        XI. Napoleon's First Abdication........................... 123
+
+       XII. The Emperor of Elba................................... 137
+
+      XIII. Napoleon the Liberator................................ 151
+
+       XIV. The Dynasties Implacable.............................. 164
+
+        XV. Ligny and Quatre Bras................................. 175
+
+       XVI. The Eve of Waterloo................................... 189
+
+      XVII. Waterloo.............................................. 199
+
+     XVIII. The Surrender......................................... 212
+
+       XIX. St. Helena............................................ 224
+
+        XX. Soldier, Statesman, Despot............................ 247
+
+       XXI. Napoleon and the United States........................ 268
+
+      XXII. Napoleon's Place in History........................... 285
+
+            Historical Sources.................................... 303
+
+            General Bibliography.................................. 307
+
+            Index................................................. 355
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  Empress Marie Louise                                  _Frontispiece_
+
+                                                           Facing Page
+
+  Napoleon in 1813................................................. 50
+
+  Napoleon, François Charles Joseph, Prince Imperial;
+    King of Rome; Duke of Reichstadt............................... 98
+
+  Map of the Field of Operations in 1814.......................... 104
+
+  The King of Rome................................................ 148
+
+  Map of the Campaign of 1815..................................... 194
+
+  Napoleon, François Charles Joseph, Duke of Reichstadt,
+    etc., etc., son of Napoleon Bonaparte......................... 200
+
+  Napoleon sleeping by Las Cases on board the _Bellerophon_....... 224
+
+  Napoleon at St. Helena.......................................... 230
+
+  Napoleon I...................................................... 274
+
+
+
+
+LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE LAST IMPERIAL VICTORY[1]
+
+         [Footnote 1: References: Pierron: Napoléon, de Dresde à
+         Leipzig. Pelet: Des principales opérations de la campagne de
+         1813. York von Wartenburg: Précis militaire de la campagne de
+         1813 en Allemagne. Clément: Campagne de 1813. Lüdtke: Die
+         strategische Bedeutung der Schlacht bei Dresden. Sorel:
+         L'Europe et la révolution française, Vol. VIII.]
+
+     Napoleon's Prospects -- The Preparations and Plans of the
+     Coalition -- Cross-purposes of the Combatants -- Condition of
+     Napoleon's Mind -- Strength and Weakness of the Allies -- Renewal
+     of Hostilities -- The Feint in Silesia -- Napoleon at Dresden --
+     First Day's Fighting -- The Victory Won on the Second Day.
+
+[Sidenote: 1813]
+
+In later years Napoleon confessed that during the interval between the
+first and second Saxon campaigns he had been outwitted. His
+antagonists had, in his own language, "changed for the better"; at
+least they secured the war they so earnestly desired under conditions
+vastly more favorable to themselves than to their opponent. Both
+parties had been arming with might and main during the prolonged
+truce, but each member of the dynastic coalition now had the backing
+of a growing national enthusiasm, while Napoleon had to deal with
+waning zeal and an exhausted people. Thus, then, at the opening of the
+second campaign in Saxony, the allies had four hundred and thirty-five
+thousand men, and Napoleon but three hundred and fifty thousand. With
+this inferiority, it behooved the Emperor to use all his strategic
+powers, and he did so with a brilliancy never surpassed by him.
+Choosing the Elbe as his natural defensive line, Hamburg stood almost
+impregnable at one end, flanked to the southward by Magdeburg,
+Wittenberg, and Torgau, three mighty fortresses. Dresden, which was
+necessarily the focal point, was intrenched and palisaded for the
+protection of the army which was to be its main bulwark. Davout and
+Oudinot, with seventy thousand men, were to threaten Berlin, and,
+thereby drawing off as many as possible of the enemy, liberate the
+garrisons of Stettin and Küstrin; they were then to beleaguer Spandau,
+push the foe across the Oder, and stand ready to fall on the flank of
+the coalition army. Napoleon himself, with the remaining two hundred
+and eighty thousand, was to await the onset of the combined Russian,
+Prussian, and Austrian forces.
+
+The allies now had in their camp two mighty strategists--Jomini, the
+well-known Swiss adventurer and military historian, and Moreau, who
+had returned from the United States. The former, pleading that he had
+lost a merited promotion by Berthier's ill-will, and that as a
+foreigner he had the right of choice, had gone over to the enemies of
+his employer; the latter, yielding to the specious pleas of his silly
+and ambitious wife that he might fight Napoleon without fighting
+France, had taken service with the Czar. The arrow which penetrated
+Napoleon's vitals was indeed feathered from his own pinions, since
+these two, with another of Napoleon's pupils--Bernadotte, the Crown
+Prince of Sweden--were virtually the council of war. Two of them, the
+latter and Moreau, saw the specter of French sovereignty beckoning
+them on. They dreamed of the chief magistracy in some shape,
+imperial, monarchical, consular, or presidential, and were more
+devoted to their personal interests than to those of the coalition. In
+the service of their ambition was formed the plan by which not only
+was Napoleon overwhelmed, but the fields of France were drenched with
+blood. Under their advice, three great armies were arrayed: that of
+the North, in Brandenburg, was composed of Prussians, Swedes, and a
+few Russians, its generals being Bülow, Bernadotte, and Tchernicheff;
+that of the East was the Prusso-Russian army in Silesia, now under
+Blücher, that astounding young cavalryman of seventy, and
+Wittgenstein; finally, that of the South was the new Austrian force
+under Schwarzenberg, with an adjunct force of Russian troops under
+Barclay, and the Russian guard under the Grand Duke Constantine. Bülow
+was in and near Berlin with about a hundred and fifty-six thousand
+men; Blücher had ninety-five thousand, and, having violated the
+armistice, was on August fourteenth already within the neutral zone at
+Striegau, before Breslau; the Austro-Russian force of almost two
+hundred and fifty thousand was in northern Bohemia, near Melnik;
+Bennigsen was in Poland building up a strong reserve. Schwarzenberg,
+though commander of the main army, was reduced to virtual impotence by
+the presence at his headquarters of all the sovereigns and of Moreau.
+Divided counsels spring from diverse interests; there was at the
+outset a pitiful caution and inefficiency on the part of the allies,
+while at Napoleon's headquarters there was unity of design at least.
+
+Both contestants were apparently under serious misapprehensions. The
+allies certainly were, because Francis believed that, as so often
+before, Napoleon's goal would be Vienna. The plan adopted by them was
+therefore very simple: each division of the allied army was to stand
+expectant; if assailed it was to yield, draw on the French columns,
+and expose their flank or rear to the attacks of the other two allied
+armies; then by superior force the invaders were to be surrounded. The
+allies divined, or believed they divined, that Napoleon would hold his
+guard in reserve, throw it behind any portion of his line opposite
+which they were vulnerable, break through, and defeat them in
+detachments. Their idea was keen, and displayed a thorough grasp both
+of the principles on which their opponent had hitherto acted and of
+his normal character. But nevertheless they were deceived. Napoleon
+discarded all his old principles, and behaved most abnormally. In his
+conduct there are evidences of a curious self-deception, and his
+decisions contradicted his language. Perpetually minimizing in
+conversation the disparity between the two forces, and sometimes even
+asserting his own superiority, he nevertheless almost for the first
+time assumed the defensive. This unheard-of course may have been due
+to misapprehension and exaggeration, but it produced for the moment a
+powerful moral effect on his generals, who, without exception, had
+hitherto been clamorous for peace, and likewise upon his new boy
+recruits; both classes began to have a realizing sense that they were
+now fighting, not for aggression, but for life. If the Emperor had any
+such confidence as he expressed, it must have been due to the fact
+that boys had fought like veterans at Lützen and Bautzen, and that at
+last there were cavalry and artillery in fair proportion. Possibly,
+likewise, he may have been desperate; fully aware that he was about to
+cast the dice for a last stake, he may have been at once braggart and
+timid. If he should win in a common defensive battle, he believed, as
+his subsequent conduct goes to show, that he was safe indefinitely;
+and if he lost--the vision must have been too dreadful, enough to
+distract the sanest mind: an exhausted treasury, an exhausted nation,
+an empty throne, vanished hopes, ruin!
+
+Yet at the time no one remarked any trace of nervousness in Napoleon.
+Long afterward the traitorous Marmont, whose name, like that of
+Moreau, was to be execrated by succeeding generations of honorable
+Frenchmen, recalled that the Emperor had contemptuously designated the
+enemy as a rabble, and that he had likewise overestimated the
+strategic value of Berlin. The malignant annalist asserted, too, that
+Napoleon's motive was personal spite against Prussia. It has also been
+studiously emphasized by others that the "children" of Napoleon's army
+were perishing like flowers under an untimely frost, forty thousand
+French and German boys being in the hospitals; that corruption was
+rife in every department of administration; and that the soldiers' pay
+was shamefully in arrears. An eye-witness saw Peyrusse, the paymaster,
+to whom Napoleon had just handed four thousand francs for a monument
+to Duroc, coolly pocket a quarter of the sum, with the remark that
+such was the custom. He would be rash indeed who dared to assert that
+there was no basis for this criticism. It is true that the
+instructions to Davout and Oudinot made light of Bülow's army, and
+that Berlin had vastly less strategic value than those instructions
+seemed to indicate. But, on the other hand, both generals and men were
+sadly in need of self-reliance, and to see their capitals occupied or
+endangered had still a tremendous moral effect upon dynastic
+sovereigns. As to the defects in his army, Napoleon could not have
+been blind; but in all these directions matters had been nearly, if
+not quite, as bad in 1809, and a victory had set them all in order.
+
+What nervousness there was existed rather among the allies. Never
+before in her history, not even under the great Frederick, had Prussia
+possessed such an army; the Austrians were well drilled and well
+equipped; the Russians were of fair quality, numerous, and with the
+reserves from Poland would be a powerful army in themselves. Yet in
+spite of their strength, the allies were not really able. Austria was
+the head, but her commander, Schwarzenberg, was not even mediocre, and
+among her generals there was only one who was first-rate, namely,
+Radetzky. Frederick William and Alexander were of incongruous natures;
+their alliance was artificial, and in such plans as they evolved there
+was an indefiniteness which left to the generals in their respective
+forces a large margin for independence. The latter were quick to take
+advantage of the chance, and this fact accounts for the generally lame
+and feeble beginning of hostilities.
+
+For example, it was through Blücher's wilfulness that the moral
+advantage lay with Napoleon in the opening of the struggle. On July
+ninth Bernadotte, Frederick William, and the Czar had met at
+Trachenberg to lay out a plan of campaign. In this conference, which
+first opened Napoleon's eyes to the determination of the allies,
+Blücher had secured for himself an independent command. The accession
+of Austria rendered the agreement of Trachenberg null, but Blücher did
+not abandon his ambition. Impatient of orders or good faith, he broke
+into the neutral zone at Striegau on August fourteenth, apparently
+without any very definite plan. Napoleon, hearing that forty thousand
+Russians from this army were marching toward Bohemia, advanced from
+Dresden on August fifteenth, to be within reach of the passes of the
+Iser Mountains on the Upper Elbe, and halted at Zittau as a central
+point, where he could easily collect about a hundred and eighty
+thousand men, and whence, according to circumstances, he could either
+strike Blücher, cut off the Russians, or return to Dresden in case of
+need. That city was to be held by Saint-Cyr. On August twentieth
+Blücher reached the banks of the Bober at Bunzlau; owing to Napoleon's
+nice calculation, Ney, Marmont, Lauriston, and Macdonald were
+assembled on the other side to check the advance, he himself being at
+Lauban with the guard. Had Blücher stood, the Russo-Prussians would
+have been annihilated, for their inferiority was as two to one. But
+the headstrong general did not stand; on the contrary, retreating by
+preconcerted arrangement behind the Deichsel, he led his antagonist to
+the false conclusion that he lacked confidence in his army.
+
+Napoleon was not generally over-credulous, but this mistake was
+probably engendered in his mind by the steady stream of uneasy reports
+he was receiving from his own generals. On the twenty-third he wrote
+to Maret that his division commanders seemed to have no self-reliance
+except in his presence; "the enemy's strength seems great to them
+wherever I am not." Marmont was the chief offender, having severely
+criticized a plan of operations which would require one or more of the
+marshals to act independently in Brandenburg or Silesia or both,
+expressing the fear that on the day when the Emperor believed himself
+to have won a decisive battle he would discover that he had lost two.
+Seventeen years of campaigning had apparently turned the great
+generals of Napoleon's army into puppets, capable of acting only on
+their leader's impulse. Whatever the cause, Napoleon was set in his
+idea, and pressed on in pursuit. On the twenty-second Blücher was
+beyond the Katzbach, with the French van close behind, when word
+arrived at Napoleon's headquarters that the Austro-Russians had
+entered Saxony and were menacing Dresden. How alert and sane the
+Emperor was, how thoroughly he foresaw every contingency, appears
+from the minute directions he wrote for Macdonald, who was left to
+block the road for Blücher into Saxony, while Lauriston was to
+outflank and shut off the perfervid veteran from both Berlin and
+Zittau.
+
+These instructions having been written, Napoleon at first contemplated
+crossing the Elbe above Dresden to take Schwarzenberg on the flank and
+rear in the passes of the Ore Mountains. This would not only cut off
+the Austrian general from the Saxon capital, but prevent his swerving
+to the left for an advance on Leipsic. But finding that his enemy was
+moving swiftly, the Emperor resolved to meet him before Dresden. It
+would never do to lose his ally's capital at the outset, or to suffer
+defeat at the very head of his defensive line. Giving orders,
+therefore, for the corps of Marmont, Vandamme, and Victor, together
+with Latour-Maubourg's cavalry and the guard, to wheel, he hastened
+back to reinforce Saint-Cyr at Dresden. On the twenty-fifth, as he
+passed Bautzen, he learned that Oudinot had been defeated at Luckau;
+but he gave no heed to the report, and next day reached Dresden at
+nine in the morning. An hour later the guard came up, having performed
+the almost incredible feat of marching seventy-six miles in three
+days. Vandamme, with forty thousand men, had arrived at Pirna, a few
+miles above, and Saint-Cyr was drawing in behind the temporary
+fortifications of the city itself.
+
+The enemy, too, was at hand, but he had no plan. In a council of war
+held by him the same morning there was protracted debate, and finally
+Moreau's advice to advance in six columns was taken. He refused "to
+fight against his country," but explained that the French could never
+be conquered in mass, and that if one assailing column were crushed,
+the rest could still push on. This long deliberation cost the allies
+their opportunity; for at four in the afternoon, when they attacked,
+the mass of the French army had crossed the Elbe and had thus
+completed the garrison of the city. For two hours the fighting was
+fierce and stubborn; from three different sides Russians, Austrians,
+and Prussians each made substantial gains; at six Napoleon determined
+to make a general sally and throw in his guard. With fine promptness.
+Mortier, at the head of two divisions of the young guard, attacked the
+Russians, and, fighting until midnight, drove them beyond the hamlet
+of Striefen. Saint-Cyr dislodged the Prussians, and pushed them to
+Strehla; while Ney, with two divisions of the young guard, threw a
+portion of the Austrians into Plauen, and Murat, with two divisions of
+infantry and Latour-Maubourg's cavalry, cleared the suburb
+Friedrichstadt of the rest. Napoleon, alert and ubiquitous, then made
+his usual round, and knew when he retired to rest in the royal palace
+that with seventy thousand men, or rather boys, he had repulsed a
+hundred and fifty thousand of his foe. His inspiriting personal work
+might be calculated as worth eighty thousand of his opponents' best
+men. That night both Marmont and Victor, with their corps, entered the
+city; and Vandamme in the early dawn began to bombard Pirna, thus
+threatening the allies' connection with Bohemia and drawing away
+forces from them to hold that outpost.
+
+The second day's fighting was more disastrous to the allies than the
+first. The morning opened in a tempest, but at six both sides were
+arrayed. On the French right were Victor and Latour-Maubourg; then
+Marmont; then the old guard and Ney with two divisions of the young
+guard; next Saint-Cyr, with Mortier on the left. Opposite stood
+Russians, Prussians, and Austrians, in the same relative positions, on
+higher ground, encircling the French all the way westward and around
+by the south to Plauen; but between their center and left was reserved
+a gap for Klenau's Austrians, who were coming up from Tharandt in the
+blinding storm, and were overdue. At seven began the artillery fire of
+the young guard; but before long it ceased for an instant, since the
+gunners found the enemy's line too high for the elevation of their
+guns. "Continue," came swiftly the Emperor's order; "we must occupy
+the attention of the enemy on that spot." The ruse succeeded, and the
+gap was left open; at ten Murat dashed through it, and turning
+westward, killed or captured all who composed the enemy's extreme
+left. The garrison of Pirna then retreated toward Peterswald.
+Elsewhere the French merely held their own. Napoleon lounged all day
+in a curious apathy before his camp-fire, his condition being
+apparently due to the incipient stages of a digestive disorder. Early
+in the afternoon Schwarzenberg heard of Murat's great charge, but he
+held firm until at five the flight from Pirna was announced, when he
+abandoned the conflict. By six Napoleon was aware that the battle was
+over, and, mounting his horse, he trotted listlessly to the palace,
+his old gray overcoat and hood streaming with rain.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+POLITICS AND STRATEGY[2]
+
+         [Footnote 2: References: Luckwaldt: Österreich und die
+         Anfänge des Befreiungskrieges von 1813: Vom Abschluss der
+         Allianz mit Frankreich, bis zum Eintritt in die Koalition.
+         Aster: Die Kriegsereignisse zwischen Peterswalde, Pirna,
+         Königstein und Priesten im August, 1813, und die Schlacht bei
+         Kulm. Wagner: Die Tage v. Dresden u. Kulm. Heft: Der
+         Waffenstillstand und die Schlacht bei Gross-Beeren nebst fünf
+         Beilagen.]
+
+     Napoleon's Conduct after Dresden -- Military Considerations
+     Overruled by Political Schemes -- Probable Explanation of
+     Napoleon's Failure -- Prussian Victories at Grossbeeren and on
+     the Katzbach -- Vandamme Overwhelmed at Kulm -- Napoleon's
+     Responsibility -- Political Considerations again Ascendant -- The
+     System of "Hither and Thither" -- The Battle of Dennewitz -- Its
+     Disastrous Consequences -- Napoleon's Vacillation -- Strategy
+     Thwarted by Diplomacy.
+
+
+Throughout the night after the victory at Dresden, Napoleon believed
+that the enemy would return again to battle on the morrow. This is
+conclusively shown by the notes which he made for Berthier during the
+evening. These were based on the stated hypothesis that the enemy was
+not really in retreat, but would on the morrow by a great battle
+strive to retrieve his failure. But the Emperor was altogether
+mistaken. To be sure, the council of the disheartened allies debated
+far into the small hours whether an advantageous stand could not still
+be made on the heights of Dippoldiswalde, but the decision was adverse
+because the coalition army was sadly shattered, having lost a third of
+its numbers. Crippled on its left and threatened on its rear, it
+began next morning to retreat in fair order toward the Ore Mountains,
+and so continued until it became known that Vandamme was directly in
+the path, when a large proportion of the troops literally took to the
+hills, and retreat became flight. Then first, at four in the
+afternoon, Napoleon began to realize what had actually occurred. And
+what did he do? Having ridden almost to Pirna before taking measures
+of any kind to reap the fruits of victory, he there issued orders for
+the single corps of Vandamme, slightly reinforced, to begin the
+pursuit! Thereupon, leaving directions for Mortier to hold Pirna, he
+entered a carriage and drove quietly back to Dresden!
+
+These are the almost incredible facts: no terrific onslaught after the
+first night, no well-ordered pursuit after the second, a mere pretense
+of seizing the advantage on the third day! In fact, Napoleon, having
+set his plan in operation at the very beginning of the battle, sank,
+to all outward appearances, into a state of lassitude, the only sign
+of alert interest he displayed throughout the conflict being shown
+when he was told that Moreau had been mortally wounded. The cause may
+have been physical or it may have been moral, but it was probably a
+political miscalculation. If we may believe Captain Coignet, the talk
+of the staff on the night of the twenty-seventh revealed a perfect
+knowledge of the enemy's rout; they knew that the retreat of their
+opponents had been precipitate, and they had credible information of
+disordered bands seen hurrying through byways or rushing headlong
+through mountain defiles. Yet for all this, they were thoroughly
+discontented, and the burden of their conversation was execration of
+the Emperor. "He's a -------- who will ruin us all," was the repeated
+malediction. If we may believe Napoleon himself, he had a violent
+attack of vomiting near Pirna, and was compelled to leave everything
+on that fateful day to others. This is possible, but unlikely; the day
+before, though listless, he was well enough to chat and take snuff as
+he stood in a redoubt observing the course of events through his
+field-glass; the day after he was perfectly well, and exercised
+unusual self-control when tidings of serious import were brought from
+the north. The sequel goes to show that neither his own sickness nor
+the bad temper of the army sufficiently accounts for Napoleon's
+unmilitary conduct on the twenty-eighth; it appears, on the contrary,
+as if he refrained of set purpose from annihilating the Austrian army
+in order to reknit the Austrian alliance and destroy the coalition.
+This he never was willing to admit; but no man likes to confess
+himself a dupe.
+
+Had Oudinot and Macdonald succeeded in their offensive operations
+against Berlin, and had Napoleon himself done nothing more than hold
+Dresden, a place which we must remember he considered from the outset
+as a defensive point, it would have sufficed, in order to obtain the
+most favorable terms of peace, to throw back the main army of the
+coalition, humiliated and dispirited, through Bohemia to Prague. But,
+as we have repeatedly seen, long service under the Empire had
+destroyed all initiative in the French marshals: in Spain one mighty
+general after another had been brought low; those who were serving in
+Germany seemed stricken with the same palsy. It is true that in the
+days of their greatness they had commanded choice troops, and that now
+the flower of the army was reserved for the Emperor; but it is
+likewise true that then they had fought for wealth, advancement, and
+power. Now they yearned to enjoy their gains, and were embittered
+because Napoleon had not accepted Austria's terms of mediation until
+it was too late. Moreover, Bernadotte, one of their opponents, had
+been trained in their own school, and was fighting for a crown. To
+Blücher, untamed and untrustworthy in temper, had been given in the
+person of Gneisenau an efficient check on all headlong impulses, and
+Bülow was a commander far above mediocrity. Such considerations go far
+to account for three disasters--those, namely, of Grossbeeren,
+Katzbach, and Kulm--which made it insufficient for Napoleon to hold
+Dresden and throw back the main army of the allies, and which thwarted
+all his strategy, military and political.
+
+The first of these affairs was scarcely a defeat. Oudinot, advancing
+with seventy thousand men by way of Wittenberg to seize Berlin, found
+himself confronted by Bernadotte with eighty thousand. The latter,
+with his eye on the crown of France, naturally feared to defeat a
+French army; at first he thought of retreating across the Spree and
+abandoning the Prussian capital. But the Prussians were outraged at
+the possibility of such conduct, and the schemer was convinced that a
+show of resistance was imperative. On August twenty-second a few
+skirmishes occurred, and the next day Bülow, disobeying his orders,
+brought on a pitched battle at Grossbeeren, which was waged, with
+varying success, until nightfall left the village in French hands.
+Oudinot, however, discouraged alike by the superior force of the
+enemy, by the obstinate courage of the Prussians, and by the dismal
+weather, lost heart, and retreated to Wittenberg. The heavy rains
+prevented an effective pursuit, but the Prussians followed as far as
+Treuenbrietzen. On August twenty-first, Blücher, aware of the
+circumstances which kept Napoleon at Dresden, had finally determined
+to attack Macdonald. The French marshal, by a strange coincidence,
+almost simultaneously abandoned the defensive position he had been
+ordered to hold, and advanced to give battle. It was therefore a mere
+chance when on the twenty-fifth the two armies came together, amid
+rain and fog, at the Katzbach. After a bitter struggle the French were
+routed with frightful loss. A terrific rain-storm set in, and the
+whole country was turned into a marsh. For five days Blücher continued
+the pursuit, until he reached Naumburg, on the right bank of the
+Queiss, where he halted, having captured eighteen thousand prisoners
+and a hundred and three guns.
+
+To these misfortunes the affair at Kulm was a fitting climax. No worse
+leader for a delicate independent movement could have been selected
+than the reckless Vandamme. He was so rash, conceited, and brutish
+that Napoleon once exclaimed in sheer desperation: "If there were two
+Vandammes in my army, nothing could be done until one had killed the
+other." As might have been expected, the headlong general far
+outstripped the columns of Marmont, Saint-Cyr, and Murat, which had
+been tardily sent to support him. Descending without circumspection
+into the plain of Kulm, he found himself, on the twenty-ninth,
+confronted by the Russian guard; and next morning, when attacked by
+them in superior force, he was compelled to retreat through a mountain
+defile toward Peterswald, whence he had come. At the mouth of the
+gorge he was unexpectedly met by the Prussian corps of Kleist. Each
+side thought the other moving to cut it off. They therefore rushed one
+upon the other in despair, with no other hope than that of breaking
+through to rejoin their respective armies. The shock was terrible, and
+for a time the confusion seemed inextricable. But the Russians soon
+came up, and Vandamme, with seven thousand men, was captured, the loss
+in slain and wounded being about five thousand. Saint-Cyr, Marmont,
+and Murat halted and held the mountain passes.
+
+This was the climax of disaster in Napoleon's great strategic plan. In
+no way responsible for Grossbeeren, nor for Macdonald's defeat on the
+Katzbach, he was culpable both for the selection of Vandamme and for
+failure to support him in the pursuit of Schwarzenberg. At St. Helena
+the Emperor strove in three ways to account for the crash under which
+he was buried after Dresden: by the sickness which made him unable to
+give attention to the situation, by the inundation which rendered
+Macdonald helpless at the crossing of the Bober, and by the arrival of
+a notification from the King of Bavaria that, after a certain date, he
+too would join the coalition. This was not history, but an appeal to
+public sentiment, carefully calculated for untrained readers.
+
+The fact was that at Dresden the gradual transformation of the
+strategist into the politician, which had long been going on, was
+complete. The latter misapprehended the moment for diplomatic
+negotiations, conceiving the former's victory to have been
+determinative, when in reality it was rendered partial and contingent
+by failure to follow it up. Great as Napoleon was in other respects,
+he was supremely great as a strategist; it is therefore his
+psychological development and decline in this respect which are
+essential to the determination of the moment in which he became
+bankrupt in ability. This instant was that of course in which his
+strategic failures became no longer intermittent, but regular; and
+after Dresden such was the case. As to conception and tactics there
+never was a failure--the year 1814 is the wonder-year of his
+theoretical genius; but after Dresden there is continuous failure in
+the practical combination of concept and means, in other words, of
+strategic mastery. This contention as to the clouding of Napoleon's
+vision by the interference of political and military considerations
+is proved by his next step. Hitherto his basal principle had been to
+mass all his force for a determinative blow, his combinations all
+turning about hostile armies and their annihilation, or at least about
+producing situations which would make annihilation possible. Now he
+was concerned, not with armies, but with capital cities. Claiming that
+to extend his line toward Prague would weaken it, in order to resume a
+strong defensive he chose the old plan of an advance to Berlin, and
+Ney was sent to supersede Oudinot, Schwarzenberg being left to
+recuperate unmolested. The inchoate idea of political victory which
+turned him back from Pirna was fully developed; by a blow at Berlin
+and a general northward movement he could not merely punish Prussia,
+but alarm Russia, separate the latter's army from that of the other
+allies, and then plead with Austria his consideration in not invading
+her territories. In spite of all that has been written to the
+contrary, there was some strength in this idea, unworthy as it was of
+the author's strategic ability. Ney was to advance immediately, while
+he himself pressed on to Hoyerswerda, where he hoped to establish
+connections for a common advance.
+
+Such a concentration would have been possible if for a fortnight
+Macdonald had been able to hold Blücher, and Murat had succeeded in
+checking Schwarzenberg. But the news of Macdonald's plight compelled
+Napoleon to march first toward Bautzen, in order to prevent Blücher
+from annihilating the army in Silesia. Exasperated by this unexpected
+diversion, the Emperor started in a reckless, embittered temper. On
+September fifth it became evident that Blücher would not stand, and
+Napoleon prepared to wheel in the direction of Berlin; but the orders
+were almost immediately recalled, for news arrived that Schwarzenberg
+was marching to Dresden. At once Napoleon returned to the Saxon
+capital. By September tenth he had drawn in his forces, ready for a
+second defense of the city; but learning that sixty thousand Austrians
+had been sent over the Elbe to take on its flank any French army sent
+after Blücher, he ordered the young guard to Bautzen for the
+reinforcement of Macdonald. Thereupon Schwarzenberg, on the
+fourteenth, made a feint to advance. On the fifteenth Napoleon replied
+by a countermove on Pirna, where pontoons were thrown over the river
+to establish connection with Macdonald. On the sixteenth Napoleon
+reconnoitered, on the seventeenth there was a skirmish, and on the
+eighteenth there were again a push and counterpush. These movements
+convinced Napoleon that Schwarzenberg was really on the defensive, and
+he returned to Dresden, determined to let feint and counter-feint, the
+"system of hither and thither," as he called it, go on until the
+golden opportunity for a crushing blow should be offered. Blücher
+meantime had turned again on Macdonald, who was now on the heights of
+Fischbach with Poniatowski on his right. Mortier was again at Pirna;
+Victor, Saint-Cyr, and Lobau were guarding the mountain passes from
+Bohemia.
+
+This was virtually the situation of a month previous to the battle.
+Schwarzenberg might feel that he had prevented the invasion of
+Austria; Napoleon, that he had regained his strong defensive. While
+the victory of Dresden had gone for nothing, yet this situation was
+nevertheless a double triumph for Napoleon. Ney, in obedience to
+orders, had advanced on the fifth. Bernadotte lay at Jüterbog, his
+right being westerly at Dennewitz, under Tauenzien. Bertrand was to
+make a demonstration on the sixth against the latter, so that behind
+this movement the rest of the army should pass by unnoticed. But Ney
+started three hours late, so that the skirmish between Tauenzien and
+Bertrand lasted long enough to give the alarm to Bülow, who hurried
+in, attacked Reynier's division, and turned the affair into a general
+engagement. At first the advantage was with the Prussians; then Ney,
+at an opportune moment, began to throw in Oudinot's corps--a move
+which seemed likely to decide the struggle in favor of the French. But
+Borstell, who had been Bülow's lieutenant at Grossbeeren, brought up
+his men in disobedience to Bernadotte's orders, and threw them into
+the thickest of the conflict. Hitherto the Saxons had been fighting
+gallantly on the French side; soon they began to waver, and now,
+falling back, they took up many of Oudinot's men in their flight. The
+Prussians poured into the gap left by the Saxons, and when Bernadotte
+came up with his Swedes and Russians the battle was over. Ney was
+driven into Torgau, with a loss of fifteen thousand men, besides
+eighty guns and four hundred train-wagons. The Prussians lost about
+nine thousand killed and wounded.
+
+This affair concentrated into one movement the moral effects of all
+the minor defeats, an influence which far outweighed the importance
+of Dresden. The French still fought superbly in Napoleon's presence,
+but only then, for they were heartily sick of the war. Nor was this
+all: the Bavarians and Saxons were coming to feel that their
+obligations to France had been fully discharged. They were infected
+with the same national spirit which made heroes of the Prussians.
+These, to be sure, were defending their homes and firesides; but
+seeing the great French generals successively defeated, and that
+largely by their own efforts, they were animated to fresh exertions
+by their victories; even the reserves and the home guard displayed
+the heroism of veterans. On September seventh Ney wrote to Napoleon:
+"Your left flank is exhausted--take heed; I think it is time to
+leave the Elbe and withdraw to the Saale"; and his opinion was that
+of all the division commanders. Throughout the country-side
+partizans were seizing the supply-trains; Davout had found his Dutch
+and Flemings to be mediocre soldiers, unfit at crucial moments to
+take the offensive; the army had shrunk to about two hundred and
+fifty thousand men all told; straggling was increasing, and the
+country was virtually devastated. To this last fact the plain
+people, sufferers as they were, remained in their larger patriotism
+amazingly indifferent: the "hither-and-thither" system tickled their
+fancy, and they dubbed Napoleon the "Bautzen Messenger-boy."
+Uneasiness pervaded every French encampment; on the other side
+timidity was replaced by courage, dissension by unity.
+
+This transformation of German society seemed further to entangle the
+political threads which had already debased the quality of Napoleon's
+strategy. Technically no fault can be found with his prompt changes of
+plan to meet emergencies, or with the details of movements which led
+to his prolonged inaction. Yet, largely considered, the result was
+disastrous. The great medical specialist refrains from the immediate
+treatment of a sickly organ until the general health is sufficiently
+recuperated to assure success; the medicaster makes a direct attack on
+evident disease. Napoleon conceived a great general plan for
+concentrating about Dresden to recuperate his forces; but when Blücher
+prepared to advance he grew impatient, saw only his immediate trouble,
+and ordered Macdonald to make a grand dash. Driving in the hostile
+outposts to Förstgen, he then spent a whole day hesitating whether to
+go on or to turn westward and disperse another detachment of his
+ubiquitous foe, which, as he heard from Ney, had bridged the Elbe at
+the mouth of the Black Elster. It was the twenty-third before he
+turned back to do neither, but to secure needed rest on the left bank
+of the Elbe. But if Napoleon's own definition of a truly great man be
+accurate,--namely, one who can command the situations he creates,--he
+was himself no longer great. The enemy not only had bridges over the
+Elbe at the mouth of the Elster, but at Acken and Rosslau. The left
+bank was as untenable for the French as the right, and it was of stern
+necessity that the various detachments of the army were called in to
+hold a line far westward, to the north of Leipsic. Oudinot, restored
+to partial favor, was left to keep the rear at Dresden with part of
+the young guard. On October first it was learned that Schwarzenberg
+was manoeuvering on the left to surround the invaders if possible
+by the south, and that Blücher, with like aim, was moving to the
+north. It was evident that the allies had formed a great resolution,
+and Napoleon confessed to Marmont that his "game of chess was becoming
+confused."
+
+The fact was, the Emperor's diplomacy had far outstripped the
+general's strategy. It was blazoned abroad that on September
+twenty-seventh a hundred and sixty thousand new conscripts from the
+class of 1815, with a hundred and twenty thousand from the arrears of
+the seven previous classes, would be assembled at the military depots
+in France. Boys like these had won Lützen, Bautzen, and Dresden, and a
+large minority would be able-bodied men, late in maturing, perhaps,
+but strong. With this preliminary blare of trumpets, a letter for the
+Emperor Francis was sent to General Bubna. The bearer was instructed
+to say that Napoleon would make great sacrifices both for Austria and
+Prussia if only he could get a hearing. It was too late: already, on
+September ninth, the three powers had concluded an offensive and
+defensive alliance for the purpose of liberating the Rhenish princes,
+of making sovereign and independent the states of southern and
+western Germany, and of restoring both Prussia and Austria to their
+limits of 1805. This was the treaty which beguiled Bavaria from the
+French alliance, and made the German contingents in the French armies,
+the Saxons among the rest, wild for emancipation from a hated service.
+It explained the notification previously received from the King of
+Bavaria, who, in return for the recognition of his complete autonomy,
+formally joined the coalition on October eighth, with an army of
+thirty-six thousand men. How much of all this the French spies and
+emissaries made known to Napoleon does not appear. One thing only is
+certain, that Napoleon's flag of truce was sent back with his message
+undelivered. This ominous fact had to be considered in connection with
+the movements of the enemy. They had learned one of Napoleon's own
+secrets. In a bulletin of 1805 are the words: "It rains hard, but that
+does not stop the march of the grand army." In 1806 he boasted
+concerning Prussia: "While people are deliberating, the French army is
+marching." In 1813, while he himself was vacillating, his foes were
+stirring. On October third, Blücher, having accomplished a superb
+strategic march, drove Bertrand to Bitterfeld, and stood before
+Kemberg, west of the Elbe, with sixty-four thousand men; Bernadotte,
+with eighty thousand, was crossing at Acken and Rosslau; and
+Schwarzenberg, with a hundred and seventy thousand, was already south
+of Leipsic; Bennigsen, with fifty thousand reserves, had reached
+Teplitz. The enemy would clearly concentrate at Leipsic and cut off
+Napoleon's base unless he retreated. But it was October fifth before
+the bitter resolution to do so was taken, and then the movement began
+under compulsion. Murat was sent, with three infantry corps and one of
+cavalry, to hold Schwarzenberg until the necessary manoeuvers could
+be completed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE END OF THE GRAND ARMY[3]
+
+         [Footnote 3: References: Wuttke: Die Völkerschlacht bei
+         Leipzig. Aster: Die Schlachten bei Leipzig. Also see works of
+         Hofmann, Naumann, and Dörr.]
+
+     Plans for Conducting the Retreat -- Napoleon's Health --
+     Blücher's Brilliant Idea -- Napoleon under Compulsion -- His
+     Skilful Concentration -- The Battle-field around Leipsic -- The
+     Attack -- Results of the First Day's Fighting -- Attempt to
+     Negotiate -- Napoleon's Apathy -- The Positions of the Third Day
+     -- The Grand Army Defeated -- The Disaster at the Elster Bridge
+     -- Dissolution of the Grand Army.
+
+
+But how should the retreat be conducted? Napoleon's habit of reducing
+his thoughts to writing for the sake of clearness remained strong upon
+him to the last, and in the painstaking notes which he made with
+regard to this important move he outlined two alternatives: to
+garrison Dresden with two corps, send three to reconnoiter about
+Chemnitz, and then march, with five and the guard, to attack
+Schwarzenberg; or else to strengthen Murat, place him between
+Schwarzenberg and Leipsic, and then advance to drive Bernadotte and
+Blücher behind the Elbe. But in winter the frozen Elbe with its flat
+shores would be no rampart. Both plans were abandoned, and on the
+seventh orders were issued for a retreat behind the Saale, the
+precipitous banks of which were a natural fortification. Behind this
+line of defense he could rest in safety during the winter, with his
+right at Erfurt and his left at Magdeburg. Dresden must, he
+concluded, be evacuated. This would deprive the allies of the easy
+refuge behind the Saxon and Bohemian mountains which they had sought
+at every onset, but it might leave them complete masters of Saxony. To
+avoid this he must take one of three courses: either halt behind the
+Mulde for one blow at the armies of the North and of Silesia, or join
+Murat for a decisive battle with the Austrian general, or else
+concentrate at Leipsic, and meet the onset of the united allies, now
+much stronger than he was.
+
+The night of the seventh was spent in indecision as to any one or all
+of these ideas, but in active preparation for the actual movements of
+the retreat, however it should be conducted; any contingency might be
+met or a resolve taken when the necessity arose. During that night the
+Emperor took two warm baths. The habit of drinking strong coffee to
+prevent drowsiness had induced attacks of nervousness, and these were
+not diminished by his load of care. To allay these and other ailments,
+he had had recourse for some time to frequent tepid baths. Much has
+been written about a mysterious malady which had been steadily
+increasing, but the burden of testimony from the Emperor's closest
+associates at this time indicates that in the main he had enjoyed
+excellent health throughout the second Saxon campaign. He was, on the
+whole, calm and self-reliant, exhibiting signs of profound emotion
+only in connection with important decisions. He was certainly capable
+of clear insight and of severe application in a crisis; he could still
+endure exhausting physical exertion, and rode without discomfort,
+sitting his horse in the same stiff, awkward manner as of old. There
+were certainly intervals of self-indulgence and of lassitude, of
+excessive emotion and depressing self-examination, which seemed to
+require the offset of a physical stimulus; but on the whole there do
+not appear to have been such sharp attacks of illness, or even of
+morbid depression, as amount to providential interference; natural
+causes, complex but not inexplicable, sufficiently account for the
+subsequent disasters.
+
+For instance, considerations of personal friendship having in earlier
+days often led him to unwise decisions, a like cause may be said to
+have brought on his coming disaster. It was the affection of the Saxon
+king for his beautiful capital which at the very last instant, on
+October eighth, induced Napoleon to cast all his well-weighed scheme
+to the winds, and--fatal decision!--leave Saint-Cyr and Lobau, with
+three corps, in Dresden. A decisive battle was imminent; the commander
+was untrue to his maxim that every division should be under the
+colors. But with or without his full force, the master-strategist was
+outwitted: the expected meeting did not take place as he finally
+reckoned. On the tenth his headquarters were at Düben, and his
+divisions well forward on the Elbe, ready for Bernadotte and Blücher;
+but there was no foe. Both these generals had been disconcerted by the
+unexpected swiftness of the French movements; the former actually
+contemplated recrossing the river to avoid a pitched battle with those
+whom he hoped before long to secure as his subjects. But the
+enthusiastic old Prussian shamed his ally into action, persuading him
+at least to march south from Acken, effect a junction with the army of
+Silesia, and cross the Saale to threaten Napoleon from the rear. This
+was a brilliant and daring plan, for if successful both armies might
+possibly unite with Schwarzenberg's; but even if unsuccessful in that,
+they would at least reproduce the situation in Silesia, and reduce the
+French to the "hither-and-thither" system, which, rendering a decisive
+battle impossible, had thwarted the Napoleonic strategy.
+
+Napoleon spent a weary day of waiting in Düben, yawning and
+scribbling, but keeping his geographer and secretary in readiness. It
+was said at the time, and has since been repeated, that throughout
+this portion of the campaign Napoleon was not recognizable as himself:
+that he ruminated long when he should have been active; that he
+consulted when he should have given orders; that he was no longer
+ubiquitous as of old, but sluggish, and rooted to one spot. But it is
+hard to see what he left undone, his judgment being mistaken as it
+was. When rumors of Bernadotte's movements began to arrive, he
+dismissed the idea suggested by them as preposterous; when finally, on
+the twelfth, he heard that Blücher was actually advancing to Halle,
+and no possible doubt remained, he gave instant orders for a march on
+Leipsic. Critics have suggested that again delay had been his ruin;
+but this is not true. An advance over the Elbe toward Berlin in search
+of the enemy would merely have enabled Blücher and Bernadotte to join
+forces sooner, and have rendered their union with Schwarzenberg
+easier. No stricture is just but one: that Napoleon, knowing how
+impossible it was to obtain such exact information as he seemed
+determined to have, should have divined the enemy's plan, and acted
+sooner. The accurate information necessary for such foresight was not
+obtainable; in fact, it seldom is, and some allowance may be made if
+the general lingered before rushing into the "tube of a funnel," as
+Marmont expressed it. On the morning of the thirteenth, while the
+final arrangements for marching to Leipsic were making, came the news
+of Bavaria's defection. It spread throughout the army like wildfire,
+but its effect was less than might be imagined, and it served for the
+priming of a bulletin, issued on the fifteenth, announcing the
+approaching battle.
+
+On the fifteenth, Murat, who had been steadily withdrawing before the
+allied army of the South, was overtaken at Wachau by Schwarzenberg's
+van. He fought all day with magnificent courage, and successfully,
+hurling the hostile cavalry skirmishers back on the main column.
+Within sound of his guns, Napoleon was reconnoitering his chosen
+battle-field in and about Leipsic; and when, after nightfall, the
+brothers-in-law met, the necessary arrangements were virtually
+complete. Those who were present at the council thought the Emperor
+inexplicably calm and composed--they said indifferent or stolid. But
+he had reasons to be confident rather than desperate, for by a touch
+of his old energy he had concentrated more swiftly than his foe,
+having a hundred and seventy thousand men in array. Reynier, with
+fourteen thousand more, was near; if Saint-Cyr and Lobau, with their
+thirty thousand, had been present instead of sitting idly in Dresden,
+the French would actually have outnumbered any army the coalition
+could have assembled for battle. The allies could hope at best to
+produce two hundred thousand men; Bernadotte was still near Merseburg;
+Blücher, though coming in from Halle, was not within striking
+distance. In spite of his vacillation and final failure to evacuate
+Dresden, Napoleon had an excellent fighting chance.
+
+The city of Leipsic, engirdled by numerous villages, lies in a low
+plain watered by the Parthe, Pleisse, and Elster, the last of which to
+the westward has several arms, with swampy banks. Across these runs
+the highway to Frankfort, elevated on a dike, and spanning the deep,
+central stream of the Elster by a single bridge. Eastward by Connewitz
+the land is higher, there being considerable swells, and even hills,
+to the south and southeast. This rolling country was that chosen by
+Napoleon for the main battle against Schwarzenberg; Marmont was
+stationed north of the city, near Möckern, to observe Blücher;
+Bernadotte, the cautious, was still at Oppin with his Swedes. On the
+evening of the fifteenth, his dispositions being complete, Napoleon
+made the tour of all his posts. At dusk three white rockets were seen
+to rise in the southern sky; they were promptly answered by four red
+ones in the north. These were probably signals between Schwarzenberg
+and Blücher. Napoleon's watch-fire was kindled behind the old guard,
+between Reudnitz and Crottendorf.
+
+The battle began early next morning. Napoleon waited until nine, and
+then advanced at the head of his guards to Liebertwolkwitz, near
+Wachau, on the right bank of the Pleisse, where the decisive struggle
+was sure to occur, since the mass of the enemy, under Barclay, with
+Wittgenstein as second in command, had attacked in four columns at
+that point. Between the Pleisse and the Elster, near Connewitz, stood
+Poniatowski, opposed to Schwarzenberg and Meerveldt; westward of the
+Elster, near Lindenau, stood Bertrand, covering the single line of
+retreat, the Frankfort highway, and his antagonist was Gyulay. Thus
+there were four divisions in the mighty conflict, which began by an
+onset of the allies along the entire front. The main engagement was
+stubborn and bloody, the allies attacking with little skill, but great
+bravery. Until near midday Napoleon more than held his own. Victor at
+Wachau, and Lauriston at Liebertwolkwitz, had each successfully
+resisted six desperate assaults; between them were massed the
+artillery, a hundred and fifty guns, under Drouot, and behind, all the
+cavalry except that of Sebastiani. The great artillery captain was
+about to give the last splendid exhibition of what his arm can do
+under favorable circumstances--that is, when strongly posted in the
+right position and powerfully supported by cavalry. He intended, with
+an awful shock and swift pursuit, to break through the enemy's center
+at Güldengossa and surround his right. So great was his genius for
+combinations that while the allies were that moment using three
+hundred and twenty-five thousand effective men all told to his two
+hundred and fourteen thousand, yet in the decisive spot he had
+actually concentrated a hundred and fifteen thousand to their hundred
+and fourteen thousand. This was because Schwarzenberg, having
+attempted to outflank the French, was floundering to no avail in the
+swampy meadows between the Pleisse and the Elster, and was no longer a
+factor in the contest.
+
+When, at midday, all was in readiness and the order was given, the
+artillery fire was so rapid that the successive shots were heard, not
+separately, but in a long, sullen note. By two, Victor and Oudinot on
+the right, with Mortier and Macdonald on the left, were well forward
+of Güldengossa, but the place itself still held out. At three the
+cavalry, under Murat, Latour-Maubourg, and Kellermann, were sped
+direct upon it. With awful effort they broke through, and the bells of
+Leipsic began to ring in triumph--prematurely. The Czar had
+peremptorily summoned from Schwarzenberg's command the Austro-Russian
+reserve, and at four these, with the Cossack guard, charged the French
+cavalry, hurling them back to Markkleeberg. Nightfall found Victor
+again at Wachau, and Macdonald holding Liebertwolkwitz. Simultaneously
+with the great charge of the allies Meerveldt had dashed out from
+Connewitz toward Dölitz, but his force was nearly annihilated, and he
+himself was captured. At Möckern, Marmont, after gallant work with
+inferior numbers, had been beaten on his left, and then compelled for
+safety to draw in his right. While he still held Gohlis and
+Eutritzsch, the mass of his army had been thrown back into Leipsic.
+Throughout the day Bertrand made a gallant and successful resistance
+to superior numbers, and drove that portion of the allied forces
+opposed to him away from Lindenau as far as Plagwitz. At nightfall
+three blank shots announced the cessation of hostilities all around.
+
+In the face of superior numbers, the French had not lost a single
+important position, and whatever military science had been displayed
+was all theirs; Blücher made the solitary advance move of the allies,
+the seizure of Möckern by York's corps; Schwarzenberg had been
+literally mired in his attempt to outflank his enemy, and but for
+Alexander's peremptory recall of the reserves destined for the same
+task, the day would have been one of irretrievable disaster to the
+coalition. Yet Napoleon knew that he was lost unless he could retreat.
+Clearly he had expected a triumph, for in the city nothing was ready,
+and over the Elster was but one crossing, the solitary bridge on the
+Frankfort road. The seventeenth was the first day of the week; both
+sides were exhausted, and the Emperor of the French seems to have felt
+that at all hazards he must gain time. During the previous night long
+consultations had been held, and the French divisions to the south had
+been slightly compacted. In the morning Meerveldt, the captured
+Austrian general, the same man who after Austerlitz had solicited and
+obtained on the part of Francis an interview from Napoleon, was
+paroled, and sent into his own lines to ask an armistice, together
+with the intervention of Francis on the terms of Prague: renunciation
+of Poland and Illyria by Napoleon, the absolute independence of
+Holland, of the Hanse towns, of Spain, and of a united Italy. When we
+remember that England was paymaster to the coalition, and was fighting
+for her influence in Holland, and that Austria's ambition was for
+predominance in a disunited Italy, we feel that apparently Napoleon
+wanted time rather than hoped for a successful plea to his
+father-in-law.
+
+This would be the inevitable conclusion except for the fact that he
+withdrew quietly to his tent and there remained; the resourceful
+general was completely apathetic, being either over-confident in his
+diplomatic mission or stunned by calamity. The day passed without
+incident except a momentary attack on Marmont, and the arrival of
+Bernadotte, who had been spurred to movement by a hint from Gneisenau
+concerning the terms on which Great Britain was to pay her subsidies.
+It was asserted at the time that Napoleon gave orders early in the
+morning for building numerous bridges over the western streams. If so,
+they were not executed, only a single flimsy structure being built,
+and that on the road leading from the town, not on the lines westward
+from his positions in the suburbs. His subordinates should have acted
+in so serious a matter even without orders; but, like the drivers of
+trains which run at lightning speed, they had, after years of
+high-pressure service, lost their nerve. Marmont asserts that even
+Napoleon was nerveless. "We were occupied," he wrote, "in restoring
+order among our troops; we should either have commenced our retreat,
+or at least have prepared the means to commence it at nightfall. But a
+certain carelessness on the part of Napoleon, which it is impossible
+to explain and difficult to describe, filled the cup of our sorrows."
+Considering who wrote these words, they must be taken with allowance;
+but they indicate a truth, that in his decadence this hitherto
+many-sided man could not be both general and emperor. No answer from
+Francis was received; the allies agreed on this course, and
+determined, according to their agreement with England, not to cease
+fighting till the last French soldier was over the Rhine. It was
+midnight when Napoleon finally drew in his posts and gave preliminary
+orders to dispose his troops in readiness either to fight or to
+retreat.
+
+When day dawned on October eighteenth the French army occupied an
+entirely new position: the right wing, under Murat, lying between
+Connewitz and Dölitz; the center at Probstheida in a salient angle;
+the left, under Ney, with front toward the north between Paunsdorf and
+Gohlis. Within this arc, and close about the city, stood all the
+well-tried corps, infantry, artillery, and cavalry, under their
+various leaders of renown--Poniatowski, Augereau, Victor, Drouot,
+Kellermann, Oudinot, Latour-Maubourg, Macdonald, Marmont, Reynier, and
+Souham; Napoleon was on a hillock at Thonberg, with the old guard in
+reserve. His chief concern was the line of retreat, which was still
+open when, at seven, the fighting began. Schwarzenberg, with the left,
+could get no farther than Connewitz. Bennigsen, with the right,
+started to feel Bernadotte and complete the investment. Neither was
+entirely successful, but Marmont withdrew from before Blücher, and Ney
+from before Bernadotte and Bennigsen, in order to avoid being
+surrounded; so that the two French armies were united before nightfall
+on the western outskirts of the town, where Bertrand had routed
+Gyulay, and had kept open the all-important line of retreat, over
+which, since noon, trains of wagons had been passing. But magnificent
+as was the work of all these doughty champions on both sides, it was
+far surpassed in the center, where during the entire day, under
+Napoleon's eye, advance and resistance had been desperate. Men fell
+like grass before the scythe, and surging lines of their comrades
+moved on from behind. Such were the numbers and such the carnage that
+men have compared the conflict to that of the nations at Armageddon.
+
+At Victor's stand, near Probstheida, the fighting was fiercer than the
+fiercest. The allied troops charged with fixed bayonets, rank after
+rank, column following on column; cannon roared while grape-shot and
+shells sped to meet the assailants; men said the air was full of human
+limbs; ten times Russians and Prussians came on, only to be ten times
+driven back. The very soil on which the assailants trod was human
+flesh. Hour after hour the slaughter continued. Occasionally the
+French attempted a rally, but only to be thrown back by musket fire
+and cavalry charge. It was the same at Stötteritz, where no one seemed
+to pause for breath. Woe to him who fell in fatigue: he was soon but
+another corpse in the piles over which new reinforcements came on to
+the assault or countercharge. At last there was scarcely a semblance
+of order; in hand-to-hand conflict men shouted, struggled, wrestled,
+thrust, advanced, and withdrew, and in neither combatants nor
+onlookers was there any sense of reality. By dusk the heated cannon
+were almost useless, the muskets entirely so, and, as darkness came
+down, the survivors fell asleep where they stood, riders in their
+saddles, horses in their tracks. Napoleon learned that thirty-five
+thousand Saxons on the left had gone over to the enemy, and some one
+of his staff handing him a wooden chair, he dropped into it and sank
+into a stupor almost as he touched it. For half an hour he sat in
+oblivion, while in the thickening darkness the marshals and generals
+gathered about the watch-fires, and stood with sullen mien to abide
+his awakening. The moon came slowly up, Napoleon awoke, orders were
+given to complete the dispositions for retreat already taken, and,
+there being nothing left to do, the Emperor, with inscrutable
+emotions, passed inside the walls of Leipsic to take shelter in an inn
+on the creaking sign-board of which were depicted the arms of Prussia!
+
+Throughout the night French troops streamed over the stone bridge
+across the Elster; in the early morning the enemy began to advance,
+and ever-increasing numbers hurried away to gain the single avenue of
+retreat. Until midday Napoleon wandered aimlessly about the inner
+town, giving unimportant commands to stem the ever-growing confusion
+and disorder. Haggard, and with his clothing in disarray, he was not
+recognized by his own men, being sometimes rudely jostled. After an
+affecting farewell to the King of Saxony, in which his unhappy ally
+was instructed to make the best terms he could for himself, the
+Emperor finally fell into the throng and moved with it toward
+Lindenau. Halting near the Elster, a French general began to seek
+information from the roughly clad onlooker who, without a suite or
+even a single attendant, stood apparently indifferent, softly
+whistling, "Malbrook s'en va t'en guerre." Of course the officer
+started as he recognized the Emperor, but the conquered sovereign took
+no notice. Bystanders thought his heart was turned to stone. Still the
+rush of retreat went on, successfully also, in spite of some
+confusion, until at two some one blundered. By the incredible mistake
+of a French subaltern, as is now proven, the permanent Elster bridge
+was blown up, and the temporary one had long since fallen. Almost
+simultaneously with this irreparable disaster the allies had stormed
+the city, and the French rear-guard came thundering on, hoping to find
+safety in flight. Plunging into the deep stream, many, like
+Poniatowski, were drowned; some, like the wounded Macdonald, swam
+safely across. The scene was heartrending as horses, riders, and
+footmen rolled senseless in the dark flood, while others scrambled
+over their writhing forms in mad despair. Reynier and Lauriston, with
+twenty thousand men, were captured, the King of Saxony was sent a
+prisoner to Berlin, and Stein prepared to govern his domains by
+commission from the allies. By ten in the evening Bertrand was in
+possession of Weissenfels; Oudinot wheeled at Lindenau, and held the
+unready pursuers in check.
+
+Next morning, the twentieth, Napoleon was alert and active; retreat
+began again, but only in tolerable order. Although he could not
+control the great attendant rabble of camp-followers and stragglers,
+he had nevertheless about a hundred and twenty thousand men under his
+standards; as many more, and those his finest veterans, were besieged
+and held in the fortresses of the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula by local
+militia. These places, he knew, would no longer be tenable; in fact,
+they began to surrender almost immediately, and the survivors of
+Leipsic were soon in a desperate plight from hunger and fatigue. Yet
+the commander gave no sign of sensibility. "'T was thus he left
+Russia," said the surly men in the ranks. Hunger-typhus appeared, and
+spread with awful rapidity; the country swarmed with partizans; the
+columns of the allies were behind and on each flank; fifty-six
+thousand Bavarians were approaching from Ansbach, under Wrede; at
+Erfurt all the Saxons and Bavarians still remaining under the French
+eagles marched away. The only foreign troops who kept true were those
+who had no country and no refuge, the unhappy Poles, who, though
+disappointed in their hopes, were yet faithful to him whom they
+wrongly believed to have been their sincere friend. Though stricken by
+all his woes, the Emperor was undaunted; the retreat from Germany was
+indeed perilous, but it was marked by splendid courage and unsurpassed
+skill. At Kösen and at Eisenach the allies were outwitted, and at
+Hanau, on the twenty-ninth, the Bavarians were overwhelmed in a
+pitched fight by an exhibition of personal pluck and calmness on
+Napoleon's part paralleled only by his similar conduct at Krasnoi in
+the previous year. At the head of less than six thousand men, he held
+in check nearly fifty thousand until the rest of his columns came up,
+when he fell with the old fire upon a hostile line posted with the
+river Kinzig in its rear, and not only disorganized it utterly, but
+inflicted on it a loss of ten thousand men, more than double the
+number which fell in his own ranks. But in spite of this brilliant
+success, the ravages of disease continued, and only seventy thousand
+men of the imperial army crossed the Rhine to Mainz. Soon the houses
+of that city were packed, and the streets were strewn with victims of
+the terrible hunger-typhus. They died by hundreds, and corpses lay for
+days unburied; before the plague was stayed thousands found an
+inglorious grave.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE FRANKFORT PROPOSALS[4]
+
+         [Footnote 4: References: Fain: Manuscrit de 1814. Rothenburg:
+         Die Schlacht bei Leipzig im Jahre 1813.]
+
+     Importance of the Battle of Leipsic -- Decline of Napoleon's
+     Powers -- His Gentler Side -- Disintegration of Napoleon's Empire
+     -- The Coalition and the Sentiment of Nationality -- Reasons for
+     the Parley at Frankfort -- Insincerity of the Proposal --
+     Napoleon and France -- The Revolution and the Empire -- Hollow
+     Diplomacy.
+
+
+The battle of Leipsic is one of the most important in general history.
+Apparently it was only the offset to Austerlitz, as the Beresina had
+been to Friedland. In reality it was far more, because it gave the
+hegemony of continental Europe to Prussia. French imperialism in its
+death-throes wiped out the score of royal France against the
+Hapsburgs; Austria was not yet banished from central Europe to the
+lower courses of the Danube, but, what was much the same thing,
+Prussia was launched upon her career of military aggrandizement. Three
+dynasties seemed in that battle to have celebrated a joint triumph; as
+a matter of fact, the free national spirit of Germany, having narrowly
+escaped being smothered by Napoleonic imperialism, had chosen a
+national dynasty as its refuge. The conflict is well designated by
+German historians as "the battle of the nations," but the language has
+a different sense from that which is generally attributed to it. The
+seeds of Italian unity had been sown, but they were not yet to
+germinate. The battle of Leipsic seemed to check them, yet it was the
+process there begun under which they sprang up and bore fruit. France
+was destined to become for a time the sport of an antiquated dynastic
+system. The liberties which men of English blood had been painfully
+developing for a century she sought to seize in an instant; she was to
+see them still elude her grasp for sixty years, until her democratic
+life, having assumed consistency, should find expression in
+institutions essentially and peculiarly her own. Though the conquering
+monarchs believed that revolutionary liberalism had been quenched at
+Leipsic, its ultimate triumph was really assured, since it was
+consigned to its natural guardianship, that of national commonwealths.
+The imperial agglomeration of races and nationalities was altogether
+amorphous and had been found impossible; that form of union was not
+again attempted after Leipsic, while another--that, namely, of
+constitutional organic nationalities--was made operative. The
+successive stages of advance are marked by 1813, 1848, and 1870.
+
+The Saxon campaigns display the completion of the process in which the
+great strategist, stifled by political anxieties, became the creature
+of circumstances both as general and statesman. The Russian campaign
+was nicely calculated, but its proportions and aim were those of the
+Oriental theocrat, not of the prosaic European soldier. With the aid
+of the railroad and the electric telegraph, they might possibly have
+been wrought into a workable problem, but that does not excuse the
+errors of premature and misplaced ambition. The Saxon campaigns,
+again, are marked by a boldness of design and a skill in combination
+characteristic of the best strategy; but again the proportions are
+monstrous, and, what is worse, the execution is intermittent and
+feeble. As in Russia, the war organism was insufficient for the
+numbers and distances involved, while the subordinates of every grade,
+though supple instruments, seemed mercenary, self-seeking, and
+destitute of devotion. Bonaparte had ruled men's hearts by his use of
+a cause, securing devotion to it and to himself by rude bonhomie, by
+success, and by sufficient rewards; Napoleon, on the other hand,
+quenched devotion by a lavishness which sated the greediest, and lost
+the affections of his associates by the demands of his gigantic plans.
+
+As the world-conqueror felt the foundations of his greatness
+quivering, he became less callous and more human. Early in 1813 he
+said: "I have a sympathetic heart, like another, but since earliest
+childhood I have accustomed myself to keep that string silent, and now
+it is altogether dumb." His judgment of himself was mistaken:
+throughout the entire season he was strangely and exceptionally moved
+by the horrors of war; his purse was ever open for the suffering; he
+released the King of Saxony from his entangling engagements; in spite
+of his hard-set expression on the retreat from Leipsic, he forbade his
+men to fire the suburbs of the city in order to retard the pursuit of
+their foes, and before he left Mainz for St. Cloud he showed the
+deepest concern, and put forth the strongest effort, in behalf of the
+dying soldiery.
+
+The immediate effects of Leipsic were the full display of that
+national spirit which had been refined, if not created, in the fires
+of Napoleon's imperious career. An Austrian army under Hiller drove
+Eugène over the Adige. The Italians, not unsusceptible to the power in
+the air, felt their humiliation, and, turning on their imperial King
+in bitter hate, determined, under the influence of feelings most
+powerfully expressed by Alfieri, that they would emulate northern
+Europe. But though they had for years been subject to the new
+influences, enjoying the equal administration of the Code Napoléon,
+and freed from the interference of petty local tyrants, they were
+neither united nor enlightened in sufficient degree. After an outburst
+of hatred to France, they were crushed by their old despots, and the
+land relapsed into the direst confusion. The Confederation of the
+Rhine was, however, resolved into its elements: the Mecklenburgs
+reasserted their independence; King Jerome fled to France; Würtemberg,
+Hesse-Darmstadt, and Baden followed Bavaria's example; Cassel,
+Brunswick, Hanover, and Oldenburg were craftily restored to their
+former rulers before Stein's bureau could establish an administration.
+Holland recalled the Prince of Orange, Spain rose to support
+Wellington, and Soult was not merely driven over the Pyrenees--he was
+defeated on French soil, and shut up in Bayonne.
+
+Even the three monarchs, as they sedately moved across Germany with
+their exhausted and battered armies, were aware of nationality as a
+controlling force in the future. In a direct movement on Paris they
+could, as Ney said, "have marked out their days in advance," but they
+halted at Frankfort for a parley. There were several reasons why they
+should pause. They had seen France rise in her might; they did not
+care to assist at the spectacle again. Moreover, the coalition had
+accomplished its task and earned its pay; not a Frenchman, except real
+or virtual prisoners, was left east of the Rhine. From that point the
+interests of the three monarchs were divergent. As Gentz, the Austrian
+statesman, said, "The war for the emancipation of states bids fair to
+become one for the emancipation of the people." Alexander, Frederick
+William, and Francis were each and all anxious for the future of
+absolutism, but otherwise there was mutual distrust. Austria was
+suspicious of Prussia, and desired immediate peace. In the restoration
+of Holland under English auspices, Russia saw the perpetuation of
+British maritime and commercial supremacy, to the disadvantage of her
+Oriental aspirations, and the old Russian party demanded peace. On the
+other hand, Alexander wished to avenge Napoleon's march to Moscow by
+an advance to Paris; and though Frederick William distrusted what he
+called the Czar's Jacobinism, his own soldiers, thirsting for further
+revenge, also desired to prosecute the war; even the most enlightened
+Prussian statesmen believed that nothing short of a complete cataclysm
+in France could shake Napoleon's hold on that people and destroy his
+power. Offsetting these conflicting tendencies against one another,
+Metternich was able to secure military inaction for a time, while the
+coalition formulated a series of proposals calculated to woo the
+French people, and thus to bring Napoleon at once to terms.
+
+Ostensibly the Frankfort proposals, adopted on November ninth, were
+only a slight advance on the ultimatum of Prague: Austria was to have
+enough Italian territory to secure her preponderance in that
+peninsula; France was to keep Savoy, with Nice; the rest of Italy was
+to be independent. Holland and Spain liberated, France was to have her
+"natural" boundaries, the Alps, the Pyrenees, the ocean, and the
+Rhine. Napoleon was to retain a slight preponderance in Germany, and
+the hope was held out that in a congress to settle details for a
+general pacification, Great Britain, content with the "maritime
+rights" which had caused the war, would hand back the captured French
+colonies. The various ministers present at Frankfort assented to these
+proposals for Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia
+respectively; but Alexander and Frederick William were dissatisfied
+with them, and when Castlereagh heard them, he was as furious as his
+cold blood would permit at the thought of France retaining control of
+the Netherlands, Antwerp being the commercial key to central Europe.
+
+Such a humor in three of the high contracting parties makes it
+doubtful whether the Frankfort proposals had any reality, and this
+doubt is further increased by the circumstances of the so-called
+negotiation. St. Aignan, the French envoy to the Saxon duchies, had in
+violation of international law and courtesy been seized at Gotha and
+held as a prisoner. He was now set free and instructed to urge upon
+Napoleon the necessity of an immediate settlement. To his
+brother-in-law, the pacific Caulaincourt, who was soon to displace
+Maret as minister of foreign affairs, he was to hand a private and
+personal letter from Metternich. In the course of this epistle the
+writer expresses his conviction that any effort to conclude a peace
+would come to nothing. Not only, therefore, were the pretended
+negotiations entirely destitute of form, they were prejudged from the
+outset. Still further, the allies refused what Napoleon had granted
+after Bautzen, an armistice, and insisted that hostilities were to
+proceed during negotiation. All possible doubt as to the sincerity of
+the proposals is turned into assurance by Metternich's admission in
+his memoirs that they were intended to divorce Napoleon from the
+French nation, and in particular to work on the feelings of the army.
+He says that neither Alexander nor Frederick William would have
+assented to them had they not been convinced that Napoleon would
+"never in the world of his own accord" resolve to accept them. Yet the
+world has long believed that Napoleon, as he himself expressed it,
+lost his crown for Antwerp; that had he believed the honeyed words of
+the Austrian minister, and opened negotiations on an indefinite basis
+without delay, he might have kept France with its revolutionary
+boundaries intact for himself and his dynasty, and by the sacrifice of
+his imperial ambitions have retained for her, if not preponderance, at
+least importance in the councils of Europe.
+
+Neither Napoleon nor the French nation was deceived; a peace made
+under such circumstances could result only in a dishonorable tutelage
+to the allied sovereigns. France abhorred the dynasties and all their
+works, believing that dynastic rule could never mean anything except
+absolutism and feudalism. The experiment of popular sovereignty
+wielded by a democracy had been a failure; but the liberal French,
+like men of the same intelligence throughout Europe, did not, for all
+that, lose faith in popular sovereignty; they knew there must be some
+channel for its exercise. Outside of France, as in it, the most
+enlightened opinion of the time regarded Napoleon as the savior of
+society. The Queen of Saxony bitterly reproached Metternich for having
+deserted Napoleon's "sacred cause." This was because the Emperor of
+the French seemed to have used the people's power for the people's
+good. His giant arm alone could wield the popular majesty. It is said
+that the great mass of the French nation, on hearing of the Frankfort
+proposals, groaned and laughed by turns. Being profoundly, devotedly
+imperialist and therefore idealistic, they were outraged at the
+thought of Hapsburgs, Romanoffs, or Hohenzollerns, the very
+incarnations of German feudality, as leaders of the new Europe. It
+seemed the irony of fate that civil and political rights on the basis,
+not of privilege, but of manhood, the prize for which the world had
+been turned upside down, should be intrusted to such keepers. Welded
+into a homogeneous nationality themselves, the French could not
+understand that the inchoate nationalities in other states had as yet
+nothing but dynastic forms of expression, or foresee that during a
+century to come the old dynasties would find safety only in adapting
+royalty to national needs.
+
+Napoleon seems to have been fully aware of French sentiment. In
+addition, he understood that not merely for this sufficient reason
+could he never be king of France in name or fact, but also that,
+having elsewhere harried and humiliated both peoples and dynasties in
+the name of revolutionary ideals, the masses had found him out, and
+were as much embittered as their rulers, believing him to be a
+charlatan using dazzling principles as a cloak for personal ambition.
+In May, 1813, the Emperor Francis, anxious to salve the lacerated
+pride of the Hapsburgs, produced a bundle of papers purporting to
+prove that the Bonapartes had once been ruling princes at Treviso. "My
+nobility," was Napoleon's stinging reply, "dates only from Marengo."
+He well knew that when the battle should be fought that would undo
+Marengo, his nobility would end. In other words, without solid French
+support he was nothing, and that support he was fully aware he could
+never have as king of France. If the influence of what France
+improperly believed to be solely the French Revolution were to be
+confined to her boundaries, revolutionary or otherwise, not only was
+Napoleon's prestige destroyed, but along with it would go French
+leadership in Europe. An imperial throne there must be, exerting
+French influence far abroad. What happened at Paris, therefore, may be
+regarded as a counter-feint to Metternich's effort at securing an
+advantageous peace from the French nation when it should have
+renounced Napoleon. It was merely an attempt to collect the remaining
+national strength, not now for aggressive warfare, but for the
+expulsion of hated invaders.
+
+Having received no formulated proposition for acceptance or rejection,
+and desiring to force one, the Emperor of the French virtually
+disregarded the letter of Metternich's communication, and sent a
+carefully considered message to the allies. Making no mention in this
+of the terms brought by St. Aignan, he suggested Caulaincourt as
+plenipotentiary to an international congress, which should meet
+somewhere on the Rhine, say at Mannheim. Further, he declared that his
+object had always been the independence of all the nations, "from the
+continental as well as from the maritime point of view." This
+communication reached Frankfort on November sixteenth, and, whether
+wilfully or not, was misinterpreted to mean that the writer would
+persist in questioning England's maritime rights. Thereupon Metternich
+replied by accepting Mannheim as the place for the proposed
+conference, and promised to communicate the language of Napoleon's
+letter to his co-allies. How far these co-allies were from a sincere
+desire for peace is proven by their next step, taken almost on the
+date of Metternich's reply. A proclamation was widely posted in the
+cities of France, which stated, in a cant borrowed from Napoleon's own
+practice, that the allies desired France "to be great, strong, and
+prosperous"; they were making war, it was asserted, not "on France,
+but on that preponderance which Napoleon had too long exercised, to
+the misfortune of Europe and of France herself, to which they
+guaranteed in advance an extent of territory such as she never had
+under her kings." Napoleon's riposte was to despatch a swarm of trusty
+emissaries throughout France in order to compose all quarrels of the
+people with the government, to strengthen popular devotion in every
+possible way--in short, to counteract the possible effects of this
+call. The messengers found public opinion thoroughly imperial, but
+profoundly embittered against Maret as the supposed instigator of
+disastrous wars. Maret was transferred to the department of state, and
+the pacific Caulaincourt was made minister of foreign affairs. On
+December second, at the earliest possible moment, the new minister
+addressed a note to Metternich, accepting the terms of the "general
+and summary basis." This, said the despatch, would involve great
+sacrifices; but Napoleon would feel no regret if only by a similar
+abnegation England would provide the means for a general, honorable
+peace. Metternich replied that nothing now stood in the way of
+convening a congress, and that he would notify England to send a
+plenipotentiary. There, however, the matter ended, and Metternich's
+record of those Frankfort days scarcely notices the subject, so
+interested is he in the squabbles of the sovereigns over the opening
+of a new campaign. It was the end of the year when they reached an
+agreement.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE INVASION OF FRANCE[5]
+
+         [Footnote 5: Correspondance, Vol. XVII. Mémoires du roi
+         Joseph. Beauchamp: Histoire des campagnes de 1814 et 1815.
+         Danitz: Geschichte d. Feldzugs v. 1814. Danilewsky: Der
+         Feldzug in Frankreich. Houssaye: 1814.]
+
+     Amazing Schemes of Napoleon for New Levies -- Attitude of the
+     People toward the Empire -- The Disaffected Elements --
+     Napoleon's Armament -- Activity of the Imperialists -- Release of
+     Ferdinand and the Pope -- Napoleon's Farewell to Paris -- His
+     Strategic Plan -- France against Europe -- The Conduct of
+     Bernadotte -- Murat's Defection -- Conflicting Interests of the
+     Allies -- Positions of the Opponents at the Outbreak of
+     Hostilities.
+
+[Sidenote: 1813-14]
+
+What happened in France between the first days of November, 1813, when
+Napoleon reached St. Cloud, and the close of the year, is so
+incredible that it scarcely seems to belong in the pages of sober
+history. Of five hundred and seventy-five thousand Frenchmen, strictly
+excluding Germans and Poles, who had been sent to war during 1812 and
+1813, about three hundred thousand were prisoners or shut up in
+distant garrisons, and a hundred and seventy-five thousand were dead
+or missing; therefore a hundred thousand or thereabouts remained under
+arms and ready for active service. By various decrees of the Emperor
+and the senate, nine hundred and thirty-six thousand more were called
+to arms: a hundred and sixty thousand from the classes between 1804
+and 1814, whether they had once served or not; a hundred and sixty
+thousand from the class of 1815; a hundred and seventy-six thousand
+five hundred were to be enrolled in the regular national guard, and a
+hundred and forty thousand in a home guard; finally, in a
+comprehensive sweep from all the classes between 1804 and 1814
+inclusive, every possible man was to be drawn. This, it was estimated,
+would produce three hundred thousand more.
+
+It is easy to exaggerate the significance of these enormous figures,
+for to the layman they would seem to mean that every male capable of
+bearing arms was to be taken. But this was far from being the case;
+contrary to the general impression, the population of France had been
+and was steadily increasing. In spite of all the butcheries of foreign
+and civil wars, the number of inhabitants was growing at the rate of
+half a million yearly, and the country could probably have furnished
+three times the number called out. Moreover, less than a third of the
+nine hundred and thirty-six thousand were ever organized, and not more
+than an eighth of them fought. This disproportion between plan and
+fulfilment was due partly to official incapacity or worse, partly to a
+popular resistance which was not due to disaffection. It speaks
+volumes for the state of the country that even the hated flying
+columns, with their thorough procedure, could not find the men,
+especially the fathers, husbands, and only sons, who were the solitary
+supports of many families. The fields were tilled by the spades of
+women and children, for there were neither horses to draw nor men to
+hold the plows. Government pawn-shops were gorged, and the government
+storehouses were bursting with manufactured wares for which there was
+no market; government securities were worth less than half their face,
+the currency had disappeared, and usury was rampant. Yet it seems
+certain that four fifths of the people associated none of these
+miseries with Napoleonic empire. The generation which had grown to
+maturity under Napoleon saw only one side of his activities: the
+majestic public works he had inaugurated, the glories of France and
+the splendors of empire during the intervals of peace, the exhaustion
+and abasement of her foes in a long series of splendid campaigns--all
+this they associated with the imperial rule, and desired what they
+supposed was a simple thing, the Empire and peace.
+
+The other fifth was, however, thoroughly aroused. When the legislature
+convened on December nineteenth, and the diplomatic correspondence was
+so cleverly arranged and presented as to make the allies appear
+implacable, an address to the throne was passed, amid thunderous
+applause and by a large majority, which virtually called for a return
+to constitutional government as the price of additional war supplies.
+In sober moments even the most ardent liberals were ashamed, feeling
+that this was not an opportune moment for disorganizing such
+administration as there was by calls for the reform of the
+constitution. Only one question was imperative, the awful
+responsibility they had for the national identity. The general public
+was so outraged by the spectacle that the deputies reconsidered their
+action, and by a vote of two hundred and fifty-four to two hundred and
+twenty-three struck out the obnoxious clause. But this did not appease
+Napoleon, who made no attempt to conceal his rage, and prorogued the
+chamber in scorn. His support was ample in the almost universal
+conviction that at such a moment there was no time for parleying about
+abstract questions of political rights; but every cavilling deputy had
+some friends at home, and in a crisis where the very existence of
+France was jeopardized there were agitations by the reactionary
+radicals. The royalists kept silent then, and for months later,
+contenting themselves with biting innuendos or witty double meanings;
+drinking, for instance, to "the Emperor's last victory," when the
+newspapers announced "the last victory of the Emperor."
+
+The first conscription from the classes of 1808-1814 was thoroughly
+successful, the second attempt to glean from them was an utter
+failure; the effort to forestall the draft of 1815 met with
+resistance, and was abandoned. It was impossible to organize the home
+guards and reserves, for they rebelled or escaped, and local danger
+had to be averted by local volunteers who were designated as
+"sedentary" because they could not be ordered away. By the end of
+January not more than twenty thousand men had been secured for general
+service from all classes other than the first--at least that was
+approximately the number in the various camps of instruction. In order
+to arm and equip the recruits, Napoleon had recourse to his private
+treasure, drawing fifty-five million francs from the vaults of the
+Tuileries for that purpose. The remaining ten were transferred at
+intervals to Blois. But all his treasure could not buy what did not
+exist. The best military stores were in the heart of Europe; the
+French arsenals could afford only antiquated and almost useless
+supplies. The recruits were armed, some with shot-guns and knives,
+some with old muskets, the use of which they did not know; they were
+for the most part without uniforms, and wore bonnets, blouses, and
+sabots. There were not half enough horses for the scanty artillery and
+cavalry. Worse than all, there was no time for instruction in the
+manual and tactics. On one occasion a boy conscript was found standing
+inactive under a fierce musketry fire; with artless intrepidity he
+remarked that he believed he could aim as well as anybody if he only
+knew how to load his gun!
+
+[Illustration: NAPOLEON IN 1813
+
+From a painting by Aimable-Louis-Claude Pagnest.]
+
+The disaffected, though few, were powerful and active, suborning the
+prefects and civic authorities by every device, issuing proclamations
+which promised anything and everything, and procuring plans of
+fortified places for the allies. Talleyrand began to utter oracular
+innuendos about the vindictiveness of the allies, the desertion of
+Murat, the sack of Paris, and various half-truths more dangerous even
+than lies. The air was so full of rumors that, although there was no
+widespread revolutionary movement, there were now and then serious
+panics; the town of Chaumont surrendered to a solitary Würtemberg
+horseman. But when the populace of the country at large began to
+wonder who the coming Bourbon might be, and what he would take back
+from the present possessors of royal and ecclesiastical estates, they
+were staggered. People in the cities heard with some satisfaction the
+strains of the "Marseillaise," which by order of imperial agents were
+once again ground out around the streets by the hand-organs. Napoleon
+walked the avenues of Paris without escort, and was wildly cheered;
+the Empress and her little son were produced on public occasions with
+dramatic success, and popular wit dubbed the boy conscripts by the
+name of "Marie Louises." The little men showed a grim determination
+and eventually a sublime courage, but they never could acquire the
+veteran steadfastness which wins battles. Journals, theaters,
+music-halls, and public balls were all managed in the interest of
+imperial patriotism; imperial tyranny dealt ruthlessly with suspicious
+characters. Yet the imperialists had their doubts, and many, like
+Savary, threw an anchor to windward by storing treasure at distant
+points, and sending their families to safe retreats. On the whole, the
+balance of public opinion at the opening of 1814 was overwhelmingly
+imperialist both in the cities and in the country. Men ardently
+desired peace, but they wanted it with honor and under the Empire.
+
+That the Empire desired peace seemed to be proved by steps for the
+release of its two most important prisoners, the King of Spain and the
+Pope. Wellington thought that if the former had been despatched
+directly into his kingdom on December eighth, the day on which the
+conditions between himself and the Emperor were signed, England would
+have found the further conduct of the war impossible. Talleyrand,
+already deep in royalist plots, must have been of the same opinion,
+for he did not advise haste, but craftily suggested to his prisoner
+that the provisional government of Spain might refuse to accept him as
+king unless the treaty of release had been previously ratified by the
+Cortes. Accordingly it was referred to them, and, since the liberals
+desired the assent to their new constitution of a king not under
+duress, by their influence it was rejected. It was not until March,
+1814, that Ferdinand was unconditionally released, and this delay
+proved fatal to Napoleon's interests in Spain. The liberals could no
+longer fight for free institutions, because it was then clear that the
+dynastic conservatism of Europe was to win a temporary victory. In
+about six months King Ferdinand undid the progressive work of six
+years, and Spain relapsed into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, with
+all their attendant evils. Nevertheless, France interpreted the
+conduct of the Emperor as indicating an earnest desire for peace, and
+this feeling had been strengthened by the absolutely unconditional
+release of the Pope on January twenty-second. This apparently gracious
+concession was effective among the masses, who did not know, as the
+Emperor did, that the allies were already on French soil.
+
+The very next day Napoleon performed his last official act, which was
+one of great courage both physical and moral. The national guard in
+Paris had been reorganized, but its leaders had never been thoroughly
+loyal, many of them being royalists, some radical republicans, and the
+disaffection of both classes had been heightened by recent events. But
+the officers were nevertheless summoned to the Tuileries; the risk was
+doubled by the fact that they came armed. Drawn up in the vast chamber
+known as that of the marshals, they stood expectant; the great doors
+were thrown open, and there entered the Emperor, accompanied only by
+his consort and their child in the arms of his governess, Mme. de
+Montesquiou. Napoleon announced simply that he was about to put
+himself at the head of his army, hoping, by the aid of God and the
+valor of his troops, to drive the enemy beyond the frontiers. There
+was silence. Then, taking in one hand that of the Empress, and leading
+forward his child by the other, he continued, "I intrust the Empress
+and the King of Rome to the courage of the national guard." Still
+silence. After a moment, with suppressed emotion, he concluded, "My
+wife and my son." No generous-hearted Frenchman could withstand such
+an appeal; breaking ranks by a spontaneous impulse, the listeners
+started forward in a mass, and shook the very walls with their cry,
+"Long live the Emperor!" Many shed tears, and felt, as they withdrew
+in respectful silence, a new sense of devotion welling up in their
+hearts. On the eve of his departure, the Emperor received a numerously
+signed address from the very men whose loyalty he had hitherto had
+just reason to suspect.
+
+It was four in the morning of January twenty-fifth when Napoleon left
+for Châlons. From that moment he was no longer Emperor. During the
+long winter nights just past he had wrought with an intensity and a
+feverish activity which he had never surpassed, sparing neither
+himself nor others, displaying no consideration for prejudice or
+honest opposition, calling on every Frenchman to sacrifice everything
+for France, to which, as he vehemently asserted, he himself was more
+necessary than she to him. If he had come honestly to believe what
+millions of others believed, it was little wonder; he had thenceforth
+but one aim--to prove that he was, as of yore, the first general of
+France, the only one able to save the country in an hour when all her
+glories were falling in wreck about her. His strategic plans, immense
+and intricate as was his task, were complete and excellent. The first
+was intended to prevent invasion by way of Liège, the most direct line
+and that which Prussia preferred. The second, which was partly
+defensive, was the one eventually used against the clumsy form of
+advance actually chosen by the invaders. Of the two, the former was
+the more brilliant, but the second was almost as clever. By it the
+Rhine bank was divided into three parts for purposes of defense.
+Macdonald was stationed at Cologne to protect the lower course;
+Marmont was to guard the central stretch, and they two divided between
+them the remnants of the army which had been swept out of Germany;
+Victor was stationed on the upper course to command the garrisons of
+the great frontier fortifications and strengthen himself by the new
+levies; Bertrand remained as a sort of rear post on the right bank of
+the river at Kastel, opposite Mainz. All told, these generals had at
+first only fifty thousand men.
+
+The allies no sooner obtained possession of central Europe than they
+outdid its recent master in every species of exaction. The countries
+which had formed the Confederacy of the Rhine were compelled almost to
+double the number of the contingents they had raised for France, and
+to organize every fencible man into either the first or second line of
+reserves, called by the old feudal terms of ban and arrière-ban. At
+the same time the allies demanded and obtained new subsidies both of
+money and arms from Great Britain. In the three armies of Austria,
+Prussia, and Russia, as they stood on the Rhine, there were ready by
+January first about two hundred and eighty-five thousand men. By the
+end of February the army-lists of France, excluding the national
+guards, displayed a total of six hundred and fifty thousand men; the
+coalition, including England, had registered nearly a million.
+Deducting forty per cent. as ample to cover all shortcomings, we may
+say that France, with three hundred and ninety thousand in the ranks,
+men and boys, faced Europe with six hundred thousand full-grown men.
+These figures include the French armies of Catalonia, of the Pyrenees,
+of Italy, and of the Netherlands, together with the garrisons in all
+the strong places then held by France on both sides of the Rhine; they
+also include the Russian, Austrian, and Prussian reserves, with the
+national armies of Holland, Spain, and Italy.
+
+Aside from the centrifugal forces inherent in the coalition, there was
+one which threatened its disintegration: the erratic character of the
+great Gascon who represented Sweden. Bernadotte's first care, after
+the battle of Leipsic, was to move north and secure the long-coveted
+prize of Norway. Ever mindful of the hint about a French crown, which
+Alexander had thrown out as still another bait at Abo, he gave as his
+parting admonition the transparent advice that the coming campaign
+should be confined to a frontier invasion of France, and at Hamburg he
+actually offered Davout, as the price of surrender, a safe return for
+himself and his army to their native land! This was too much;
+Alexander was furious, and the schemer was peremptorily ordered to
+leave a sufficient investing force before the city and return with the
+rest of his army to the lower Rhine. There he was suffered to remain
+in idleness, the task assigned to him being that of watching the
+Netherlands; two of his best corps were withdrawn from him and
+assigned to Blücher.
+
+Nor was Napoleon free from his thorn in the flesh. In a bulletin
+published by him after the retreat from Moscow was a passage which
+implied some censure of Murat for his lack of stability. This both the
+King of Naples and his spouse bitterly resented, the latter roundly
+abusing her brother in their correspondence. This was an excellent
+pretext for desertion when the general crash appeared imminent, and at
+Erfurt the dashing and gallant, but weak and testy, monarch decamped.
+Hastening south, he entered at once into alliance with Austria, and
+then, putting himself at the head of eighty thousand Neapolitans, set
+out for Rome, waging a terrific warfare of proclamations. Eugène,
+too,--and this was an elemental disaster,--was virtually checkmated by
+the defection of his father-in-law, the King of Bavaria, which opened
+the Tyrol to the allies. All Italy was consequently lost. Augereau,
+whose feeble loyalty to Napoleon was already at the vanishing-point,
+had been appointed to take forty thousand conscripts, collect any
+straggling soldiers he could find in southeastern France, and keep
+open the door out of Italy for some or all of Eugène's veterans, with
+whose assistance it was hoped the marshal could form an army for the
+defense of the Vosges Mountains. But Eugène, having fought the
+indecisive battle of Roverbello, and finding himself in a sorry plight
+from both the military and political points of view, could send no
+reinforcements until April, when finally he concluded an armistice
+releasing his army. Augereau therefore found himself opposite Bubna at
+Geneva with an ineffective force, and with very little heart to wield
+what he had. This ended Napoleon's grand scheme for uniting the forces
+of Italy, Naples, Switzerland, and France.
+
+Prussia was now the ablest as well as the bitterest of Napoleon's
+foes, Stein, Blücher, Gneisenau, and their friends aiming at nothing
+short of annihilating the Napoleonic power. This was, no doubt, due in
+part to a thirst for revenge; but in the main it was due to the
+longing for such a leadership in Germany as would spread abroad the
+new doctrines of liberal and constitutional monarchy, in order to
+restrain Austria's ever-increasing influence. The councils of the
+allies presented an amusing spectacle. The Prussians urged an
+immediate advance by the best line for invasion, that, namely, from
+Liège and Brussels; but the Austrians, except Radetzky, drew back,
+fearing Prussia almost equally with France. The Czar held the balance,
+but his scales were very sensitive, inclining often toward Prussia,
+but settling in the end to a compromise suggested by Schwarzenberg and
+Metternich. Having imitated Napoleon in his practice of war
+requisitions, the allies now determined to imitate him in contempt for
+international law, and to violate Swiss neutrality. The plan which
+they adopted was to throw their main army into France by way of Basel,
+and thus turn the line of frowning fortresses behind the Rhine, as
+well as the Vosges Mountains. Blücher was to cross the middle Rhine,
+and Bülow, with thirty thousand men, was to coöperate with the English
+troops under Graham in the Netherlands. The whole scheme was
+unmilitary, but it exactly suited Metternich, who, having on January
+thirteenth first learned of Bernadotte's understanding with the Czar
+about the crown of France, was very uneasy. Both he and Schwarzenberg
+desired to end the war on the frontier, if possible; Prussia's power
+and Alexander's ambitions for European preponderance were far more
+dangerous to Austria than a Napoleonic empire confined to France.
+
+Blücher, leaving twenty-eight thousand men before Mainz, crossed the
+Saar on January ninth with forty-seven thousand; Schwarzenberg, with
+the main army arrayed in four columns, two hundred and nine thousand
+strong, crossed the Rhine at or near Basel and moved toward Langres.
+The thin, straggling French columns began to retreat concentrically
+toward Châlons on the Marne. At the opening of the second stage in the
+campaign Blücher had invested the Mosel fortresses, and was advancing,
+with less than thirty thousand men, toward Arcis on the Aube;
+Schwarzenberg was in and about Langres; and the French were
+concentrated on a line from Vitry-le-François to St. Dizier. Napoleon
+reached Châlons on the twenty-sixth, having left Joseph to represent
+him in Paris. The wily strategist, feeble as was his strength, had
+momentarily secured the advantage over his unwieldy foe, having wedged
+himself between the invading armies, and being quite strong enough,
+with the forty thousand soldiers in his ranks, to cope with Blücher.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+NAPOLEON'S SUPREME EFFORT[6]
+
+         [Footnote 6: References: Fournier, Der Congress von
+         Châtillon. Die Politik im Kriege von 1814. Eine historische
+         Studie. Koch, Mémoires p. s. à l'histoire de la campagne de
+         1814. Sorel, L'Europe et la révolution française, Vol. VIII.]
+
+     The Fertility of Genius -- The Battles of Brienne and La Rothière
+     -- The French Retreat -- Victory at Champaubert -- Victory at
+     Montmirail -- Victory at Vauchamps -- Success Engenders Delusion
+     -- Insincerity of the Allies -- Their Clashing Interests -- The
+     Congress of Châtillon -- Napoleon's Procrastination -- French
+     Victory and French Diplomacy.
+
+[Sidenote: 1814]
+
+The year 1814 is the most astonishing of Napoleon's military life. He
+first conceived a plan for combining the resources of Italy,
+Switzerland, Naples, and France. This failed by Augereau's sloth and
+Murat's ingratitude. Nothing daunted, the fertile brain then outlined
+schemes for meeting the quick advance of the allies through the
+Netherlands, for defending the Rhine frontier, and for a levy _en
+masse_ of the French people to hurl back invasion under the walls of
+Paris. After taking the field, the daring of his conceptions, the
+rapidity of his movements, the surprises he prepared for his enemy,
+the support he wrung from an exhausted land, the devotion he received
+from a panting, ill-clothed army at bay--all are so remarkable that by
+contrast the allies appear to be a lumbering, stupid mass. With
+another antagonist they would have appeared in a very different light;
+Gneisenau's clear head, Blücher's daring, Radetzky's good sense and
+courage, together with the valor of the forces at their back, would
+have won the goal far more easily with an ordinary, or even an
+extraordinary, combatant in Napoleon's plight. The Emperor of the
+French had not merely a prestige worth a hundred thousand men, as he
+was fond of reckoning: he had an activity of mind and body, a
+reservoir of resources, which made his single blade cover the whole
+circumference of defense like the whirling spokes of a fiery wheel.
+
+After a skirmish for the possession of St. Dizier, the campaign opened
+at Brienne, where Blücher, hurrying to gain touch with the main army
+of the allies, was caught on January twenty-ninth. The conflict
+probably did not recall to Napoleon his mock conflicts when a
+schoolboy near the same spot. The terrific struggle began late in the
+afternoon, and lasted in full fury until midnight, when the Prussian
+general, narrowly escaping capture, abandoned the town and hurried
+toward Trannes. Thoroughly beaten, he needed not touch alone, but
+actual union with the Austrians, and this he gained near Bar on the
+Aube, whence Schwarzenberg was passing on toward Auxerre. Ignorant of
+this success, Napoleon now drew up his line with its center at La
+Rothière, hoping in the first place to hold the bridge over the Aube
+at Lesmont, and thus secure the moral effect of his victory at
+Brienne, and in the second to bring on another engagement with
+Blücher, whom he believed to be still isolated. Marmont was at
+Montierender, Mortier was summoned from before Troyes. This stand of
+Napoleon's was a desperate attempt to overawe the allied sovereigns,
+for strategically it was fatal, since in the case of either victory or
+defeat the French army was in danger of being outflanked by
+Schwarzenberg's advance, and thus cut off from Paris. On February
+first, Blücher, reinforced by twelve thousand of the Russian guard,
+attacked. The battle lasted, with fluctuating success for the allies,
+during two days, and at its close Napoleon safely retreated over the
+Aube to make another stand at Troyes. The various conflicts were
+terrific; in the end Blücher lost six thousand dead and wounded, the
+French about four thousand. The odds against the latter were never
+less than two to one, sometimes more. Had the allies first thrown
+their full strength into the contest, and had they then followed up
+their victory by a well-organized pursuit, the campaign would have
+ended there. As it was, they paused, permitted a disorganized, feeble
+enemy to escape, and gained nothing from the bloody conflict except an
+ill-founded self-confidence. Blücher wrote on the evening of the
+battle that they would be in Paris within eight days. To General
+Reynier, who was to be liberated by an exchange of prisoners, the Czar
+said: "We shall be in Paris before you." A council of war was called
+which decided for an advance on the French capital in two columns; to
+Blücher, as the conqueror of La Rothière, was assigned the shortest
+line, that down the Marne.
+
+For several days the allied lines moved onward, slowly, widely
+scattered, and carelessly. Napoleon was as calm and undaunted as if he
+had been the victor. Retreating on the defensive with careful
+deliberation, he strengthened his forces by well-chosen periods of
+rest, and by hurrying in reinforcements from the various depots about
+and beyond Paris. On the afternoon of February ninth, when leaving
+Nogent for Sézanne, he wrote to his brother Joseph, whom he had left
+to represent his interests at Paris, that he could now reckon, all
+told, on between sixty and seventy thousand men, including engineers
+and artillery; that he estimated the Silesian army under Blücher at
+forty-five thousand, and the main army under Schwarzenberg at a
+hundred and fifty thousand, including Bubna and the Cossacks. "If I
+gain a victory over the Silesian army, and put it out of account for
+some days, I can turn against Schwarzenberg, reckoning on the
+reinforcements you will send, with from seventy to eighty thousand
+men, and I think he cannot oppose me at once with more than from a
+hundred and ten to a hundred and twenty thousand. If I find myself too
+weak to attack, I shall be at least strong enough to hold him in check
+for a fortnight or three weeks, and this would give me the opportunity
+for new combinations." To hold Schwarzenberg temporarily, Oudinot with
+twenty-five thousand men was stationed on the line from Provins to
+Sens, and Victor with fourteen thousand was sent to Nogent. The
+Emperor himself, with the old guard, about eight thousand strong, with
+Ney and Marmont each commanding six thousand infantry, and with ten
+thousand cavalry under Nansouty and Doumerc, set out from Sézanne to
+try his fortunes with Blücher.
+
+This was the last of Napoleon's great strategic schemes which was
+destined to be crowned with success. It had but a single drawback.
+While Napoleon was still the boldest man in war that ever lived, as at
+St. Helena he declared himself to be, his marshals were uneasy and
+depressed; Marmont, in this moment of infinite chance, as it seemed to
+him, fell into a panic. The marshal's fears were not justified, for
+his Emperor's daring was not foolhardy. It was calculated on the
+myriad chances of his enemy's opportunity and his enemy's ability, and
+in this case it was perfectly calculated. Blücher, in spite of
+Gneisenau's continuous warnings, was over-confident. Having dispersed
+his detachments more than ever, he had for two days been moving
+swiftly in the hope of cutting off Macdonald by a dashing feat of
+arms. In his haste he had not taken up two Russian corps which had
+been separated from his main line, but on the contrary he had left
+them so far out that they were beyond support. By a blunder of the
+Czar's, reinforcements which had been promised were still a long
+distance in the rear. Schwarzenberg's movements were marked by an
+over-confident deliberation as characteristic of him as overhaste was
+of Blücher. Accordingly when on the tenth Marmont advanced from
+Sézanne, he found the corps of Olsusieff, about forty-five hundred
+strong, virtually isolated at Champaubert. His own numbers were
+slightly superior, and with a swift rush he annihilated the unready
+Russians. Napoleon was beside himself with joy, and began to talk of
+the Vistula once more; but he stopped when he saw how sour the visages
+of Marmont and the other marshals grew at the very mention of such an
+idea. Nevertheless, if the process begun at Champaubert could be
+continued, victory and ultimate recovery of something more than French
+empire were assured. He therefore hurried Nansouty and Macdonald on
+toward Montmirail for a second stroke of the same kind.
+
+The affair at Montmirail was more of a battle than that at
+Champaubert, for Blücher had been able to gather in the divisions of
+Sacken, York, Kleist, and Kapzewitch. The battle opened about an hour
+before noon on the eleventh by a fierce artillery fire from the
+French, behind which Napoleon manoeuvered so as to concentrate his own
+force against the Russians, and separate them from York with his
+Prussians. At two o'clock Napoleon attacked the Russians, Mortier
+engaging the Prussians separately. The plan succeeded, and by
+nightfall the enemy was in full retreat for Château-Thierry, where was
+the nearest bridge over the Marne. Napoleon had hoped that Macdonald
+would arrive from La Ferté-sous-Jouarre in time to seize the bridge,
+cut off the retreat, and make the victory decisive. But in spite of
+heroic exertion, that marshal could not or did not move with
+sufficient rapidity over the heavy dirt roads. The flying allies
+sacked the town with awful cruelty, and destroyed the bridge without
+any molestation except from the inhabitants, who wreaked their
+vengeance on numerous stragglers. On the thirteenth the French
+occupied the place, repaired the bridge, and crossed to the right
+bank. Next morning Marmont started in pursuit of Blücher.
+
+Somewhat flushed by such success, Napoleon deliberated whether he
+should not now turn and attack Schwarzenberg. The Emperor thought
+these victories might give pause to a mediocre Austrian, ever mindful
+of the terrific blows his country had received once and again from
+France. He was mistaken; Schwarzenberg had moved, though slowly, yet
+steadily forward. On the twelfth Victor abandoned the bridge at
+Nogent, and Napoleon sent Macdonald with twelve thousand men to join
+Victor at Montereau. Early on the fourteenth came news that Blücher
+had driven Marmont back to Fromentières. By noon Napoleon had effected
+a junction with this marshal near Étoges, making a famous and
+successful flank march over a marshy country, a manoeuver which is
+justly considered worthy of his great genius. Advancing then to the
+neighborhood of Vauchamps, his infantry attacked in front, while the
+cavalry, under Grouchy, outflanked the enemy's line and fell on the
+rear. Blücher was apparently doomed, for he had only three regiments
+of cavalry, and while facing one powerful enemy he would be forced to
+break the ranks of another in order to open a line of retreat. He
+solved the problem, but at enormous cost. Forming his troops into a
+line of solid squares, one stood to support the artillery and receive
+the onset in front, while the others dashed at Grouchy's horsemen,
+each square standing and retreating behind the next alternately as the
+bloody retreat went on. At last the butchery ceased, and Blücher fled
+to Bergères. The French pursued only as far as Étoges. Napoleon had
+hoped to follow all the way to Châlons, annihilate what was left of
+Blücher's army, and then to return and throw himself on Schwarzenberg.
+He was arrested by the news that the Seine valley, as far as
+Montereau, was in the hands of the Austro-Russians; that Oudinot and
+Victor had been driven back to Nangis; in short, that Paris was
+seriously menaced.
+
+It was long asserted that in the three actions just recorded the
+French far outnumbered their opponents, and that Napoleon's
+generalship was consequently inferior to his high average. The
+sufficient answer to this is in the facts now universally accepted. At
+Champaubert there were four thousand eight hundred and fifty French
+against four thousand seven hundred Russians; at Montmirail there were
+twenty-two thousand seven hundred Russians and Prussians against
+twelve thousand eight hundred French; and in the third engagement,
+near Étoges, Blücher had twenty-one thousand five hundred to ten
+thousand three hundred. It is therefore natural to compare these three
+victories with those at Montenotte, Millesimo, and Dego. But they were
+far greater. At forty-four Napoleon displayed exactly the same
+boldness, steadfastness, and skill which he had displayed in youth;
+but in addition he overcame the stolid enmity of winter, of variable
+weather, of roads almost impassable, of swampy fields that were almost
+impassable by reason of overflowing ditches and half-frozen morasses.
+He overcame, too, the resisting power created by his own example; for
+here were the choicest soldiers of the Continent, commanded by men
+inured for eighteen years to the hardships, the shifts, the rapidity
+of warfare as he himself had taught the art. Momentarily Napoleon
+seems to have wondered whether allied and co-allied Europe had learned
+nothing in half a generation, and whether an army twice and a half
+larger than his own, under veteran generals, was to withdraw again
+behind the Rhine, the Elbe, the Oder, perhaps the Vistula. It is hard
+to believe that he dreamed such dreams as we read the prosaic,
+scientific, hard common sense of his military correspondence between
+January twenty-sixth and February fourteenth. Yet there is certainly
+an appearance of self-deception and vacillation in his political and
+diplomatic plans, due apparently to the intoxication of success, as
+when he spoke of the Vistula to Marmont after Champaubert.
+
+The innermost thoughts of Metternich, and of the diplomats associated
+with him, are very hard to fathom. For two generations the world
+believed that after Leipsic, Napoleon, in his sanguine conceit,
+rejected offer after offer from the allies, and finally perished
+utterly because of a folly which made him believe he could recover his
+predominance. There is now every reason to believe the contrary, and
+to suppose that Napoleon clearly understood the situation. The war was
+one of extermination on the part of the allies; in the interest of
+their dynasties they intended not only to destroy Napoleon, but also
+thereby to root out the ideas for which he was supposed to stand. By
+the light of recent memoirs, especially those of Metternich himself,
+we seem forced to the conclusion that in all the offers after Leipsic
+there was, if anything, far less of reality and sincerity than in
+those between the armistice of Poischwitz and the battle. When
+Castlereagh arrived at the allied headquarters early in January, 1814,
+he found them established in Basel. Schwarzenberg had found no
+difficulty in crossing Switzerland. Geneva surrendered its keys
+without a struggle, and generally the Swiss seemed indifferent to the
+violation of their neutrality. As the advance continued, it appeared
+that the French were equally apathetic. Bubna was driven from before
+Lyons by Augereau, but Dijon surrendered to a squad of cavalrymen
+which, at the request of the conscientious mayor, made a show of force
+to oblige him. It was not difficult under such circumstances for the
+sovereigns and their ministers to convince themselves that any peace
+with Napoleon would be nothing but a "ridiculous armistice," and that
+the Emperor of the French must, in any case, be utterly overthrown.
+
+In response to the Frankfort proposals, the pacific Caulaincourt had
+promptly arrived to conduct negotiations. The invaders had almost at
+once suggested that they must abandon the Frankfort proposals, and
+confine France to her royal limits; that is, refuse her Belgium with
+the great port of Antwerp. So far they were agreed, but there the
+unanimity ceased. The Czar desired first to conquer France, and then
+leave her to choose her own government; he intended to take the whole
+of Poland, and give Alsace to Francis in return for Galicia, thus
+checking Austria by both Prussia and France, so that he could work his
+will in the Orient. Metternich wished the old balance of power, and
+had determined on the restoration of the Bourbons. Francis was writing
+to his daughter that he would never separate her cause and that of her
+son from France. The Prussian king and ministers desired only such an
+arrangement as would secure to their country what she had regained.
+Stein and his associates wished the utter humiliation of their foe.
+Castlereagh spoke with the authority of a paymaster; he was determined
+to keep the Netherlands from falling under French influence, to
+restore the Bourbons, and to establish so nice an equilibrium in
+Europe that Great Britain would be unhampered elsewhere in the world.
+There was to be no mention of colonial restitution or neutral rights.
+Being a second-rate statesman, he was much influenced by Metternich,
+and the two sought to form an impossible alliance between
+constitutional liberty and feudal absolutism.
+
+A so-called congress was opened at Châtillon on February fifth.[7] It
+must be remembered that the treaty of Reichenbach was still a secret.
+That agreement was the reality behind the congress of Prague, the
+Frankfort proposals, and the meeting at Mannheim. None of those
+gatherings consequently was serious; that at Châtillon was even less
+so. The memoirs of Metternich explain all the facts: Swiss neutrality
+was violated by Austrian influence in order to restore the
+aristocratic constitution of Bern and the ascendancy of that canton;
+Alexander, posing still as a liberal, was angry at this violation of
+international law, and forbade the restoration of Vaud to its old
+master. Schwarzenberg's deliberate movements were due primarily to
+timidity, but they stood in good stead Metternich's desire to restore
+the Bourbons. It has been asserted, and there is much probability in
+the conjecture, that not only the plan adopted for invading France,
+but the slowness of the Austrians in advancing toward Langres, toward
+Troyes, across into the Seine valley, together with the spurious
+activity they displayed before Montereau, Sens, and Fontainebleau, was
+part of a scheme to wear out but not to exhaust France, and then
+compel her to take back her dynastic rulers. Blücher, who wanted glory
+and revenge, and the Prussian liberals, who desired so to crush France
+that Prussia might be free to slough off her militarism and build up
+a constitutional government, were alike furious at being chained to
+the frontier. All these cross-purposes and bitterness were mirrored in
+the ostentatious proceedings of the congress of Châtillon. Napoleon,
+either divining the facts, or, more probably, informed by spies,
+seemed indifferent, and refused at first to give full powers to
+Caulaincourt; finally the marshals, terrified at the prospect of
+indefinite war opened by the unlucky mention of the Vistula, made
+their influence so felt that the Emperor yielded.
+
+         [Footnote 7: Fournier: Der Congress von Châtillon.]
+
+Maret's name was long held up to detestation as the instigator of
+Napoleon's procrastinating policy at Dresden, the line of conduct
+which seemed to have made it possible for Austria to join the
+coalition. Among the papers of that minister is an account of his
+relations with Napoleon during the congress at Châtillon, which
+displays the evident motive of an attempt to prove how pacific his
+nature really was. He declares that after the defeat at La Rothière,
+Caulaincourt wrote a panic-stricken letter demanding full authority to
+treat. Maret handed it to the Emperor, beseeching him to yield.
+Napoleon seemed scarcely to heed, but indicated a passage in
+Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Fall of the Romans," which he happened to
+be reading: "I know nothing more magnanimous than the resolution taken
+by a monarch who ruled in our time, to bury himself under the ruins of
+the throne rather than to accept proposals which a king may not
+entertain. He had a soul too lofty to descend lower than his
+misfortunes had hurled him." "But I, sire," rejoined the secretary--"I
+know something more magnanimous--to cast aside your glory in order to
+close the abyss into which France would fall along with you." "Well,
+then, gentlemen, make your peace," came the reply. "Let Caulaincourt
+make it; let him sign everything necessary to obtain it. I can
+support the disgrace, but do not expect me to dictate my own
+humiliation." Maret informed Caulaincourt, but the latter recoiled
+before the responsibility, and asked for particular instructions. The
+Emperor persistently refused, but wrote giving the minister "carte
+blanche" to take any measure which would save the capital. Again
+Caulaincourt begged for details, and again Napoleon refused,
+persisting until Bertrand joined his supplications to those of Maret,
+whereupon he consented to abandon Belgium, and even the left bank of
+the Rhine.
+
+The formal despatch containing these concessions was to be signed next
+morning, on February eighth, but in the interval came news of
+Blücher's movements. Maret found the Emperor buried in the study of
+his map. "I have an entirely different matter in hand," was the
+greeting; "I am at present occupied in dealing Blücher a blow in the
+eye." The signature was indefinitely postponed. On the tenth Alexander
+suspended the congress on the plea of Caulaincourt's refusal to state
+his own or accept the offered terms. Then followed the three
+victories, and Napoleon, on the night of the twelfth, wrote to
+Châtillon demanding the Frankfort proposals. Caulaincourt urgently
+besought the allies for an armistice, and begged Napoleon to be less
+exacting. Prussia and Austria were eager for the armistice, but
+Alexander obstinately refused to reopen the congress until the
+eighteenth, when everything seemed changed, and all the allies really
+desired peace. Caulaincourt, warned by Napoleon's letter of the
+twelfth, refused to treat without full instructions, and as he had
+none he began to procrastinate. In the end he bore the blame for not
+having used the carte blanche when he had it in order to save his
+country, for subsequently he had no opportunity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE GREAT CAPTAIN AT BAY[8]
+
+         [Footnote 8: References: Houssaye: 1814. Jensen: Napoleons
+         Feldzug, 1814. Weil: La campagne de 1814, d'après les
+         documents des archives impériales et royales de la guerre à
+         Vienne. La cavalerie des armées alliées pendant la campagne
+         de 1814.]
+
+     Victor's Failure at Montereau -- Schwarzenberg's Ruse -- The
+     French Advance and the Austrian Retreat -- Napoleon's Effort to
+     Divide the Coalition -- Vain Negotiations -- The Treaty of
+     Chaumont -- Blücher's Narrow Escape -- The Prussians Defeated at
+     Craonne -- Napoleon's Determination to Fight -- His Misfortunes
+     at Laon -- Dissensions at Blücher's Headquarters -- Napoleon at
+     Soissons -- Rheims Recaptured -- Another Phase in Napoleon's
+     Eclipse.
+
+
+The eagerness of the Prussians and the Austrians to grant an armistice
+was at first due to the belief that Caulaincourt's request was a
+confession of exhaustion; the Czar's assent to reopening the congress
+on the eighteenth was wrung from him by the military operations
+between the fourteenth and that date. Convinced that Paris was
+menaced, Napoleon left Marmont to hold Blücher, and starting for La
+Ferté-sous-Jouarre on the fifteenth, covered fifty miles with his army
+in a marvelous march of thirty-six hours, arriving on the evening of
+the sixteenth with his men comparatively fresh. Next morning the
+French began to advance, and the Austrians to withdraw toward the
+Seine. Victor was to seize Montereau that same day and hold the
+bridge. Compelled to drive an Austrian corps out of Valjouan, the
+marshal did not reach his goal until six or seven in the evening, and
+finding it beset by the Crown Prince of Würtemberg with fourteen
+thousand Germans, he merely drove in the outposts and then halted for
+the night. His ardor was far from intense, and though, like Macdonald
+at Château-Thierry, he might feel that he had done all that could be
+demanded, yet he lost the opportunity of annihilating a considerable
+portion of the enemy's force. Simultaneously Macdonald had now
+advanced until he stood before Bray, while Oudinot on the left was
+before Provins. Thus far Napoleon's advance had been a front movement
+to cover Paris, but that same day, the seventeenth, he drove
+Wittgenstein from Nangis, and then expected by a rush over the bridge
+at Montereau to prevent Schwarzenberg from extending his flank to
+Fontainebleau, a move which would surround the French right. As a
+matter of fact, strange riders speaking curious outlandish tongues,
+Cossack scouts in other words, had appeared for the first time that
+very day in Nemours and Fontainebleau, terrifying the inhabitants. It
+seems highly probable that if Napoleon's force could have made a quick
+push from Montereau early on the eighteenth, it would have cut off a
+considerable portion of Schwarzenberg's left. In any case the Emperor
+was deeply incensed by what he considered Victor's slackness, and
+degraded him. The humbled marshal confessed his fault, displaying
+profound contrition, and was speedily restored to partial favor, being
+intrusted with the command, under Ney, of a portion of the young
+guard.
+
+This was the third of the marshals--Augereau, Macdonald, Victor, each
+in turn--who since the opening of the campaign had shown a physical
+and moral exhaustion disabling them from rising to the heights of
+Napoleon's expectation. "We must pull on the boots and the resolution
+of '93," wrote the Emperor to Augereau; he was quite right: nothing
+short of the unsapped revolutionary vigor of France could have saved
+his cause. On the eighteenth, after a six hours' struggle, the French
+under Gérard and Pajol seized Montereau. Napoleon had halted at
+Nangis, and there Berthier received by a flag of truce a letter from
+Schwarzenberg, declaring that he had ceased his offensive march in
+consequence of news that preliminaries of peace had been signed the
+day previous at Châtillon. This was probably as base a ruse as any
+ever practised by Napoleon's generals. It is likely that all the
+Austrian marches and countermarches for ten days past had been but a
+bustling semblance calculated for diplomatic effect. Be that as it
+may, before Napoleon's advance the Austrian commander had quailed,
+and, with the French at Montereau, his columns were already moving
+back to Troyes, where they were drawn up in battle array. Napoleon
+wrote indignantly to Joseph that the ruse was probably preliminary to
+a request for an armistice, and that he would now accept nothing short
+of the Frankfort proposals. "At the first check the wretched creatures
+fall on their knees." Meanwhile he led his army over the river to
+Nogent, and prepared to attack Schwarzenberg.
+
+But Blücher had not been idle; by superhuman exertions he had
+collected and strengthened his army at Châlons, and on the
+twenty-first he appeared at Méry on the Seine, threatening Napoleon's
+left flank in case of an advance toward Troyes. By this time the
+flames of French patriotism were rekindled in town and country, and,
+the soldiers being flushed with victory, it was clearly the hour to
+strike at any hazard. Oudinot was despatched with ten thousand men to
+hold Blücher, and this task he actually accomplished, capturing that
+portion of Méry which lay on the left bank of the river, and
+fortifying the bridge-head against all comers. Marmont being at
+Sézanne with eight thousand men to cover Paris, and Mortier at
+Soissons with ten thousand to prevent the advance of York and Sacken,
+Napoleon marched on Troyes. It was late in the evening when his main
+army was drawn up, and in order to leave time for his rear to come in,
+he postponed operations until the morning. Schwarzenberg had seventy
+thousand in line, but at four in the early dawn of the twenty-second,
+leaving in place a front formation sufficient to mask his movements,
+he decamped with his main force and withdrew behind the Aube.
+
+Arrived at Bar, the Austrian commander wrote on the twenty-sixth an
+admirable letter of justification for the course he had taken. Defeat
+would have meant a retreat, not behind the Aube, but the Rhine. "To
+offer a decisive battle to an army fighting with all the confidence
+gained in small affairs, manoeuvering on its own territory, with
+provisions and munitions within reach, and with the aid of a peasantry
+in arms, would be an undertaking to which nothing but extreme
+necessity could drive me." This retreat put a new aspect on the
+diplomacy of Châtillon. On the nineteenth Caulaincourt received a
+despatch from Napoleon revoking the carte blanche entirely; the same
+day Napoleon received an ultimatum from the congress, written several
+days before, to the effect that he was to renounce all the
+acquisitions of France since 1792, and take no share in the
+arrangements subsequent to the peace. This last clause being a covert
+suggestion of abdication, the recipient flew into a passion; when
+finally he was soothed by the pleadings of Berthier and Maret, he gave
+such a meaningless reply as would enable negotiations to proceed, but
+his counter-project he addressed directly to the Emperor Francis. It
+was a refusal to give up Antwerp and Belgium, and an emphatic
+recurrence to the Frankfort proposals. "If we are not to lay down our
+arms except on the offensive conditions proposed at the congress, the
+genius of France and Providence will be on our side."
+
+Napoleon's missive suggested to his father-in-law, as was its
+intention, that a continental peace on the Frankfort basis would leave
+France free to recuperate her sea power and continue the war with
+England alone. This was the wedge which for some time past the writer
+had been proposing to drive into the coalition so as to separate
+Austria from Russia. Castlereagh was very uneasy as to the possible
+effect of the message, and there was much anxiety among all the
+diplomats. Their first step was to send a pacific reply and renew
+their request for an armistice. Napoleon consented, but stipulated
+that hostilities should proceed during the preliminary pourparlers,
+and that in the protocol a clause should be inserted declaring that
+the plenipotentiaries were reassembled at Châtillon to discuss a peace
+on the basis proposed at Frankfort. A commission to arrange the terms
+of the armistice met on the twenty-fourth. That they were not in
+earnest is shown by Frederick William's despatch of the twenty-sixth
+to Blücher, saying, "The suspension of arms will not take place." That
+very day, also, in a council of war held by the allied generals, it
+was determined to form an invading army of the south. Blücher was
+authorized to make a diversion in favor of the main army--a move which
+he had really begun the day before by a march to the right. Napoleon,
+leaving Macdonald and Oudinot, with forty thousand men, to follow
+Schwarzenberg, hurried after Blücher with his remaining force. On the
+twenty-eighth the commission adjourned its sessions with a formal
+reiteration of the ultimatum already made by the allied powers.
+
+The reason was that by that time its members believed Napoleon to be
+elsewhere engaged. Schwarzenberg's army had checked Oudinot, and as
+his troops recuperated their strength the leader recovered partial
+confidence. Blücher being off for Paris, with Napoleon on his heels,
+the main army of the allies had then turned on the forces of Macdonald
+and Oudinot, and had driven them westward until in the pursuit it
+reached Troyes, where it halted, ready, in case of Blücher's defeat,
+to recross the Rhine. The congress of Châtillon was formally reopened
+on March first, and continued its useless sessions until the
+nineteenth, when it closed. During this second period none of the
+important dignitaries, except Schwarzenberg and the King of Prussia,
+attended; the rest withdrew to Chaumont, where, on March ninth, the
+three powers signed a treaty with England, dated back to March first,
+binding themselves, in return for an annual subsidy of five million
+pounds sterling equally divided, that each would keep a hundred and
+fifty thousand men in the field, for twenty years if necessary,
+provided Napoleon would not accept the boundaries of royal France--a
+futile stipulation. This treaty was the precursor of that iniquitous
+triple alliance between Russia, Austria, and Prussia which was
+destined not merely to hamper England herself so seriously in the
+subsequent period of history, but to stop for some time the progress
+of liberal ideas throughout Europe.
+
+Blücher crossed the Marne on February twenty-seventh with half his
+force, and then attempted to cross the Ourcq in order to attack Meaux
+from the north. But he was checked by Marmont and Mortier, with the
+sixteen thousand men they already had, and then, after six thousand
+new recruits came in from Paris, he was forced to retreat. Should
+Napoleon arrive in time he would be annihilated. Accordingly he
+hastened up the valley of the Ourcq with his entire force. Napoleon
+arrived on the Marne too late to attack Blücher's rear, and after
+some hesitation as to whether he should not return to complete his
+work with Schwarzenberg, he finally determined that, inasmuch as the
+fortress of Soissons was secure, and Blücher must therefore retreat to
+the eastward, he could himself deliver an easy but staggering blow on
+the Prussian flank when they should cross the Aisne at Fismes.
+Accordingly, on March third the worn-out columns of the French passed
+over the Marne. Unfortunately, Soissons had been left by Marmont in
+charge of an inexperienced commander, who had surrendered almost
+without resistance when, on March second, Bülow and Wintzengerode,
+having come in from the Netherlands, suddenly appeared before the
+place. This stroke of good fortune enabled Blücher not merely to find
+a city of refuge for his exhausted and disorganized force, but to
+recruit it by the two victorious and elated corps which thenceforth
+served him as an invaluable rear-guard. Napoleon, thwarted again, gave
+no outward sign of the despair he must have felt, but crossed the
+Aisne on March fifth, and occupied Rheims, in order at least to cut
+Blücher off from any connection with Schwarzenberg. He then turned to
+join Marmont and Mortier in order to drive Blücher still farther
+north, so that, as he wrote to Joseph, he might gain time sufficient
+to return by Châlons and attack Schwarzenberg.
+
+In spite of all his discouragements, Blücher had no intention of
+retreating without a blow. There was constant friction between the
+Prussian commander and his subordinates, so that dissension prevented
+prompt action. Nevertheless, after much delay the army was got in
+motion to resume the offensive, the general plan being to move
+eastward instead of withdrawing due north, to cross the plateau of
+Craonne, and, descending into the plain north of Berry, to attack the
+French in force as they advanced to Laon. Napoleon had expected to
+meet his foe under the walls of that city; his quick advance was as
+much of a surprise to Blücher as Blücher's was to him. The first shock
+of battle, therefore, occurred at Craonne on the sixth, when neither
+army was in readiness. But Blücher secured the advantage of position.
+Though he had only a portion of his force, the troops he did have were
+on a commanding plateau above the enemy when the action began. The
+skirmishes of the first day, however, were indecisive. Napoleon's
+knowledge of the district being defective, he sought to secure the
+best possible information from the inhabitants. Some one mentioning
+incidentally that the mayor of a neighboring town was named de Bussy,
+Napoleon recalled, with his astounding memory, that in the regiment of
+La Fère he had had a comrade so named. The mayor turned out to be the
+sometime lieutenant, and, with superserviceable zeal, the former
+friend poured out worthless information which led the Emperor to
+believe that on the morrow there would be only Blücher's rear-guard to
+disperse. But it was not so. Blücher struggled with his utmost might
+to gather in his cavalry and artillery, while Sacken, with the
+Russians, stood like a wall, repelling the successive surges of Ney
+and Victor the whole day through. At nightfall the Prussian commander,
+finding it impossible to assemble guns or horsemen over the icy
+fields, gave orders for retreat, and his army passed on to Laon.
+
+Though Craonne was a victory, the losses of the French were
+proportionately greater than those of the enemy, and the pursuit,
+though spirited, gained no advantage. "The young guard melts like
+snow; the old guard stands; my mounted guards likewise are much
+reduced," were the words of Napoleon's private letter. Yet he pressed
+on. The night of the seventh he spent in a roadside inn under the sign
+of "The Guardian Angel." There Caulaincourt's last messenger from
+Châtillon found him. The congress was still sitting, but the warrior
+knew the fact meant and could mean nothing to him; though the allies
+had increased their demands in proportion to their victories, they had
+not lessened them in proportion to their defeats. Whatever terms he
+might accept, and whatever Metternich might say, this war he felt sure
+was one for his extermination. As he said then and there, it was a
+bottomless chasm, and he added, "I am determined to be the last it
+shall swallow up." So he made no answer, and spent the night
+completing his plans for battle at Laon.
+
+That place stands on a terraced hill rising somewhat abruptly from the
+plain, and throughout the eighth Blücher arrayed his army in and on
+both sides of the city, which itself was of course the key. Napoleon,
+being a firm believer in such movements when on friendly soil, made a
+long night march. He reached the enemy's fore-posts early on the
+ninth, and drove them in. At seven Ney and Mortier began the battle
+under cover of a mist, and captured two hamlets at the foot of the
+hill. Marmont was on the right, and had already been cut off from the
+center by a body of Cossacks; but he attacked the village of Athies.
+After a long day's hard fighting, he succeeded in capturing a portion
+of it. Further exertion being impossible, his men bivouacked, while he
+himself withdrew to the comforts of Eppes, a château three miles
+distant. It was noon when Napoleon learned that Marmont had been
+severed from the line; at once he renewed his attack on Laon, but
+though he gained Clacy on his left, he lost Ardon, and was thus more
+completely cut off from Marmont. That night York fell upon Marmont's
+men unawares, and routed them utterly.
+
+Napoleon heard of this disaster shortly after midnight. He was, of
+course, deeply agitated--did he dare risk being infolded on both
+sides, or should he brave his fate in order to mislead the enemy? He
+chose the desperate course, and when day broke stood apparently
+undismayed. Even when two fugitive dragoons arrived and confirmed in
+all its details the terrible news from Athies, he issued orders as
+bold as if his army were still entire. This was a desperate ruse, but
+it succeeded, for the pursuit of Marmont's men was stayed. At four the
+main French army began its retreat, and the next morning saw it at
+Soissons; six thousand had been killed and wounded. Again Napoleon's
+name had stiffened the allies into inactive horror, for they did not
+pursue. York was so disgusted with the dissensions at Blücher's
+headquarters that he threw up his command and left for Brussels.
+Blücher was literally at the end of his powers. "For heaven's sake,"
+said Langeron, a French refugee in the Russian service, on whom the
+command would have devolved, "whatever happens, let us take the corpse
+along." "The corpse," with dimmed eyes and trembling hands, traced in
+great rude letters an epistle beseeching York to return, and this,
+indorsed by another from the Prince Royal of Prussia, brought back the
+able but testy refugee.
+
+Meantime Rheims, intrusted to a feeble garrison, had been taken by
+Langeron's rear-guard under St. Priest, another French emigrant in the
+service of the allies. By this disaster communication between
+Schwarzenberg and Blücher had been reëstablished. In the short day
+Napoleon could spend at Soissons, he took up twenty-five hundred new
+cavalrymen, a new line regiment of infantry, a veteran regiment of the
+same, and some artillery detachments. It is not easy to conceive of
+recuperative power more remarkable than that which was thus exhibited
+both by France and her Emperor. These men had been sent forward from
+Paris in spite of the profound gloom now prevalent there. The truth
+was at last known in the capital; Joseph was hopeless; the Empress and
+her court were preparing for extremities. News had come that in the
+south Soult had been thrown back on Toulouse; that in the southwest
+royalist plots were thickening; that in the southeast Augereau had
+been forced back to Lyons; Macdonald was ready to abandon Provins at
+the first sign of advance by Schwarzenberg; and the sorry tale of Laon
+was early unfolded. Yet the administrative machinery was still
+running, and soldiers were being manufactured from the available
+materials. Those who had been sent to Soissons had been hastily
+gathered, equipped, and drilled almost without hope, but they were
+precious since they enabled Napoleon to refit his shattered
+battalions.
+
+Marmont had unwisely abandoned Berry-au-Bac, and that in disregard of
+orders. But otherwise he had done his best to make good a temporary
+lapse, and had got together about eight thousand men at Fismes. His
+narratives give a graphic picture of the situation--of disorder,
+confusion, chaos among his troops, of artillery served by
+inexperienced sailors, of undrilled companies whose members had
+neither hats, clothes, nor shoes. There were plenty of captured
+uniforms and head-coverings, but they were so infested with vermin
+that the French, sorry as was their plight, refused to wear them, and
+clung to their old tatters. Marmont's men were heroes, he himself was
+not yet a traitor. Though overborne by a sense of Napoleon's
+recklessness, and therefore unfit for the desperate self-sacrifice
+which would have made him a fit coadjutor for his chief, he was
+prepared to atone for his disgrace at Athies. Early in the morning of
+the thirteenth the main French army moved from Soissons; at four in
+the afternoon Marmont opened the attack on Rheims. Napoleon himself
+had arrived, but his troops were slow in coming up, and there was no
+heavy artillery wherewith to batter in the gates. The struggle went on
+with desperate courage and gallantry on both sides. St. Priest was
+killed by the same gunner whose aim had been fatal to Moreau. "We may
+well say, O Providence! O Providence!" wrote Napoleon to his brother.
+At ten the beleaguered garrison began to sally and flee. Napoleon rose
+from the bearskin on which he had been resting before a bivouac fire,
+and storming with rage lest his prey should escape, hurried in the
+guns, which were finally within reach. Amid awful tumult and carnage
+the place fell; three thousand of the enemy were slain, and about the
+same number were captured. The burghers were frenzied with delight as
+the Emperor marched in, and the whole city burst into an illumination.
+
+Next morning Napoleon and Marmont met. The culprit was loaded with
+reproaches for the affair at Athies, and treated as a stern father
+might treat a careless child. No better evidence of the Emperor's low
+state is needed. Marmont was now the hero of the hour; his peccadillos
+might well have been forgotten for the sake of securing his continued
+faithfulness. With Napoleon at his best, this would surely have been
+the case; but aware that at most the war could be a matter of only a
+few weeks, the desperate man overdid his rôle of self-confidence,
+being too rash, too severe, too haughty. Not that he was without some
+hope. Although for two years the shadow had been declining on the dial
+of Napoleon's fortunes, and although under adverse conditions one
+brilliant combination after another had crumbled, yet his ideas were
+as great as ever, the adjustment of plans to changing conditions was
+never more admirable. The trouble was that effort and result did not
+correspond, and this being so, what would have been trifling
+misdemeanors in prosperity seemed to him in adversity to be dangerous
+faults. The great officers of state and army, imitating their master's
+ambitions, had acquired his weaknesses, but had failed in securing
+either his strength or his adroitness. With him they had lost that
+fire of youth which had carried them and him always just over the line
+of human expectation, and so his nice adjustments failed in
+exasperating ways at the very turn of necessity. Hard words and
+stinging reproofs are soon forgotten in generous youth; they rankle in
+middle life; and even the invigorating address or inspiring word, when
+heard too often for twenty years, fails of effect. The beginning of
+the end was the loss of Soissons at the critical instant. Napoleon was
+uncertain and touchy; his marshals were honeycombed with disaffection;
+the populations, though flashing like powder at his touch, had nowhere
+risen _en masse_. Thereafter the great captain was no longer waging a
+well-ordered warfare. Like an exhausted swordsman, he lunged here and
+there in the grand style; but his brain was troubled, his blade
+broken. Some untapped reservoirs of strength were yet to be opened,
+some untried expedients were to be essayed, but the end was
+inevitable. The movement on Rheims was the spasmodic stroke of the
+dying gladiator.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE STRUGGLES OF EXHAUSTION[9]
+
+         [Footnote 9: References: Houssaye, Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe,
+         in Revue historique, tom. 51, pp. 1-25. Metternich's
+         Memoirs.]
+
+     The Allies Demoralized -- Napoleon's Desperate Choice -- The
+     Battle at Arcis -- The Correspondence of Caulaincourt and
+     Napoleon -- Panic at Schwarzenberg's Headquarters --
+     Cross-purposes of the Allies -- Napoleon's Determination
+     Confirmed -- His Over-confidence -- The Resolution to Abandon
+     Paris -- The French Brought to a Stand -- Their Masked Retreat --
+     Inefficiency of Marmont and Augereau -- Napoleon's March toward
+     St. Dizier -- His Terrible Disenchantment -- How the Allies had
+     Discovered Napoleon's Plans -- Their Determination to Pursue --
+     The Czar's Resolution to March on Paris -- Successful Return of
+     the Invaders.
+
+
+Though unscientific as a military move and futile as to the ultimate
+result of the war, the capture of Rheims was, nevertheless, a telling
+thrust. On receipt of the news from Laon, Schwarzenberg had
+immediately set his army in motion against Macdonald, and Blücher,
+after waiting two days to restore order among his worried troops and
+insubordinate lieutenants, had advanced and laid siege to Compiègne.
+The capture of Rheims checked the movements of both Austrians and
+Prussians; dismay prevailed in both camps, and both armies began to
+draw back. The French halted at Nangis in their retreat before
+Schwarzenberg, and the people of Compiègne were released from the
+terrors of a siege. "This terrible Napoleon," wrote Langeron in his
+memoirs--"they thought they saw him everywhere. He had beaten us all,
+one after the other; we were always frightened by the daring of his
+enterprises, the swiftness of his movements, and his clever
+combinations. Scarcely had we formed a plan when it was disconcerted
+by him." Besides this, in obedience to Napoleon's call, the peasantry
+began an organized guerrilla warfare, avenging the pillage,
+incendiarism, and military executions of the allies by a brutal
+retaliation in kind which made the marauding invaders quake. Finally
+the momentary consternation of the latter verged on panic when the
+report reached headquarters that Bernadotte, lying inactive at Liège
+with twenty-three thousand Swedes, had permitted a flag of truce from
+Joseph to enter his presence. Could it be that the sly schemer, for
+the furtherance of his ambition to govern France, was about to turn
+traitor and betray the coalition?
+
+But the consternation of the allies was the least important effect of
+the capture of Rheims by Napoleon.[10] It initiated certain ideas and
+purposes in his own mind about which there has been endless
+discussion. Many see in them the immediate cause of his ruin, a few
+consider them the most splendid offspring of his mind. Reinforcements
+from Paris, slender as they were, flowed steadily into his camp; and
+when he learned that both Schwarzenberg and Blücher had virtually
+retreated, he believed himself able to cope once more with the former.
+Accordingly he dictated to his secretary an outline of three possible
+movements: to Arcis on the Aube, by way of Sézanne to Provins, and to
+Meaux for the defense of Paris. The first was the most daring; the
+second would cut the enemy off from the right bank of the Seine, but
+it had the disadvantage of keeping the troops on miry cross-roads; the
+third was the safest. Of course he chose the way of desperation--all
+or nothing. Leaving Marmont with seven thousand men at Berry-au-Bac,
+and Mortier with ten thousand at Rheims and Soissons, he enjoined them
+both to hold the line toward Paris against Blücher at all hazards, and
+himself set out, on March seventeenth, for Arcis on the Aube. This he
+did, instead of marching direct to Meaux for the defense of Paris,
+because it would, in his own words, "give the enemy a great shock, and
+result in unforeseen circumstances."
+
+         [Footnote 10: See Houssaye, 1814, pp. 258 _et seq._]
+
+Schwarzenberg's movements during the next three days awakened in
+Napoleon the suspicion, which he was only too glad to accept as a
+certainty, that the Austro-Russian army was on the point of retreating
+into the Vosges or beyond; and on the twentieth he announced his
+decision of marching farther eastward, past Troyes, toward the
+frontier forts still in French hands. This idea of a final stand on
+the confines of France and Germany haunted him to the end, and was the
+"will-o'-the-wisp" which intermittently tempted him to folly. But for
+the present its execution was necessarily postponed. That very day
+news was received within the lines he had established about Arcis that
+the enemy, far from retreating, was advancing. Soon the French cavalry
+skirmishers appeared galloping in flight, and were brought to a halt
+only when the Emperor, with drawn sword, threw himself across their
+path. A short, sharp struggle ensued--sixteen thousand French with
+twenty-four thousand five hundred of their foe. It was irregular and
+indecisive, but Napoleon held his own. The neighboring hamlet of Torcy
+had also been attacked by the allies, and before their onset the
+French had at first yielded. But the defenders were rallied, and at
+nightfall the position was recaptured. This sudden exhibition by
+Schwarzenberg of what looked like courage puzzled Napoleon; after long
+deliberation he concluded that the hostile troops were in all
+probability only a rear-guard covering the enemy's retreat. He was not
+very far wrong, but far enough to make all the difference to him. The
+circumstances require a full explanation.
+
+Thanks to Caulaincourt's sturdy persistence, the congress at Châtillon
+was still sitting, and on the thirteenth the French delegate wrote a
+last despairing appeal to the Emperor. His messenger was delayed three
+days by the military operations; but when he arrived, on the
+sixteenth, Maret wrung from Napoleon concessions which included
+Antwerp, Mainz, and even Alessandria. In the despatch announcing this,
+and written on the seventeenth to Caulaincourt, Maret made no
+reservation except one: that Napoleon intended, after signing the
+treaty, to secure for himself whatever the military situation at the
+close of the war might entitle him to retain. The return of the
+messenger was likewise delayed for three days, and it was the
+twenty-first before he reached the outskirts of Châtillon. He arrived
+to find Caulaincourt departing; the second "carte blanche" had arrived
+too late. With all his skill, the persistent and adroit minister had
+been unable to protract negotiations longer than the eighteenth. His
+appeal having brought no immediate response, he had, several days
+earlier, despatched a faithful warning, and this reached Napoleon at
+Fère-Champenoise simultaneously with the departure of the messenger
+for Châtillon. The day previous the Emperor had received bad news from
+southern France: that Bordeaux had opened its gates to a small
+detachment of English under Hill, and that the Duke of Angoulême had
+been cheered by the people as he publicly proclaimed Louis XVIII King
+of France. Apparently neither this information nor Caulaincourt's
+warning profoundly impressed Napoleon; he knew his Gascons well, his
+"carte blanche" he must have believed to be in Châtillon, and it had
+been in high spirits that he hastened on to Arcis, determined to make
+the most of the time intervening until the close of negotiations.
+
+When news of Napoleon's advance reached Schwarzenberg's headquarters
+in Troyes, there had at first been nothing short of panic; the
+commander himself was on a sick-bed, having entirely succumbed to the
+hardships of winter warfare. No sooner had he ordered the first
+backward step than his army had displayed a feverish anxiety for
+farther retreat. As things were going, it appeared as if the different
+corps would, for lack of judicious leadership, be permitted to
+withdraw still farther in such a way as to separate the various
+divisions ever more widely, and expose them successively to
+annihilating blows from Napoleon, like those which had overwhelmed the
+scattered segments of the Silesian army. The Czar and many others
+immediately perceived the danger. With faculties unnerved by fear, the
+officers foreboded a repetition with the Bohemian army of Montmirail,
+Champaubert, and Vauchamps. Rumors filled the air: the peasantry of
+the Vosges were rising, the Swiss were ready to follow their example;
+the army must withdraw before it was utterly surrounded and cut off.
+There was even a report--and so firmly was it believed that it long
+passed for history--of Alexander's having expressed a desire to reopen
+the congress.
+
+Schwarzenberg's strange hesitancy in the initial stages of the
+invasion has been explained. Beyond his natural timidity, it was
+almost certainly due to Metternich's politics, which displayed a
+desire to ruin Napoleon's imperial power, but to save France either
+for the Bourbons or possibly for his Emperor's son-in-law. If the
+Austrian minister could accomplish this, he could thereby checkmate
+Prussian ambitions for leadership in Germany. But during the
+movements of February and March the actions of the Austrian general
+appear to have been due almost exclusively to cowardice. The papers of
+Castlereagh, of Metternich, and of Schwarzenberg himself aim to give
+the impression that during all the events which had occurred since the
+congress of Prague, everything had been straightforward, and that
+Austria had no thought of sparing Napoleon or acting otherwise than
+she did in the end. Yet the indications of the time are quite the
+other way: the Russians in Schwarzenberg's army were furious, and, as
+one of them wrote, suspicious "of what we are doing and what we are
+not doing." Alexander, in this crisis, was deeply concerned, not for
+peace, but for an orderly, concentrated retreat. With stubborn
+fatalism, he never doubted the final outcome; and during his stay in
+Châtillon he had spent his leisure hours in excogitating a careful
+plan for the grand entry into Paris, whereby the honors were to be his
+own.
+
+Consequently, when on the nineteenth he hastened to Schwarzenberg's
+bedside, it was with the object of persuading the Austrian commander
+to make a stand long enough to secure concentration in retreat. This
+idea originated with the Russian general Toll, and the place he
+suggested for concentration was the line between Troyes and Pougy. But
+the council was terror-stricken, and though willing to heed
+Alexander's urgent warning, they at first selected a position farther
+in the rear, on the heights of Trannes. With this the Czar was
+content, but on second thought such a course appeared to the more
+daring among the Austrian staff as if it smacked of pusillanimity.
+Schwarzenberg felt the force of this opinion, and by the influence of
+some one, probably Radetzky, it was determined, without consulting the
+Czar, to concentrate near Arcis on the left bank of the Aube, in
+order to assume the offensive at Plancy. This independent resolution
+of Schwarzenberg's staff explains the presence of allied troops near
+Arcis and at Torcy. Alexander was much incensed by the news of the
+meeting, and declared that Napoleon's real purpose was to hold them
+while cutting off their connections on the extreme right at Bar and
+Chaumont. This was in fact a close conjecture. Napoleon, though
+surprised into action, was naturally confirmed in his surmise that the
+hostile troops were a retreating rear-guard; and in consequence he had
+definitely adopted the most desperate scheme of his life--the plan of
+hurrying toward the Vosges, of summoning the peasantry to rise _en
+masse_, and of calling out the garrison troops from the frontier
+fortresses to reinforce his army and enable him to strike the invaders
+from behind.
+
+By his retreat to Troyes on February twenty-second, Schwarzenberg had
+avoided a decisive conflict, saving his own army, and leaving Napoleon
+to exhaust himself against the army of Silesia; by his decision of
+March nineteenth he had confirmed Napoleon in the conviction that the
+allies were overawed, and had thus led his desperate foe into the
+greatest blunder conceivable--this chimerical scheme of concentrating
+his slender, scattered force on the confines of France, and leaving
+open a way for the great army of invaders to march direct on Paris. Of
+such stuff are contemporary reputations sometimes constructed. But
+this was not enough: a third time the Austrian general was to stumble
+on greatness. Napoleon's movements of concentration had thus far met
+with no resistance, in spite of their temerity; and throughout the
+nineteenth the enemy's outposts, wherever found, fled incontinently.
+It appeared a certainty that the allies were abandoning the line of
+the Seine in order to avoid a blow on their flank. That evening
+Napoleon began to vacillate, gradually abandoning his notion of an
+offensive move near Troyes, and deliberating how best to reach Vitry
+for a further advance toward his eastern fortresses. To avoid any
+appearance of retreat, he rejected the safer route by way of
+Fère-Champenoise to Sommesous, and determined to follow the course of
+the Aube for a while before turning northward to Sommepuis. He might
+run across the enemy's rear-guard, but he counted on their
+pusillanimity for the probable retreat of the very last man to Troyes.
+When Ney and Sebastiani began on the twentieth to push up the south
+bank of the Aube, they expected no opposition. That very morning
+Napoleon had announced to his minister of war, "I shall neglect
+Troyes, and betake myself in all haste to my fortresses."
+
+So far the Emperor had made no exhibition of the temerity about which
+so much was later to be said. But he had deceived himself and had
+taken a wild resolution. Moreover, it is amazing that he should have
+felt a baseless confidence in Blücher's remaining inert. This
+hallucination is, however, clearly expressed in a despatch to Marmont
+of the very same date. Yet, nevertheless, the alternative is not left
+out of consideration, for he ordered that marshal, in case Blücher
+should resume the offensive, to abandon Paris and hasten to Châlons.
+This fatal decision was not taken suddenly: the contingency had been
+mentioned in a letter of February eighth to Joseph, and again from
+Rheims emphatic injunctions to keep the Empress and the King of Rome
+from falling into Austrian hands were issued to the same
+correspondent. "Do not abandon my son," the Emperor pleaded; "and
+remember that I would rather see him in the Seine than in the hands of
+the enemies of France. The fate of Astyanax, prisoner to the Greeks,
+has always seemed to me the unhappiest in history." The messenger had
+been gone but a few hours when word was brought that Blücher had
+resumed the offensive, and a swift courier was despatched summoning
+Marmont to Châlons. In this ultimate decision Napoleon showed how
+cosmopolitan he had grown: he had forgotten, if he had ever
+understood, the extreme centralization of France; he should have known
+that, Paris lost, the head of the country was gone, and that the
+dwarfed limbs could develop little or no national vitality.
+
+This bitter lesson he was soon to learn. On the momentous afternoon of
+the twentieth, as has been related, about sixteen thousand French
+confronted nearly twenty-five thousand of the allies in the sharp but
+indecisive skirmishes before Arcis; the loss of the former was
+eighteen hundred, that of the allies twenty-seven hundred. In spite of
+the dimensions which these conflicts had assumed, Napoleon remained
+firm in the belief that he had to do with his retreating enemy's
+rear-guard; Schwarzenberg, on the other hand, was convinced that the
+French had a strength far beyond the reality. During the night both
+armies were strongly reinforced, and in the early morning Napoleon had
+twenty-seven thousand five hundred men--quite enough, he believed, to
+demoralize the retreating Austrians. It was ten o'clock when he
+ordered the attack, Ney and Sebastiani being directed to the plateau
+behind the town. What was their surprise and dismay to find
+Schwarzenberg's entire army, which numbered not less than a hundred
+thousand, drawn up in battle array on the plain to the eastward, the
+infantry in three dense columns, cavalry to right and left, with three
+hundred and seventy pieces of artillery on the central front! The
+spectacle would have been dazzling to any but a soldier: the bright
+array of gay accoutrements, the glittering bayonets, the waving
+banners, and the serried ranks. As it was, the audacious French
+skirmishers instinctively felt the incapacity of a general who could
+thus assemble an army as if on purpose to display its numbers and
+expose it to destruction. Without a thought they began a sort of
+challenging rencounter with horse-artillery and cavalry.
+
+But the Emperor's hopes were dashed when he learned the truth; with
+equal numbers he would have been exultant; a battle with odds of four
+to one he dared not risk. Sebastiani was kept on the heights to mask
+the retreat which was instantly determined upon, and at half-past one
+it began. This ruse was so successful, by reason of the alarms and
+crossings incident to the withdrawal of the French, that the allies
+were again terror-stricken; even the Czar rejected every suggestion of
+attack; again force was demoralized by genius. At last, however,
+scouts brought word that columns of French soldiers were debouching
+beyond the Aube, and the facts were plain. Even then the paralyzed
+invaders feared to attack, and it was not until two thirds of
+Napoleon's force was behind the stream that, after fierce fighting,
+the French rear was driven from the town. Oudinot's corps was the last
+to cross the river, and, standing until sappers had destroyed the
+bridge, it hurried away to follow the main column toward Vitry. The
+divisions of Gérard and Macdonald joined the march, and there were
+then forty-five thousand men in line.
+
+While Napoleon was thus neutralizing the efforts of armies and
+generals by the renown of his name, two of his marshals were finally
+discredited. Enfeebled as Blücher appeared to be, he was no sooner
+freed from the awe of Napoleon's proximity than he began to move. On
+the eighteenth he passed the Aisne, and Marmont, disobeying the
+explicit instructions of Napoleon to keep open a line of retreat
+toward Châlons, began to withdraw toward Fismes, where he effected a
+junction with Mortier. His intention was to keep Blücher from Paris
+by false manoeuvers. Rheims and Épernay at once fell into hostile
+hands; there was no way left open toward Châlons except the long
+detour by Château-Thierry and Étoges; and Blücher, it was found, was
+hurrying to effect a connection with Schwarzenberg. This was an
+assured checkmate. Meantime Augereau had displayed a similar
+incapacity. On the eighth he had begun a number of feeble, futile
+movements intended to prevent the allies from forming their Army of
+the South. But after a few aimless marches he returned to Lyons, and
+stood there in idleness until his opponents had completed their
+organization. On the twentieth the place was assaulted. The French
+general had twenty-one thousand five hundred men under his immediate
+command, six thousand eight hundred Catalonian veterans were on their
+way from Perpignan, and at Chambèry were seven thousand more from the
+armies of Tuscany and Piedmont. The assailants had thirty-two
+thousand, mostly raw troops. With a stout heart in its commander,
+Lyons could have been held until the reinforcements arrived, when the
+army of the allies would probably have been annihilated. But there was
+no stout heart in any of the authorities; not a spade had been used to
+throw up fortifications; the siege-guns ready at Avignon had not been
+brought up. Augereau, at the very height of the battle, summoned the
+civil authorities to a consultation, and the unwarlike burghers
+assented without a murmur to his suggestion of evacuation. The great
+capital of eastern France was delivered as a prize to those who had
+not earned it. Had Suchet been substituted for Augereau some weeks
+earlier, the course of history might have been diverted. But although
+Napoleon had contemplated such a change, he shrank from disgracing an
+old servant, and again, as before Leipsic, displayed a kindly spirit
+destructive to his cause.
+
+The night after his retreat from Arcis, Napoleon sent out a
+reconnaissance to Vitry, and finding it garrisoned by Prussians,
+swerved toward St. Dizier, which, after a smart combat, he entered on
+the twenty-third. This placed him midway between the lines of his
+enemy's communication both from Strasburg and from Basel; which of the
+two, he asked himself, would Schwarzenberg return to defend? Thinking
+only how best to bait his foe, he set his army in motion northward;
+the anxious Austrian would certainly struggle to retain the line in
+greatest danger. This illusion continued, French cavalry scoured the
+country, some of the Châtillon diplomats were captured, and the
+Emperor of Austria had a narrow escape at Bar. It seemed strange that
+the country-side as far as Langres was deserted, but the fact was
+apparently explained when the news came that the enemy were in force
+at Vitry; probably they had abandoned Troyes and had disregarded
+Brienne in order to divert him from his purpose.
+
+Alas for the self-deception of a ruined man! The enemy at Vitry were a
+body of eight thousand Russian cavalry from the Silesian army, sent,
+under Wintzengerode, to dog Napoleon's heels and deceive him, just as
+they actually did. Having left Vitry on the twenty-eighth, they were
+moving toward St. Dizier when Napoleon, believing that they formed the
+head of a powerful hostile column, fell upon them with needless fury,
+and all too easily put them to flight; two thousand were captured and
+five hundred killed. Thanks to Marmont's disobedience and bad
+judgment, Blücher had opened communications with Schwarzenberg, and
+both were marching as swiftly as possible direct to Paris. Of this
+Napoleon remained ignorant until the twenty-eighth. From his prisoners
+the Emperor first gained a hint of the appalling truth. It was
+impossible to believe such reports. Orders were issued for an
+immediate return to Vitry in order to secure reliable information.
+Arrived before the place, Napoleon called a council of war to decide
+whether an attempt to storm it should be made. In the moment of
+deliberation news began to arrive in abundance: captured despatches
+and bulletins of the enemy, confirmed by definite information from the
+inhabitants of the surrounding country. There could no longer be any
+doubt: the enemy, with an advantage of three days' march, was on his
+way to Paris. The futility of his eastward movement appears to have
+struck Napoleon like a thunderbolt. Paris abandoned in theory was one
+thing; France virtually decapitated by the actual loss of its capital
+was quite another. The thought was unendurable. Mounting his horse,
+the unhappy man spurred back to St. Dizier, and closeted himself in
+silent communing with his maps.
+
+The allies had not at first divined Napoleon's purpose. Indeed, their
+movements in passing the Aube and on the day following were little
+better than random efforts to fathom it. But on the morning of the
+twenty-third two important messengers were captured--one a courier
+from Berthier to Macdonald with despatches stating exactly where
+Napoleon was; the other a rider with a short note from Napoleon to his
+Empress, containing a statement of its writer's plans. This famous
+paper was lost, for Blücher, after having read it, let the rider go.
+But the extant German translation is doubtless accurate. It runs: "My
+friend, I have been all day in the saddle. On the twentieth I took
+Arcis on the Aube. The enemy attacked at eight in the evening. I beat
+him, killed four thousand men, and captured four cannon. On the
+twenty-first the enemy engaged in order to protect the march of his
+columns toward Brienne and Bar on the Aube. I have resolved to betake
+myself to the Marne in order to draw off the enemy from Paris and to
+approach my fortifications. I shall be this evening in St. Dizier.
+Adieu, my friend; kiss my boy." Savary declares that there was a final
+phrase: "This movement makes or mars me."
+
+The menace to their lines of communication at first produced
+consternation in the council of the allies. The first proposition laid
+before them was that they should return on parallel lines and recover
+their old bases. Had this scheme been adopted, Napoleon's strategy
+would have been justified completely instead of partially as it was;
+nothing but a miracle could have prevented the evacuation of France by
+the invaders. But a second, calmer thought determined the invaders to
+abandon both the old lines, and, opening a new one by way of Châlons
+into the Netherlands, to make the necessary detour and fall on
+Napoleon's rear. Francis, for the sake of keeping close touch with his
+own domains, was to join the Army of the South at Lyons. Although
+there is no proof to support the conjecture, it seems as if the Czar
+and the King of Prussia had suggested this so that both Francis and
+Metternich might be removed from the military councils of the allies
+in order that the more warlike party might in their absence take
+decisive measures. That night a package of letters to Napoleon from
+the imperial dignitaries at Paris fell into the hands of the invaders.
+The writers, each and all, expressed a profound despondency, Savary in
+particular asserting that everything was to be feared should the enemy
+approach the capital. Next morning, the twenty-fourth, the junction
+between Blücher and Schwarzenberg was completed. Francis and
+Metternich being absent, Schwarzenberg, listening to warlike advice,
+determined to start immediately in pursuit of Napoleon and seek a
+battle. The march was begun, and it seemed as if Napoleon's wild
+scheme was to be completely justified. He had certainly displayed
+profound insight.
+
+Alexander, however, had been steadily hardening his purpose to
+annihilate Napoleon. For a week past Vitrolles, the well-known
+royalist agent, had been at his headquarters; the accounts of a steady
+growth in royalist strength, the efforts of Napoleon's lifelong foe,
+Pozzo di Borgo, and the budget of despondent letters from the Paris
+officials, combined to temper the Czar's mystical humor into a
+determination of steel. Accordingly, on the same day he summoned his
+personal military advisers, Barclay, Wolkonsky, Diebitsch, and Toll;
+then, pointing out on a map the various positions of the troops
+engaged in the campaign, he asked, significantly and impressively,
+whether it were best to pursue Napoleon or march on Paris. Barclay
+supported the former alternative; Diebitsch advised dividing the army
+and doing both; but Toll, with powerful emphasis, declared himself for
+the second course. The Czar listened enthusiastically to what was near
+his own heart, and expressed himself strongly as favoring it; the
+others yielded with the eagerness of courtiers, and Alexander,
+mounting his horse, spurred after Frederick William and Schwarzenberg.
+The new plan was unfolded; the Prussian king supported it;
+Schwarzenberg hesitated, but yielded. That night orders were issued
+for an about-face, a long explanatory despatch was sent to Blücher,
+and on the twenty-fifth the combined armies of Bohemia and Silesia
+were hurrying with measured tramp toward Paris. For the first time
+there was general enthusiasm in their ranks. Blücher, who from his
+unremitted ardor had won the name of "Marshal Forward," was
+transported with joy.
+
+[Illustration: In the collection of the Marquis of Bassano
+
+NAPOLEON-FRANÇOIS-CHARLES-JOSEPH, PRINCE IMPERIAL; KING OF ROME; DUKE
+OF REICHSTADT.
+
+_From the painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence_.]
+
+The two armies marched on parallel lines, and met with no resistance
+of any importance, except as the various skirmishes enabled the
+irregular French soldiers to display a desperate courage, not only the
+untried "Marie Louises" coming out from Paris, but various bodies of
+the national guard convoying provision-trains. It was the twenty-fifth
+before Marmont and Mortier effected their junction, and then, although
+about sixteen thousand strong, they were steadily forced back through
+Fère-Champenoise and Allemant toward Charenton, which was under the
+very walls of Paris. Marmont displayed neither energy nor common sense
+on the retreat: his outlying companies were cut off, and strategic
+points which might have been held were utterly neglected. The army
+with which he reached Paris on the twenty-ninth should have formed an
+invaluable nucleus for the formation and incorporation of the numerous
+volunteers and irregular companies which were available; but, like its
+leader, it was entirely demoralized. Ledru des Essarts, commander of
+Meaux, was obliged on the twenty-seventh to abandon his charge, a
+military depot full of ammunition and supplies, which was essential to
+the safety of Paris. The garrison consisted of six thousand men, but
+among them were not more than eight hundred veterans, hastily
+collected from Marmont's stragglers, and the new conscripts were
+ill-conditioned and badly commanded. Although the generals drew up
+their men with a bold front to defend the passage of the Marne, the
+undisciplined columns were overwhelmed with terror at the sight of
+Blücher's army, and, standing only long enough to blow up the
+magazines, fled. They fought gallantly, however, on their retreat
+throughout the twenty-eighth, but to no avail; one position after
+another was lost, and they too bivouacked on the evening of the
+twenty-ninth before the gates of the capital. It is a weak curiosity,
+possibly, but we must wonder what would have occurred had Marmont,
+instead of retreating to Fismes on the eighteenth, withdrawn to
+Rheims, where he and Mortier could at least have checked Blücher's
+unauthorized advance, and perhaps have held the army of Silesia for a
+time, when the moral effect would probably have been to justify
+Schwarzenberg and confirm his project for the pursuit of Napoleon. In
+that case, moreover, the precious information of Napoleon's letter to
+his consort would not have fallen into his enemies' hands. Would
+destiny have paused in its career?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE BEGINNING OF THE END[11]
+
+         [Footnote 11: References: Napoleon, King of Elba. Pons de
+         l'Hérault, Mémoire aux puissances alliées; publ. pour la
+         "société d'histoire contemporaine." Houssaye, Napoléon à
+         l'île d'Elbe. Sorel, Essais d'histoire et de critique.
+         Talleyrand, Metternich. Sorel, Le Congrès de Vienne. Rose,
+         Napoleonic Studies. Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and
+         Elba. Foresi, Napoleone I all' isola dell' Elba.]
+
+     Napoleon's Problem -- The Military Situation -- A Council of War
+     and State -- The Return to Paris -- Prostrating News -- The
+     Empress-Regent and her Advisers -- Traitors Within -- Talleyrand
+     -- The Defenders of the Capital -- The Flight of the Court -- The
+     Allies before the City.
+
+
+The pallid, silent Emperor at St. Dizier was closeted with
+considerations like these. He knew of the defeat which forced Marmont
+and Mortier back on Paris; the loss of the capital was imminent;
+parties were in a dangerous state; his marshals were growing more and
+more slack; he had failed in transferring the seat of war to Lorraine;
+the information he had so far received was almost certainly colored by
+the medium of scheming followers through which it came. What single
+mind could grapple with such affairs? It was not because the thwarted
+man had lost his nerve, but because he was calm and clear-minded, that
+he felt the need of frank, dispassionate advice on all these matters.
+On the other hand, there stood forth in the clearest light a single
+fact about which there could be no doubt, and it alone might
+counterbalance all the rest: the peoples of northern and eastern
+France were at last aroused in behalf of his cause. For years all
+Europe had rung with outcries against the outrages of Napoleon's
+soldiery; the allied armies no sooner became invaders in their turn
+than they began to outstrip their foe in every deed of shame; in
+particular, the savage bands from Russian Asia indulged their inhuman
+passions to the full, while the French peasantry, rigid with horror,
+looked on for the moment in paralysis. Now they had begun to rise in
+mass, and from the twenty-fifth to the twenty-eighth their volunteer
+companies brought in a thousand prisoners. The depots, trains, and
+impedimenta of every sort which the allies abandoned on turning
+westward fell into the hands of a peasant soldiery, many of whom were
+armed with shot-guns. The rising for Napoleon was comparable only to
+that which earlier years had seen in the Vendée on behalf of the
+Bourbons.
+
+Besides, all the chief cities of the district were now in the hands of
+more or less regular troops; Dunette was marching from Metz with four
+thousand men; Broussier, from Strasburg with five thousand; Verdun
+could furnish two thousand, and several other fortresses a like
+number. Souham was at Nogent with his division, Allix at Auxerre with
+his; the army at the Emperor's disposal could easily be reckoned at
+seventy thousand. Assisted by the partizan bands which now hung in a
+passion of hatred on the skirts of the invaders, and by the national
+uprising now fairly under way, could not the Emperor-general hope for
+another successful stand? He well knew that the fear of what had
+happened was the specter of his enemy's council-board; they would, he
+reckoned, be rendered over-cautious, and give him at least a fortnight
+in which to manoeuver before the fall of Paris could be expected.
+Counting the men about Vitry and the garrison reinforcements at only
+sixty thousand, the combined armies of Suchet, Soult, and Augereau at
+the same number, that of Marmont at fourteen thousand, and the men in
+the various depots at sixteen thousand, he would have a total of a
+hundred and fifty thousand, from which he could easily spare fifty
+thousand to cut off every line of retreat from his foe, and still have
+left a hundred thousand wherewith to meet their concentrated force on
+a basis of something like equality. From the purely strategic point of
+view, the march of the allies to Paris was sheer madness unless they
+could count on the exhaustion of the population right, left, and
+behind. If the national uprising could be organized, they would be cut
+off from all reinforcement and entrapped. Already their numbers had
+been reduced to a hundred and ten thousand men. Napoleon with a
+hundred thousand, and the nation to support him, had a fair chance of
+annihilating them.
+
+It was, therefore, not a mere hallucination which led him to hope that
+once again the tangled web of affairs might be severed by a sweep of
+the soldier's saber. But of course in the crisis of his great decision
+he could not stand alone; he must be sure of his lieutenants.
+Accordingly, after a few hours of secret communing, he summoned a
+council, and laid before it his considerations substantially as
+enumerated. Those present were Berthier, Ney, Lefebvre, Caulaincourt,
+and Maret; Oudinot and Macdonald, at Bar on the Ornain and Perthes
+respectively, were too distant to arrive in time, but he believed that
+he knew their opinion, which was that the war should be continued
+either in Lorraine or from a center of operations to be established at
+Sens. From this conclusion Macdonald did not once waver; Oudinot had
+begun to hedge; their absence, therefore, was unimportant. Berthier
+was verging on desperation, and so was Caulaincourt, who, since
+leaving Châtillon, had been vainly struggling to reopen negotiations
+for peace on any terms; Ney, though physically brave, was not the
+stuff from which martyrs are made, and Lefebvre, naturally weak, was
+laboring under a momentary attack of senility. The council was
+imperative for peace at any price; the Emperor, having foreseen its
+temper, had little difficulty in taking the military steps for
+carrying out its behests.
+
+Early in the morning of March twenty-eighth the army was set in motion
+toward Paris. The line of march was to be through Bar on the Aube,
+Troyes, and Fontainebleau, a somewhat circuitous route, chosen
+apparently for three reasons: because the region to be traversed would
+still afford sustenance to the men, because the Seine would protect
+its right flank, and because the dangerous point of Meaux was thus
+avoided. Such a conclusion is significant of the clearest judgment and
+the nicest calculation. Pages have been written about Napoleon's
+hallucinations at the close of his career; neither here nor in any of
+the courses he adopted is there aught to sustain the charge. At
+breakfast-time a squad of jubilant peasants brought in a prisoner whom
+they believed to be no less a person than the Comte d'Artois. In
+reality it was Weissenberg, an Austrian ambassador on his way to
+London. He was promptly liberated on parole and despatched with
+letters to Francis and Metternich. By a curious adventure, Vitrolles
+was in the minister's suite disguised as a serving-man, but he was not
+detected.
+
+[Illustration: Map of the field of operations in 1814.]
+
+At Doulevant Napoleon received cipher despatches from La Valette, the
+postmaster-general in Paris, a trusted friend. These were the first
+communications since the twenty-second; the writer said not a moment
+must be wasted, the Emperor must come quickly or all would be lost.
+His decision once taken, Napoleon had grown more feverish with every
+hour; this message gave wings to his impatience. With some regard
+for such measures as would preclude his capture by wandering bands of
+Cossacks, he began almost to fly. New couriers were met at
+Doulaincourt with despatches which contained a full history of the
+past few days; in consequence the troops were spurred to fresh
+exertions, their marches were doubled, and at nightfall of the
+twenty-ninth Troyes was reached. Snatching a few brief hours of sleep,
+Napoleon at dawn next morning threw discretion to the winds, and
+started with an insufficient escort, determined to reach Villeneuve on
+the Vanne before night. The task was performed, but no sooner had he
+arrived than at once he flung himself into a post-chaise, and, with
+Caulaincourt at his side, sped toward Paris; a second vehicle, with
+three adjutants, followed as best it might; and a third, containing
+Gourgaud and Lefebvre, brought up the rear. It will be remembered that
+Gourgaud was an able artillerist; Lefebvre, it was hoped, could rouse
+the suburban populations for the defense of Paris. At Sens Napoleon
+heard that the enemy was ready to attack; at Fontainebleau that the
+Empress had fled toward the Loire; at Essonnes he was told that the
+decisive battle was raging; and about ten miles from the capital, at
+the wretched posting-station of La Cour de France, deep in the night,
+fell the fatal blow. Paris had surrendered. The terrible certainty was
+assured by the bearer of the tidings, Belliard, a cavalry officer
+despatched with his troop by Mortier to prepare quarters for his own
+and Marmont's men.
+
+Maria Louisa had played her rôle of Empress-regent as well as might be
+expected from a woman of twenty-three with slender abilities; only
+once in his letters did the Emperor chide her, and that was for a
+fault at that time venial in European royalty: receiving a high
+official, in this case the arch-chancellor, in her bedchamber. On the
+whole, she had been dignified and conciliatory; once she rose to a
+considerable height, pronouncing before the senate with great effect a
+stirring speech composed by her husband and forwarded from his
+headquarters. About her were grouped a motley council: Joseph, gentle
+but efficient; Savary, underhanded and unwarlike; Clarke, working in
+the war ministry like a machine; Talleyrand, secretly plotting against
+Napoleon, whose title of vice-grand elector he wore with outward
+suavity; Cambacérès, wise but unready; Montalivet, adroit but
+cautious. Yet, while there was no one combining ability, enthusiasm,
+and energy, the equipment of troops had gone on with great regularity,
+and each day regiments of half-drilled, half-equipped recruits had
+departed for the seat of war. The national guards who garrisoned the
+city, some twelve thousand in all, had forgotten their imperialism,
+having grown very sensitive to the shafts of royalist wit; yet they
+held their peace and had performed the round of their duties.
+Everything had outwardly been so quiet and regular that Napoleon
+actually contemplated a new levy, but the emptiness of the arsenals
+compelled him to dismiss the idea. Theoretically a fortified military
+depot, Paris was really an antiquated fortress with arsenals of
+useless weapons. Spasmodic efforts had been made to throw up redoubts
+before the walls, but they had failed from lack of energy in the
+military administration.
+
+A close examination of what lay beneath the surface of Parisian
+society revealed much that was dangerous. Talleyrand's house was a
+nest of intrigue. Imperial prefects like Pasquier and Chabrol were
+calm but perfunctory. The Talleyrand circle grew larger and bolder
+every day. Moreover, it had influential members--de Pradt, Louis,
+Vitrolles, Royer-Collard, Lambrecht, Grégoire, and Garat, together
+with other high functionaries in all departments. Bourrienne
+developed great activity as an extortioner and briber; the great
+royalist irreconcilables, Montmorency, Noailles, Denfort, Fitz-James,
+and Montesquiou, were less and less careful to conceal their activity.
+Jaucourt, one of Joseph's chamberlains, was a spy carrying the latest
+news from headquarters to the plotters. "If the Emperor were killed,"
+he wrote on March seventeenth, "we should then have the King of Rome
+and the regency of his mother.... The Emperor dead, we could appoint a
+council which would satisfy all opinions. Burn this letter." The
+program is clear when we recall that the little King of Rome was not
+three years old. Napoleon was well aware of the increasing chaos, and
+smartly reproved Savary from Rheims.
+
+But Talleyrand was undaunted. At first he appears to have desired a
+violent death for Napoleon, in the hope of furthering his own schemes
+during a long imperial regency. At all events, he ardently opposed the
+departure of the Empress and the King of Rome from Paris. Nevertheless
+it was he who despatched Vitrolles, the passionate royalist, to
+Nesselrode with a letter in invisible ink which, when deciphered,
+turned out to be an inscrutable riddle capable of two interpretations.
+"The bearer of this deserves all confidence. Hear him and know me. It
+is time to be plain. You are walking on crutches; use your legs and
+will to do what you can." Lannes had long before stigmatized the
+unfrocked bishop as a mess of filth in a silk stocking; Murat said he
+could take a kick from behind without showing it in his face; in the
+last meeting of the council of state before the renewal of
+hostilities, Napoleon fixed his eyes on the sphinx-like cripple and
+said: "I know I am leaving in Paris other enemies than those I am
+going to fight." His fellow-conspirators were scarcely less bitter in
+their dislike than his avowed enemies. "You don't know the monkey,"
+said Dalberg to Vitrolles; "he would not risk burning the tip of his
+paw even if all the chestnuts were for himself." Yet, master of
+intrigue, he pursued the even tenor of his course, scattering
+innuendos, distributing showers of anonymous pamphlets, smuggling
+English newspapers into the city, in fact working every wire of
+conspiracy. Surprised by the minister of police in an equivocal
+meeting with de Pradt, he burst out into hollow laughter, his
+companion joined in the peal, and even Savary himself found the
+merriment infectious.
+
+Toward the close of March the populace displayed a perilous
+sensitiveness to all these influences. The London "Times" of March
+fifteenth, which was read by many in the capital, asked what pity
+Blücher and the Cossacks would show to Paris on the day of their
+vengeance, the editor suggesting that possibly as he wrote the famous
+town was already in ashes. Such suggestions created something very
+like a panic, and a week later the climax was reached. When the
+fugitive peasants from the surrounding country began to take refuge in
+the capital they found business at a standstill, the shops closed, the
+streets deserted, the householders preparing for flight. From the
+twenty-third to the twenty-eighth there was no news from Napoleon; the
+Empress and council heard only of Marmont's defeat. They felt that a
+decision must be taken, and finally on the twenty-eighth the imperial
+officials held a council. The facts were plainly stated by Clarke; he
+had but forty-three thousand men, all told, wherewith to defend the
+capital, and in consequence it was determined to send the Empress and
+her son to Rambouillet on the very next day. This fatal decision was
+taken partly through fear, but largely in deference to Napoleon's
+letter containing the classical allusion to Astyanax. The very men who
+took it believed that the Parisian masses would have died for the
+young Napoleon, and deplored the decision they had reached. "Behold
+what a fall in history!" said Talleyrand to Savary on parting. "To
+attach one's name to a few adventures instead of affixing it to an
+age.... But it is not for everybody to be engulfed in the ruins of
+this edifice." From that hour the restoration of the Bourbons was a
+certainty.
+
+It was a mournful procession of imperial carriages which next morning
+filed slowly through the city, attracting slight attention from a few
+silent onlookers, and passed on toward Rambouillet. The baby king had
+shrieked and clutched at the doors as he was torn away from his
+apartments in the Tuileries, and would not be appeased; his mother and
+attendants were in consternation at the omen, and all thoughtful
+persons who considered the situation were convinced that the
+dissolution of the Empire was at hand. A deputation from the national
+guard had sought in vain to dissuade the Empress from her course;
+their failure and the distant booming of cannon produced widespread
+depression throughout the city, which was not removed by a spirited
+proclamation from Joseph declaring that his brother was on the heels
+of the invaders. All the public functionaries seemed inert, and
+everybody knew that, even though the populace should rise, there was
+no adequate means of resistance either in men or in arms or in proper
+fortifications.
+
+Clarke alone began to display energy; with Joseph's assistance, what
+preparations were possible at so late an hour were made: six companies
+were formed from the recruits at hand, the national guard was put
+under arms, the students of the polytechnic school were called out for
+service, communication with Marmont was secured, and by late afternoon
+Montmartre, Belleville, and St. Denis were feebly fortified. The
+allies had been well aware that what was to be done must be done
+before the dreaded Emperor should arrive, and on that same morning
+their vanguard had summoned the town; but during the parley their
+generals began to feel the need of greater strength, and further asked
+an armistice of four hours. This was granted on the usual condition
+that within its duration no troops should be moved; but the implied
+promise was perfidiously broken, and at nightfall both Alexander and
+Frederick William, accompanied by their forces, were in sight of the
+far-famed city. Dangers, hardships, bygone insults and humiliations,
+all were forgotten in a general tumult of joy, wrote Danilevsky, a
+Russian officer. Alexander alone was pensive, well knowing that,
+should the city hold out two days, reinforcements from the west might
+make its capture impossible until Napoleon should arrive. Accordingly
+he took virtual command, and issued stringent orders preparatory for
+the assault early next morning.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE FALL OF PARIS[12]
+
+         [Footnote 12: References: Müffling (genannt Weiss),
+         Geschichte des Feldzugs der
+         englisch-hannoversch-niederlandischen und braunschweigischen
+         Armee unter dem Fürsten Blücher im Jahre 1815. Houssaye,
+         1814. Mémoires of Bourrienne. Haussonville, Souvenirs.
+         Gervinus, Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts seit den Wien
+         Verträgen.]
+
+     The Battle before Paris -- The Armistice -- The Position of
+     Marmont -- Legitimacy and the Bourbons -- The Provisional
+     Government -- Napoleon's Fury -- Suggestions of Abdication --
+     Napoleon's New Policy Foreshadowed -- His Troops and Officers --
+     The Treason of Marmont -- The Marshals at Fontainebleau --
+     Napoleon's Despair.
+
+
+From early dawn until midday on March thirtieth the fighting before
+Paris was almost continuous, the assailants displaying an assurance of
+victory, the defenders showing the courage of despair. Marmont and
+Mortier kept their ranks in order, and the soldiers fought gallantly;
+elsewhere the militia and the boys emulated each other and the
+regulars in steadfastness. But when, shortly after noon, it became
+evident that Paris was doomed to fall before superior force, Joseph,
+as deputy emperor, issued to Marmont full powers to treat, and
+followed the Empress, whom he overtook at Chartres, far beyond
+Rambouillet, where she had expected to halt. She had determined, for
+greater safety, to cross the Loire. At four in the afternoon the
+Prussians captured Montmartre, and prepared to bombard from that
+height; at the same moment the last ranks of the allied armies came
+up.
+
+Marmont felt further resistance to be useless; his line of retreat
+was endangered, and he had special directions not to expose the city
+to a sack. There was still abundant courage in the citizens, who stood
+behind the barricades within the gates clamorous for arms and
+ammunition. A messenger came galloping in with the news that Napoleon
+was but half a day distant. The lookouts now and then espied some
+general riding a white horse, and called, "'Tis he!" But for all the
+enthusiasm, the expected "he" did not appear. Further carnage seemed
+useless, since French honor had been vindicated, and when the war-worn
+Marmont withdrew into the town he was received as one who had done
+what man could do. Negotiations once fairly begun, the allies
+abandoned the hard conditions with which they opened the parley, and
+displayed a sense of great relief. Their chief representative, Count
+Orloff, behaved with much consideration. Recognizing the force of the
+French plea that their army was quite strong enough, if not to defend
+the city another twenty-four hours, at least to contest it street by
+street until, arrived at last on the left bank of the Seine, they
+could regain Fontainebleau in safety, Orloff assented to what were
+virtually the stipulations of Marmont and Mortier. The terms adopted
+made provision for an armistice, assured kind treatment to the city,
+and permitted the withdrawal of the troops.
+
+Throughout the afternoon and evening Marmont's house was the
+rendezvous of the negotiators and of the few political personages left
+in the city. There was the freest talk: "Bonaparte" was conquered; the
+Bourbons would be restored; what a splendid man was this Marmont! Some
+weeks earlier the marshal had been significantly informed by his
+brother-in-law Perregaux, a chamberlain of Napoleon's, that in case of
+a restoration he and Macdonald would be spared, whatever happened to
+the other great imperial leaders. Talleyrand had ostensibly taken
+flight with his colleagues, but by an interesting coincidence his
+coachman had sought the wrong exit from the city, and had been turned
+back. That night he appeared in Marmont's presence with direct
+overtures from the Bourbons. His interview was short, and he seemed to
+have gained nothing; but he had an air of victory as he withdrew. He
+saw that Marmont was consumed with vanity, feeling that the destinies
+of France, of Napoleon, of all Europe, perhaps, were in his hands
+alone. This was much. Passing through the corridors, the sly
+diplomatist respectfully greeted Prince Orloff, and begged to lay his
+profound respects at the feet of the Czar. "I shall not forget to lay
+this blank check before his majesty," was the stinging retort.
+Talleyrand smiled almost imperceptibly with his lips, and went his
+way. But Alexander said on hearing the facts: "As yet this is but
+anecdote; it may become history."
+
+The triumphal entry of the allies into Paris began next morning, March
+thirty-first, 1814, at seven o'clock. It was headed by Alexander and
+Frederick William, now universally regarded as the Czar's satellite
+king. Francis was in Dijon; he was represented by Schwarzenberg. The
+three leaders, with their respective staff officers, were solemnly
+received by a deputation of the municipal authorities. Their soldiers
+were orderly, and there was no pillage or license. Crowds of royalists
+thronged the streets acclaiming the conquerors and shouting for Louis
+XVIII. Throughout the afternoon Talleyrand and Nesselrode were
+closeted in the former's palace; and when, toward evening, they were
+joined by the Czar and the King, both of whom had devoted the day to
+ceremony, the diplomats had already agreed that France must have the
+Bourbons. The sovereigns had actually been deceived by the noisy
+royalist manifestations into believing that France welcomed her
+invaders, and they assented to the conclusion of the ministers. A
+formal meeting was instantly arranged; there were present, besides the
+monarchs and their ministers, Schwarzenberg, Lichtenstein, Dalberg,
+and Pozzo di Borgo. Alexander assumed the presidency, but Talleyrand,
+with consummate skill, monopolized the deliberations. The Czar
+suggested, as various bases for peace, Napoleon under all guaranties,
+Maria Louisa as regent for the King of Rome, the Bourbons, and, it is
+believed, hinted at Bernadotte or the republic as possibilities. Of
+all these courses there was but one which represented the notion of
+legitimacy with which Alexander had in the coalition identified
+himself, and by which alone he, with his shady title, could hope to
+assert authority in western Europe. This was expounded and emphasized
+by the wily Talleyrand with tremendous effect. The idea of the
+republic was of course relegated to oblivion; of Bernadotte there
+could not well be a serious question. If France wanted a mere soldier,
+she already had the foremost in the world. Napoleon still alive, the
+regency would be only another name for his continued rule; the
+Bourbons, and they alone, represented a principle. There was little
+difficulty, therefore, in reaching the decision not to treat with
+Napoleon Bonaparte or with any member of his family.
+
+This was the great schemer's first stroke; his second was equally
+brilliant: the servile senate was appointed to create a provisional
+government and to construct a new constitution, to be guaranteed by
+the allies. That body, however obsequious, was still French; even the
+extreme radicals, as represented by Lainé of Bordeaux, had to
+acknowledge this. The new and subservient administration was at work
+within twenty-four hours; Talleyrand, with his two creatures, Dalberg
+and Jaucourt; Montesquiou, the royalist; and Beurnonville, a
+recalcitrant imperialist, constituting the executive commission. Two
+days later the legislature was summoned, and seventy-nine deputies
+responded. After considerable debate they pronounced Napoleon
+overthrown for having violated the constitution. The municipal council
+and the great imperial offices, with their magistrates, gave their
+assent. The heart of the city appeared to have been transformed: on
+the street, at the theater, everywhere the white Bourbon cockades and
+ribbons burst forth like blossoms in a premature spring. But outside
+the focus of agitation, and in the suburbs, the populace murmured, and
+sometimes exhibited open discontent. In proportion to the distance
+west and south, the country was correspondingly imperial, obeying the
+imperial regency now established at Blois, which was summoning
+recruits, issuing stirring proclamations, and keeping up a brave show.
+In a way, therefore, France for the moment had three governments, that
+of the allies, that of the regency, and that of Napoleon himself.
+
+When, in the latest hours of March thirtieth, Napoleon met Belliard,
+and heard the disastrous report of what had happened, he gave full
+vent to a frightful outburst of wrath. As he said himself in calmer
+moments, such was his anger at that time, that he never seemed to have
+known anger before. Forgetful of all his own shortcomings, he raged
+against others with a fury bordering on insanity, and could find no
+language vile or blasphemous enough wherewith to stigmatize Joseph and
+Clarke. In utter self-abandonment, he demanded a carriage. There were
+noise and bustle in the stable. With a choked, hoarse voice the
+seeming maniac called peremptorily for haste. No vehicle appeared.
+Probably Caulaincourt had dared to cross his Emperor's command for the
+sake of his Emperor's safety. Finally Napoleon strode forth into the
+darkness toward Paris. Questioning and storming as he walked, he
+denounced his two marshals for their haste in surrendering. His
+attendants reasoned in vain until, a mile beyond La Cour de France,
+Mortier's vanguard was met marching away under the terms of the
+convention, and Napoleon knew that he was face to face with doom; to
+advance farther would mean imprisonment or worse. General Flahaut was
+therefore sent to seek Marmont's advice, and Caulaincourt hurried away
+to secure an audience with the Czar. There were still wild hopes which
+would not die. Perhaps the capitulation was not yet signed, perhaps
+Caulaincourt could gain time if nothing else, perhaps by sounding the
+tocsin and illuminating the town the populace and national guard would
+be led to rise and aid the army. The reply from Marmont came as
+swiftly as only discouraging news can come; the situation, he said,
+was hopeless, the public depressed by the flight of the court, the
+national guard worthless; he was coming in with the twenty thousand
+troops still left to himself and Mortier. Napoleon, now calm and
+collected, issued careful orders for the two marshals to take position
+between the Essonne and the Seine, their left on the former stream,
+their right on the latter, the whole position protected by these
+rivers on the flanks, and by the Yonne in the rear. It was clear there
+was to be a great battle under the walls of Paris. Macdonald was the
+only general who advised it; Berthier, Drouot, Belliard, Flahaut, and
+Gourgaud all wished to return into Lorraine; but the divisions were
+coming in swiftly, and in the short midnight hour before returning to
+Fontainebleau, Napoleon's decision was taken.
+
+On the afternoon of April first the Emperor rode from Fontainebleau to
+Marmont's headquarters. While he was in the very act of
+congratulating Marmont on his gallantry, the commissioners who had
+signed the capitulation arrived and opened their budget of news. They
+told of the formal entry by the allies, of their resolution not to
+treat with Napoleon, and declared that the white cockade of the
+Bourbons was everywhere visible. Napoleon grew pensive and somber as
+he listened, and then, almost without speaking, rode sadly back to
+Fontainebleau. Next morning he was cheerful again, and as he stepped
+into the White Horse court of the palace at the hour of guard-mounting
+two battalions cheered him enthusiastically. His step was elastic, his
+countenance lighted with the old fire; the onlookers said, "It is the
+Napoleon of Potsdam and Schönbrunn." But in the afternoon Caulaincourt
+returned, and the sky seemed darkened; the Czar had listened to the
+envoy's eloquence only so far as to take into consideration once again
+the question of peace with the Empire under a regency; as a condition
+antecedent, Napoleon must abdicate.
+
+The stricken man could not hear his faithful servant's report with
+equanimity. He restrained his violent impulses, but used harsh words.
+Soon it seemed as if ideas of a strange and awful form were mastering
+him, the gloomy interview was ended, and the Emperor dismissed his
+minister. For such a disease as his there was no remedy but action;
+next morning two divisions, one each of the old and young guard,
+arrived, and they were drawn up for review. Napoleon, in splendid garb
+and with a brilliant suite, in which were two marshals, Ney and
+Moncey, went through the ceremony. At its close he gathered the
+officers present into a group, and explained the situation in his old
+incisive phrase and vibrating tones, closing with the words: "In a few
+days I am going to attack Paris; can I count on you?" There was dead
+silence. "Am I right?" rang out, in a final exhausting effort, the
+moving call of the great actor. Then at last came the hearty, ringing
+response so breathlessly expected. "They were silent," said General
+Petit in gentle tones, "because it seemed needless to reply." Napoleon
+continued: "We will show them if the French nation be master in their
+own house, that if we have long been masters in the dwellings of
+others we will always be so in our own." As the officers scattered to
+their posts and repeated the "little corporal's" words, the old
+"growlers," as men had come to call the veterans of the Empire, gave
+another cheer. The bands played the two great hymns of victory, the
+"Marseillaise" and the "Chant du Départ," as the ranks moved away.
+
+Napoleon must now have certain clear conceptions. Except Mortier,
+Drouot, and Gérard, his great officers were disaffected; but the
+ambitious minor generals were still his devoted slaves. The army was
+thoroughly imperialist, partly because they represented the nation as
+a whole, partly because they were under the Emperor's spell. Of such
+troops he appeared to have at hand sixty thousand, distributed as
+follows: Marmont, twelve thousand five hundred; Mortier, six thousand;
+Macdonald, two thousand seven hundred; Oudinot, five thousand five
+hundred; Gérard, three thousand; Ney, two thousand three hundred;
+Drouot, nine thousand; and about eleven thousand six hundred guard and
+other cavalry. Besides these, there were sixteen hundred Poles, two
+thousand two hundred and fifty recruits, and fifteen hundred men in
+the garrisons of Fontainebleau and Mélun. Farther away were
+considerable forces in Sens, Tours, Blois, and Orléans, eight thousand
+in all; and still farther the armies of Soult, Suchet, Augereau, and
+Maison. Although the allies had lost nine thousand men before Paris,
+they had quickly called up reinforcements, and had about a hundred and
+forty thousand men in readiness to fight. This situation may not have
+been entirely discouraging to the devotee of a dark destiny, to which
+as a hapless worshiper he had lately commenced to give the name of
+Providence. Be that as it may, when Macdonald arrived on the morning
+of the fourth the dispositions for battle had been carefully studied
+and arranged; every corps was ordered to its station. As usual,
+Napoleon appeared about noon for the ceremony of guard-mounting, and
+the troops acclaimed him as usual. But a few paces distant from him
+stood the marshals and higher generals in a little knot, their heads
+close bunched, their tongues running, their glances averted. From out
+of this group rang the thunderous voice of Ney: "Nothing but the
+abdication can draw us out of this." Napoleon started, regained his
+self-control, pretended not to hear the crushing menace, and withdrew
+to his work-room.
+
+Concurrent with the resolve of the marshals at Fontainebleau ran the
+actual treason of one who alone was more important to Napoleon's cause
+than all of them. "I am ready to leave, with my troops, the army of
+the Emperor Napoleon on the following conditions, of which I demand
+from you a written guaranty," are the startling words from a letter of
+Marmont to the Czar, dated the previous day. On April first agents of
+the provisional government had made arrangements with a discredited
+nobleman named Maubreuil for the assassination of Napoleon; the next
+day Schwarzenberg introduced into the French lines newspapers and
+copies of a proclamation explaining that the action of the senate and
+of all France had released the soldiers from their oaths. Marmont
+forwarded the documents he received to Berthier, and while most of the
+officers flung their copies away in contemptuous scorn, some read and
+pondered. On April third an emissary from Schwarzenberg appeared at
+Marmont's headquarters, and what he said was spoken to willing ears.
+Still under the influence of the homage he had received in Paris, the
+vain marshal saw himself repeating the rôle of Monk; he beheld France
+at peace, prosperity restored, social order reëstablished, and himself
+extolled as a true patriot--all this if only he pursued the easy line
+of self-interest, whereby he would not merely retain his duchy, but
+also secure the new honors and emoluments which would be showered on
+him. So he yielded on condition that his troops should withdraw
+honorably into Normandy, and that Napoleon should be allowed to enjoy
+life and liberty within circumscribed limits fixed by the allied
+powers and France. Next morning, the fourth, came Schwarzenberg's
+assent, and Marmont at once set about suborning his officers; at four
+in the afternoon arrived an embassy from Fontainebleau on its way to
+Paris. The officers composing it desired to see Marmont.
+
+The informal meeting held in the courtyard at Fontainebleau was a
+historical event. Its members chatted about the course taken by the
+senate, about Caulaincourt's mission, and discussed in particular the
+suggestion of abdication. The marshals and great generals, long since
+disgusted with campaigning, wounded in their dignity by the Emperor's
+rebukes, and attributing their recent failures to the wretched quality
+of the troops assigned to them, were eager for peace, and yearned to
+enjoy their hard-earned fortunes. They caught at the seductive idea
+presented by Caulaincourt. The abdication of Napoleon would mean the
+perpetuation of the Empire. The Empire would be not merely peace, but
+peace with what war had gained; to wit, the imperial court and
+society, the preservation and enjoyment of estates, the continuity of
+processes which had done so much to regenerate France and make her a
+modern nation. The prospect was irresistible, and Ney only expressed
+the grim determination of his colleagues when he gave the watchword so
+unexpectedly at the mounting of the guard. When Napoleon entered his
+cabinet he found there Berthier, Maret, Caulaincourt, and Bertrand.
+Concealing his agitation, he began the routine of such familiar labors
+as impend on the eve of battle. Almost instantly hurrying footsteps
+were heard in the corridor, the door was burst open, and on the
+threshold stood Ney, Lefebvre, Oudinot, and Macdonald. The leader of
+the company quailed an instant under the Emperor's gaze, and then
+gruffly demanded if there were news from Paris. No, was the reply--a
+deliberate falsehood, since the decree of the senate had arrived the
+night before. "Well, then, I have some," roared Ney, and told the
+familiar facts.
+
+At Nogent, six weeks earlier, Ney and Oudinot had endeavored to bully
+Napoleon in a similar way; then they were easily cowed. But now
+Napoleon's manner was conciliatory and his speech argumentative. Long
+and eloquently he set forth his situation. Enumerating all the forces
+immediately and remotely at his disposal, describing minutely the plan
+of attack which Macdonald had stamped with his approval, explaining
+the folly of the course pursued by the allies, contrasting the perils
+of their situation with the advantages of his own, he sought to
+justify his assurance of victory. The eloquence of a Napoleon, calm,
+collected, clear, but pleading for the power which was dearer to him
+than life, can only be imagined. But his arguments fell on deaf ears;
+not one of his audience gave any sign of emotion. Macdonald was the
+only one present not openly committed, and he too was sullen; during
+the last twenty-four hours he had received, through Marmont, a letter
+from Beurnonville, the contents of which, though read to Napoleon
+then and there, have not been transmitted to posterity. What happened
+or what was said thereafter is far from certain, so conflicting and so
+biased are the accounts of those present. Contemporaries thought that
+in this crisis, when Ney declared the army would obey its officers and
+would not march to Paris in obedience to the Emperor, there were
+menacing gestures which betrayed a more or less complete purpose of
+assassination on the part of some. If so, Napoleon was never greater;
+for, commanding a calm by his dignified self-restraint, he dismissed
+the faithless officers one and all. They went, and he was left alone
+with Caulaincourt to draw up the form of his abdication.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+NAPOLEON'S FIRST ABDICATION[13]
+
+         [Footnote 13: References: Campbell, Sir Neil, Napoleon at
+         Fontainebleau and Elba, being a journal of occurrences in
+         1814-1815, with notes of conversations. Laborde, Napoléon et
+         sa garde, ou relation du voyage de Fontainebleau à l'île
+         d'Elbe en 1814, etc. Ussher, A narrative of events connected
+         with the first abdication of Napoleon, his embarkation at
+         Fréjus and voyage to Elba on board his majesty's ship
+         _Undaunted_; his embarkation at Elba on board the Elbese brig
+         of war _l'Inconstant_; and a journal of his extraordinary
+         march to Paris, narrated by Colonel Laborde, who accompanied
+         the Emperor on that occasion. Waldburg, L. F. Graf Truchsess
+         von, Napoleon Bonaparte's Reise von Fontainebleau nach Fréjus
+         vom 17-29 April, 1814.]
+
+     The Meaning of Napoleon's Abdication -- The Paper and its Bearers
+     -- Progress of Marmont's Conspiracy -- Alexander Influenced by
+     Napoleon's Embassy -- Marmont's Soldiers Betrayed -- Marmont's
+     Reputation and Fate -- Napoleon's Scheme for a Last Stroke --
+     Revolt of the Marshals -- Napoleon's First Attempt at Suicide --
+     Unconditional Abdication -- Restoration of the Bourbons --
+     Napoleon's New Realm -- Flight of the Napoleons -- Good-by to
+     France, but not Farewell.
+
+
+There is no doubt that Napoleon sincerely and dearly loved his
+"growlers"; there is no doubt that with grim humor he constantly
+circumvented and used them for his own ends; even in his agony he
+contemplated a course which, leaving them convinced of their success,
+would yet render their action of no effect. After a short conference
+with his minister he took a pen and wrote: "The allied powers having
+declared the Emperor Napoleon to be the sole obstacle to the
+establishment of peace in Europe, and since the Emperor cannot
+assuredly, without violating his oath, surrender any one of the
+departments which were united with France when he ascended the throne,
+the Emperor Napoleon declares himself ready to abdicate and leave
+France, even to lay down his life for the welfare of his country and
+for the preservation of the rights of his son the King, of the
+Empress-regent, and of the laws and institutions, which shall be
+subject to no change until the definite conclusion of peace and while
+foreign armies stand upon our soil."
+
+But these words carried too plainly a meaning which was not intended
+to be conspicuous, and the paper, as finally written and executed,
+runs as follows: "The allied powers having declared the Emperor
+Napoleon to be the sole obstacle to the reëstablishment of peace in
+Europe, the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he
+is ready to descend from the throne, to leave France, and even to lay
+down his life for the good of the country, [which is] inseparable from
+the rights of his son, from those of the Empress's regency, and from
+the laws of the Empire." Who should constitute the embassy to present
+the document to the Czar? Caulaincourt, of course, would necessarily
+be one; Ney, dangerous if thwarted, must be the second; and the third?
+Marmont certainly, was Napoleon's first thought, and he ordered full
+powers to be made out for him. But on second thought he felt that his
+aide-de-camp in Egypt, his trusted friend from then onward, his
+confidential adviser, "brought up in his tent," as he said, might
+injure the cause as being too certainly influenced by personal
+considerations. Macdonald, therefore, was named in his stead. The
+embassy should, however, pass by Essonnes, and if Marmont desired to
+go he might send back for his credentials.
+
+This was the company which, arriving about four in the afternoon at
+Marmont's headquarters, presented Napoleon's message. The busy
+conspirator was stunned, but he had already won at least five of his
+generals--Souham, Merlin, Digeon, Ledru des Essarts, and Megnadier,
+his chief of staff; the tide of treason was in full flow, and could
+not be stemmed. Should the Czar assent to the regency, where would
+Marmont be? Or, on the other hand, should Napoleon learn the truth,
+there was no question but that a few hours might see the emulator of
+Monk a corpse. In quick decision, the traitorous marshal confessed the
+steps already taken, and then at the loud cry of reprobation with
+which his statement was met, he falsely asserted that he was not yet
+committed, and demanded to join the embassy. The others, willing to
+remove their colleague from further temptation, assented; and Souham
+was left in command, with strict injunctions to inform the troops of
+Napoleon's abdication, but to take no further steps. At
+Schwarzenberg's headquarters Marmont found means to betray the
+situation to that general. The Austrian, by Marmont's own account,
+absolved his fellow-intriguer from all engagements so far made; but
+somehow that very evening about nine Talleyrand knew the whole story,
+and hastening, pale with terror, to Alexander's presence, poured out a
+bitter remonstrance against the regency. The Czar listened, but
+contemptuously dismissed the petitioner with the non-committal remark
+that no one would repent having trusted him.
+
+It was almost midnight when Alexander gave audience to the embassy.
+Marmont was not of the number, having slunk away in guilty uneasiness
+to await the event at Ney's house. To Caulaincourt, as the spokesman
+of the Empire, the Czar listened attentively and sympathetically. He
+now felt himself to have taken a false step when, five days earlier,
+he had virtually assented to the restoration of the Bourbons. In the
+interval their cause had steadily grown more and more unpopular;
+neither people nor soldiers, not even the national guard, would give
+any declaration of adherence to the acts of the provisional
+government; the imperial army, on the other hand, stood firm. His own
+and Russia's honor having been redeemed, the earlier instincts of
+hatred for absolutism had returned; the feeling that the Empire was
+better for his purposes than any dynasty welled up as he listened to
+Caulaincourt's powerful argument that France as a nation, and her
+undivided army, alike desired the regency. In fact, the listener
+wavered so much that, two days later, Ney and Macdonald asserted their
+belief that at a certain instant their cause had been won.
+
+But at two in the morning an aide-de-camp entered and spoke a few
+words in Russian. The Czar gave a startled attention, and the officer
+repeated his words. "Gentlemen," said the monarch, "you base your
+claim on the unshaken attachment of the army to the imperial
+government. The vanguard of Napoleon's army has just deserted. It is
+at this moment within our lines." The news was true. The announcement
+of Napoleon's abdication had spread consternation among Marmont's men,
+and they were seriously demoralized. When a routine message came from
+Fontainebleau requiring Souham's presence there, his guilty conscience
+made him tremble; and when Gourgaud requested an interview the uneasy
+general foresaw his own arrest and was terror-stricken. Summoning the
+others who, like himself, were partly committed, he told his fears,
+and the soldiers were ordered under arms. Toward midnight the march
+began. Ignorant at first of whither they were going, the men were
+silent; but finding themselves before long between two Austrian lines,
+they hooted their officers. Thereupon they were told that they were
+to fight beside these same Austrians in defense of the Empire, and,
+believing the lie, were reconciled.
+
+Arriving finally at Versailles, and learning the truth, they mutinied;
+but Marmont soon appeared, and partly cowed them, partly persuaded
+them to bend before necessity. After learning of Souham's deed he had
+hurried to the Czar's antechamber. In an adjoining room were assembled
+the members of the provisional government. Like Marmont, they had
+learned the result of Souham's efforts and had regained their
+equanimity. After grasping the appalling fact that twelve thousand
+men, the whole sixth corps, with arms and baggage, were prisoners
+within the Austrian lines, of course there had been nothing left for
+Caulaincourt and the marshals but to withdraw. With much embarrassment
+the Czar promised an answer to their request on the following
+afternoon. All knew that the knell of the Empire had struck. To the
+waiting royalists it seemed a fit moment for pleasantry as the members
+of the embassy came filing out with stony gaze. The thwarted
+imperialists sternly repulsed their tormentors. Marmont breathed hard
+as his colleagues passed without a glimpse of recognition, and
+murmured: "I would give an arm if this had not happened." "An arm?
+Sir, say your head," rejoined Macdonald, bitterly. For some time after
+the first Restoration Marmont was a hero, but soon his vanity and true
+character combined to bring out his conduct into clear view, and from
+his title of Ragusa was coined the word "ragusade" as a synonym for
+treason. During the "Hundred Days" his name was of course stricken
+from the list of marshals. Loaded with honors in the second
+Restoration, he proved a second time faithless, and in 1830 betrayed
+his trust to the republicans. The people called him "Judas," and he
+died in exile, honored by nobody.
+
+There can be little doubt of Napoleon's conviction that his offer to
+abdicate would be rejected by Alexander. No sooner was it signed than,
+with his characteristic astuteness, he set about preparing an
+alternative course. At once he despatched a messenger requesting the
+Empress to send Champagny immediately to Dijon as an ambassador to
+intercede with her father. Then, on April fourth, he summoned a
+conclave of his officers to secure their assent to the battle which he
+believed inevitable. It was the call to this meeting which had
+stampeded Souham and his colleagues in desertion. The greater officers
+being absent from Fontainebleau, the minor ones were unanimous and
+hearty in their support of Napoleon's plans. But at the very close of
+the session came the news of what had happened at Essonnes. When
+finally assured of every detail, Napoleon took measures at once to
+repair as best he could the breaches in his defense, saying of Marmont
+quietly and without a sign of panic: "Unhappy man, he will be more
+unhappy than I." Only a few days before he had declared to
+Caulaincourt: "There are no longer any who play fair except my poor
+soldiers and their officers that are neither princes nor dukes nor
+counts. It is an awful thing to say, but it is true. Do you know what
+I ought to do? Send all these noble lords of yesterday to sleep in
+their beds of down, to strut about in their castles. I ought to rid
+myself of these frondeurs, and begin the war once more with men of
+youthful, unsullied courage." He was partly prepared, therefore, even
+for the defection of Marmont. Next morning, on the fifth, was issued
+the ablest proclamation ever penned by him; at noon the veterans from
+Spain were reviewed, and in the afternoon began the movements
+necessary to array beyond the Loire what remained of the army and
+rally it about the seat of imperial government. But at nine the
+embassy returned from Paris with its news--the Czar had refused to
+accept the abdication; the senate was about to proclaim Louis XVIII;
+Napoleon was to reign thereafter over the little isle of Elba. To this
+the undaunted Emperor calmly rejoined that war henceforth offered
+nothing worse than peace, and began at once to explain his plans.
+
+But he was interrupted--exactly how we cannot tell; for, though the
+embassy returned as it left, in a body, the memoirs of each member
+strive to convey the impression that it was he alone who said and did
+everything. If only the narrative attributed to Caulaincourt were of
+undoubted authenticity, cumulative evidence might create certitude;
+but it is not. The sorry tale of what probably occurred makes clear
+that all three were now royalists more or less ardent, for in passing
+they had concluded a truce with Schwarzenberg on that basis. Macdonald
+asserts that his was the short and brutal response to Napoleon's
+exhibition of his plans; to wit, that they must have an abdication
+without conditions. Ney was quite as savage, declaring that the
+confidence of the army was gone. Napoleon at first denounced such
+mutiny, but then, with seeming resignation, promised an answer next
+day. He did not yet know that in secret convention the generals were
+resolving not to obey the orders issued for the morrow; but as the
+door closed behind the marshals the mind so far clear seemed suddenly
+eclipsed, and murmuring, "These men have neither heart nor bowels; I
+am conquered less by fortune than by the egotism and ingratitude of my
+companions in arms," the great, homeless citizen of the world sank
+into utter dejection.
+
+It appears to have been a fixed purpose with Napoleon never to fall
+alive into his enemy's hands. Although they acted under legal forms,
+yet some European monarchs of the eighteenth century were no more
+trustworthy in dealing with foes than their great prototype Julius
+Cæsar in his faithlessness to a certain canton of the Helvetians. They
+did not display sufficient surprise when enemies were assassinated.
+Since 1808 the European colossus had worn about his neck as a kind of
+amulet a little bag which was said to contain a deadly poison, one of
+the salts of prussic acid. During the night, when the terrors of a
+shaken reason overpowered him, he swallowed the drug. Whether it had
+lost its efficacy, or whether the agitated victim of melancholy did
+not take the entire dose, in either case the effects were imperfect.
+Instead of oblivion came agony, and his valet, rushing to his master's
+bedside at the sound of a bitter cry, claimed to catch the words:
+"Marmont has struck me the final blow! Unhappy man, I loved him!
+Berthier's desertion has broken my heart! My old friends, my comrades
+in arms!" Ivan, the Emperor's body physician, was summoned, and
+administered an antidote; the spasm was allayed, and after a short
+sleep reason resumed her seat. It is related in the memoirs of
+Caulaincourt, and probably with a sort of Homeric truth, that when the
+minister was admitted in the early morning, Napoleon's "wan and sunken
+eyes seemed struggling to recall the objects round about; a universe
+of torture was revealed in the vaguely desolate look." Napoleon is
+reported as saying: "God did not will it. I could not die. Why did
+they not let me die? It is not the loss of the throne that makes
+existence unendurable; my military career suffices for the glory of a
+single man. Do you know what is more difficult to bear than the
+reverses of fortune? It is the baseness, the horrible ingratitude, of
+men. Before such acts of cowardice, before the shamelessness of their
+egotism, I have turned away my head in disgust and have come to
+regard my life with horror.... Death is rest.... Rest at last.... What
+I have suffered for twenty days no one can understand."
+
+What throws some shadow on this account is the fact that on the
+following morning Napoleon appeared outwardly well and perfectly calm
+when he assembled his marshals and made a final appeal. It is certain,
+from the testimony of his secretary and his physician, that he had
+been violently ill, but the sobriety of the remaining chronicle is to
+be doubted. Possibly, too, the empty sachet had contained a
+preparation of opium intended to relieve sharp attacks like that at
+Pirna; but in view of the second attempt at suicide made after
+Waterloo, this is not likely. Yet the circumstances may easily have
+been exaggerated; for the evident motive of what has been called the
+imperial legend is to heighten all the effects in the Napoleonic
+picture. Whatever was the truth as to that gloomy night, Napoleon's
+appeal next morning, though eloquent, was in vain; the marshals were
+unshaken in their determination, though less bitter and violent in
+their language. "You deserve repose," were the Emperor's last words to
+them; "well, then, take it." Thereupon the act of unconditional
+abdication was written in these words: "The allied powers having
+declared the Emperor Napoleon to be the sole obstacle to the
+reëstablishment of peace in Europe, the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to
+his oath, declares that for himself and his heirs he renounces the
+thrones of France and of Italy, because there is no personal sacrifice
+which he is not ready to make for the welfare of the nation." These
+last words were, after some consideration, erased, and the phrase "in
+the interest of France" was substituted for them. Some think, and it
+may well be true, that this change of form, taken in connection with
+Napoleon's calmness, was another proof of his deep purpose. Unable to
+thwart his "growlers," he may have recollected that once before he had
+crossed the Mediterranean to give a feeble government full scope for
+its own destruction. France might easily recall her favorite son in
+her own interest. He was scarcely more than forty-four, a young man
+still, and this he probably recalled as he made ready to play a new
+rôle.
+
+Armed with the document necessary to secure his pardon, Ney hurried
+back to the capital. The elderly, well-meaning, but obtuse Louis XVIII
+was immediately proclaimed king by the senate. Having "learned
+nothing, and forgotten nothing," he accepted the throne, making
+certain concessions to the new France, sufficient, as he hoped, to
+secure at least the momentary support of the people. The haste to join
+the white standard made by men on whom Napoleon's adventurous career
+had heaped honor and wealth is unparalleled in history. Jourdan,
+Augereau, Maison, Lagrange, Nansouty, Oudinot, Kellermann, Lefebvre,
+Hulin, Milhaud, Latour-Maubourg, Ségur, Berthier, Belliard--such were
+the earliest names. Among the soldiers near by some bowed to the new
+order, but among the garrisons there was such widespread mutiny that
+royalist hate was kindled again and fanned to white heat by the scoffs
+and jeers of the outraged men. Their behavior was the outward sign of
+a temper not universal, of course, but very common among the people.
+At Paris both the King and the King's brother were cheered on their
+formal entry, but many discriminating onlookers prophesied that the
+Bourbons could not remain long.
+
+Fully aware that Napoleon was yet a power in France, and challenged by
+the marshals to display a chivalric spirit in providing for the
+welfare of their former monarch, Alexander gave full play to his
+generous impulses. His first suggestion was that his fallen foe
+should accept a home and complete establishment in Russia; but this
+would have been to ignore the other members of the coalition. It was
+determined finally to provide the semblance of an empire, the forms of
+state, and an imperial income, and to make the former Emperor the
+guest of all Europe. The idea was quixotic, but Napoleon was not a
+prisoner; he had done nothing worthy of degradation, and throughout
+the civilized world he was still regarded by vast numbers as the
+savior of European society, who had fallen into the hands of cruel
+oppressors. The paper which was finally drawn up was a treaty between
+Napoleon, for the time and purposes of the instrument a private
+citizen, as one party, and the four sovereign states of Austria,
+Prussia, Russia, and England as the other. It had, therefore, no
+sanction except the public opinion of France and the good faith of
+those who executed it, the former being bound by her allies to a
+contract made by them. It was France which was to pay Napoleon two
+millions of francs a year, and leave him to reign undisturbed over
+Elba; the allies granted Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla as a realm in
+perpetuity to Maria Louisa and her heirs, through the King of Rome, as
+her successors. The agreement was unique, but so were the
+circumstances which brought it to pass. There was but one important
+protest, and that was made by Castlereagh in regard to the word
+Napoleon and the imperial style! His protest was vain, but to this day
+many among the greatest of his countrymen persistently employ
+"Bonaparte" in speaking of the greater, and "Napoleon" in designating
+the lesser, of the two men who have ruled France as emperors.
+
+Four commissioners, one from each of the powers, proceeded to
+Fontainebleau. They were careful to treat Napoleon with the
+consideration due to an emperor. To all he was courteous, except
+to the representative of Prussia, Count Truchsess-Waldburg, whose
+presence he declared unnecessary, since there were to be no
+Prussian troops on the southern road toward Elba. With Colonel
+Campbell, the British commissioner, he was most friendly,
+conversing enthusiastically with the Scotch officer about the
+Scotch poet known as Ossian. What was particularly admired in his
+remarkable outpourings was their warlike tone. As the preparations
+for departure went forward, it became clear that of all the
+imperial dignitaries only Bertrand and Drouot would accompany the
+exile. The others he dismissed with characteristic and appropriate
+farewells: to Caulaincourt he assigned a gift of five hundred
+thousand francs from the treasure at Blois; Constant, the valet,
+and Rustan, the Mameluke, were dismissed at their own desire, but
+not empty-handed. For his line of travel, and for a hundred
+baggage-wagons loaded with books, furniture, and objects of art,
+Napoleon stipulated with the utmost nicety and persistence. With
+every hour he showed greater and greater anxiety for his personal
+safety. Indifferent to life but a few short days before, he was now
+timid and over-anxious. If he had been playing a part and pondering
+what in a few years, perhaps months, his life and person might
+again be worth in European politics, he could not have been more
+painstaking as to measures for his personal safety. The stoic could
+have recourse to the bowl, the eighteenth-century enthusiast must
+live and hope to the last. Napoleon seems to have struggled for the
+union of both characters. "They blame me that I can outlive my
+fall," he remarked. "Wrongfully.... It is much more courageous to
+survive unmerited bad fortune." Only once he seemed overpowered,
+being observed, as he sat at table, to strike his forehead and
+murmur: "God, is it possible?" Sometimes, too, he appeared to be
+lost in reverie, and when addressed started like one awakened from
+a dream. All was ready on the twentieth; but the Empress, who by
+the terms of the "treaty" was to accompany her consort as far as
+the harbor of St. Tropez, did not appear. Napoleon declared that
+she had been kidnapped, and refused to stir, threatening to
+withdraw his abdication. Koller, the Austrian commissioner, assured
+him of the truth, that she had resolved of her free will not to be
+present. In the certainty that all was over, the Empress had
+determined to take refuge with her father, and the imperial
+government at Blois had dispersed, Joseph and Jerome flying to
+Switzerland.
+
+The announcement staggered Napoleon, but he replied with words
+destined to have great significance: "Very well; I shall remain
+faithful to my promise; but if I have new reasons to complain, I shall
+consider myself absolved." Further, he touched on various topics as if
+seeking to talk against time, remarking that Francis had impiously
+sought the dissolution of his daughter's marriage; that Russia and
+Prussia had made Austria's position dangerous; that the Czar and
+Frederick William had shown little delicacy in visiting Maria Louisa
+at Rambouillet; that he himself was no usurper; and that he had been
+wrong not to make peace at Prague or Dresden. Then, suddenly changing
+tone and topic, he asked with interest what would occur if Elba
+refused to accept him. Koller thought he might still take refuge in
+England. Napoleon rejoined that he had thought of that; but, having
+always sought to do England harm, would the English make him welcome?
+Koller replied that, as all the projects against her welfare had come
+to naught, England would feel no bitterness. Finally, about noon
+Napoleon descended into the courtyard, where the few grenadiers of the
+old guard were drawn up. The officers, commissioned and
+non-commissioned, were called forward, and in a few touching words
+their former leader thanked all who had remained true for their
+loyalty. With their aid he could have continued the war beyond the
+Loire, but he had preferred to sacrifice his personal interests to
+those of France. "Continue to serve France," runs the Napoleonic text
+of this fine address: but the commissioners thought they heard "to
+serve the sovereign which the nation has chosen." He could have ended
+his life, he went on to say, but he wished to live and record for
+posterity the great deeds of his warriors. Then he embraced Petit, the
+commanding officer, and, snatching to his breast the imperial eagle,
+his standard in so many glorious battles, he pressed it to his lips,
+and entered the waiting carriage. A swelling sob burst from the ranks,
+and tears bedewed the weather-beaten cheeks of men who had not wept
+for years.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE EMPEROR OF ELBA[14]
+
+         [Footnote 14: References: Czartoryski, Memoirs, Vol. II.
+         Houssaye, Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe, in Revue historique, tom.
+         51, pp. 1-25, Paris, 1893. Ussher, Napoleon's Last Voyage.
+         Peyrusse: Mémorial.]
+
+     Napoleon and the Popular Frenzy -- Serious Dangers Incurred --
+     The Exile under the British Flag -- The Voyage to Elba -- The
+     Napoleonic Court at Porto Ferrajo -- Mysterious Visitors --
+     Estrangement of Maria Louisa -- Napoleon's "Isle of Repose" --
+     The Congress of Vienna -- Its Violation of Treaty Agreement --
+     Discontent in France -- Revival of Imperialism -- Bitterness of
+     the Army -- Intrigues against the Bourbons -- Napoleon's Behavior
+     -- His Fears of Assassination.
+
+[Sidenote: 1814-15]
+
+Napoleon's journey to Elba was a series of disenchantments. As has
+been said, he had stipulated in his "treaty" that the Empress should
+accompany him to St. Tropez, where he was to embark. Her absence, he
+persisted in declaring, was explicable only by forced detention; and
+he again talked of withdrawing his abdication at this breach of the
+engagements made by the allies. But he grew more composed, and the
+journey was sufficiently comfortable as far as Lyons. Occasionally
+during that portion of it there were outbursts of good feeling from
+those who stopped to see his train pass by. But in descending the
+Rhone there was a marked change. As the Provençals had been the
+radicals of the Revolution, so now they were the devotees of the
+Restoration. The flood of disreputable calumny had broken loose: men
+said the Emperor's mother was a loose woman, his father a butcher, he
+himself but a bastard, his true name Nicholas. "Down with Bonaparte!
+down with Nicholas!" was too often the derisive shout as he traversed
+the villages. Maubreuil, the hired assassin, was hurrying from Paris
+with a desperate band, ostensibly to recover crown jewels or
+government funds which might be among Napoleon's effects. Recalling
+Alexander's boast that his best servants had been found among the
+assassins of his father, and recollecting that Francis sighed to
+Metternich for Napoleon's exile to a far-distant land, Elba being too
+near to France and to Europe, it is conceivable that Talleyrand might
+reckon on the moral support of the dynasties in conniving at
+Napoleon's assassination. Had he forgotten the murder of Enghien?
+Probably not; but his conscience was not over-tender. Near Valence, on
+April twenty-fourth, the imperial procession met Augereau's carriage.
+The arch-republican of Napoleon's earlier career had given his
+adhesion to the new government, and had been retained in office. He
+alighted, the ex-Emperor likewise: the latter exhibited all the
+ordinary forms of politeness, the former studiously disdained them.
+Napoleon, with nice irony, asked if the general were on his way to
+court. The thrust went home, but in a gruff retort Augereau, using the
+insulting "thou," declared with considerable embarrassment that he
+cared no more for the Bourbons than for Napoleon; that he had no
+motive for his conduct except love for his country.
+
+Partly by good fortune, partly by good management, the cortège avoided
+the infuriated bands who, in various places, had sworn to take the
+fallen Emperor's life. At Avignon his escape was almost miraculous.
+Near Orgon a mob of royalists beset the carriage, and Napoleon shrank
+in pallid terror behind Bertrand, cowering there until the immediate
+danger was removed by his Russian escort. A few miles out he donned a
+postilion's uniform and rode post through the town. At Saint-Cannat he
+would not touch a morsel of food for fear of poison. Rumors of the
+bitter feeling prevalent at Aix led him for further protection to
+clothe one of his aides in his own too familiar garb. In that town he
+was violently ill, somewhat as he had been at Fontainebleau. The
+attack yielded easily to remedies, and the Prussian commissioner
+asserted that it was due to a loathsome disease. Thereafter the
+hounded fugitive wore an Austrian uniform, and sat in the Austrian
+commissioner's carriage; thus disguised, the Emperor of Elba seemed to
+feel secure. From Luc onward the company was protected by Austrian
+hussars; but in spite of these military jailers, mob violence became
+stronger from day to day in each successive town. Napoleon grew
+morbid, and the line of travel was changed from the direction of St.
+Tropez to that of Fréjus in order to avoid the ever-increasing danger.
+The only alleviation in the long line of ills was a visit from his
+light and giddy but affectionate sister Pauline, the Princess
+Borghese, who comforted him and promised to share his exile. At length
+Fréjus was reached, and Napoleon resumed his composure as he saw an
+English frigate and a French brig lying in the harbor. Perhaps the
+beautiful view recalled to an outcast monarch the return, in 1799, of
+one General Bonaparte, who had landed on the same shore to overthrow
+the Directory. If not, it must have been due to unwonted dejection or
+dark despair.
+
+Again Napoleon remarked a breach of his treaty. He was to have
+sailed from St. Tropez in a corvette; here was only a brig.
+Accordingly, as if to mark an intentional slight, in reality for his
+safety and comfort, he asked and obtained permission to embark on
+the English frigate, the _Undaunted_, as the guest of her captain.
+The promised corvette was at St. Tropez awaiting its passenger, but
+the hasty change of plan had made it impossible to bring her around
+in time. Possibly for this reason, too, the baggage of Napoleon had
+been much diminished in quantity; and of this he complained also, as
+being a breach of his treaty. His farewell to the Russian and
+Prussian commissioners was brief and dignified; the Austrian hussars
+paid full military honors to the party; and as the Emperor,
+accompanied by the English and Austrian commissioners, embarked, a
+salvo of twenty-four guns rang out from the _Undaunted_. Already he
+had begun to eulogize England and her civilization, and to behave as
+if throwing himself on the good faith of an English gentleman,
+exactly as a defeated knight would throw himself on the chivalric
+courtesy of his conqueror. This appearance of distinguished
+treatment heightened his self-satisfaction. His attendants said that
+once again he was "all emperor."
+
+It was a serious blow when, on passing aboard ship, he discovered that
+the salutes had been in recognition of the commissioners, and that the
+polite but decided Captain Ussher was determined to treat his
+illustrious guest with the courtesy due to a private gentleman, and
+with that alone. Although chafing at times during the voyage against
+the restrictions of naval discipline, Napoleon submitted gracefully,
+and wore a subdued air. This was his first contact with English
+customs: sometimes they interested him; frequently, as in the matter
+of after-dinner amusements and Sunday observance, they irritated him,
+and then with a contemptuous petulance he withdrew to his cabin. In
+conversation with Koller, the Austrian commissioner, he once referred
+to his conduct in disguising himself on the road to Fréjus as
+pusillanimous, and admitted in vulgar language that he had made an
+indecent display of himself. He was convinced that all the dreadful
+scenes through which he had passed were the work of Bourbon
+emissaries. In general his talk was a running commentary on the past,
+a well-calculated prattle in which, with apparent spontaneity and
+ingenuousness, interpretations were placed on his conduct which were
+thoroughly novel. This was the beginning of a series of historical
+commentaries lasting, with interruptions, to the end of his life.
+There is throughout a unity of purpose in the explication and
+embellishment of history which will be considered later. On May fourth
+the _Undaunted_ cast anchor in the harbor of Porto Ferrajo.
+
+Elba was an island divided against itself, there being both
+imperialists and royalists among its inhabitants, and a considerable
+party which desired independence. By representing that Napoleon had
+brought with him fabulous sums, the Austrian and English commissioners
+easily won the Elbans to a fervor of loyalty for their new emperor.
+Before nightfall of the fourth the court was established, and the new
+administration began its labors. After mastering the resources and
+needs of his pygmy realm, the Emperor began at once to deploy all his
+powers, mending the highways, fortifying the strategic points, and
+creating about the nucleus of four hundred guards which were sent from
+Fontainebleau an efficient little army of sixteen hundred men. His
+expenses were regulated to the minutest detail, the salt-works and
+iron-mines, which were the bulwarks of Elban prosperity, began at once
+to increase their output, and taxation was regulated with scrupulous
+nicety. By that supereminent virtue of the French burgher, good
+management, the island was made almost independent of the remnants of
+the Tuileries treasure, the sum of about five million francs, which
+Napoleon had brought from France. The same powers which had swayed a
+world operated with equal success in a sphere almost microscopic by
+comparison. To many this appeared a sorry commentary on human
+grandeur, but the great exile did not intend to sink into a
+contemptible lethargy. If the future had aught in store for him, his
+capacities must have exercise and their bearings be kept smooth by
+use. The Princess Borghese had been separated from her second husband
+soon after the marriage, and since 1810 she had lived an exile from
+Paris, having been banished for impertinent conduct to the Empress.
+But she cherished no malice, and before long, according to promise,
+she arrived and took up her abode as her brother's companion. Madame
+Mère, though distant in prosperity, came likewise to soothe her son in
+adversity. The intercepted letters of the former prove her to have
+been at least as loose in her life at Elba as ever before, but they do
+not afford a sufficient basis for the scandals concerning her
+relations with Napoleon which were founded upon them and industriously
+circulated at the court of Louis XVIII. The shameful charge, though
+recently revived and ingeniously supported, appears to have no
+adequate foundation.
+
+Napoleon's economies were rendered not merely expedient, but
+imperative, by the fact that none of the moneys from France were
+forthcoming which had been promised in his treaty with the powers.
+After a short stay Koller frankly stated that in his opinion they
+never would be paid, and departed. The island swarmed with Bourbon
+spies, and the only conversation in which Napoleon could indulge
+himself unguardedly was with Sir Neil Campbell, the English
+representative, or with the titled English gentlemen who gratified
+their curiosity by visiting him. During the summer heat, when the
+court was encamped on the heights at Marciana for refreshment, there
+appeared a mysterious lady with her child. Both were well received and
+kindly treated, but they withdrew themselves entirely from the public
+gaze. Common rumor said it was the Empress, but this was not true; it
+was the Countess Walewska, with one of the two sons she bore her host,
+whom she still adored. They remained but a few days, and departed as
+mysteriously as they had come. Base females thronged the precincts of
+the imperial residence, openly struggling for Napoleon's favor as they
+had so far never dared to do; success too frequently attended their
+efforts.
+
+But the one woman who should have been at his side was absent.[15] It
+is certain that she made an honest effort to come, and apartments were
+prepared for her reception in the little palace at Porto Ferrajo. Her
+father, however, thwarted her at every turn, and finally she was a
+virtual prisoner at Schönbrunn. So manifest was the restraint that her
+grandmother Caroline, Queen of the Two Sicilies, cried out in
+indignation: "If I were in the place of Maria Louisa, I would tie the
+sheets of my bed to the window-frame and flee." Committed to the
+charge of the elegant and subtle Neipperg, a favorite chamberlain whom
+she had first seen at Dresden, she was plied with such insidious wiles
+that at last her slender moral fibre was entirely broken down, and she
+fell a victim to his charms. As late as August, Napoleon received
+impassioned letters from her; then she grew formal and cold; at last,
+under Metternich's urgency, she ceased to write at all. Her French
+attendant, Méneval, managed to convey the whole sad story to her
+husband; but the Emperor was incredulous, and hoped against hope until
+December. Then only he ceased from his incessant and urgent appeals.
+
+         [Footnote 15: See Welschinger: Le roi de Rome, ch. vi, p.
+         17.]
+
+The number of visitors to Elba was sometimes as high as three hundred
+in a single day. Among these were a few English, fewer French, but
+many Italians. As time passed the heaviness of the Austrian yoke had
+begun to gall the people of Napoleon's former kingdom, and
+considerable numbers from among them, remembering the mild Eugène with
+longing, joined in an extensive though feeble conspiracy to restore
+Napoleon to the throne of Italy. Lucien returned to Rome in order to
+foster the movement, and Murat, observing with unease the general
+faithlessness of the great powers in small matters, began to tremble
+for the security of his own seat. With them and others Napoleon
+appears to have corresponded regularly. He felt himself entirely freed
+from the obligations he had taken at Fontainebleau, for he was sure
+the people of southern France had been instigated to take his life by
+royalist agents, and while one term after another passed, not a cent
+was paid of the promised pension; his own fortune, therefore, was
+steadily melting away. For months he behaved as if really determined
+to make Elba his "isle of repose," as he designated it just before
+landing; but under such provocations his temper changed. The
+corner-stone of his treaty was his complete sovereignty; otherwise the
+paper was merely a promise without any sanction, not even that of
+international law. This perfect sovereignty had been recognized by the
+withdrawal of all the commissioners as such, Campbell insisting that
+he remained merely as an ambassador.
+
+In a treaty concluded on May thirtieth between Louis XVIII and the
+powers of the coalition, the boundaries of France were fixed
+substantially as they had been in 1792, and the destiny of the lands
+brought under her sway by the Revolution and by Napoleon was to be
+determined by a European congress. This body met on November first,
+1814, at Vienna. It was soon evident that the four powers of the
+coalition were to outdo Napoleon's extreme endeavors in their reckless
+disposition of European territories. Before the close of the month,
+however, Talleyrand, by his adroit manipulations and his conjurings
+with the sacrosanct word "legitimacy," had made himself the moving
+spirit of the congress, and had so inflamed the temper of both
+Metternich and Castlereagh against the dictatorial attitude of Russia
+and Prussia as to induce Austria and Great Britain to sign, on January
+third, 1815, a secret treaty with France whereby the parties of the
+first part bound themselves to resist the aggressiveness of the
+Northern powers, and that by force if necessary. This restored France
+to the position of a great power. By the middle of February the
+Northern allies were brought to terms, and in return for their
+concessions it was agreed that Murat was to be deposed. This spirit of
+compromise menaced, or rather finally destroyed, the sovereignty of
+Napoleon, petty as it was. On the charge of conspiring with Murat, he
+could easily be removed from Elba, and deported to some more remote
+spot from which he could exert no influence on European politics.
+
+From the opening sessions of the congress there had been a general
+consensus of opinion as to this course. As to the place opinions
+varied. Castlereagh favored the Azores, but others the Cape Verde
+islands; St. Helena, then well known as a place of call on the long
+voyage to the Cape, had been suggested much earlier, even before Elba
+was chosen, but when or by whom is not known. It is quite possible
+that Wellington, who succeeded Castlereagh as English plenipotentiary
+in February, may have mentioned the name; he had been there, and knew
+it as almost the remotest spot of land in the world. The formal
+proposition to that effect appears to have been made by the Prussian
+cabinet. The congress took no definite action in the matter, but the
+understanding was so clear and general that a proclamation to the
+national guard was printed in the "Moniteur" of March eighth, 1815,
+stating that measures had been taken at the Congress of Vienna to
+remove Napoleon farther away. It was easy for everybody, including the
+captive himself, to believe that, all the other articles of the
+agreement at Fontainebleau having been violated, that which guaranteed
+the sovereignty of Elba was equally worthless.
+
+It cannot be doubted that Napoleon was fully aware of whatever was
+proposed at Vienna, and it is absolutely certain that he was
+thoroughly informed as to the changed state of public opinion in
+France. Having promised a fairly liberal constitution as the price of
+his throne, Louis XVIII, with colossal stupidity, undertook to ignore
+the past and promulgated the charter as his own gracious act, done in
+the nineteenth year of his reign! The upper chamber, or House of
+Peers, was his creature, since he could create members at will. Feeble
+in mind and body, he was unable to check the reactionary assumptions
+of his family, who, having deserted their country, had returned to it
+by the aid of invaders despised and feared by the nation. These and
+the returning emigrants were provided with rich sinecures, and began
+to talk of restoring estates to their rightful owners; in some cases
+the possessors, on their death-beds, were intimidated into making such
+restitution. The extreme clerical party began even to hamper the
+ministry in its efforts to grant the freedom of worship guaranteed by
+the constitution. Secular business was forbidden on certain holy days,
+and funeral masses were celebrated for Pichegru, Moreau, and Cadoudal,
+that for the latter at the King's expense. When, finally, Christian
+burial was refused to an actress, there were riots in Paris.
+
+But the government continued its suicidal course; even the Vendée grew
+disaffected, and, the suffrage having been greatly restricted, there
+were murmurings about oligarchies and tyrants. At Nîmes the
+Protestants feared another St. Bartholomew, and said so. Even moderate
+royalists grew troubled, and could not retort when they heard the new
+order stigmatized by the fitting name of "paternal anarchy." Both
+veterans and conscripts deserted in great numbers from the army as
+they saw their officers discharged by the score to make places for the
+young aristocracy, or their comrades retired, nominally on half-pay,
+in reality to eke out a subsistence as best they could. It was not
+long before men showed each other pocket-pieces bearing Napoleon's
+effigy, whispering as watchwords, "Courage and hope," or "He has been
+and will be," or "Frenchmen, awake; the Emperor is waking." As early
+as July, 1814, rumors of his return were rife in country districts,
+and by autumn the longing for it was outspoken and general. In Paris
+there was greater caution, but as Marmont was called "Judas" for
+having betrayed his master, so Berthier was known as "Peter" in that
+he had denied him, and it was a common joke to tie a white cockade to
+the tail of a dog. Before the Chamber met the various factions openly
+avowed themselves as either royalists, Bonapartists, liberals, or
+Jacobins. The money estimates presented made it clear that a king was
+more expensive than an emperor, and when the peers not only voted to
+indemnify the emigrants for the lands held by their families, but
+likewise passed a bill establishing the censorship of the press, it
+was common talk that the present state of things could not last.
+
+The number of French prisoners of war and of soldiers released from
+the besieged fortresses in central Europe was about three hundred
+thousand, of whom a third were veterans of the Empire. To these must
+be added the army which Soult, ignorant of Napoleon's abdication, had
+led to defeat at Toulouse, and the soldiers who had served in Italy.
+These men, long accustomed to much consideration, found themselves on
+their return to be persons of no consequence. They learned that the
+great officers of the Empire were everywhere treated with scant
+courtesy, and that the great ladies of the imperial court were now
+virtually driven from the Tuileries by the significant questions and
+loud asides of the royal personages who had supplanted them. It was
+told in all public resorts how Ney had resented the rude affronts put
+on his wife by the Duchess of Angoulême. The well-trained subordinate
+officers of these contingents were turned adrift by thousands on the
+same terms as those of Napoleon's own army, half-pay if they showed
+themselves good Catholics, otherwise nothing. For the most part,
+again, this promise was empty; young royalists were put in their
+places, the pay of the old guard was reduced, a new noble guard was
+organized, promotion was refused to those who had received commissions
+during the operations of war, and the asylums established for the
+orphans of those who had belonged to the Legion of Honor were
+abolished. So bitter was the outcry that the King felt compelled to
+dismiss his minister of war, and, not daring to substitute Marmont,
+who demanded the place, appointed Soult. He too was speedily
+discredited for harshness to Exelmans, a subordinate who was
+discovered to have been in correspondence with Napoleon; and by the
+middle of February, 1815, nearly all the soldiers were at heart
+Bonapartists, their friends for the most part abetting them.
+
+[Illustration: Napoleon Exposition, 1895
+
+THE KING OF ROME
+
+Painted by Marie Louise under direction of Isabey belonging to Messrs.
+Marquis and Comte de Las Cases.]
+
+In less than two months after Louis XVIII took his seat, Talleyrand
+and Fouché were deep in their element of plot and intrigue. They
+thought of the son of Philippe Égalité as a possible constitutional
+ruler; they talked of reëstablishing the imperial regency; with
+Napoleon placed beyond the possibility of returning, the latter
+course would be safe. During the succeeding months they continued to
+juggle with this double intrigue, and around their plots clustered
+minor ones in mass. Lord Liverpool actually called Wellington to
+London for fear the duke should be seized, and Marmont put the Paris
+garrison under arms. On January twenty-first, 1815, the death of Louis
+XVI was commemorated by the royalists with the wildest talk; and such
+was the general fury over Exelmans's treatment that Fouché at last
+stepped forward to give his conspiracy some form. Carnot and Davout
+were both expected to coöperate; but although they refused, enough
+officers of influence were secured to make a plan for an extended
+insurrection entirely feasible. For this all parties were willing to
+unite; no one knew or cared what was to supplant the existing
+government--anything was better than "paternal anarchy."
+
+How accurate the information was which reached Napoleon at Elba we
+cannot ascertain, for his feelings were masked and his conduct was
+non-committal. He had entirely recovered his health, and though old in
+experience, he was only forty-five years of age, and still appeared
+like one in the prime of life. He was apparently vigorous, being
+short, thick-necked, and inclined to corpulence. His cheeks were
+somewhat heavy and sensuous, his hair receded far back on the temples,
+his limbs were powerful, his hands and feet were delicately formed and
+noticeably small. His movements were nervous and well controlled, his
+eye was clear and bright, his passions were strong, his self-control
+was apparent, and the coördination of his powers was easy. To the
+Elban peasant he was gracious; with his subordinates he was dignified;
+among his many visitors he moved with good humor and tact; his
+kindness to his mother and sister made both of them devoted and
+happy.
+
+The only anxiety he displayed was in regard to assassination and
+kidnapping: the former he said he could meet like a soldier; of the
+latter he spoke with anxious foreboding. He had reason to fear both.
+Every week either in France or Italy or both, there was a plot among
+fanatical royalists and priests to kill him; and though the Barbary
+pirates were eager to seize him and win a great ransom, they were
+excelled in their zeal both by Mariotte, Talleyrand's agent in
+Leghorn, and by Bruslart, a bitter and ancient enemy, who had been
+appointed governor of Corsica for the purpose. For these reasons,
+probably, the Emperor of Elba lived as far as possible in seclusion.
+As time passed he grew less intimate with Campbell, but the Scotch
+gentleman did not attribute the fact to discontent. Before leaving
+Elba, on February sixteenth, to reside for a time in Florence and
+perform the duties of English envoy in that place, he gave it as his
+opinion that if Napoleon received the pension stipulated for in the
+treaty he would remain tranquilly where he was.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+NAPOLEON THE LIBERATOR[16]
+
+         [Footnote 16: References: Sorel, A.: Le traité de Paris du 20
+         novembre, 1815. I. Les cent jours. Lacretelle: Histoire de
+         France depuis la restauration. Nettement: Histoire de la
+         littérature française sous la restauration. Constant:
+         Mémoires sur les cent jours en forme de lettres. Lucien
+         Bonaparte: La vérité sur les cent jours.]
+
+     Napoleon Ready to Reappear -- Reasons for his Determination --
+     The Return to France -- The Northward March -- Grenoble Opens its
+     Gates -- The Lyons Proclamations -- The Emperor in the Tuileries
+     -- The Emperor of the French -- The Additional Act -- Effects of
+     the Return in France and Elsewhere -- The Congress of Vienna
+     Denounces Napoleon.
+
+
+It has lately been recalled that as early as July, 1814, the Emperor
+of Elba remarked to an English visitor that Louis XVIII, being
+surrounded by those who had betrayed the Empire, would in turn
+probably be himself betrayed by them. For the ensuing four months,
+however, the exile gave no sign of any deep purpose; to those who
+wished to leave him, he gave a hearty good-by. In December, however,
+he remarked to one of his old soldiers, pointedly, as the man thought:
+"Well, grenadier, you are bored; ... take the weather as it comes."
+Slipping a gold piece into the veteran's hand, he then turned away,
+humming to a simple air the words, "This will not last forever."
+Thereafter he dissuaded all who sought to depart, saying: "Be patient.
+We'll pass these few winter days as best we may; then we'll try to
+spend the spring in another fashion." This vague language may
+possibly have referred to the Italian scheme, but on February tenth he
+received a clear account of what had happened at Vienna, and on the
+evening of the twelfth Fleury de Chaboulon, a confidential friend of
+Maret, arrived in the disguise of a sailor, and revealed in the
+fullest and most authentic way the state of France. When he heard of
+the plan to reëstablish the regency, Napoleon burst out hotly: "A
+regency! What for? Am I, then, dead?" Two days later, after long
+conferences, the emissary was despatched to do what he could at
+Naples, and the Emperor began his preparations.
+
+This was soon known on the mainland, and three days later a personage
+whose identity has never been revealed arrived in the guise of a
+Marseilles merchant, declaring that, except the rich and the
+emigrants, every human being in France longed for the Emperor's
+return. If he would but set up his hat on the shores of Provence, it
+would draw all men toward it. When Napoleon turned pseudo-historian he
+declared in one place that the breaches of the Fontainebleau treaty
+and his fears of deportation had nothing to do with his return from
+Elba; in another he states the reverse. Since the legend he was then
+studiously constructing required the unbroken devotion of the French
+to the standard-bearer of the Revolution for the sake of consistency,
+he probably recalled only the feelings awakened by Fleury's report
+that opportunity was ripe, and that, too, earlier than had been
+expected. But there were other motives at the time, for Peyrusse,
+keeper of Napoleon's purse during the Elban sojourn, heard his master
+asseverate that it would be more dangerous to remain in Porto Ferrajo
+than to return to France. In any case, so far as France and the world
+at large were concerned, the contemptuous indifference of Louis and
+his ministers to their obligations under the treaty powerfully
+justified Napoleon's course. Even Alexander and Castlereagh had early
+made an indignant protest to Talleyrand; but the latter, already deep
+in conspiracy, turned them off with a flippant rejoinder.
+
+With great adroitness and secrecy Napoleon collected and fitted out
+his little flotilla, which consisted of the _Inconstant_, a stout brig
+assigned to him at Fontainebleau, and seven smaller craft. During the
+preparations the French and English war-vessels patrolling the
+neighboring waters came and went, but their captains suspected
+nothing. Campbell's departure created a false rumor among the
+islanders that England was favoring some expedition on which the
+Emperor was about to embark, thus allaying all suspicion. When, on the
+twenty-sixth, a little army of eleven hundred men found itself afloat,
+with eighty horses and a number of cannon, no one seemed to realize
+what had happened; except Drouot, who pleaded against Napoleon's
+rashness, all were enthusiastic. To avoid suspicion, each captain
+steered his own course, and the various craft dotting the sea at
+irregular intervals looked no way unlike the other boats which plied
+those waters. Several men-of-war were sighted, but they kept their
+course. As one danger after another was averted, the great
+adventurer's spirits rose until he was exuberant with joy, and talked
+of Austerlitz. It was March first when land was finally sighted from
+the _Inconstant_; as if by magic, the other vessels hove in sight
+immediately, and by four the men were all ashore on the strand of the
+Gulf of Jouan. Cambronne, a colonel of the imperial guards, was sent
+to requisition horses at Cannes, with the strict injunction that not a
+drop of blood be shed. As the great actor had theatrically said on
+board his brig, he was "about to produce a great novelty," and he
+counted upon dazzling the beholders into an enthusiasm they had
+ceased to feel for the old plays. Among others brought to Napoleon's
+bivouac that night was the Prince of Monaco, who had been found by
+Cambronne at St. Pierre traveling in a four-horse carriage, and had
+been taken as a prisoner into Napoleon's presence. "Where are you
+going?" was, according to tradition, the greeting of Napoleon. "I am
+returning to my domains," came the reply. "Indeed! and I too," was the
+merry retort.
+
+Recalling the mortal agony he had endured on the highway through Aix
+but a short year before, and its causes, and having been informed how
+bitter was the anti-royalist feeling in the Dauphiné, Napoleon set his
+little army in march direct toward Grenoble. At Cannes there was
+general indifference; at Grasse it was found that the division general
+in command had fled, and there were a few timid shouts of "Long live
+the Emperor!" Thence to Digne on the Grenoble highway was a mountain
+track over a ridge twelve thousand feet above the sea. In twenty hours
+the slender column marched thirty-five miles. The "growlers" joked
+about the "little corporal" who trudged at their side, the Alpine
+hamlets provided abundant rations, and the government officials
+furnished blank passports which enabled Napoleon to send emissaries
+both to Grenoble and to Marseilles, where Masséna was in command. The
+little garrison of Digne was Bonapartist in feeling, but it was not
+yet ready to join Napoleon, and withdrew; that at Sisteron was kept
+from meddling by a body of troops which had been despatched as a corps
+of observation from Marseilles, while the populace shouted heartily
+for the Emperor. At Gap the officials strove to organize resistance,
+but they desisted before the menaces of the people. By this time the
+peasantry were coming in by hundreds. So far Napoleon's enterprise
+had received but four recruits: two soldiers from Antibes, a tanner
+from Grasse, and a gendarme. Now he was so confident that he dismissed
+the peasantry, assuring them that the soldiers in front would join his
+standards.
+
+On March seventh the head of the column of imperial adventurers
+reached La Mure, a short day's march from Grenoble. They were received
+with enthusiasm, and a bucket of the poor native wine was brought for
+the refreshment of the men. When all had been served Napoleon reached
+out for the cheap little glass, and swallowed his ration like the
+rest. There was wild delight among both his men and the onlookers as
+the "army" set out for Laffray, the next hamlet, where was a small
+detachment sent from Grenoble to destroy a bridge over the Drac. With
+inscrutable faces they stood across the highway, lances set and
+muskets charged, under orders to fire on Napoleon the moment he should
+appear. At length the critical moment arrived. "There he is! Fire!"
+cried a royalist officer. The soldiers clutched their arms, their
+faces blanched, their knees shook, and they--disobeyed! Napoleon,
+walking slowly, advanced within pistol-shot. He wore the old familiar
+gray surtout, the well-known cocked hat, and a tricolor cockade.
+"Soldiers of the Fifth," he said in a strong, calm voice, "behold me!"
+Then advancing a few paces farther, he threw open his coat and
+displaying the familiar uniform, he called: "If there be one soldier
+among you who wishes to kill his Emperor, he can. I come to offer
+myself to your assaults." In an instant the opposing ranks melted into
+a mob of sobbing, cheering men, kissing Napoleon's shoes, struggling
+to touch the skirts of his shabby garments. The surrounding throng
+crowded near in sympathy. "Soldiers," cried the magician, "I come
+with a handful of brave men because I count on you and the people. The
+throne of the Bourbons is illegitimate because it was not erected by
+the nation. Your fathers are threatened by a restoration of titles, of
+privilege, and of feudal rights; is it not so?" "Yes, yes," shouted
+the multitude. At that instant appeared a rider arrayed in the uniform
+of the national guard, but wearing a huge tricolor cockade. Alighting
+at Napoleon's feet, he said: "Sire, I am Jean Dumoulin the
+glove-maker; I bring to your majesty a hundred thousand francs and my
+arm." At that instant likewise an imperial proclamation denouncing
+traitors, and promising that under the old standards victory would
+return like the storm-wind, was passing from hand to hand in the
+garrison of Grenoble. Labédoyère, the colonel, of the Seventh of the
+line, first announced his purpose to support his Emperor, and the
+royalist officers saw the imperialist feeling spread with dismay. They
+arranged to evacuate the place next morning. At seven in the evening
+Napoleon summoned the town; the commandant, unable to resist the
+pressure of both soldiers and populace, fled with a few adherents, and
+at ten the gates were opened. The reception of the returning exile was
+hearty and impressive. It was with an army of seven thousand men that,
+after a rest of thirty-six hours, he started for Lyons.
+
+"As far as Grenoble I was an adventurer; at Grenoble I was a prince,"
+wrote Napoleon at St. Helena. If this were true, at Lyons he was an
+Emperor in fact as well as in name, that great city receiving him with
+plaudits as energetic as were the execrations with which they
+dismissed Artois and Macdonald. Recalling the lessons of his youth,
+some learned in Corsica, some in the Rhone valley, the returning
+Emperor carefully felt the pulse of public opinion as he journeyed. He
+found the longing for peace to be universal, and even before entering
+Lyons he began to promise peace with honor. But this he quickly found
+was not enough: it must be peace with liberty as well. The sole task
+before him, therefore, he declared to be that of protecting the
+interests and principles of the Revolution against the returning
+emigrants. France, restored to her glory, was to live in harmony with
+other European powers as long as they minded their own affairs.
+Napoleon, the liberator of France! To terrify foreign invaders and
+intestine foes a great united nation was to speak in trumpet notes.
+From Lyons, therefore, second city of the Empire, was summoned a
+popular assembly to revise the constitution. To convey the impression
+that Austria was in secret accord with the Emperor's course, three
+delegates from the eastern capital were summoned to assist at a
+significant ceremony which was to occur almost immediately, the
+coronation of the Empress and the King of Rome. Still further, a
+decree was issued which banished the returned emigrants and swept away
+the pretensions of the arrogant nobles. Talleyrand, Marmont, Augereau,
+and Dalberg were attainted, and the noble guard of the King was
+abolished. Under these influences Bonapartist feeling grew so intense
+and spread so widely that the army of Soult, which had been assembled
+in the southeast to oppose Murat, turned imperialist almost to a man.
+Masséna, who seems to have followed the lead of Fouché, waited to see
+what was coming, and remained neutral. Ney fell in with the general
+movement, and joined Napoleon at Auxerre. "Embrace me, my dear
+general," were the Emperor's words of greeting. "I am glad to see you;
+and I want neither explanations nor justifications."
+
+All resistance disappeared before Napoleon's advance as he passed
+Autun and descended the Yonne valley toward Paris. Everywhere there
+were dissensions among the populace, but the enthusiasm of the
+soldiers and their sympathizers triumphed. The troops despatched by
+the King's government to overpower the "usurper" sooner or later went
+over to the "usurper's" standards. One morning a placard was found on
+the railing around the Vendôme column: "Napoleon to Louis XVIII. My
+good brother, it is useless to send me any more troops; I have
+enough." Paris was in a storm of suppressed excitement. The measures
+of resistance were half-hearted; the King made lavish concessions and
+the chambers passed excellent laws without attracting any attention or
+sympathy; volunteers were raised, but there was no energy in their
+organization. When Napoleon reached Fontainebleau on the eighteenth,
+the reserves stationed in and near Paris on the south came over to him
+in a body. On the nineteenth Louis issued a despairing address to the
+army, and fled to Lille; on the morning of the twentieth the capital
+found itself without any vestige of government. The streets were
+thronged with people, but there was no disorder until a band of
+royalists attacked a half-pay officer wearing the imperial cockade. At
+once the city guard formed and intervened to quell the disturbance.
+Thereupon the imperialists endeavored to seize the Tuileries; they,
+too, were checked, and a double force, royalist and imperial, was set
+to defend that important spot. Over other public buildings the
+imperial colors waved alone and undisturbed. During the afternoon the
+crowds dispersed and the imperial officials quietly resumed their
+places. At nine in the evening a post-chaise rolled up to the
+Tuileries gate, Napoleon alighted, and the observers thought his smile
+was like that of one walking in a dream. At once he was caught in the
+brawny arms of his admirers, and handed upward from step to step, from
+landing to landing. So fierce was the affection of his friends that
+his life seemed to be in danger from their embraces, and it was with
+relief that he entered his cabinet and closed the door, to find
+himself among a few of his old stanch and tried servants, with
+Caulaincourt at their head. This reception had been in sharp contrast
+to the apathy displayed on the streets, where the people were few in
+number, unenthusiastic, and indifferent. "They let me come," said
+Napoleon to Mollien, "as they let the other go." Finding himself
+unable to endure the loneliness of the Tuileries, and depressed by the
+associations of the familiar scenes, he withdrew in a few days to the
+comparative seclusion of the Élysée, then a suburban mansion dubbed by
+courtesy a palace.
+
+Some portion of Napoleon's leisure in Elba had been devoted, as was
+mentioned in another connection, to sketching the outline of a
+treatise intended to prove that his dynasty was quite as legitimate as
+any other which had ruled over France. His illusions of European
+empire were dismissed either permanently or temporarily, and for the
+moment he was the apostle of nationality and popular sovereignty in
+France. Before laying his head on his pillow in the Tuileries he
+displayed this fact to the world in the constitution of his cabinet,
+which would in our day be designated as a cabinet of concentration,
+representative of various shades of opinion. Maret, Davout,
+Cambacérès, Gaudin, Mollien, Decrès, Caulaincourt, Fouché, and Carnot
+accepted the various portfolios; most surprising of all, Benjamin
+Constant, the constitutional republican, became president of a
+reconstructed council of state. In connection with the announcement of
+these names, the nation was informed that the constitution was to be
+revised, and that the censorship of the press was abolished. In
+reference to the latter, Napoleon remarked that, since everything
+possible had been said about him during the past year, he could
+himself be no worse off than he was, but the editors could still find
+much to say about his enemies. To Constant he frankly explained what
+he meant by revision. The common people had welcomed his return
+because he was one of themselves, and at a signal he could have the
+nobles murdered. But he wanted no peasants' war, and, as the taste had
+returned for unrestricted discussion, public trials, emancipated
+elections, responsible ministers, and all the paraphernalia of
+constitutional government, the public must be gratified. For all this
+he was ready, and with it for peace. But peace he could win only by
+victory, for, although in his conduct, in the Lyons decrees, and in
+casual talk, he hinted at negotiations with foreign powers, those
+negotiations were purely imaginary.
+
+With a clear comprehension of the situation, the ministers went to
+work. On April twenty-third was promulgated the Additional Act,
+whereby the franchise was extended, the state church abolished,
+liberty of worship guaranteed, and every wretched remnant of privilege
+or divine right expunged. The two chambers were retained, many
+imperial dignitaries being assigned to the House of Peers, the
+Bonaparte brothers, Lucien, Joseph, and Jerome, among the number. It
+was, as Chateaubriand sarcastically said, a revised and improved
+edition of Louis's constitution. The preamble, however, was new; it
+set forth that Napoleon, having been long engaged in constructing a
+great European federal system suited to the spirit of the time and
+favorable to the spirit of civilization, had now abandoned it, and
+would henceforth devote himself to a single aim, the perfect security
+of public liberty. This specious representation, half true and half
+false, awakened no enthusiasm in France; it was accepted, along with
+the Additional Act, by a plebiscite, but by only a million three
+hundred thousand votes--less than half the number cast for the
+Consulate and the Empire. This was largely due to a curious apathy,
+induced by a still more curious but firm conviction that at last
+France had secured peace with honor. Reference has been made to a
+military conspiracy fomented by Fouché in the North; before the
+hostile public feeling thus engendered in that quarter Louis fled to
+Ghent within five days after Napoleon reached Paris, and, though the
+royal princes were able to carry on civil war in the South a little
+longer, it was generally felt that the nation now had a ruler of its
+own choosing, and that if they attended strictly to their own affairs
+they would be left in peace. For considerable time there was little
+news from abroad, and so swift was the rush of internal affairs that
+no heed was given to what there was.
+
+This was suddenly changed in April, when it was brought home to the
+nation that the specter of war had again been raised, and that the
+dynasties were finally a unit in their determination to extirpate the
+Napoleonic régime as a measure of self-defense. Every man with any
+means saw himself beggared, and every mother felt her son slipping
+from her arms to swim once more that sea of blood in which for a
+generation the hope of the nation had been submerged. The depression
+was general and terrible, for the prospect was appalling. England,
+entangled with dynastic alliances in order to preserve her prosperity
+and dignity, had lost most of her serious and trusted leaders, and the
+few who survived were so panic-stricken as to have little
+perspicacity. The King's illness having at last removed him from
+public life, he had been succeeded by the most profligate and
+frivolous of all the line of English kings, the Prince Regent, who was
+later George IV. Percival and Liverpool were not merely conservative
+from principle; they were negative from the love of negatives. Already
+they had laid the basis, in their mismanagement of domestic affairs,
+for the social turbulence which within a short time was to compel the
+most sweeping reforms. Castlereagh had not even an inkling of what the
+treaty of Chaumont might mean to Great Britain in the end. To destroy
+Napoleon he was perfectly content that his own free country should
+support a system of dynastic politics destructive of every principle
+of liberty.
+
+The Congress of Vienna represented, not a confederation of states, but
+a league of dynasties posing as nations and banded for mutual
+self-preservation. To them the permanent restoration of Napoleon could
+mean only one thing, the recognition of a nation's right to choose its
+own rulers, and that would be the end of absolutism in Europe. To
+Great Britain it would mean the destruction of her prosperity, or at
+least a serious diminution of both power and prestige. The late
+coalition, therefore, was re-cemented without difficulty, but on a
+basis entirely new. The account of Napoleon's escape reached Vienna on
+March sixth. Within the week Maria Louisa, now entirely under
+Neipperg's influence, wrote declaring herself a stranger to all
+Napoleon's schemes, and a few days later the French attendants of the
+little King of Rome were dismissed; the child's last words to Méneval
+were a message of affection to his father.[17] At that time
+negotiations among the powers were progressing famously, each having
+secured its main object; on March thirteenth the Congress, under
+Castlereagh's instigation, publicly denounced Napoleon as the "enemy
+and disturber of the world's peace," and proclaimed him an outlaw. The
+Whigs stigmatized the paper in parliament as provocative of
+assassination and a disgrace to the English character, but, of all
+the important journals, the "Morning Chronicle" alone was courageous
+enough to sustain them, asserting that it was a matter of complete
+indifference to England whether a Bourbon or a Bonaparte reigned in
+France. These manly protests were unheeded, and by the twenty-fifth
+all Europe, except Naples, was united against France alone.
+
+         [Footnote 17: See Welschinger: Le roi de Rome, ch. vii.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+THE DYNASTIES IMPLACABLE[18]
+
+         [Footnote 18: References: for this and the following chapters
+         see d'Angeberg: Le congrès de Vienne et les traités de 1815,
+         précédé et suivi des actes diplomatiques qui s'y rattachent,
+         avec introduction historique par Capefigue; Castlereagh's
+         Correspondence; Capefigue: Le congrès de Vienne dans ses
+         rapports avec la circonstance actuelle de l'Europe; Davout:
+         Correspondance, Vol. IV.; de Pradt: Du congrès de Vienne;
+         Flassan: Histoire du congrès de Vienne; Hardenberg's Memoirs;
+         Humboldt's Memoirs; Villemain: Souvenirs contemporains
+         d'histoire et de littérature; Gérard: Quelques documents sur
+         la bataille de Waterloo; Gourgaud: La campagne de 1815;
+         Grouchy: Observations sur la relation de la campagne de 1815,
+         publ. par le G{én.} Gourgaud, et réfutation de quelques-unes
+         des assertions et écrits relatifs à la bataille de Waterloo.]
+
+     The Vienna Coalition -- Its Purpose -- Napoleon as a Liberal --
+     The Fiasco -- France on the Defensive -- Napoleon's Health -- War
+     Preparations of the Combatants -- Their Respective Forces --
+     Qualities and Achievements of the French -- The Armies of Blücher
+     and Wellington -- The French Strategy -- Napoleon's First
+     Misfortune.
+
+[Sidenote: 1815]
+
+The supreme effort of the dynasties to outlaw Napoleon, and restore
+France to the Bourbons, was made by what was nominally an alliance of
+eight members--Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, France, Spain,
+Portugal, and Sweden. The last was, however, absorbed in her struggle
+with Norway, and, though Spain and Portugal were signatories, the real
+strength of the coalition arranged at Vienna lay in a virtual renewal
+of the treaty of Chaumont: Austria, Prussia, and Russia were each to
+put a hundred and eighty thousand men in the field, and Great Britain
+was to continue her subsidies.
+
+On April fourth, the sovereigns of Europe were notified that the
+Empire meant peace; they retorted by the mobilization of their forces,
+and by denouncing in a joint protocol the treaty of Paris. In his
+extremity Napoleon appealed to Talleyrand, but that minister knew too
+well the temper of the Congress at Vienna, and refused to coöperate.
+The versatile Fouché thereupon initiated a new plot, this time against
+Napoleon, and sounded Metternich; but Metternich was dumb. The other
+diplomats asseverated that they did not wish to interfere with the
+domestic affairs of France; but they prevaricated, intending nothing
+less than the complete restoration of the Bourbons.
+
+Under the shadow of this storm-cloud Napoleon regulated his domestic
+affairs of state with intrepid calmness. He had no easy task. It was
+the revived hatred of the masses for priests and nobles to which he
+had appealed on his progress from Grenoble, and, observing the wild
+outbursts of the populace at Lyons, he had whispered, "This is
+madness." It was with studied deliberation, therefore, that in Paris
+he cast himself completely upon the moderate liberals. This alienated
+the Jacobin elements throughout the country, and they, in turn,
+stirred up the royalists. When it became clear that neither Maria
+Louisa nor the King of Rome was to be crowned, and that there was no
+help in Austria, even the imperialists displayed a dangerous temper.
+Such was the general uneasiness about war that the first measures of
+army reorganization were taken almost stealthily. It was easy enough
+to establish the skeleton of formation, and not very difficult to find
+trustworthy officers, commissioned and non-commissioned; but to summon
+recruits was to announce the coming war. Of the three hundred thousand
+veterans now returned home, less than one fifth responded to the call
+for volunteers; the Emperor had reckoned on four fifths at least. The
+National Guard was so surly that many felt it would be bravado for
+Napoleon to review them. But he was determined to do so, and on April
+sixteenth the hazardous ceremony took place. Until at least half the
+companies had been reviewed not a cheer was heard; then there were a
+few scattering shouts here and there in the ranks; finally there was
+some genuine enthusiasm.
+
+By the middle of May the national deputies summoned at Lyons began to
+arrive. They were to meet, after the fashion of Charles the Great's
+assemblies, in the open field. Their task was to be the making of a
+new constitution. It was not reassuring news that they brought from
+their various homes, and their accounts disturbed public opinion in
+Paris sadly. Before long it was known that civil war had again broken
+out in Vendée; the consequences would have been most disastrous had
+not La Rochejacquelein, the insurgent leader, been killed on June
+fourth. As it was, the ignoble slaughter of one of their order
+intensified the bitterness of the nobles. Worse still, it had been
+found that of the six hundred and twenty-nine deputies five hundred
+were ardent constitutionalists indifferent to Napoleon, and that only
+fifty were his devoted personal friends; there were even between
+thirty and forty who were Jacobins, and at Fouché's command. Under
+these circumstances the Emperor dared not hold the promised national
+congress. What could be substituted for it? The great dramatic artist
+was not long at a loss. He determined to summon the electoral deputies
+to a gorgeous open-air ceremony on June first, and have them stamp
+with their approval the Additional Act. A truly impressive spectacle
+would pass muster for the promised "field of May," and profoundly
+affect the minds of all present. But, unfortunately, though Ségur
+made the plan, and though every detail was carefully studied by
+Napoleon, the affair was not impressive. About eighteen thousand
+persons assembled on the benches, and there was a vast crowd in the
+field. The cannon roared their welcome, and the people cheered the
+imperial carriage, the marshals, the body-guard, and the procession.
+But when Napoleon and his brothers stepped forth, clad like actors in
+theatrical costumes of white velvet, wearing Spanish cloaks
+embroidered with the imperial device of golden bees, and with great
+plumed hats on their heads, there was a hush of disappointment. The
+populace had expected a soldier in a soldier's uniform; many had felt
+sure "he" would wear that of the National Guard.
+
+There was, however, no sign of disrespect while the ministers and the
+reconstituted corps of marshals filed to their places. Among the
+latter were familiar faces--Ney, Moncey, Kellermann, Sérurier,
+Lefebvre, Grouchy, Oudinot, Jourdan, Soult, and Masséna. A committee
+of the deputies then stood forth, and their chairman read an address
+declaring that France desired a ruler of her own selection, and
+promising loyalty in the coming war. Napoleon arose, and in spite of
+his absurd clothes commanded attention while he set forth his reasons
+for offering a ready-made constitution instead of risking interminable
+debate. Although he declared that what was offered could, of course,
+be amended, there was no applause, except from a few soldiers. When
+the chambers met, a week later, Lanjuinais, one of Napoleon's lifelong
+opponents, was chosen president of the House of Deputies. The speech
+from the throne was clever and conciliatory, and in spite of evident
+distrust both houses promised all the strength of France for
+defense--but for defense only. The peers declared that under her new
+institutions France could never be swept away by the temptations of
+victory; the deputies asserted that nothing could carry the nation
+beyond the bounds of its own defense, not even the will of a
+victorious prince.
+
+The anxieties and exertions of two months were manifest in Napoleon's
+appearance. His features, though impressive, were drawn, and his long
+jaw grew prominent. He lost flesh everywhere except around the waist,
+so that his belly, hitherto inconspicuous, looked almost pendulous.
+When standing, he folded his hands sometimes in front, sometimes
+behind, but separated them frequently to take snuff or rub his nose.
+Sometimes he heaved a mechanical sigh, swallowing as if to calm inward
+agitation. Often he scowled, and looked out through half-closed lids
+as if growing far-sighted; the twitching of his eye and ear on the
+left side grew more frequent. With thickening difficulties and
+increasing annoyance, serious urinary and stomach troubles set in;
+there was also a persistent hacking cough. Recourse was again had to
+protracted warm baths in order to alleviate the accompanying
+nervousness; but as the ailments were refractory, a mystery soon
+attached to the malady, and his enemies said it was a loathsome
+disease. In spite of the statements both of the Prussian commissioner
+at Fontainebleau, Count Truchsess-Waldburg, and of Sir Hudson Lowe, it
+is highly improbable that Napoleon's health was undermined by sexual
+infection. He was surrounded all his life by malignant attendants, and
+among the sweepings of their minds, which in recent years have been
+scattered before the public, there would be some proof of the fact. In
+the utter absence of any reliable information, some have guessed that
+the trouble was the preliminary stage in the disease of which he died;
+and others, again, in view of his quick changes of mood, his
+depressions, exaltations, sharpened sensibilities, and abrupt
+rudeness, have explained all his peculiarities in disease and health
+by attributing them to a recondite form of epilepsy. Exhausted and
+nervous, the sufferer might well, as was the case, be found in tears
+before the portrait of his son; he might well lift up his voice, as he
+was heard to do, against the destiny which had played him false. But
+he was quite shrewd enough to see that during his absence no regency
+could be trusted, and he arranged to conduct affairs by special
+messengers. Joseph was to preside and give the casting-vote in the
+council of state; to Lucien was given a seat in the same body; but the
+supreme power rested in Napoleon.
+
+When Wellington replaced Castlereagh at the Congress of Vienna, it was
+quickly apparent that he was greater in the field than at the
+council-board. Both he and Blücher desired to assume the offensive
+quickly; but inasmuch as Alexander was determined to retain his
+ascendancy in the coalition, and as each power insisted on its due
+share in the struggle, it was arranged to begin hostilities on June
+twenty-seventh, the earliest date at which the Russian troops could
+reach the confines of France. There were to be three armies.
+Schwarzenberg, with two hundred and fifty thousand men, comprising the
+Austrian, Russian, and Bavarian contingents, was to attack across the
+upper Rhine; Blücher, with one hundred and fifty thousand Prussians,
+was to advance across the lower Rhine; and Wellington in the
+Netherlands was to collect an army of one hundred and fifty thousand,
+compounded of Dutch, Belgians, Hanoverians, and some thirty-eight
+thousand British, who could be there assembled. The two latter armies
+were in existence by the first of June, but Wellington was
+dissatisfied with the quality of his motley force; even the English
+contingent was not the best possible, for his Peninsular veterans had
+been sent to find their match in Jackson's riflemen at the battle of
+New Orleans.
+
+On the eve of hostilities Napoleon had one hundred and twenty-four
+thousand effective men, and three thousand five hundred more in his
+camp train; Wellington had one hundred and six thousand, but of these
+four thousand Hanoverians were left in garrison; Blücher had about one
+hundred and seventeen thousand. Neither of the two allied generals
+dreamed that Napoleon would choose the daring form of attack upon
+which he decided--that of a wedge driven into the broken line nearly a
+hundred miles in length upon which his enemy lay--for to do so he must
+pass the Ardennes. But he did choose it, and selected for the purpose
+the valleys of the Sambre and the Meuse. Allowing for the differences
+in topography, the idea was identical with that which, nineteen years
+before, he had executed splendidly in Piedmont and repeated in
+Germany. The twin enemy seemed unaware that its long and straggling
+line must, in case of activity, either be broken to maintain the
+respective bases or else abandon one base for concentration and be cut
+off from supplies. Wellington's base was westward at Antwerp,
+Blücher's eastward through Liège toward the Rhine. Vacillation would
+ensue, Napoleon felt, on a central attack, and in that vacillation he
+intended to repeat with Blücher what he had done with Brunswick at
+Jena.
+
+The opening of the campaign was sufficiently auspicious. By a superb
+march during the night of June thirteenth, Napoleon's army had gained
+a most advantageous position. The first corps under d'Erlon was at
+Solre on the Sambre, the second under Reille was at Leers. The guard,
+the sixth corps under Lobau, the line cavalry and the third corps
+under Vandamme, stood in that order on a line northeasterly from
+Beaumont, and due east of that place were four cavalry corps; the
+fourth corps under the young and dashing Gérard had marched from Metz
+and were at Philippeville; to the south lay the guard cavalry and the
+reserve artillery under Grouchy. In front was Charleroi, whence a
+broad turnpike led almost direct to Brussels, thirty-four miles due
+north; another turned eastward toward Liège. Thirteen miles distant on
+this was Sombreffe; somewhat farther on that, Quatre Bras, both on the
+highway running east and west between Namur and Nivelles. To have
+accomplished such marches as it did, the French army must have been
+fine; to have secured such a brilliant strategic position its general
+must have been almost inspired. He commanded the operating lines of
+both Wellington and Blücher, while they were far distant from each
+other, separated by serious obstacles, both alike instinct with
+centrifugal rather than centripetal tendency. The same high qualities
+which shone in their general distinguished the subordinate French
+commanders. Though many of the famous names are absent from the
+list,--Mortier, for instance, having fallen ill on the frontier,--yet
+Soult was present as chief of staff, and Ney was coming up to take
+command of the left wing. Reille, d'Erlon, and Foy were veterans of
+the Peninsular war; what twenty-two years of service had done for the
+"wild Hun," Vandamme, is known. Kellermann was made famous by Marengo,
+Lobau was noted for daring, Gérard had earned distinction in Russia,
+and though Grouchy's merit has been the theme of much discussion, yet
+he had been famous under Jourdan and Moreau, and nothing had occurred
+in the long interval to tarnish his reputation.
+
+Nearly half of Blücher's troops were irregular reserves, and many of
+the regulars were recruits, but all were thoroughly drilled and well
+equipped. The passion of hatred which animated them was comparable
+only to the "French fury" with which Napoleon's army would fight for
+national existence. Such was the reverence for routine among the
+Prussian officers, and so bitter were the jealousies of the petty
+aristocracy from which they sprang, that the King dared not promote on
+any basis except that of seniority. In order to make Gneisenau second
+in command, York, Kleist, and Tauenzien were stationed elsewhere, and
+Bülow was put in command of a reserve to hold Belgium when Blücher
+should advance to Paris. The aged but fiery marshal had not mended his
+health by the self-indulgence of a year; the three division generals,
+Ziethen, Pirch, and Thielemann were capable men of local renown.
+Gneisenau and Bülow were the only first-rate men among the Prussian
+commanders, but for rousing enthusiasm Blücher's name was a word to
+conjure with. Wellington was felt by his officers and soldiers to be a
+man of real power; his British recruits were well drilled, and his
+veterans were good. His associate generals were no more famous than
+those of Gneisenau, but they were, for the most part, English
+gentlemen with a high sense of duty and much executive ability. One of
+his corps was commanded by the Prince of Orange, a respectable
+soldier, whose name, however, was more valuable than the experience he
+had gained in the Peninsula as aide-de-camp; the other corps was under
+Lord Hill, an admirable subordinate and an excellent commander. The
+only English general whose name is a familiar one abroad was Picton,
+who died on the field. As to the quality of the respective armies, it
+has become the fashion of each nation to decry that of its own and
+overrate that of the other two. Thus they condone their own blunders,
+and yet heighten the renown of victory. Napoleon was superior in
+organization, in cavalry, and in artillery to either Wellington or
+Blücher, but he was inferior to both in infantry. He was in wretched
+health, and he had a desperate cause. Taking fully into account his
+consummate ability and personal prestige, it yet remains true that the
+odds against him were high, certainly eight to five.
+
+Ziethen's posts before Charleroi saw the French camp-fires in the
+early hours of June fourteenth; that evening they began to withdraw
+toward Fleurus, whither the remainder of the Prussian army was
+gradually set in motion. It seems incredible that this should have
+been the first move of the allies toward concentrating their widely
+scattered forces, for neither Wellington nor Blücher was completely
+surprised. Both commanders had for two days been aware, in a general
+way, of Napoleon's movements, but they were awaiting developments. It
+was Wellington's opinion, carefully set forth in his old age, that it
+would have been better strategy for the French to advance so as to
+turn his right, seize his munitions, and cut off his base; but as this
+would have rolled up the entire allied force, ready to deliver battle
+with odds of two to one, the statement may perhaps be accepted as an
+explanation, but certainly not as a justification.
+
+In the dawn of the fifteenth a ringing, rousing proclamation, like
+those of the olden time, and written the day before on the anniversary
+of Marengo, was read to the French soldiers. It was in high spirits
+that the army, in three columns, began to march. The left, under
+Reille, dislodged the Prussian outposts from Thuin, and, forcing them
+back through Marchiennes, seized the bridge at that place, and crossed
+to the left bank of the Sambre. The movement was complete by ten in
+the morning. The center under Napoleon comprised the mass of the army:
+Pajol, Vandamme, Lobau, the Guard, Exelmans, Kellermann, and Milhaud.
+Soult despatched his orders by a solitary aide, who broke his leg by a
+fall from his horse, and failed to deliver them. Though at equally
+critical moments before both Eylau and Wagram, Berthier had done as
+Soult did, with identical results, yet the latter was justly and
+severely blamed. Had Vandamme been found, the movements of the center
+would have been greatly accelerated, the speedy capture of Charleroi
+would have enabled the third corps to reach Fleurus in time to
+intercept Ziethen, and thus the whole course of events would have been
+changed. The marshal's ill success was, therefore, as Napoleon called
+it, a "deplorable mischance," and it was high noon before Pajol, with
+the van, reached Charleroi and, after a smart engagement, drove out
+the Prussians. The right wing, under Gérard, was in motion at five in
+the morning, but it also was detained by a serious disaster. Shortly
+after starting it was found that Bourmont, the commander of its best
+division, a man who had been Chouan, imperialist, and royalist by
+turns, had deserted with his chief of staff and eight soldiers. Having
+been at the council of war, he had the latest information of
+Napoleon's secret plans, and his treason demoralized the troops he so
+basely abandoned. It was long before confidence could be restored; the
+crossing at Charleroi had been delayed too long, and it was nightfall
+when Gérard at last reached Châtelet, four miles below, secured the
+bridge, and crossed with only half his men. The campaign opened, if
+not in disaster, at least with only partial success.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+LIGNY AND QUATRE BRAS[19]
+
+         [Footnote 19: The most important works dealing with the
+         military side of the Waterloo campaign are those of Müffling,
+         Berton, Gourgaud, Clausewitz, Siborne, Charras, Chesney,
+         Hooper, Maurice, Mercer, Morris, Jomini, Ollech, Vaudoncourt,
+         Ropes, and Houssaye. Further, there are controversial
+         discussions of importance by Grouchy, Gérard, Heymès, Knoop,
+         Loben-Sels, and Bornstedt. The most complete bibliography is,
+         as usual, that of Kircheisen.]
+
+     Napoleon's Orders -- Ney's Failure to Seize Quatre Bras --
+     Wellington Surprised -- Napoleon's Fine Strategy -- The Meeting
+     at Ligny -- Blücher's Defeat -- The Hostile Forces at Quatre Bras
+     -- Wellington Withdraws -- Napoleon's Over-confidence -- His
+     Instructions to Grouchy -- His Advance from Quatre Bras.
+
+
+For four hours after his arrival at Charleroi, Napoleon, uneasy as to
+the whereabouts of his detachments, stood in idleness waiting for
+news. During this interval the first Prussian corps under Ziethen,
+retreating from Charleroi, reached Fleurus unmolested, all except a
+small body, which gathered at Gosselies, on the Brussels road, but was
+easily dispersed by Reille. It seemed as if the road to Quatre Bras
+was open, and when, at half-past four, Ney appeared, he was put in
+command of the left, with verbal instructions, as Napoleon asserted
+some years later, to seize that strategic point. Within these limits
+he was to act independently. If Quatre Bras were surprised and held,
+the second move could be attempted: the seizure of Sombreffe. Since
+the highway between the two was the only line by which the allied
+armies could quickly unite, the possibility of attacking them
+separately would be assured even if the successive attacks should
+follow each other so closely as to be substantially one battle. Either
+Ney misunderstood, or Napoleon recorded what he intended to say, not
+what he actually said. Colonel Heymès, Ney's chief of staff, declared
+that the Emperor's final words were, "Go, and drive back the enemy";
+the Emperor asserted that his orders to go and hold Quatre Bras were
+positive.
+
+It is also a matter of dispute whether or not Napoleon had hoped,
+after seizing the bridges and crossing the Sambre, to complete his
+movement by surprising both Quatre Bras and Sombreffe on that same
+day, the fifteenth. Had he done so, Blücher might possibly have
+withdrawn to effect a junction with Wellington for the decisive
+conflict, and thus have thwarted Napoleon's strategy; but it is not
+likely, for that move, as finally executed, was the work not of
+Blücher but of Gneisenau; at this stage of the campaign the Prussians
+would probably have retreated toward Namur. Whatever may have been
+Napoleon's intention, Ney hurried to Gosselies, stationed Reille to
+hold the place, and then, despatching one division to pursue the
+Prussians, and another, with Piré's cavalry, toward Quatre Bras, put
+himself at the head of the cavalry of the guard to help in seizing
+this latter important point. But at seven his force, to their
+astonishment, was confronted by a strong body of Nassauers from
+Wellington's army, who, having passed Quatre Bras, had seized Frasnes,
+a village two and a half miles in advance. These made no stand, but
+Ney, instead of proceeding immediately to attack Quatre Bras itself,
+left his men to hold the position at Frasnes, and hurried away to
+consult his superior. For this he had excellent reasons: his staff was
+not yet organized, and d'Erlon's corps was not within call; he was
+therefore too weak for the movement contemplated by his orders. At the
+same moment Napoleon, who had been in the saddle since three in the
+morning, and who had become convinced that the retreating Prussians
+would not halt at Fleurus, but would rejoin their main army, turned
+back to Charleroi, and, on reaching his quarters an hour later, flung
+himself in utter exhaustion upon his couch. In fact, he was in
+exquisite torture from the complication of urinary, hemorrhoidal, and
+other troubles which his long day's ride had aggravated, and, as he
+declared at St. Helena,--probably the truth,--he had lost his
+assurance of final success. The day had been fairly successful, but at
+what a cost of energy! No one, he least of all, could feel that there
+had been any buoyancy in the movements or favoring fate in the
+combinations of his armies.
+
+Throughout the day Blücher had displayed a fiery zeal. Since early in
+May he had had no serious consultation with Wellington, and in a
+general conversation held at that time there had been merely a vague
+understanding as to a union at some point south of Sombreffe. That
+town was accordingly selected by him for concentration, and in general
+his orders had been well executed. Why the bridges of Marchiennes and
+Châtelet were not undermined and blown up by the Prussians has never
+been explained. Moreover, the language of Gneisenau's orders to Bülow
+being vague, the latter misinterpreted it, and his much-needed force
+was not brought in, as expected. Wellington's conduct is a riddle. He
+displayed little anxiety and found time for social enjoyment as well
+as for the activities of military command in a supreme crisis. About
+the middle of the afternoon he was informed, through the Prince of
+Orange, as to his enemy's movements. With perfect calm, he commanded
+that his troops should be ready in their cantonments; at five he
+issued orders for the divisions to march with a view to concentration
+at Nivelles, the easternmost point which he intended to occupy; at
+ten, just as he was setting out for the noted ball which the Duchess
+of Richmond was giving on the eve of decision, he gave definite
+instructions for the concentration to begin. These were his very first
+steps toward concentration, although twenty-seven years later he made
+the assertion, supported only by his despatch to Bathurst of the
+nineteenth, that he had ordered the Anglo-allied army to concentrate
+to the left, as Blücher had ordered the Prussians to concentrate to
+the right. As a matter of fact, he was twenty-four hours behind
+Blücher in ordering his first defensive movements. This is not excused
+by the fact that his movement of concentration was completed somewhat
+earlier than Blücher's. About twenty minutes after the Prince of
+Orange had reached the ball-room, Wellington sent him away quietly,
+and then, summoning the Duke of Richmond, who, it is doubtfully said,
+was to have command of the reserve when completely formed, he asked
+for a map. The two withdrew to an adjoining room. Wellington closed
+the door, and said, with an oath, "Napoleon has humbugged me." He then
+explained that he had ordered his army to concentrate at Quatre Bras,
+adding, "But we shall not stop him there; and if so, I must fight him
+here," marking Waterloo with his thumb-nail on the map as he spoke. It
+was not until the next morning that he left for the front. Though
+Napoleon, on the evening of the fifteenth, had neither Quatre Bras nor
+Sombreffe, he held all the debatable ground; and if, next morning, he
+could seize the two towns simultaneously, the first move in his great
+game would be won. It seems as if he must risk everything to that end.
+
+What passed between Napoleon and Ney from midnight until two in the
+morning is unknown. There is no evidence that the Emperor expressed
+serious dissatisfaction, although he may have been exasperated. He was
+not exactly in a position to give vent to his feelings. Whatever was
+the nature of their conversation, Ney was again at his post long
+before dawn, and not a soldier moved from Charleroi until nearly noon!
+It seems that Napoleon, or Ney, or both, must have been stubbornly
+convinced that Wellington could not concentrate within twenty-four
+hours. That Napoleon was not incapacitated by prostration is proved by
+his acts: about five he sent a preliminary order to Ney; very early,
+also, he took measures to complete Gérard's crossing at Châtelet; and
+then, having considered at length the alternatives of pushing straight
+on to Brussels or of taking the course he did, he had reached a
+decision as early as seven o'clock. It seems almost certain that he
+delayed chiefly to get his troops well in hand, partly to give them a
+much-needed rest. They had been seventeen hours afoot the previous
+day. Toward nine, believing that more of Ney's command was assembled
+than was yet the case, he sent a fretful order commanding the marshal
+to seize Quatre Bras, and stating that a semi-independent command,
+under Grouchy, would stand at Sombreffe, while he himself would hold
+Gembloux. This done, he settled into apparent lethargy. To Grouchy he
+wrote that he intended to attack the enemy at Sombreffe, and "even at
+Gembloux," and then to operate immediately with Ney "against the
+English." His scheme was able, for if at either salient angle, Quatre
+Bras or Sombreffe, his presence should be necessary, he could, at
+need, quickly join either Ney or Grouchy; but his senses must have
+been dulled. When informed that the enemy was at Fleurus in force, he
+hesitated long before resolving to move, being crippled by the
+inability of his left to move on Quatre Bras and behaving as if sure
+that the soldiers before him were only a single corps of Blücher's
+army, which he could sweep away at his convenience. Meanwhile Vandamme
+had advanced. The Prussians withdrew from Fleurus, and deployed at the
+foot of the hillock on which the village of Ligny stands. When, about
+midday, Napoleon arrived at Fleurus, he had to experience the
+unpleasant surprise of finding a strong force ready to oppose him.
+Eighty-seven thousand men, all Blücher's army, except Bülow's corps
+and a portion of Ziethen's which had been dispersed by the right wing
+and cavalry of the French near Gilly, were drawn up in battle array to
+oppose him. This was a loss to the foe of possibly two thousand men, a
+serious weakening at a fateful moment. But the Emperor was not yet
+ready to meet them, much as he had desired just such a contingency. He
+was not aware of the full strength of his enemy, but he was not sure
+of annihilating even those he believed to be in presence, for he had
+left ten thousand men at Charleroi, under Lobau, as a reserve, and the
+troops most available for strengthening his line were moving toward
+Quatre Bras.
+
+By the independent action of their own generals a substantial force of
+several thousand Dutch-Belgians, virtually the whole of Perponcher's
+division, was concentrated at Quatre Bras early that same morning. To
+be sure, Wellington had simultaneously determined on the same step,
+but it was taken long before his orders arrived. Indeed, he seems to
+have reached Quatre Bras before his orderly. Scarcely halting, he
+rapidly surveyed the situation and, leaving the troops in command of
+the Prince of Orange, rode away to visit Blücher. The two commanders
+met at about one o'clock in the windmill of Bry. They parted in the
+firm conviction that the mass of the French army was at Ligny, and
+with the verbal understanding that Wellington, if not himself
+attacked, would come to Blücher's support. On leaving, the English
+commander sharply criticized the tactical disposition of his ally's
+army; but Blücher, with the fixed idea that, in any case, the duke was
+coming to his aid, determined to stand as he was. With similar
+obstinacy, Napoleon, still certain that what he had before him,
+although a great force, was only a screen for the retreat of the main
+army of the allies, now despatched an order (the second) for Ney to
+combine Reille, d'Erlon, and Kellermann in order to destroy whatever
+force was in opposition at Quatre Bras. This was at two. The French
+attack was opened at half-past two by Gérard and Vandamme; the
+resistance was such as to leave no doubt of the real Prussian
+strength. This being clear, Napoleon immediately wrote two despatches
+of the same tenor--one he sent to Ney by an aide, and one to d'Erlon
+by a subofficer of the guard.[20] The former (the third for the same
+destination) urged Ney to come for the sake of France; the other
+summoned d'Erlon from Ney's command to the Emperor's own immediate
+assistance: "You will save France, and cover yourself with glory,"
+were its closing words. This last order, the original of which has but
+lately been revealed, came nigh to ruining the whole day's work.
+Before Wellington could return to Quatre Bras, Ney's force was engaged
+with the Prince of Orange, and before three o'clock a fierce conflict
+was raging at that place. D'Erlon appears to have been in a frightful
+quandary as to his duty. He marched away toward St. Amand and in his
+dilemma detached his best division, that of Durutte, toward Bry.
+Neither superior nor subordinate did anything to the purpose. Ney was
+without the support of an entire corps and did not therefore literally
+obey his orders. Napoleon was unassisted by the wandering force and
+even confused by their unexpected appearance at a critical moment.
+They were mistaken at Ligny for enemies; d'Erlon's vacillation had so
+detained them.
+
+         [Footnote 20: For the text of the order to d'Erlon and a full
+         discussion of the whole subject, see Houssaye, 1815, p. 201.]
+
+Blücher, who was determined to fight, come what would, had held in as
+long as his impatient temper permitted; but when no reinforcement from
+Wellington appeared, he first fumed, and then about six gave his fatal
+orders to prepare for the offensive. The nature of the ground was such
+as necessarily to weaken his center by the initial movements. Napoleon
+marked this at once, and summoned his guard in order to break through.
+For a moment the Emperor hesitated; a mysterious force had appeared on
+the left; perhaps they were foes. But when once assured that they were
+d'Erlon's men, he waited not an instant longer; at eight the crash
+came, and the Prussian line was shattered. Retreat was turned into a
+momentary rout so quickly that Blücher could not even exchange his
+wounded horse for another, and in the first mad rush he was so stunned
+and overwhelmed that his staff gave him up for lost. The few moments
+before he was found were the most precious for the allies of the whole
+campaign, since Gneisenau directed the flight northward on the line to
+Wavre, a route parallel with that on which Wellington, whatever his
+success, must now necessarily withdraw. This move, which abandoned
+the line to Namur, is Gneisenau's title to fame.[21] The lines were
+quickly formed to carry it out, and the rest of the retrograde march
+went on with great steadiness. Napoleon did not wait until d'Erlon
+arrived and thereupon order an immediate, annihilating pursuit, but
+came to the conclusion that the Prussians were sufficiently
+disorganized, and would seek to reorganize on the old line to the
+eastward. They were thus, he thought, completely and finally cut off
+from Wellington. It was not until early next morning that he
+despatched Pajol, with his single cavalry corps, to follow the foe,
+for he was confirmed in his fatal conjecture by the false report of
+five thousand Prussians having been seen on the Namur road, and
+exerting themselves to hold it. The Prussians seen were merely a horde
+of stragglers. The truth was not known until next day.
+
+         [Footnote 21: Long regarded as a more or less haphazard
+         decision, it has been established at last that the officers
+         of the Prussian general staff were able by the light of a
+         horn lantern so to exhibit their maps, explain their study of
+         the ground, and develop the necessary strategy as to
+         determine with considerable accuracy where they were and what
+         the scientific move should be. When this was duly set forth
+         in the history of the general staff, the exultation of the
+         Emperor William II was expressed in his public speeches, and
+         the Germans of the empire were convinced that by this
+         decision the result of the Waterloo campaign was determined.]
+
+Almost simultaneously with the battle of Ligny was fought that of
+Quatre Bras. At eleven Ney received orders outlining a general plan
+for the day; about half an hour later came the specific command to
+unite the forces of d'Erlon, Reille, and Kellermann, and carry Quatre
+Bras; at five arrived in hot haste the messenger with the third order.
+At two o'clock there were not quite seven thousand Anglo-Belgians in
+Quatre Bras, but, successive bodies arriving in swift succession, by
+half-past six o'clock there were over thirty thousand. At two Ney had
+seventeen thousand men, and though he sought to recall d'Erlon, yet,
+owing to the withdrawal of Durutte, and to d'Erlon's indecision, he
+had at half-past six not more than twenty thousand. Not one of
+d'Erlon's men had reached him: Girard's division of Reille's corps was
+with Vandamme before St. Amand. Gérard's corps had been kept at
+Ligny. Had he advanced on the position the previous evening, or had he
+attacked between eleven and two on the sixteenth, the event of the
+campaign might have been different from what it was. But if he really
+believed, as Heymès afterward asseverated was the case, that his
+orders were merely to push and hold the enemy, then his conduct
+throughout was gallant and correct.[22] The weight of evidence favors
+the claim of Napoleon that the marshal was perverse in his refusal to
+take Quatre Bras according to verbal orders. Whatever the truth, the
+behavior of Ney's men was admirable when they did advance, but they
+were forced back to Frasnes before superior numbers.
+
+         [Footnote 22: Ropes: The Campaign of Waterloo, p. 191.]
+
+Next morning Wellington was conversing with Colonel Bowles when a
+staff officer drew up, his horse flecked with foam, and whispered the
+news of Ligny. Without a change of countenance, the commander said to
+his companion: "Old Blücher has had a ---- good licking, and gone back
+to Wavre, eighteen miles. As he has gone back, we must go, too. I
+suppose in England they will say we have been licked. I can't help it;
+as they have gone back, we must go, too." Accordingly, he issued his
+orders, and his army began to march at ten. On the whole, therefore,
+the events of June sixteenth seemed favorable to Napoleon, since,
+fighting at two points with inferior numbers, he had been victorious
+at one, and had thereby secured the other also. We, of course, know
+that by Gneisenau's move this apparent success was rendered nugatory.
+It is useless to surmise what would have happened had Bülow been with
+Blücher, and d'Erlon and Lobau with Napoleon, or if either of these
+possibilities had happened without the other; as it was, Napoleon's
+strategy gained both Quatre Bras and Sombreffe.
+
+The Prussians had lost twenty thousand men, missing, wounded, and
+dead, and it required vigorous treatment to restore Blücher. But all
+night the army marched, and in the morning Bülow, having found his
+direction, was near Beauderet and Sauvinières, within easy reach at
+Gembloux. The retreat continued throughout the seventeenth. It was a
+move of the greatest daring, since the line was over a broken country
+almost destitute of roads, and, the old base of supplies having been
+abandoned, the men had to starve until Gneisenau could secure another
+by way of Louvain. The army bore its hardships well; there was no
+straggling or demoralization, and the splendor of success makes doubly
+brilliant the move which confounded Napoleon's plans. Never dreaming
+at first that his foe had withdrawn elsewhere than along his natural
+line of supply toward Liège, the Emperor considered the separation of
+the two allies as complete, and after carefully deliberating
+throughout the long interval he allowed for collecting his troops and
+giving them a thorough rest, he determined to wheel, join Ney, and
+attack Wellington, wherever found. It was serious and inexplicable
+slackness which he showed in not taking effective measures to
+determine immediately where his defeated enemy was. Being,
+nevertheless, well aware of the Prussian resources and character, he
+made up his mind to detail Grouchy, with thirty-three thousand men,
+for the purpose of scouring the country toward Liège at least as far
+as Namur. Then, to provide for what he considered a possible
+contingency,--namely, that which had actually occurred,--this adjunct
+army was to turn north, and hasten to Gembloux, in order to assure
+absolutely the isolation of Wellington; in any and every case the
+general was to keep his communications with Napoleon open.
+
+It was eight in the morning of the seventeenth when Napoleon issued
+from his quarters at Fleurus. Flahaut was waiting for the reply to an
+inquiry which he had just brought from Ney concerning the details of
+Ligny. The Emperor at once dictated a despatch, the most famous in the
+controversial literature of Waterloo, in which his own achievements
+were told and Ney was blamed for the disconnected action of his
+subordinates the previous day; in particular the marshal was
+instructed to take position at Quatre Bras, "as you were ordered," and
+d'Erlon was criticized for his failure to move on St. Amand. The
+wording of the hastily scribbled order to the latter he had probably
+forgotten; it was: "Portez-vous ... à la hauteur de Ligny, et fondez
+sur St. Amand--ou vice versa; c'est ce que je ne sais bien." ("Betake
+yourself ... to the heights of Ligny, pounce on St. Amand--or the
+reverse; I am not quite sure which.") Further, the Emperor now
+declared that, had Ney kept d'Erlon and Reille together, not an
+Englishman would have escaped, and that, had d'Erlon obeyed his
+orders, the Prussian army would have been destroyed. In case it were
+still impossible to seize Quatre Bras with the force at hand, Napoleon
+would himself move thither. Then, entering a carriage, he drove to
+Ligny; Lobau was ordered at once to Marbais, on the road to Quatre
+Bras. After haranguing the troops and prisoners, Napoleon was
+informed, about noon, that Wellington was still in position. At once a
+second order was sent, commanding Ney to attack; the Emperor, it ran,
+was already under way to Marbais. This was not quite true, for while
+he was giving detailed instructions to Grouchy before parting, that
+general had seemed uneasy, and had finally pleaded that it would be
+impossible further to disorganize the Prussians, since they had so
+long a start. These scruples were peremptorily put down, and the chief
+parted amicably from his subordinate, but with a sense of uneasiness,
+lest he had left nice and difficult work in unwilling hands. Scouts
+soon overtook him, and expressed doubt as to the Prussians having gone
+to Namur. In case they had not, Grouchy must act cautiously.
+Accordingly, positive instructions were then dictated to Bertrand, and
+sent to Grouchy, whose movements were now doubly important. The latter
+general was to reconnoiter toward Namur, but march direct to Gembloux;
+his chief task was to discover whether Blücher was seeking to join
+Wellington or not. For the rest, he was free to act on his own
+discretion.
+
+Napoleon then entered his carriage, and drove to Quatre Bras. Mounting
+his horse, he led the pursuit of the English rear. Indignant that Ney
+had lost the opportunity to overwhelm at least a portion of
+Wellington's force, he exclaimed to d'Erlon, "They have ruined
+France!" But he said nothing to Ney himself. So active and energetic
+was the Emperor that he actually exposed himself to the artillery fire
+with which the English gunners sought to retard the pursuit. It was
+not an easy matter for Grouchy to carry out his instructions; at two
+o'clock began a steady downpour, which lasted well into the next
+morning; the roads to Gembloux were lanes, and the rain turned them
+into sticky mud. Not until that night was Grouchy's command assembled
+at Gembloux; it was ten o'clock before the leader gained an inkling of
+where the Prussians were, and then, though uncertain as to their exact
+movements, he immediately despatched a letter, received by Napoleon at
+two in the morning. The marshal explained that he would pursue as far
+as Wavre, so as to cut off Blücher from Brussels, and to separate him
+from Wellington. Some hours later, about seven in the morning, when
+finally convinced that the Prussians were retiring on Wavre, Grouchy
+set his columns in motion in a straight line toward that place by
+Sart-à-Walhain, choosing, with very poor judgment, to advance by the
+right bank of the Dyle, and thus jeopardizing the precious connections
+he had been repeatedly and urgently instructed to keep open.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE EVE OF WATERLOO[23]
+
+         [Footnote 23: References for this and the following two
+         chapters: Houssaye: 1815, Waterloo; Ussher: Napoleon's last
+         voyage; Ropes: Waterloo; Bustelli: L'Enigma di Ligny e di
+         Waterloo; York: Napoleon als Feldherr; Gardner: Quatre Bras,
+         Ligny, Waterloo; Gourgaud: La Campagne de 1815; Siborne:
+         History of the War in France and Belgium, 1815; Cotton, A
+         Voice from Waterloo; Loben-Sels: Précis de la campagne 1815
+         dans les Pays-Bas.]
+
+     Wellington's Choice of Position -- State of the Two Armies -- The
+     Orders of Napoleon to Grouchy -- Grouchy's Interpretation of Them
+     -- Napoleon Surprised by the Prussian Movements -- His Inactivity
+     -- The Battle-field -- Wellington's Position -- Napoleon's Battle
+     Array -- His Personal Health -- His Plan.
+
+
+On the night of June seventeenth Wellington's army reached the heights
+at Mont St. Jean, on the northern edge of what was destined to be the
+most talked of battle-field in modern times. His retreat, masked by a
+strong body of cavalry, with some horse-artillery and a single
+infantry division, had been slow and regular, being retarded somewhat
+by the heavy rain. Ney had held his position at Frasnes, well aware
+that what was before him was far more than a rear-guard--in fact,
+owing to the arrival of strong reinforcements during the night, it was
+the larger portion of the Anglo-Belgian army. But the instant the
+French marshal was informed of his enemy's retrograde movements he
+threw forward a strong force of cavalry to coöperate with Napoleon.
+When reunited, the French army numbered seventy-one thousand five
+hundred men, with two hundred and forty guns, excluding of course, the
+whole of Gérard's corps, which had been left at Ligny to coöperate
+with Grouchy. That Wellington was far on his way to the defensive
+position chosen by himself was probably in accord with Napoleon's
+calculations; his only fear was lest his foe should have withdrawn
+behind the forest of Soignes, where free communication with Blücher
+and the junction of the two allied armies would be assured, as would
+not be the case at Mont St. Jean.
+
+This anxiety was set at rest by a cavalry reconnaissance, and at dusk
+the French van bivouacked at Belle Alliance, separated by a broad,
+shallow vale from their foe. The rest of the army followed with great
+difficulty, some by the road; some through plowed or swampy fields,
+wading the swollen tributaries of the Dyle, and floundering through
+the meadows on their banks. The army of Wellington had seized, in
+passing, what provisions and forage they found, and they had
+camp-fires to comfort them in the steady rain. The French had scanty
+or no rations, and lay throughout the night in the grain-fields,
+without fire or shelter. All told, Wellington had sixty-eight thousand
+men; ten miles on his right, at Hal, lay eighteen thousand more; ten
+miles on his left, twelve from his headquarters at Waterloo, was
+Blücher. Wellington, who had informed the Prussian commander that
+unless support reached him he would fall back to Brussels, at two
+o'clock in the morning had assurance of Blücher's coöperation. There
+is an unsupported statement of Napoleon's that he twice sent to
+Grouchy on the night of the seventeenth, by two separate officers, a
+definite order to detach seven thousand men from his camp at Wavre
+(where the Emperor affected to believe that Grouchy was), and make
+connection by St. Lambert with the right of the main army. This would
+entirely cut off Blücher from Wellington. The motive of this statement
+is transparent--with the allies separated, they were outmanoeuvered;
+with the possibility of their union, and an understanding between them
+to that effect, he was himself outmanoeuvered.
+
+Grouchy denied having received this order; neither of the officers
+intrusted with it ever revealed himself; the original of it has never
+been found; and in subsequent orders issued next day there is no
+mention of, or reference to, any such message. Either the declaration,
+twice made at St. Helena, was due to forgetfulness, being an account
+of intentions not carried out, or else it was put forward to explain
+the result of the campaign as due to his lieutenant's inefficiency.
+Grouchy must have had an uneasy conscience, since for thirty years he
+suppressed the text of the Bertrand order, which was not on the
+order-book because it had not been dictated to Soult; and when, after
+falsely claiming for the duration of an entire generation that he had
+acted under verbal instructions, he did publish it, he gave, at the
+same time, a mutilated version of his own report from Gembloux, sent
+on the night of the seventeenth, changing his original language so as
+to show that he had never looked upon the separation of the allies as
+his chief task, but that what was uppermost in his mind was an attack
+on the Prussians.
+
+It was two in the morning of the eighteenth when the letter of
+Grouchy, written about four hours earlier, arrived at Napoleon's
+headquarters. Both the Emperor and Soult knew by that time that the
+whole of Blücher's army was moving to Wavre; yet they did not give
+this information, nor any minute directions, to the returning
+messenger. Grouchy, therefore, was left to act on his own discretion,
+his superior doubtless believing that the inferior would by that time
+himself be fully informed, and would hasten to throw himself, like an
+impenetrable wall, between the Prussians and the Anglo-Belgian army.
+By the defenders of Napoleon Grouchy is severely criticized for not
+having marched early in the morning of the eighteenth to Moustier,
+where, if energetic, he could have carried over his army to the left
+bank of the river by eleven o'clock, thus placing his force within the
+sphere of Napoleon's operations. Perhaps he would have been able to
+prevent the union of the opposing armies, or, if not that, to
+strengthen Napoleon in his struggle. It is proved by Marbot's memoirs
+that this is what Napoleon expected. On the other hand, excellent
+critics present other very important considerations: the line to
+Moustier was over a country so rough and miry that after a torrential
+rain the artillery would have been seriously delayed, and Prussian
+scouts might well have brought down a strong Prussian column in time
+to oppose the crossing there or elsewhere. Grouchy, moreover, could
+not know that Wellington would offer battle in front of the forest of
+Soignes--a resolution which, in the opinion of Napoleon and many
+lesser experts, was a serious blunder. He appears to have been
+positive that the two armies were aiming to combine for the defense of
+Brussels; finally, when from Walhain the sound of the firing at
+Waterloo was distinctly heard, and Gérard fiercely urged an immediate
+march toward the field of battle, Grouchy was acting strictly within
+the limits of the Bertrand order, and according to what he then held
+to be explicit instructions, when he pressed on to concentrate at
+Wavre, and thus, if Napoleon had already defeated Wellington, to
+prevent any union between Wellington and the Prussian army. It is
+almost certain that Grouchy would in no way have changed the event by
+marching direct to Mont St. Jean, for the cross-roads were soaked, his
+troops were already exhausted, and the distance was approximately
+fourteen and a half miles as the crow flies: the previous day he had
+been able to make somewhat less than half that distance in nine hours.
+
+Napoleon himself did not apparently expect the Prussians to rally as
+they did. He spent the hours from dawn, when the rain ceased, in
+careful reconnoitering. The mud was so thick in places that he
+required help to draw his feet out of his own tracks. At breakfast,
+according to a contemporary anecdote, he expressed himself as having
+never been more favored by fortune; and when reminded that Blücher
+might effect a union with the English, he replied that the Prussians
+would need three days to form again. This opinion is in accord with
+his exaggerated but reiterated estimates of the disaster produced in
+Blücher's ranks after Ligny, and taken in connection with the
+difficulty of moving artillery, which is not a sufficient explanation
+in itself, affords the only conceivable reason for his delay in
+attacking on the eighteenth. It also explains his remissness in
+leaving Grouchy to exercise full discretion as to his movements. At
+eight the plan of battle was sketched; at nine the orders for the day
+were despatched throughout the lines; about ten the weary but
+self-confident Emperor threw himself down and slept for an hour; at
+eleven he mounted, and rode by the Brussels highway to the farm of
+Belle Alliance. It was probably during the Emperor's nap that Soult
+forwarded to Grouchy a despatch, marked ten in the morning,
+instructing that general to manoeuver toward the main army by way of
+Wavre. Although, according to Marbot, Napoleon expected Grouchy in the
+afternoon by way of Moustier, at one o'clock a second despatch, of
+which the Emperor certainly had cognizance, was forwarded to Grouchy,
+expressing approval of his intention to move on Wavre by
+Sart-à-Walhain, but instructing him "always to manoeuver in our
+direction." The postscript of this second order enjoins haste, since
+it was thought Bülow was already on the heights of St. Lambert.
+
+The one central idea of Napoleon and Soult was clearly to leave a wide
+discretion for Grouchy, provided always that he kept his
+communications with the main army open, and that his general direction
+was one which would insure easy connection, in order either to cut off
+or check the Prussians. But, however this may be, the hours of
+Napoleon's inactivity were precious to his enemies; by twelve Bülow
+was at St. Lambert, and at the same hour two other Prussian corps were
+leaving Wavre. These movements were apparently tardy, but Gneisenau,
+feeling that Wellington had been a poor reliance at Ligny, and very
+much doubting whether he really intended to stand at Waterloo, was
+unwilling that Blücher should despatch his troops until it was certain
+that the Prussian army would not again be left in the lurch. Should
+the Anglo-Dutch retreat to Brussels, the Prussians must either retreat
+by Louvain, or be again defeated. Anxiety was not dispelled until the
+roar of cannon was heard between eleven and twelve. Then the Prussians
+first exerted themselves to the utmost; it was about four when they
+were within striking distance, ready to take Napoleon's army on its
+flank. When Grouchy reached Wavre, at the same hour, he found there
+but one of Blücher's corps, the rear under Thielemann.
+
+[Illustration: Campaign of 1815.
+
+June 15th to 19th.]
+
+From Belle Alliance Napoleon returned, and took his station on the
+height of Rossomme. In front was a vale something less than a mile in
+width. The highway stretched before him in a straight line until it
+skirted the large farmstead of La Haye Sainte on the opposite side;
+then, ascending by a slant to the first crest, it passed the hamlet
+of Mont St. Jean, only to ascend still higher to the top of the ridge
+before falling again into a second depression. At Mont St. Jean was
+Wellington's center. The road from Nivelles to Brussels crosses the
+valley about a quarter of a mile westward, and on it, midway between
+the two slopes, lay another farm-house, with its barns, that of
+Hougomont. More than half a mile eastward, in the direction from which
+the Prussians were expected, lay scattered the farm buildings of
+Papelotte, La Haye, Smohain, and Frischermont. The valley was covered
+with rich crops. Unobstructed by ditches or hedges, it was cut
+longitudinally about the middle by a cruciform ridge, with spurs
+reaching toward Belle Alliance on one side, and past Hougomont on the
+other; the road passed by a cut through the longitudinal arm.
+Hougomont was almost a fortress, having strong brick walls and a moat;
+it stood in a large orchard, which was surrounded by a thick hedge.
+The house at La Haye Sainte was brick also, and formed one side of a
+quadrangle, inclosed further by two brick barns and a strong wall of
+the same material; though not as large or solid as Hougomont, it was a
+strong advance redoubt for Mont St. Jean.
+
+The right and center of Wellington were thus well protected, the left
+was admirably screened by the places already enumerated. His army was
+deployed in three lines, the front plainly visible to the French, the
+second partly concealed by the crest of the hill, and the third
+entirely so. His headquarters were two miles north, at Waterloo; his
+lines of retreat, though broken by the forest of Soignes, were open
+either toward Wavre or toward the sea. The latter line was well
+protected by the troops at Hal. Uneasy about the character of his
+Dutch-Belgian troops, the duke had carefully disposed them among the
+reliable English and Germans, in order to preclude the possibility of
+a panic.
+
+In the foreground of Napoleon's position was the French army, also
+deployed in three lines. The front, extending from the mansion of
+Frischermont to the Nivelles road, consisted of two infantry corps,
+one on each side of Belle Alliance, and of two corps of cavalry, one
+on the extreme right wing, one on the left; of this line Ney had
+command. The second was shorter, its wings being cavalry, and its
+center in two divisions, of cavalry and infantry respectively. The
+third, or reserve, was the guard. Each of the lines had its due
+proportion of artillery, stationed in all three along the road. This
+disposition gave the French array, as seen from beyond, a fan-like
+appearance, the sticks, or columns, converging toward the rear. The
+array was brilliant; every man and horse was in sight; the number was
+superior by about four thousand to that of the enemy; the ground was,
+by eleven, almost dry enough to secure the fullest advantage from
+superiority in artillery; deserters from the foe came in from time to
+time. Surely the moral effect of such a scene upon the somewhat motley
+throng across the valley must be very powerful. Yet the road to
+Charleroi was the single available line of retreat, and it passed
+through a deep cut; the soldiers were tired and not really first-rate,
+fifty per cent. of the line being recruits, and nearly a quarter of
+the guard untrained men; the tried officers had all been promoted, and
+those who replaced them needed such careful watching that deep
+formations had been adopted, and these must not merely diminish the
+volume of fire, but present vulnerable targets; the cavalry had been
+hastily gathered, and was far from being as efficient as the British
+veterans of the German legion.
+
+For some moments after reaching his position Napoleon stood impassive.
+He was clad in his familiar costume of cocked hat and gray surtout.
+Throughout his lines he had been received with enthusiasm, and his
+presence was clearly magnetic, as of old. The direction of affairs in
+this momentous crisis was his, and he dreamed of two implacable
+enemies routed, of appeasing the two who were less directly
+interested, of glory won, of empire regained. Reason must have told
+him how empty was such a vision; for, since the armistice of
+Poischwitz, Austria and Russia had been quite as bitter, and more
+tortuous, than the other powers. His expression mirrored pain, both
+physical and intellectual; his over-confidence and consequent delay
+were signs of degenerate power; his exertions for three days past had
+been beyond any human strength, especially when the faculties of body
+and mind had previously been harassed for more than two months, as his
+had been.
+
+It was the first day of the week, but there was a calm more profound
+than that of the Sabbath; the sky was dull, the misty air was heavy
+with summer heat; but there was the expectant silence of a great host,
+the deep determination of two grim and obstinate armies. Wellington,
+with his western lines protected, would be safe when the Prussian army
+should appear where he knew its van already was, and he must manoeuver
+eastward to keep in touch. Napoleon must crush the British center and
+left, and roll up the line to its right, in order to separate the
+parts of his dual foe. To this end he had determined to make a feint
+against Hougomont; should Wellington throw in his reserves at that
+point on his right, one strong push might create confusion among the
+rest, and hurl the whole force westward, away from Brussels. It was a
+simple plan, great in its simplicity, as had been every strategic
+conception of Napoleon from the opening of the campaign. But its
+execution was like that of every other movement attempted since the
+first great march of concentration--tardy, slack, and feeble.
+Personal bravery was abundant among the French, but the orderly
+coöperation of regiment, division, and corps in all the arms, the
+courage of self-restraint, and the self-sacrifice of individuals in
+organized movement, with the invigorating ubiquity of a master
+mind--these were lacking from the first.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+WATERLOO[24]
+
+         [Footnote 24: Further references for this and the following
+         chapter: Batty: Historical Sketch; Baudus: Études sur
+         Napoléon; Bullock: Diary; Cotton: Voice from Waterloo;
+         Damitz: Campagne de 1815; A. S. Fraser: Letters; W. Fraser:
+         Words, etc.; Gomm: Letters and Journals; Kennedy: Notes on
+         Waterloo; Vaulabelle: Campagne de Waterloo; Gurwood:
+         Wellington's Despatches; likewise the lives and memoirs of
+         Davout, Drouot, Gneisenau, Wellington, Hill, Grouchy (par
+         Pascallet), and Vandamme; Waterloo Letters, edited by
+         Siborne; Waterloo Roll-call, compiled by Dalton.]
+
+     Hougomont -- La Haye Sainte -- d'Erlon Repulsed -- Ney's Cavalry
+     Attack -- Napoleon's One Chance Lost -- Plancenoit -- Union of
+     Wellington and Blücher -- Napoleon's Convulsive Effort -- Charge
+     of the Guard -- The Rout -- Napoleon's Flight.
+
+
+Napoleon's salute to Wellington was a cannonade from a hundred and
+twenty guns. The fire was directed toward the enemy's center and left,
+but it was ineffectual, except as the smoke partially masked the first
+French movement, which was the attack on Hougomont by their left, the
+corps of Reille. This was in three divisions, commanded respectively
+by Bachelu, Foy, and the Emperor's brother Jerome, whose director was
+Guillemenot. Preceded by skirmishers, the column of Jerome gained
+partial shelter in a wood to the southwest of their goal, but the
+resistance to their advance was vigorous; on the skirts of the grove
+were Nassauers, Hanoverians, and a detachment of the English guards,
+all picked men, and behind, on higher ground, was an English battery.
+The two other divisions pressed on behind, and for a time their gains
+were apparently substantial. But, checked in front by artillery fire,
+and by a murderous fusillade from loopholes cut in the walls of
+Hougomont, the besiegers hesitated. Their fiery energy was not
+scientifically directed; but such was their zeal, and so great were
+their numbers, that one brigade doubled on the rear of the fortalice,
+drove back the English guards from before the entrance to the
+courtyard on the north, and charged for the opening. Some of the
+French actually forced a passage, and the success of Napoleon's first
+move was in sight when five gallant Englishmen, by sheer physical
+strength, shut the stout gate in the face of the assailants. A
+fearless French grenadier scaled the wall, but he and his comrades
+within were killed. A second assault on the same spot failed; so, too,
+a third from the west, and still another from the east, all of which
+were repelled by the English guards, who moved down from above, and
+drove the French into the wood, where they held their own. These close
+and bloody encounters were contrary to Reille's orders, but in the
+thick of combat his various detachments could not be restrained.
+
+[Illustration: From the collection of W. C. Crane
+
+NAPOLEON FRANCIS CHARLES JOSEPH, DUKE OF REICHSTADT, ETC., ETC., SON
+OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.]
+
+The second division of the battle was the main attack on Wellington's
+left by d'Erlon's corps. Between twelve and one a Prussian hussar was
+captured with a message from Blücher to Wellington announcing the
+Prussian advance. At once the postscript was added to the second
+despatch to Grouchy, already mentioned, and Napoleon made ready for
+his great effort. Unable to sit his horse, he had dismounted, and,
+seated at the table on which his map was spread, had been frequently
+seen to nod and doze. Ney and d'Erlon, left to their own judgment, had
+evolved a scheme of formation so complex that when tried, as it now
+was, it proved unworkable. The confusion was veiled by a terrific,
+continuous, and destructive artillery fire. After some delay, and a
+readjustment involving preparations against the possible flank attack
+of the Prussians, d'Erlon's corps advanced in four columns, under
+Donzelot, Allix, Marcognet, and Durutte respectively. Opposed was
+Picton's decimated corps, with Bylandt's Dutch-Belgian brigade, which
+had been all along a target for the strongest French battery, one of
+seventy-eight guns,[25] and was now to bear the first onset of the
+French troops. Bylandt's men had stood firm under the awful artillery
+fire, but their uniforms were like those of the French, and in a mêlée
+this fact might draw upon them the fire of their own associates, as
+later in the day at Hougomont it actually did, and they grew very
+uneasy. Durutte, on the extreme right, seized Papelotte, but lost it
+almost immediately. The conflict then focused about La Haye Sainte,
+where the garden and orchard were seized by an overwhelming force. The
+buildings had been inadequately fortified, but Major Baring, with his
+garrison, displayed prodigies of valor, and held them.
+
+         [Footnote 25: Houssaye says eighty (1815, p. 338). See also
+         Ropes, p. 305.]
+
+The assailants, supported hitherto by batteries firing over their
+heads, now charged up the hill; as they reached the crest, their own
+guns were silenced, but their yells of defiance rent the air. The
+Dutch-Belgians of the first rank harkened an instant, and, followed by
+the jeers and menaces of the British grenadiers and Royal Scots, fled
+incontinently until they reached a place of safety, when they reformed
+and stood. Picton was thus left unsupported, but at that decisive
+moment Donzelot tried the new tactics again, and his ranks fell into
+momentary confusion. Picton charged, the British artillery opened, and
+though the English general fell, mortally wounded, his men hurled back
+the French. This first success enabled Wellington to bring in more of
+his infantry, with the Scots Greys, and to throw in his cavalry, the
+First Royal Dragoons and the Enniskillens, for action against a body
+of French riders, under Roussel, which, having swept the fields around
+La Haye Sainte, was now coming on. His order was for Somerset and
+Ponsonby to charge. The shock was terrific, the French cavalry
+yielded, and the whole of d'Erlon's line rolled back in disorder.
+Efforts were made by the daring Englishmen to create complete
+confusion, but they were not entirely successful, for Durutte's column
+maintained its formation, while the French lancers and dragoons
+wrought fearful havoc among the British infantry somewhat disorganized
+by victory. Ponsonby fell among his men, and it was due to Vandeleur's
+horse that the French advance was checked. This ended the effort upon
+which Napoleon had based his hope of success; there was still
+desultory fighting at Hougomont, and the Prussians, though not
+visible, were forming behind the forest of Paris.
+
+There was a long and ominous pause before the next renewal of
+conflict. Wellington used it to repair his shattered left and brought
+in Lambert's Peninsular veterans, twenty-two hundred strong. Napoleon
+quickly formed a corps, under Lobau, intended to repel the flank
+attack of the Prussians. Ney was determined to redeem his repulse by a
+second front attack, and Napoleon, either by word or silence, gave
+consent. While the batteries kept up their fire, the marshal gathered
+in the center the largest mass of horsemen which had ever charged on a
+European battle-field--twelve thousand men, light and heavy cavalry.
+His aim was to supplement Reille, still engaged at Hougomont, and dash
+in upon the allied right center. Donzelot's column, now reformed, was
+hurled directly against La Haye Sainte, and the mass of the cavalry
+surged up the hill. The gunners of Wellington's artillery,
+unprotected even by breastworks, stood to their pieces until the
+attacking line was within forty yards; then they delivered their final
+salvo, and fled. Wavering for an instant, the French advanced with a
+cheer. Before them stood the enemy in hollow squares, four ranks deep,
+the front kneeling, the second at the charge, the two others ready to
+fire. The horsemen dared not rush on those bristling lines. In and out
+among the serried ranks they flowed and foamed, discharging their
+pistols and slashing with their sabers, until, discouraged by losses
+and exhausted by useless exertion, their efforts grew feeble. Dubois's
+brigade, according to a doubtful tradition, dashed in ignorance over
+the brow of a certain shallow ravine, men and horses rolling in horrid
+confusion into the unsuspected pit. The hollow was undoubtedly there
+at the time, although it has since been filled up, and, it is
+believed, was likewise the grave of the fifteen hundred men and two
+thousand horses that were eventually collected from round about. The
+British reserve cavalry, supported by the infantry fire and a few
+hastily collected batteries, completed the defeat of Ney's first
+charge. A second was repulsed in the same way. The undaunted marshal
+then waited for reinforcements. No fewer than thirty-seven squadrons
+came in, Napoleon sending Kellermann's heavy dragoons as a last
+resort. Guyot's division of the heavy cavalry of the guard was also
+there--some say they had been summoned by Ney, others that they came
+of their own accord; the question arises because, in the next stage of
+the battle, their absence from the station assigned to them was a
+serious matter. Another time, and still another, this mighty force
+moved against the foe. Pouring in and out, backward and forward, among
+the squares, they lost cohesion and force until, in the very moment of
+Wellington's extremity, they withdrew, as before, exhausted and
+spent.
+
+The energy and zeal of the English commander had been in strange
+contrast to Napoleon's growing apathy; Wellington had further
+strengthened his line by two Brunswick regiments and Mercer's battery,
+and at the last by Adam's brigade with the King's Germans under
+Dupont. This done, his stand had been superb to the last. Yet he was
+now at the end of his resources. It was six, and to his repeated
+messages calling for Blücher's aid there had been no response.
+Although a portion of Bülow's men had been fighting for more than an
+hour, yet the Prussian army was not yet fully engaged and he himself,
+having no reinforcement nor relief, seemed face to face with defeat.
+Baring had held La Haye Sainte with unsurpassed gallantry; his calls
+for men had been answered, but his requisitions for ammunition were
+strangely neglected. Ney, seeing how vain his cavalry charges were,
+withdrew before the last one took place, arrayed Bachelu's division,
+collected a number of field-pieces, and fell furiously, with cannonade
+and bayonet charge, upon the farm-house. His success was complete; the
+garrison fled, his pursuit was hot, and, leading in person, he broke
+through the opposing line at its very heart. Had he been supported by
+a strong reserve, the battle would have been won. Müffling,
+Wellington's Prussian aide, dashed away to the Prussian lines, and, as
+he drew near the head of Ziethen's division, shouted: "The battle is
+lost if the corps do not press on and at once support the English
+army." Ney's adjutant, demanding infantry to complete the breach he
+had made, was received by Napoleon with petulance. One brigade from
+Bülow's corps had attacked at about half-past four; repulsed at first,
+their onset was growing fiercer, for two other brigades had come in.
+Soult had opposed Ney's waste of cavalry. But the latter was
+desperate, and with the other generals was displaying a wilfulness
+bordering on insubordination. A portion of the guard had just been
+detached for Lobau's support. To Ney's demand for infantry the Emperor
+replied: "Where do you expect me to get them from? Am I to make them?"
+In truth, his mind and energies were now more concerned with Blücher
+than with Wellington, and he was already fighting the advance of Bülow
+in his plans. But had the old Bonaparte spirit moved the chieftain to
+put himself at the head of what remained of the guard infantry, and to
+make a desperate dash for Ney's support, a temporary advantage would
+almost certainly have been won; then, with a remnant flushed by
+victory, he could have turned to Lobau's assistance before the main
+Prussian army came in. Thus was lost Napoleon's one chance to deal
+Wellington a decisive blow.
+
+It was to prevent a dangerous flank movement of the enemy--the
+advance, namely, of Bülow, with the cavalry corps of Prince William,
+upon Plancenoit--that Napoleon had detached the young guard, under
+Duhesme, a third of his precious reserve, for the support of Lobau's
+right; Durutte being in the rear of his left, that portion was already
+as strong as it could be made. Nevertheless the Prussians seized
+Plancenoit; at once the French rallied, and drove them out; Blücher
+threw in eight fresh battalions, and these, with the six already
+engaged, dashed for the ravine leading to the village. The passage was
+lined with French, and for a time it was like the valley of Hinnom;
+but the Prussians pressed on, and the young guard reeled. Napoleon
+sent in two battalions of the old guard, under Morand and Pelet; their
+firmness restored that of their comrades, and the place was cleared,
+two thousand dead remaining as the victims of that furious charge and
+countercharge. At seven Bülow was back again in his first position,
+awaiting the arrival of Pirch's corps to restore his riddled ranks.
+Napoleon had now left only twelve of the twenty-three battalions of
+the guard reserve, less than six thousand men. Wellington had repaired
+the breach made by Ney, and, though still hard pressed on his right,
+Ziethen had made good the strength of his left, whence some of his
+cavalry, the brigades of Vivian and Vandeleur, had been detached to
+repair other weak spots in the line. At this moment Ziethen conceived
+that Bülow was further giving way, and hesitated in his advance. The
+brief interval was noted by Durutte, and with a last desperate effort
+he carried Papelotte, La Haye, and Smohain, hoping to prevent the
+fatal juncture. It was half an hour before Ziethen retrieved his loss,
+and thus probably saved Wellington's left. By that time Pirch had come
+up, and with this reinforcement Bülow, behind the heavy fire of his
+powerful batteries, charged Lobau, and advanced on the guard at
+Plancenoit. Lobau, the hero of Aspern, stood like a rock until
+Durutte's men and the remnants of d'Erlon's corps, flying past his
+flank, induced a panic in his ranks. Thereupon the whole French right
+fell into confusion: all except the guard, who stood in the churchyard
+of Plancenoit until surrounded and reduced in number to about two
+hundred and fifty men; then, under Pelet's command, they formed a
+square, placed their eagle in the midst, drove off the cavalry which
+blocked their path, and reached the main line of retreat with scarcely
+enough men to keep their formation. The name of Ziethen must stand in
+equal renown with that of Colborne among the annals of Waterloo. The
+rout of the French left was the beginning of Napoleon's calamity, as
+that of his right under Colborne was its consummation.
+
+Before the combined armies of Wellington and Blücher the French could
+not stand; but, in spite of inferior numbers and the manifest signs
+of defeat, General Bonaparte might have conducted an orderly retreat.
+The case was different with Napoleon the Emperor, even though he were
+now a liberator; to retreat would have been merely a postponement of
+the day of reckoning. Accordingly, the great adventurer, facing his
+destiny on the height at Rossomme, determined, in a last desperate
+effort, to retrieve the day, and stake all on a last cast of the dice.
+For an instant he appears to have contemplated a change of front,
+wheeling for that purpose by Hougomont, where his resistance was still
+strong; but he finally decided to crush the Anglo-Belgian right, if
+possible; roll up both armies into a confused mass, so that,
+perchance, they might weaken rather than strengthen each other; and
+then, with Grouchy's aid, strike for victory. Though indifferent to
+Ney's demands, he had set in array against Bülow the very choicest
+troops of his army; surely they might stand firm while his blow
+elsewhere was delivered. But he did not reckon in this with
+Wellington's reserve power; though the dramatic stories of the duke's
+mortal anxiety rest on slight foundation, there is no doubt that he
+felt a great relief when the Prussians entered the combat, for
+immediately he turned his attention, not to rest, but to the reforming
+of his line. Officers and men, English or German, knew nothing of
+Bülow's or Blücher's whereabouts when Napoleon took his resolution;
+but, sensible of having been strengthened, they displayed at half-past
+seven that evening the same grim determination they had shown at
+eleven in the morning. Though Wellington's task of standing firm until
+Blücher's arrival was accomplished, and though, perhaps, his soldiers
+heard the distant firing of the Prussian guns, yet nothing could be
+seen across the long interval, the noise attracted little attention,
+and neither he nor they could know what was yet before them. It was,
+therefore, splendid courage in general and army which kept them ever
+ready for any exertion, however desperate.
+
+Against this army, in this temper, Napoleon despatched what was left
+of that force which was the peculiar product of his life and genius,
+the old and middle guard. Most of its members were the children of
+peasants, and had been born in ante-Revolution days. Neither
+intelligent in appearance nor graceful in bearing, they nevertheless
+had the look of perfect fighting-machines. Their huge bearskin caps
+and long mustaches did not diminish the fierceness of their aspect.
+They had been selected for size, docility, and strength; they had been
+well paid, well fed, and well drilled; they had, therefore, no ties
+but those to their Emperor, no homes but their barracks, and no
+enthusiasm but their passion for imperial France. They would have
+followed no leader unless he were distinguished in their system of
+life; accordingly, Ney was selected for that honor; and as they came
+in proud confidence up the Charleroi road, their Emperor passed them
+in review. Like every other division, they had been told that the
+distant roar was from Grouchy's guns; when informed that all was ready
+for the finishing-stroke, that there was to be a general advance along
+the whole line, and that no man was to be denied his share in certain
+victory, even the sick, it is said, rose up, and hurried into the
+ranks. The air seemed rent with their hoarse cheers as their columns
+swung in measured tread diagonally across the northern spur of the
+cruciform elevation which divided the surface of the valley.
+
+Wellington, informed of the French movement, as it is thought by a
+deserter, issued hurried orders to the center, ordered Maitland's
+brigade to where the charge must be met, and posted himself, with
+Napier's battery, somewhat to its right. While yet his words of
+warning were scarcely uttered, the head of the French column
+appeared. The English batteries belched forth a welcome; but although
+Ney's horse, the fifth that day, was shot, the men he led suffered
+little, and with him on foot at their side they came steadily onward.
+The British guards were lying behind the hill-crest, and the French
+could discern no foe--only a few mounted officers, of whom Wellington
+was one. Astonished and incredulous, the assailants pressed steadily
+on until within twenty yards of the English line. "Up, guards! make
+ready!" rang out the duke's well-known call. The British jumped up and
+fired; about three hundred of Ney's gallant soldiers fell. But there
+was no confusion; on both sides volley succeeded volley, and this
+lasted until the British charged. Then, and then only, the French
+withdrew. Simultaneously Donzelot had fallen upon Alten's division;
+but he was leading a forlorn hope, and making no impression.
+
+As Ney fell back, a body of French cuirassiers advanced upon the
+English batteries. Their success was partial, and behind them a second
+column of the guard was formed. Again the assault was renewed; but the
+second attempt fared worse than the first. To the right of Maitland,
+Adam's brigade, with the Fifty-second regiment, had taken stand;
+wheeling now, these drove a deadly flank fire into the advancing
+French, while the others poured in a devastating hail of bullets from
+the front. The front ranks of the French replied with spirit, but when
+the British had completed their manoeuver, Colborne gave the order,
+his men cheered in response, and the countercharge began. "Vive
+l'Empereur!" came the responsive cheer from the thinning ranks of the
+assailants, and still they came on. But in the awful crash they
+reeled, confusion followed, and almost in the twinkling of an eye the
+rout began. A division of the old guard, the two battalions under
+Cambronne, retreated in fair order to the center of the valley, where
+they made their last gallant stand against the overwhelming numbers of
+Hugh Halkett's German brigade. They fought until but a hundred and
+fifty survived. From far away the despairing cry of "Sauve qui peut!"
+seemed to ring on their ears. To the first summons of surrender the
+leader had replied with dogged defiance; the second was made soon
+after, about three in the afternoon, and to this he yielded. He and
+his men filed to the English rear without a murmur, but in deep
+dejection. This occurrence has passed into tradition as an epic event;
+what Cambronne might well have said, "The guard dies, but never
+surrenders," was not uttered by him, but it epitomizes their
+character, and in the phrase which seems to have been shouted by the
+men themselves in their last desperate struggle, they and their leader
+have found immortality.
+
+The last charge of what remained of the guard took place almost at the
+moment when Durutte was finally routed. Wellington then sent in the
+fresh cavalry brigades of Vivian and Vandeleur against the column of
+Donzelot and the remnants of the French cavalry. These swept all
+before them, and then the duke gave the order for a general advance.
+The French left fell into panic, and fled toward Belle Alliance.
+Before La Haye Sainte stood two squares of French soldiers, the
+favored legion chosen to protect the imperial headquarters. In the
+fatal hour it splendidly vindicated the choice, and amid the chaos
+stood in perfect order. Throughout the famous charge of his devoted
+men Napoleon rode hither and thither, from Rossomme to Belle Alliance.
+His looks grew dark, but at the very last he called hoarsely to the
+masses of disorganized troops that came whirling by, bidding them to
+stand fast. All in vain; and as the last square came on he pressed
+inside its serried wall. It was not too soon, for the Prussians had
+now joined the forward movement, and in the supreme disorder
+consequent the other square dissolved. Napoleon's convoy withstood the
+shock of a charge from the Twelfth British light dragoons, and again
+of a Prussian charge at Rossomme, where Gneisenau took up the fierce
+pursuit. Though assaulted, and hard beset by musketry, the square
+moved silently on. There were no words except an occasional remark
+addressed by Napoleon to his brother Jerome, or to one of the
+officers. At eleven Genappe was reached; there, such was the activity
+of the pursuers, all hope of an orderly retreat vanished, and the
+square melted away. Napoleon had become an object of pity--his eyes
+set, his frame collapsed, his great head rolling in a drowsy stupor.
+Monthyon and Bertrand set him as best they could upon a horse, and,
+one on each side, supported him as they rode. They had an escort of
+forty men. At Quatre Bras they despatched a messenger to summon
+Grouchy, bidding him to retire on Namur. The Prussians were only one
+hour behind. At daybreak the hunted Emperor reached Charleroi, but his
+attendants dared not delay; two rickety carriages were secured, and it
+was not until the wretched caravan reached Philippeville that the
+fugitives obtained a few hours' repose.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE SURRENDER[26]
+
+         [Footnote 26: References: Ernouf: Histoire de la dernière
+         capitulation de Paris, 1815. Rédigée sur des documents
+         officiels et inédits. Houssaye: 1815, La seconde abdication.
+         La terreur blanche.]
+
+     Nature of Napoleon's Defeat -- Its Political Consequences --
+     Napoleon's Fatal Resolution -- The State of Paris -- Napoleon at
+     the Élysée -- His Departure for Rochefort -- Thoughts of Return
+     -- Procrastination -- Wild Schemes of Flight -- A Refuge in
+     England -- His Only Resource -- The White Terror and the Allies.
+
+
+The battle of Waterloo is so called because Wellington's despatch to
+England was dated from his headquarters at that place. The world-wide
+celebrity of the fight was due to the failure of a tremendous cause
+and the extinction of a tremendous genius. That genius had been so
+colossal as to confuse human judgment. Even yet mankind forgets that
+its possessor was a finite being and attributes his fall to any cause
+except the true one. Western Europe had paid dearly for the education,
+but it had been educated, learning his novel and original methods in
+both war and diplomacy. We have followed the gradual decline of the
+master's ability, physical, mental, and moral; we have noted the rise
+of the forces opposed to him, military, diplomatic, and national.
+Waterloo is a name of the highest import because it marks the final
+collapse of personal genius, the beginning of reaction toward an order
+old in name but new in spirit. Waterloo was not great by reason of the
+numbers engaged, for on the side of the allies were about a hundred
+and thirty thousand men, on the other seventy-two thousand
+approximately; nor was there any special brilliancy in its conduct.
+Wellington defended a strong position well and carefully selected. But
+he wilfully left himself with inferior numbers; he did not heartily
+coöperate with Blücher; both were unready; Gneisenau was suspicious;
+and the battle of Ligny was a Prussian blunder. Napoleon committed,
+between dawn and dusk of June eighteenth, a series of petty mistakes,
+each of which can be explained, but not excused. He began too late; he
+did not follow up his assaults; he did not retreat when beaten; he
+could attend to only one thing at a time; he failed in control of his
+subordinates; he was neither calm nor alert. His return from Elba had
+made him the idol of the majority in France, but his conduct
+throughout the Hundred Days was that of a broken man. His genius
+seemed bright at the opening of his last campaign, but every day saw
+the day's task delayed. His great lieutenants grew uneasy and
+untrustworthy, though, like his patient, enduring, and gallant men,
+they displayed prodigies of personal valor. Ney and Grouchy used their
+discretion, but it was the discretion of caution most unlike that of
+Desaix at Marengo, or of Ney himself at Eylau. Their ignorance cannot
+be condoned; Grouchy's decision at Walhain, though justified in a
+measure by Soult's later order, was possibly the immediate cause of
+final disaster. But such considerations do not excuse Napoleon's
+failure to give explicit orders, nor his nervous interference with
+Ney's formation before Quatre Bras, nor his deliberate iterations
+during his captivity that he had expected Grouchy throughout the
+battle. Moreover, the interest of Waterloo is connected with its
+immediate and dramatic consequences rather than with its decisive
+character. If Napoleon had won on that day, the allies would have
+been far from annihilation; both Wellington and Blücher had kept open
+their respective lines of retreat. The national uprising of Europe
+would have been more determined than ever; 1815 would have been but a
+repetition of 1814. Finally, the losses, though terrible, were not
+unparalleled. Grouchy won at Wavre, and, hearing of the disaster at
+Mont St. Jean, first contemplated falling on the Prussian rear as they
+swept onward in pursuit. But he quickly abandoned this chimerical
+idea, and on receipt of Napoleon's order from Quatre Bras, withdrew to
+Namur, and thence, by a masterly retreat, conducted his army back into
+France. Including those who fell at Wavre, the allies lost about
+twenty-two thousand five hundred men, of whom seven thousand were
+British and a like number Prussians. The records at Paris are very
+imperfect, but they indicate that the French losses were about
+thirty-one thousand.
+
+The booty captured after Waterloo was unimportant; but the political
+spoils were immense, and they belonged to the Prussians. Their high
+expectation of seizing Napoleon's person was disappointed; but the one
+great result--the realization, namely, of all the tyrannical plans
+formed at Vienna for the humiliation of liberal France--that they
+secured by their instant, hot pursuit. It is hard to discern the facts
+in the dust of controversy. Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great
+Britain have each the national conviction of having laid the Corsican
+specter; France has long been busy explaining the facts of her defeat,
+but seems to have at last completed the task; the most conspicuous
+monument on the battle-field is that to the Dutch-Belgians!
+
+Napoleon was fully aware that at Waterloo he had made the last cast of
+the dice and that he had lost. It cannot be proven, but the charge is
+made, that far earlier he had ceased to reckon with facts and had
+begun to juggle with unrealities. The return from Elba has all the
+elements of romance, but events proved that it was based on a sound
+judgment. Had the allied powers been willing to give France the
+privilege of choosing her own government, which in spite of all that
+had occurred was hers by every principle known to international law,
+Europe would have enjoyed some years of repose, at any rate;
+considering Napoleon's shattered health and premature old age, France
+might for a long period have ceased to be a disturber of the public
+peace, working out then as now, perhaps in equal tribulation, the
+enduring principles of the Revolution; forty years of turmoil might
+have been spared to the Continent and the gory floods poured on the
+ground at Quatre Bras, Ligny, and Waterloo might have coursed
+unmolested in the veins of the innocent men from which they welled
+out. The responsibility for all the blood which was shed after the
+first treaty of Paris must be shared with Napoleon by dynastic Europe,
+in particular by the diplomatists who represented the hate of Russia,
+Austria, and Prussia and suffered it to find an outlet in a war of
+revenge; a portion too belongs to the factious bitterness which
+reigned supreme in the various French parties, awakening civil strife
+and endangering French nationality. From first to last there had been
+little consistency or continuity in Napoleon's character--it is by no
+means certain that he might not well have played, and perhaps
+magisterially, the rôle of a national ruler; it is of course also
+possible that he might have remained the same untamed, cosmopolitan
+adventurer to the end. In view of the political history of France
+during the Hundred Days, the former is more probable. But after
+Waterloo he was clearly aware that he could no longer be either the
+one or the other. It was not to be expected that every instinct would
+disappear at once, that he would resign himself to obscurity without
+an effort.
+
+After a short rest at Philippeville, Napoleon composed the customary
+bulletins concerning his campaign, and despatched them to the capital,
+together with a letter counseling Joseph to stand firm and keep the
+legislature in hand. If Grouchy had escaped, he wrote, he could
+already array fifty thousand men on the spot; with the means at hand,
+he could soon organize a hundred and fifty thousand; the troops in
+regimental depots, together with the national guard, would raise the
+number to three hundred thousand. These representations were based on
+a habit of mind, and not on genuine conviction. He believed Grouchy's
+force to have been annihilated, and though he paused at Laon as if to
+reorganize an army, he went through the form of consulting such
+officers as he could collect, and then, under their advice, pressed on
+to Paris. The officers urged that the army and the majority of the
+people were loyal, but that the aristocracy, the royalists, and the
+liberal deputies were utterly untrustworthy. "My real place is here,"
+was the response. "I shall go to Paris, but you drive me to a foolish
+course." This was the voice of reason, but he obeyed the behest of
+inclination. Yet he halted at the threshold, and, entering the city on
+the night of June twenty-first, made no public announcement of his
+presence. On the contrary, he almost slunk into the silent halls of
+the Élysée, where a sleepy attendant or two received the unexpected
+guest without realizing what had happened. He must have felt that the
+moral effect of Waterloo had been his undoing; unlike any other of his
+defeats, it had not ruined him as general alone, nor as ruler alone:
+his prestige as both monarch and soldier was gone.
+
+The news of Ligny had been received in the city with jubilations; at
+the instant of Napoleon's arrival the truth about Mont St. Jean was
+passing all too swiftly on the thousand tongues of rumor from quarter
+to quarter throughout the town, creating consternation everywhere.
+Early in the morning, Davout, fully aware of public sentiment, and
+true to his instincts, advised the shrinking Emperor to prorogue the
+chambers, and throw himself on the army; Carnot believed the public
+safety required a dictatorship, and urged it; Lucien was strongly of
+the same opinion. But the old Napoleon was no more; vacillating almost
+as if in partial catalepsy, murmuring empty phrases in quick,
+indistinct utterance, he refused to decide. Members of the council
+began to gain admittance, and, waxing bolder as Napoleon grew more
+silent, the word "abdication" was soon on every tongue. At last a
+decision was taken, and such a one! Lucien was sent to parley with the
+chambers, and Fouché was summoned. The latter, with insidious
+eloquence, argued that in the legislature alone could Napoleon find a
+support to his throne. The talk was reported, as if by magic, in the
+assembly halls, and Lafayette, supported by Constant, put through a
+motion that any attempt to dissolve the chambers would be considered
+treason. Lucien pleaded in vain for a commission to treat with the
+invaders in his brother's name; the deputies appointed a committee of
+public safety, and adjourned.
+
+Broken in spirit, Napoleon spent the evening in moody speculation,
+weighing and balancing, but never deciding. Should he appear at dawn
+before the Tuileries, summon the troops already in Paris, and prorogue
+the hated chambers, or should he not? The notion remained a dream.
+Early in June the court apothecary, Cadet de Gassicourt, had been
+ordered by the Emperor to prepare an infallible poison. This was done,
+and during this night of terrible vacillation the dose was swallowed
+by the desperate fugitive. But, as before at Fontainebleau, the
+theory of the philosopher was weaker than his instincts. In dreadful
+physical and mental agony, the would-be suicide summoned his
+pharmacist, and was furnished with the necessary antidotes. But the
+morning brought no courage, and when the chambers met at their
+accustomed hour, on the motion of an obscure member they demanded the
+Emperor's abdication. The message was borne by the military commander
+of the Palais Bourbon, where the legislature, which had now usurped
+the supreme power, was sitting, and he asserted of his own motion
+that, if compliance were refused, the chambers would declare Napoleon
+outlawed. The Emperor at first made a show of fierce wrath, but in the
+afternoon he dictated his final abdication to Lucien. No sooner was
+this paper received than the wild excitement of the deputies and peers
+subsided, and at once a new Directory, consisting of Carnot, Fouché,
+Caulaincourt, and Quinette, took up the reins of government. The city
+acquiesced, and hour after hour nothing interrupted the deep seclusion
+of the Élysée, except occasional shouts from passing groups of
+working-men, calling for Napoleon as dictator.
+
+But there was a change as the stragglers from Waterloo began to
+arrive, vowing that they still had an arm for the Emperor, and
+denouncing those whom they believed to have betrayed him. The notion
+of sustaining Napoleon by force began to spread, and when the soldiers
+who were coming in, after suppressing the insurrection in Vendée,
+added their voices to those of their comrades from Waterloo, the new
+authorities feared Napoleon's presence as a menace to their power.
+Davout had been the first to suggest an appeal to force, but when
+Napoleon recurred at last to the idea, the marshal opposed it. On June
+twenty-fifth, therefore, the fallen man withdrew to Malmaison; where,
+in the society of Queen Hortense and a few faithful friends, during
+three days he abandoned himself for long intervals to the sad memories
+of the place. But he also wrote a farewell address to the army, and,
+in constant communication with a committee of the government,
+completed a plan for escaping to the United States, "there to fulfil
+his destiny," as he himself said. For this purpose two frigates were
+put at the disposal of "him who had lately been Emperor." All was
+ready on the twenty-ninth. That day a passing regiment shouted, "Long
+life to the Emperor," and, in a last despairing effort, Napoleon sent
+an offer of his services, as a simple general, to save Paris, and
+defeat the allies, who, though approaching the capital, were now
+separated. Fouché returned an insulting answer to the effect that the
+government could no longer be responsible for the petitioner's safety.
+Then, at last, Napoleon knew that all was over in that quarter. Clad
+in civilian's clothing, and accompanied by Bertrand, Savary, and
+Gourgaud, he immediately set out for Rochefort. General Becker led the
+party as commissioner for the provisional government.
+
+It was the exile's intention to hurry onward, but at Rambouillet he
+halted, and spent the evening composing two requests, one for a supply
+of furniture from Paris, the other for the library in the Petit
+Trianon, together with copies of Visconti's "Greek Iconography" and
+the great work on Egypt compiled from materials gathered during his
+ill-starred sojourn in that country. Next morning a courier arrived
+from Paris with news. "It is all up with France," he exclaimed, and
+set out once more. Crowds lined the highways; sometimes they cheered,
+and they were always respectful. Such was the enthusiasm of two
+cavalry regiments at Niort that Becker was induced to send a despatch
+to the government, pleading that an army, rallied in Napoleon's name,
+might still exert an important influence in public affairs. Just as
+the general was closing the document there arrived the news of the
+cannonade heard before the capital on the thirtieth. Napoleon dictated
+a postscript: "We hope the enemy will give you time to cover Paris and
+bring your negotiations to an issue. If, in that case, an English
+cruiser stops the Emperor's departure, you can dispose of him as a
+common soldier."
+
+By a strange coincidence, English cruisers had, as a matter of fact,
+appeared within a few days in the offing before Rochefort. Whatever
+the relation between this circumstance and his suggestion, Napoleon
+studied every possible means of delaying his journey, and actually
+opened a correspondence with the commanders in Bordeaux and the
+Vendée, with a view to overthrowing the "traitorous" government. It
+was July third when he finally reached Rochefort. Again for five days
+he procrastinated. But the allies were entering Paris; Wellington was
+bringing Louis XVIII back to his throne; in forty-eight hours the
+monarchs of the coalition would arrive. Blücher had commissioned a
+Prussian detachment to seize and shoot his hated opponent, wherever
+found. On the eighth, therefore, the outcast Emperor embarked; but for
+two days the frigates were detained by unfavorable winds. On the
+tenth, English cruisers hove in sight, and on the eleventh Las Cases,
+who had been appointed Napoleon's private secretary, was sent to
+interview Captain Maitland, of the _Bellerophon_, concerning his
+instructions from the British government. The envoy returned, and
+stated that the English commander would always be ready to receive
+Napoleon, and conduct him to England, but he could not guarantee that
+the ex-Emperor could settle there, or be free to betake himself to
+America.
+
+This language was almost fatal to the notion of a final refuge in
+England, which Napoleon had begun to discuss and consider during the
+days spent in Rochefort; so Las Cases sought a second interview.
+According to his account, Maitland then changed his tone, remarking
+that in England the monarch and his ministers had no arbitrary power;
+that the generosity of the English people, and their liberal views,
+were superior to those entertained by sovereigns. To the speaker this
+was a platitude; to the listeners it was a weighty remark. A prey to
+uncertainty, Napoleon entertained various schemes. He bought two
+small, half-decked fishing-boats, with a view to boarding a Danish
+ship that lay outside, but the project was quickly dropped. Two young
+officers of the French frigate suggested sailing all the way to New
+York in the little craft. Napoleon seriously considered the
+possibility, but recalling that such vessels must get their final
+supplies on the coasts of Spain or Portugal, rejected the plan, for he
+dared not risk falling into the hands of embittered foes. Word was
+brought that an American ship lay near by, in the Gironde. General
+Lallemand galloped in hot haste to see whether an asylum for the
+outlawed party could be secured under her flag. He returned with a
+reply that the captain would be "proud and happy to grant it."
+
+But in the interim Napoleon had determined to throw himself on the
+"generosity of England." On the thirteenth Gourgaud was sent to
+London, with a request to the Prince Regent that the Emperor should be
+permitted to live unknown in some provincial English place, under the
+name of General Duroc. On the fifteenth Napoleon embarked on the
+_Bellerophon_, where he was received with all honors; next day the
+vessel sailed, and on the twenty-fourth she cast anchor in Torbay.
+During the voyage the passenger was often somnolent, and seemed
+exhausted; but he was affable in his intercourse with the officers,
+and to Maitland, who unwisely yielded the expected precedence. To his
+kindly keeper, in a sort of beseeching confidence, the prisoner showed
+portraits of his wife and child, lamenting with tender sensibility his
+enforced separation from them. The scenes in Torbay were curious.
+Crowds from far and near lined the shores, and boats of all
+descriptions thronged the waters; the sight-seers dared everything to
+catch a glimpse of the awful monster under the terrors of whose power
+a generation had reached manhood. If, perchance, they succeeded, the
+air was rent with cheers. After two days the ship was ordered round
+into Plymouth Sound, but the reckless sensation-seekers gathered there
+in still greater numbers.
+
+Many have wondered at Napoleon's surrender of his person to the
+English. There was no other course open which seemed feasible to a
+broken-spirited man in his position. His admirers are correct in
+thinking that it was more noble for him to have survived his greatness
+than to have taken his own life. To have entered on a series of
+romantic adventures such as were suggested--concealment on the Danish
+vessel, flight in open boats, concealment in a water-cask on an
+American merchantman, and the like--would have been merely the
+addition of ignominy to his capture; for his presence under the
+American flag would have been reported by spies, and at that day the
+standard of the United States would have afforded him little immunity.
+It is possible that on the morrow of Waterloo Napoleon might, with
+Grouchy's army, the other survivors, and the men from Vendée, have
+reassembled an army in Paris, but it is doubtful. Nothing in
+Revolutionary annals can surpass the horror of royalist frenzy, known
+as the White Terror, which broke out in Provence and southern France
+on receipt of the news from Waterloo. The ghastly distemper spread
+swiftly, and when Napoleon embarked the tricolor was floating only at
+Rochefort, Nantes, and Bordeaux; his family was proscribed, Ney and
+Labédoyère were imprisoned and doomed to execution. To have
+surrendered either to Wellington or Blücher would have been seeking
+instant death; to have collected such desperate soldiers as could be
+got together would have been an attempt at guerrilla warfare. To take
+refuge with the officers of England's navy was the only dignified
+course with any element of safety in it, since Great Britain was the
+only land in Europe which afforded the privileges of asylum to certain
+classes of political offenders. Naturally, the negotiators did not
+proclaim their extremity. Considering the date of Gourgaud's embassy,
+it is clear they were in no position to demand formal terms, and
+Maitland's character forbids the conclusion that he made them. It is
+unfortunate that he did not commit to writing all his transactions
+with Lallemand, Savary, and Las Cases; perhaps he was injudiciously
+polite, but it is certain that, contrary to their representations, he
+made no promise, even by implication, that under England's flag
+Napoleon should find a refuge, and not a prison.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+ST. HELENA[27]
+
+         [Footnote 27: References: Abell, Mrs. L. E. (late Miss
+         Balcombe), Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon; Cockburn:
+         Diary of Buonaparte's voyage to St. Helena in 1815; Lowe,
+         Mémorial relatif à la captivité de Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène;
+         Maitland: Narrative of the surrender of Buonaparte and his
+         residence on board the _Bellerophon_ between May 24th and
+         August 8th, 1815; O'Meara, Napoleon in Exile; or, a Voice
+         from St. Helena: being the opinions and reflections of
+         Napoleon on the most important events of his life and
+         government in his own words; Rosebery: Napoleon, the Last
+         Phase; Silvestre: De Waterloo à Sainte-Hélène; Gourgaud:
+         Sainte-Hélène, journal inédit de 1815 à 1818; Masson: Autour
+         de Sainte-Hélène; Las Cases: Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène;
+         Antommarchi: Les derniers moments de Napoléon; Henry: Events
+         of a Military Life; Montholon: Récits de la captivité de
+         l'empereur Napoléon; Montholon: Souvenirs de la comtesse;
+         Montholon: Lettres du comte et de la comtesse (ed. P.
+         Gonnard); Frémaux: Napoléon prisonnier; Planat de la Faye:
+         Souvenirs; Gonnard: Origines de la légende napoléonienne.]
+
+     Embarrassment of the English Ministry -- A Strange Embassy --
+     Napoleon's Attitude -- The Transportation -- The Prison and its
+     Governor -- Occupations of the Prisoner -- Napoleon's Historical
+     Writings -- Failing Health and Preparations for Death -- His Last
+     Will and Testament -- The End -- Imprisoned Genius -- The St.
+     Helena Period -- The Insatiate Curiosity of Europe -- First
+     Communications from the Island -- Napoleon's Appeal -- Gourgaud
+     in Europe -- His Undeserved Notoriety -- Futile Efforts of Las
+     Cases -- O'Meara's Activities -- Confusion During the Last Years
+     -- Documentary Evidence -- The Legend as a Historical Force.
+
+
+[Illustration: NAPOLEON SLEEPING BY LAS CASES ON BOARD THE BELLEROPHON
+
+In red chalk by Lépicié.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1815-21]
+
+The ministry of Lord Liverpool, though ultra-Tory, was nevertheless
+embarrassed by the course of affairs. On June twentieth the premier
+wrote to Castlereagh that he wished Napoleon had been captured by
+Louis XVIII, and executed as a rebel. This amazing suggestion was the
+result of the progress made within a year by the doctrine of
+legitimacy. Although Talleyrand had observed the Hundred Days from the
+safe seclusion of Carlsbad, and was coldly received by his
+"legitimate" sovereign when he returned to Paris under Wellington's
+ægis, yet there was no one equally able to restore a "legitimate"
+government, and, with the aid of Wellington, who assumed without
+question the chief place in reconstructing France, he was soon in full
+activity. In strict logic, the allies reasoned that Napoleon was their
+common prisoner, and, as the chief malefactor, he should meet the fate
+which was to be Ney's, and later that of Murat. By long familiarity
+with such notions, the Czar had finally been converted to the once
+abhorrent idea of legitimacy, and was hatching the scheme of the Holy
+Alliance; even he would have made no objection. But English opinion,
+however irritated, would not tolerate the idea of death as a penalty
+for political offenses. Whatever ministers felt or said, they dared
+consider no alternative in dealing with Napoleon except that of
+imprisonment. Accordingly, St. Helena, the spot suggested at Vienna as
+being the most remote in the habitable world, was designated and the
+island was borrowed from the East India Company. Acts of Parliament
+were passed which established a special government for it, and cut it
+off from all outside communication, "for the better detaining in
+custody Napoleon Bonaparte." The Continental allies, therefore, on
+August second, declared the sometime Emperor to be their common
+prisoner. To England they yielded the right to determine his place of
+detention, but to each of themselves--Austria, Russia, and
+Prussia--was reserved the right of sending thither a commissioner who
+should determine the fact of actual imprisonment.
+
+It was in Torbay that the newspapers brought on board the
+_Bellerophon_ first announced what was under consideration. On July
+thirty-first, with inconsistent ceremony, the determination was
+formally announced by an embassy consisting of Lord Keith, the
+admiral; Sir Henry Bunbury, an under-secretary of state; and Mr.
+Meike, secretary to the admiral. To whom did this highest official
+authority address itself? To General Bonaparte, a private citizen!
+Their message was read in French, and Napoleon displayed perfect
+self-control. Asked if he had anything to say, the ex-Emperor, without
+temper or bitterness, appealed against the judgment of governments
+both to posterity and to the British people. He was, he said, a
+voluntary guest; he wished to be received as such under the law of
+nations, and to be domiciled as an English citizen (_sic_). During the
+interval before naturalization he would dwell under superintendence
+anywhere in England, thirty leagues from any seaport. He could not
+live in St. Helena; he was accustomed to ride twenty miles a day; what
+could he do on that little rock at the end of the world? He could have
+gone to his father-in-law, or to the Czar, but while the tricolor was
+still flying he had confided in British hospitality. Though defeated,
+he was still a sovereign, and deserved to be treated as such. With
+emphasis he declared that he preferred death to St. Helena.
+
+The embassy withdrew in silence from the moving scene. Lord Keith had
+previously expressed gratitude to Napoleon for personal attentions to
+a young relative who had been captured at Waterloo. Him, therefore,
+the imperial prisoner now recalled, and asked if there were any
+tribunal to which appeal might be made. The answer was a polite
+negative, with the assurance that the British government would
+mitigate the situation as far as prudence would permit. "How so?" said
+Napoleon. "Surely St. Helena is preferable to a smaller space in
+England," answered Keith, "or being sent to France, or perhaps to
+Russia." "Russia!" exclaimed Napoleon, taken off his guard. "God
+preserve me from it!" This was the only moment of excitement; the
+witnesses of the long and trying scene have left on record the
+profound impression made on them by Napoleon's dignity and admirable
+conduct throughout. Subsequently the prisoner composed a written
+protest appealing to history. An enemy who for twenty years had waged
+war against the English people had come voluntarily to seek an asylum
+under English laws; how did England respond to such magnanimity? In
+his own mind, at least, he instituted and therefore wrote a comparison
+between-himself and Themistocles, who took refuge with the Persians,
+and was kindly treated. The parallel broke down in that the great
+Greek had never forced his enemy into entangling alliances, as
+Napoleon had forced England into successive coalitions for
+self-preservation. Moreover, his surrender was not voluntary: his life
+would not have been worth a moment's purchase either in France or
+elsewhere on the Continent, to have fled by sea would have been to
+invite capture. "Wherever," as he himself repeatedly said--"wherever
+there was water to float a ship, there was to be found a British
+standard." Still there were many in England who took his view; much
+sympathy was aroused, and some futile efforts for his release were
+made.
+
+For the journey to St. Helena, Napoleon was transferred to Admiral
+Cockburn's ship, the _Northumberland_. The suite numbered thirty, and
+was chosen by Napoleon himself. Its members were Bertrand, Montholon,
+and Las Cases, with their families, together with Gourgaud and,
+following in a later ship, a Pole of doubtful duty and dubious
+personality, the self-styled Colonel Piontkowski. There were sixteen
+servants, of whom twelve were Napoleon's. The voyage was tedious and
+uneventful. The admiral adhered to English customs, and discarded the
+etiquette observed toward crowned heads; but he remained on the best
+of terms with his illustrious prisoner. There were occasional
+misunderstandings, and sometimes ill-natured gossip, in which the
+admiral was denounced behind his back as a "shark"; but such little
+gusts of temper passed without permanent consequences. Napoleon had
+secured the excellent library he desired, and every day read or wrote
+during most of the morning; the evenings he devoted to games of hazard
+for low stakes, or to chess, which he played very badly. He was
+careful as to his diet, took abundant regular exercise, and, since his
+health was excellent, he appeared in the main cheerful and resigned.
+
+The island of St. Helena is the craggy summit of an ancient volcano,
+rising two thousand seven hundred feet above the sea, and contains
+forty-five square miles. Its shores are precipitous, but it has an
+excellent harbor, that of Jamestown, which was then a port of call on
+the voyage from England, by the Cape of Good Hope, to India. It lies
+four thousand miles from London, one thousand one hundred and forty
+from the coast of Africa, one thousand one hundred and eighty from the
+nearest point in South America. There were a few thousand inhabitants
+of mixed race, and the tropical climate, though moist and enervating,
+is fairly salubrious. Under the act passed by Parliament, England
+increased the territorial waters around the island to a ring three
+times the usual size, and policed them by "hovering" vessels, which
+made the approach of suspicious craft virtually impossible. This,
+with numerous other precautionary measures of minor importance, made
+St. Helena an impenetrable jail. It was October sixteenth, 1815, when
+Napoleon landed on its shores.
+
+The residence provided for the imperial captive was a rather ordinary
+farm-house in the center of the island, on a plateau two thousand feet
+high. The grounds were level, and bounded by natural limits, so that
+they were easy to guard, and could be observed in all their extent by
+sentries; eventually a circuit of twelve miles was marked out, and
+within this the prisoner might move at will; if he wished to pass the
+line, he must be attended by an English officer. Considering the
+conceptions of state and chivalry then prevalent, the place was mean;
+long after, when enlarged and repaired, the house was thought not
+unsuitable for the entertainment of an imprisoned Zulu chieftain.
+Longwood, for this is the familiar name, might at a pinch have
+sufficed for the lodging of General Bonaparte; it was certainly better
+than a dungeon; but its modest comfort was far from the luxurious
+elegance which had become a second nature to the Emperor Napoleon.
+Such as it was to be, however, it was still uninhabitable in October,
+and its destined occupant was, until December ninth, the guest of a
+hospitable merchant, Mr. Balcombe, at his villa known as The Briars.
+The sentinels and patrols remained six hundred paces from the door
+during the day; at night the cordon of guards was drawn close around
+the house; twice in twenty-four hours the orderly must assure himself
+of the prisoner's actual presence, and human ingenuity could devise no
+precaution which was not taken by land and sea to make impossible any
+secret communication, inward or outward. Cockburn's serene good-nature
+rendered it out of the question for the captive to do more than
+declare his policy of protest and exasperation, until April, 1816,
+when the admiral departed, and was replaced by Sir Hudson Lowe. The
+latter was a vulnerable foe. A creature of routine, and fresh from a
+two years' residence as English commissioner in Blücher's camp, he had
+thoroughly absorbed the temper both of the Tory ministry and of the
+Continental reactionaries. Neither irascible, severe, nor ill-natured,
+he was yet punctilious, and in no sense a match for the brilliant
+genius of his antagonist. With the arrival of this unfortunate
+official properly begins the St. Helena period of Napoleon's life--a
+period considered by many to be instructive; but, as regards the talk
+and futile calculations in which he indulged, comparable only to that
+of his ineffectual agitations in Corsica.
+
+[Illustration: From the collection of W. C. Crane. Engraved by
+S. W. Reynolds.
+
+NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA.
+
+Painted by Horace Vernet.]
+
+Napoleon, the prisoner, had a double object--release and
+self-justification. The former he hoped to gain by working on the
+feelings of the English Liberals; the latter by writing an
+autobiography which, in order to win back the lost confidence of
+France, should emphasize the democratic, progressive, and beneficent
+side of his career, and consign to oblivion his tyrannies and
+inordinate personal ambitions. The dreary chronicle of the quarrel
+between a disarmed giant and a potent pygmy is uninteresting in
+detail, but very illuminating in its large outlines. The routine of a
+court was instituted and for a time was rigidly observed at Longwood.
+The powerless monarch so successfully simulated the wisdom and
+judgment of a chastened soul that the accounts which reached the
+distant world awakened a great pity among the disinterested. As on
+shipboard and at The Briars, he gave his mornings to literature, clad
+in a studied, picturesque dishabille. The afternoon he devoted to
+amusement and exercise; but a distaste for more physical exertion than
+was actually essential to health grew steadily, until he became
+sluggish and corpulent. At table he was always abstemious; his sleep
+was irregular and disturbed. The evenings he spent with favorite
+authors, Voltaire, Corneille, and Ossian; frequently, also, in reading
+the Bible. The opinions he expressed were in the main those of his
+pseudoscientific days; among other questions discussed was that of
+polygamy, which he upheld as an excellent institution theoretically.
+Much time was spent by the household in abusing Longwood, and so
+effectually that a wooden house was constructed in England, and
+erected near by; but the prisoner made difficulties about every
+particular, and never occupied it. There were continuous schemings for
+direct intercourse with friends in France, and partial success ended
+in the dismissal of Las Cases. Gourgaud, too, departed, ostensibly
+because of a quarrel with Montholon, really, as he represented, to
+agitate with Alexander, Francis, and Maria Louisa for Napoleon's
+release. The exile confessed, in an unguarded moment, that no man
+alive could have satisfied him in the relation of governor of St.
+Helena, but yet he was adroit and indefatigable in his efforts to
+discredit Lowe. The "Letters from the Cape of Good Hope," published in
+England anonymously, but now incorporated in the official edition of
+Napoleon's works as the thirty-first volume, abuse the climate of St.
+Helena, depict the injustice of the imprisonment, and heap scorn on
+the governor. The book was widely read, and furnished the Whigs in
+Parliament with many shafts of criticism. This success emboldened the
+author, and further compositions by his hand were mysteriously
+published in Europe.
+
+For three years Napoleon's self-appointed task as a historian was
+unremittingly pursued, and the results, while he had the assistance of
+Las Cases and Gourgaud, were voluminous; thereafter the output was a
+slender rill. Most of the volumes which record his observations and
+opinions bear the names of the respective memorialists, Montholon, Las
+Cases, Gourgaud, O'Meara, and Antommarchi, the two latter his
+attendant physicians. The period he took pains to elucidate most fully
+in these writings was that between Toulon and Marengo. Over his own
+name appeared monographs on Elba, the Hundred Days, and Waterloo. His
+professional ability is shown by short studies on the "Art and History
+of War," on "Army Organization," and on "Fortification"; likewise by
+his full analyses of the wars waged by Cæsar, Turenne, and Frederick
+the Great. These are not unworthy of the author's reputation; his
+versatility is displayed in a few commonplace notes--some on
+Voltaire's "Mahomet," some on suicide, and others on the second book
+of the Æneid. A widely circulated treatise, the "Manuscript from St.
+Helena," was long attributed to him, but was a clever forgery. As will
+be explained, its effect on history was important.
+
+For nearly four years Napoleon's health was fair. O'Meara, the
+physician appointed to attend him, was assiduous and skilful, but when
+he became his patient's devoted slave he was dismissed by Lowe.
+Thereupon certain disquieting symptoms, which had been noted from time
+to time, became more pronounced, and the prisoner began to brood and
+mope in seclusion. In the autumn of 1819, Dr. Antommarchi, a Corsican
+physician chosen by Fesch, was installed at Longwood. For a time, as
+he claimed, he had some success in ameliorating the ex-Emperor's
+condition, and to what the writer records as their confidential talks
+we owe our knowledge of Napoleon's infancy. But from month to month
+the patient's strength diminished, and the ravages of his mysterious
+disease at length became very apparent. The obstinacy of Lowe in
+carrying out the letter of his instructions, by intruding on the
+sufferer to secure material for a daily report, seriously aggravated
+Napoleon's miseries. Two priests accompanied Antommarchi: one only
+remained for some time, and after his arrival mass was celebrated
+almost every morning in the chapel adjoining the sick-room. "Not every
+man is an atheist who would like to be," was a remark Napoleon dropped
+to Montholon. Yet, though preparing for death, he was making ready
+simultaneously to speed his Parthian arrow.
+
+His testament displays his qualities in their entirety. The language
+sounds simple and sincere; there is a hidden meaning in almost every
+line. His religion had been outwardly that of a deist; he now
+professed a piety which he always felt but rarely practised. During
+his life France had been caressed and used as a skilful artificer
+caresses and uses his tools; the last words of his will suggest a
+passionate devotion. To his son he recommended the "love of right,
+which alone can incite to the performance of great deeds"; for his
+faithless wife he expressed the tenderest sentiments, and probably
+felt them. It was his hope that the English people would avenge itself
+on the English oligarchy, and that France would forgive the traitors
+who betrayed her--Marmont, Augereau, Talleyrand, and Lafayette--as he
+forgave them. Louis he pardoned in the same spirit for the "libel
+published in 1820; it is full of falsehoods and falsified documents."
+The blame for Enghien's murder he took to himself. The second portion
+of the document is a series of munificent-sounding bequests to a list
+of legatees which includes every one who had done the testator any
+important service since his earliest childhood. France under the
+Bourbons confiscated the imperial domain of about a hundred and eighty
+millions, which Napoleon had estimated at over two hundred and twenty.
+When the nation passed again under the Bonapartes it appropriated
+eight millions toward the unpaid legacies. In the end his executors
+collected three and a half millions of francs wherewith to pay
+bequests amounting on their face to over nine and a half. In a codicil
+he remembers a certain Cautillon, who had undergone trial for an
+alleged attempt to assassinate Wellington. "Cautillon had as much
+right to assassinate that oligarch as he [Wellington] to send me to
+the rock of St. Helena to perish there." Such was the nature and
+substance of an appeal to a generous, forgiving nation, and to
+posterity, by one who wrote in the same document that he wished to die
+in the bosom of the Christian church, whose central doctrine is love,
+and whose ethic is forgiveness of enemies.
+
+"I closed the abyss of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I
+cleansed the Revolution, ennobled the people, and made the kings
+strong. I have awakened all ambitions, rewarded all merit, and
+enlarged the borders of glory." These were the words of Napoleon in
+1816; he Lived in this hallucination to the end. In the autumn of 1820
+he realized his condition, and throughout the winter he was feeble and
+depressed. In February, 1821, he began to fail rapidly, and the
+symptoms of his disease, cancer in the stomach, multiplied; but, in
+spite of feebleness, he faced death with courage. On May third two
+English physicians, recently arrived, came in for consultation; they
+could only recommend palliatives, and under the influence of that
+treatment the imperial patient kept an uncertain hold on his
+faculties. Two days later a violent storm of wind and rain set in. A
+spreading willow, under which Napoleon had spent many hours, was
+overturned; the trees planted by his hands were uprooted; and a
+whirlwind devastated the garden in which he had worked for exercise.
+The death of the sufferer was coincident, and scarcely less violent.
+The last words uttered were caught by listening ears as the sun rose;
+they were "Tête ... armée." Mme. Bertrand and her children were
+present; at the sight of their friend's suffering the boy fainted and
+the little girls broke into loud lamentation. At eleven in the morning
+the supreme agonies began; a little before six in the evening the
+heart put forth its last convulsive effort, and ceased to beat. The
+mournful band of watchers within bowed their heads. Without the door
+another watch was set--that of the orderly. During the first outburst
+of grief among those at the bedside two officers entered silently,
+felt the cold limbs, marked the absence of life, and left without a
+word. England's prisoner had escaped.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It requires a complex environment to develop a man of any sort; for
+the exhibition of his personality and identity he must live in family,
+church, and state, and beyond all these surroundings even the meanest
+of mankind is subject to some cosmopolitan influence. How much more
+true is this of a historical and political personage, who is and can
+be himself only under the conditions which permit the play of his
+powers. Removed from these, his soul and spirit sicken, his character
+becomes morbid, his capacities are crippled, his identity is
+distorted. Nothing could be more fatuous and simple than the effort to
+read the true character of Napoleon Bonaparte from his talk and
+behavior when an exile; a prisoner of time and space, as world
+communications then were; an exhausted body; a crippled, outraged
+spirit, reduced for attack and defense to the weapons of the pen and
+the tongue wielded on and over an immensity of apartness. Yet exactly
+this has been the self-imposed task of many investigators and writers.
+The literature of his prison-house has grown to vast dimensions, and
+readers feel cheated when the bald outline of all that may even be
+considered history is offered for their consideration. The narrative
+of the St. Helena epoch in his life just given is probably accurate,
+and there are portions of it that rest on historical evidence both
+objective and internal, as trustworthy as most of what passes for
+history.
+
+But when this is said the statement must be carefully guarded, for the
+reason that substantially all our evidence is virtually such as would
+be given about himself by a convict behind the bars, his sympathizing
+accomplices, his jailer, and his prosecutors. The simile is not
+strained. The surgeon of the _Northumberland_, ignorant of French,
+gathered from those of Napoleon's attendants who spoke English such
+scraps regarding the prisoner as he could, published them, and lost
+his government employment. The book was widely read and proved a very
+lucrative enterprise. Outside its pages there was profound silence and
+complete ignorance in Europe regarding the now mysterious convict,
+buried to the world. Craving for information was universal and
+insatiate; if only Napoleon himself would speak! It appeared as if the
+longing were satisfied in a published "Manuscript arrived from St.
+Helena by unknown means." The volume was difficult to procure,
+although edition followed edition in swift succession; many a precious
+copy was used in reading circles and there are still in existence a
+considerable number of the very numerous reproductions made at the
+time with pen and ink. One of these was actually sold not long ago to
+an unsuspecting editor in the United States and published in his
+magazine as a rarity. It fell flat because so many knew the truth:
+that it was apocryphal, the merry jest of a Genevese gentleman, Lullin
+de Châteauvieux, who lived to see his sport a dangerous element in
+the falsification of history. It was not only Napoleonic in style, but
+too Napoleonic; and, considered as an imperialist pamphlet, an
+anti-royalist pronunciamento, brought into being the embryo of a
+legend such as men crave and which the loyal efforts of many
+historians have utterly failed to destroy. Its contents, of course,
+are utterly worthless except as a comedy, a mask of literature which
+influenced public opinion.
+
+The first known opportunity of the Napoleon court for communication
+with the outside world was afforded by the British government. The
+guarding and maintenance of Napoleon proved a source of great
+expenditure. The garrison and military staff, the hovering vessels of
+the navy, the entertainment of the continental commissioners, and
+especially the allowance for the establishment of Longwood, miserable
+as it was--the total cost appeared to the London authorities
+exorbitant. Prices of supplies at St. Helena were enormous because of
+its remoteness. So the subordinates of the ministry, with the assent
+of their superiors, determined upon reductions, and they began with
+the household of the Emperor, issuing orders that four of its members
+should be dismissed. These were, first, the Polish adventurer
+Piontkowski, part gentleman, part domestic, and wholly emissary and
+spy, who had been sent out by the English government in a vessel which
+followed the _Northumberland_, for reasons best known to themselves.
+He appears to have accepted a charge from Napoleon; that, namely, of
+laying before the Czar a formal protest against the treaties which
+made Napoleon the joint prisoner of the allies, entrusted to the
+charge of Great Britain. The next to leave were Archambaud and
+Rousseau, one a huntsman, one a chief butler; they were to visit
+Joseph Bonaparte in the United States and give him the fullest
+information. The fourth was the chamberlain Santini, a Corsican, and,
+though a soldier, utterly illiterate. To him was confided a protest
+for use either in London or in Italy, as the event should determine. A
+copy was made in Chinese ink on white satin ribbon for concealment
+about his person, but the chief reliance was, that "verbally and
+literally" he was drilled in its repetition until he could neither
+forget nor mistake in its recital. The faithful servants reached
+Joseph's home in America, the Pole on arrival in England styled
+himself Count and Colonel, became the hero of a social season in
+London, and vanished from history as mysteriously as he entered it.
+But Santini with Italian adroitness gained not only the presence of
+Lord Holland but his attentive ear; his recital was translated into
+English and published, the matter was brought before Parliament by
+interpellation of the great Whig statesman and caused great excitement
+throughout the world.
+
+Napoleon's "Appeal to the English Nation," as printed from Santini's
+copy, recited the stupidity of his jailer, the unhealthiness of the
+climate, the expense and difficulty of living. His statements were not
+merely confirmed, the conditions of life on St. Helena were
+monstrously exaggerated by Montchenu, the French commissioner, in a
+private letter which was published soon after the arrival of Santini
+in London. This, too, was circulated all abroad. Public opinion was
+further agitated. The allied dynasties were made to feel ashamed by
+their subjects, and in Great Britain there was a fierce surge of
+reprobation, the resonance of which has not yet died away. The exile
+was chained to a horrid rock, in a climate Europeans could not endure,
+his miserable existence in hovels overrun with vermin must be eked out
+by loans from friends and the sale of his silver tableware, he was
+put to needless shame by the stupid regulations of a stupid
+government, stupidly enforced by a stupid governor, he was sick of
+body and heart, very sick and might die. Whose was the responsibility
+for this disgrace to civilization? Somewhat in this way men talked and
+questioned; soon his faults were forgotten in the pitiful recital of
+his woes; the legend was further advanced, once more the glory of
+Napoleon's epoch became a powerful force in Europe.
+
+On the fourteenth of March, 1818, there arrived in England a member of
+the St. Helena court, whose name and fame bid fair to rival if not to
+obliterate those of all his companions in exile, though most
+undeservedly. This was General Gourgaud, styled Master of Ordinance.
+He was thirty-five years old and had been a soldier for sixteen,
+winning promotion for intelligence and intrepidity, securing
+Napoleon's affection by personal charm and by services which once at
+least, and probably twice, directly saved the Emperor's life, until at
+last he was a baron, a general at Waterloo, and a companion in St.
+Helena. This all seems passing strange because he was a high officer
+of Louis XVIII before Napoleon's return from Elba; made obeisance to
+established authority as soon as he returned from captivity, and
+during the successive governments of France to his death in 1852 found
+favor with each in turn. Whatever he was before and after, his life in
+St. Helena was that of a sentimental, jealous, sensitive child,
+scarcely a male at that. Every word and every act of every one gave
+him such pangs of wounded vanity that at last his presence was
+intolerable and by the influence of the Montholons it was arranged
+that he should leave. No sooner was the dust of Longwood shaken from
+his feet than within sight of its doors he accepted the kindly
+attentions of his former jailers with eagerness, and no sooner were
+those feet ashore in England than he began to woo the ministry, to
+make advances to the Bourbons, and to fawn on the Holy Alliance
+itself. It was not until he experienced certain chills and got his
+groping finger on the pulse of public opinion that he found himself
+utterly mistaken and in danger of mortal error. He then wrote, and
+gave to the public prints, a curious letter, addressed to Marie
+Louise, asserting that Napoleon was dying in the torments of a
+frightful agony. This amounted to a recantation. In consequence he was
+banished from England under the Alien Bill. At once he hurried away to
+Prince Eugène (Napoleon's treasurer) and from him reclaimed and
+received, for four years certainly, his arrears of imperial pay and
+pension. In 1822 he was permitted to return to France.
+
+The notoriety of his name is due to two sets of circumstances. Sir
+Walter Scott told the truth about his conduct, just when the noble
+general was beginning to swim in the refulgence of the Napoleonic
+legend. There ensued a wordy warfare. The weapons on one side were
+official papers; on the other denials, insinuations, and finally the
+assertion of some vague commission or another given by the great
+captive, impossible of fulfilment in any way other than by the
+mysterious course of the plenipotentiary. This mystery is still
+unsolved and the commission undiscovered, but in France at least the
+conflict still rages. As late as 1908 a caustic critic was challenged
+to a duel by the testy and furious family head of the Gourgauds. The
+other set of circumstances is equally curious. Gourgaud left behind
+him a journal of his St. Helena life. Its contents are certainly
+authentic evidence of the writer's character, and as there is no means
+of checking the authenticity of what is recorded about Napoleon and
+his Longwood household, the record may possibly be and probably is
+accurate. The sore spirit of the writer required a confidant, and
+since there was no congenial soul to receive his outpourings he
+relieved himself as other sentimental egoists have done in the pages
+of a journal. From these the most conscientious efforts have been made
+to construct a psychology of the Emperor. The result is a morbid
+psychology of a caged falcon, the revival of bitter controversy as to
+the treatment of the great prisoner by a Tory ministry, and generally
+of a rather abstracted but intense interest in the Napoleonic legend.
+Hence the prolonged vogue of a celebrity which should have been
+ephemeral. The general is in no proper sense a historical factor
+except as the influence of his behavior in Europe served to quicken
+the existing lively interest in Napoleon. As far as his earliest
+testimony went, and many inclined to heed it, the master he had served
+was in excellent health, was kindly treated, and in general was better
+off than could have been expected. This of course lashed the
+imperialists to fury; their information was to the diametrically
+opposite effect.
+
+Antecedent to Gourgaud's departure was that of Las Cases, but his
+journey was so impeded, his health so shaken, and his devotion so
+discounted, that whatever he accomplished in molding public opinion
+was logically subsequent to the work of the general. Spanish by
+origin, French by six centuries of devotion, his family was of the
+higher nobility. He himself had been an emigrant, but had returned to
+become a member of the Council of State. As a great civil official he
+had learned to love Napoleon and deliberately chose exile with him
+rather than honors and service under the restored Bourbons. In 1816 he
+wrote, and endeavored to forward secretly, letters containing his
+views as to the disgraceful treatment of Napoleon. These were
+intercepted and the writer was condemned in Lowe's first fury to
+depart. On second thought the governor begged him to remain under
+certain restrictions; these Las Cases would not accept, possibly
+because he saw himself of greater use in Europe than in St. Helena. He
+reached the Cape of Good Hope in January, 1817, was there detained
+eight months, was then forwarded to England, where he was forbidden to
+land, thence to Belgium, and finally, in December, a physical
+derelict, he found shelter in Frankfort-on-the-Main, where he lived
+for a time under the strictest surveillance. His faculties were soon
+restored to a certain rather impaired activity, and in 1818 he laid a
+powerful protest against the treatment of Napoleon before the Congress
+of Aix-la-Chapelle. No less a person than the Emperor's mother was his
+agent and intermediary. A meeting of reactionary sovereigns and their
+ministers, terrified by the throes of a revolutionary spirit more and
+more personified in Bonaparte, could in no case be receptive to such a
+remonstrance, and was utterly cold and scornful in the face of
+Gourgaud's evidence to the well-being and kind treatment of Napoleon,
+already published. Even with the most enlightened and liberal public
+of Europe, that of Great Britain, Las Cases' controversial
+publications fell rather flat. Readers were weary of the theme, since
+O'Meara was now and had been for some time past in possession of the
+Napoleonic field.
+
+Dr. O'Meara, the Emperor's body-physician, was a warm-hearted
+Irishman, faithful, able, and devoted. That he received substantial
+gratuities from his patient is no longer questioned, and these
+transfers of money have been called by a harsh name; yet it is easy
+for a loyal but illogical devotee to confuse salary, gifts, fees,
+bribes, each with each, and one with the other; the crime was not
+quite so heinous with a man of his character as it would have been in
+persons of severer quality and mold. It seems equally certain that
+the stern pedant acting as governor would gladly have employed the
+same inducements to secure him as a spy. At least he did not qualify
+as the channel of a double espionage, and for that reason fell under
+the grave suspicion of authority. The diagnosis of Napoleon's malady
+as very grave, which he had made, was confirmed in January, 1819, by
+Stokoe, the ship's surgeon of the _Conqueror_, the British flag vessel
+then in the harbor. But from O'Meara it was not accepted; he was
+dismissed from service and on July twenty-fifth, 1818, sailed
+homeward. On August seventeenth the London "Morning Post" began to
+print communications sent from St. Helena by him, and shortly after he
+landed, in October, there appeared a pamphlet by him attacking Sir
+Hudson Lowe. His voluminous "Voice from St. Helena" was not published
+until after Napoleon's death. Like the rest of the contemporary
+memoirs and memorials, the value of his writings lies in their effect
+on the liberal sentiment of the world. The Metternich system of
+repression and intervention, which worked its will in dynastic
+government for a generation after Napoleon, engendered a newer
+liberalism which forgot the tyranny of Napoleonic imperialism and
+remembered the Consulate as expressing a well-organized form of
+government, adapted superbly for crushing systems, dynastic or
+aristocratic or plutocratic, which oppressed mankind by denying the
+only possible equality, equality of opportunity, the Napoleonic
+"carrière ouverte aux talents." By all sympathetic nationalists,
+constitutionalists, and radicals these books were literally devoured,
+and in France particularly their effect was lasting. There could never
+have been a second Napoleon except as he was thought likely to
+reproduce the Consulate; when his rule had proved to be imperialistic
+the country was disenchanted. Liberty with order is so ardently
+desired! but too often the devices to secure it beget license with
+chaos. The literal correctness of O'Meara's reporting, like that of
+the rest, cannot be controverted by any rebutting testimony, but the
+nature portrayed is the same morbid, sensational, notoriety-seeking,
+unwholesome, and pathological specimen as that furnished by the
+others.
+
+Dr. Stokoe was speedily disgraced because it was now certain that any
+bulletin of serious illness was evidence of conspiracy by the Emperor
+and his friends for his escape. It is still affirmed that this second
+physician yielded to the Emperor's blandishments and disobeyed Lowe's
+orders. His successor, Dr. Verling, was Lowe's man, and, finding his
+position intolerable, resigned with the insinuation that he could not
+accept bribes. The party strife demanded either that Napoleon must be
+entirely well and well treated, or else utterly moribund and
+abominably used. Neither was the case, but a mortal disease had
+declared itself, his grand marshal was seriously alarmed, and the
+members of the Bonaparte family in Europe were dreaming of Napoleon's
+escape or planning the renewal of his household by fresh blood. The
+Bertrands and the Montholons, though faithful and devoted, were simply
+worn out. A Corsican physician, Dr. Antommarchi, and an Italian
+priest, Buonavita, were added to the household in September, 1819.
+Mme. Montholon with her child was already at home seeking substitutes,
+having departed from St. Helena in July. Neither event had any special
+consequences. Mme. Montholon found a possible successor to the grand
+marshal in the person of Planat, an officer of the Hundred Days.
+Negotiations for his sailing were protracted; such was Napoleon's
+condition before they were concluded that Montholon would not consider
+deserting his post, though Bertrand was quite willing to see Planat
+supplant himself. Buonavita was ill and returned to Europe.
+Antommarchi was detested by his patient, a new priest and a new doctor
+were found, and the faithful Pauline desired to join her exiled
+brother. By this time the year 1820 had passed and the fateful spring
+of 1821 was well advanced. All preparations for relieving the
+household and the guard at St. Helena were now, of course, futile.
+Three years of suffering had culminated in the death of the exile.
+
+The documentary material for the St. Helena epoch is very scanty. The
+"Mémorial" of Las Cases and the "Voice" of O'Meara are both valuable
+as works but not as transcripts. Of Gourgaud's "Journal" the value is
+greater, but the medium of transmission most abnormal. The volumes of
+Mrs. Abell and Lady Malcolm furnish very slight material; the papers
+of the outsiders like Montchenu, Balmain, and Sturmer, like even Lowe
+himself, furnish side-lights only; the souvenirs of Mme. Montholon are
+trifling and cannot bear critical examination. The recitals of
+Montholon were thought of importance until careful scrutiny showed how
+he had drawn on Las Cases and O'Meara, how scanty, scrappy, and
+confused his own notes were, and finally, when his letters to his wife
+were printed, how completely these unfalsified documents contradicted
+the other publications in the few interesting points on which they
+touch, both in the English edition of Colburn and the carefully edited
+and reedited French edition. The more the slight authentic material is
+examined the more certain it appears that it is hopeless to read from
+it Napoleon's character, even in the unnatural environment of St.
+Helena, least of all for the years of real life. Conduct is the only
+test of belief, not the invalid lamentations or cynical banter of
+dreary, hopeless imprisonment. And when all this talk of a man in
+anguish is dubiously reported, distorted by the medium of a
+heart-sick listener, or by the transcription of men bored to
+extinction, its value is obviously still further diminished. The story
+has been briefly narrated of how the legend was engendered, of how it
+was planted and watered on the continent of Europe, and its influence
+on subsequent generations has been indicated. This is the sum total of
+what history finds as its material during the closing years of
+Napoleon's life. The souvenirs of Bertrand and Marchand are as yet
+inaccessible, if indeed they exist. Some day their possible
+publication may shed a few rays of new light on minor points: they
+cannot greatly enlarge or substantively reconstruct the slight
+historical material we have been able to discover. For valuable
+generalizations we must fall back on the many abundant facts of
+Napoleon's long career, on the very few facts of his conduct when
+mewed and exasperated at St. Helena, on the effects which these in sum
+have produced in history. The world at large marvels at the general,
+the statesman, the conqueror, the emperor; it is apt to pass unnoticed
+the judge and tamer of two epochs, the mediator between a ruined past,
+a chaotic present, and a future, orderly at least, though streaked
+with the stains of tyranny.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+SOLDIER, STATESMAN, DESPOT
+
+     Questionings -- The Industrious Burgher -- The Industrious
+     Sovereign -- End of the Marvelous -- Public Virtue and Private
+     Weakness -- The Man and The Age -- Latin and German -- First
+     Struggles -- Usurpation of Power -- Political Theories -- The
+     Napoleonic System -- Its Foundation -- Stimulus to Despotism --
+     The Surrender of France -- The Master Soldier.
+
+[Sidenote: Review]
+
+The tomb of Erasmus in Basel is marked by a stone slab on which are an
+epitaph, an effigy, and then the pathetic word "Terminus." Should
+these fateful syllables be written over the mortal remains of Napoleon
+Bonaparte? No. Beyond his death there was more, far more than the work
+he wrought during his life. Men ever love a seeming mystery, and while
+they do, a favorite theme of speculation will be the career of the
+great Corsican in its historical aspect. Before our long study can be
+brought to a close, two questions must be considered, or rather two
+sides of one question must be viewed. Why did he rise, and what did he
+accomplish? The answers will be as various as the investigators who
+give them. But the man as seen in the preceding pages certainly
+displays these recognizable characteristics: he was a man of the
+people, he had a transcendent military genius, he was indefatigable,
+and he had unsurpassed energy.
+
+No mere man, even the most remarkable, can climb without supports of
+some kind, however unstable they may be. Napoleon Bonaparte did not
+soar, he rose on the ladder of power by stages easily traceable: first
+by the protection of the Robespierres; then by the necessities and
+velleities of Barras and the Directory; afterward by the encouragement
+of all France, which was sick of the inefficient Directory; and still
+later by the army, which adored a leader who frankly repaid devotion
+in the hard cash of booty, and bravery in the splendid rewards of that
+glory which was a national passion. With such opportunities, Bonaparte
+unfolded what was certainly his supereminent quality--the quality
+which endeared him to the French masses as did no other, the quality
+which above all others distinguished him from the hated tyrants under
+whom they had so long suffered, the quality which even the meanest
+intellect could mark as distinctively middle-class, in opposition to
+its negation in the upper class--the quality, namely, of untiring
+industry; laborious, self-initiated, self-guided, self-improving
+industry. This burgher quality Napoleon possessed as no burgher ever
+did. It was no exaggeration, but the simple truth, when he said to
+Roederer: "I am always working. I think much. If I appear always ready
+to meet every emergency, to confront every problem, it is because,
+before undertaking any enterprise, I have long considered it, and have
+thus foreseen what could possibly occur. It is no genius which
+suddenly and secretly reveals to me what I have to say or do in some
+circumstance unforeseen by others: it is my own meditation and
+reflection. I am always working--when dining, when at the theater; I
+waken at night in order to work." How profoundly this was impressed
+upon those intimately associated with Napoleon can be traced in their
+memoirs on many a page. It was Soult who said, most sapiently: "What
+we call an inspiration is nothing but a calculation made with
+rapidity."
+
+Generally there is no mystery in the power of domination: he rules
+who is indispensable. The Jacobins needed a man, they found him in the
+unscrupulous Bonaparte; the Directory needed a man, they found him in
+the expert artillerist; France needed a man, she found him in the
+conqueror of Italy. And having risen, he did not intermit his industry
+for a moment. Rehearsing his coronation by means of puppets, or
+studying with painful care the complicated accounts of his fiscal
+officers, or absorbing himself in whatever else it might be, he was
+always the man who knew more about everything than any one else.
+Throughout his reign he was the fountainhead of every governmental
+activity: the council of state sharpened not their own, but his
+thoughts; his secretaries were his pocket note-book; his ministers
+were the executors of his personal designs; pensions and presents were
+given by him to his friends, and not to those who served the state as
+they themselves thought best; every French community received his
+personal attention, and every Frenchman who came to his general
+receptions was treated with rude jocularity. In all this he was
+perfectly natural. At times, however, he felt compelled to
+attitudinize; perhaps, in the theatrical poses which he assumed for
+self-protection or for the sake of representing a personified,
+unapproachable imperial majesty, he copied Talma, with whom he
+cultivated a sort of intimacy. Possibly, too, his violent sallies were
+considered dramatic by himself. "Otherwise," he once said, "they would
+have slapped me on the shoulder every day." "It is sad," remarked
+Roederer, apropos of a certain event. "Yes, like greatness," was
+Napoleon's rejoinder.
+
+Napoleon's preëminence lasted just as long as this effective personal
+supremacy continued. When his faculties refused to perform their
+continuous, unceasing task, he began to decline; when the material of
+his calculations transcended all human power, even his own, the
+descent grew swifter; and the crash came when his abilities worked
+either intermittently or not at all. Ruin was the consequence of
+feebleness; the imagination of the world had clothed him with demoniac
+qualities, but it ceased so to do just in proportion as his
+superiority to others in plan and execution began to diminish. "There
+is no empire not founded on the marvelous, and here the marvelous is
+the truth." These were the words of Talleyrand, addressed to the First
+Consul on June twenty-first, 1800, just after the news of Marengo had
+reached Paris. The marvel of the absolute monarchy was the divine
+right of kings: when men ceased to hold the doctrine, the days of
+absolutism were numbered. The marvel of Napoleon was his unquestioned
+human supremacy: when that declined his empire fell.
+
+In the truest sense of that word so dear to modern times, Napoleon was
+a self-made man. By his extraordinary energy he made a deficient
+education do double duty; and those of his natural gifts which in a
+sluggish man would have been mediocre, he paraded so often, and in
+such swift succession, that they appeared miraculous. This fiery
+energy, it cannot too often be repeated, was the man's most
+distinctive characteristic; when it failed he was undone. Was
+consistency, as generally understood, to be expected in this
+personage; is it, indeed, found in most great men? Nowhere does the
+theory of evolution writhe to sustain itself more than in psychology;
+nowhere does it discover a greater complexity--a complexity which
+makes doubtful its sufficiency. Admitting that Napoleon was selfish;
+that he was lustful; that once, at least, he was criminal; that at
+various times--yes, even frequently--he was unpopular, and dared not
+in extremity call for a national uprising to sustain his cause; that
+he had pitiful limitations in dealing with religion, politics, and
+finance; supposing him to have displayed on occasion the qualities of
+a resurrected medieval free-lance, or of the Borgias, or of other
+historical monsters; confessing that he was launched upon the fiery
+lake of revolution by the madness of extreme Jacobinism; sustaining
+the awful indictment in each detail--was there no reverse to the
+medal, no light to the shadow, no general result except negations? Was
+the work of Alexander the Great worthless because of his debaucheries?
+Was Catharine II of Russia a mere damned soul because of her
+harlotries? Did Talleyrand's duplicity and meanness render less
+valuable or permanent the work he did in thwarting the coalition at
+Vienna? The answer of history is plain: what the great of the earth
+have wrought for others or against them is to be recorded and judged
+with impartiality; how they sinned against themselves is to be told as
+an awful warning, and then to be left for the decision of the Great
+Tribunal. Modern philosophy requires such complicated and yet such
+minute knowledge in every department of science that the specialist
+has supplanted the general scholar and the system-maker; the man who
+aspires to create a plan displaying the unity of either the objective
+or the subjective world, or any harmony of one with the other, is
+generally regarded as either an antiquated imbecile or a charlatan.
+Yet in the examination of historical characters a symmetrical
+consistency capable of being grasped by the meanest intellect is
+imperiously demanded by all readers and critics. This is natural, but
+not altogether reasonable: symmetry cannot be found in the commonest
+human being on our globe, much less in those who rise supereminent.
+The greater the man, the more impossible to connect in a mathematical
+diagram the different phases of his conduct. The search for mediocre
+consistency in the character of Napoleon is like the Cynic
+philosopher's quest for a man.
+
+This personage strove, and with considerable success, to think and act
+for an entire nation--ay, more, for western Europe. In order to render
+this conceivable, he first took command of his own body--sleeping at
+will, and never more than six hours; eating when and what he would,
+but always with extreme moderation; waking from profound slumber and
+rousing his mind instantaneously to the highest pitch, so that he then
+composed as incisively as in the midst of active ratiocination. He was
+able to train his secretaries and servants into instruments destitute
+of personal volition--even his great generals, who were taught to act
+for themselves within certain limits, never transcended the fixed
+boundary, and grew inefficient when deprived of his impulse. He never
+failed to reward merit or to gratify ambition for the sake of securing
+an able lieutenant, and nascent devotion he quickened into passion by
+the display of suitable familiarity. A thoughtful, self-contained,
+self-sufficient worker, he was sometimes a trifle uneasy in social
+intercourse, perhaps always so beneath his mask of good breeding, when
+he wore one; but he played his various rôles in public with consummate
+skill, except that he made nervous movements with his eyes, hands, and
+ears. His little tricks of rolling his right shoulder, tugging at his
+cuffs, and the like; his inability to write, and his generally clumsy
+movements when irritated, were due to deficient training in early
+childhood. Forbidding in his intercourse with ambitious women and
+other self-seekers, he was considerate with the suffering, and found
+it difficult, if not impossible, to refuse the petitions of the needy.
+Loving rough and ready ways in those busied about his person,--as, for
+instance, when his valet rubbed him down in the morning with a coarse
+towel,--he was yet so sensitive that he had to have his hats worn by
+others before he could set them on his own head. It is useless to seek
+even homely physical consistency in a man thus constituted.
+
+It is equally useless to ask whether Napoleon could have been as great
+a man in another epoch as he was in his own. In any epoch of warfare
+he would have been great; it is likely that in any epoch of peace he
+would have reached eminence as a legislator and administrator. The
+real historical question is this: How did he, being what he was, and
+his age, being what it was, interact one upon the other; and what was
+the resultant? There was as little consistency in his age as in
+himself; the sinuosities of each fitted strangely into those of the
+other, and the result was a period of twenty years on which common
+consent fixes the name of the Napoleonic age. Does his personality
+throw any light on the antecedent period--does his career influence
+the succeeding years?
+
+The age of the Revolution has such intimate connection with the
+movements of French society that it is very generally called in other
+countries the French Revolution. But while the movement developed
+itself more easily and took more radical forms in France than
+elsewhere, it was due to the condition of civilization the world
+around. France has been in a peculiar sense the teacher of Europe; for
+in language, literature, laws, and institutions she is the heir of
+Rome. In spite of Roman Catholicism, or perhaps in consequence of the
+Roman hierarchy, her inheritance has been pagan rather than Christian;
+her ethics have been Hellenic, her literature Augustan, her laws
+imperial, her temperament a combination of the Stoic and Epicurean
+which is essentially Latin, her language elegant, elliptical, and
+precise like that of Livy or Tacitus. The Teuton in general, the
+Anglo-Saxon in particular, may give his days and nights to classical
+studies: he is never so imbued with their spirit as the Gaul. "It is
+with his Bible in one pocket and his Shakspere in another," said an
+eminent Frenchman not long since, "that the Anglo-Saxon goes forth to
+reduce the world in the interests of his commerce, his civilization,
+and his religion. The most enlightened has neither the cold
+worldliness of Horace nor the calculating zeal of Cæsar, but he has
+the persistency of faith in himself and his nation which, whatever may
+be his personal belief, is a constituent element in his blood, or,
+better still, the controlling member of that complex organism to which
+he belongs." I venture to believe, on the other hand, that the
+Frenchman espouses his cause from an unselfish impulse begotten of
+pure reason, an ethereal ichor percolating through society by channels
+of sympathy, which diminishes the historic pressure for continuous
+national consistency and natural unity, but emphasizes the great
+uplifting movements of society. The French armies of the Revolution
+went forth to scour Europe for its deliverance from feudalism,
+absolutism, and ecclesiasticism, because the French people had renewed
+their youthful and pristine vigor in their enthusiasm for pure
+principle without regard to experience or expediency. Napoleon
+Bonaparte had all their doctrine, with something more: a consuming
+ardor unconscious of any physical limitations to the nervous strength
+of himself or others, and a readiness for any fate which would
+transmute his dull, unsuccessful, commonplace existence into
+excitement. When he found his opportunity to heap Pelion upon Ossa, to
+supplement himself by the splendors of French devotion, he did indeed
+come near to transcending even the Olympians and storming the seat of
+Kronos.
+
+It was a long, discouraging, heartbreaking struggle by which he gained
+his first vantage-ground. This was no exceptional experience; for
+every adventurer knows that it is more troublesome to make the start
+than to continue the advance. It is harder to save the first small
+capital than to conduct a prosperous business. It is more difficult,
+apparently, in human life to overcome the inertia of immobility than
+that of motion; at least psychological laws seem in this respect to
+contravene those of physics. It is not true that the armies of the
+Republic were those of the Bourbons: the transition may have been
+gradual, but it was radical. It is also untrue that the armies of
+Napoleon were those of the Revolution: they differed as the zenith
+from the nadir, being recruited on a new principle, animated by new
+motives, and led by an entirely different class of men. A supreme
+command having been attained by means curiously compounded of
+chivalric romance and base scheming, the man of action did not
+hesitate a moment to put every power in motion. Throwing off all
+superior control, he set himself to every task in the revolution of
+Italy--conquest, political and religious; constructive politics and
+administration; social and financial transformation. Winning the
+devotion of his troops by intoxicating successes, as a leveler he was
+permanently successful; but this typical burgher had no permanent
+success in building up a democratic-imperial society out of the royal,
+princely, and aristocratic elements which had so long monopolized the
+ability of the peninsula; what he wrought outlasted his time, but the
+country had to undergo another revolution before its middle classes
+were ready for the heavy burden of independence and self-government.
+Yet the struggle for what was accomplished appears to have created a
+climacteric in the doer. Before the days of Italy his ambitions were
+petty enough: employment in the service of Russia or England,
+supremacy in Corsica or military promotion in France; but afterward
+they enlarged by leaps and bounds: Italian principalities, Austrian
+dukedoms, Lombard confederations, the primacy of France in some form,
+Oriental dominion--one such concept took form in the morning, to be
+swept away at night and replaced by ever more luxurious growths of
+fantasy. The realization of these dreams was still more amazing than
+their misty formation. The Revolutionary doctrines of the passing age
+had stimulated France to over-exertion; her leaders were discredited,
+her people exhausted. The same agitation had stupefied the Italians;
+but whatever their political disintegration may have been, the Roman
+chair and throne retained its moral influence as the bond and
+mainspring of society throughout the whole peninsula; and now the
+successor of St. Peter was humbled to the dust, willing to escape with
+the mere semblance of either secular or ecclesiastical independence.
+It was an exceptional moment, a vacillating, retrogressive hour in the
+history of Austria, of France, and of Italy. The exceptional man, the
+vigorous citizen of a new political epoch, the inspired strategist of
+a new military epoch, the unscrupulous doubter of a new religious
+epoch--this typical personage was at hand to take advantage of the
+situation; and he did so, hastening the disintegrating processes
+already at work, seizing every advantage revealed by the crumbling of
+old systems, and reaping the harvest of French heedlessness. The
+opportunity gave the man his chance, but the chance once seized, the
+man enlarged his sphere with each successive year.
+
+This he did by means which were as remarkable as the personage who
+devised them--and remarkable, too, not for their negative, but for
+their constructive quality. Broadly stated, the Revolution utterly
+expunged all the governmental and social guarantees of the preceding
+monarchy, destroying not merely the absolute power of one man with
+its sanction of divine right, but all the checks upon it to be found
+either in the ancient traditions of the people or in their ancient
+institution of parliaments. It will be clear to the careful student of
+the Revolutionary governments that while there was a gradual
+clarifying of opinion antecedent to the Consulate, and a vague longing
+for guarantees of individual rights higher than the acts of any
+assembly, however representative it claimed to be, nevertheless great
+ideas, great conceptions, great outlines, had all remained in their
+inchoate state, and that of the several succeeding constitutions each
+had been more worthless than the one before. Almost any kind of a
+constitution will serve an enlightened nation which has confirmed
+political habits, if it chooses to support a fundamental law not
+hostile to them; and none, however ingenious, can stand before
+recalcitrant populations. The Revolutionary constitutions of France,
+excepting perhaps that of 1791, were alike feeble; and in the stress
+applied to the one democratic land of Europe by her dynastic enemies
+all around, they were not worth the paper and ink used to record them.
+Under each had developed a pure despotism of one kind or another, on
+the plea that in war there must be a single head, either an executive
+committee or an executive man. These persons or person had, on pleas
+of necessity or expediency, gradually arrogated to the executive all
+the powers of government, befooling the people more or less completely
+by the specious formalities of various kinds through which the popular
+will was supposed to find expression. No one understood this fact
+better than Napoleon Bonaparte; and since it seemed that the supreme
+power had to be in the hands of some one man or clique, he was easily
+tempted to grasp it for himself when it became clear that the
+profligate and dishonest Directory had run its course. He did not
+make the situation, but he used it. History does not record that the
+French nation was shocked or discouraged by the events of the
+eighteenth of Brumaire; on the contrary, the occurrences in Paris and
+at St. Cloud seemed commonplace to a storm-tossed people, and the
+results were welcomed by the majority in every class.
+
+The reasons for this general satisfaction varied, of course; for the
+conservative and progressive royalists, the conservative and radical
+republicans of every stripe, had widely different expectations as to
+the next act in the drama. But the chief actor was concerned only for
+himself and the nation; partizans he neither honored nor feared,
+except as he was anxious not to be identified with them. To him, as a
+man of the people, it seemed that in the Revolution the third estate
+had asserted itself; that the third estate must be pacified; that the
+third estate must be prosperous; that the third estate, for all these
+purposes, needed only to be confirmed in their simple theory of
+government, which was that the power could be delegated by them to any
+one fit to wield it, and this once done, the delegate might without
+harm to the state be left undisturbed to manage the public business,
+while the people should give their undivided attention to their
+private affairs. How successful the Consulate was in this respect is
+universally known and admitted. With consummate cleverness the First
+Consul summoned to his assistance all the giants of his time, whether
+they were scholars with their theories and knowledge, administrators
+with their tact and experience, political managers with their easy
+consciences and oiled feathers, or skilful demagogues with their
+greedy followers and insatiate self-interest. These he either enticed
+or bullied into his service, according as he read their characters; a
+few--a very few--like Barère, he found obdurate, and drove into
+provincial exile. At no time did he make a finer display of his
+astounding capacity for molding strong men by his still stronger will
+than during the early days of the Consulate; and the manifest reason
+for his success was that he had a fine instinct for character and for
+putting the right man in the right place.
+
+What he thus accomplished has been told. The foundations he then laid
+rest solid to-day; the now antiquated edifice he erected on them,
+though altered and repaired, still retains its identity. The
+Revolution had overthrown the old régime completely, and the ruins of
+society were without form and void. From this chaos Napoleon painfully
+gathered the substantial materials of a new structure, and out of
+these reconstructed the family, the state, and the church. He revived
+the domestic spirit, made marriage a solid institution, and
+reëstablished parental authority while destroying parental despotism.
+In civil society he restored the right of property and fixed the
+sanctity of contract, thus assuring respect for the individual and the
+ascendancy of the law. The finances he reformed by an equitable system
+of taxation, and by the establishment of an ingenious treasury system
+comparable to that devised by Alexander Hamilton for the United
+States. In the Concordat he went as far, probably, as France could
+then go in emancipating religion and the church; Protestantism has
+prospered under the regulations he laid down, and by his treatment of
+the Jews they have been changed from despised and down-trodden social
+freebooters into prosperous and patriotic citizens. Upon every class
+of men then living he imposed by an iron will a system of his own. The
+leading survivors of Jacobinism, extreme royalists, moderate
+republicans, proscribers and proscribed, men of the bourgeoisie--all
+bowed to his sway and accepted his rewards. It is said that they
+yielded to the superior force of his police and his pretorians. Be it
+so. The fivefold police system he established was a system of checks
+and counter-checks within itself, within the administration, and even
+within the army--a body without which, as he firmly believed, the
+beginnings of social transformation could not be made. He professed,
+and no doubt honestly, that he would divest himself of this police
+service as opportunity served, and deluded both himself and his
+followers into the belief that the process was almost complete before
+the close of his era. Through the perspective of a century we can see
+the faults of Napoleon's plan. The Gallic Church is still Roman, in
+spite of his intention that the Roman Church should become French; the
+extreme centralization of his administrative system still throttles
+local free government and makes both oligarchic rule and political
+revolution easier in France than in any other free land; the
+educational scheme which he formed, although more fully changed than
+any other of his institutions, and but recently embarked, let us hope,
+on a course for ultimate independence, nevertheless suffers in its
+present complete dependence on state support, and in the consequent
+absence of private personal enthusiasm which might make its separate
+universities and schools rich in opportunities and strong in the
+loyalty of their sons. But we must remember that the Consulate was a
+hundred years since, and that for its day it wrought so beneficently
+that Bonaparte, First Consul, remains one of the foremost among all
+lawgivers and statesmen. And that, too, precisely for the reasons
+which some cite as condemning him. He took the revolutionary ideas of
+political, civil, and religious emancipation: with these he commingled
+both his own sound sense and the experience of advisers from every
+class, realizing as much of civil liberty and good order as appears
+to have been practical at the moment.
+
+But in one respect he failed miserably, and that failure vitiated much
+of the substantial gain which seemed to have been made. He failed in
+curbing his own ambition. The majestic ridge of his achievement was
+the verge of the precipice over which he fell. In the first place, his
+signal success as a lawgiver was due entirely to the dazzling
+splendors of his victories. Marengo was the climax to a series of such
+achievements as had not so far been wrought on the tented field within
+the bounds of French history. It is easy to assert that the French
+were intoxicated because they were French: there is not the slightest
+reason to suppose that any other nation under similar circumstances
+would have behaved differently. The Seven Years' War turned the heads
+of the English people completely, and they lost their American
+colonies in consequence; Rome lost her political liberty when she
+became mistress not only of the Latin, but of the Greek and Oriental
+shores of the Mediterranean; the distant military expeditions of
+Alexander the Great prepared the fall of his ill-assorted empire. In
+each case the careful student will admit that social exaltation was
+the forerunner of division and of subsequent despotism in some form.
+Even in the little states of Greece and southern Italy the tyrants
+always arose from the disintegration of legal government, and by the
+assertion of some form of power--mind, money, or military force.
+
+It was, therefore, as a military despot that the First Consul
+promulgated beneficent codes, founded an enduring jurisprudence,
+created an efficient magistracy, and established social order. In this
+process he completed the work of the Revolution by exalting the third
+estate to ascendancy in the nation. The whole work, therefore, was not
+only recognized as his in the house of every French burgher: he was
+considered at every fireside to be the consummator of the Revolution
+for which France had so long suffered in an agony of bloody sweat. Was
+it therefore any wonder that not only he himself, but even the most
+enlightened leaders of European thought, considered the safety and
+renovation of European society to depend upon the extension of his
+work? It is hard for us to appreciate this, because in France
+Napoleon's institutions have remained almost as he left them, and
+well-nigh stationary, while for a century the processes of ruthless
+reform have been continuously working in other European lands, and
+some neighboring peoples have outstripped the French in the matter of
+a national unity consistent with local freedom. The First Consul felt
+that in order to become great he had been forced to become strong; we
+can understand that he could easily deceive himself into concluding
+that in order to be greater he must become stronger. It was in these
+days that he exclaimed, in the intimacy of familiar intercourse: "I
+feel the infinite in me." Thereafter democracy in any form, even the
+mildest, was offensive. Such men as Roederer were sent to Naples,
+Berg--anywhere out of France. The times were not far removed from
+those of the beneficent despots, except that this one ruled, not by
+hereditary divine right, but by military force. Bonaparte's imperfect
+training in politics and history made it possible for such visions as
+those which now arose to haunt his brain. The beneficence he had
+displayed already; for despotism he had had the finest conceivable
+training, first among the sluggish populations of the Italian states
+which he had reorganized, then in the myth of Egyptian conquest which
+he had created and felt bound to maintain, and lastly in the national
+disorders of a France shuddering at the possibility of a return either
+to the hideous excesses of the Terror or to the intolerable abuses of
+ecclesiasticism and absolute monarchy.
+
+Among other dreadful curses incident to revolution and civil war is
+the stimulation of fanaticism. In his seizure of the supreme power the
+purpose of the First Consul was justified to himself, and his
+procedure was rendered tolerable to the nation at large by the
+scandalous intrigues and complots which were hatched like cockatrices'
+eggs in every foul cranny of the land. The conspirators stopped at
+nothing: bad faith, subornation, murder of every variety, from the
+dagger to the bowl. This gave the First Consul his chance to become
+himself the arch-intriguer, and as such he overmatched all his
+opponents, ultramontanes, radicals, and royalists. Finally only a few
+unreconstructed reactionaries were left from each of these classes,
+who, though exhausted and panting, still had the strength to be noisy,
+and occasionally to make a feint of activity. But in the various
+localities and classes of France each of the factions had numerous
+silent and inactive sympathizers who had surrendered only as they felt
+unable to keep up the uneven conflict. The flames of the volcano were
+quenched, and the gulf of the crater was bridged by a crust, but the
+lava of sedition boiled and seethed below. It is a well-known nostrum
+for civil dissension to stir up foreign conflict, and then to call
+upon the patriotism of men from all parties. To this the First Consul
+dared not openly resort. In fact, the indications are that if his
+enemies in France and his foes abroad had consented peaceably to the
+fulfilment of his now manifest ambitions, he would himself have been
+glad enough to secure without further fighting what he had gained by
+war, and to extend the influence of a Bonapartist France by steady
+encroachments rather than by exhausting hostilities. The word of every
+man has exactly the value which his character gives it, and treaties
+are worth the good faith of those who make them, not a tittle more.
+Neither of the parties to the general peace was exhausted, neither was
+really earnest. It was a bellicose age: war was then in the air, as
+peace is now. The rupture of the treaty made at Amiens was quite as
+much the work of George III as it was of Bonaparte the First Consul,
+and the two nations over which they ruled were easily led to renew the
+struggle. Nothing goes to prove that there was long premeditation on
+the part of either; but at the time and since, were it not for the
+widespread distrust in Bonaparte's character, popular opinion would
+have put the blame of renewed war more upon his opponent than on him.
+Thus far the angel and the devil which struggle for possession of
+every man had waged a fairly even conflict, and the blame and praise
+of what is stigmatized as Bonaparte's conduct must be meted out to his
+foes in even measure. He and his times had interacted one upon the
+other to a remarkably even degree. But once launched on the career of
+personal aggrandizement, every hindrance to consuming ambition was
+ruthlessly cast aside. Until 1812 the responsibility for inordinate
+bloodshed is all his own.
+
+It is needless to dwell upon the period of the Empire in order to
+study Napoleon's character. It shines forth effulgent, but noxious. He
+remained personally what he had always been--imperious, laborious,
+unprincipled; but, on the other hand, kindly, generous, sensitive to
+the popular movements. His thirst for power became predominant; his
+lavish contempt for men and money displayed the recklessness of a
+desperate parvenu; his passion for war burst all its bounds. Personal
+ambition eclipsed principle, expediency, shrewdness--in short, every
+quality which makes for self-preservation. The reason was not
+conscious despair, but unconscious desperation. Politically he had
+fought and won an easy but a decisive battle. Imperialism was firmly
+seated. The behavior of the French people was natural enough, but they
+lent themselves to his purposes with complete surrender. In this the
+world learned a lesson which should never be forgotten: that democracy
+is an excellent workhorse, but a poor charger; a good hack, but an
+untrustworthy racer. The interest of the plain man is in his daily
+life, his family, his business, his advancement. He cannot be an
+expert in foreign or domestic politics, in public law, or in warfare;
+expertness requires the exclusive devotion of a lifetime. Make the
+common person a theorist, and he is an ardent democrat, but a poor
+administrator. Hence the necessity in transition epochs for a wise
+constitution. It was not difficult to convince the French burgher
+that, all other forms of democratic administration having had a chance
+and having failed in times of war, the only one so far untried--that
+of delegating power to a single superior man--should have a fair
+trial, the more as the excellent man was at hand. Even in times of
+peace the hard-worked citizen either neglects his political duties
+altogether, or, performing them in a thoughtless routine, longs for
+some one he can trust to do his thinking and acting: in war, as far as
+we have had the opportunity to observe in ancient and modern times,
+his imperialism is avowed, and he demands a dictator. We have no
+reason to suppose that there is any democracy which could outlast
+twenty years of a herculean struggle for national life or death, and
+such the Franco-English wars which introduced the last century seemed
+to the Frenchman of that time to be.
+
+From the soldier's point of view, Napoleon had likewise such an easy
+triumph as has fallen to the lot of few commanders. His opponents were
+so conservative that their ideas were antiquated, his own strategy was
+so new and revolutionary that it dumfounded them. A favorite method
+of detraction is illustrated by the familiar story of Columbus's egg.
+What is once done, anybody can do. The strategic reputation of
+Frederick the Great is in our day first attacked by the so-called
+comparative method--that is, by comparing it with the achievements and
+system, not of his contemporaries, but of Napoleon, his successor; and
+then the strategic reputation of Napoleon is diminished by sneering at
+that of Frederick, with whose antiquated method the new one came into
+comparison and contact, to the complete disaster of the former. This
+vicious circle may be dismissed with contempt. Napoleon's strategic
+genius was, unlike any other talent he possessed, constructive and
+original. No doubt he studied Cæsar; no doubt he studied Maillebois;
+no doubt he studied the work of Turenne and of the great Frederick; no
+doubt he was a pupil of the giant soldiers who inaugurated and carried
+on the wars of the Revolution; but while others had pursued the same
+studies, it remained for him to devise and put into operation a
+strategy based upon past experience, but subversive of accepted
+dogmas, new, adapted to its ends, and founded on theories which,
+though modified in practice by the discoveries of an intervening
+century, have, when properly understood, never, not even to-day, been
+shaken in principle. His triumphs as a soldier, therefore, are his
+own; and it was not until all Europe had learned the lessons which he
+taught her generals by a series of object demonstrations lasting
+twenty years, that the teacher began to diminish in success and
+splendor. The persistent critics of Frederick have been asking and
+reiterating questions such as these: Why did not the king begin early
+in July, 1756? Why did he not storm the camp of Pirna? Why did he not
+continue the war in October? Why did he not renew hostilities the
+following year until forced to it? And so on, and so on. By this
+method they have shrunk the horizon to their own dimensions, and have
+imprisoned their victim within the pale of his faults; but a wider
+view and the historic background display his strategy in large
+outline, as illuminated by the light of his age; and thus the defeats
+of Kolin and Kunersdorf, as well as the victories of Leuthen,
+Rossbach, Zorndorf, and Torgau, exhibit the Prussian general as the
+great genius which he was. It was not until Napoleon had taught his
+rivals what fighting ought to be that men could also pick and nag at
+him by asking why Waterloo did not begin four hours earlier, why more
+explicit directions were not given to Grouchy, why in 1814 the
+desperate man chose to cut off the line of his enemies' communications
+rather than withdraw into Paris and call the nation to arms; and so on
+to infinity. Judged either historically or theoretically, the strategy
+of Napoleon is original, unique, and unexcelled. It is his greatest
+achievement, because his most creative.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+NAPOLEON AND THE UNITED STATES
+
+     A Decisive Epoch -- Britain Dominates the Sea -- Napoleon's
+     Policy -- Trade and Western Empire -- To the West Indies -- Needs
+     of the Empire -- Great Britain's Sea Rival -- The Imperial Policy
+     Revealed -- Tempestuous Times in the United States -- Party
+     Government -- Livingston's Efforts -- Louisiana Purchased --
+     Effect on American Life -- Change in Constitutional Attitude --
+     The Kaleidoscope of Party Politics -- Preponderance of the South
+     and West -- The Louisiana Purchase and the Nation.
+
+
+A decisive epoch was that of the eighteenth-century revolutions, a
+crisis reached after long, slow preparation, precipitated by social
+and religious bigotry, dizzy in its consummation, wild and headlong in
+its flight, precipitous in its crash. Of this important time the
+results have been so permanent that they are the commonplaces of
+contemporary history; in what Carlyle called the revolutionary loom
+the warp and woof were spun from the past, and the fabric is that from
+which our working-clothes are cut. Within those years appeared the
+great dominating soul of modern humanity, who displayed first and last
+every weakness and every sordid meanness of mankind, but in such giant
+dimensions that even his depravity inspires awe. His virtues were
+equally portentous because they worked on the grand scale, with
+materials that had been threshed and winnowed in the theory and
+experience of five generations of mankind. It was well within this
+stupendous age and by the act of this representative man that
+Louisiana was redeemed from Spanish misrule and incorporated with the
+territories of the United States. Nor was this all. A careful
+examination of the general political situation at that time will
+exhibit the elemental and almost ultimate fact that the sale of
+Louisiana was coincident with the turn of the age.
+
+The substance of the treaty of Amiens was that Great Britain
+ostensibly abandoned all concern with the continent of Europe, and
+that France, ostensibly too, should strictly mind her own affairs in
+her colonies and the remoter quarters of the globe. George III removed
+from his escutcheon the fleur-de-lis, and from his ceremonial title
+the style of king of France. Events narrated in another connection
+proved the whole negotiation to have been on both sides purely
+diplomatic, an exchange of public and hollow courtesies in order to
+gain time for the realities in the struggle for supremacy between the
+world powers of the period, a struggle begun with modern history,
+renewed in 1688, and destined to last until the exhaustion of one of
+the contestants in 1815. Neither party to the treaty had the slightest
+intention of observing either its spirit or its letter. While the
+paper was in process of negotiation Bonaparte was consolidating French
+empire on the Continent, and after its signature he did not pause for
+a single instant to show even a formal respect for his obligations.
+The reorganization of Holland in preparation for its incorporation
+into the French system, the annexation of Piedmont and the defiance to
+Russia in the matter of her Italian protégés, the Act of Moderation in
+Switzerland, and finally, the contemptuous rearrangement of Germany,
+were successive steps which reduced England to despair for her
+continental trade. To her it seemed as if there could be no question
+about two things: first, that the old order must be restored, in
+order to safeguard her commerce; and second, that her colonial policy
+must be more aggressive than ever.
+
+It was Samuel Adams who first sneered at his fatherland as a people of
+shopkeepers. The winged word soon became a commonplace to all
+outsiders, but as it flew every nation that used the gibe girded
+itself to enter the struggle for the same goal. France above all was
+determined to be a nation of shopkeepers, and the First Consul of what
+was still a shaky experiment in government knew well that rather than
+abandon that ambition, he must sacrifice every other. After all, a
+colonial empire has value only as the home nation has accessible
+ports, manufactories for colonial products, and wares to exchange with
+the producers. France had neither factories nor manufactures, and was
+destitute of nearly the whole machinery of exchange. Her merchant
+vessels sailed only by grace of the British fleet. Her home market was
+dependent on British traders even in times of war. Bonaparte's
+foremost thought, therefore, was for concentration of energy. The
+sea-power of the world was Britain's, and her tyranny of the seas
+without a real check; even the United States could only spit out
+defiant and revengeful threats when her merchantmen were treated with
+contempt on the high seas by British men-of-war. Therefore with swift
+and comprehensive grasp he framed and announced a new policy. The
+French envoy in London was informed that France was now forced to the
+conquest of Europe--this of course for the stimulating of French
+industries--and to the restoration of her Occidental empire. This was
+most adroit. The embers of French patriotism could be fanned into a
+white heat by these well-worn but never exhausted expedients--a blast
+against perfidious Albion and a sentimental passion for the New France
+beyond the Atlantic. The motions were a feint against England by the
+formation of a second camp at Boulogne, where a force really destined
+for Austria was assembled, and the wresting of Louisiana from the weak
+Spanish hands which held it. As an incident of the agitation it seemed
+best that the French democracy should have an imperial rather than a
+republican title, and the style of emperor and empire was exhumed from
+the garbage heap of the Terror for use in the pageantry of a court.
+
+In Europe thus, as in the neighboring continents, the rearrangement of
+politics, territorial boundaries, social, economic, and diplomatic
+relations, a change which has made possible the modern system, was
+really dependent on the events which led to the adoption of the policy
+just described. But this policy involved a reversal of every sound
+historical principle in Bonaparte's plans. For twelve years longer he
+was to commit blunder upon blunder; to trample on national pride; to
+elevate a false system of political economy into a fetish; to conduct,
+as in the Moscow campaign, great migrations to the eastward in
+defiance of nature's laws; to launch his plain, not to say vulgar and
+weak, family on an enterprise of monarchical alliances for which they
+had no capacity; to undo, in short, as far as in him lay, every
+beneficent and well-conceived piece of statesmanship with which he had
+so far been concerned. It has been well said that had he died in
+midsummer, 1802, his glory would have been immaculate and there would
+have been no spots on his sun. The Napoleonic work in Europe was
+destined to have its far-reaching and permanent results, but the man
+was ere long almost entirely eliminated from control over them. The
+very last of his great constructions was the sale of Louisiana. He
+needed the purchase-money, he selected his purchaser and forced it on
+him, with a view to upbuilding a giant rival to the gigantic power of
+Great Britain.
+
+When we turn therefore to America, we shall at once observe on how
+slender a thread a great event may depend, how great a fire may be
+kindled by a spark adroitly placed. While yet other matters were
+hanging in the balance, he selected his own brother-in-law, General
+Leclerc, such was his deep concern, to conduct an expedition to the
+West Indies. There were embarked 35,000 men, and these the very flower
+of the republican armies, superb fighters, but a possible thorn in the
+side of a budding emperor at home. Their goal was San Domingo, where a
+wonderful negro, Toussaint Louverture, noting the attractive example
+of the benevolent despots in Europe, had, under republican forms, not
+only abolished slavery, but had made himself a beneficent dictator.
+The fine but delicate structure of his negro state was easily crushed
+to the earth, but the fighting was fierce and prolonged, the climate
+and the pest were enabled to inaugurate and complete a work of
+slaughter more baleful than that of war, and two-thirds of the French
+invaders, including the commander and fifteen of his generals, fell
+victims to the yellow fever. The French were utterly routed, the sorry
+remnant sailed away, and the blacks fell into the hands of the
+worthless tyrant Dessalines, whose misrule killed the germs of order
+planted by Toussaint. One of our historians thinks this check of
+France by black soldiers to have been a determinative factor in
+American history, for thereafter there could be no question of a Gulf
+and Caribbean empire for France. Louisiana, he indicates, became at
+once a superfluous dependency, costly and annoying. This is a
+far-fetched contention: great as have been the services of the negro
+to the United States since he first fought on the battle-field of
+Monmouth under Washington, the failure of France in San Domingo was
+not through the sword of the blacks, but was an act of God through
+pestilence.
+
+The circumstances that forced Louisiana upon the United States, then a
+petty power with revenues and expenditures less than those of many
+among the single states which now compose the federation, arose from
+Napoleon's European necessities. The cession from Spain included all
+that Spain had received from France, the whole Gulf coast from St.
+Mary's to the Rio Grande, and the French pretensions not only
+northwestward to the Rockies but even to the Pacific. The return made
+to Spain was the insignificant kingdom of Etruria and a solemn pledge
+that, should the First Consul fail in his promise, Louisiana in its
+fullest extent was to be restored to Spain. France therefore might not
+otherwise alienate it to any power whatever. The exacting and
+suspicious spirit shown both by Charles IV and his contemptible
+minister Godoy, Prince of the Peace, had exasperated Bonaparte beyond
+endurance. The Spanish Bourbons were doomed by him to the fate of
+their kinsfolk in France; a pledge to a vanishing phantom of royalty
+was of small account. It was during the delay created by the punctilio
+of Godoy that the failure of the San Domingo expedition extinguished
+all hope of making Louisiana the sole entrepôt and staple of supplies
+for the West Indies. And simultaneously it grew evident that the truce
+negotiated at Amiens as a treaty could not last much longer, that
+either France must endure the humiliation of seeing her profits
+therefrom utterly withheld, or herself declare war, or goad Great
+Britain into a renewal of hostilities. This last, as is well known,
+was the alternative chosen by Napoleon.
+
+Our government had been in despair. The establishment of French empire
+in the West Indies would have destroyed our lucrative trade with the
+islands. It was trying enough that a feeble power like Spain should
+command the outlet of the Mississippi basin, but intolerable that
+such a mastery of the continent should fall into the hands of a strong
+and magisterial power like France. We were in dismay, even after the
+departure of the French from San Domingo. Bonaparte, however, was
+scarcely less disturbed; for Jefferson, despite his avowed Gallicism,
+spiritedly declared both to the First Consul and to Livingston, our
+minister to Paris, that the occupation of Louisiana by the great
+French force organized to that end could only result in an alliance of
+the two English-speaking nations which would utterly banish the French
+flag from the high seas. Bonaparte preserved an outward calm for those
+about him and went his way apparently unperturbed. But inwardly his
+mind seethed, and without long delay he took his choice between the
+courses open to him. It was the first exhibition to himself and his
+family of the imperial despot soon to be known as Napoleon I, Emperor
+of the French. If Britain was the tyrant of the seas, he would be
+despot of the land. To French empire he would reduce Germany, Italy,
+and Spain in subjection, and with all the maritime resources of the
+Continent at his back he would first shut every important port to
+English commerce, and then with allied and dependent fleets at his
+disposal try conclusions with the British Behemoth for liberty of the
+seas and a new colonial empire. By the second camp at Boulogne and the
+occupation of Hanover, Napoleon threw England into panic, while
+simultaneously he began the creation of his grand imperial army and
+thereby menaced Austria, the greatest German power, in her coalition
+with Russia, Sweden, Naples, and Great Britain. The latter, he was
+well aware, could face a hostile demonstration on her front with
+courage, if not with equanimity; and he determined to add a double
+stroke--to gain a harvest of gold and on her rear to strengthen her
+exasperated transatlantic sea rival by selling Louisiana to the
+United States.
+
+[Illustration: Photograph in the collection of Dr. Charles J. Cooper
+
+NAPOLEON I
+
+From the bust by Chaudet, after the death-mask. The bust marks the
+place where stood the bed on which Napoleon died.]
+
+That determination was the turning-point in his career, just as the
+sudden wheel and about-face of the splendid force at Boulogne, when he
+hurled it across Europe at Vienna, displayed at last the turning-point
+in his policy. His brother Lucien had been an influential negotiator
+with Spain and plumed himself on the acquisition of the great domain
+which had been for long the brightest jewel in the crown of France.
+His brother Joseph had negotiated the treaty of Amiens as a step
+preparatory to regaining a magnificent colonial empire for his
+country, an empire of which an old and splendid French possession was
+to be the corner-stone. Both were stunned and then infuriated when
+they learned their brother's resolution, sensations which were
+intensified to fury when they heard him announce that he would work
+his will in spite of all constitutional checks and balances. There is
+no historic scene more grotesque than that depicted by Lucien in his
+memoirs when he and Joseph undertook to oppose Napoleon. The latter
+was luxuriating in his morning bath on April seventh, 1803, in the
+Tuileries when the brothers were admitted. After a long and intimate
+talk on general politics the fateful subject was finally broached by
+Napoleon, as he turned from side to side and wallowed in the perfumed
+water. Neither of the brothers could control his feelings, and the
+controversy grew hot and furious from minute to minute until Joseph,
+leaning over the tub, roared threats of opposition and words of
+denunciation. Brother Napoleon, lifting himself half-way to the top,
+suddenly fell back and clenched his arguments by splashing a full
+flood in the face and over the body of Joseph, drenching him to the
+skin. A valet was summoned, entered, and, paralyzed by the fury of the
+scene, fell in a dead faint. New aid was called and, the fires of
+passion being quenched for the time, the conflict ended until
+Napoleon and Joseph were decently clothed, when it was renewed in the
+office of the secretary Bourrienne. Ere long hot words were again
+spoken, violent language was succeeded by violent gestures, until at
+last Napoleon in a theatrical rage dashed his snuff-box on the floor,
+and the contestants separated. Disjointed and fierce as was the stormy
+argument, it revealed the whole of the imperial policy.
+
+Meanwhile events in America, if not so picturesque and majestic, were
+equally tempestuous. The peace policy of Jefferson was rapidly going
+to pieces in the face of a westward menace, the Federalists were
+jubilant, and in the Senate James Ross, of Pennsylvania, called for
+war. When the intendant of Spain at New Orleans denied Americans the
+storage rights they had enjoyed in that city since 1795, the French
+politics of the President fell into general disrepute and contempt,
+for men reasoned _a fortiori_, if such things be done in the green
+tree, what shall be done in the dry? It mattered not that Spain's
+highest official, the governor, disavowed the act, the fire was in the
+stubble. The intendant was stubborn and the fighting temper waxed hot.
+Both the governor and the Spanish envoy at Washington disavowed the
+act again and rebuked the subordinate. Congress was soothed, but not
+so the people of the West and South. They were fully aware, as have
+been all our frontiersmen and pioneers from the beginning, that the
+Mississippi and all the lands it waters are the organic structure of
+unity and successful settlement on this continent. The Pacific and
+Atlantic coast strips, even the great but bleak valley of the St.
+Lawrence, are mere incidents of territorial unity and political
+control when compared with the great alluvion of the Mississippi. This
+was unknown, utterly unknown, and worse yet, entirely indifferent to
+our statesmen. Madison certainly, and possibly Jefferson, believed
+that western immigration would pause and end on the east bank of the
+Father of Waters.
+
+Yet party government was a necessity under the American system, and
+Jefferson's ladder, the Republican party, would be knocked into its
+component parts should the West and South, noisy, exacting, and
+turbulent, desert and go over to the expiring faction of the
+Federalists; nay, worse, it might be forced into almost complete
+negation of its own existence by a forced adoption of the
+Federalist policy, alliance with Great Britain--monarchic and
+aristocratic--rather than with radical and democratic France. What
+could a distracted partizan do? Jefferson was adroit and inventive.
+He sent James Monroe to negotiate with Bonaparte for the purchase
+of New Orleans and both Floridas at the price of two millions, or
+upward to ten, for all or part, whatever he could get; he was not
+even to disdain the deposit or storage right, if nothing else could
+be had, and if he could get nothing, he was to await instructions.
+With such credentials he sailed on March eighth, 1803. A
+peace-lover must sometimes speak low and small, even as cowards
+sometimes do. Three weeks later appeared in New Orleans Laussat,
+the advance agent of French occupation; Victor and his troops were
+to follow. It is not possible to conceive that a foreign policy
+could be more perplexing, confused, or uncertain than that of the
+philosophic theorist who is the hero of the strict-constructionist
+party in these United States.
+
+Robert R. Livingston, the regular American envoy at Paris, had, under
+his instructions from home, worked with skill and zeal on the
+spoliation claims and incidentally on the question of the Mississippi
+and the Floridas. While the colonization schemes of Bonaparte seemed
+feasible, Livingston made no headway whatever, except to extort an
+admission that the spoliation claims were just. Neither Talleyrand nor
+Livingston was much concerned about the great Northwest. The American
+was clear that the importance of any control lay in the possession of
+New Orleans, and on April eleventh, 1803, he said so to the French
+minister, vigorously and squarely declaring further that a persistent
+refusal of our request would unite us with Great Britain to the
+serious discomfiture of France in her colonial aspirations. This was
+said with some asperity, for Livingston had been aware that the First
+Consul wanted all negotiation transferred to Washington under the
+guidance of a special envoy, the wilful Bernadotte, sent for the
+purpose; and now, worse yet, he himself was to be superseded by
+Monroe. He had been a diligent and even importunate negotiator; it was
+a ray of comfort in later days to recall that the first suggestion for
+the sale of all Louisiana was made to him in that momentous interview.
+
+What had occurred Livingston could not know. It was this. On the
+morning of that very day there reached the Tuileries despatches giving
+in full detail an account of the tremendous preparations making in
+England for the renewal of war both by land and sea. Bonaparte's
+impatience knew no bounds. Hitherto he had concealed his true policy
+of sale behind a scheme to spend the purchase-money on internal
+improvements in France, and he had on his work-table map-outlines for
+five great canals. Now, at daybreak, he summoned Barbé-Marbois,
+sometime French consul-general in the United States, an official of
+state with a thorough knowledge of our affairs, and ordered that a
+negotiation for the sale, not of the Floridas and New Orleans, but of
+all Louisiana, should immediately be opened with Livingston. He fixed
+the price at fifty million francs. The envoy could of course do
+nothing, but he thought thirty millions enough. Next day Monroe
+arrived at Havre, and reaching Paris on the thirteenth, that very same
+day Barbé-Marbois and our two great statesmen began to treat. Upon
+Monroe and Livingston devolved a momentous responsibility. To Monroe
+by a most indefinite implication was left a certain liberty, for under
+no circumstances whatsoever was he to end a negotiation if once it was
+begun. And here, instead of minimizing terms, was, so to speak, a
+great universe of land tender. But we had not so easily thrown off the
+bright and glistening garment of righteousness as had Napoleon
+Bonaparte, and in the minds of both Americans was the question,
+non-existent for the First Consul, as he himself squarely said, of
+whether the inhabitants of the district, men and women, human souls,
+could be dealt in as chattels are.
+
+Livingston had already seen darkly as in a glass what possession of
+the west might do for the United States. Bonaparte's contributions to
+the discussion were terse and trenchant. If he did not transfer the
+title right speedily, a British fleet would take possession almost in
+a twinkling; the transfer, he said, might in three centuries make
+America the rival of Europe; why not? it was a long way ahead; but, on
+the other hand, there never had been an enduring confederation, and
+this one in America was unlikely to begin the series; finally, he
+wanted the cash, as the United States wanted the land. Let there be no
+delay. And there was none. The terms of the sale and the facts of the
+transfer do not concern us here. In Bonaparte the United States had no
+friend; but what the ancient régime began in helping to establish
+American independence, the First Consul completed; for, thanks to him,
+the war of 1812 was fought for commercial liberty, while the
+exploitation of Louisiana has made the nation what it is to-day. The
+great territory, with all its responsibilities and possibilities, made
+the United States a world power; a puny enough power at first, but it
+has grown. Jefferson and his agents were primarily statesmen for the
+purpose of existing conditions, and in Monroe's mission desired a
+remedy solely and entirely for party evils. They had, however, the
+courage to accept the fortune forced upon them, even though in their
+case, as in that of Bonaparte, it entailed, we repeat, a complete
+reversal of all the political and party principles of the platform on
+which they had hitherto stood.
+
+The change wrought by the Louisiana purchase in American life and
+culture was simply revolutionary. Hitherto in our weakness we had
+faced backward, varying between two ideas of European alliance. We
+virtually had British and French parties. Jefferson, who represented
+the latter, thought of no other alternative in his trouble than to
+strike hands with England. With Louisiana on our hands, we turned our
+faces to our own front door. The Louisiana we bought had no Pacific
+outlet in reality, but the Lewis and Clark expedition gave it one, and
+that we have broadened by war and by purchase until we control the
+western shore of the continent. Under such engrossing cares we ceased
+to think of either French or British ties, except as exasperating, and
+became not merely Americans, but, realizing Washington's aspirations,
+turned into real continentals, with a scorn of all entanglements
+whatever. In the occupation and settlement of Louisiana the slavery
+question became acute, and the struggle to expand that system over
+Louisiana soil precipitated the Civil War.
+
+But if the change in national outlook was radical, that in
+constitutional attitude was even more so. The constitutions of our
+original states were the expression of political habits in a
+community, the Federal Constitution was in the main a transcript of
+those elements which were common in some degree to all the British
+colonies. It was an age of written constitutions, because the flux of
+institutions was so rapid that men needed a mooring for the
+substantial gains they had made. The past was so recent that statesmen
+were timid, and they wanted their metes and bounds to be fixed by a
+monument. Nothing was more natural than to pause and fall back on the
+record thus made permanent, and strict construction was and long
+continued to be a political fetish. The Louisiana purchase was a
+circumstance of the first importance in party struggle. Yet neither
+Federalist nor Republican dared, after mature deliberation, to urge
+the question of constitutional amendment as essential to meet the
+crisis thus precipitated. The enormous price entailed what was felt to
+be an intolerable burden of taxation, and in the uproar of spoken and
+printed debate played no small part. But the vital question was
+whether the adjustment of new relations was constitutional.
+
+Never did the kaleidoscope of politics display a more surprising
+reversal of effect. The loose-construction party lost its wits
+entirely, while the strict constructionists suddenly became the
+apostles not of verbal but of logical construction. Jefferson violated
+his principles in signing the treaty, but he was easily persuaded that
+amendment was not necessary, that on the contrary the treaty-making
+power covered the case completely. This was not conquest, which would
+have been covered by the war power, but purchase, which is covered by
+the treaty power, surrendered, like the other, by the states to the
+federal government. The Federalists were represented in the House by
+Gaylord Griswold; in the Senate by Ross and Pickering. Their
+resistance was identical in both factious to the highest degree. They
+contended that the executive had usurped the powers of Congress by
+regulating commerce with foreign powers and by incorporating foreign
+soil and foreign people with the United States, this last being a
+power which it was doubtful whether Congress possessed. Supposing,
+however, that New Orleans became American, how could a treaty be valid
+which gave preferential treatment to that single port in admitting
+French and Spanish ships on equal terms with those owned by Americans?
+The treaty, they asseverated, was therefore unconstitutional and, even
+worse, impolitic, because we were unfitted and did not desire to
+incorporate into our delicately balanced system peoples different in
+speech, faith, and customs from ourselves. They were, however, only
+mildly opposed to expansion; they were determined and captious in the
+interpretation of the Constitution. The party in power were avowedly
+expansionist; their retort was equally dialectic and vapid. The whole
+discussion would have been empty except for Pickering's contention
+that there existed no power to incorporate foreign territory into the
+United States, as was stipulated by the treaty. The House had
+resolved, ninety to twenty-five, to provide the money and had
+appointed a committee on provisional government; the Senate ratified
+the treaty, twenty-six to five.
+
+What made the debates and action of Congress epochal was the
+Federalist contention that Thomas Jefferson as provisional and interim
+governor was nothing more or less than an American despot in
+succession to a Spanish tyrant. Where was the Constitution now; where
+would it be when in appointing the necessary officials--executive,
+judicial, and legislative--he would usurp not merely Spanish despotism
+but the powers of both the other branches of the federal government?
+The Republicans quibbled, too; to appoint these three classes of
+officials was not to exercise their powers. But they confirmed in
+unanswerable logic a distinction thus far only mooted in our political
+history--that between states and territories. Already presidential
+appointees were exercising all three powers in Mississippi and
+Indiana. This clenched the contentions of the Republicans, and the
+bill for provisional government passed by an overwhelming vote on
+October thirty-first. Both parties throughout the struggle had tacitly
+abandoned the position that Congress possessed merely delegated powers
+and nothing further except the ability to carry them into effect. Both
+therefore admitted the possible interpretation of the Constitution
+under stress of necessity, and the Federalists in their quibbling
+contentions lost hold everywhere except in New England. That section
+saw its influence eclipsed by the preponderance of Southern and
+Western power and ere long was ripe for secession.
+
+Volumes have been written and more will be on the romance of the
+Louisiana purchase; Josiah Quincy threatened the dismemberment of the
+Union when the present state of Louisiana was admitted in 1812; but
+for Jefferson's wisdom in exploration it might have remained a
+wilderness long after settlement began; Great Britain coveted it in
+1815 when Jackson saved it; Aaron Burr probably coveted an empire
+within it; Napoleon III had dreams of its return to the new France he
+was to found in Mexico. Excluding the Floridas, which Spain would not
+concede as a part of it, and the Oregon country, the territory thus
+acquired was greater than that of Great Britain, Germany, France,
+Spain, Portugal, and Italy combined. Its agricultural and mineral
+resources were, humanly speaking, inexhaustible. No wonder it excited
+the cupidity as it stirred the imagination of mankind; no wonder if
+men avid to retain their power were dismayed at the preponderance it
+was sure to exert eventually in a federal union of states. At the
+present moment fourteen of our commonwealths, with a population of
+about sixteen millions and a taxable wealth of seven billions, occupy
+its soil. By the time we are fifty years older, at the present rate of
+settlement, these will contain about a third of the power in the Union
+as determined by numbers and prosperity. All of them, however, were
+from the first administrative districts, never states, and by the
+retroactive influence of this fact state sovereignty has thus been
+made an empty phrase.
+
+And this leads us to remember that, if the Louisiana purchase
+revolutionized our national outlook, our constitutional attitude, and
+our sectional control, it quite as radically changed our national
+texture. From that hour to this we have called to the masses of Europe
+for help to develop the wilderness, and they have come by millions,
+until now the men and women of Revolutionary stock probably number
+less than fifteen millions in the entire country. These later
+Americans have, like the migrations of the Norsemen in central and
+southern Europe, proved so conservative in their Americanism that they
+outrun their predecessors in loyalty to its essentials. They made the
+Union as it now is, in a very high sense, and there is no question
+that in the throes of civil war it was their blood which flowed at
+least as freely as ours in its defense. It is they who have kept us
+from developing on colonial lines and have made us a nation separate
+and apart. This it is which has prevented the powerful influence of
+Great Britain from inundating us, while simultaneously two
+English-speaking peoples have reacted one upon the other in their
+radical differences to keep aflame the zeal for exploration,
+beneficent occupation, and general exploitation of the globe in the
+interests of a high civilization. The localities of the Union have
+been stimulated into such activities that manufactures and agriculture
+have run a mighty race; commerce alone lags, and no wonder, for
+Louisiana gave us a land world of our own, a home market more valuable
+than both the Indies or the continental mass of the Far East.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+NAPOLEON'S PLACE IN HISTORY
+
+     Exhaustion -- The Change in Napoleon's Views -- Intermitting
+     Powers -- Their Extinction -- Common Sense and Idealism -- The
+     Man and the World -- The Philosophy of Expediency -- A Mediating
+     Work -- French Institutions -- Transformation of France --
+     Napoleon and English Policy -- His Work in Germany -- French
+     Influence in Italy and Eastern Europe -- Napoleon and the Western
+     World.
+
+[Sidenote: Summary]
+
+If Napoleon's qualities as usurper, statesman, and warrior be as
+remarkable as they appear, why was his time so short, what were the
+causes of his decline, and what is his place in history? The causes of
+his decline may be summed up in a single word--exhaustion. There
+exists no record of human activity more complete than is that of
+Napoleon Bonaparte's life. In its beginnings we can see this worshiper
+of power stimulating his immature abilities in vain until, with
+reckless desperation, he closed the period of training and made his
+scandalous bargain with Barras; then, grown suddenly, inexplicably
+rich, becoming with better clothing, food, and lodging physically more
+vigorous, he seems mercilessly to drive the rowels into his own flanks
+until initiative, ingenuity, and ruthlessness are displayed with
+apparently superhuman dimensions. The period of achievement is short,
+but glorious in politics; the age of domination is long and exciting.
+Throughout both there is the same wanton physical excess and
+intellectual dissipation. Then comes the turn. Every human age has in
+it the germs of the next; we begin to die at birth, and the
+characteristic qualities and powers of one period diminish as those of
+the next increase. So it was with Napoleon. He compressed so much,
+both as regards the number and importance of events, into so short a
+space that his times are like those wrinkled Japanese pictures which
+are made by shriveling a large print into a small compass--intense and
+deep, but unreal. To change the metaphor, he found the ship of state
+dashing onward, with her helm lashed and no one daring to take the
+task of the steersman in hand. He cut the lashings and laid hold. His
+unassisted efforts as a pilot gave the vessel a new course; but he had
+no steam or other mechanical power, no _deus ex machinâ_, to aid him;
+and, as the storm increased, exhaustion followed; he seemed to be
+steering when, in reality, his actions were under the compulsion of
+events he was not controlling; and this continued until the wreck.
+
+But the inertia of his powers resembled their rise so perfectly as to
+represent continuous growth, and thus to deceive observers: in a few
+years he had ordered the Revolutionary chaos of western Europe to his
+liking, and the resultant organization worked by the principles he had
+infused into it. As he saw his imperfect and shallow theories of
+society successively confounded, he had no vigor left to reconstruct
+them and adapt himself to new situations. His efforts at the rôle of
+liberator throughout the Hundred Days deserve careful study. He simply
+could not yield or adapt himself, except in non-essentials. The shifts
+to which he had resort would have been ridiculous had they not been
+pathetic. The governmental forms attempted by the Revolution had been
+successively destroyed by the furious energy of Jacobinism: the
+Directory was but a compromise, and when it took refuge for safety in
+the army its performances seemed to the masses sure to bring back the
+Terror; the Consulate was only a disguised monarchy founded on
+military force; and as royalism was impossible, there seemed to vast
+numbers no other alternative than the Empire. That there was no other
+alternative was due to Napoleon's imperious character, now developed
+to its utmost extent. He was selfish, hardened, and, though active
+like his symbolic bee, without capacity for further development. His
+mother knew that he could not hold out; she said it, and saved money
+for a rainy day. He himself had haunting premonitions of this truth.
+His passion to perpetuate himself by founding a dynasty was the real
+basis for his warlike ardor. Profoundly moved, in fact awe-stricken,
+by the imperishable hatred of the older dynasties, and yet reveling in
+his military genius, he waged war ruthlessly and with zest, enjoying
+the discomfiture of his foes, and delighting in the exercise of his
+powers. But, after all, war was but a means. He frequently dwelt on
+the advantages of hereditary succession; he lingered with suspicious
+frequency over the satisfaction a dynastic ruler must feel in the
+devotion or, if not that, in the submissiveness of his people; he was
+hypersensitive to the slightest popular disturbance; and he must have
+foreboded his own fall, since he was accustomed to wear poison in an
+amulet around his neck, so that when the great crisis should arrive he
+might take his own life. "Ah! why am I not my grandson?" he longingly
+ejaculated.
+
+This single cause of Napoleon's fall can be better seen in the record
+of his second captivity than in any other portion of his life. There
+is no such thing as absolute exhaustion short of death. But
+intermittent and flickering exertion is symptomatic of failing powers
+in a jaded horse; it forebodes the end in a worn-out man. Cheerful and
+busy at first, because recruited by a long and favorable sea-voyage,
+he set out in St. Helena at a racing gait to write history and mold
+the public opinion of Europe. Playful and energetic, he caught
+together the scanty remnants of his momentary grandeur, and emulated
+the masters of ceremony at the Tuileries in organizing a court and
+issuing edicts for the conduct of its little affairs. His life was to
+be that of a caged lion--caged, but yet a lion. The plan would not
+work. In the affairs of Longwood there were, as everywhere, hitches
+and irregularities. To Napoleon these soon became not the incidents,
+but the substance of life. With the departure of his secretaries the
+business of biographical composition became first irksome, then
+impossible, and the poor muse of history was finally turned out of
+doors. To regular exercise succeeded spasmodic over-exertion;
+complaint became the subject-matter for the exercise of both mind and
+tongue; daily association with kindly but second-rate persons checked
+the flow of great ideas; the combinations of Austerlitz and Wagram
+gave place to the small moves in a game of spite with a bureaucratic
+British governor. From the days of his boyhood until his alliance with
+Barras the exile had been a dreamy, vague, indefinite, unsuccessful
+fellow; his powers were not quickly developed. While he had France and
+Europe to work upon, he showed the extraordinary qualities repeatedly
+outlined, mind and hand, thought and deed, working together. Already
+jaded, his stupendous capacity became intermittent after the fatal
+armistice of Poischwitz; but it worked, for it still had the raw
+material of grand strategy and great politics to work on. This
+continued until after Waterloo. That battle, not a great one in
+itself, was nevertheless epic, both in its effects upon the world and
+in its ruin of the brains which had swayed the destinies of Europe for
+twenty years. Between the flight to Charleroi and the escape to the
+_Bellerophon_, Napoleon shows no pluck and no brains.
+
+In actual captivity his mind was without a sufficient task and under
+no pressure from necessity. It consequently, though somewhat
+invigorated at first, intermitted more and more toward the close,
+working, when it did work, awkwardly and with friction, until the
+physical collapse came, and the end was reached. The attempts to
+remodel history, the efforts to delineate his own and others' motives,
+the specious summaries of his career and its epochs, the fragmentary
+expositions of his philosophy in ethics, politics, and psychology--all
+the stately volumes which bear his name, his literary remains, in
+fact, present a pitiful sight when closely examined. They are but the
+scoriæ of a burnt-out mind, but dust and ashes; a splendid mass, but
+an extinct volcano. It was only natural that his successors and
+admirers should seek to erect a more enduring foundation for his fame
+by collecting and carefully editing what he had written when at his
+best, when acting according to his momentary, normal impulse, and
+when, therefore, he had the least pose and the greatest sincerity. But
+it is a proof of their shrewdness that they selected and published
+less and less after Erfurt, and that out of the voluminous pen-product
+of St. Helena they chose a hundred and fifty pages which the
+"Correspondence," intended to be the most splendid monument to the
+Emperor's glory, could present as authentic biographical material.
+
+If, then, Napoleon was after all but a plain man, how did he become a
+personage? Simply because he was the typical man of his day, less the
+personal mediocrity; the typical burgher in personal character, the
+typical soldier in war, the typical despot in peace, and the typical
+idealist in politics; capable in all these qualities of analysis;
+capable, consequently, of being understood; capable of exhaustion and
+of being overwhelmed by combinations. In other words, he was really
+great because he was the shrewd common-sense personage of his age,
+considering the ideal social structure as a level of comfort in money,
+in shelter, in food, in clothes, in religion, in morality, in decency,
+in domestic good-nature, in the commonplace good things fairly divided
+as far as they would go round. This was the side of his nature which
+in a period of social exhaustion planted him four-square as a social
+force, presented him to France as the rock against which the "red
+fool-fury" of Jacobinism had dashed itself to pieces, and gave him for
+a time command of all hearts. Thus established, he at once fell heir
+to French tradition--that is, to the continuous policy of the nation
+in foreign and domestic affairs; which was that France should be the
+Jupiter in the Olympus of European nations by reason of her excellence
+both in beauty and in strength. Here was a temptation not to be
+resisted, the superlative temptation like that of the serpent and the
+woman, the chance to transcend by knowledge, the opportunity to "hitch
+his wagon to a star," to commingle the glory of France with his own
+until the elements were no longer separable. Into this snare, great as
+he was in his representative plainness, he fell, and in the ensuing
+confusion he not only destroyed himself, but brought the proud and
+splendid nation which had cherished him to the very verge of
+destruction. He could not sway one emancipated people without swaying
+an emancipated Europe, and this after Austerlitz he determined to do.
+Then he lost his head: his wisdom turned out to be nothing but
+adoration of mere expediency; his strength proved weakness when, with
+his imperial idealism, he braved in Spain the idealism of a true
+nation; his vaunted physical endurance disappeared with
+self-indulgence, the golden head and brazen loins fell in a crash as
+the feet of clay disintegrated before the storm of national
+uprisings.
+
+This being true, we have in his career every element of epic
+greatness: a colossal man, a chaotic age, the triumph of principle,
+the reëstablishment of historical equilibrium by means of a giant cast
+away when no longer needed. And this epic quality, which is not in the
+man alone nor in the age alone, appears when the two are combined, and
+then only. Looking at him in our cold light, he has every attribute of
+the commonplace adventurer; looking at the France of 1786 with our
+perspective, the people and the times appear almost mad in their
+frantic efforts to accomplish the work of ages in the moments of a
+single lifetime. Yet combine the two, and behold the man of the third
+estate rising, advancing, reflecting, and then planting himself in the
+foreground as the most dramatic figure of public life, and you have a
+scene, a stage, and actors which cannot be surpassed in the range of
+history. To the end of the Consulate the action is powerful, because
+it represents reality: a nation unified, a people restored to
+wholesome influences, peace inaugurated, constitutional government
+established. There is so far no tawdry decoration, no fine clothes, no
+posing, no ranting. But with the next scene, that of the Empire, the
+spectator becomes aware of all these annoyances, and more. The leading
+actor grows self-conscious, identifies himself with the public
+interest for personal ends and to the detriment of the nation,
+displays no moral or artistic self-restraint, and soon arranges every
+element so as to make his studied personal ambitions appear like the
+resultants of ominous forces which act from without, and against which
+he is donning the armor of despotism for the public good. The play
+becomes a human tragicomedy, and, verging to its close, ends, like the
+tragedies of the Greeks, with a people betrayed and the force of the
+age chained to a torrid rock as the sport of the elements.
+
+Was this the end, and did Napoleon have no place in history, as many
+historians have lately been contending? Far from it. From his couch of
+porphyry beneath the gilded dome on the banks of the Seine, the
+Emperor, though "dead and turned to clay," still exercises a powerful
+sway. The actual Napoleonic Empire had, as we have before remarked, a
+striking resemblance to those of Alexander and Charlemagne. Based, as
+were these, upon conquest, and continued for a little life by the
+idealism of a single person, it seemed like a brilliant bubble on the
+stream of time. But Alexander hellenized the civilization of his day,
+and prepared the world for Christianity; Charlemagne plowed, harrowed,
+and sowed the soil of barbaric Europe, making it receptive for the
+most superb of all secular ideals, that of nationality; Napoleon tore
+up the system of absolutism by the roots, propagated in the most
+distant lands of Europe the modern conception of individual rights,
+overthrew the rotten structure of the German-Roman empire, and in
+spite of himself regenerated the long-abused ideas of nationality and
+fatherland. It must be confessed that his own shallow political
+science, the second-hand Rousseauism he had learned from his desultory
+reading, had little to do with this, except negatively. One by one he
+saw his faiths made ridiculous by the violent phases of Jacobinism
+after it took control of the Revolutionary movement. His heart, his
+conscience, his intellect, all undisciplined, then revolted against
+the metaphysic which had misled him, and "ideologist" became his most
+contemptuous epithet. Controlled by instinct and ambition, he
+nevertheless remained throughout his period the one thorough idealist
+among the men of action, Goethe being the superlative, transcendent
+genius of idealism among the thinkers. Each successive day saw his
+scorn of physical limitations increase, his impatience of language,
+customs, laws, of local attachment, personal fidelity, and national
+patriotism grow. The result was a fixed conviction that for humanity
+at large all these were naught. At last he planted himself upon the
+burgher philosophy of utility and expediency, putting his faith in the
+loyalty of his family, in homely dependence upon matrimonial alliance,
+in the passion of humanity for physical ease and earthly well-being.
+This was the concert by which he sought to create a federation of
+beneficent kingdoms that would win all men to the prime mover. Space
+and time rebelled; the lofty ideals of humanity and philosophy would
+not down; selfishness proved impotent as a support; the dreamer
+recognized that again he had been deceived. Haggard and exhausted, he
+finally turned, in the rôle of Napoleon Liberator, to the notion of
+nationality and of government swayed by popular will in all its
+phases. But it was too late. Instead of being the leader of a van, he
+had forgotten, in his own phrase, to keep pace with the march of
+ideas, and was a straggler in the rear, without a moral status or a
+devoted following.
+
+All this is true; but it is equally true that much of his work endured
+both in France and in the civilized world. In France, indeed, the work
+he did has been in some details only too enduring. History is there to
+tell us that the test of high civilization is not necessarily in great
+dimensions. Those histories of the ancient world in which humanity
+seems strange and distasteful, of Egypt, Phenicia, Babylon, and
+Assyria, were wide in extent and long in duration: those of Greece and
+Rome, whose poets, statesmen, legislators, and warriors are our
+despair, were small in proportion and comparatively short in duration,
+while they were normal and healthy; the world-empires of both were
+neither natural nor admirable. It will not do, therefore, to judge
+Napoleon by the length of his career, nor by the standards of other
+times and different circumstances. The centralization of
+administration in the commonwealth which he rescued from the clutches
+of anarchy was probably essential to the rescue; the expediency which
+he deliberately cultivated in the Concordat, in the laws of the family
+and inheritance, and in the fatal Continental System, was possibly a
+statesman's palliative for momentary political disease. His artificial
+aristocracy, his system of great fiefs, his financial shifts--who
+dares to say that these institutions did not meet a temporary want?
+Moreover, it is worth considering whether a direct reaction to
+moderate, sane republicanism from extreme and furious Jacobinism was
+possible at all, and whether a reaction from Napoleon's imperial
+democracy was not easier and the results more permanent. In other
+words, is it likely that the third French republic could have been the
+direct successor of the first? The question is certainly debatable. No
+pen can so delineate the sufferings of France under Napoleonic
+institutions as that of Taine has so ably and scathingly done; his
+wonderful etching powerfully exhibits painful truths. But who is to
+blame if a nation is hampered by its administration, by a
+centralization it no longer needs, by social regulations which it has
+outgrown, by political habits which do not suit the age? Not alone the
+man who inaugurated them, for ends partly selfish but also partly
+statesmanlike; the people who timidly endure are responsible for the
+doom which will certainly overtake any nation living in a social and
+political structure antiquated and unsuitable.
+
+One thing at least the new France has done with magisterial style: she
+has introduced into her political machinery respect for political
+habit. The French government of to-day is distinctly an outgrowth of
+conditions, and not of theories. Its constitution has none of the
+fatal marks of completeness which her other republican constitutions
+have borne; on the contrary, there never was a period in modern times
+when to the outsider French institutions seemed as crescive as they do
+to-day. And they have abundant material on which to work. There are
+signs that the system of nations as armed camps, for which Napoleon
+set the example, is breaking by its own weight; modern armies are
+mostly national schools controlled by scientific inquisitiveness and
+permeated by a civic spirit; the pacific federal system of the great
+European powers sometimes seems feeble and rickety, but it is in
+existence. Alliances are now federations for peace; the Triple
+Alliance continues to be a federation for peace; so too the Sextuple
+Alliance, so energetic and persistent in its support of Turkey, has
+been a federation for peace. Perhaps the day is nearer than we think
+when the Hague tribunal shall develop a vigorous, practical working
+system of international understandings, without appeal to war. Then
+certainly, but long before, let us hope, France may anchor her
+liberties in a bill of rights, destroy judicial inquisition, begin to
+slacken the bonds of her prefectoral system, emancipate her
+universities and academies, regenerate public feeling as to the
+increase of population by modifying her laws of the family, and go on
+not only to populate her own fertile fields, but to make the
+magnificent colonies which she has acquired the future homes of
+countless children, a field for exerting her superfluous energy--in
+short, when she may slough off her now superfluous Napoleonic
+institutions.
+
+It would be utterly unjust, however, to plead a justification of
+Napoleon solely by such a monumental fact as that he was in all
+likelihood the forerunner of modern France. Even when the country
+adopted him, his positive, direct influence for good was great. The
+Concordat whatever its faults, partly secured a free church and a free
+state, separating thus what God had never joined together in holy
+wedlock; his splendid codes--for no matter who pondered and shaped
+them, they were his in execution--have guaranteed the perpetuity of
+civil equality not only in France, but, as the sequel has shown,
+throughout great expanses of Europe; the questions of a nation's right
+to its chosen ruler and government, agitated in a new form during the
+Hundred Days, were those with which succeeding generations were
+concerned until they were answered in the affirmative. The difference
+between the France of 1802 and that of 1815 is on one side painful,
+but on another side it is remarkably significant. The former was
+transitional and chaotic; the latter had that amazing but completed
+social union, stronger than any ever known in history, which has saved
+the country in succeeding storm-periods. In it there was respect for
+persons, for contract, for property; the administration was unitary,
+homogeneous, and active; the finances, though not regulated, were
+restored to vigor; and the processes were inaugurated by which the
+great cities of France have become healthful and beautiful, while at
+the same time the internal improvements of the country have been
+systematized and rendered splendid in their efficiency. Revolutionary
+concepts were so modified and assimilated that the efforts of the
+dynasties, when put to the test of public opinion, failed because they
+were felt to be absurd by the masses. It was one of Napoleon's
+aphorisms that "to have the right of using nations, you must begin by
+serving them well." Like a good burgher, he made his servants
+comfortable and happy. His example, moreover, was reflected abroad
+throughout Europe; and to the millions of plain and not very shrewd
+inhabitants of other lands, the Revolution, as Napoleon had shaped it,
+lost many of the horrors with which Jacobinism, to the everlasting
+damnation of both the thing and its name, had clothed it. It is a
+question whether there was in existence a strong liberal France, such
+as idealists depict, that could pacifically have done this wonderful
+work. Examining and duly weighing the desperation of dynastic
+absolutism, it looks as if nothing but the counter-poison of
+Napoleon's militarism could have prevented its annihilating French
+liberalism. Without Napoleon the conservative liberalism of to-day
+would have been impossible.
+
+Turning to the field of general history, there are certain facts,
+admittedly Napoleon's doing, which quite as certainly are among the
+most important factors of contemporary politics. Of themselves
+these would suffice to give him a high place in constructive
+history. In the first place, he deprived England of the monopoly in
+what had long been essentially and peculiarly her political ideal.
+What was the basis of the long conflict between England and France
+to which Napoleon fell heir? Was the struggle of these two glorious
+and enlightened sister nations a struggle for territorial
+ascendancy in Europe? Not entirely. Was it a life-and-death
+struggle for ascendancy in the western world? No. The Seven Years'
+War had decided that question against France, and the American war
+for independence had in a sense evened the score in its decision
+against England; for the prize had been awarded to a new people.
+No; the conflict did not rage over this. What, then, was the cause?
+Nothing less than a passion for the ascendancy of one of these
+highest forms of civilization throughout the globe, including both
+Europe and America. This Anglo-Saxon political, commercial,
+religious, and social conception was, after the Napoleonic wars, no
+longer confined to Great Britain. Thence onward the great powers
+of Europe have been chiefly concerned, aside from their care for
+self-preservation, in partitioning Africa and Asia among
+themselves; and this process is no sooner complete than they begin
+to murmur about the Monroe doctrine and to cast longing eyes toward
+Central and South America. The state system which was once European
+has become coextensive with the sphere on which we live, and this
+notion of world-domination, so denounced when held by Napoleon, has
+become the motive-power of every great modern civilization.
+
+If we consider the national politics of Europe beyond the boundaries
+of France, history again becomes a record of influences started by
+Napoleon's works, either of commission or of omission. Russia's
+grandeur as a European power appears to be largely due to the
+temporary extinction of Poland's hope for national resurrection. Had
+Napoleon, instead of playing his doubtful game with the grand duchy of
+Warsaw, turned into an autonomous permanency the scarcely known
+provisional government of Poland, which he actually inaugurated and
+which worked for a considerable time, and had he restored to its sway
+both the Prussian and Austrian shares in the shameless partition, we
+might have seen quite another result to the military migration of
+1812. We can scarcely doubt, moreover, that Poland, restored under
+French protection, would have been a buffer state between Russia,
+Prussia, and Austria, rendering the crushing coalition an
+impossibility in 1813, while in 1814 the allies could probably never
+have crossed the French frontier, if indeed they had dared to go even
+so far in their march across Europe. But his positive achievement was
+quite as important. The Germany of to-day is a great federal state
+guided, but not dominated, by Prussia. What are its other important
+members? Bavaria, Würtemberg, and Baden--all three in their present
+extent and influence the creations of Napoleon; the nice balance of
+powers in the German Empire is due to his arrangement of the map.
+There is even a sense in which all Germany, as we know it, sprang full
+armed from his head. He not merely taught the peoples of central
+Europe their strategy, tactics, and military organization: it was he
+who carried the standard of enlightenment (in his own interest, of
+course, but still he carried it) through the length and breadth of
+their territories, and made its significance clear to the meanest
+intellect of their teeming millions. Thereafter the longings for
+German unity, for German fatherland, for the organization of German
+strength into one movement, could never be checked. The swarm of petty
+tyrants who had modeled their life and conduct on the example of Louis
+XIV, and who in struggling to vie with his villainies had debauched
+themselves and their peoples, was swept away by Napoleon's
+ruthlessness, to give place to the larger, more wholesome nationality
+of the nineteenth century, which was destined in the end to inspire
+the surrounding nations with the new concept of respect, not alone for
+one's own nationality, but for that of others.
+
+What French influence effected in Italy is a topic so recondite as to
+require separate discussion; for the results were not so immediate or
+so dramatic as they were in Germany. But the destruction of petty
+governments was as ruthless as in the north; the ideas which marched
+in Bonaparte's ranks found at least a large minority of intelligent
+admirers among the invaded; and Italian unity, though won by a family
+he feared and abused, is in no doubtful sense indebted for its
+existence, not merely to Napoleon's age, but to the ideas he
+disseminated and to the efforts at a practical beginning which he
+made. As to Austria-Hungary, the new historical epoch which makes her
+essentially the empire of the lower Danube takes its rise from
+Napoleon's time and influence. The relaxation of her grasp on Italy
+has thrown her across the Adriatic for the territorial expansion
+essential to her position as a great power. It has been her mission to
+rescue by moral influence some of the fairest lands in the Balkan
+peninsula from waste and anarchy. Mere proximity is a powerful factor;
+the turbulence of Austrian local patriotism has been the seed of
+wholesome discontent among the Christian populations of Turkey, whose
+first awakening was largely due to the emissaries sent by Napoleon to
+fire the hearts of the oppressed and suffering subjects of that
+distracted land. Servia is one example of this; and in a sense the
+national awakening of Greece began with the hopes similarly aroused.
+
+The astounding magic of his name in the United States is partly due to
+a quality of the American mind which makes its possessor the
+passionate and indiscriminating adorer of greatness in every form. The
+Americans are more French than the French in their admiration of
+power. But, after all, this is not the main reason for their interest
+in Napoleon. They are, dimly at least, aware of certain facts which
+have determined their history and made them an independent nation;
+though already stated and discussed, we may be pardoned for
+recapitulating them in this connection. Their first war for
+independence left them tributary to the mother-country both
+industrially and commercially. It was Napoleon who pitilessly, though
+slyly and indirectly, launched them into the second war with Great
+Britain, from which they emerged with some glory and some sense of
+defeat, but, after all, with the tremendous and permanent gain of
+absolute commercial independence. In the second place, their purchase
+of Louisiana, though understood by only a few at the moment,
+revolutionized their national system both inside and outside. That
+momentous step destroyed the literal interpretation of the
+constitution, hitherto enslaving a congeries of jarring little
+commonwealths in the bondage of verbalism, because, though manifestly
+beneficent and necessary, it could be justified before the law only by
+an appeal to the spirit and not to the letter. Thenceforward Americans
+have steadily been enlarging their constitutional law by
+interpretation, and the apparent timidity of amendment which they
+display is simply due to the absence of necessity for revision as long
+as expansion by interpretation continues. But certainly quite as
+important as this was also the displacement, by the acquisition of
+that vast territory, of what may be called the national center of
+gravity. Until then the aspirations of Americans had been toward
+Europe; the public opinion of the country had, until then, demanded
+the largest possible intercourse with that continent compatible with
+freedom from political entanglement. Thereafter there was a change in
+their spirit: a continent of their own was open to their energies. For
+two generations their history has been concerned with exploration,
+with mechanical invention, and with solving the great problem of how
+to prevent an extension of slavery corresponding to the extension of
+territory. But nevertheless, steadily and vigorously two correlated
+concepts were propagating themselves: neglect of Europe, in order to
+expand and assimilate their recent acquisition; industrial
+exclusiveness, for the sake of this great home market which
+immigration, settlement, and the formation of new commonwealths were
+creating, not at the front door, but in the rear of the states
+stretching along the Atlantic. This resulted in a temporary
+"about-face" of the nation; and it is only now, when the prize of
+material greatness and of territorial unity has been secured, that the
+people turn once more toward the rising sun, in order to get from
+older lands everything germane to its own civilization, and to
+assimilate these acquisitions, if possible, in realizing its own
+ideals of moral grandeur.
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL SOURCES
+
+
+In making this book I had access to the following original sources:
+
+I. Unpublished Documents: _a_, The papers of the French Ministry of
+Foreign Affairs during the years of Napoleon's life, including those
+of the "Fonds Napoléon." _b_, The unpublished correspondence of
+Napoleon kept in the French Ministry of War, including the "Volumes
+Rouges" and the "Dossier de l'Empereur." This is as voluminous at
+least as the published correspondence, but of personal and technical
+rather than political interest. I have also consulted the archives of
+the General Staff in the same building concerning many events
+connected with Napoleon's career. _c_, The papers of Napoleon's youth
+known as the Ashburnham papers, but now owned by the Italian
+government, and kept in the Laurentian Library at Florence. Since I
+used them they have been published by Masson and Biagi, but the
+editors have corrected the text to an extent which is in our day not
+considered scientific. _d_, The despatches of American diplomatists
+resident abroad during Napoleon's career. _e_, Certain papers from the
+Record Office in London relating to Napoleon's surrender and his life
+in St. Helena. _f_, Certain papers of Henri Beyle containing
+characterizations of Napoleon and contemporary anecdotes concerning
+him. These were translated by Jean de Mitty from a cipher manuscript
+in the public library at Grenoble. _g_, A considerable number of
+Napoleon's letters, kindly put at my disposal by various collectors.
+
+II. Published Official Papers. Within the last few years original
+documents concerning the Napoleonic epoch have been printed very
+extensively. Nearly all the important books are based on archival
+research, and the respective authors generally print a certain number
+of despatches or reports in justification of their conclusions. The
+following collections are the most important: _a_, The Correspondence
+of Napoleon. _b_, Official Papers of the Helvetic Republic. _c_,
+Diplomatic Correspondence between Prussia and France, 1795-97. _d_,
+Lord Whitworth's despatches. _e_, Ducasse's Supplement to Napoleon's
+Correspondence. _f_, The Papers of Gentz and Schwarzenberg. _g_, The
+Papers of Metternich. _h_, Napoleon's Letters to Caulaincourt. _i_,
+Napoleon's Letters to King Joseph. _j_, The Letters of King Jerome,
+Queen Catharine, and King Frederick of Würtemberg. _k_, The Papers of
+Castlereagh, Banks, Jackson, and other English statesmen of the time.
+_l_, Diplomatic Correspondence between Russia and France. _m_, The
+Archives of Count Woronzoff. _n_, Diplomatic Correspondence of the
+Sardinian ambassadors at St. Petersburg. _o_, Diplomatic
+Correspondence of the ministers of the republic and kingdom of Italy.
+_p_, Lecestre's Unpublished Letters of Napoleon. This list might be
+extended almost indefinitely by adding such collections as Ducasse's
+Memoirs of King Joseph, Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, the
+Correspondence of Eugène, etc., etc.; but these older books are too
+well known to require enumeration, and, though authentic, are only
+semi-official or personal publications.
+
+III. Contemporary Memoirs. Those titles given in the bibliography are,
+with a few exceptions, the most valuable. The positive, literal truth
+of the so-called memoirs attributed to Bourrienne, Constant,
+Caulaincourt, Barras, Fouché, and Avrillon is very slender. They are
+all made by skilful patchwork and must be read with the utmost
+caution. In fact, it is doubtful whether, with the exception of
+Barras's scandalous record, they have, strictly speaking, any right to
+the names they bear. This much negative value they have: that they
+show how history can be falsified in one interest or another.
+
+During the fourteen years which have elapsed since the book was
+completed for magazine publication, and the twelve since it was
+revised to the form of four volumes, great numbers of what were then
+manuscript journals, memoirs, or letters have been printed and
+published; of these proper use has been made in this edition, and
+their titles are given in the bibliography. The author may be pardoned
+for remarking that few details of importance have been found
+incorrect, wherever experts agree, and that his many critics have made
+no demand for the reconstruction of his characterization in its broad
+outlines, however opposed they may be to his portrayals or
+discussions.
+
+This list of books makes no pretense to completeness. It is a
+conservative estimate that there are two hundred thousand titles of
+books relating to Napoleon and his age. What is here given is
+sufficient to assure the reader a complete view of Napoleon and his
+times from the best sources.
+
+                                             WM. M. SLOANE.
+
+_New York, August 1, 1910._
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHIES
+
+=Brière, G.=; =Caron, P.=; et =Maistre, H.= Répertoire Méthodique de
+l'histoire moderne et contemporaine de la France. Paris, 1898 (one
+vol. yearly).
+
+=Cambridge Modern History=. New York and London, 1906. Vol. IX,
+Napoleon.
+
+=Catalogue de l'Histoire de France=. 15 v.
+
+=Dahlmann, E. C.=, and =Waitz, G.= Quellenkunde der deutschen
+Geschichte.
+
+=Fournier, A.=, ed. Bourne, E. G. New York, 1903.
+
+=Gardiner, S. R.=, and =Mullinger, J. B.= Introduction to English
+History. London, 1894.
+
+=Kircheisen, F.= Bibliography of Napoleon. Leipzig, 1902.
+
+=Kircheisen, F.= Bibliographie du temps de Napoléon. Paris, Geneva,
+London, 1908.
+
+=Lumbroso, A.= Saggio di una bibliografia ragionata per servire alla
+storia dell' epoca Napoleonica. Modena, 1894-96. Parts 1-5.
+
+
+EUROPE
+
+=Alison, Sir A.= History of Europe from the commencement of the French
+Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815. London,
+1841-42. 10 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Bredow, G. G.= Chronik des XIXten Jahrhunderts. 2 v. Altona, 1801.
+Continued by C. Venturini. 20 v. Altona, 1809-28.
+
+=Delbrück, H.= Historische u. politische Aufsätze. Berlin, 1887. 8{o}.
+
+=Faguet, E.= Politiques et moralistes du 19e siècle. Paris, 1891.
+12{o}.
+
+=Froidevaux, H.= La politique coloniale de Napoléon Ier. In Revue des
+questions historiques, tom. 68, pp. 608-620. Paris, Ier avril, 1901.
+
+=Heeren, A. H. L.= Handbuch der Geschichte des europäischen
+Staatensystems und seiner Colonieen. Göttingen, 1819.
+
+=Houssaye, H.= 1814. 7 éd. Paris, 1888. 16{o}.
+
+=Houssaye, H.= 1815. Paris, 1899.
+
+=Houssaye, H.= 1815. Waterloo et la Terreur Blanche. Paris, 1899.
+
+=Lavisse, E.=, et =Rambaud, A.= Histoire générale du IVme siècle à nos
+jours. 12 v. Paris, 1893-1901. (Vol. IX, 1800-15. Bibliography.)
+
+=Mahan, A. T.= Influence of Sea Power upon History. London, 1889.
+8{o}.
+
+=Mahan, A. T.= The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution
+and Empire. 2 v. London, 1893.
+
+=Montgaillard, J. G. M. Rocques de=. De la France et de l'Europe sous
+le gouvernement de Bonaparte. Paris et Lyon, an XII (1804).
+
+=Plotho, C.= v. Der Krieg des Verbündet. Europa gegen Frankreich im
+Jahre 1815. Berlin, 1818. 8{o}.
+
+=Pölitz, K. H. L.= D. Europäischen Verfassungen seit d. Jahre 1789 bis
+auf die neueste Zeit. Mit geschichtl. Einleit. u. Erläuter. 2te neu
+geordn., berichtigte u. ergänzte Aufl. Leipzig, 1833. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Rambaud, A.=, et =Lavisse, E.= Histoire générale. v. Lavisse.
+
+=Rocke, P.= Die Kontinentalsperre. Naumb., 1894. 8{o}.
+
+=Schlegel, A. W.= Über d. Continentalsystem u. d. Einfluss desselben
+auf Schweden. Leipzig, 1814. 8{o}.
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+=Schulz, K. G.= Geschichte d. Kriege in Europa seit dem Jahre 1792.
+Berlin, 1827-53. 15 Bände in 23 Theilen.
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+=Sorel, A.= L'Europe et la Révolution française (1789-1815). 8 v.
+Paris, 1885-1904.
+
+=Sorel, A.= Essais historiques et critiques. Paris, 1894.
+
+
+TREATIES
+
+=Angeberg, d'=. Le Congrès de Vienne et les traités de 1815, précédé
+et suivi des actes diplomatiques, avec intr. hist. par M. Capefigue.
+Paris, 1864. 2 v.
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+=Barral-Montferrat, Marquis de=. Dix ans de paix armée entre la France
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+
+=Bowman, H. M.= Die englisch-französische Friedensverhandlung (Dez.,
+1799, bis Jan., 1800). Leipzig, 1899.
+
+=Garden, G. de=. Histoire générale des traités de paix et autres
+transactions principales entre les puissances de l'Europe depuis la
+paix de Westphalie. Paris, 1848-59. 14 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Laperouse, A.= Le Congrès de Châtillon. Châtillon-sur-Seine, 1865.
+8{o}.
+
+=Leclercq, A.= Recueil des traités de la France. Publ. sous les
+auspices du ministre des affaires étrangères. Paris, 1864-72. 10 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Martens, G. F. de=. Recueil des principaux traités d'alliance, de
+paix, de trève, etc., conclus par les puissances de l'Europe, tant
+entre elles qu'avec les puissances et états dans d'autres parties du
+monde depuis 1761 jusqu'à présent (1801). Paris, 1791-1801. 7 v. 8{o}.
+Suppl. to 1807. Paris, 1802-08. 2 éd. Paris, 1817-35. 8 v. 8{o}.
+(Continued by his nephew to the present time.)
+
+=Pons, André, Comte de Rio=. Known as Pons de l'Hérault. Le Congrès de
+Châtillon. Paris, 1825. 8{o}.
+
+=Weiss, J. B. von=. Weltgeschichte (vols. XIX-XXII, 1795-1815).
+Leipzig, 1896-98.
+
+
+DIPLOMATIC HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
+
+Bailleu, P. Preussen und Frankreich von 1795 bis 1807: diplomatische
+Correspondenzen. Leipzig, 1881-87. 2 v. 8{o}. (Publ. a. d. K. preuss.
+Staatsarchiv. Bde. 8, 29.)
+
+Bignon, L. P. Souvenirs d'un diplomate (La Pologne, 1811-13),
+précédés d'une notice hist. sur la vie de l'auteur par M. Mignet.
+Paris, 1864.
+
+=Buchez, P. J. B.= Histoire parlementaire de la Révolution française.
+2 éd., revisée et entièrement remaniée par l'auteur, en collaboration
+avec MM. Jules Bastide, E. S. de Bois-le-Comte et Q. Ott. Paris,
+1845-47. 6 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Constant de Rebecque, H. B.= Cours de politique const.; ou, Coll. des
+ouvrages publ. sur le gouvernement représentatif, avec une intr. et
+des notes par Éd. Laboulaye. Paris, 1861. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Histoire des négociations diplomatiques relatives
+aux traités de Mortfontaine, de Lunéville et d'Amiens. Paris, 1855. 3
+v. 8{o}.
+
+=Dufraisse, M.= Histoire du droit de guerre et de paix (1789-1815).
+Paris, 1867.
+
+=Fournier, A.= Der Congress von Châtillon. Die Politik im Kriege von
+1814. Eine historische Studie. 8{o}. Wien u. Prag, 1900. Tempsky.
+
+=Fournier, A.= Gentz u. Cobenzl. Geschichte d. österreich. Diplomatie
+in den Jahre 1801-05. Nach neuen Quellen. Wien, 1880. 8{o}.
+
+=Gardane, A. de=. Mission du Gén. Gardane en Perse sous le premier
+Empire. Documents historiques. Paris, 1865. 8{o}.
+
+=Gardane, Comte G.= De histoire générale des traités de paix depuis la
+paix de Westphalie (to 1813). 14 v. Paris, 1849-59.
+
+=Goldsmith, L.= Secret history of the cabinet of Bonaparte. London,
+1810. 8{o}.
+
+=Greppi=. Révélations diplomatiques sur les relations de la Sardaigne
+avec l'Autriche et la Russie. Paris, 1859. 8{o}.
+
+=Kiesselbach, W. D.= Continentalsperre in ihrer Oekonomisch-Polit.
+Bedeutung. Ein Beitrag z. Handelsgeschichte. Stuttgart, 1850. 8{o}.
+
+=Kleist, Heinr. v.= Politische Schriften und andere Nachträge zu
+seinen Werken. Mit einer Einleitung zum ersten Male herausg. von R.
+Kopke. Berlin, 1862. 8{o}.
+
+=Klinkowström, Clem. v.= Aus d. alten Registratur d. Staatskanzlei.
+Briefe Polit. Inhalts von u. an Frdr. v. Gentz aus den Jahren
+1799-1827. Wien, 1870. 8{o}.
+
+=Lefebvre, A.= Histoire des cabinets de l'Europe pendant le consulat
+et l'Empire. Paris, 1866-69.
+
+=Léouzon-le-Duc, L. A.=, Éd. Correspondance diplomatique du baron de
+Staël Holstein et de son successeur le baron Brinkman: documents inéd.
+sur la Révolution (1783-99), recueillis aux archives royales de Suède
+et publiés avec une introduction par L. Léouzon-le-Duc. Paris, 1881.
+8{o}.
+
+=Maistre, J. de=. Correspondance diplomatique, 1811-17. Éd. par A.
+Blanc. Paris, 1860. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Masson, F.= Le département des affaires étrangères pendant la
+Révolution (1787-1804). Paris, 1877.
+
+=Montgaillard, J. G. M. Roques=, known as Comte de. Mémoires
+diplomatiques 1805-1819, extraits du ministère de l'intérieur et
+publiés, avec une introduction et des notes, par Clément de Lacroise.
+Paris, 1896. 8{o}.
+
+=Napoléon I.= Collection générale et complète de lettres,
+proclamations, discours, rédigée d'après le Moniteur, classée suivant
+l'ordre du temps 1796-1807, accompagnée de notes historiques, publiée
+par C. A. Fischer. Leipzig, 1808-13. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Pingaud, L.= Un agent secret sous la Révolution et l'Empire: le comte
+d'Antraigues. Paris, 1893. 8{o}.
+
+=Pozzo di Borgo, Comte=. Correspondance diplomatique du C{te} Pozzo di
+Borgo et du C{te} de Nesselrode depuis la Restauration.
+
+=Pradt, D. D. de=. Histoire de l'ambassade dans le grand duché de
+Varsovie en 1812. 5 éd. rev. et corr. Paris, 1815. 8{o}.
+
+=Stewarton=. Secret history of the court and cabinet of St. Cloud. In
+a series of letters. Anon. 4th American ed. New York, 1807. 12{o}.
+
+=Tratchefski, A.= Relations diplomatiques de la Russie avec la France
+à l'époque de Napoléon I. Saint-Pétersbourg, 1890-93. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Ulmann, H.= Russisch-preussische Politik unter Alexander I und
+Friedrich Wilhelm III bis 1806, urkundlich dargestellt. 8{o}. Leipzig,
+1899. Duncker.
+
+=Vandal, A.= Négociations avec la Russie relatives au second mariage
+de Napoléon. In Revue historique, tom. 44, pp. 1-42. Paris, 1900.
+
+
+MILITARY HISTORY
+
+=Aster, K. H.= D. Kriegsereignisse zwischen Peterswalde, Pirna,
+Königstein u. Priesten im Aug., 1813, u. die Schlacht bei Kulm.
+Dresden, 1845. 8{o}.
+
+=Aster, K. H.= Gefechte u. Schlachten bei Leipzig im October, 1813. 2
+Ausg. Dresden, 1852-53. 2 Bde. 8{o}.
+
+=Aster, K. H.= Schilderung d. Kriegsereignisse in und vor Dresden, vom
+7 März bis 28 August, 1813. 2 Ausg. Leipzig, 1856. 8{o}.
+
+=Barral, Georges=. L'épopée de Waterloo: narration nouvelle des cent
+jours et de la campagne de Belgique en 1815. Paris, 1895. 8{o}.
+
+=Beauchamp, A. de=. Histoire des campagnes de 1814-15. Paris, 1815-17.
+4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Beauharnais, le Prince Eugène de=. Mémoires et correspondance
+politique et militaire. Publ., annotés et mis en ordre par A. du
+Casse. Paris, 1858-60. 10 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Krieges von 1806-07, oder Bemerk.
+Berichtigungen u. Zusätze zu d. in Theile des Werkes: Geschichte d.
+Kriege in Europa seit d. Jahre 1792 als Folgen d. Staatsveränderung in
+Frankreich unter Ludwig XVI, etc. Berlin, 1834. Breslau, 1836.
+
+=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Krieges vom Jahre 1806 u. 1807, oder
+Bemerk. Berichtigungen u. Zusätze zu d. in Theile des Werkes, etc.
+Breslau, 1836. (Contains the memoirs of Oginski, Eugen's von
+Würtemberg, and Bennigsen.)
+
+=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Französ.-russ. Feldzügs im Jahre 1812.
+Breslau, 1814. 8{o}.
+
+=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Feldzüge 1814-15 in Frankreich, in
+besond. Beziehung auf d. Commando d. Kronprinzen v. Würtemberg,
+herausg. v. d. Offizieren d. Würtemb. Gen. Quart. Staabs. Stuttgart,
+1818. 3 Hefte, mit 12 Plänen.
+
+=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Feldzüge v. 1813-14, von e. Offizier d.
+alliirten Armee. Berlin, 1815. 8{o}.
+
+=Bernays, Guillaume=. Schicksale d. Grossherzogth. Frankfurt u. seiner
+Truppen. Eine kulturhistor. u. militär. Studie aus der Zeit d.
+Rheinbundes. Berlin, 1882. 8{o}.
+
+=Berthezène, P.= Souvenirs militaires de la République et de l'Empire
+[1798-1815]; publ. par son fils. Paris, 1855. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Bertin, G.= La campagne de 1814, d'après des témoins oculaires. 8{o}.
+Paris, 1897. Flammarion.
+
+=Bertrand, E.= Les marins de la garde (1803-1815). 8{o}. Paris, 1895.
+Baudin.
+
+=Bleibtreu, K.= Geschichte und Geist der europäischen Kriege unter
+Friedrich dem Grossen und Napoleon. Leipzig, 1893.
+
+=Borcke, J. v.= Kriegerleben. 1806-15. Nach dessen Aufzeichng. bearb.
+von Leszczynski. Berlin, 1888. 8{o}.
+
+=Bourgeois, R.= Relation fidèle et détaillée de la dernière campagne
+de Bonaparte terminée par la bataille de Mont Saint-Jean, dite de
+Waterloo ou de la Belle Alliance, par un témoin oculaire. Paris, 1815.
+8{o}.
+
+=Bourgoing, P. de=. Itinéraire de Napoléon I de Smorgoni à Paris,
+épisode de la guerre de 1812. Premier extrait des mém. militaires et
+politiques inédits. Paris, 1862.
+
+=Bustelli, G.= L'Enigma di Ligny e di Waterloo (15-18 giugno, 1815)
+studiato e sciolto. 3 v. 8{o}. Viterbo, 1897. Agnesotti.
+
+=Buturlin=. Hist. militaire de la campagne de Russie en 1812. Paris,
+1824. 2 v. 8{o}. Atlas 4{o}.
+
+=Chabot-Arnault=. Histoire des flottes militaires. Paris, 1889. 8{o}.
+
+=Charras, J. B. A.= Histoire de la campagne de 1815. Waterloo. Avec un
+atlas. 6 éd. Paris, 1869. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Chesney, C. C.= Étude de la campagne de 1815: Waterloo. Bruxelles,
+1870. 8{o}.
+
+=Chesney, C. C.= Waterloo lectures. 2 ed. London, 1869. 8{o}.
+
+=Chevalier, Éd.= Histoire de la marine française sous le Consulat et
+l'Empire. Paris, 1886. 8{o}.
+
+=Clausewitz, C.= v. Hinterlassene Werke ü. Krieg u. Kriegführung.
+Berlin, 1862-89. 10 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Colin, J.= Études sur la campagne de 1796-97 en Italie. 8{o}. Av.
+carte et croquis. Paris, 1897. Baudoin.
+
+=Colomb, E.= v. Blücher in Briefen aus den Feldzügen 1813-15.
+Stuttgart, 1876. 8{o}.
+
+=Corte=. Battaglie di S. Michele e Mondovi. Torino, 1846.
+
+=Damitz, K. von=. Geschichte des Feldzugs von 1815 in den Niederlanden
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+
+=Danielson, J. R.= Finska kriget och Finlands krigare (1808-1809).
+Stockholm, 1898. Wahlstrom.
+
+=Danilewsky, M.= Darstellung d. Feldzuges in Frankreich im Jahre 1814.
+In's deutsche übertr. v. C. v. Kotzebue. Riga, 1837-38. 2 Bde.
+
+=Danilewsky, M.= Geschichte des Krieges im Jahre 1812. Mit 33 Plänen.
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+
+=Danilewsky, M.= Geschichte des Vaterland. Krieges im Jahre 1812, auf
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+
+=Danilewsky, M.= Relation de la campagne de 1805 (Austerlitz). Tr. du
+russe par le gén. L. Narischkine. Paris, 1846. 8{o}. 1 carte et 1
+plan.
+
+=Davout, L.=, Prince d'Eckmühl. Opérations du 3e corps, 1806-07.
+Rapport publié par son neveu le général Davout, duc d'Auerstädt.
+Paris, 1896. 8{o}.
+
+=Dechent=. Beiträge z. Gesch. des Feldzuges von 1806, nach Quellen des
+Archivs Marburg. Berlin, 1887. 8{o}.
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+=De Cugnac=. Campagnes de l'armée de réserve en 1800. Tom. I: Passage
+du grand Saint-Bernard. Tom. II: Marengo. Av. 21 cartes et croquis.
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+=Delauney=. Napoléon et la défense des côtes. Extrait du "Mémorial de
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+
+=Desbrière, E.= 1793-1805. Projets et tentatives de débarquement aux
+îles britanniques. Av. 60 cartes et croquis. 3 v. 8{o}. Paris,
+1901-02. Chapelot.
+
+=Ditfurth, M.= D. Schlacht bei Borodino am 7 Sept., 1812. Mit besond.
+Rücksicht auf die Theilnahme d. deutschen Reitercontingente. Marburg,
+1887.
+
+=Doisy de Villargennes, A. J.= Reminiscences of Army Life under
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+=Dörr, J. D.= Schlacht von Hanau am 30 Oktbr., 1813. Cassel, 1851.
+8{o}.
+
+=Doublet, P. J. L. O.= Mémoires historiques sur l'invasion et
+l'occupation de Malte par une armée française en 1798. Publ. pour la
+première fois par le comte de Panisse-Passis. Paris, 1883. 12{o}.
+
+=Dumas, M.= Précis des événements militaires; ou, Essai historique sur
+les campagnes de 1799 à 1814. Paris, 1816-26. 19 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Durdent, R. J.= Campagne de Moscou en 1812. Paris, 1814. 8{o}.
+
+=Duruy, A.= Études d'histoire militaire sur la Révolution et l'Empire.
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+=Du Teil, B{on} J.= Napoléon Bonaparte et les généraux du Teil
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+=Eniden, F.= Erinnerungen eines österreichischen Ordonnanzoffiziers
+aus dem Feldzuge 1812. 8{o}. Wien, 1898. Seidel.
+
+=Fabvier, C. N.= Journal des opérations du sixième corps pendant la
+campagne de 1814 en France. Paris, 1819. 8{o}.
+
+=Fezensac, R. E. P. J. de Montesquiou, duc de=. Souvenirs militaires
+de 1804 à 1814. 4 éd. Paris, 1870. 12{o}.
+
+=Foucart, P.= Bautzen (une bataille de 2 jours), 20-21 mai, 1813.
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+
+=Foucart, P.= Campagne de Prusse (1806), d'après les archives de la
+guerre: Jena. Paris, 1887. 8{o}.
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+=Französische= Armee im Jahre 1813, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte d.
+Befreiungs Kriege. Berlin, 1889. 8{o}.
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+=Friant Comte=. Vie militaire du lieutenant-général comte Friant.
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+
+=Gachot, E.= Histoire militaire de Masséna. Paris, 1901.
+
+=Gamot=. Réfutation en ce qui concerne le M{al} Ney de l'ouvrage ayant
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+
+=Gardner, D.= Quatre-Bras, Ligny, Waterloo: Narrative of the campaign
+in Belgium, 1815. London, 1882. 8{o}.
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+=Gérard, E. M., Comte=. Quelques documents sur la bataille de
+Waterloo, propres à éclairer la question portée devant le public par
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+
+=Giraud, P. F. F. J.= Campagne de Paris en 1814, précédée d'un coup
+d'oeil sur celle de 1813; ou, Précis historique et impartial des
+événements depuis l'invasion de la France par les armées étrangères
+jusqu'à la capitulation de Paris, la déchéance et l'abdication de
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+
+=Gleig, G. R.= Story of the battle of Waterloo. New York, 1847.
+
+=Gouvion Saint-Cyr, L., Marquis de=. Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire
+militaire sous le Directoire, le Consulat et l'Empire, 1798-1813.
+Paris, 1831. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Grenier, P.= Étude sur 1807 Manoeuvres d'Eylau et Friedland. Av.
+croquis. Paris, 1901. 8{o}.
+
+=Grouchy, Gen.= Observations sur la relation de la campagne de 1815,
+pub. par le Gén. Gourgaud; et réfutation de quelques-unes des
+assertions d'autres écrits relatifs à la bataille de Waterloo. Paris,
+1819. 8{o}.
+
+=Grouchy, Marquis de=. Mémoires du M{al} de Grouchy. Paris, 1873-74. 5
+v. 8{o}.
+
+=Guillaume, F., dit Guillaume de Vaudoncourt=. Histoire des campagnes
+de 1814 et 1815 en France. Paris, 1826. 5 v. 8{o}.
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+=Guillon, E.= Les complots militaires sous le consulat et l'empire,
+d'après les documents inédits des archives. 12{o}. Paris, 1894. Plon.
+
+=Guillon, E.= Nos écrivains militaires. Études de littérature et
+d'histoire militaire. 2e sér. Depuis la Révolution jusqu'à nos jours.
+12{o}. Paris. Plon.
+
+=Hamilton, Captain Thomas=. Annals of the Peninsular campaigns from
+1808 to 1816. Edinburgh, 1829. 3 v. 18{o}.
+
+=Helfert=. D. Schlacht bei Kulm, 1813. Wien, 1863. Gr. 8{o}.
+
+=Helldorff=. Zur Geschichte d. Schlacht bei Kulm. Aufklärung
+verschiedener bis jetzt unrichtig darg. Thatsachen über die Tage vom
+25-30 August, 1813. Berlin, 1856. 8{o}.
+
+=Heymès=. Relation de la campagne de 1815, dite de Waterloo, pour
+servir à l'histoire du Maréchal Ney. Paris, no date. 8{o}.
+
+=Histoire= des sociétés secrètes de l'armée et des conspirations
+militaires qui ont eu pour objet la destruction du gouvernement de
+Bonaparte. Paris, 1815. [Anon.]
+
+=Hofmann, G. W. v.= Die Schlacht bei Borodino mit einer Uebersicht des
+Feldzugs von 1812. Koblenz, 1846. 8{o}.
+
+=Hooper, G.= Waterloo, the downfall of the first Napoleon. London,
+1890. 16{o}.
+
+=Höpfner, Ed. v.= D. Krieg von 1806 u. 1807. Beiträge zur Geschichte
+d. preuss. Armee nach d. Quellen d. Kriegs-Archivs bearb. Berlin,
+1850-51. 4 v. 8{o}. Mit Schlacht u. Gefechts Plänen u. Beilagen.
+
+=Houssaye, H.= 1815. Waterloo. 8{o}. Paris, 1898. Perrin. Trad. en
+allem. par A. Ostermeyer. 8{o}. London, 1900. Grant Richards.
+
+=Jomini, H. de=. Portable atlas of the fields of Waterloo and Ligny.
+Brussels, 1851. 8{o}.
+
+=Jomini, H. de=. Histoire crit. et militaire des guerres de la
+Révolution, 1792-1803. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1820-24. 15 v. 8{o} and atlas
+fol.
+
+=Jomini, H. de=. Précis politique et militaire des campagnes de 1812 à
+1814, extr. des souvenirs inéd., avec une notice biog. et des cartes,
+plans et légendes, publ. F. Lecomte. Lausanne, 1886. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Jomini, H. de=. Précis politique et militaire de la campagne de 1815,
+pour servir de supplément et de rectification à la vie politique et
+militaire de Napoléon, racontée par lui-même. Paris, 1839. 8{o}.
+
+=Jurien de la Gravière, J. B. E.= Guerres maritimes sous la République
+et l'Empire, avec les plans des batailles navales ... et une carte du
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+
+=Koch, J. B. F.= Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la campagne de
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+
+=Krebs, L.=, et =Morris, H.= Campagnes dans les Alpes pendant la
+Révolution, d'après les archives des états-majors français et
+austro-sarde (1794-1796). 8{o}. Av. 2 cartes et 7 croquis. Paris,
+1895. Plon.
+
+=Lacroix, D.= Les maréchaux de Napoléon. 12{o}. Av. grav. Paris, 1896.
+Garnier.
+
+=Larrey, D. J.= Mémoires de chirurgie militaire et campagnes. (In his
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+
+=La Tour d'Auvergne, E. de=. Waterloo. Étude de la campagne de 1815.
+Avec cartes et plans. Paris, 1870. 8{o}.
+
+=Lecène, P.= Les marins français, 1793-1815. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1885.
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+
+=Legler, Th.= Denkwürdigkeiten a. d. russischen Feldzuge vom Jahr
+1812. Jahrb. des hist. Vereins des Kantons Glarus, 1868.
+
+=Leissnig, W. S.= Märsche u. Kriegsereignisse, Terrain Bemerkungen, u.
+s. w., eines Königl. Sächs. Dragoner Offiziers bei d. französ. Armee
+auf dem Zuge nach Moskau im Jahre 1812. I. Th. Marsch aus Lausitz,
+durch Polen, Preussen, Litthauen bis Moskau. Leipzig, 1828. 8{o}.
+
+=Lewal=. La veillée d'Jena. Étude de stratégie de combat. 8{o}. Paris,
+1899. Chapelot.
+
+=Leydolph, E=. Die Schlacht bei Jena. Mit 2 Karten. 2 Aufl. 8{o}.
+Jena, 1901. Bräunlich.
+
+=Loben-Sels, E. von=. Précis de la campagne de 1815 dans les Pays-Bas.
+La Haye, 1849. 8{o}.
+
+=Loir, M.= Gloires et souvenirs maritimes d'après les mémoires et les
+récits de Baudin, Bonaparte, de l'admiral P. Bouvet, du vice-admiral
+Courbet, etc. 4{o}. Avec plans. Paris, 1900. Hachette.
+
+=Loir, M.= Brueys à Aboukir (1er août, 1798). 8{o}. Paris, 1900.
+Chapelot. Extrait de la "Revue militaire."
+
+=Loir, M.= Études d'histoire maritime (Révolution; Empire;
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+
+=Loir, M.= Gloires et souvenirs maritimes. Paris, 1895. 4{o}.
+
+=Lossau, v.= Charakteristik der Kriege Napoleons. (Mit Plänen u.
+Karten.) Karlsruhe, 1843-47. 3 v. 8{o}. Atlas fol.
+
+=Lumbroso, B{on} A.= La campagne de Murat en 1815. Précis militaire et
+politique de la campagne de J. Murat en Italie contre les Autrichiens.
+8{o}. Paris, 1899.
+
+=Maag, A.= Die Schicksale der Schweizer-Regimenter in Napoleons I
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+=Malachowski, v.= Üb. die Entwickelung der Leitenden Gedanken zur
+ersten Campagne Bonapartes. Ein Vortrag. Berlin, 1884.
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+=Malo, C.= Champs de bataille de l'armée française (Belgique,
+Allemagne, Italie) (Genappe, Fleurus, Ligny, Steinkerque, Neerwinden,
+Malplaquet, Waterloo, Jena, Auerstädt, Eylau, Friedland, Lützen,
+Dresde, Leipzig, etc.). Avec illustr. 4{o}. Paris, 1901. Hachette.
+
+=Martinien, A.= Liste des officiers généraux tués ou blessés sous le
+premier Empire. Paris, 1895. 8{o}.
+
+=Masson, F.= Cavaliers de Napoléon. Paris, 1895. Fol.
+
+=Menge, A.= Die Schlacht von Aspern am 21 und 22 Mai, 1809. Eine
+Erläuterung der Kriegsführung Napoleons I und des Erzherzogs Carl von
+Oesterreich. 8{o}. Berlin, 1900. Stilke.
+
+=Miller, M. v.= Darstellung d. Feldzugs d. Französ. verbündeten Armee
+gegen d. Russ. im Jahre 1812, mit besond. Rücksicht auf d. Theilnahme
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+=Morris, W. O'C.= Napoleon, warrior and ruler, and the military
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+=Müffling, C. v.= Histoire de la campagne de l'armée anglaise et de
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+1812 u. 13, oder Darstellungen a. d. Feldzügen d. Franzosen u.
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+=Pelet, J. J. G.= Réponse aux observations du Gén. Müffling sur la
+campagne de 1813. (Extrait du "Spectateur militaire.") = Pelet, J. J.
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+=Petzel=. Die Operationen Napoleons von La Rothière bis Bar-sur-Aube
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+lebenden Freunde; historischen, wissenschaftlichen, kritischen u.
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+1812, contenant des détails puisés dans des sources officielles ou
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+=Ropes, J. C.= Campaign of Waterloo. A Military History. 2d éd., with
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+=Ropes, J. C.= First Napoleon. A sketch political and military.
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+=Roth v. Schreckenstein=. D. Kavallerie in d. Schlacht an der Moskwa
+(von d. Russen Schlacht bei Borodino genannt) am 7 Sept., 1812. Nebst
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+=Rühle v. Lilienstern, Th. Jak.= Bericht von Augenzeugen v. d. Feldzug
+im Oct., 1806. 2 Thle. Tübingen, 1809.
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+=Sargent, H. H.= Campaign of Marengo, with comments. 8{o}. London,
+1897. Paul.
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+=Sargent, H. H.= Napoleon Bonaparte's first campaign, with comments.
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+Paris, 1899, 1900. Berger-Levrault.
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+=Sauzey=. Iconographie du costume militaire de la Révolution et de
+'Empire, contenant de courtes notices historiques sur plus de deux
+cent corps de troupes, et huit mille références à plus de cinq mille
+planches d'uniformes coloriés. Av. preface par H. Bouchot. 16{o}.
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+=Schleiffer, A. D.= Schlacht bei Hohenlinden am 3 Dezbr., 1800, u. d.
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+l'année 1812. 16e éd. Paris, 1852. 2 v. 8{o}.
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+=Sérurier, Baron=. Mémoires militaires, mis en ordre et rédigés par
+son ami M. le Miere de Corvey. Avec une introduction de J. Turquan.
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+=Siborne, W.= History of the War in France and Belgium in 1815. 3d ed.
+London, 1848. 8{o}. Atlas fol.
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+campagne de Russie. Paris, 1836. 8{o}.
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+=Souvenirs militaires=. Napoléon à Waterloo, ou précis rectifié de la
+campagne de 1815, avec des documents nouveaux et des pièces inédites,
+par un ancien officier de la garde impériale qui est resté près de
+Napoléon pendant toute la campagne. Paris, 1866. 8{o}.
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+=Stewart, C. W. V.= Histoire de la guerre de 1813 et 1814 en Allemagne
+et en France. Paris, 1833. 8{o}.
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+=Stuhr, P. F.= D. drei letzten Feldzüge gegen Napoleon, Krit.
+historisch dargestellt. Lemgo, 1832. 8{o}.
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+=Tondu-Nangis= père. La bataille de Montereau (18 févr., 1814). Av.
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+=Wedel, C. A. W., Graf von=. Geschichte eines offiziers im Kriege
+gegen Russland, 1812, etc. Berlin, 1897. Asher.
+
+
+NAPOLEON
+
+_a._ MEMOIRS
+
+=Abell, Mrs. L. E. B.= Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon on the
+Island of St. Helena. 3d ed., rev. by her daughter, Mrs. C. Johnston.
+London, 1873. 12{o}.
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+=Allonville, Comte d'=. Mémoires secrets de 1770 à 1830. Paris,
+1838-45. 6 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Anglemont, E. d'=. Le Duc d'Enghien, histoire-drame. Paris, 1832.
+8{o}.
+
+=Arnault, A. V.= Souvenirs d'un sexagénaire. Paris, 1833. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Audiffret-Pasquier, E. D., Duc d'=. Histoire de mon temps: Mémoires
+publ. par le Duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier. 5 éd. Paris, 1894. 6 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Audiffret-Pasquier, E. D., Duc d'=. History of my time: Memoirs, ed.
+by the Duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier, tr. by C. E. Roche. The Revolution,
+the Consulate, the Empire. New York, 1893-94. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Avrillon, Mme.= Mémoires sur la vie privée de l'Imp. Joséphine, sa
+famille, et sa cour. Paris, 1833. 2 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Barante, A. G. P. Brugière de=. Études historiques et biographiques.
+Nouv. éd. Paris, 1858. 2 v. 18{o}.
+
+=Barante, A. G. P. Brugière de=. Souvenirs, 1782-1866. Publ. par son
+petit-fils C. de Barante. Paris, 1890-95. 5 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Barbé-Marbois, F. de=. Journal d'un déporté non jugé; ou,
+Déportation, en violation des lois, décrétée le 18 fructidor an V. (4
+Sept., 1797). Paris, 1834. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Barras, P. F. J. N., Comte de=. Mémoires. Pub. avec une introduction
+générale, des préfaces et des appendices par G. Duruy. Paris, 1895. 4
+v. 8{o}.
+
+=Baudouin, A.= Anecdotes historiques du temps de la Restauration,
+suivies de recherches sur l'origine de la presse, son développement,
+son influence sur les esprits, ses rapports avec l'opinion publique,
+les mesures restrictives apportées à son exercise. Paris, 1853. 12{o}.
+
+=Bausset, L. F. J. de=. Mémoires anecdotiques sur l'intérieur du
+palais. 1805-14. 2 éd. Paris, 1827. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Belliard, A. D.= Mémoires (1792-1831), recueillis et mis en ordre par
+M. Vinet. Paris, 1842. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Bellune, Claude Victor Perrin=, duc de, pair et maréchal de France.
+Mémoires mis en ordre par son fils aîné, Victor St. Perrin. Paris,
+1847. v. 1. (No more published.)
+
+=Béranger, P. J. de=. Ma biographie, suivie d'un appendice. 3 éd.
+Paris, 1859. 12{o}.
+
+=Bertin, G. La= campagne de 1812, d'après des témoins oculaires. Paris
+n. d. 8{o}.
+
+=Beugnot, Comte J. C.= Mémoires (1783-1815), publ. par le comte A.
+Beugnot, son petit-fils. 3 éd. Paris, 1889. 8{o}.
+
+=Bigarré, Général=. Mémoires, 1775-1813. Paris, 1893. 8{o}.
+
+=Bonaparte, Lucien=, et ses mémoires (1775-1840), ed. by T. Jung.
+Paris, 1882. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Bonaparte, Lucien=. Réponse aux mémoires du général Lamarque sur les
+faits relatifs à 1815. London, 1835. 8{o}.
+
+=Bourrienne, L. A. F. de=. Mémoires sur Napoléon, le Directoire, le
+Consulat, l'Empire et la Restauration. 1829.
+
+=Broglie, A. C. L. V., Duc de=. Souvenirs. 1785-1870. Paris, 1886-87.
+4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Buloz, A., Éd.= Bourrienne et ses erreurs volontaires et
+involontaires; ou, Obs. sur ses mémoires par Belliard, Gourgaud,
+d'Aure, de Survilliers, Méneval, Bonacossi, d'Eckmühl, Massias, Boulay
+de la Meurthe, de Stein, Cambacérès. Paris, 1830. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Cadoudal, S. G. de=. Georges Cadoudal et la Chouannerie. Paris, 1887.
+8{o}.
+
+=Carnot, S. H.= Mémoires, par son fils. Paris, 1861-64. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Castellane, B. E. V. E., le Maréchal de=. Journal ... 1804-62. 2 éd.
+Paris, 1895-97. 5 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Caulaincourt=. Souvenirs du duc de Vicence. Recueillis et publiés par
+Charlotte de Sor (Mme. Oilleaux-Désormeaux). 4 éd. Paris, 1837. 2 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Chaptal, J. A., Comte de Chanteloup=. Mes souvenirs sur Napoléon.
+Publ. par A. Chaptal. Paris, 1893. 8{o}.
+
+=Chastenay, Mme. de=. Mémoires. Publiés par Roserot. Paris, 1896.
+
+=Chateaubriand, M. le Vicomte de=. Mémoires d'outre-tombe. Paris, n.
+d. 6 v. 8{o}. (Oeuvres.)
+
+=Chateaubriand, F. A. de=. Mémoires de Bonaparte. Paris, 1860. 8{o}.
+(Oeuvres, v. 3.)
+
+=Consalvi, H., Cardinal=. Mémoires, avec une intr. et des notes par J.
+Crétineau-Joly. Ces mém. publ. pour la première fois sont enrichis du
+fac-simile de 8 autographes précieux. Paris, 1864. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Constant de Rebecque, B.= Mémoires sur les Cent Jours. Paris,
+1820-22. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Courier, P. L.= Collection des lettres et articles publ. jusqu'à ce
+jour. Paris, 1824. 8{o}.
+
+=Davout=. Life. By Count Vigier. 2 v. Paris, 1898.
+
+=Davout, L., Prince d'Eckmühl=. Mémoire au roi. Paris, 1814. 8{o}.
+
+=Dieffenbach, L. F.= Karl Ludwig, Schulmeister, d. Hauptspion,
+Parteigänger, Polizeipräfekt u. geheimer Agent Napoleons I. Eine mit
+benützung zahlreicher, bisher unbekannter amtl. Aktenstücke
+angestellte histor. Untersuchung. Leipzig, 1879.
+
+=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Le Général Arrighi de Casanova, duc de Padoue.
+Paris, 1866. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Le Général Vandamme et sa correspondance. Paris,
+1870. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Dufort, J. N.= Mémoires sur les règnes de Louis XV et Louis XVI et
+sur la Révolution. Publ. avec une intr. et des notes par R. de
+Crèvecoeur. Paris, 1886. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Dumas, C.= Memoirs of his own time, including the Revolution, the
+Empire, and the Restoration. Philadelphia, 1839. 2 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Dumoulin=. Procès du maréchal Ney. Paris, 1815. 2 v.
+
+=Ernouf, A. A.= Le Gén. Kléber: Mayence et Vendée, Allemagne,
+expédition d'Égypte. 2 éd. Paris, 1870. 12{o}.
+
+=Ernouf, A. A.= Maret, Duc de Bassano. 2 éd. Paris, 1884. 8{o}.
+
+=Fain, A. J. F.= Manuscrit de 1812, contenant le précis des événements
+de cette année pour servir à l'histoire de Napoléon. Paris, 1827. 2 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Fain, A. J. F.= Manuscrit de 1813, pour servir à l'histoire de
+l'empereur Napoléon. 3 éd. Paris, 1829. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Fain, A. J. F.= Manuscript of 1814: A history of events which led to
+the abdication of Napoleon. London, 1823. 8{o}.
+
+=Fleury de Chaboulon, P. A. E., Baron=. Mémoires pour servir à l'hist.
+de la vie privée, du retour, et du règne de Napoléon en 1815. London,
+1820. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Fouché, F.= Memoirs of his public life, comprising letters to
+Napoleon, Wellington, Blücher, etc. London, 1818. 8{o}.
+
+=Gaëte, Duc de=. Mémoires, souvenirs, opinions et écrits. Paris, 1826.
+2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Garat=. Éloge funèbre des généraux Kléber et Desaix, prononcé le 1er
+vendémiaire an IX à la Place des Victoires. Paris, an IX. 8{o}.
+
+=Geffroy, A.= Notices et extraits des manuscrits concernant l'histoire
+ou la littérature de France qui sont conservés dans les archives ou
+bibliothèques de Suède, Danemark et Norvège. Paris, 1856. 8{o}.
+
+=Gentz, F. de=. Mémoires et lettres inédits. Publ. par G. Schlesier.
+Stuttgart, 1841.
+
+=Gérando, M. A. de Rathsamhausen, baronne de=. Lettres, suivies de
+fragments d'un journal écrit par elle de 1800 à 1804. Paris, 1880.
+12{o}.
+
+=Grouchy, Marquis de=. Le M{al} de Grouchy du 16 au 19 juin, 1815,
+avec documents historiques inédits et réfutation de M. Thiers. Paris,
+1864. 18{o}.
+
+=Hobhouse, J. C.= Letters by an Englishman at Paris during the last
+reign of the Emperor Napoleon I. Philadelphia, 1816. 8{o}.
+
+=Home, G.= Memoirs of an Aristocrat and Reminiscences of the Emperor
+Napoleon. London, 1838. 8{o}.
+
+=Junot, L. P., Duchesse d'Abrantès=. Memoirs. London, 1831-35. 8 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Junot, L. P., Duchesse d'Abrantès=. Mémoires; ou, Souvenirs
+historiques sur Napoléon et la Révolution, le Directoire, le Consulat,
+l'Empire et la Restauration. 2 éd. Paris, 1835. 12 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Kotzebue, A. F. F. v.= Erinnerungen aus Paris im Jahre 1804. Berlin,
+1804. 2 v.
+
+=Kotzebue, A. F. F. v.= Souvenirs de Paris en 1804. Trad. de l'all.
+avec des notes. Paris, 1805. 2 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Lafayette, G. M. de=. Memoirs, correspondence and manuscripts. Publ.
+by his family. London, 1837. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Lafayette, G. M. de=. Mes rapports avec le Premier Consul
+(1797-1805). (V. 5 of his Mémoires.)
+
+=Lamarque, M.= Mémoires et souvenirs. Paris, 1835-36. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Lamothe-Langon, Baron E. L. de=. Mémoires et souvenirs d'une femme de
+qualité sur le Consulat et l'Empire. Paris, 1830. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Landrieux, J.= Mémoires, 1795-97, avec une intr. biog. et hist. par
+L. Grasilier. Tome 1er. Paris, 1893. 8{o}.
+
+=Larévellière-Lepeaux, L. M.= Mémoires. Publ. par son fils, sur le MS.
+autographe de l'auteur, et suivis des pièces justificatives et de
+corresp. inédites. Paris, 1895. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Laskey, J. C.= Description of the series of medals struck by order of
+Napoleon Bonaparte. London, 1818. 8{o}.
+
+=Lavalette, Comte de=. Mémoires et souvenirs. Publ. par sa famille et
+sur ses manuscrits, 1789-1829. Paris, 1831. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Lejeune, L. F., Baron, Général=. Mémoires publiés par M. G. Bapst.
+Paris, 1895. 2 v. 16{o}.
+
+=Lemann, J.= Napoléon 1er et les Israélites. La prépondérance juive.
+2me partie: Son organisation (1806-1815). 8{o}. Lyon, 1894, Vitte;
+Paris, Lecoffre.
+
+=Libri-Carrucci=. Souvenirs de la jeunesse de Napoléon. Paris, 1842.
+8{o}.
+
+=Macdonald, E. J. J. A., Duc de Tarente=. Souvenirs, avec une
+introduction par M. C. Rousset. Paris, 1892. 8{o}.
+
+=Mahon, Patrice= (Art Roë, Papa Felix). Trois Grenadiers de l'an VIII.
+Paris, 1897. 8{o}.
+
+=Maistre, J. de=. Mémoires politiques et correspondance diplomatique.
+Avec explications et commentaires historiques, par A. Blanc. 2e éd.
+1859. 8{o}.
+
+=Malouet, P. V.= Mémoires. Publ. par son petit-fils. 2 éd. augm. de
+lettres inédites. Paris, 1874. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Marbot, Baron M. de=. Mémoires. Paris, 1891. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Marmont, A. F. L. Viesse de, Duc de Raguse=. Mémoires. 1792-1841.
+Paris, 1857. 9 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Masséna, A., Duc de Rivoli, Prince d'Essling, Maréchal de France=.
+Mémoires, rédigés d'après les documents qu'il a laissés et sur ceux du
+dépôt de la guerre et du dépôt des fortifications, par le général
+Koch. Paris, 1848-50. 7 v. and atlas.
+
+=Masson, F.= Napoléon chez lui. Paris, 1894.
+
+=Melzi, d'Eril F., Duca di Lodi=. Memoire, documenti e lettere inedite
+di Napoleone 1º e Beauharnais. Ed. G. Melzi. Milano, 1865. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Mémoires= et souvenirs d'un pair de France, ex-membre du Sénat
+conservateur. Paris, 1829-30. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Mémoires= tirés des papiers d'un homme d'état, sur les causes
+secrètes qui ont déterminé la politique des cabinets dans la guerre
+de la Révolution, depuis 1792 jusqu'en 1815. Paris, 1828-38. 13 v.
+8{o}. (Par le comte A. F. d'Allonville, A. de Beauchamp et A.
+Schubart.)
+
+=Méneval, C. F., Baron de=. Memoirs illustrating the history of
+Napoleon I from 1802 to 1815. Ed. by his grandson, Napoleon Joseph de
+Méneval (tr. by Robert H. Sherard). New York, 1894. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Miot de Melito=. Mémoires (1788-1815). 2 éd. Paris, 1873. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Mollien, N. F., Comte=. Mémoires d'un ministre du trésor public,
+1780-1815. Paris, 1845. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Montégut, E.= Le Maréchal Davout, son caractère et son génie. Paris,
+1882. 12{o}.
+
+=Muralt, C. v.= Hans v. Reinhard, Bürgermeister d. Eidgenossischen
+Standes Zürich u. Landammann d. Schweiz. Beitrag z. Gesch. d. Schweiz
+während d. letzten Jahrzehnte; bearb. nach Reinhards nachgelassenen
+Denkschriften, Tagebüchern u. Briefwechsel. Zürich, 1838.
+
+=Napoléon I.= Memoirs of the history of France. Hist. miscellanies.
+London, 1823. 3 v. 8{o}. (Dictated to the Count de Montholon.)
+
+=Napoléon I.= Memoirs of the history of France during the reign of
+Napoleon, dictated by him at St. Helena. London, 1823-4. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Nasica, T.= Mémoires sur l'enfance et la jeunesse de Napoléon I
+jusqu'à l'âge de 23 ans. Paris, 1852. 8{o}. 2e édit., 1865. 12{o}.
+
+=Neuville, J. G. Hyde de=. Mémoires et souvenirs. Paris, 1890. 2 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Ney, M. L. F., Duc d'Elchingen=. Mémoires. Publiés par sa famille.
+Paris, 1833. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Nodier, C. E.= Souvenirs, Portraits, Épisodes de la Révolution et de
+l'Empire. 7 éd. doublée par l'adjonction de morceaux nouveaux et
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+
+=Nougarède de Fayet, A.= Notice sur la vie et les travaux de M. le
+comte Bigot de Préameneu, ministre des cultes sous l'Empire, l'un des
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+
+=Odeleben, E. O. I., Freiherr von=. Napoleon's Feldzug in Sachsen im
+Jahre 1813. 3 Aufl. Dresden, 1840. 8{o}.
+
+=Pajol, C. P. V., C{te}=. Kléber, sa vie, sa correspondance. Paris,
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+
+=Pelet, J. J. G.= Mém. sur la guerre de 1809 en Allemagne, avec les
+opérations particulières des corps d'Italie, de Pologne, de Saxe, de
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+
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+B{on} Peyrusse, trésorier-général de la couronne pendant les Cent
+Jours. Vienne, Moscou, Île d'Elbe. Carcassonne, 1869. 8{o}.
+
+=Pontécoulant, L. G. D., Comte de=. Souvenirs historiques et
+parlementaires, extraits de ses papiers et de sa correspondance,
+1764-1848. Paris, 1861-65. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Rapp, Gén.= Mémoires des contemporains pour servir à l'histoire de la
+République et de l'Empire. Ière livraison. Mémoires du gén. Rapp.
+Publiés par sa famille. Paris, 1823. 8{o}.
+
+=Récamier, Mme J. F. J. A. B.= Souvenirs et correspondance tirés des
+papiers de Mme Récamier (par Mme Lenormant). 3e éd. Paris, 1860. 2 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Récamier, J. F. J. A. B.= Memoirs and correspondence. Tr. and ed. by
+I. M. Luyster. London, 1867. 12{o}.
+
+=Rémusat, C. E. J. G. de V. de=. Mémoires, 1802-08. Publiés par Paul
+de Rémusat. Paris, 1880. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Rémusat, C. E. J. G. de V. de=. Lettres, 1804-14. Publiées par Paul
+de Rémusat. Paris, 1881. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Rieu, J. L.= Mémoires. Genève, 1871. 18{o}.
+
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+
+=Saint-Elme, Ida=. Mémoires d'une contemporaine; ou, Souvenirs d'une
+femme sur les principaux personnages de la République, du Consulat, de
+l'Empire, etc. (1792-1824). Paris, 1827-28. 8 v.
+
+=Savary, A. J. M. R., Duc de Rovigo=. Mémoires pour servir à l'hist.
+de l'Empereur Napoléon. Paris, 1828. 8 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Ségur, P. P., Comte de=. Histoire et mémoires. Paris, 1873. 7 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Ségur, P. P., Comte de=. Mélanges. Paris, 1873. 8{o}.
+
+=Staël-Holstein, Madame de=. Considérations sur la Révolution
+française: Ouvrage posthume publ. en 1818 par M. de Broglie et M. de
+Staël. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1861. 2 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Stedingk, C. B. L. C., Comte de=. Mémoires posthumes: rédigés sur des
+lettres, dépêches et autres pièces authentiques, laissées à sa
+famille, par le Gén. de Bjornstjerna. Paris, 1845-48. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent=. Extraits des
+Mémoires de. Recueillis et mis en ordre par Madame la comtesse O ...
+du C ... (le baron Lamothe-Langon), auteur des Mémoires d'une femme de
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+
+=Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent=. Mémoires, publ.
+avec une préf. et des notes par le Duc de Broglie. Paris, 1891. 4 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent=. Correspondance
+diplomatique: le ministère de Talleyrand sous le Directoire. Avec
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+
+=Thibaudeau, A. C.= Mémoires sur la Convention et le Directoire. 2e
+éd. Paris, 1827. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Thibaudeau, A. C.= Mémoires sur le Consulat de 1799 à 1804, par un
+ancien conseiller d'état. Paris, 1827. 8{o}.
+
+=Thiébault, P. C. F. A. H. D., Baron=. Mémoires, publ. sous les
+auspices de sa fille, Mlle C. Thiébault, d'après le MS. orig. par F.
+Calmettes, 1769-1813. Paris, 1893-95. 5 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Vauthier, G.= Essai sur la vie et les oeuvres de Népomucène
+Lemercier. Toulon, 1886. 8{o}.
+
+=Villèle, Comte de=. Mémoires et correspondance. Paris, 1888-90. 5 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Vitrolles, E. d'Arnaud, Baron de=. Mémoires et relations politiques:
+publ. par E. Forgues, 1814-1830. Paris, 1884. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Waldburg, G. T. v.= Nouvelle relation de l'itinéraire de Napoléon de
+Fontainebleau à l'île d'Elbe. Trad. de l'allemand. Paris, 1815. 8{o}.
+
+=Welschinger, H.= Le Duc d'Enghien, 1772-1804. Paris, 1888. 8{o}.
+
+=Wiehr, E.= Napoleon und Bernadotte in Herbstfeldzuge 1813. Berlin,
+1893. 8{o}.
+
+=Wilson, Sir R. T.= Private diary during the campaigns of 1812-14;
+from the invasion of Russia to the capture of Paris; ed. by H.
+Randolph. London, 1861. 2 v.
+
+
+NAPOLEON
+
+_b._ HIS CORRESPONDENCE
+
+=Davout, L., Prince d'Eckmühl=. Correspondance: ses commandements, son
+ministère, 1801-1815. Avec intr. et notes par Ch. de Mazade. Paris,
+1885. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Driault, E.= Napoléon à Finkenstein (avril-mai, 1807), d'après la
+correspondance de l'empereur, les archives du ministère des affaires
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+lettres curieuses omises par le comité de publication, rectifications.
+Paris, 1887. 12{o}.
+
+=Fiévée, J.= Correspondance et relations avec Bonaparte. Paris, 1837.
+3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Fournier, A.= Zur Textkritik der Korrespondenz Napoleons I. (Archiv.
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+=Guillois, A.= Napoléon: l'homme, le politique, l'orateur, d'après sa
+corresp. et ses oeuvres. Paris, 1889. 2 v. 8{o}.
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+Paris, 1897. 2 v. 8{o}.
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+principes de stratégie du Prince Charles. Paris, 1851-52. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Livre IX=. Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France en 1815, avec
+le plan de la bataille de Mont Saint-Jean. Paris, 1820. 8{o}. This is
+the "Second manuscrit venu de Sainte-Hélène." It was attributed to
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+12{o}.
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+=Napoléon I.= Commentaires. Paris, 1867. 6 v. 4{o}.
+
+=Napoleon I=. Confidential correspondence with his brother Joseph.
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+=Napoléon I.= Correspondance. Publ. par ordre de l'Empereur Napoléon
+III. Paris, 1858-1870. 32 v. 8{o}.
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+=Napoléon I.= Correspondance militaire, extrait de la corresp.
+générale. Paris, 1876-77. 10 v. 12{o}.
+
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+et à sa fille. Paris, 1833. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Napoléon I.= Lettres inédites de. (An VII-1815.) Paris, 1897. 2 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Napoléon I.= Letters to Caulaincourt. Published by A. Vandal in the
+"Revue bleue," mars--avril, 1895.
+
+=Napoleon I.= New letters omitted from the edition publ. under the
+auspices of Napoleon III. Transl. by Lady M. Lloyd. London, 1897.
+Heinemann.
+
+=Napoléon I.= Oeuvres littéraires. Publ. d'après les originaux et les
+meilleurs textes, avec une intr., des notes historiques et littéraires
+et un index par T. Martel. Paris, 1888. 4 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Napoléon I.= Oeuvres litt. et politiques. Nouvelle éd. (Ed. par P.
+Lacroix.) Paris, 1840. 18{o}.
+
+=Napoléon I.= Recueil, par ordre chronologique, de ses lettres,
+proclamations, bulletins, discours sur les matières civiles et
+politiques, etc., formant une histoire de son règne, écrite par
+lui-même et accompagnée de notes historiques par M. Kermoysan. Paris,
+1853-1865. 4 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Napoleon I.= Selection from his letters and despatches. With explan.
+notes by D. A. Bingham. London, 1884. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Napoléon I.= Opinions sur divers sujets de politique et
+d'administration recueillies par un membre de son conseil d'état
+(B{on} Pelet) et récit de quelques événements de l'époque. Paris,
+1833. 8{o}.
+
+=Pelet de la Lozère, J.= Opinions de Napoléon sur divers sujets de
+politique et d'administration, recueillies par un membre de son
+conseil d'état et récit de quelques événements de l'époque. Paris,
+1833. 8{o}.
+
+=Sassenay, Marquis de=. Napoléon I et la fondation de la République
+Argentine. Jacques de Liniers et le marquis de Sassenay (1808-1810).
+Paris, 1892. 12{o}.
+
+=Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent=. Correspondance
+avec le Premier Consul pendant la campagne de Marengo. Publiée par le
+Comte Boulay de la Meurthe. Extrait de la "Revue d'histoire
+diplomatique." Laval, 1892. 8{o}.
+
+=Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent=. Lettres inédites
+à Napoléon (1800-1809), publ. d'après les originaux conservés aux
+archives des affaires étrangères. Avec une intr. et des notes par P.
+Bertrand. 2e éd. Paris, 1889. 8{o}.
+
+
+NAPOLEON
+
+_c._ HIS FAMILY
+
+=d'Arzuzon, C.= Hortense de Beauharnais. 12{o}. Paris, 1897. Lévy.
+
+=d'Arzuzon, C.= Mme Louis Bonaparte. 8{o}. Paris, 1901. Lévy.
+
+=Aubenas, J. A.= Histoire de l'Impératrice Joséphine. Paris, 1857-58.
+2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Beauharnais, Eugène de=. Mémoires et correspondance politique et
+militaire. Edited by A. du Casse. 10 v. Paris, 1858-60.
+
+=Becker, A.= Der Plan der zweiten Heirat Napoleons. In Mittheilungen
+des Instituts für oesterreichische Geschichtsforschung, tom. 19, pp.
+92-156. Innsbruck, 1898.
+
+=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Les rois frères de Napoléon I; documents inédits
+relatifs au premier Empire. Paris, 1883. 8{o}.
+
+=Ducrest=. Mémoires sur l'Impératrice Joséphine. Paris, 1828. 2 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Durand, Madame=. Napoleon and Marie-Louise (1810-14). A memoir.
+London, 1886. 12{o}.
+
+=Herisson, M., Comte de=. Le cabinet noir: Louis XVII, Napoléon,
+Marie-Louise. 14 éd. Paris, 1887. 12{o}.
+
+=Lamothe-Langon, B{on} E.L. de=. Napoléon, sa famille, ses amis, ses
+généraux, ses ministres et ses contemporains; ou, Soirées secrètes du
+Luxembourg, des Tuileries, de Saint-Cloud, de la Malmaison, de
+Fontainebleau, etc., par M. le ... ex-ministre de S.M. Impériale et
+Royale. Paris, 1840. 5 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Marie-Louise=. Correspondance, 1799-1847. Lettres intimes et inédites
+à la comtesse de Colloredo et à Mlle de Poutet, depuis 1810 comtesse
+de Crenneville. Paris, 1887. 18{o}.
+
+=Marmottan, P.= Elisa Bonaparte. 12{o}. Paris, 1898. Champion.
+
+=Masson, F.= Napoléon et sa famille. (1769-1802.) Paris, 1896. 8{o}.
+
+=Mémoires= sur l'Impératrice Joséphine, ses contemporains, la cour de
+Navarre et de la Malmaison (par Mme G.D. Bochsa, nièce de Mme de
+Genlis). Paris, 1828. 3 v. 8{o}. (Attribués par M. Delacourt à Mme
+Durand.)
+
+=Méneval, C.F., Baron de=. Napoléon et Marie-Louise: souvenirs
+historiques. 2 éd., cor. et augm. Paris, 1844-45. 3 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Montesquiou, Abbé de=. Le divorce de Napoléon et l'abbé de
+Montesquiou. Auch., 1895. 8{o}.
+
+=Turquan, J.= Souveraines et grandes dames. L'Impératrice Joséphine
+d'après les témoignages des contemporains. Paris, 1896. 16{o}.
+
+=Welschinger, H.= Le divorce de Napoléon. Paris, 1889. 12{o}.
+
+=Wertheimer, E.= Die Heirat der Erzherzogin Marie Louise mit Napoleon
+I. Wien, 1882.
+
+
+NAPOLEON
+
+_d._ HIS MARSHALS AND GENERALS. See also MEMOIRS
+
+=Berthier, Marshal=. Life. by Gen. Derrécagaix (Part I, to 1804).
+Paris, 1894.
+
+=Bessières, Marshal=. By A. Rabel. Paris, 1903.
+
+=Blocqueville, A.L. d'Eckmühl=. Le Maréchal Davout, Prince d'Eckmühl,
+raconté par les siens et par lui-même. Paris, 1879-80. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Davout, Marshal=. Correspondance (1801-05). Edited by C. de Mazade. 4
+v. Paris, 1885.
+
+=Desaix, General=. By J. Desaix and La Folliot. Paris, 1879.
+
+=Dumas, Général Comte M.= Souvenirs (1770-1836). Edited by his son. 3
+v. Paris, 1839.
+
+=Goecke, R.= Das Grossherzogth. Berg unter Joachim Murat, Napoleon I
+u. Louis Napoleon, 1806-1813. Ein Beitrag zur gesch. der französ.
+Fremdherrschaft auf dem rechten Rheinufer. Meist nach den Acten d.
+Düsseldorfer Staats-Archivs. Köln, 1877. 8{o}.
+
+=Grouchy, Marshal=. Mémoires. Edited by the Marquis de Grouchy. 5 v.
+Paris, 1873-74.
+
+=Jourdan, Marshal=. Mémoires militaires. 2 v. Paris, 1899.
+
+=Lefebvre, Marshal=. By J. Wirth. Paris, 1904.
+
+=Kläber, H.= Leben und Thaten des französischen Generals J.B. Kléber.
+Dresden, 1900.
+
+=Maret, Marshal=. Life, by A. A. Ernouf. Paris, 1891.
+
+=Moreau, J. V.=, Vie politique, militaire et privée du Général. By A.
+de Beauchamp. Paris, 1814.
+
+=Martha-Beker, F., Comte de Mons=. Études historiques sur le général
+Desaix. Clermont-Ferrand, 1852. 8{o}.
+
+
+NAPOLEON
+
+_e_. HIS BIOGRAPHY
+
+=Ashton, J.= English caricature and satire on Napoleon I. London,
+1884. 2 v. New ed., 1888.
+
+=Barni, J.= Napoléon I et son historien M. Thiers. Paris, 1865. 12{o}.
+
+=Batjin, N.= Histoire de l'Empereur Napoléon Ier. London, 1867. 2 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Baudus=. Études sur Napoléon. Paris, 1841. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Belloc, Mme. L. Swanton=. Bonaparte et les Grecs. Paris, 1826. 8{o}.
+
+=Beyle, H.= (=Stendhal=, _pseud._). Vie de Napoléon: fragments. 2 éd.
+Paris, 1877. 12{o}.
+
+=Böhtlingk, A.= Napoléon Bonaparte: seine Jugend und sein Emporkommen
+(1769-1801). 2 Ausg. Leipzig, 1883. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Bois, M.= Napoléon Bonaparte, lieutenant d'artillerie à Auxonne; vie
+militaire et privée. 12{o}. Paris, 1898. Flammarion.
+
+=Bonaparte, N. Joseph C. P., Prince=. Napoleon and his Detractors. Tr.
+and ed. with a biog. sketch and notes by R. S. de Beaufort. London,
+1888. 8{o}.
+
+=Bondois, P.= Napoléon et la société de son temps (1793-1821). 8{o}.
+Paris, 1895. Alcan.
+
+=Bonnal de Ganges=. La génie de Napoléon. Paris, 1896. 2 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Bourrienne, L. A. F. de=. Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte. Ed. with
+pref. and notes by R. W. Phipps. New York, 1889. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Chalamet, A.= Guerres de Napoléon, 1800-07, racontées par des témoins
+oculaires. Paris, 1895. 8{o}.
+
+=Channing, W. E.= Remarks on the life and character of Napoleon
+Bonaparte. Edinburgh, 1837. 16{o}.
+
+=Chuquet, A.= La jeunesse de Napoléon. 3 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1897-99.
+Colin. I. Brienne. II. La Révolution. III. Toulon.
+
+=Colin, J.= L'Éducation militaire de Napoléon. Paris, 1900. Chapelot.
+
+=Coquelle, P.= Napoléon et l'Angleterre, 1803-15. Paris, 1904.
+
+=Coston, F. G., Baron de=. Biographie des premières années de Napoléon
+Bonaparte, c'est-à-dire depuis sa naissance jusqu'à l'époque de son
+commandement-en-chef de l'armée d'Italie, avec un appendice renfermant
+des documents inédits ou peu connus postérieurs à cette époque. Paris,
+1840. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Dayot, A.= Napoléon raconté par l'image. Paris, 1894. 4{o}.
+
+=Des Armoises, O.= Avant la gloire. Napoléon enfant. Napoléon et ses
+compatriotes. 18{o}. Paris, 1898. Librairie illustrée.
+
+=Ducéré, E.= Napoléon à Bayonne. Bayonne, 1897. 8{o}.
+
+=Dumouriez, C. F. D.= Jugement sur Bonaparte. (In his Mémoires, v. 4.)
+
+=Fischer, A.= Goethe und Napoleon. Eine Studie. 8{o}. Frauenfeld,
+1899. Huber. Aufl. mit Anhang: Weimar und Napoleon. 8{o}. Ibid. 1900.
+Ibid.
+
+=Fournier, A.= Napoleon I. Eine Biographie. Leipzig, 1888-89. 3 v.
+8{o}. (Das Wissen d. Gegenwart. v. 67, 71, 72.) Eng. trans. New York,
+1903. (Bibliography.)
+
+=Gadobert, B.= La jeunesse de Napoléon I. De 1786 au siège de Toulon.
+(Relation inédite.) 12{o}. Paris, 1897. Chamuel.
+
+=Gallois, Léon=. Histoire de Napoléon d'après lui-même. 5e éd. Paris,
+1829. 8{o}.
+
+=Garsou, J.= Béranger et la légende napoléonienne. 8{o}. Bruxelles,
+1897. Weissenbruch.
+
+=Garsou, J.= Les créateurs de la légende napoléonienne. Barthélemy et
+Méry. Bruxelles, 1899.
+
+=Gautier, Paul=. Madame de Staël et Napoléon. Paris, 1903.
+
+=Geoffroy de Grandmaison, C. A.= Napoléon et ses historiens. 12{o}.
+Paris, 1896. Perrin.
+
+=Germond de Lavigne, L. A. G.= Les pamphlets de la fin de l'Empire,
+des Cent Jours et de la Restauration. Catalogue raisonné. Paris, 1879.
+12{o}.
+
+=Grand-Cartaret, J.= Napoléon en images. Estampes anglaises.
+(Portraits et caricatures.) 4{o}. Avec 130 reproductions. Paris, 1895.
+Firmin-Didot.
+
+=Hazlitt, W.= Life of Napoleon Buonaparte. 2 ed. London, 1852. 4 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Holzhausen, P.= Der erste Konsul Bonaparte und seine deutschen
+Besucher. 8{o}. Bonn, 1900. Holzhausen.
+
+=Jorissen, T.= Napoléon I et le roi de Hollande, 1806-1813, d'après
+des documents authentiques et inédits. (La Haye, M. Nighoff.) Paris,
+1868. 8{o}.
+
+=Jung, Th.= Bonaparte et son temps (1769-1799), d'après les documents
+inédits. Paris, 1880-81. 3 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Lanfrent=. Histoire de Napoléon I. Paris, 1867-75. 5 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Laurent, P. M.= History of Napoleon. London, 1840. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Laurent de l'Ardèche, P. M.= Histoire de l'Empereur Napoléon.
+Illustrée par H. Vernet. Paris, 1849. Gr. 8{o}.
+
+=Lemoine, A.= Napoléon Ier et les Juifs. 18{o}. Paris, 1900. Fayard.
+
+=Lettow-Vorbeck, O. von=. Napoleons Untergang, 1815. Berlin, 1904.
+
+=Lévy, M.= Bonaparte à Valence. 8{o}. Tournon, 1898. Boyer.
+
+=Lévy, A.= Napoléon intime. 5 éd. Paris, 1893. 8{o}.
+
+=Lockhart, J. G.= History of Napoleon Bonaparte. 3 ed. London, 1835. 2
+v. 16{o}.
+
+=Lumbroso, A.= Miscellanea Napoleonica. Roma, 1895, 1896, 1897. 8{o}.
+
+=Lumbroso, A.= Napoleone I e l'Inghilterra. Roma, 1897. 8{o}.
+
+=Maitland, Sir F. L.= Relation concernant l'embarquement et le séjour
+de l'Empereur Napoléon à bord du _Bellérophon_. Paris, 1826. 8{o}.
+
+=Masson, F.= Les débuts des Bonapartes. Paris, 1896. 8{o}.
+
+=Masson, F.= Napoléon chez lui: la journée de l'Empereur aux
+Tuileries. Paris, 1894. 8{o}.
+
+=Masson, F.= Napoléon et les femmes. I. L'Amour. Paris, 1894. 8{o}.
+
+=Masson, F.= Napoléon inconnu. Papiers inédits (1786-93). Publiés par
+F. Masson et G. Biagi. Accompagnés de notes sur la jeunesse de
+Napoléon (1769-93). Paris, 1895. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Monier, A.= Une année de la vie de l'Empereur Napoléon; ou, Précis
+historique de tout ce qui s'est passé depuis le 1 avril, 1814,
+jusqu'au 21 mars, 1815 ... par A. D. B. M. 3 éd. rev. Paris, 1815.
+12{o}.
+
+=Napoléon Ier.= La République, le Consulat, l'Empire, Sainte-Hélène,
+d'après les peintres, les sculpteurs et les graveurs. Album oblong.
+Av. 80 planches et 500 gravures. Paris, 1895. Hachette.
+
+=Norvins, J. M. de=. Histoire de Napoléon. 5 éd. Paris, 1834-36. 4 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Paris= zur Zeit d. Kaiserkrönung. Nebst e Schilderung d.
+Hauptpersonen bei diesem Merkwürd. Feste u. Napoleons Bildn. Leipzig,
+1805. 8{o}.
+
+=Pélissier, L. G.= Le registre de l'île d'Elbe. Lettres et ordres
+inédits de Napoléon Ier, 28 mai, 1814,-22 févr., 1815. 12{o}. Paris,
+1897. Fontemoing.
+
+=Peyre, R.= Napoléon I et son temps: histoire militaire, gouvernement
+intérieur, lettres, sciences et arts. Paris, 1888. 4{o}.
+
+=Pingaud, L.= Bernadotte, Napoléon et les Bourbons. Paris, 1901.
+
+=Poullet, P.= La Belgique et la chute de Napoléon I. Extrait de la
+"Revue générale." Bruxelles, 1895. 8{o}.
+
+=Prentout, H.= L'Île de France sous Decaen, 1803-10. 8{o}. Paris,
+1901. Hachette.
+
+=Remacle, C{te} de=. Bonaparte et les Bourbons. Relations secrètes des
+agents de Louis XVIII à Paris sous le Consulat (1802-03). 8{o}. Paris,
+1900. Plon.
+
+=Révérend, V{te} A.= Armorial du premier Empire. Titres, majorats et
+armoiries concédés par Napoléon Ier. 4 v. 4{o}. Paris, 1897. Champion.
+
+=Riols, J. de=. Napoléon peint par lui-même, anecdotes, souvenirs,
+caractère, appréciations, etc. Paris, 1895. 18{o}.
+
+=Rocquain, F.= Napoléon I et le roi Louis, d'après les documents
+conservés aux archives nationales. Paris, 1875. 8{o}.
+
+=Roloff, G.= Napoleon I. 8{o}. Berlin, 1900. Bondi. Coll. Vorkampfer
+des Jahrhunderts.
+
+=Rose, J. H.= Napoleon and English Commerce. In English Historical
+Review, v. VIII, pp. 704-725. London, 1893.
+
+=Rose, J. H.= The Life of Napoleon I, including new materials from the
+British official records. London, 1902.
+
+=Saint-Hilaire, Marco=. Histoire populaire, anecdotique et pittoresque
+de Napoléon et la grande armée. Paris, 1843. Gr. 8{o}.
+
+=Scott, Sir Walter=. Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, with a preliminary
+view of the French Revolution. Edinburgh, 1827. 9 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Scott, Sir Walter=. Vie de Napoléon Buonaparte, précédée d'un tableau
+préliminaire sur la Révolution franç. Paris, 1827. 9 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Seeley, J. R.= Short History of Napoleon I. London, 1886. 8{o}.
+
+=Seeley, J. R.= Courte histoire de Napoléon I. Trad. Paris, 1887.
+18{o}.
+
+=Ségur, P. P. de=. Geschichte Napoleons und der grossen Armee im Jahre
+1812. Stuttgart, 1841. 2 v. 16{o}.
+
+=Sepet, M.= Napoléon, son caractère, son génie, son rôle historique.
+Paris, 1894. 16{o}.
+
+=Sorel, A.= Bonaparte et Hoche en 1797. Paris, 1896. 8{o}.
+
+=Tatistcheff, S.= Alexandre I et Napoléon (1801-12), d'après leur
+correspondance inédite. Paris, 1891.
+
+=Thibaudeau, A. C.= Histoire générale de Napoléon Bonaparte, de sa vie
+privée et publique, de sa carrière politique et militaire, de son
+administration et de son gouvernement. Paris, 1827-28. 6 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Vallaux, C.= Les campagnes des armées françaises (1792-1815). Av. 17
+cartes. 18{o}. Paris, 1899. Alcan.
+
+=Vandal, A.= L'Avènement de Bonaparte. Paris, 1902.
+
+=Vandal, A.= Napoléon et Alexandre Ier: l'alliance russe sous le
+premier Empire. Paris, 1893-96. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Whately, R.= Historic doubts relative to Napoleon Buonaparte. With
+intr. by H. Morley. New York, no date. 16{o}.
+
+=Yorck v. Wartenburg=. Napoleon als Feldherr. 2 Aufl. Berlin, 1887-88.
+2 v. 8{o}.
+
+
+NAPOLEON
+
+IN ELBA
+
+=Campbell, Sir N.= Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba. 1814-1815.
+London, 1869. 8{o}.
+
+=Fabre, J.= De Fontainebleau à l'île d'Elbe. Paris, 1887. 8{o}.
+
+=Foresi, E.= Napoleone I all' isola dell' Elba. Firenze.
+
+=Gourgaud et Montholon=. Mémoires p. s. à l'histoire de France sous
+Napoléon, écrits à Sainte-Hélène par les généraux qui ont partagé sa
+captivité, et publ. sur le manuscrit entièrement corrigés de la main
+de Napoléon. 8 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1822-25. Didot. Bossange. Trad. en
+allem., espagn., angl. et dan.
+
+=Helfert, J. A.= Napoleon I Fahrt von Fontainebleau nach Elba,
+April-Mai, 1814. Mit Benützung der ämtlichen Reiseberichte des
+kaiserlich österreichischen Commissars Gen. Koller. Wien, 1874. 8{o}.
+
+=Lancelotti=. Napoleon auf Elba. Dresden, 1815.
+
+=Livi, G.= Napoleone all' isola d'Elba. Milano, 1888.
+
+=Pélissier, L. G.= L'Île d'Elbe au commencement du XIXe siècle. In
+Bulletin de la Société languedocienne de géographie, 1897.
+
+=Pellet, E. A. M.= Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe: mélanges historiques.
+Paris, 1888. 12{o}.
+
+=Pichot, A.= Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe: chronique des événements de
+1814-15, d'après le journal du Col. Sir Neil Campbell, le journal d'un
+détenu et autres doc. inédits ou pen connus, pour servir à l'hist. du
+premier Empire et de la Restauration, accompagné d'une gravure en
+taille douce. Paris, 1873. 8{o}.
+
+=Waldburg, G. T. v.=, Ed. Napoleon Buonaparte's Reise von Fontainebleau
+nach Fréjus, vom 17 bis 29 April, 1814. Einzigrechtmässig. Ausg. Berlin,
+1815. 16{o}.
+
+
+FRANCE
+
+=Anti-Jacobin, or Weekly Examiner=. 1st ed. London, 1797-98. 2d ed.,
+1799.
+
+=Aucoc, L.= Conférences sur l'administration et le droit
+administratif, faites à l'École des Ponts et Chaussées. 3 éd. Paris,
+1885-86. 2v. 8{o}.
+
+=Aucoc, L.= Le conseil d'état avant et depuis 1789, ses
+transformations, ses travaux, et son personnel: Étude hist. et
+bibliographique. Paris, 1876. 8{o}.
+
+=Aulard, F. A.= Le Directoire exécutif (in Rambaud et Lavisse,
+Histoire générale, t. VIII). Paris, 1898. 8{o}.
+
+=Bailac, J. B.= Nouvelle chronique de la ville de Bayonne, par un
+Bayonnais. Bayonne, 1827-28. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Barante, A. G. P. Brugière de=. Histoire du Directoire de la
+République française. Paris, 1855. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Beiträge= zur Geschichte d. Ruckzugs d. Franzosen nach d. Schlacht
+bei Leipzig. Leipzig, 1815. 8{o}.
+
+=Bertrand, A.= L'Organisation française: le gouvernement,
+l'administration. Paris, 1882. 12{o}.
+
+=Bignon, L. P.= Histoire de France sous Napoléon, rédigée et terminée
+par A. Ernouf. Paris, 1838-50. v 14. 8{o}.
+
+=Biré, E.= Causeries historiques. Les historiens de la Révolution et
+de l'Empire. 8{o}. Paris, 1897. Bloud.
+
+=Blanc, A. E.= Napoléon Ier: Ses institutions civiles et
+administratives. Paris, 1880. 8{o}.
+
+=Blanc, L.= Histoire de la Révolution française. Paris, 1847-62. 12 v.
+8{o}. Nouvelle éd. ornée de 600 gravures. Paris, 1881. 2 v. 4{o}.
+
+=Bogdanowitsch, M.= Geschichte d. Krieges 1814 in Frankreich u. d.
+Sturzes Napoleons I, nach d. zuverlässigsten Quellen. Aus d. Russ. von
+G. Baumgarten. Leipzig, 1866. 8{o}.
+
+=Boissonnade, J. F.= Critique littéraire sous le premier Empire. Publ.
+par F. Colincamp. Paris, 1863. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Bosse, R. H. B. von=. Übersicht d. französischen Staatswirthschaft.
+Braunschw., 1806. 2 Thle.
+
+=Boulay de la Meurthe, Comte de=. Les dernières années du Duc
+d'Enghien. (1801-1804.) Paris, 1886. 12{o}.
+
+=Brunetière, F.= Études critiques sur l'histoire de la littérature
+française. Paris, 1880-93. 5 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Buchez, P. B. J., et Roux-Lavergne, P. C.= Histoire parlementaire de
+la Révolution française; ou, Journal des assemblées nationales depuis
+1789 jusqu'en 1815. Paris, 1833-1838. 40 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Chuquet, A.= L'Alsace en 1814. 8{o}. Paris, 1900. Plon.
+
+=Corréard, F.= La France sous le consulat. 8{o}. Paris, 1899. May.
+Coll. Bibliothèque d'histoire militaire.
+
+=Cobbett, W.= Facts and observations relative to the peace with
+Bonaparte. Philadelphia, 1802. 8{o}.
+
+=Debidour, A.= Études critiques sur la Révolution, l'Empire et la
+période contemporaine. 12{o}. Paris, 1886. Charpentier.
+
+=Debidour=. Histoire des rapports de l'église et de l'état en France
+(1789-1870). Paris, 1898. Alcan.
+
+=Dejob=. L'Instruction publique en France et en Italie au XIXe siècle.
+12{o}. Paris, 1894. Colin.
+
+=Delplace, L.= La Belgique sous la domination française. 2 v. Louvain,
+1896.
+
+=Des Granges, C. M.= Geoffroy et la critique dramatique sous le
+Consulat et l'Empire (1800-14). (Thèse.) Paris, 1897. Hachette.
+
+=Desmarets, C.= Témoignages historiques, ou quinze ans de haute police
+sous Napoléon. Paris, 1833. 8{o}.
+
+=Dontenville, J.= Le Général Moreau, 1763-1813. Paris, 1899.
+
+=Duruy, A.= L'Instruction publique et la Révolution. Paris, 1882.
+8{o}.
+
+=Duvergier de Hauranne, P.= Histoire de gouvernement parlementaire en
+France, 1814-1848; précédée d'une intr. Paris, 1857-65. 7 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Faber, T.= Notices sur l'intérieur de la France, écrites en 1806.
+St.-Pétersbourg, 1807. 8{o}. (La paix de Tilsit arrêta la publication
+d'un second vol. qui devait paraître. Le premier vol. n'a pas été
+répandu dans le public que par une réimpression faite à Londres, dans
+le recueil intitulé: "Offrandes à Bonaparte par trois étrangers."
+1810.)
+
+=Fauchille, P.= Du blocus maritime. Paris, 1882. 8{o}.
+
+=Fauchille, P.= La question juive en France sous le premier Empire,
+d'après des documents inéd. Paris, 1884. 8{o}.
+
+=Fauriel, C.= Les derniers jours du Consulat, manuscrit inéd. Publ. et
+annot. par L. Lalanne. Paris, 1885.
+
+=Fescourt=. Histoire de la double-conspiration de 1800 contre le
+gouvernement consulaire et de la déportation qui eut lieu dans la
+deuxième année du Consulat; contenant des détails authentiques et
+curieux sur la machine infernale et les déportés. Paris. 1818. 8{o}.
+
+=Fiévée, J.= Correspondance polit, et administrative, commencée au
+mois de mai, 1814. 3 v. Paris, 1815-28. 12{o}.
+
+=Forneron, H.= Hist. générale des émigrés pendant la Révolution
+française. 4 éd. rev. et corr. Paris, 1884. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Fortescue=. The manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq. Preserved at
+Dropmore. London, 1894.
+
+=Goncourt, E. et J. de=. Histoire de la société française pendant le
+Directoire. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1892. 12{o}.
+
+=Gourgaud, G.= Campagne de 1815, ou relation des opérations militaires
+qui out eu lieu en France et en Belgique pendant les Cent Jours.
+Paris, 1818. 8{o}.
+
+=Grouchy, Gén.= Fragments historiques relatifs à la campagne de 1815
+et à la bataille de Waterloo. Paris, 1829. 8{o}.
+
+=Hamel, E.= Hist. des deux conspirations du Gén. Malet. Nouv. éd.
+rev., corr. et augm. d'une nouvelle préface. Paris, 1873. 8{o}.
+
+=Hahn, L.= D. Unterrichtswesen in Frankreich mit einer Geschichte der
+Pariser Universität. Breslau, 1848. 8{o}.
+
+=Hélie, F. A.= Les constitutions de la France. Ouvrage contenant,
+outre les constitutions, les principales lois relatives au culte, à la
+magistrature, aux élections, à la liberté de la presse, de réunion et
+d'association, à l'organisation des départements et des communes, avec
+un commentaire. Paris, 1875-79. 4 facs.
+
+=Houssaye, H.= 1815, la première Restauration, le retour de l'île
+d'Elbe, les Cent Jours. 15 éd., rev. Paris, 1894. 12{o}.
+
+=Hüffer, H.= Quellen zur Geschichte des Zeitalters der französischen
+Révolution. Leipzig, 1900. Teubner.
+
+=Julien, B.= Histoire de la poésie française à l'époque impériale.
+Paris, 1844. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Jullien, M. A.= Entretien politique sur la situation actuelle de la
+France et sur les plans du nouveau gouvernement. Paris, an VIII
+(1800). 8{o}.
+
+=Labaume, E.= Histoire de la chute de l'empire de Napoléon, ornée de
+huit plans ou cartes pour servir au récit des principales batailles
+livrées en 1815-16. Paris, 1820. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Lacombe, P.= Essai d'une bibliographie des ouvrages relatifs à
+l'histoire religieuse de Paris pendant la révolution (1789-1802).
+Paris, 1884. 8{o}.
+
+=Lacretelle, C. J. D. de=. Dix années d'épreuves pendant la
+Révolution. Paris, 1842. 8{o}.
+
+=Lafon, J. B. H.= Hist. de la conjuration du Gén. Malet, avec des
+détails officiels sur cette affaire. 2 éd., rev., corr. et augm. des
+pièces offic. des procès; recueillies à la com. militaire, etc. Paris,
+1814.
+
+=Lamartine, A. M. L. de=. Histoire de la Restauration. Paris, 1851-52.
+8v. 8{o}.
+
+=Lamartine, A. M. L. de=. History of the restoration of monarchy in
+France. New York, 1851-53. 8{o}.
+
+=Lamothe-Langon, Baron E. L. de=. Les après-dîners de S. A. S.
+Cambacérès, second consul, ou révélations de plusieurs grands
+personages sur l'ancien régime, le Directoire, l'Empire et la
+Restauration, recueillies et publiées par le b{on} E. L. de
+Lamothe-Langon. Paris, 1837. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Lanzac de Laborie, de=. La domination française en Belgique,
+1795-1814. Paris, 1895. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Lavallée, J.= Histoire de l'origine, du progrès et de la décadence
+des diverses factions qui ont agité la France depuis le 14 juillet,
+1789, jusqu'à l'abdication de Napoléon. London, 1816. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Lavisse, E.=, et =Rambaud, A=., Histoire générale du IVe siècle
+jusqu'à nos jours, ouvrage publié sous la direction de. Paris,
+1893-97. 8 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Lubis, F. P.= Histoire de la Restauration (1814-1830). 2e éd. Paris,
+1848. 6 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Lubis, F. P.= Résumé de l'histoire des Cent Jours. Paris, 1843.
+12{o}.
+
+=Mahan, A. T.= Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and
+Empire, 1793-1812. London, 1893. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Martel, Comte A. de=. Historiens fantaisistes (M. Thiers). Paris,
+1883. 2 v. 18{o}.
+
+=Merlet, G.= Tableau de la littérature française (1800-1815). Paris,
+1877-84. 3v. 8{o}.
+
+=Meyer, Fr. J. L.= Briefe aus d. Haupstadt u. dem innern Frankreichs
+unt. d. Consular-regierung. Stuttgart, 1802. 2 Thle. 8{o}.
+
+=Montglave, G. de=. Les souvenirs d'un grognard de la vieille. Paris,
+1842. 8{o}.
+
+=Mortimer-Ternaux=. Histoire de la Terreur (1792-1794). Paris,
+1862-1881. 8 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Nicolas, Ch.= Les Budgets de la France depuis le commencement du XIXe
+siècle. Tableaux budgétaires. Paris, 1882. 4{o}.
+
+=Nougarède de Fayet, A.= Recherches hist. sur le procès et la
+condamnation du Duc d'Enghien. Paris, 1844. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Pajol, C{te}=. Pajol, général en chef, par le gén. de division C{te}
+Pajol, son fils aîné. Paris, 1874. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Panckoucke, P.= La République considérée dans ses divers
+gouvernements, ou la France comme elle est après ce qu'elle a été.
+Essai d'observations impartiales et instructives sur les événements et
+les hommes pendant la Révolution. Paris, an IV (1801). 8{o}.
+
+=Passy, L.= Frochot, préfet de la Seine. Hist. administrative,
+1789-1815. Paris, 1867. 8{o}.
+
+=Peuchet, J.= Essai d'une statistique générale de la France. Paris.
+1802. 4{o}.
+
+=Pfuel, E. v.= D. Rückzug der Franzosen aus Russland. Hrsg. von F.
+Förster. Berlin, 1867. 8{o}.
+
+=Picaud, A.= Carnot, l'organisateur de la victoire, 1753-1823. Nouv.
+éd. Paris, no date. 8{o}.
+
+=Pisani, Abbé P.= La Dalmatie de 1797 à 1815. Épisode des conquêtes
+napoléoniennes. Paris, 1893. Gr. 8{o}.
+
+=Pradt, D. D. de=. Récit historique sur la restauration de la royauté
+en France le 31 mars, 1814. Par l'auteur du "Congrès de Vienne," etc.
+2e éd. Paris, 1822. 8{o}.
+
+=Procès= instruit par la cour de justice criminelle contre Georges,
+Pichegru, Moreau et autres prévenus de conspiration contre la personne
+du Premier Consul. Paris, 1804. 8 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Rapetti, P. N.= La défection de Marmont en 1814, ouvrage suivi d'un
+précis des jugements de Napoléon Ier sur le maréchal Marmont, d'une
+notice bibliog., avec extraits de tous les ouvrages publ. sur le même
+sujet, etc. Paris, 1858. 8{o}.
+
+=Regnault-Warin, J. B. J. I. P.= Introduction à l'histoire de l'empire
+français; ou, Essai sur la monarchie de Napoléon. Paris, 1820. 2 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Rochechouart, Général Comte de=. Souvenirs sur la Révolution,
+l'Empire et la Restauration. Mémoires inédits publiés par son fils.
+Paris, 1889. 8{o}.
+
+=Rocquain, F.= État de la France au 18 brumaire d'après les rapports
+des conseillers d'état chargés d'une enquête sur la situation de la
+république, avec pièces inédites, de la fin du directoire, publiées
+pour la première fois et précédées d'une préface et d'une
+introduction. Paris, 1874. 12{o}.
+
+=Rodriguez, J. A.= Relation historique de ce qui s'est passé à Paris à
+la mémorable époque de la déchéance de Napoléon Buonaparte, écrite en
+espagnol et traduite en français par l'auteur. Paris, 1814. 8{o}.
+
+=Sainte-Beuve, C. A.= Chateaubriand et son groupe littéraire sous
+l'Empire. Nouv. éd., cor. Paris, 1889. 2 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Schaeffner, W.= Geschichte d. Rechtsverfassung Frankreichs. 2 Ausg.
+Frankfurt-am-Main, 1859. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Schlarendorf, G. v.= Napoleon u. das französische Volk unter seinem
+Consulate. Hrsg. von J. F. Reichardt. Germanien., 1804. 8{o}.
+
+=Schlarendorf, G. v.= Bonaparte and the French people under his
+consulate. 5 American ed. New York, 1804. 8{o}.
+
+=Schmidt, A.= Paris pendant la Révolution, d'après les rapports de la
+police secrète, 1789-1800. Trad. franç. accompagnée d'une préface par
+P. Viollet. Paris, 1880-90. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Schmidt, A.= Parizer Zustände während d. Revolutionszeit von
+1789-1800. Jena, 1874-76. 3 v. in 1. 8{o}.
+
+=Schmidt, A.= Tableaux de la Révolution française. Publ. sur les
+papiers inédits du département de la police secrète de Paris. Leipzig,
+1867-70. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Schoelcher, V.= Vie de Toussaint Louverture. Paris, 1889. 12{o}.
+
+=Schoell, F.= Recueil de pièces officielles sur les événements qui se
+sont passés depuis quelques années. Paris, 1814. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Sorel, A.= L'Europe et la Révolution française. Paris, 1893-95. 4v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Stourm, R.= Les finances de l'ancien régime et de la Révolution,
+origines du système financier actuel. Paris, 1885. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Sybel, H. von=. Geschichte d. revolutionszeit von 1789-1800. Neue
+Ausg. Stuttgart, 1882. 5 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Taine, H.= Les origines de la France contemporaine. Paris, 1890-93. 5
+v. 8{o}.
+
+=Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M.= Correspondance inédite du prince de
+Talleyrand et du roi Louis XVIII pendant le congrès de Vienne, publiée
+sur les manuscrits conservés au dépôt des affaires étrangères, avec
+préface, éclaircissements et notes par G. Pallain. Paris, 1881. 8{o}.
+
+=Thibaudeau, A. C.= Le Consulat et l'Empire; ou, Histoire de France et
+de Napoléon Bonaparte de 1789 à 1815. Paris, 1834-35. 10 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Thiers, A.= Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire (1799-1815). Paris,
+1845-62. 20 v. 8{o}. Atlas fol.
+
+=Thiers, A.= History of the Consulate and the Empire of France under
+Napoleon. Tr. by D. F. Campbell. London, 1845-62. 20 v. Also Atlas
+fol. 1859.
+
+=Toulongeon, F. E.= Histoire de France depuis la Révolution de 1789.
+Paris, 1801-06. 4 v. 4{o}.
+
+=Vaulabelle, A. T. de=. Histoire de deux restaurations jusqu'à
+l'avènement de Louis-Philippe de jan., 1815, à oct., 1830. Nouv. éd.
+Paris, 1874. 11 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Véron, L. D.= Mémoires d'un bourgeois de Paris, comprenant la fin de
+l'Empire, la Restauration, la Monarchie de juillet, la République
+jusqu'au rétablissement de l'Empire. Paris, 1856-57. 5 v. 16{o}.
+
+=Villemain, A. F.= Souvenirs contemporains d'histoire et de
+littérature. Paris, 1855-56. 2 parts. 8{o}.
+
+=Vührer, A.= Histoire de la dette publique en France. Paris, 1886. 8
+v.
+
+=Walsh, R.= Letter on the genius and dispositions of the French
+government. Philadelphia, 1810. 8{o}.
+
+=Welschinger, H.= La censure sous le premier Empire. Paris, 1882. 1 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Williams, H. M.= Narrative of the events which have taken place in
+France, with an account of the present state of society and public
+opinion. 2 ed. London, 1816. 8{o}.
+
+
+THE CODE
+
+=Colmet de Santerre=. Le divorce de l'empereur et le code Napoléon.
+8{o}. Paris, 1894.
+
+=Des Gilleuls, A.= De l'esprit du droit public sous le Consulat et
+l'Empire. 8{o}. Paris, 1896. Picard.
+
+=Jac, E.= Bonaparte et le code civil. De l'influence personnelle
+exercée par le premier consul sur notre législation civile. 8{o}.
+Paris, 1898. Rousseau.
+
+=Locré de Roissy, J. G., Baron de=. Procès-verbaux du conseil d'état,
+cont. la discussion du projet de code civil. Années IX-XII. Paris, an
+XII (1803-04). 5 v. 4{o}.
+
+=Pérouse, H.= Napoléon I et les lois civiles du Consulat et de
+l'Empire. Paris, 1866. 8{o}.
+
+=Rehberg, A. W.= Ueber den Code Napoleon u. dessen Einführung in
+Deutschland. Hannover, 1814. 8{o}.
+
+=Roloff, G.= Die Kolonialpolitik Napoleons I. Karte. München, 1899.
+Oldenbourg, Coll. Historische Bibliothek.
+
+=Sévin, F.= Étude sur les origines révolutionnaires des codes
+Napoléon. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1879. 8{o}.
+
+=Thézard, L.= De l'influence des travaux de Pothier et du chancelier
+d'Aguesseau sur le droit civil moderne. Paris, 1866. 8{o}.
+
+
+GREAT BRITAIN
+
+=Adolphus, J.= History of England from the accession to the decease of
+King George III. London, 1840-45. 7 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Alison, Sir A.= Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart,
+the 2d and 3d marquesses of Londonderry; with annals of contemporary
+events. Edinburgh, 1861. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Auckland=. Journal and correspondence of William, Lord Auckland.
+London, 1861. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Bisset, R.= The History of the Reign of George III to the termination
+of the late war. London, 1803. 6 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Brougham.= Historical sketches of statesmen who flourished in the
+time of George III. Paris, 1839.
+
+=Browning, O.= England and Napoleon in 1803, being the despatches of
+Lord Whitworth and others, now first printed. London, 1887. 8{o}.
+
+=Buckingham=. Memoirs of the court and cabinets of George III, by the
+Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. London, 1853-55. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Burghersh, Lord=. (John Fane, Earl of Westmoreland.) Memoir of the
+operations of the allied armies under Prince Schwarzenberg and Marshal
+Blücher, 1813-14. London, 1822. 8{o}.
+
+=Castlereagh, Lord=. Correspondence, despatches and other papers. Ed.
+by C. W. Vane. London, 1851-53. 8 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Charlemont, James, First Earl of=. Manuscripts and correspondence.
+London, 1894. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Cockburn, Henry=. Memorials of his time. New ed. Edinburgh, 1874.
+16{o}.
+
+=Cornwallis=. Correspondence, ed. by Charles Ross. London, 1859. 3 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Cottin, P.= Toulon et les Anglais en 1793, d'après des documents
+inédits. Avec 3 planches et 4 dessins. 8{o}. Paris, 1898. Ollendorf.
+
+=Cottin, P.= L'Angleterre devant ses alliés (1793-1814): Toulon
+(1793), Anvers et Nimègue (1794), Quiberon (1795), Guadeloupe (1795),
+Égypte (1798-1800), Naples (1799), Cadix et Cabrera (1808-14). 8{o}.
+Paris, 1893. Aux bureaux de la Revue rétrospective.
+
+=Elliot, Sir G., Earl of Minto=. Life and Letters, 1751-1806. Ed. by
+the Countess of Minto. London, 1874. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Fox, C. J.= Memorials and correspondence, Ed. by Lord J. Russell.
+London, 1853-57. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Fox, Henry R.=, Lord Holland. Foreign reminiscences. Ed. by his son.
+New York, 1851. 12{o}.
+
+=Henry, W.= Events of a military life. London, 1843. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Jackson, Sir G.= Diaries and letters from the peace of Amiens to the
+battle of Talavera. Ed. by Lady Jackson. Paris, 1872. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Jackson, Sir G.= The Bath Archives. A further selection from [his]
+diaries and letters from 1809-16. Ed. by Lady Jackson. London, 1873. 2
+v. 8{o}.
+
+=James, W.= Naval history of Great Britain. London, 1860. 6 v.
+
+=Laughton, J. K.= Life of Nelson. London, 1894. 2d ed. 1900.
+
+=Laughton, J. K.= The Nelson Memorial. Nelson and his companions in
+arms. London, 1896. 8{o}.
+
+=Liverpool, Earl of (R. B. Jenkinson)=. Memoirs. London, 1827.
+
+=Mahan, A. T.= Life of Nelson. London, 1897. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Malmesbury, Lord=. Diaries and Correspondence. London, 1844. 4 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Massey=. A History of England during the reign of George III. London,
+1855-63. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Maxwell, W. H.= Life of the Duke of Wellington. 4th ed. 1845. 3 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Morris, Gouverneur=. Diary and Letters. New York, 1888. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Paget, Sir Arthur=. The Paget Papers. London, 1896. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Parliamentary History=. Vols. XXXVI _et seq_. London, 1803 _et seq._
+
+=Romilly, Sir Samuel=. Memoirs and Correspondence. London, 1847. 3 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Rose, G.= Diaries and Correspondence. Ed. by L. V. Harcourt. London,
+1859. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Ségur, P. P. de=. History of the expedition to Russia in 1812.
+Philadelphia, 1825. 8{o}.
+
+=Sidmouth=. Life and correspondence of Henry Addington, first Viscount
+Sidmouth. Ed. by G. Pellew. London, 1847. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Sinclair, Sir J.= Correspondence, with reminiscences of the most
+distinguished characters in Great Britain and in foreign countries
+during the last fifty years. London, 1831. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Stanhope=. Life of the Right Honorable William Pitt. London, 1861-62.
+4 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Stewart, C. W. V=., first Earl Vane and third marquis of Londonderry.
+Narrative of the war in Germany and France in 1813-14. London, 1830.
+4{o}.
+
+=Wellesley, A., Duke of Wellington=. Civil Correspondence and
+Memoranda. London, 1860. 5 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Wellesley, A., Duke of Wellington=. Despatches from 1799-1818. New
+ed. London, 1837-38. 9 v. 8{o}. (Vols. 4-12 of Coll. Despatches.)
+
+=Windham, W.= The diary of William Windham, 1784-1810. Ed. by Mrs.
+Henry Baring. London, 1866. 8{o}.
+
+=Yonge, C. D.= Life and administration of Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2d
+earl of Liverpool (1786-1820). London, 1868. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+
+ITALY
+
+=Besancenet, A. de=. Le Général Dommartin en Italie et en Égypte.
+Ordres de service. Correspondance, 1789-1799. Paris, 1880. 12{o}.
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+=Botta, C.= Storia d'Italia dal 1789 al 1814. Torino, 1824. 8 v.
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+=Cantù, C.=, Ed. Corrispondenze di diplomatici della repubblica e del
+regno di Italia 1796-1814. Compilazione archivistica. Vol. Iº. Milano,
+1884. 8{o}.
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+=Castro=. Milano durante la dominazione napoleonica. Milano, 1880.
+8{o}.
+
+=Castro=. Storia d'Italia dal 1799 al 1814. Milano, 1881. 8{o}.
+
+=Coignet, Capitaine=. Les cahiers (1799-1815), publ. d'après le MS.
+orig. par L. Larchey. Nouv. éd., rev. et cor. Paris, 1889. 12{o}.
+
+=Coletta, P.= Storia del reame di Napoli dal 1734 al 1825. Paris,
+1835. 8{o}.
+
+=Coppi=. Annali d'Italia dal 1750 al 1807. Rome, 1849. 8{o}.
+
+=Dandolo, G.= La caduta della republica di Venezia ed i suoi ultimi
+cinquant'anni. Studii, storici, ed appendice. Venezia. 1855-57. 2 v.
+8{o}.
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+=Dejob=. Mme de Staël et l'Italie (avec une bibliographie de
+l'influence française en Italie, 1796-1814). Paris, 1890.
+
+=Einsiedel, A. A. v.= Die Feldzüge d. Oesterreicher in Italien im
+Jahre 1805. Mit 1 Schlachtplan u. 1 Karte. Weimar, 1812. 8{o}.
+
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+1796. 2 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1900. Champion. Tom. 3. 8{o}. Paris, 1901.
+Chapelot.
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+Perrin.
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+=Gaffarel, Paul=. Bonaparte et les républiques italiennes 1796-1799.
+Paris, 1895. 8{o}.
+
+=Graham, Colonel T.= Despatches on the Italian campaign of 1796-97.
+Ed. by J. H. Rose. In English Historical Review, vol. 14, pp. 111-124,
+321-331. London, 1900.
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+THE PAPACY
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+1869-70. 8{o}.
+
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+SWITZERLAND
+
+=Amtliche Sammlung= der Acten aus d. Zeit d. Helvetischen Republik
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+SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
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+GERMANY, INCLUDING RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA
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+
+=Natzmer, G. E.= Aus dem Leben der Gen. Oldwig v. Natzmer: Ein Beitrag
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+
+=Naumann, R. D.= Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig. Nebst Nachrichten von
+Zeitgenossen u. Augenzeugen über Dieselbe. Karte des Schlachtfeldes u.
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+
+=Neumann, L.=, et =Plason, A. de=. Recueil des traités et conventions
+conclus par l'Autriche avec les puissances étrangères depuis 1763
+jusqu'à nos jours. Leipzig, 1855-59. 6 v. 8{o}. Nouvelle suite.
+Vienne, 1877-91. 12 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Ompteda, F. v.= Zur deutschen Gesch. in dem Jahrzehnt vor den
+Befreiungskriegen.
+
+     I: D. Überwältigung Hannovers durch die Franzosen. Eine hist,
+     polit. Studie. Hannover, 1866.
+
+     II u. III: Politischer Nachlass des hannoverschen Staats u.
+     Cabinet-ministers Ludw. von Ompteda aus den Jahren 1804-1813.
+     Veröffentlicht von F. v. Ompteda. Jena, 1869.
+
+=Oncken, W.= Oesterreich und Preussen im Befreiungskriege: urkundliche
+Aufschlüsse über d. politische Geschichte des Jahres 1813. Berlin,
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+
+=Perthes, C. T.= Politische Zustände u. Personen in Deutschland z.
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+
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+1840.
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+von Anfang Mai bis zum Friedensschlusse. Aus offiziellen Quellen. Mit
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+
+
+RUSSIA AND POLAND
+
+=Bernhardi, Th. v.= Denkwürdigkeiten a. d. Leben des kaiserl. russ.
+Generals v. d. Infanterie Carl Frdr. Grafen v. Toll. 2 verm. Aufl.
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+=Bernhardi, Th. v.= Geschichte Russlands u. der europäisch. Politik,
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+=Bloch, J. de=. Les finances de la Russie au XIXe siècle. Historique
+et statistique. 2 vol. 8{o}. Paris, 1900. Guillaumin.
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+Deutschlands Unabhängigkeit. Aus d. Russ. mit Genehmigung d. Autors
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+=Bonaparte, Louis=. Documents historiques et réflexions sur le
+gouvernement de la Hollande. (Nouv. éd.) Paris, 1820. 3 v. 8{o}.
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+=Bourgeois, R.= Tableau de la campagne de Moscou en 1812. Paris, 1814.
+8{o}.
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+=Bréaut, J., des Marlots=. 1812. Lettre d'un capitaine de cuirassiers
+sur la campagne de Russie. Publiée par J. A. Léher. Paris, 1885.
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+=Burkersroda, v.= D. Sachsen in Russland: ein Beitrag z. Geschichte
+des russ. Feldzugs im Jahre 1812, besond. im Bezug a. d. Schicksal d.
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+=Choiseul-Gouffier, Comtesse de=. Reminiscences sur l'empereur
+Alexandre I et sur l'empereur Napoléon I. Paris, 1862. 8{o}.
+
+=Czartoryski, A. G., Prince=. Memoirs and correspondence, with
+documents relative to the Prince's negotiations with Pitt, Fox, and
+Brougham, and an account of his conversations with Lord Palmerston and
+other Eng. statesmen in London, 1832. Ed. by A. Gielgud. 2 ed. London,
+1888. 2 v. 8{o}.
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+=Czartoryski, A. G., Prince=. Mémoires et correspondance avec
+l'empereur Alexandre I. Préf. de Ch. de Mazade. Paris, 1887. 2 v.
+8{o}.
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+=Förster, F.= Napoleon I russischer Feldzug, 1812. 3 Aufl. 1857.
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+1806,-jan., 1807, d'après les archives de la guerre. Paris, 1882. 2 v.
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+=Gentz, F. de=. Dépêches inédites du chevalier de Gentz aux hospodars
+de Valachie, pour servir à l'histoire de la politique européenne (1813
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+
+=George, H. B.= Napoleon's Invasion of Russia. London, 1899. Unwin.
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+Feldzugen, 1809, 1812-13 in Polen u. Russland. Leipzig, 1853. 8{o}.
+
+=Gourgaud, G.= Napoléon et la grande armée en Russie, ou examen
+critique de l'ouvrage de M. le Comte Ph. de Ségur. 4e éd. Paris, 1827.
+2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Guillaume, F.=, dit =Guillaume de Vaudoncourt=. Mémoires pour servir
+à l'histoire de la guerre entre la France et la Russie en 1812. London
+et Paris, 1816 et 1817. 4{o}, et un petit vol. de planches.
+
+=Helldorf=. Aus dem Leben des kaiserlich. russischen Generals d.
+Infanterie, Prinzen Eugen v. Württemberg, aus dessen eigenhändigen
+Aufzeichnungen so wie aus dem schriftlichen Nachlass seiner Adjuanten
+gesammelt u. hrsg. Berlin, 1861-62. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Joyneville, C.= Life and Times of Alexander I, Emperor of All the
+Russias. London, 1875. 3 v. 12{o}.
+
+=Kobeko, D.= La jeunesse d'un tsar. Paul Ier et Catherine II. Éd.
+Dimitri de Benckendorff. Paris, 1896. 8{o}.
+
+=Labaume, E.= Circumstantial narrative of the campaign in Russia, with
+plans of the battle of Moskwa and Malojaroslavetz, 1812. Tr. E. Boyce.
+7 ed. London, 1816. 8{o}.
+
+=Labaume, E.= Relation circonstantiée de la campagne de Russie en
+1812. Ouvrage orné des plans de la bataille de la Moscowa et du combat
+de Malojaroslavetz. Paris, 1814. 8{o}.
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+=Léher, J. A.=, Éd. de Bréaut des Marlots, J. Lettre d'un capitaine de
+cuirassiers sur la campagne de Russie, 1812. Paris, 1885. 12{o}.
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+=Lehmann, M.= Scharnhorst. 2 Thl. seit dem Tilsiter Frieden. Leipzig,
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+=Lossberg, H. v.= Briefe in d. Heimat geschrieben während des
+Feldzuges 1812 in Russland: ein Beitrag z. Geschichte dieses
+Feldzuges. Cassel, 1844. 8{o}.
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+=Margueron=. Campagne de Russie. 8{o}. Paris, 1897.
+Charles-Lavauzelle.
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+=Meerheim, R. v.= Erlebnisse eines Veteranen d. grossen Armee während
+des Feldzuges in Russland in 1812. Herausg. v. dessen Sohne R. v.
+Meerheim. Dresden, 1860. 8{o}.
+
+=Miliutin=. Geschichte des Krieges Russlands mit Frankreich im Jahre
+1799. München, 1856. 3 v. 8{o}.
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+=Minckwitz, A. v.= D. Brigade Thielmann in dem Feldzuge von 1812 in
+Russland. Hierzu ein (lith.) Situationsplan vom Schlachtfelde d.
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+
+=Oginski, M. v.= Denkwürdigkeiten üb. Polen u. die Polen im Jahre
+1788-1815. Deutsch v. F. Gleich. Leipzig, 1827. 2 Thle. 8{o}.
+
+=Oginski, M. v.= Mémoires sur la Pologne et les Polonais depuis 1788
+jusqu'à la fin de 1815. Paris, 1826-27. 4 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Porter, Sir R. Ker.= Narrative of the Campaign in Russia during
+1812. London, 1815.
+
+=Puibusque, L. G.= Lettres sur la guerre de Russie en 1812, sur la
+ville de St.-Pétersbourg, les moeurs et les usages des habitants de la
+Pologne. 2 éd. Paris, 1817. 8{o}.
+
+=Rambaud, A.= History of Russia from the earliest times to 1877. Tr.
+by L. B. Lang. London, 1879. 8{o}.
+
+=Röder, Frz.= D. Kriegszug Napoleons gegen Russland im Jahre 1812.
+Nach den besten Quellen u. seinen eigenen Tagebüchern dargestellt,
+nach d. Zeitfolge d. Begebenheiten, hrsg. v. K. Röder. Leipzig, 1848.
+8{o}.
+
+=Röder v. Bomsdorf, O. W. K.= Mittheil. aus d. Feldzug in Russland
+1812, an einen Offizier des Generalstabes. Leipzig, 1816. 2 Thle.
+8{o}.
+
+=Rostopchin=, or =Rostoptchine, F.= Vérité sur l'incendie de Moscou.
+Paris, 1823.
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+=Rüstow, W.= D. Krieg gegen Russland. Politisch-militärisch Bearb.
+Zürich, 1885. 2 Bde. 8{o}.
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+=Surruges, Abbé=. Lettres sur l'incendie de Moscou, écrites de cette
+ville au R. P. Bouvet. 2 éd. Paris, 1823. 8{o}.
+
+=Tatistcheff, S.= Alexandre I et Napoléon, d'après leur correspondance
+inédite. 1801-12. Paris, 1891. 8{o}.
+
+=Tchitchagoff, P.= Mémoires inédits. Campagnes de la Russie, 1812,
+contre la Turquie, l'Autriche et la France. Berlin, 1855. 8{o}.
+
+=Tolstoi, L.= Physiologie de la guerre. Napoléon et la campagne de
+Russie. Tr. par M. Delines. Paris, 1887. 12{o}.
+
+=Wilson, Sir R.= Narrative of events during the invasion of Russia by
+Napoleon Bonaparte, and the retreat of the French army, 1812. Ed. by
+G. H. Randolph. London, 1860. 8{o}.
+
+=Woronzow, S. R., Comte de=. Arkhiv kniazia Vorontsova, viii, ix.
+Boumagi gr. S. R. Vorontsova. Moskva, 1876. 3 t. 8{o}.
+
+
+NETHERLANDS
+
+=Grolmann, E. von=. Geschichte des Feldzugs von 1815 in den
+Niederlanden u. Frankreich, als Beitrag z. Kriegsgeschichte d. neueren
+Kriege. Hrsg. von Major v. Damitz. Berlin, 1837. 12 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Kampen, van=. Geschichte der Niederlande. Hamburg, 1831-33. 2 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=Legrand, L.= La révolution française en Hollande: la république
+Batave. Paris, 1894.
+
+=Paquet, Syphorien=. Voyage historique et pittoresque fait dans les
+Pays-Bas et dans quelques départements voisins pendant les années
+1811, 1812 et 1813. Paris, 1813. 2 v. 12{o}.
+
+
+SCANDINAVIAN POWERS
+
+=Hochschild, C. F. L.= Désirée, reine de Suède et de Norvège. Paris,
+1888. 16{o}.
+
+=Schinkel, B. v.= Minnen ur Sveriges nyare historia. I{ra} afd.
+Bihang, 1, 2, 3. Upsala, 1881-83. 8{o}.
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+=Schmidt, Fr.= Schweden unter Karl XIV Johann. Heidelberg, 1842.
+8{o}.
+
+=Swederns, G.= Schwedens Politik u. Kriege in dem Jahre 1808-1814
+vorzüglich unter Leitung des Kronprinzen Carl Johan. Deutsche, von dem
+verf. gänzlich umgearb. Ausg. aus dem Schwed. von C. F. Frisch.
+Leipzig, 1866. 2 Thle. 8{o}.
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+=Thorsoë, A. D.= Danske stats-politiske historie fra 1800-1864. I.
+Tidsrummet, 1800-14. Kiobenhavn, 1873. 8{o}.
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+de Suède et de Norvège. Paris, 1838. 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+
+EGYPT
+
+=Abdurrahman Gabarti=. Journal pendant l'occupation française en
+Égypte, suivi d'un précis de la même campagne par Mou'allem
+Nicolas-el-Turki, tr. de l'arabe par A. Cardin. Paris, 1838. 8{o}.
+
+=Bertrand, Général H. G.=, Ed. Guerre d'Orient. Campagnes d'Égypte et
+de Syrie. Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de Napoléon dictés par
+lui-même à Sainte-Hélène et publiés par le Gén. Bertrand. Paris, 1847.
+2 v. 8{o}. Atlas fol.
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+=Boulay de la Meurthe, Comte=. Le directoire et l'expédition d'Égypte:
+Étude sur les tentatives du directoire pour communiquer avec
+Bonaparte, le secourir et le ramener. Paris, 1885. 12{o}.
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+=Copies= of original letters from the army of Gen. Bonaparte in Egypt,
+with an Eng. tr. London, 1798-1800. 3 parts. 12{o}.
+
+=La Jonquière, C.= L'Expédition d'Égypte (1798-1801). 2 v. 8{o}. Av.
+cartes. Paris, 1900-1901. Charles Lavauzelle.
+
+=Nakoula-el-Turk=. Histoire de l'expédition des Français en Égypte.
+Tr. et publ. par Desgranges. Paris, 1839. 8{o}.
+
+=Pièces= officielles de l'armée d'Égypte. 2e partie. Par., an IX.
+8{o}.
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+=Simon, E. T.= Correspondance de l'armée française en Égypte,
+interceptée par l'escadre de Nelson. Trad. en franç. Paris, an VII.
+8{o}.
+
+=Richardot, C.= Nouveaux mémoires sur l'armée française en Égypte et
+en Syrie, ou la vérité mise au jour sur les principaux faites et
+événements de cette armée, la statistique du pays, les usages et les
+moeurs des habitants, avec le plan de la côte d'Aboukir à Alexandrie
+et à la tour des Arabes. Paris, 1848. 8{o}.
+
+=Villiers du Terrage, E. de=. Journal et souvenirs sur l'expédition
+d'Égypte (1798-1801); publ. par le B{on} M. de Villiers du Terrage.
+8{o}. Av. cartes et gravures. Paris, 1899. Plon.
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+=Wilson, Sir R. T.= History of the British expedition to Egypt. 2 ed.
+London, 1803. 4{o}.
+
+
+THE BALKAN STATES
+
+=Beer, A.= D. Orientalische Politik Oesterreichs seit 1774. Prague,
+1883. 8{o}.
+
+=Boppe, A.= Documents inédits sur les relations de la Serbie avec
+Napoléon I, 1809-14. Extrait de l'Otatchbina, livres XIX et XX.
+Belgrade, 1888. 8{o}.
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+=Zinkeisen=. Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches. Gotha, 1859. 8{o}.
+
+
+SAINT HELENA
+
+=Abell, Mrs. L. E. B.= Recollections of the emperor Napoleon during
+the first three years of his captivity. London, 1845. 12{o}.
+
+=A Diary of St. Helena= (1816-1817). The journal of Lady Malcolm,
+containing the conversations of Napoleon with Sir P. Malcolm, ed. by
+Sir A. Wilson. 16{o}. London, 1899. Innes.
+
+=Antommarchi, F.= Mémoires; ou, Les derniers moments de Napoléon.
+Bruxelles, 1825. 2 v. 8{o}.
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+=Bingham, Gen. G. R.= Diary of Napoleon's Voyage to St. Helena.
+Blackwood's Magazine, Oct., 1896.
+
+=Forsyth, W.= History of the captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena: from
+the letters and journals of Sir H. Lowe. London, 1853 3 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Gourgaud, Gén. G. de=. Sainte-Hélène: Journal inédit de 1815 à 1818.
+2 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1899. Flammarion. Trad. en allem. par H. Conrad.
+8{o}. Stuttgart, 1901. Lutz. Coll. Memoiren-Bibliothek.
+
+=Las Cases, E. A. D. M. J., Marquis de=. Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène;
+ou, Jour. où se trouve consigné, jour par jour, ce qui a dit et fait
+Napoléon durant dix-huit mois. Paris, 1823-24. 8 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Lullin de Châteauvieux, J. F.= Manuscripts transmitted from St.
+Helena by an unknown channel. New York, 1817. 12{o}.
+
+=Lullin de Châteauvieux, J. F.= Manuscrit venu de Sainte-Hélène d'une
+manière inconnue. 4 éd. Lond., 1817. 8{o}.
+
+=Maitland, Sir F. L.= Narrative of the surrender of Buonaparte and of
+his residence on board the _Bellerophon_. 2 ed. London, 1826. 8{o}.
+
+=Masson, F.= Autour de Sainte-Hélène. Paris, 1909.
+
+=Melliss, J. C.= St. Helena: a phys., hist., and topog. description of
+the island, incl. its geology, fauna, flora, and meteorology. London,
+1875. 4{o}.
+
+=Montchenu, Marquis de=. La captivité de Sainte-Hélène, d'après les
+rapports inédits, par G. Firmin-Didot. Paris, 1894. 8{o}.
+
+=Montholon, C{tesse} de=. Souvenirs de Sainte-Hélène (1815-1816);
+publ. sous les auspices du V{te} du Couedic de Kergoualer, son
+petit-fils, par le C{te} Fleury. Av. gravures. 18{o}. Paris, 1901.
+Paul.
+
+=Montholon-Sémonville, C. T. de=. History of the captivity of Napoleon
+at St. Helena. London, 1846-47. 4 v. 8{o}. American ed., Philadelphia,
+1847. 8{o}.
+
+=Montholon-Sémonville, C. T. de=. Récits de la captivité de l'Empereur
+Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène. Paris, 1847. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Napoléon I.= Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France sous le
+règne de Napoléon, écrits à Sainte-Hélène par les généraux Gourgaud et
+Montholon, qui ont partagé sa captivité. 2e éd., disposée dans un
+nouvel ordre et augmentée de chapitres inédits, etc. Paris, 1830. 9 v.
+8{o}.
+
+=O'Meara, B. E.= Napoléon dans l'exil; ou, Une voix de Sainte-Hélène.
+Trad, par A. Roy. London, 1823. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=O'Meara, B. E.= Napoléon in Exile; or, A Voice from St. Helena
+(1815-18). 2 ed. New York, 1853. 2 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Recueil de pièces authentiques sur le captif de Sainte-Hélène=, de
+mémoires et documents écrits ou dictés par l'Empereur Napoléon, suivis
+de lettres de MM. le grand maréchal C{te} Bertrand, le C{te} de Las
+Cases, le Gén. B{on} Gourgaud, le Gén. C{te} Montholon. Paris,
+1821-25. 12 v. 8{o}.
+
+=Schlitter, H.= D. Berichte d. K. K. Commissars Bartholomäus v.
+Stürmer aus St. Helena zur Zeit d. dortigen Internirung Napoleon
+Bonapartes, 1816-18. 8{o}. Wien, 1886. 8{o}.
+
+=Warden, W.= Conduct and conversations of Napoleon Buonaparte and his
+suite during the voyage to St. Helena, and some months there. Albany,
+1817. 12{o}.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+A
+
+  =Aachen=, _N.'s_ court at, ii. 329, 339, 350.
+
+  =Aalen=, the French position at, ii. 365.
+
+  =Abdullah Pasha=, routed at Esdraelon, ii. 71, 72.
+
+  =Aben, River=, military operations on the, iii. 207.
+
+  =Abensberg=, Lefebvre defeats the Austrians at, iii. 207;
+    Oudinot ordered to, 208;
+    battle of, 211.
+
+  =Aberdeen, Lord=, English envoy at Vienna, iii. 422.
+
+  =Abo=, Alexander's hint to Bernadotte at, iv. 55.
+
+  =Aboukir=, battle of, ii. 77-80, 97;
+    trophies from, deposited at the Invalides, 147.
+
+  =Aboukir Bay=, battle of, ii. 62, 63.
+
+  =Abrantès=, Junot at, iii. 121.
+
+  =Abrantès, Duchesse d'=, friendship with _N._, i. 178, 283.
+
+  =Absolutism=, its growth in Europe, i. 67;
+    its decline and abolition, 106-110, 119, 151;
+    iv. 162, 250, 292.
+
+  =Academy, The=, ordered to occupy itself with literary criticism,
+       iii. 26.
+
+  =Acken=, military operations near, iv. 21, 22, 25.
+
+  =Acqui=, military operations at, i. 354.
+
+  =Acre=, Phélippeaux at, i. 65;
+    siege of, ii. 47, 70-76;
+    the key of Palestine, 73;
+    relief expedition from Constantinople to, 73-75;
+    parley between Phélippeaux and _N._ at, 79;
+    compared with Smolensk, iii. 340.
+
+  =Act of Mediation, the=, ii. 234.
+
+  =Acton, Sir J. F. E.=, rule of, in Naples, ii. 357.
+
+  =Adam, Albrecht=, on the French advance into Russia, iii. 337.
+
+  =Adam, Sir F.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.
+
+  =Adda, River=, military operations on the, i. 359, 381;
+    ii. 172.
+
+  =Addington, Henry=, succeeds Pitt in the ministry, ii. 208;
+    negotiates for peace, 210;
+    belief in the peace of Amiens, 213;
+    holds England to be arbiter of the Continent, 263;
+    Continental policy, 263, 266, 267;
+    appoints Lord Whitworth ambassador to Paris, 266;
+    his influence undermined by Pitt, 292;
+    driven from power, 337.
+
+  =Addison, Joseph=, on England's insular position, ii. 263.
+
+  =Additional Act, the=, iv. 160, 161, 166.
+
+  =Aderklaa=, Austrian advance through, iii. 219.
+
+  =Adige, River=, military operations on, i. 371, 379, 383-391,
+      406-414, 434, 442;
+    ii. 87, 91, 193, 368;
+    iii. 201;
+    iv. 39;
+    cession to Austria of lands on, ii. 21;
+    boundary of the Cisalpine Republic, 21;
+    boundary of Austria in Italy, 193;
+    Eugène to collect troops on, 362.
+
+  =Adrial, M.=, member of the council of state, ii. 222;
+    reviser of the Code, 222.
+
+  =Adriatic Sea=, _N._ threatens to seize, i. 404;
+    French fleet in, ii. 18;
+    cession to Austria of lands on, 21;
+    marriage of, 24;
+    _N.'s_ control of, iii. 110;
+    the highway to India, 111.
+
+  =Æetes=, _N._ likened to, iv. 387.
+
+  =Æneid=, _N.'s_ notes on the, iv. 232.
+
+  =Afghanistan=, projected rising against England in, iii. 21.
+
+  =Africa=, proposed military operations in northern, iii. 114;
+    the partition of, iv. 298.
+
+  ="Agamemnon," the=, at siege of Bastia, i. 260; ii. 62.
+
+  "=Agathon=," iii. 175.
+
+  =Agricultural laborers=, condition at outbreak of the Revolution,
+      i. 102, 105, 109.
+
+  =Agriculture=, encouragement of, ii. 220.
+
+  =Aigues-Mortes=, the canal of, ii. 349.
+
+  =Aisne, River=, military movements on the, iv. 77, 93.
+
+  =Aix=, Fesch at, i. 44;
+    _N._ at, 141; iv. 139, 154;
+    arrest of Corsican commissioners at, i. 204;
+    _N.'s_ sickness at, iv. 139;
+    bitter feeling against _N._ at, 138, 154.
+
+  =Ajaccio= made a seat of government, i. 25;
+    the Bonaparte family in, 26-35;
+    _N._ at, 81-90, 118, 128, 135, 159, 193, 203 prepares plans for
+      its defense, 91;
+    political parties in, 116;
+    patriotic schemes, 118;
+    _N._ assumes leadership in, 118;
+    the democratic club at, 118, 123, 127, 128, 145, 184;
+    withdrawal of French troops from, 121;
+    reorganizing the municipal government, 123, 127;
+    attack on _N._ in, 128;
+    disorders in, 128-130, 166-172, 180, 191;
+    claims to be capital of Corsica, 134;
+    political movements in, 163-170;
+    election of officers in, 165, 166;
+    popular feeling against _N._ in, 170, 171;
+    embarkation of Sardinian expedition at, 191;
+    _N._ demands allegiance to France from, 199;
+    _N.'s_ plot against the citadel at, 201-209;
+    expedition from St. Florent against, 204-207;
+    outburst against the Bonapartes in, 205;
+    _N.'s_ cave at, 210;
+    weakness of, 257;
+    _N.'s_ last visit to, ii. 82.
+
+  =Albania=, _N._ offers the country to England, ii. 404.
+
+  =Albuera=, battle of, iii. 289.
+
+  =Albufera, Duke of=. _See_ =Suchet=.
+
+  =Alessandria=, opening of the road to, i. 257;
+    military operations near, 352;
+    in French hands, 373;
+    Melas rallies his army at, ii. 174, 177;
+    topography of the country, 177, 178;
+    Melas retires to, 180;
+    _N._ concedes to the allies at Châtillon, iv. 87.
+
+  =Alexander I=, succeeds Paul I, ii. 210;
+    waives claim to Malta, 210;
+    liberates English ships, 210;
+    his bloody title to the throne, ii. 210, 317; iii. 36, 37; iv. 114;
+    abandons the neutrality policy, ii. 263;
+    personal relations between _N._ and, 263; iii. 34, 37, 40, 43,
+      52-53, 64, 73, 97, 105, 107, 116, 118, 248, 255, 310, 408, 411;
+    pacification of, ii. 265;
+    ruptures diplomatic relations with France, 311;
+    animus toward France, 330;
+    greed for Oriental empire, 330, 331, 347, 348, 357, 406, 418;
+      iii. 33, 176, 236, 245; iv. 67;
+    attitude on the death of Enghien, ii. 330, 348;
+    demands indemnity for King of Sardinia, 330;
+    _N.'s_ words of warning to, 347;
+    demands indemnity for Piedmont, 348;
+    undertakes peace negotiations, 356;
+    his scheme of redistribution of Europe, 355;
+    England's negotiations with, 355;
+    character and personality, 356; iii. 41-43, 117, 171, 310, 351,
+      420; iv. 6, 68, 132;
+    recalls his peace envoy, ii. 357;
+    brings Prussia into the coalition, 376, 377;
+    at Berlin, 376, 377;
+    relations with Frederick William III, 377; iii. 57, 107, 195;
+    prefers one of Paul I's assassins, ii. 380;
+    at Olmütz, 380;
+    _N._ opens negotiations with, 380;
+    forces the battle of Austerlitz, 382;
+    after the battle, 389;
+    deserts Francis I, 390;
+    interview with _N._, 391;
+    retreats to Poland, 391;
+    evacuates Naples, 405;
+    conscienceless concerning territories of others, 405;
+    breaks off negotiations with _N._, 418;
+    rejects the Oubril treaty, 421;
+    uncertain attitude, 420;
+    _N.'s_ insinuations concerning Queen Louisa and, iii. 57;
+    _N.'s_ doubts about his movements, 1;
+    activity after Jéna, 1;
+    offers rewards for French prisoners, 9;
+    devotion of the army to, 9, 10;
+    interest in Constantinople, 28;
+    meeting with _N._ at Tilsit, 34 et seq., 49, 53;
+    _N.'s_ proposals to, 36;
+    reminded of Paul I's death, 36;
+    invited to make a separate peace, 36;
+    accepts _N.'s_ terms, 37;
+    promises to aid France against England, 41;
+    deserts Prussia, 42;
+    proposed visit to Paris, 51;
+    proposes a treaty with Turkey, 51;
+    on European politics, 51;
+    opinion of Louis XVIII, 52;
+    claims concessions from _N._, 55;
+    saves Silesia to Prussia, 56;
+    acquires Bielostok, 56;
+    refuses to seize Prussian territory, 62;
+    parting from _N._ at Tilsit, 63;
+    Savary's influence over, 64;
+    hostility of Russian society to, 64, 109, 118, 336;
+    enmity to England, 70;
+    _N._ proposes matrimonial unions to, 93, 179, 181, 247, 248;
+    coquets with English agents, 97;
+    effect of the treaty of Tilsit on, 99;
+    apprehensions at England's actions, 99;
+    seeks to abolish serfdom, 99;
+    difficulties of his position, 99;
+    demands reparation for Denmark, 100;
+    declares war on England, 102;
+    repudiates the agreement of Slobozia, 105;
+    keeps faith with _N._, 105;
+    holds _N._ to his promises, 106;
+    ambition to acquire the Danubian principalities, 105, 116, 117,
+      176, 248;
+    appoints Tolstoi to negotiate with _N._, 107;
+    declines _N.'s_ offers, 108;
+    essays to effect the liberation of Prussia, 108, 168;
+    continues his demands on _N._, 110;
+    _N._ seeks further interviews with, 113, 116;
+    court intrigue around, 115;
+    receives presents from _N._, 116;
+    seeks to acquire Finland, 115, 168, 176;
+    breaks off negotiations for interview with _N._, 116;
+    "stalemated," 117;
+    humiliation of, 117, 310;
+    Joseph seeks his consent to acceptance of the Spanish crown, 131;
+    uncertainty concerning _N.'s_ plans, 165;
+    approves _N.'s_ course at Bayonne, 166;
+    friendship with Caulaincourt, 165, 168, 248;
+    proposed second meeting with _N._, 166, 168, 169;
+    informed of the capitulation of Baylen, 166;
+    influence on Emperor Francis, 167;
+    rewon by _N.'s_ promises, 166;
+    remonstrates with Austria, 166, 168;
+    determines to exact the fruits of Tilsit, 168;
+    intellectual pretensions, 171;
+    meeting with _N._ at Erfurt, 172 et seq.;
+    dramatic incident at performance of "Oedipe," 172;
+    apparent success of his demands at Erfurt, 177;
+    hot words with _N._ at Erfurt, 177;
+    approves of _N.'s_ contemplated divorce, 181;
+    relies on _N._ to gratify his ambitions, 194;
+    at Königsberg, 193, 194;
+    modifies his tone to Vienna, 194;
+    neutrality of, 225;
+    gives no support to Francis, 236;
+    orders invasion of Galicia, 236;
+    his observance of Franco-Russian treaties, 238, 244;
+    advises peace, 239;
+    _N._ explains the treaty of Schönbrunn to, 245;
+    hesitates to betroth his sister to _N._, 247, 248;
+    fears the loss of Moldavia and Wallachia, 248;
+    chagrined at the Austrian war and its results, 249;
+    anxiety for a French alliance, 248;
+    attitude concerning _N.'s_ second marriage, 255, 316;
+    offers Norway to Sweden, 281, 314, 321;
+    discriminates against France in customs duties, 288;
+    action on _N.'s_ occupation of the North Sea coast, 287;
+    reserves his family rights over Oldenburg, 288;
+    refuses to accept Erfurt, 288;
+    liberal tendencies, 309;
+    friendship with Czartoryski, 309, 311, 383;
+    ambition for equality with _N._, iii. 310;
+    essays the rôle of European mediator, 309;
+    disgusted with the old dynasties, 309;
+    outwitted by _N._ in the Polish negotiations, 310 et seq.;
+    impending rupture with _N._, 310 et seq.;
+    rupture with _N._ over the Polish question, 311 et seq.;
+    refuses to restore the integrity of Poland, 312;
+    proposes to accept the crown of Warsaw, 311;
+    virtual declaration of war against France, 311;
+    hopes of the Poles in, 313;
+    _N._ offers the use of the "Moniteur" to, 315;
+    _N._ threatens action against, 314;
+    prepares for war, 315;
+    proves an untrustworthy ally, 316;
+    determines on defensive warfare, 316;
+    position as to the Continental System, 316, 328;
+    _N._ warns him of his military preparations, 318;
+    hints an offer of the French crown to Bernadotte, 321;
+    makes qualified alliance with Prussia, 320;
+    effect of his policy on Prussia, 320;
+    makes terms with Turkey, 321;
+    personal connection with the war of 1812, 328;
+    concessions by, 328;
+    ultimatum to France, 328, 329;
+    proposes counter-terms to _N._, 329;
+    demands better terms for Sweden, 330;
+    invited to Dresden, 331;
+    demands the evacuation of Prussia, 330;
+    ukase of December, 1810, 329;
+    his German advisers blamed, 336;
+    allays trouble at St. Petersburg, 326;
+    financial difficulties, 336;
+    military policy, 341;
+    replaces Barclay de Tolly by Kutusoff, 343;
+    his advisers, 351-352;
+    silent steadfastness, 351-352;
+    religious spirit, 351;
+    conduct after the capture of Moscow, 352;
+    determines to continue the war, 351;
+    friendship with Galitzin, 351;
+    treatment of French prisoners, 367;
+    makes terms with Prussia, 382;
+    goes to Vilna, 383;
+    project to become king of Poland, 384;
+    seeks alliances with Prussia and Austria, 384;
+    abandons the Polish idea, 384;
+    ambition to pose as liberator of Europe, 383;
+    relations with Stein, 385, 396;
+    in correspondence with York, 384;
+    negotiates treaty with Spain, July, 1812, 391;
+    Metternich seeks to embroil him with Bernadotte, 394;
+    advances against Eugène, 395;
+    favors annexation of Saxony by Prussia, 399;
+    importance of keeping him hostile to France, 415;
+    _N.'s_ attempt to negotiate with, 415;
+    secret meeting with Metternich, 415;
+    fatalism of, 420;
+    Francis seeks alliance with, 420;
+    jealousy of Austria, 424;
+    mediocrity in military affairs, iv. 6;
+    in military council at Trachenberg, 6;
+    battle of Leipsic, 28-34;
+    anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40;
+    distrust of his allies, 40;
+    Jacobinism of, 40;
+    dissatisfied with Frankfort terms, 40;
+    desires revenge for Moscow, 40;
+    checks Bernadotte's ambitions, 55;
+    encourages Bernadotte's ambition, 55, 57;
+    holds the balances in the coalition, 57;
+    ambition for European supremacy, 58;
+    predicts speedy entry into Paris, 61;
+    military blunder, 63;
+    designs to acquire Galicia, 67;
+    poses as a liberal, 68;
+    designs regarding Poland, 67;
+    desires to conquer France, 67;
+    forbids the restoration of Vaud to Bern, 68;
+    suspends the Congress of Châtillon, 70;
+    consents to re-opening the Congress, 72;
+    activity of, 88, 89;
+    prepares for the entry into Paris, 90;
+    terror-stricken at Arcis, 92;
+    attitude toward Austria, 98;
+    holds a military council, 98;
+    intrigues with Vitrolles, 98;
+    eagerness to annihilate _N._, 98;
+    violates armistice before Paris, 110;
+    orders an assault, 110;
+    fears _N.'s_ arrival at Paris, 110;
+    Talleyrand sends a "blank check" to, 113;
+    leads the allies into Paris, 113;
+    schemes for French government, 114;
+    the representative of legitimacy, 114;
+    presides at the council for peace, 114;
+    deceived by the Parisians' reception, 113;
+    approves the Bourbon restoration, 114;
+    Caulaincourt seeks audience of, 116;
+    Marmont's offer to, 119;
+    hears Talleyrand's remonstrance against the regency, 125;
+    presentation of _N.'s_ abdication to, 124, 125;
+    hatred for absolutism, 126;
+    hears of the defection of _N.'s_ army, 126;
+    revulsion of feeling in favor of the Empire, 126;
+    refuses to accept the abdication, 129;
+    generous impulses, 132;
+    proposes a home for _N._ in Russia, 133;
+    alleged indelicacy of his visit to the Empress at Rambouillet, 135;
+    boast as to his servants, 138;
+    protests to Talleyrand against violations of treaty obligations, 153;
+    determines to retain ascendancy in the coalition, 169;
+    converted to the legitimacy idea, 224;
+    besought for _N.'s_ release, 231;
+    correspondence with:
+      Galitzin, Prince, iii. 311;
+      George III, iii. 181;
+      Marmont, iv. 119;
+      Napoleon, iii. 111, 113, 165, 315, 350.
+
+  =Alexander the Great=, _N._ likened to, i. 423; iii. 319; iv. 292;
+    _N.'s_ admiration for, ii. 15, 47, 147, 157;
+    his work for civilization, 157; iv. 251, 292;
+    his ideal, iii. 319;
+    the cause of his undoing, iv. 261.
+
+  =Alexandria=, _N.'s_ views concerning, ii. 47;
+    Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, 57;
+    _N.'s_ arrival at, 57;
+    capture of, 58;
+    the march to Cairo from, 59;
+    Adm. Brueys ordered to, 61;
+    _N._ at, 66;
+    arrival of the Rhodes expedition at, 77;
+    English fleet at, 79;
+    _N._ sails from, 81;
+    England's occupation of, 280.
+
+  =Alfieri, Vittorio=, sings of Italian freedom, ii. 232; iv. 39.
+
+  =Alien Act=, England's position with regard to, ii. 271.
+
+  =Alkmaar=, capitulation of the Duke of York at, ii. 93;
+    capitulation of, 141.
+
+  =Alle, River=, military operations on the, iii. 29, 30.
+
+  =Allemand=, retreat of the French through, iv. 99.
+
+  =Allenburg=, Bennigsen collects his troops at, iii. 31.
+
+  =Allix, J. A. F.=, at Auxerre, iv. 102;
+    battle of Waterloo, 201.
+
+  "=All the Talents=," the ministry of, iii. 46.
+
+  =Almeida=, siege and capture of, iii. 284;
+  retaken by the English, 289.
+
+  =Alpon, River=, military operations on the, i. 389, 391.
+
+  =Alps, the=, military operations in, i. 213, 412, 426, 433;
+      ii. 160-173, 186, 187;
+    the keys of, i. 342, 355;
+    French supremacy in, ii. 96;
+    Suvaroff's disasters in, 141;
+    Hannibal's passage of, 169;
+    road across the Simplon, 233;
+    France's "natural boundary," iv. 41.
+
+  =Alsace=, Austria driven out of, i. 273;
+    royalists in, ii. 301;
+    Duc d'Enghien's conspiracy in, 301, 305;
+    regulations for Jews in, iii. 77;
+    proposed cession of, to Austria, iv. 67.
+
+  =Alten, K. A. von=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.
+
+  =Altenburg=, peace negotiations at, iii. 237.
+
+  =Altenkirchen=, battle of, i. 385.
+
+  =Alvinczy, Gen. Joseph=, _N.'s_ operations against, i. 350;
+    commanding Austrian forces for relief of Mantua, 386-392;
+    defeats Masséna at Bassano and Caldiero, 389;
+    operations against Verona, 389-392;
+    retreats from Caldiero, 390;
+    operations on the Adige, 406-414;
+    the Rivoli campaign, 406 et seq.;
+    defeat at Rivoli, 414;
+    flees to the Tyrol, 414.
+
+  =America=, disquiet of the English colonies in, i. 22;
+    precedent for France's aid to English colonies in, 23;
+    English measures against colonies in, 24;
+    Raynal's question concerning the discovery of, 137;
+    Marquis de Beauharnais in, 314;
+    collapse of French schemes of colonization in, ii. 237;
+    France looks to her possessions in, 280;
+    scheme for a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 141.
+
+  =American Embargo Act of 1807=, iii. 101-102, 274-275.
+
+  =Americas, Emperor of the Two=, iii. 120.
+
+  =Amiens=, the treaty of, ii. 211, 230-236, 243, 262-264, 266-274,
+      280, 284, 332, 351, 400; iii. 47; iv. 264.
+
+  =Amsterdam=, asked for loan of ten millions, ii. 154;
+    smuggled commerce of, iii. 265, 267;
+    Louis permitted to return to, 271;
+    removal of the capital to, 277;
+    march of French troops to, 276;
+    sends deputation to Paris, 380.
+
+  =Amurrio=, Gen. Victor at, iii. 183.
+
+  =Anarchists=, in France, ii. 134;
+    assassination schemes among, 239.
+
+  =Anarchy=, the seed of "a pure democracy," i. 397.
+
+  =Ancients, Council of the=, represent public sentiment, ii. 2;
+    members of, proscribed, 8;
+    Sieyès president of, 35;
+    join the Bonapartist ranks, 100;
+    give banquet to _N._ in St. Sulpice, 100;
+    share in Bonapartist plots, 101;
+    plots of the 18th Brumaire, 102 et seq.;
+    endeavor to postpone _N.'s_ dictatorship, 112;
+    pass vote of confidence in _N._, 114;
+    adopts the Consulate, 123.
+
+  =Ancona=, capture of, i. 422;
+    importance of, 423;
+    _N._ at, 423;
+    _N._ proposes to seize, 447;
+    rise of, 447;
+    fall of, ii. 142;
+    Austrian occupation of, 182;
+    seized by French troops, 396;
+    annexed to Italy, iii. 69, 118.
+
+  =Andalusia=, Dupont advances toward, iii. 156;
+    withdrawal of troops from, 188;
+    Soult ordered to, 286.
+
+  =Andernach=, alteration of boundary at, ii. 21.
+
+  =Andréossy, Gen. A. F.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53;
+    accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81;
+    action on the 18th Brumaire, 105;
+    ambassador to London, 277;
+    despatch from _N._ to, 284;
+    reports Austrian activity, iii. 21;
+    influence in Vienna, 23.
+
+  =Angély, Regnault de St. Jean d'=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 94;
+    member of the council of state, 152;
+    prophesies the undoing of France, iii. 325.
+
+  =Angerburg=, Lestocq at, iii. 8.
+
+  =Anghiari=, Provera crosses the Adige at, i. 410, 414.
+
+  =Anglas, Boissy d'=, quells riot at the National Convention, i. 283.
+
+  =Anglo-Saxon= spirit of civilization, iv. 254.
+
+  =Angoulême, Duchess of=, affronts Madame Ney, iv. 148.
+
+  =Angoulême, Duke of=, proclaims Louis XVIII, at Bordeaux, iv. 87.
+
+  =Anne, Grand Duchess=, mentioned for marriage with _N._, iii. 179, 181;
+    _N._ seeks her hand in marriage, 248, 250.
+
+  =Ansbach=, Bernadotte's movements in, ii. 365, 376;
+    ceded to Bavaria, 390;
+    Augereau commanding in, 416;
+    French violation of territory, iii. 59;
+    military movements near, iv. 35.
+
+  =Anselme, Gen.=, i. 191.
+
+  =Antibes=, recruits for _N.'s_ army from, iv. 155.
+
+  =Antilles=, scheme for population of the, ii. 236.
+
+  =Antommarchi, Dr. F.=, assists _N._ on his history, iv. 232;
+    _N.'s_ physician, 232.
+
+  =Antonelli, Cardinal=, diplomatic duel with Portails, ii. 346.
+
+  =Antraigues, Comte d'=, exposes Pichegru's treachery, ii. 5, 6;
+    furnishes pen portrait of _N._, 28, 29.
+
+  =Antwerp=, commercial key to central Europe, iv. 42;
+    _N._ "loses his crown for," 42;
+    refused to France by the allies, 67;
+    _N._ refuses to give up, 74;
+    _N._ concedes, to the allies, 87.
+
+  =Aosta=, arrival of Lannes at, ii. 171.
+
+  =Apennines=, military operations in the, i. 243, 352, 374; ii. 93.
+
+  =Apolda=, military movements near, ii. 432.
+
+  =Apollonius of Tyana=, _N._ compares Jesus Christ with, ii. 206.
+
+  =Aqua tofana=, plot to poison _N._ with, i. 418.
+
+  =Arabia=, _N.'s_ attention turned toward, i. 78, 95.
+
+  =Aragon=, French occupation of, iii. 155;
+    military government of, 279;
+    captured by Suchet, 289;
+    French possession of, 377.
+
+  =Aranjuez=, the revolution at, iii. 135-144;
+    Charles IV's court at, 135, 136, 138.
+
+  =Arc de Triomphe=, erection of the, iii. 74.
+
+  =Arch-Chancellor of State=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.
+
+  =Arch-Chancellor of the Empire=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.
+
+  "=Archive Russe=," cited, i. 216.
+
+  =Arch-Treasurer=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.
+
+  =Arcis-sur-Aube=, Blücher advances on, iv. 58;
+    _N._ moves to, 85-88;
+    battle of, 86, 92, 93;
+    proposed concentration of the allies at, 89;
+    retreat of the French from, 93;
+    _N.'s_ retreat from, 95;
+    French capture of, 96.
+
+  =Arcole=, _N._ at, i. 393;
+    the lessons of, 394;
+    battle of, 389, 390, 399; ii. 140.
+
+  =Ardennes Mountains=, proposed boundaries for Germany, iii. 320;
+    military operations in the, iv. 170.
+
+  =Ardon=, loss of, iv. 79.
+
+  =Aremberg, Duke of=, marries Mlle. Tascher de la Pagerie, iii. 132.
+
+  =Arena, Joseph=, success of, in Isola Rossa, i. 119;
+    member of the National Assembly, 133;
+    banished to Italy, 162;
+    influence of, 233;
+    charged with conspiracy, ii. 235;
+    execution of, 241.
+
+  =Arenberg=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.
+
+  =Argenson, Comte d'=, suggests the Suez Canal, ii. 46.
+
+  =Argenteau, Gen.=, defeated at Dego and Montenotte, i. 353.
+
+  =Aristocrats=, guillotining the, i. 251;
+    under the régime of the First Consul, ii. 258.
+
+  =Arles=, the canal of, ii. 349.
+
+  =Armed neutrality=, the, ii. 209-212;
+    Russia abandons the, 263.
+
+  =Army= (French), its relation to the throne, i. 67;
+    demoralization and discontent in, and desertions from, 67-69, 96,
+      112, 142, 173; iii. 4, 5, 224, 290, 291, 323, 326, 342, 360,
+      365, 372, 383, 402-404, 411, 412; iv. 4, 7, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22,
+      36, 62, 63, 69, 73, 83, 99, 101, 118, 122, 146, 147;
+    changes in the, i. 141-143;
+    compulsory service, 142, 143, 213;
+    reorganization of the, 149, 158, 159, 164;
+    regulations, 287;
+    political sentiments in, and influence of, 305, 347, 348, 426;
+      ii. 4, 5, 102, 103, 235; iv. 118, 126;
+    _N.'s_ relations with, care for, and reliance on, i. 362, 365,
+      366; ii. 29, 140, 153, 196, 248, 318, 361, 408; iii. 50, 325,
+      379, 380, 386, 387; iv. 50, 59, 123, 131, 137; 219, 248, 249,
+      255, 259, 260;
+    its prestige weakened by 18th Fructidor, ii. 22;
+    its mainsprings of action, 37;
+    importance of _N.'s_ securing its adhesion, 102;
+    _N.'s_ manifestos to, 159, 160;
+    contempt for the Concordat, 217;
+    quartered in foreign countries, 141;
+    disappearance of discontent in the, 318;
+    creation of marshals of France, 321;
+    conciliating the, 323;
+    its leaders, 364;
+    effect of Trafalgar on, 376;
+    effect of Austerlitz on, 394;
+    the army chest, 409, 410; iii. 295;
+    change in the personnel of the, 3;
+    venality of contractors, 4, 5;
+    improving the commissary, 7;
+    strengthening the, 22;
+    censorship of correspondence from the, 25;
+    founding of military factories, 25;
+    morale after Eylau, 45;
+    _N.'s_ exhibitions of, to the Czar, 50;
+    pension system, 87;
+    military schools, 91;
+    its lust for sack and booty, 155, 224;
+    over-confidence in, 231;
+    the cantinière of Busaco, 291;
+    discipline in Spain, 292;
+    "Marshal Stockpot's" deserters, 291;
+    expense of maintenance, 295, 305;
+    its equipment for the Russian campaign of 1812, 333;
+    _N.'s_ address to, before the Russian campaign, 334;
+    sufferings in Russia, 337, 357 et seq.;
+    vitality, 374;
+    wrath at _N.'s_ desertion, 375;
+    scheme for supporting, 388;
+    quality of the new (1813), 401;
+    juvenile soldiers in, iv. 4, 5, 21;
+    corruption in the, 5;
+    lack of pay for, 5;
+    effect of long campaigning on the generals, 7;
+    dwindling numbers of, 20;
+    dearth of military supplies, 50;
+    ambition among the minor generals, 118;
+    revival of Bonapartist feeling among the, 148;
+    returns to _N.'s_ standard, 158;
+    reorganization of, 165;
+    its morale at Waterloo, 198;
+    _N.'s_ farewell address to the, 219. _See also_ =Conscription=.
+
+  =Army of Catalonia=, service on the Rhine, iv. 55.
+
+  =Army of Egypt=, advances on Syria, ii. 68, 69;
+    abandoned by _N._ in Egypt, 80;
+    Adm. Bruix sent to relieve the, 79;
+    its desolate plight, 80, 81.
+
+  =Army of England, the=, creation of, ii. 24;
+    _N._ general of, 24, 35;
+    on the watch at Boulogne, 48;
+    the right wing of, 51;
+    strength, 290, 291;
+    ordered to march to the eastward, 362.
+
+  =Army of Helvetia=, incorporated into the Army of the Rhine, ii. 140.
+
+  =Army of Holland=, freed for active service, ii. 146.
+
+  =Army of Italy=, equipment of the, i. 196;
+    campaign in the Alps, 213;
+    _N.'s_ service with and command of, 216, 224, 237, 255, 318-22, 342;
+    question of its sustenance, 239;
+    strength and organization, 240, 241;
+    _N.'s_ plans for the, 245;
+    Corsicans in the, 252;
+    _N.'s_ monograph on, 288;
+    promised booty, 339, 340, 344;
+    the question of its employment, 342, 343;
+    joined to that of the Pyrenees, 343;
+    destitution of, 344;
+    strength (1796), 346;
+    pillage in the, 351;
+    reinforced from Vendée, 387;
+    popularity of, 419;
+    growing arrogance of the, ii. 4;
+    reinforced by the Army of the Alps, 9;
+    speculations as to further employment, 32;
+    restrained from pillage, 42;
+    Moreau's service with, 72;
+    division of, and disaster, 87;
+    frauds in, 91;
+    commanded by Masséna, 140, 186;
+    scheme for raising money for, 154;
+    _N.'s_ manifesto to, 159, 160;
+    its line of operations, 160;
+    service on the Rhine, iv. 55.
+
+  =Army of Silesia=, contemplated movement against, iv. 24;
+    contemplated movement of, 25.
+
+  =Army of the Alps=, Napoleon's plans for the, i. 245;
+    combined with Army of Italy, ii. 9.
+
+  =Army of the Danube=, under command of Jourdan, ii. 72.
+
+  =Army of the East= (Allies), iv. 3.
+
+  =Army of the Elbe=, formation of, iii. 393.
+
+  =Army of the Interior=, the, i. 298;
+    _N._ made second in command, 305;
+    _N._ reorganizes, 308;
+    1796, 345;
+    commanded by Augereau, ii. 7.
+
+  =Army of the Main=, formation of the, iii. 393.
+
+  =Army of the Netherlands=, service on the Rhine, iv. 55.
+
+  =Army of the North=, conquers the Austrian Netherlands, i. 273;
+    in 1796, 347;
+    operations on the Rhine, 434;
+    Barras's schemes in regard to, ii. 6.
+
+  =Army of the North= (Allies), in Brandenburg, iv. 3;
+    contemplated movement against the, 24.
+
+  =Army of the Pyrenees=, transferred to Maritime Alps, i. 342;
+    joined to that of Italy, 344;
+    service on the Rhine, iv. 55.
+
+  =Army of the Reserve=, ordered to Italy, ii. 163, 164;
+    expected to attack Melas, 170;
+    crosses the Alps, 169-173.
+
+  =Army of the Rhine, the= (French), _N._ seeks to join, i. 216;
+    _N._ fails of admission, 224;
+    commanded by Citizen Beauharnais, 314;
+    the question of its employment, 342;
+    fails to support _N._ in Italy, 435;
+    destitution of, ii. 6;
+    Augereau commander of, 7;
+    disbanded, 35;
+    Moreau commanding, 140;
+    _N.'s_ manifesto to, 159;
+    contempt for the Concordat in, 235;
+    the San Domingo expedition selected from, 236;
+    _N.'s_ method of quelling opposition in, 235-237;
+    weakened to ensure success in Italy, 296.
+
+  =Army of the Rhine= (Archduke Charles's), i. 425.
+
+  =Army of the Sambre and Meuse=, wins battle of Fleurus, i. 273;
+    campaigning in the Alps, 425;
+    brought to Paris, ii. 7.
+
+  =Army of the South= (Allies), iv. 3;
+    pursues Murat, 26;
+    Augereau attempts to hinder, 94;
+    Francis joins, at Lyons, 97.
+
+  =Army of the Tyrol= (Austrian), retreats to head waters of the Enns,
+      iii. 216;
+    Archduke John ordered to join, 216.
+
+  =Army of the Var=, i. 191.
+
+  =Army of the West, the=, _N._ ordered to join, i. 263;
+    _N._ refuses to serve in, 279, 296;
+    under Hoche, 346;
+    reinforces the Army of Italy, 387;
+    freed for active service, ii. 146.
+
+  "=Army Organization=," _N.'s_ essay on, iv. 232.
+
+  =Arnault, A. V.=, reports _N.'s_ speech to Barras, ii. 107;
+    "Memoirs" of, iii. 298;
+    records interview between Mme. de Staël and _N._, 298.
+
+  =Arndt, E. M.=, member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416;
+    his war-cry of "Freedom and Austria," iii. 195;
+    inspires to German unity, 397.
+
+  =Arrighi=, Gen. J. T., wounded at Acre, ii. 76.
+
+  =Art=, _N.'s_ plunder of works of, i. 368, 423, 446;
+    revival of, ii. 259;
+    _N._ advises encouragement of, 347.
+
+  "=Art and History of War=," _N.'s_ essay on, ii. 340.
+
+  =Artillery=, _N.'s_ study and use of, i. 48; ii. 178;
+    condition in 1796, 329;
+    its use at Wagram, iii. 229;
+    use of, at Leipsic, iv. 28, 33.
+
+  =Artisan class=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102.
+
+  =Artois, Count of=, leads emigrant royalists against France, i. 298;
+    returns to England, 304;
+    schemes for the restoration of, ii. 239;
+    complicity in the Cadoudal conspiracy, 298;
+    refrains from entering France, 301;
+    doubtful courage of, 301-303;
+    suspected of plotting in Paris, 303;
+    _N._ determines to seize, 302;
+    his plots in Paris, 311;
+    supposed capture of, iv. 104;
+    enters Paris, 132;
+    reception in Lyons, 156.
+
+  =Asia=, France's interest in, ii. 16;
+    _N.'s_ schemes of conquest in, 61;
+    Russia's ambition in, 154, 193;
+    England's vulnerability in, iii. 112;
+    proposed invasion of, 113;
+    _N.'s_ scheme to drive Russia into, 332;
+    the partition of, iv. 298.
+
+  =Asia Minor=, proposed military operations in, iii. 114.
+
+  =Aspern=, the advantage of position at, ii. 179;
+    battle of, iii. 218-225, 231, 232;
+    monument in churchyard of, 223;
+    losses at, 224;
+    military operations near, 226;
+    captured by the Austrians, 228.
+
+  =Assembly of Notables=, i. 105.
+
+  =Assyria=, the history of, iv. 293.
+
+  =Asti=, topography of country near, ii. 178.
+
+  =Astorga=, British troops at, iii. 186, 188;
+    _N._ at, 188, 196;
+    Ney at, 188.
+
+  =Astrakhan=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.
+
+  =Asturias=, rebellion in, iii. 154;
+    flight of Blake into, 185.
+
+  =Asturias, Prince of=, leads revolt against Godoy, iii. 70;
+    conspiracy of his father against his succession, 71, 127;
+    arrest of, 72, 126;
+    proposed French matrimonial alliance for, 71, 125, 133, 144;
+    character, popularity, and following, 124;
+    seeks _N.'s_ aid, 125, 126;
+    mentions his mother's shame, 126;
+    commissions the Duke del Infantado, 126;
+    trial and release, 127;
+    pardoned by his father, 127;
+    Charles IV, abdicates in favor of, 136.
+    _See also_ =Ferdinand VII=.
+
+  =Astyanax=, the King of Rome likened to, iv. 91, 108.
+
+  =Atheists=, in the National Convention, i. 250.
+
+  =Athies=, capture and recapture of, iv. 80, 81.
+
+  =Atlantic=, _N.'s_ mastery of ports on the, iii. 264.
+
+  =Attila=, _N._ likened to, i. 443.
+
+  =Aube, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58, 60, 74, 85, 86,
+      91, 93, 96.
+
+  =Aubry, François=, royalist intrigues by, i. 278;
+    _N.'s_ vindictiveness toward, 287, 289.
+
+  =Auerstädt=, battle of, ii. 430-434;
+    Prussia's humiliation at, iii. 57;
+    Davout created Duke of, 86. _See also_ =Davout=.
+
+  =Augereau, Gen. P. C. F.=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;
+    general of division, Army of Italy, 345;
+    defeats Austrians at Millesimo, 353, 354;
+    at Lonato, 381;
+    battle of Bassano, 388;
+    at Verona, 388;
+    battle of Arcole, 380-391;
+    battle of Lonato, 393;
+    driven into Porto Legnago, 409;
+    the Rivoli campaign, 410, 414;
+    commanding Army of the Interior, ii. 7;
+    takes command in Paris, 7;
+    events of the 18th of Fructidor, 8;
+    commanding Army of the Rhine, 9;
+    opposes _N._, 35;
+    blunders in south-western Germany, 37;
+    commanding in the Pyrenees, 37, 44;
+    Jacobin candidate for supreme command, 94;
+    fails to attend banquet at St. Sulpice, 101;
+    offers services to _N._, 109;
+    position on the Main, 190;
+    dangerous position after Hohenlinden, 191;
+    at Concordat celebration at Notre Dame, 215;
+    victory at Castiglione, 323;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    plan of naval expedition for, 333;
+    commanding in Germany, 364;
+    exasperates the people of Ansbach, 416;
+    near Coburg, 428;
+    battle of Jéna, 429-431;
+    at Golynim, iii. 4;
+    strength in Poland, 7;
+    in the Eylau campaign, 13, 14-17;
+    wounded at Eylau, 17;
+    created Duke of Castiglione, 86;
+    income, 87;
+    service in Spain, 283;
+    in campaign of 1813, 402;
+    battle of Leipsic, iv. 32;
+    confronting Bubna at Geneva, 56;
+    sent to Eugène's assistance, 56;
+    waning loyalty of, 56, 59;
+    repulses Bubna from Lyons, 67;
+    moral exhaustion of, 72;
+    letter from _N._, 72;
+    driven back to Lyons, 81;
+    strength, 94;
+    incapacity, 94;
+    evacuates Lyons, 94;
+    _N.'s_ kindness toward, 94;
+    contrasted with Suchet, 94;
+    strength, March, 1814, 102;
+    available forces, 118;
+    transfers allegiance to Louis XVIII, 133, 138;
+    meeting with _N._ near Valence, 138;
+    alleges patriotism as cause of his desertion, 138;
+    attainted, 157;
+    _N.'s_ forgiveness for, 233.
+
+  =Augsburg=, military movements near, iii. 203, 205.
+
+  =Augusta of Bavaria=, marries Eugène de Beauharnais, ii. 399.
+
+  =Aujezd=, military operations at, ii. 388.
+
+  =Aulic Council=, i. 426, 430; ii. 160, 367.
+
+  =Austerlitz=, battle of, ii. 379 et seq., 423;
+    the lessons of, 391, 392; iii. 341;
+    "the sun of," ii. 392; iii. 343;
+    reception of the news in England, ii. 393;
+    meeting of the sovereigns after, iii. 38;
+    fruits of the battle, 109;
+    Talleyrand's policy after, 125;
+    _N.'s_ terms after, 164;
+    Alexander's pliableness after, 351;
+    the battle compared with that at Leipsic, iv. 37;
+    interview between Francis and _N._ at, 30.
+
+  =Austerlitz, Bridge of=, in Paris, iii. 74.
+
+  =Austin, John=, on the Napoleonic Code, ii. 223.
+
+  =Austria=, hampered by alliances, i. 22;
+    campaign against France, 65;
+    France declares war against, 172, 187;
+    relations (alliances and negotiations for mutual support) with
+      Prussia, 174; ii. 389, 414; iii. 225, 235, 320, 331;
+    captures Lafayette, i. 179;
+    effect of military successes, 194;
+    military operations against, in Piedmont, 213;
+    partition of Poland, 220, 425;
+    Masséna's campaign against, 243;
+    opening of hostilities against, 243;
+    enters Genoese territory, 245;
+    cessation of operations against, 261;
+    defeated at Weissenburg and Fleurus, 273;
+    driven out of Alsace, 273;
+    relations with England (alliances and negotiations with, and
+      subsidies from), 277, 434; ii. 156, 160, 187, 188, 351, 358,
+      369; iii. 104, 165, 194, 195, 198, 225, 422; iv. 76, 145, 164;
+    armistice between France and, i. 278;
+    French schemes against, 293;
+    defeated by Prussia, 325;
+    hostility to France, 325;
+    relations (alliances and negotiations for mutual support) with
+      Russia, 325, 425; ii. 45, 61, 72, 312, 355, 357, 360, 363;
+      iii. 178, 311, 328, 331, 385, 419;
+    question of military operations against, i. 342;
+    operations in Piedmont in 1794, 341;
+    plans for overthrow of, 346;
+    forces of, separated from Sardinians, 350;
+    _N._ dictates terms to, at Leoben, 350;
+    military operations in Lombardy, 352-362;
+    defeated at Montenotte, 353;
+    army separated from Piedmontese, 354;
+    crushed at Lodi, 360, 361;
+    violates Venetian neutrality, 361, 371;
+    treaty with Venice, 371;
+    outgeneraled by _N._ at Mantua, 372;
+    the system of cabinet campaigning in vogue in, 378;
+    interest in possession of Mantua, 379;
+    losses in campaign before Mantua, 383;
+    temporary cessation of hostilities between France and, 392;
+    France's interest in the humiliation of, 398;
+    military enthusiasm in, 406;
+    fourth attempt to retrieve position in Italy, 406;
+    Spain allied with France against, 421;
+    precarious condition of foreign relations, 424;
+    magnificence of her opposition to France, 426;
+    covets Venetian territory, 428;
+    reoccupies Triest and Fiume, 435;
+    England blamed for trouble between France and, 435;
+    treaty of Leoben, 436-441;
+    seeks to retain Modena, 270;
+    secures possession of Venetia, 437-442; ii. 38;
+    proposes to recognize the French republic, i. 439;
+    defeated by Hoche on the Rhine, 439, 440;
+    rupture of the coalition with England, 441;
+    _N._ offers Venice to, 446;
+    influence of _N._ in, 448;
+    desires restoration of the Milanese, 451;
+    schemes of European reorganization, 451; iii. 22, 41, 50, 109, 195;
+    Gen. Clarke's mission to, i. 451;
+    releases Lafayette, 457;
+    _N._ has free hand in negotiations with, ii. 7;
+    final negotiations with, 10;
+    activity of, 9;
+    treaty of Campo Formio, 19-21;
+    Carnot's desire for peace with, 19;
+    Venice seeks to continue war with, 24;
+    Congress of Rastatt, 27, 89, 191, 264;
+    humiliation of, 37, 265, 440; iii. 104, 211, 213, 251, 254-256;
+    attitude of Frederick the Great toward, ii. 41;
+    acquisition of Swiss territory, 40;
+    to be restrained from interference in Rome, 42;
+    declines reciprocity with France, 42;
+    favors secularization of ecclesiastical principalities, 41;
+    disturbed feeling in, 42, 43;
+    Bernadotte's embassy to, 42, 43, 51;
+    France's demands on, concerning the Bourbons, 43;
+    strained relations between France and, 43;
+    alliance with Turkey, 72;
+    violates the Helvetian Republic, 72;
+    relations (strained or hostile) with Prussia, 86, 264, 361;
+      iii. 21, 44; iv. 41, 57, 58;
+    scheme to dismember Bavaria, ii. 88;
+    military operations on the Adige, 91;
+    military operations on the Rhine, 91, 93;
+    joins the second coalition, 90, 136, 142, 143;
+    defeats Masséna at Zürich, and Joubert at Novi, 93;
+    incurs the ill-will of Paul I, 142, 193, 209;
+    holdings in Italy, 145;
+    duplicity with Russia, 145;
+    Russia incensed at, 154;
+    France's services to Prussia against, 154;
+    military situation at beginning of 1800, 160;
+    Moreau ordered to move against, 164;
+    system of tactics pursued by, 165;
+    defeated at Engen, 166;
+    successes in Italy, 170;
+    quality of her troops, 178;
+    battle of Marengo, 178-185;
+    negotiates for peace, 182, 187;
+    agrees to evacuate northern Italy, 182;
+    armistice between France and, 182, 188;
+    interest to abandon England, 187;
+    _N._ proposes general armistice to, 187;
+    seeks concessions in Italy, 189;
+    raises new troops, 188;
+    _N._ determines to prosecute the war with, 189;
+    position behind the Inn, 190;
+    signs peace of Lunéville, 192;
+    her line in Italy, as fixed at Lunéville, 193;
+    armistice of Steyer, 192;
+    battle of Hohenlinden, 192;
+    signs separate peace, 192;
+    loss of power, 194;
+    the spiritual principalities in, 193;
+    Russia's jealousy of, 194;
+    aspirations concerning Bavaria, 194;
+    ecclesiastical influence in, 264;
+    share in redistributions of 1802, 265, 266;
+    Ney's check on, 272;
+    proposed occupation of Malta by, 285;
+    _N.'s_ preparations for striking, 291;
+    truckles to France, 311;
+    withdraws troops from Swabia, 311;
+    acquiesces in creation of French empire, 320;
+    represented at _N.'s_ court at Aachen, 329;
+    _N.'s_ designs against, 334, 336, 347;
+    recuperating, 347;
+    pretext for war between France and, 352;
+    Francis's title and powers curtailed, 352;
+    the sanitary cordon, 355;
+    popular dislike of Russia in, 355;
+    Alexander's scheme for compensating, 355;
+    apprehensions of losing Venice, 357;
+    falls into _N.'s_ trap, 358;
+    army reforms, 358;
+    mobilizes troops, 358;
+    her ambitions, 358;
+    her disarmament demanded, 361;
+    _N._ threatens to march to Vienna, 361;
+    abused in Paris newspapers, 361;
+    declaration of war against, 362;
+    declares war against France, Sept. 3, 1805, 363;
+    strength, 363;
+    her line of defense, 365;
+    popular opinion of _N._ in, 366;
+    capitulation of Ulm, 367;
+    junction of troops at Marburg, 367;
+    outgeneraled by _N._, 377;
+    drives the Elector of Bavaria from Munich, 377;
+    battle of Austerlitz, 381 et seq.;
+    ill feeling between Russia and, 381;
+    threatened with loss of Venetia and the Tyrol, 389;
+    accepts _N.'s_ terms for an armistice, 389;
+    _N.'s_ scheme to crush, 390;
+    suspected bribery of Talleyrand by, 390;
+    pays war indemnity to France, 390;
+    cessions by, 390;
+    acquires Salzburg and Berchtesgaden, 391;
+    surrenders Venice to France, 390;
+    losses at Austerlitz, 392;
+    stripped of leadership, 394;
+    neutralization of her power, 402;
+    Francis I declares himself hereditary emperor, 404;
+    protector of Ragusa, 405;
+    demoralization of the army, 419;
+    rehabilitation of, 440;
+    neutrality between Russia and Turkey, 441;
+    anxiety concerning Polish lands, 444;
+    offer of Silesia to, 445; iii. 22;
+    resolves on neutrality, ii. 445;
+    Turko-Persian alliance against, iii. 20;
+    _N._ proposes alliance with, 21, 22;
+    hostile preparations, 21;
+    proposal for a new coalition, 21;
+    proposes to act as mediator, 22;
+    shrewd attitude of, 23;
+    throws troops on frontier of Galicia, 23;
+    omitted from the Continental Olympus, 41;
+    _N.'s_ object to humiliate, 44;
+    interest in Poland, 45;
+    partition of, 49, 55;
+    her position after Tilsit, 56;
+    proposed commercial war against England, 55;
+    offended dignity of, 65;
+    treaty of Fontainebleau, Oct. 10, 1807, 104;
+    outward subserviency to France, 104;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, 104;
+    military reorganization of, 103, 164, 166, 198, 199;
+    proposed neutralization of, 113;
+    the situation in, 117;
+    awakening of the national spirit in, 137;
+    encouraged to revolt, 159, 163-165, 178;
+    effect of the Bayonne negotiations on, 163 et seq.;
+    hereditary rivalry with France, 164;
+    belligerent tone in, 165, 178, 193, 195;
+    necessity for her repression, 167;
+    _N._ and Alexander remonstrate with, 167-169;
+    _N._ proposes alliance with, 169;
+    to be held in check by Russia, 169;
+    compact between Russia and France against, 169;
+    Russia urged to occupy part of, 177;
+    transformation of, 192 et seq.;
+    the German movement in, 193;
+    opportunity to lead a revolt against _N._, 195;
+    failure of negotiations with France, 198;
+    change of plan of campaign, 198, 204;
+    Napoleonic ideas in, 200;
+    Archduke Charles's proclamations, 200;
+    intoxicated with success, 201;
+    the fifth war with, 202 et seq.;
+    her aggressions, 213;
+    extinguishment of her hopes in Italy, 215;
+    claims the battle of Aspern, 223;
+    losses at Wagram, 230;
+    plague in her army, 237;
+    to reduce her army, 238;
+    cession of territory, 239;
+    _N.'s_ terms of peace, 239;
+    _N._ contemplates alliance with, 238, 245, 249;
+    reduced to a second-class power, 239, 251, 254, 255;
+    desire to assassinate _N._ in, 240;
+    recognizes _N.'s_ acquisitions in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, 239;
+    joins the Continental System, 239;
+    _N._ chooses a matrimonial alliance with the House of, 246;
+    necessity of placating, 254;
+    good feeling toward France, 254;
+    democratic tendencies in, 256;
+    distribution of the lands taken from, 266;
+    brought into the Napoleonic system, 268;
+    bankruptcy of, 304;
+    alliance with France, 310, 311;
+    interest in stirring up strife between France and Russia, 313;
+    pro-Russian party in, 313, 314;
+    _N.'s_ reply to Francis's request for assistance, 314;
+    Alexander seeks the favor of, 316;
+    foments hostile feeling between Russia and France, 316;
+    seeks territorial aggrandizement at expense of Turkey, 316;
+    contemplates neutrality, 320;
+    overawed by _N.'s_ preparations, 320;
+    contributes troops to the French army, 320;
+    stipulates for territorial enlargement, 320;
+    furnishes troops for Russian campaign of 1812, 320;
+    agricultural distress in, 328;
+    acquires Galicia, 331;
+    attitude of her troops toward Russia, 342;
+    _N._ suspicious of, 382;
+    narrow escape at Essling, 383;
+    Alexander seeks alliance with, 384;
+    value of her alliance to France, 390;
+    Roman Catholic influence in, 390;
+    proposed surrender of Illyria to, 392, 407, 415;
+    hostility to _N._ in, 394, 395;
+    Saxony turns toward, 394, 399;
+    Metternich's diplomatic schemes for, 395;
+    refuses to enter coalition against France, 396;
+    _N._ offers to subsidize, 395;
+    _N._ seeks aid from, to check Kutusoff, 395;
+    proposes to act as mediator, 395, 407-411, 415, 416, 419, 420;
+    wooed for the coalition, 398;
+    secret agreement with Saxony, 399;
+    rejects _N.'s_ offer of Silesia, 400;
+    hostile neutrality of, 403;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, 403;
+    pivotal in European politics, 403, 409, 411;
+    growing strength, 403, 419-423;
+    abandoned by Saxony, 407;
+    proposed surrender of Dalmatia to, 407;
+    proposed rectification of her western frontier, 407;
+    outwits _N._, 412, 424; iv. i, 13;
+    gathers troops in Bohemia, iii. 413-414;
+    the allies' reliance on, 415;
+    fear of _N._, 415;
+    Nesselrode demands her adherence to the coalition, 415;
+    aggrandizement by royal marriages, 416;
+    to be pledged never to side with France, 415;
+    proposed enlargement of, 416;
+    secret treaty of Reichenbach, 415, 418, 422;
+    throws off the mask of mediator, 419;
+    duplicity of, 419;
+    regeneration of, 419;
+    seeks to regain ascendancy in Germany and Italy, 423;
+    _N.'s_ agents in, 422;
+    _N._ attempts to bribe, 423, 424;
+    declares war, 423;
+    Hamburg and Triest offered to, 424;
+    takes the lead among the allies, iv. 6;
+    strength, 6;
+    _N._ seeks alliance with, 13, 17;
+    saved by Schwarzenberg from invasion, 18;
+    _N._ offers terms to, 21;
+    scheme to restore status of 1805, 22;
+    concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22;
+    seeks to regain predominance in Italy, 30;
+    rise of her Prussian rival, 37;
+    desires peace, 41;
+    demands Italian territory, 41;
+    at the Congress at Frankfort, 41;
+    troops on the Rhine, 54-56;
+    forms alliance with Murat, 56;
+    the Czar's designs to check, 67;
+    violates Swiss neutrality, 68;
+    suspicious slowness of her movements, 68;
+    eager for an armistice, 70, 71, 75;
+    _N._ endeavors to separate Russia from, 75;
+    treaty of Chaumont, 76;
+    the triple alliance, 76;
+    attitude toward _N._, 89;
+    _N.'s_ dread of capture of the Empress by, 91;
+    party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133;
+    weight of her yoke in Italy, 143;
+    negotiates secret treaty with England and France, 145;
+    invited to take part in the coronation of the King of Rome, 157;
+    member of the Vienna Coalition, 164;
+    quota of troops, 164;
+    refuses help to France, 165;
+    the campaign of the Hundred Days, 170 et seq.;
+    claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214;
+    claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of _N._, 215;
+    loss of Italian territory, 300.
+
+  =Austria-Hungary=, the rise of, iv, 299, 300.
+
+  =Austrian Netherlands, the=, defeat of the French in, i. 172;
+    the revolutionary spirit in, 187;
+    Dumouriez's successes in, 194;
+    French conquest, of, 273;
+    surrendered to France, ii. 21.
+    _See also_ =Belgium=.
+
+  =Autun=, _N._ at, i. 30, 46, 48-50; iv. 157;
+    the Buonapartes at, i. 46;
+    Talleyrand bishop of, ii. 33.
+
+  =Auxerre=, military movements near, iv. 60;
+    Imperial forces at, 102;
+    Ney rejoins _N._ at, 157.
+
+  =Auxonne=, _N._ at, i. 94, 96, 111, 112, 141, 144-147, 223;
+    disturbances in, 111, 112, 152;
+    _N._ seeks to be retained at, 149.
+
+  =Avignon=, the Girondists at, i. 214;
+    _N._ arrives before, 214;
+    Jacobin siege of, 214;
+    _N.'s_ life at, 214, 215;
+    annexed to France, 422;
+    the Pope asks compensation for the loss of, ii. 216;
+    lost to the Pope at the peace of Tolentino, 326;
+    residence of Pius VII at, 391;
+    Augereau's neglected guns at, iv. 94;
+    plots to assassinate _N._ at, 138.
+
+  =Azanza, M. J. de=, King Joseph's Spanish minister at Paris, iii. 282;
+
+  =Azara, Chevalier J. N. de=, represents Spain at Amiens, ii. 262;
+    at the Tuileries, March 13, 1803, 283.
+
+  =Azores=, proposition to deport the Emperor to, iv. 145.
+
+
+B
+
+  =Babylon=, the history of, iv. 293.
+
+  =Bacciocchi, Mme.=, literary coterie, ii. 258;
+    acquires the duchy of Lucca, 354.
+    _See also_ =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=.
+
+  =Bacciocchi, Pasquale=, marries Elisa Buonaparte, i. 322.
+
+  =Bachelu= in battle of Waterloo, iv. 199, 204.
+
+  =Bacon, Francis=, _N.'s_ study of, ii. 53.
+
+  =Badajoz=, Soult's capture of, iii. 286;
+    English siege and storming of, 289-291, 319.
+
+  =Baden=, violation of her neutrality, i. 179; ii. 331, 363;
+    makes peace with France (1796), i. 385, 450;
+    relations with Russia, ii. 266;
+    strengthening of, 266;
+    residence of the Duc d'Enghien in, 301;
+    French expedition to, 304;
+    news of the Duc d'Enghien's arrest in, 305;
+    friendly relations with France, 377;
+    acquires territory after Austerlitz, 391;
+    subservience to France, 394, 402;
+    created a separate kingdom, 398;
+    member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 403;
+    supplies contingent for _N.'s_ army, ii. 404; iii. 322;
+    allotment of Austrian lands to, 266;
+    turns from _N._ to the allies, iv. 40;
+    position in Germany, 298.
+
+  =Bagration, Gen. Peter=, holds Murat at Hollabrunn, ii. 379;
+    in battle of Austerlitz, 387;
+    in campaign of Eylau, iii. 14;
+    called in by Barclay de Tolly, 335;
+    movements on the Dnieper and Pripet, 336;
+    contemplated junction with Barclay, 336;
+    establishes communication with Drissa, 336;
+    driven east by Davout, 338;
+    junction with Barclay at Smolensk, 336, 338;
+    plan of junction with Barclay at Vitebsk, 338;
+    battle of Smolensk, 339.
+
+  =Bailly, Jean Sylvain=, mayor of Paris, i. 109.
+
+  =Balcombe, Mr.=, entertains _N._ at St. Helena, iv. 229.
+
+  =Balearic Isles=, _N._ offers them to England, ii. 404, 405.
+
+  =Balkan Peninsula=, Russia's ambitions in, iii. 310;
+    rescue of the people of, iv. 300.
+
+  =Baltic Sea, the=, England's operations in and on, ii. 209, 210;
+      iii. 24, 35, 36, 98, 117;
+    gateway of, 69;
+    Spanish military movements on, 149;
+    _N.'s_ mastery of ports on, 266;
+    efficient blockade of, impossible, 280.
+
+  =Baltimore=, Jerome Bonaparte's residence in, ii. 257.
+
+  =Bamberg=, Austrian troops at, ii. 365;
+    _N.'s_ military route through, 422;
+    concentration of troops in, iii. 203.
+
+  =Bank of England=, suspends specie payments, i. 456;
+    scarcity of money in, iii. 304.
+
+  =Bank of France=, organization of, ii. 135, 219;
+    the Récamiers and the, 411, 412;
+    compelled to lower its rate, iii. 74;
+    plethora of silver in, 304.
+
+  =Barbary=, plots of the pirates to seize _N._, iv. 150.
+
+  =Barbé-Marbois, F.=, proscribed, ii. 8;
+    minister of finance, 214;
+    state treasurer, 220;
+    minister of the treasury, 410.
+
+  =Barbets=, guerrilla bands of, i. 373.
+
+  =Barcelona=, French troops at, iii. 132;
+    Duhesme besieged in, 183;
+    besieged by Vives, 184.
+
+  =Barclay de Tolly, M. A.=, proposed movement against, iii. 335;
+    calls in Bagration, 335;
+    retreats to Drissa, 336;
+    junction with Bagration at Smolensk, 336-338;
+    plans to meet Bagration at Vitebsk, 338;
+    battle of Smolensk, 338-340;
+    takes stand behind the Uscha, 340;
+    retreats toward Moscow, 339;
+    charged with German bias, 342;
+    succeeded by Kutusoff, 343;
+    retained as military adviser, 343;
+    restored to chief command, 399, 410;
+    battle of Bautzen, 411;
+    with the Army of the South, iv. 3;
+    battle of Leipsic, 28;
+    advises pursuit of _N._, 98.
+
+  =Barère, Bertrand=, exiled, ii. 356.
+
+  ="Bargain of Famine,"= the, i. 96, 101.
+
+  =Barham, Adm.=, naval administration of, ii. 370.
+
+  =Baring, Major=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201, 204.
+
+  =Barnabe=, declares Brumaire illegal, ii. 235.
+
+  =Barras, Jean-Paul-François-Nicolas=, relations with _N._ and
+      influence on his career, i. 225, 236, 289, 293, 296, 299, 319,
+      329; ii. 22, 31, 35; iv. 220, 285, 288;
+    in siege of Toulon, i. 231;
+    opposes Robespierre, 251;
+    influence among the Thermidorians, 254;
+    leader of military committee of the Convention, 272;
+    a Dantonist, 289;
+    in social life, 290, 329;
+    commander-in-chief of Convention forces, 299;
+    claims the honors of the 13th Vendémiaire, 301, 303;
+    resigns his command, 305;
+    member of the Directory, 309, 332;
+    character, 309, 329; ii. 35, 91;
+    intimacy with Josephine Beauharnais, i. 315;
+    connection with _N.'s_ marriage, 317;
+    bribed by Venetian ambassador, 440;
+    dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441;
+    learns of Pichegru's treachery, ii. 6;
+    plan to bring troops to Paris, 6;
+    clamors for peace, 19;
+    derides Carnot's suggestions, 19;
+    responsibility for the 18th Fructidor, 22;
+    responsibility for the 13th Vendémiaire, 22;
+    approves the treaty of Campo Formio, 24;
+    charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43;
+    intrigue with _N._, Talleyrand, and Sieyès for a new constitution, 49;
+    suggests that _N._ assume a dictatorship, 49;
+    warns _N._ to leave France for Egypt, 52;
+    resignation and fall of, 101, 107, 115, 119;
+    _N.'s_ charges against, before the Ancients, 113.
+
+  =Barry, Mme. du=, relations with Talleyrand, ii. 33.
+
+  =Bar-sur-Aube=, military movements near, iv. 60, 74, 90, 96, 104;
+    narrow escape of Francis at, 95;
+    _N.'s_ march through, 104.
+
+  =Bar-sur-Ornain=, Oudinot at, iv. 103.
+
+  =Bartenstein=, French occupation of, iii. 12;
+    military movements near, 15;
+    treaty of, iii. 22, 23, 36.
+
+  =Barthélemy, F.=, member of the Directory, ii. 1;
+    imprisonment of, 8.
+
+  =Basel=, treaty of, i. 276; ii. 204; iii. 124;
+    alteration of boundary at, ii. 21;
+    republican propaganda in, 40;
+    invasion of France via, iv. 57, 58;
+    headquarters of the allies at, 66;
+    Schwarzenberg's communications with, threatened, 95;
+    tomb of Erasmus in, 247.
+
+  =Bassano=, defeat of Wurmser at, i. 384;
+    Alvinczy defeats Masséna at, 386, 387;
+    battle of, 386, 387;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
+    Maret created Duke of, iii. 87.
+    _See also_ =Maret=.
+
+  =Basseville, N. J. H.=, killed in Rome, i. 261, 375, 422.
+
+  =Bastia=, made a seat of government, i. 25;
+    _N._ at, 90;
+    radical influences in, 116;
+    patriot success in, 120;
+    tradition concerning _N.'s_ connection with events at, 120;
+    share in annexation of Corsica to France 122;
+    Paoli's return to, 125;
+    revolutionary movements in, 131;
+    declared the capital of Corsica, 134;
+    disorders in, 162;
+    _N._ sails from, May 2, 1792, 171;
+    _N._ flees to, 202;
+    under domination of Salicetti, 204;
+    French power in, 207;
+    imprisonment of Corsicans in, 252;
+    English capture of, 260;
+    Nelson at, ii. 62.
+
+  =Bastille, the=, destruction of, i. 108, 109, 158;
+    celebrations of the storming of, 174; ii. 195.
+
+  =Batavian Republic, the=, formation of, i. 276;
+    an appanage of France, 325;
+    naval defeat at Camperdown, ii. 38;
+    dependence on France, 38;
+    levy of troops and war material on, 38;
+    Anglo-Russian force forced to evacuate, 93;
+    loyalty to _N._, 146;
+    a new constitution for, 233;
+    regains colonies, 233, 262;
+    English efforts to discredit France in, 264.
+    _See also_ =Holland=; =Netherlands=.
+
+  ="Battle of Dorking,"= ii. 290.
+
+  =Battle of Five Days=, iii. 210.
+
+  ="Battle of the Nations,"= iv. 37.
+
+  =Bautzen=, battle of, iii. 410, 411; iv. 4;
+    fatal results of the French victory at, iii. 411;
+    _N._ moves toward, iv. 17;
+    the Young Guard ordered to, 17;
+    _N._ nicknamed from, 20;
+    boy soldiers at, 21;
+    the armistice after, 42.
+
+  ="Bautzen Messenger-Boy,"= the, iv. 20.
+
+  =Bavaria=, treaty with France (1796), i. 450;
+    Austria's gaze on, 325; ii. 194, 358, 363;
+    Austria's scheme to dismember, 88;
+    Suvaroff driven from Italy to, 142;
+    Moreau ordered to drive the Austrians into, 164;
+    the campaign in, 190 et seq.;
+    negotiations with France, 211;
+    acquires Passau, 266;
+    relations with Russia, 266;
+    Alexander I's scheme of giving to Austria, 356;
+    _N._ threatens to enlarge, 361, 390;
+    Austrian troops in, 365;
+    the Elector driven from Munich by Austria, 377;
+    friendly relations with, subservience and military support to
+      France, 377, 394, 402, 404, 422; iii. 3, 195, 203, 279, 322,
+      387;
+    acquires Ansbach, ii. 390;
+    created a separate kingdom, 389, 391, 398;
+    acquires territory after Austerlitz, 390;
+    member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 403;
+    joins in the war against Prussia, 422;
+    defeated at Innsbruck, iii. 201;
+    _N.'s_ success in, 225;
+    Maria Louisa's progress through, 256;
+    allotment of Austrian lands to, 266;
+    losses of her soldiers in Russia, 337;
+    Roman Catholic influence in, 390;
+    hesitates to furnish new levies, 394;
+    Augereau commanding troops of, 402;
+    national spirit in, iv. 19;
+    revulsion of feeling against France, 19, 22, 26, 40, 56;
+    part in the campaign at Leipsic, 35;
+    position in Germany, 298, 299;
+    battle of Hanau, 35;
+    the campaign of Waterloo 69, et seq.
+
+  =Bayanne, Cardinal=, at Paris, iii. 68;
+    his demands on behalf of the Pope, 118.
+
+  =Baylen=, capitulation of, Dupont at, iii. 157, 159, 166.
+
+  =Bayonne=, formation of new French army at, iii. 120, 126, 132;
+    _N._ goes to, 142;
+    Ferdinand VII at, 144;
+    trial of Ferdinand at, 145;
+    end of negotiations at, 147;
+    convocation of Spanish notables at, 149;
+    ultimate failure of _N.'s_ work at, 151;
+    _N._ at, Nov. 3, 1808, 184;
+    effect of negotiations at, 185;
+    the decree of 1808, 274;
+    Soult shut up in, iv. 40.
+
+  =Bayreuth=, _N._ at, ii. 422;
+    Ney at, 428;
+    Davout's force in, iii. 202.
+
+  ="Beaucaire, the Supper of,"= i. 216, 219.
+
+  =Beauderet=, military movements near, iv. 185.
+
+  =Beauharnais, Marquis Alexandre de=, marriage to Josephine de la
+      Pagerie, i. 313;
+    service in America, 314;
+    separated from his wife, 314;
+    commander of the Army of the Rhine, 314;
+    partial reconciliation with Josephine, 314;
+    elected to States-General, 314;
+    president of National Assembly, 314;
+    denunciation, imprisonment, and execution, 314.
+
+  =Beauharnais, Eugène de=, birth of, i. 313;
+    early life, 315;
+    interposes to reconcile Josephine and _N._, ii. 85;
+    viceroy at Milan, 258;
+    ordered to organize troops on the Adige, 362;
+    marries Augusta of Bavaria, 399;
+    expels the English from Leghorn, iii. 67;
+    letter from _N._ to, 68;
+    presents ultimatum to Pius VII, 68;
+    formally adopted by _N._, 130;
+    viceroy of Italy, 130;
+    defeated by Archduke John, 201;
+    letter from _N._ to, 208;
+    commanding in Italy, 211;
+    character, 211;
+    at Villach, 217;
+    at Bruck, 225;
+    drives Archduke John into Hungary, 226;
+    battle of Wagram, 228;
+    guards the Marchfeld, 235;
+    executes Hofer's sentence, 241;
+    offers amnesty to the Tyroleans, 241;
+    informs Josephine of the impending divorce, 246;
+    share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253;
+    acquires principality of Frankfort, 266;
+    viceroy of Italy, 279;
+    a grand duchy created for, 322;
+    strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324;
+    contemplated movement by, 336;
+    battle of Borodino, 344;
+    defeats Kutusoff at Malojaroslavetz, 355;
+    battle of Wiazma, 360;
+    the hero of the retreat from Moscow, 362, 363;
+    at Krasnoi, 364;
+    junction with Ney, 364;
+    succeeds Murat in command, 385, 393;
+    reorganizes the army, 393;
+    withdraws to Berlin, 393;
+    retires behind the Elbe, 393;
+    establishes headquarters at Leipsic, 393;
+    _N.'s_ instructions to, 393;
+    to guard Holland, 393;
+    Alexander advances against, 395;
+    strength in the Saxon campaign of 1813, 402;
+    junction with _N._, 404;
+    ordered to raise a new army in Italy, 407, 414;
+    driven over the Adige by Hiller, iv. 39;
+    checkmated in Italy, 56;
+    battle of Roverbello, 56;
+    concludes armistice, 56.
+
+  =Beauharnais, François de=, French minister at Madrid, connection
+      with Ferdinand's conspiracy, iii. 127;
+    conducts intrigues for the Portuguese throne, 129;
+    opens the eyes of Godoy, 132;
+    advises Ferdinand to go to Bayonne, 142.
+
+  =Beauharnais, Hortense=, birth of, i. 313;
+    early life, 315;
+    interposes to reconcile Josephine and _N._, ii. 85;
+    marries Louis Bonaparte, 257; iii. 269.
+    _See also_ =Buonaparte, Hortense=.
+
+  =Beauharnais, Josephine=, social life in Paris, i. 290;
+    _N.'s_ infatuation for, and marriage, 312-323; ii. 341;
+    birth and early life, i. 313-315;
+    characteristics, 313-320;
+    imprisonment, 315;
+    returns to Martinique, 313;
+    returns to France, 314;
+    intimacy with Barras, 315.
+    _See also_ =Bonaparte, Josephine=.
+
+  =Beauharnais family=, proposed alliance between Ferdinand VII and,
+      iii, 125-128;
+    share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253.
+
+  =Beaulieu, J. P.=, commanding Austrian army in Lombardy, i. 352-361;
+    attacks Laharpe at Voltri, 352, 353;
+    falls back on Acqui, 354;
+    _N.'s_ operations against, 355-366;
+    military genius, 358;
+    defense of Milan, 358-361;
+    outflanked at Piacenza, 359;
+    retreats to the Mincio, 361;
+    seizes Peschiera, 361, 372;
+    thwarts _N.'s_ plan, 361;
+    violates Venetian neutrality, 372;
+    his army scattered, 378.
+
+  =Beaumont=, military operations near, iv. 170.
+
+  =Becker, Gen.=, accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, iv. 219;
+    urges _N.'s_ value as a general, 219.
+
+  =Beet-root sugar=, production encouraged, iii, 79;
+    _N.'s_ interest in, 304.
+
+  =Belce, Canon=, vice-president of the Directory of Corsica, i. 133.
+
+  =Belgium=, proposals to establish a republic in, i. 194;
+    plunder of works of art from, 369;
+    _N.'s_ policy concerning, 429;
+    ceded to France by treaty of Leoben, 438;
+    England's efforts to release, 450;
+    France's interest in, 450;
+    England's concessions as to, ii. 12;
+    incorporated with France, 153;
+    the Code Napoléon in, 223;
+    public works in, 349;
+    visit of _N._ and Maria Louisa to, iii. 269;
+    mediocrity of soldiers of, iv. 20;
+    the allies refuse to give the country to France, 67;
+    _N._ entreated to abandon, 70;
+    _N._ refuses to give up, 74;
+    campaign of Waterloo, 169 et seq.;
+    provisions for defense of, 172;
+    weakness of her troops, 195, 201.
+    _See also_ =Austrian Netherlands=.
+
+  =Belle Alliance=, French van at, iv. 190;
+    _N._ at, 193, 194, 196;
+    topography, 195;
+    the French position at, 196;
+    fighting at, 210.
+
+  =Bellegarde, Gen. H. de=, supersedes Melas, ii. 188;
+    on the Mincio, 188.
+
+  ="Bellerophon," the=, Napoleon embarks on, iv. 220, 221, 222, 287;
+    sails for Torbay, 221;
+    goes to Plymouth Sound, 222;
+    in Torbay, 227.
+
+  =Bellesca=, organizes rebellion in favor of Don John, iii. 122.
+
+  =Belleville=, defense of, iv. 109, 110.
+
+  =Belliard, Gen. A. D.=, carries the news of surrender of Paris to
+      the Emperor, iv. 105, 115;
+    advises a return to Lorraine, 116;
+    transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132.
+
+  =Bellingham, John=, assassinates Mr. Perceval, iii. 378.
+
+  =Bellinzona=, Austrian force at, ii. 170;
+    Moncey arrives at, 172.
+
+  =Bellowitz=, military operations near, ii. 386.
+
+  =Belluno=, Lusignan driven beyond, i. 432;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 395;
+    Victor created Duke of, iii. 86.
+    _See also_ =Victor=.
+
+  =Belt, the=, difficulties of Bernadotte's crossing the, iii. 117.
+
+  =Belbedere, Gen.=, forces near Burgos, iii. 184.
+
+  =Benevento=, Talleyrand created Prince of, ii. 396 (_see also_
+      =Talleyrand=);
+    destruction of magazines at, iii. 188.
+
+  =Bennigsen, Gen. L. A. T.=, assassin of Paul I, ii. 380;
+    commanding Russian forces at Breslau, 380;
+    battle of Pultusk, iii. 4, 8;
+    general-in-chief of the Russian army, 8, 9;
+    position at Szuczyn, 8;
+    turns back Ney from Königsberg, 8;
+    attempts to reach Dantzic, 9;
+    attempts to destroy Ney, 10;
+    defeated at Mohrungen, 10;
+    military genius, 9, 27;
+    campaign of Eylau, 13 et seq.;
+    captures French courier at Eylau, 14;
+    retreats to Königsberg, 18;
+    hampered for men and funds, 20;
+    moves against Ney on the Passarge, 28;
+    retires behind the Alle, 29;
+    strength, summer of 1807, 28;
+    battle of Heilsberg, 29;
+    injurious delays by, 30;
+    battle of Friedland, 31;
+    abandons Heilsberg, 32;
+    confesses defeat, 32;
+    retreats across the Niemen, 31;
+    reinforcements for, 32;
+    proposes an armistice, 34, 36;
+    commanding in Poland, iv. 3;
+    reaches Teplitz, 22;
+    in battle of Leipsic, 32.
+
+  =Berchtesgaden=, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;
+    ceded to Austria, 391;
+    embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, iii. 239.
+
+  =Beresina=, battle of, compared with that of Friedland, iv. 37.
+
+  =Beresina, River=, the crossing of the, iii. 363, 366, 374.
+
+  =Berg, Grand Duchy of=, quota of men, ii. 404;
+    French seizure of lands near, 420;
+    vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, iii. 54;
+    the Grand Duchess quarrels with Queen Hortense, 179;
+    scheme to incorporate it with France, 266;
+    Louis Napoleon created Grand Duke, 279;
+    the French regency of, 421;
+    French influence in, 423.
+
+  =Bergamo=, the revolutionary movement in, i. 428, 436, 437.
+
+  =Bergen=, battle of, ii. 93.
+
+  =Bergères=, Blücher retreats to, iv. 65.
+
+  =Berlier, M.=, assists in preparation of the Code, ii. 222.
+
+  =Berlin=, consternation in (1797-98), ii. 41;
+    Sieyès' mission to, 41;
+    French party in, 155;
+    the visits of Alexander I to, 376, 438;
+    war feeling in, ii. 417;
+    _N._ refuses to treat outside of, 435;
+    _N.'s_ entry into, 438;
+    _N._ receives Polish deputation in, 444;
+    French occupation of, iii. 12;
+    centralization in, 374;
+    Eugène at, 393;
+    the Prussian court removed to Breslau from, 396;
+    patriotism in the university, 398;
+    defense of, 399;
+    proposed allotment of, to Jerome, 409;
+    threatened by Oudinot, 413;
+    England's diplomacy in, 417;
+    French demonstrations against, iv. 2;
+    Bülow commanding at, 3;
+    overestimate of its strategical value, 5;
+    Blücher's road to, blocked by Lauriston, 8;
+    failure of Oudinot and Macdonald in movements against, 13-20;
+    _N._ determines to march on, 17, 18;
+    possible movement toward, 26.
+
+  =Berlin Decree=, the, ii. 441; iii. 45, 48, 49, 101, 119, 273, 321.
+
+  =Berlin University=, iii. 103.
+
+  =Bern=, treaty of Leoben to be ratified at, i. 439;
+    proposed congress at, ii. 19, 20;
+    capture of the city, 40;
+    French intervention in, 40;
+    the plundering of, 40;
+    French military arrogance in, 41;
+    attempt to restore the constitution of, iv. 68.
+
+  =Bernadotte, Gen. J. B. J.=, military successes of, i. 273;
+    a product of Carnot's system, 332;
+    commanding Army of the Sambre and Meuse, 426;
+    storms Gradisca, 433;
+    communicates Pichegru's treachery to Barras, ii. 6;
+    ambassador to Austria, 42, 51;
+    charges of venality concerning his mission, 43;
+    recalled, 43;
+    characteristics, 43, 93; iii. 317; iv. 2, 3, 55;
+    marries Désirée Clary, ii. 43; iii. 280;
+    ordered to the middle Rhine, ii. 87;
+    develops the conscription schemes of Carnot, 93;
+    secretary of war, 93;
+    counterplots on the 18th Brumaire, 109;
+    plans to head a force at St. Cloud, 109;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    ordered to Göttingen, 362;
+    commanding in Germany, 365;
+    marches to Ingolstadt, 365;
+    watches the Russian army, 366;
+    violates Prussian neutrality at Ansbach, 376;
+    in battle of Austerlitz, 383-385;
+    Prince of Ponte Corvo, 396; iii. 86;
+    at Lobenstein, ii. 428;
+    defeats Hohenlohe at Schleiz, 428;
+    at Naumburg, 429;
+    absence from Jéna and Auerstädt, 432;
+    relations with _N._, 432; iii. 280, 317;
+    at Apolda, ii. 434;
+    defeats Prussians at Halle, ii. 436;
+    sacks Lübeck, ii, 440;
+    strength in Poland, iii. 7;
+    position at Elbing, 8;
+    action at Mohrungen, 10;
+    escapes to Gilgenburg, 10;
+    threatens Königsberg, 10;
+    in campaign of Eylau, 13;
+    threatens Denmark, 69;
+    Denmark yields to, 70;
+    income, 87;
+    fails to join the Russian forces in Finland, 117;
+    restrains Spanish operations on the Baltic, 149;
+    his advance-guard of Spanish troops, 159;
+    troops in Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck, 202;
+    to concentrate in Dresden, 203;
+    ordered to Linz, 216, 225;
+    relieved by Lefebvre at Linz, 225;
+    in battle of Wagram, 228, 230;
+    disgraced at Wagram, 228, 237;
+    heads troops for service in the Netherlands, 237;
+    kindly treatment of Pomerania, 280;
+    failure on the Marchfeld, 281;
+    chosen as successor to Charles XIII, 280;
+    installation at Stockholm, 281;
+    assumes title of Prince Charles John, 280;
+    popularity in Sweden, 280;
+    republicanism of, 281;
+    ambition to acquire Norway, 281, 399; iv. 55;
+    changes from Roman Catholic to Lutheran, iii. 317;
+    character of his rule, 317;
+    eager to escape from French protection, 317;
+    varied character of his life, 317;
+    virtual king of Sweden, 317;
+    unwillingly grants a liberal constitution, 317;
+    ambition to acquire the French crown, 321; iv. 2, 3, 14, 15, 26,
+      55, 57, 85, 114;
+    temporizes with France and Russia, iii. 321;
+    assists Russia against _N._, 350;
+    Metternich seeks to embroil him with Alexander, 394;
+    _N._ attempts to win over, 399;
+    Pomerania offered to, 399;
+    joins the coalition, 399; iv. 2, 3;
+    his troops evacuate Hamburg, 407;
+    commanding Army of the North, 3;
+    in military council at Trachenberg, 6;
+    battle of Grossbeeren, 14;
+    at Jüterbog, 18;
+    battle of Dennewitz, 18, 19;
+    crosses the Elbe, 22;
+    contemplated movement against, 23;
+    _N._ seeks to engage, 25, 26;
+    proposed junction with Schwarzenberg, 26;
+    at Merseburg, 27;
+    at Oppin, 28;
+    offers terms to Davout, 55;
+    ordered to the lower Rhine, 56;
+    at Liège, 85;
+    receives flag of truce from Joseph, 85;
+    the allies dread betrayal by, 85.
+
+  =Bernadotte, Mme.=, i. 294.
+
+  =Bernburg=, French forces at, iii. 393.
+
+  =Berneck=, defeat of Junot by the Black Legion at, iii. 234.
+
+  =Berner Klause=, the, i. 412.
+
+  =Berry=, military movements near, iv. 77, 78.
+
+  =Berry, Charles Ferdinand, Duc de=, doubtful courage of, ii. 301;
+    refrains from entering France, 301;
+    suspected of plotting in Brittany, 303.
+
+  =Berry-au-Bac=, abandoned by Marmont, iv. 81;
+    Marmont at, 85.
+
+  =Berthier, Gen. Alexandre=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;
+    service in the Alps, 346;
+    at Lodi, 361;
+    in the Rivoli campaign, 413;
+    carries treaty of Campo Formio to the Directory, ii. 24;
+    plunders Venetia, 38;
+    proclaims the Roman Republic, 39;
+    ordered to kill hostile tribesmen, 70;
+    ordered to prepare for triumphal entry into Cairo, 76;
+    accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81;
+    action on the 18th Brumaire, 104;
+    forms the army of reserve, 140;
+    sent to Geneva, 140;
+    method of computing his army, 169;
+    plans for crossing the Alps, 169;
+    urges capture of Fort Bard, 171;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    Master of the Hounds, 324;
+    muzzles the press in Prussia, 417;
+    letter from _N._, Aug. 25, 1806, 420;
+    personal attendance on _N._, 425;
+    in battle of Eylau, iii. 16; iv. 174;
+    at Tilsit, iii. 52, 59;
+    income, 87, 296;
+    created Prince of Neufchâtel, 86, 96, 279;
+    appointed vice-constable, 96;
+    at Bayonne, 144;
+    chief of staff, 203, 323, 402;
+    orders to, iii. 203;
+    deficiency of military knowledge, 204;
+    fails in execution of his orders, 205;
+    charged with treachery, 206;
+    on _N.'s_ habit of work, 210;
+    discovers attempt to assassinate _N._, 240;
+    _N.'s_ proxy to marry Maria Louisa, 254-256;
+    created Prince of Wagram, 256;
+    letter from Ney to, Nov. 5, 1812, 360, 361;
+    informs Macdonald of the Russian disasters, 384;
+    alleged hostility to Jomini, iv. 2;
+    battle of Dresden, 11;
+    at Nangis, 73;
+    receives flag of truce from Schwarzenberg, 73;
+    persuades _N._ to resume negotiations, 74;
+    capture of one of his couriers, 96;
+    at council at St. Dizier, 103;
+    advises a return to Lorraine, 116;
+    Marmont sends treasonable documents to, 119;
+    at the abdication scene, 121;
+    transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132;
+    nicknamed "Peter," 147;
+    faults at Eylau and Wagram, 173.
+
+  =Berthollet, C. L.=, plunders Italian scientific collections, i. 369;
+    accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, ii. 81;
+    member of the senate, 151.
+
+  =Berton, L. S.=, i. 61.
+
+  =Bertrand, Gen. H. G.=, base conduct at Vienna, ii. 369;
+    in campaign of 1813, iii. 402;
+    in battle of Bautzen, 410;
+    beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413;
+    battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18;
+    driven by Blücher to Bitterfeld, 22;
+    battle of Leipsic, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35;
+    takes Weissenfels, 35;
+    defends the Rhine at Kastel, 54;
+    begs _N._ to abandon Belgium and the left bank of the Rhine, 70;
+    at the abdication scene, 121;
+    accompanies _N._ to Elba, 134, 138;
+    sends positive instructions to Grouchy, 187, 191;
+    escorts _N._ from the field of Waterloo, 211;
+    accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, 219;
+    accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, 227.
+
+  =Bertrand, Mme.=, present at _N.'s_ death-bed, iv. 235.
+
+  =Bessarabia=, alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55.
+
+  =Bessières, Gen. J. B.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    in battle of Austerlitz, 387;
+    in Eylau campaign, iii. 15, 16;
+    created Duke of Istria, 86;
+    income, 87;
+    character, 93;
+    _N.'s_ opinion of, 93;
+    invades Spain, 132, 134, 143;
+    instructions to, concerning Spanish policy, 140;
+    ordered to arrest Ferdinand, 144;
+    besieges Santander, 156;
+    defeats the Spaniards at Medina de Rio Seco, 156;
+    occupies Old Castile and Aragon, 155;
+    ordered to connect with Junot, 157;
+    at Miranda, 183;
+    pursues Hiller, 209;
+    battle of Essling, 220;
+    commanding the Young Guard, 324;
+    killed at Rippach, 404, 406;
+    importance of his loss to _N._, 404.
+
+  =Bethencourt, Gen.=, crosses the Simplon, ii. 172;
+    near Domo d'Ossola, 172.
+
+  =Beugnot=, regent of Berg, iii. 421;
+    anecdote concerning, 421, 422.
+
+  =Beurnonville, Marquis de=, _N.'s_ envoy to Prussia, ii. 156;
+    royalist intrigues of, iv. 115, 140.
+
+  =Beys=, the Egyptian, ii. 58.
+
+  =Biberach=, battle of, ii. 167.
+
+  =Biberich=, anecdote of _N._ at the castle of, iii. 422.
+
+  =Bible=, _N.'s_ study of the, iv. 231.
+
+  =Bicêtre, prison of=, imprisonment of a milliner in, iii. 92.
+
+  =Bielostok=, united to Russia, iii. 56, 62.
+
+  =Bilbao=, Lefebvre near, iii. 183.
+
+  =Bisamberg=, junction of Archduke Charles and Hiller at, iii. 212, 216;
+    military operations near, 228, 229.
+
+  =Biscay=, _N.'s_ contemplated movements in, iii. 184;
+    military government of, 279.
+
+  =Bismarck, Prince Otto von=, policy in, 1875, ii. 269.
+
+  =Bitterfeld=, Bertrand driven by Blücher to, iv. 22.
+
+  =Biville=, landing of the Cadoudal conspirators at, ii. 298.
+
+  =Black Elster, River=, military movements on the, iv. 20.
+
+  =Black Forest, the=, Dessaix defeats the Austrians in, i. 440;
+    military operations in, ii. 166, 365.
+
+  =Black Legion, the=, organization of, iii. 234;
+    defeats Junot at Berneck, 234;
+    defeats the Saxons at Nossen, 234.
+
+  =Black Sea=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.
+
+  =Blake, Gen.=, defeated at Medina de Rio Seco, iii. 156;
+    advances from Durango, 184;
+    concerted French movement against, 185;
+    driven back to Valmaseda, 184;
+    _N.'s_ scheme to annihilate, 184;
+    defeated at Espinosa, 185;
+    joins La Romana, in Asturias, 185;
+    annihilation of his army by Suchet, 289.
+
+  =Blankenburg=, Louis XVIII retreats to, ii. 5.
+
+  =Blankenhain=, Prince Hohenlohe at, ii. 428.
+
+  =Blasowitz=, military operations near, ii. 385.
+
+  =Blois=, _N.'s_ private treasure at, iv. 50, 134;
+    imperial regency established at, 115;
+    French garrison at, 118;
+    dissolution of the imperial government at, 135.
+
+  =Blücher, Marshal G. L. von=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415;
+    Prussian commander, 419;
+    military movements near Eisenach, 427;
+    battle of Auerstädt, 433;
+    reaches Lübeck, 437;
+    duplicity to Klein, 436;
+    surrender of, 437;
+    in campaign of 1813, iii. 399;
+    at Striegau, iv. 3, 6;
+    violates the armistice, 3, 6;
+    commanding the army of the East, 6;
+    gives _N._ an advantage, 6, 7;
+    secures an independent command, 6;
+    pursued by _N._, 7;
+    at Bunzlau, 7;
+    retreats behind the Deichsel, 7;
+    crosses the Katzbach, 8;
+    battle of Katzbach, 15;
+    pursues Macdonald, 15;
+    Macdonald fails to hold, 17;
+    operations in Silesia, 17;
+    attacks Macdonald at Fischbach, 18;
+    Macdonald ordered to check his advance, 20;
+    advances on Dresden, 20;
+    northward movement, 21;
+    marches to Kemberg, 22;
+    drives Bertrand to Bitterfeld, 22;
+    contemplated movement against, 23;
+    _N._ seeks to engage, 25, 26;
+    joint movements with Bernadotte and Schwarzenberg, 26;
+    advances to Halle, 26;
+    battle of Leipsic, 28, 30, 33;
+    acquires two Swedish corps, 56;
+    crosses the Rhine, 57;
+    aims to annihilate _N._, 57;
+    crosses the Saar, 58;
+    invests the Mosel fortresses, 58;
+    advances on Arcis, 58;
+    effects union with Schwarzenberg, 60;
+    defeated at Brienne, 60;
+    battles of La Rothière and Troyes, 60;
+    predicts a speedy entry into Paris, 61;
+    leads the advance down the Marne, 62;
+    attempts to cut off Macdonald, 61;
+    strength, Feb. 9, 1814, 61;
+    French movement from Sézanne against, 62, 63;
+    battle of Montmirail, 63;
+    retreat across the Marne, 63;
+    defeated at Vauchamps, 64;
+    retreats to Bergères, 65;
+    drives Marmont to Fromentières, 64;
+    _N._ deals him "a blow in the eye," 70;
+    Marmont ordered to hold, 71;
+    at Méry, 73;
+    collects his army at Châlons, 73;
+    Oudinot sent against, 73;
+    pursued by _N._, 75;
+    makes diversion in favor of main army, 75;
+    advances on Paris, 76;
+    letter from Frederick William III, Feb. 26, 1814, 75;
+    _N._ in pursuit of, 76;
+    moves on Meaux, 76;
+    recruits his forces at Soissons, 77;
+    retreats up the Ourcq, 76;
+    checked by Marmont and Mortier, 76;
+    crosses the Marne, 76;
+    cut off from Schwarzenberg, 77;
+    driven north, 77;
+    battle of Craonne, 78;
+    retreats from Craonne to Laon, 78;
+    dissensions in his army, 77-80, 84;
+    battle of Laon, 79;
+    recalls York, 80;
+    regains communication with Schwarzenberg, 80;
+    dismayed at the capture of Rheims, 84, 85;
+    besieges Compiègne, 84;
+    resumes the offensive, 92, 93;
+    Marmont's plan of operations against, 93;
+    crosses the Aisne, 93;
+    effects junction with Schwarzenberg, 94, 95, 97;
+    captures a courier to the Empress, 96;
+    advised of the movement on Paris, 98;
+    "Marshal Forward," 98;
+    crosses the Marne, 99;
+    fears of, in Paris, 108;
+    captures Montmartre, 111;
+    desires to take the field, 169;
+    plan of the campaign of Waterloo, 169;
+    quality of his troops, 171;
+    _N.'s_ position with regard to Wellington and, 171;
+    relative strength in Waterloo campaign, 172;
+    awaits developments, 173;
+    relations with Wellington, 176, 177;
+    possible change of strategy, 176;
+    defensive movements, 178;
+    at Fleurus, 179;
+    retires from Fleurus, 180;
+    his tactics criticized by Wellington, 181;
+    meeting with Wellington at Bry, 180;
+    battle of Ligny, 181, 182;
+    gets "a ---- good licking," 183, 184;
+    wounded at Ligny, 185;
+    Grouchy's pursuit of, 187;
+    apprehended movement to join Wellington, 187;
+    promises support to Wellington, 190;
+    Grouchy aims to prevent union between Wellington and, 191;
+    movement to Wavre, 191-194;
+    disaster at Ligny, 193;
+    possible retreat via Louvain, 194;
+    fails to come to Wellington's assistance, 204;
+    Wellington's faint-hearted coöperation with, 213;
+    his lines of retreat, 214;
+    determination to kill _N._, 220, 223;
+    _character_: ambition, iv. 7;
+        ardor and courage, 59, 98, 177, 181, 182;
+        desire for glory and revenge, 68, 220, 223;
+        duplicity, ii. 436;
+        head-strong temper, iv. 6, 7, 14;
+        influence over troops, 171, 172;
+        over-confidence, 62, 63;
+        self-indulgence, 172.
+
+  =Bober, River=, military movements on the, iv. 7, 16.
+
+  =Bocognano=, _N._ in hiding near, i. 202, 203.
+
+  =Bohemia=, Archduke Ferdinand escapes into, ii. 366;
+    Archduke Ferdinand commanding in, 380;
+    _N.'s_ line of retreat through, 392;
+    plan of Austrian operations in, iii. 199;
+    _N.'s_ reasons for not pursuing Archduke Charles into, 210;
+    gathering of Austrian troops in, 414;
+    boundary of a neutral zone, 414;
+    beacons flash the declaration of war through, 423;
+    Austro-Russian troops in, iv. 3;
+    advance of Russian troops toward, 6;
+    the allies' communication with, threatened, 9;
+    guarding the passes from, 18;
+    refuge of the allies in, 24;
+    army of, moves on Paris, 98.
+
+  =Bohemian Forest=, military movements in the, iii. 204, 210, 216.
+
+  =Bois, Pierre du=, proposes French seizure of Egypt, ii. 46.
+
+  =Bologna=, seizure and ransom of, i. 374, 375;
+    the Pope prepares to recover, 398;
+    armistice of, 401;
+    new scheme of government for, 402;
+    _N._ at, 409, 419;
+    military operations at, 409, 419;
+    surrendered to France, 421;
+    ceded to Venice at Leoben, 438;
+    corporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21.
+
+  =Bonaparte=. _See_ =Buonaparte=.
+
+  =Boniface, Pope=, crowns Pepin, ii. 325.
+
+  =Bonifacio=, _N._ at, i. 193.
+
+  =Bonnier, M.=, member of the Congress of Rastatt, ii. 89;
+    killed at Rastatt, 89.
+
+  =Bontemps, M.=, arrest of, ii. 27.
+
+  =Bordeaux=, condition in 1793, i. 222;
+    exempt from legislation concerning Jews, iii. 78;
+    opens its gates to English troops, iv. 87;
+    proclamation of Louis XVIII., 87;
+    _N._ seeks to rouse imperial feeling in, 220;
+    immunity from the White Terror, 223.
+
+  =Borghese, Prince=, marries Pauline (Buonaparte) Leclerc, ii. 258;
+    separates from Pauline, iv. 142.
+
+  =Borghese, Princess Pauline (Buonaparte)=, looseness of her life,
+      iv. 142;
+    acquires the duchy of Lucca, ii. 354;
+    dismissed from Paris, iv. 142;
+    accompanies _N._ to Elba, 139-142;
+    alleged scandalous relations with _N._, 142.
+    _See also_ =Buonaparte, Pauline=.
+
+  =Borghetto=, battle of, i. 372.
+
+  =Borgo, Pozzo di=. _See_ =Pozzo di Borgo=.
+
+  =Bormida, River=, road to Italy opened through the valley of, i. 257;
+    the country of, ii. 177;
+    Melas crosses, 178;
+    military operations on the, 181.
+
+  =Borodino=, Bonaparte at, ii. 392;
+    battle of, iii. 343, 344, 346-348;
+    rescuing the wounded from the field of, 358.
+
+  =Borrissoff=, the French retreat through, iii. 363, 366, 370;
+    Russian plan of operation at, 366;
+    captured by Tchitchagoff, 367, 368;
+    battles at, 369-372.
+
+  =Borstell, Gen.=, battle of Dennewitz, iv. 19.
+
+  =Bosporus=, proposed expedition to the, iii. 113.
+
+  =Botanical Garden=, lecture system of the, i. 281.
+
+  =Bothnia=, repulse of the Russians from, iii. 116.
+
+  =Bou, Mme.=, i. 184.
+
+  =Boudet, Gen. Jean=, in battle of Essling, iii. 219, 220.
+
+  =Bouillé, Marquis F. C. A. de=, i. 314.
+
+  =Boulay de la Meurthe, Antoine=, presents temporary plan of the
+      Consulate, ii, 123;
+    member of the council of state, 152;
+    reviser of the Code, 222.
+
+  =Boulogne=, the Army of England, flotilla, and military
+      preparations at, ii. 48, 290, 291, 331, 358;
+    _N._ at, 48;
+    _N.'s_ ceremonial at, July, 1804, 328;
+    real purpose of the flotilla, 334;
+    distribution of Legion of Honor crosses at, 360;
+    the army ordered east from, 362.
+
+  =Bourbon-Condé, Louis-Antoine-Henri de=. _See_ =Enghien, Duc d'=.
+
+  =Bourbon-Hapsburg alliance=, Corsica joins the, i. 21.
+
+  =Bourbons, the=, influence of, i. 22;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, 177; ii. 29, 194, 205, 271, 301, 312, 356;
+      iv. 156;
+    discredit royalty, i. 268;
+    their motto, 297;
+    France's demands on Austria concerning, ii. 43;
+    hopes and rumors of restoration of, and plots therefore, 94, 122,
+      158, 194, 255, 317; iv. 51, 67, 68, 113, 114, 164, 165;
+    Talleyrand's predilection for, ii. 122;
+    England's attitude toward, 143, 144, 271, 356; iv. 68;
+    a blow at the, ii. 207;
+    _N._ complains of England's protection of, 271, 356;
+    foster the Jacobin spirit of insurrection, 300;
+    responsibility for the execution of Ney, 300;
+    the Duc d'Enghien, 301;
+    intrigues against _N.'s_ life, 304; iv. 141, 144;
+    _N.'s_ attempt to fix death of Duc d'Enghien on, ii. 312;
+    causes of the French dislike for, 317;
+    their "divine right," 317;
+    their founder, 350;
+    scheme to establish a monarchy in America, iii. 134, 141;
+    Metternich's desire to restore the, iv. 67, 68;
+    rising in Vendée, 102;
+    restoration of, 109, 113-115, 132, 146;
+    enthusiasm for, in Paris, 115;
+    revulsion of feeling in France and by Alexander against, 125, 126;
+    fickle imperialists support Louis XVIII, 132;
+    maintain spies in Elba, 142;
+    _N._ on the illegitimacy of their throne, 156.
+
+  =The Neapolitan=, impending downfall, ii. 357;
+    banished, 390, 395, 401; iii. 214;
+    proposal that they retain power in Sicily, ii. 401.
+
+  =The Spanish=, scheme to emancipate Spain from rule of, ii. 44;
+    incapacity and degradation, iii. 70;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, 142;
+    deposed, 145-148, 150, 164;
+    proposals to restore the throne to, 271, 416.
+
+  =Bourgeoisie=, the, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101, 107;
+    _N._ seeks the support of, ii. 278.
+
+  =Bourmont, Gen.=, deserts before Charleroi, iv. 174.
+
+  =Bourrienne, L. A. F. de=, on the question of _N.'s_ birth, i. 37;
+    shares mathematical honors with _N._, 56;
+    shares _N.'s_ poverty in Paris, 174;
+    obtains diplomatic position at Stuttgart, 174;
+    anecdotes of _N._ by, 175;
+    describes _N.'s_ personality, 284;
+    _N.'s_ friendship for, 295;
+    improved fortunes of, 295;
+    _N.'s_ confidences with, ii. 51;
+    on _N.'s_ plans of escaping from Egypt, 83;
+    _N._ expresses his satisfaction to, concerning the 18th Brumaire, 110;
+    rebukes _N._ at St. Cloud, 113;
+    character, 277;
+    dismissed, 277;
+    on Mme. de Staël, iii. 298;
+    venality of, iv. 106.
+
+  =Bourse=, _N.'s_ failure to govern the, ii. 410;
+    rise in values after the Austrian marriage, iii. 264.
+
+  =Bowles, Col. Geo.=, conversation with Wellington, iv. 184.
+
+  =Boyer, Gen. J. P.=, prepares a "triumphal" return to Cairo, ii. 76.
+
+  =Brabant=, visit of _N._ and Maria Louisa to, iii. 269;
+    French occupation of, 270;
+    _N.'s_ offer to exchange it for Hanseatic towns, 270.
+
+  =Braganza, House of=, decline of, iii. 119;
+    flight to Brazil, 134;
+    _N._ proposes to restore Portugal to, 319.
+
+  =Brandenburg=, proposed allotment of, to Jerome, iii. 409;
+    the Army of the North in, iv. 2;
+    contemplated operations in, 7.
+
+  =Brandenburg, House of=, the imperial crown for the, ii. 420;
+    owes its safety to the Czar, iii. 73.
+
+  =Braunau=, the Austrian camp at, ii. 365;
+    captured by Lannes, 367;
+    Russian troops at, 368;
+    French occupation of, 405.
+
+  =Bray=, Macdonald before, iv. 72.
+
+  =Brazi=, Don John embarks for, iii. 121.
+
+  =Breisgau=, grant to Grand Duke of Tuscany in, ii. 193;
+    Duc d'Enghien prepares to retire to the, 302, 303;
+    part of, acquired by Baden, 391;
+    Würtemberg acquires part of, 391.
+
+  =Breitenlee=, Austrian advance through, iii. 220.
+
+  =Bremen=, closed to British commerce, ii. 287;
+    laid under contribution, 287;
+    proposal to give it to Prussia, 400;
+    Bernadotte's force in, iii. 202;
+    scheme to incorporate with France, 266;
+    position in the French empire, 279;
+    French forces at, 393.
+
+  =Brenta, River=, military operations on the, i. 384, 390-392, 406.
+
+  =Brescia=, seized by France, i. 371;
+    the French position at, 379;
+    captured by Quasdanowich, 380;
+    evacuated by the enemy, 381;
+    the revolutionary movement in, 428, 435.
+
+  =Breslau=, Russian troops at, ii. 380;
+    the Prussian court moves from Berlin to, iii. 396;
+    patriotism in the university, 398;
+    French occupation of, 413;
+    pursuit of the allies to, 413;
+    French evacuation of, 414, 415;
+    military movements near, iv. 3.
+
+  =Brest=, naval preparations at, ii. 48, 68, 333, 359, 360, 441;
+    blockade of, iii. 48;
+    junction of Nelson and Cornwallis before, ii. 359;
+    the fleet ordered to the English Channel from, 359;
+    Villeneuve's mission to relieve, 360;
+    the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean, iii. 111;
+    imprisonment of Schill's followers in, 233;
+    naval station at, 380.
+
+  =Brest-Litovski=, military operations near, iii. 353.
+
+  ="Briars, The,"= _N._ a guest at, iv. 229, 230.
+
+  =Bribery=, _N.'s_ first lesson in, i. 203.
+
+  =Bridge of Arts=, the, iii. 74.
+
+  =Brienne=, _N._ at, i. 37, 46-59, 146, 210; iv. 60;
+    _N.'s_ mock battles at, i. 53; iv. 60;
+    Lucien Buonaparte at, i. 81;
+    Lucien quits, and Louis remains at, 88;
+    Louis fails of admission to, 96;
+    _N.'s_ garden at, 210;
+    _N.'s_ contemporaries at, 216;
+    battle of, iv. 60, 61;
+    military movements near, 95, 96.
+
+  =Brienne, Mme. Loménie de=, _N.'s_ early friend, i. 52, 105.
+
+  =Brigandage=, suppression of, in Corsica, i. 14, 15.
+
+  =Brigido, Col.=, at battle of Arcole, i. 390.
+
+  =Brindisi=, embargo on, ii. 287.
+
+  =Brinkmann=, on _N.'s_ influence in France, ii. 133.
+
+  =Brissot, J. P.=, leader of the Girondists, i. 189.
+
+  =Brittany=, foundation of the Jacobin Club in, i. 107;
+    violence and civil war in, 207, 222, 277, 305; ii. 91, 146;
+    _N._ conciliates, 146;
+    suspected plot of the Duc de Berry in, 303.
+
+  =Brixen=, Joubert at, i. 434;
+    apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;
+    ceded to Bavaria, 391.
+
+  =Broglie, Duc de=, on the Emperor's court at Fontainebleau, iii. 245.
+
+  =Broussier, Gen.=, marches to relief of Paris, iv. 102.
+
+  =Bruck=, Prince Eugène at, iii. 225.
+
+  =Brueys d'Aigalliers, Vice-Adm. François-Paul=, commanding French
+      fleet in the Adriatic, ii, 18;
+    ordered to Corfu, 62;
+    ordered to Alexandria, 62;
+    in the battle of the Nile, 62-66.
+
+  =Bruix, Adm. E.=, sent to conquer the Mediterranean ii. 79;
+    interview with Barras, 107;
+    argument in favor of the slave-trade, 236.
+
+  =Brumaire=, the plot of the 18th of, ii. 102 et seq., 119 et seq.,
+      315; iv. 258.
+
+  =Brune, Gen. G. M. A.=, plunders Bern, ii. 40;
+    military genius, 88;
+    campaign in Holland, 87, 93, 96, 323;
+    battle of Bergen, 93;
+    supersedes Masséna in Italy, 190;
+    advances to Trent, 192;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    venality of, iii. 81.
+
+  =Brunet, Gen.=, commanding the Army of Italy, i. 213.
+
+  =Brünn=, military operations near, ii. 367, 369, 379, 383-386; iii. 229;
+    _N._ establishes headquarters at, ii. 379.
+
+  =Brunswick=, French occupation of, ii. 443;
+    organization of the Black Legion, iii. 234;
+    the Black Legion's escape through, 234;
+    restored to its former ruler, iv. 40.
+
+  =Brunswick, Charles F. W., Duke of=, commander-in-chief of the
+      Prussian army, ii. 419, 424, 427;
+    at Naumberg, 424;
+    decline of his influence, 428;
+    at Erfurt, 427;
+    plan of opposition to the French, 428;
+    in battle of Jena, 429-433;
+    death of, 433, 443;
+    proclamation against the French republic, 443;
+    appeals to _N.'s_ mercy, 443.
+
+  =Brunswick, Frederick W., Duke of=, deprived of his throne, iii. 234;
+    organizes the Black Legion, 234;
+    exploits with the Black Legion, 234;
+    escapes to England, 234.
+
+  =Brunswick, House of=, Sieyès suspected of plotting with the, ii. 95.
+
+  =Bruslart=, governor of Corsica, plots against _N._, iv. 150.
+
+  =Brussels=, proposed invasion of France via, iv. 57;
+    York retires to, 80;
+    military operations near, 170, 179, 180, 190, 192, 194, 195;
+    topography of, 195.
+
+  =Brutus=, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.
+
+  =Bruyères=, killed at Reichenbach, iii. 410.
+
+  =Bry=, meeting of Wellington and Blücher at, iv. 180.
+
+  =Bubna, Gen.=, emissary from Francis to _N._, iii. 238, 395; iv. 21;
+    suggests an armistice, iii. 408;
+    procrastinates, 417;
+    confronting Augereau at Geneva, iv. 57;
+    in the campaign of 1814, 62;
+    driven from Lyons by Augereau, 67.
+
+  ="Bucentaur," the=, destruction of, ii. 24.
+
+  ="Bucentaure," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.
+
+  =Budberg=, Russian councilor, iii. 52.
+
+  =Budweis=, Archduke Charles at, iii. 216.
+
+  =Buenos Ayres=, English expedition against, iii. 100.
+
+  ="Buffer" states=, ii. 402; iii. 55.
+
+  =Bug, River=, proposed French occupation to the, ii. 442;
+    military operations on the, iii. 2, 117, 358.
+
+  =Bulgaria=, alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55.
+
+  =Bull-fights=, _N._ proposes to introduce them into Paris, ii. 409.
+
+  =Bülow, Gen. F. W. von=, junction of Bernadotte with, iii. 399;
+    commanding Army of the North, iv. 3;
+    holding Berlin, iv. 3;
+    strength, 3;
+    belittled by _N._, 5;
+    military ability, 14;
+    battle of Grossbeeren, 14;
+    battle of Dennewitz, 18;
+    coöperates with Graham in the Netherlands, 57;
+    captures Soissons, 77;
+    commanding reserve forces, 177;
+    in Waterloo campaign, 177;
+    near Beauderet, 185;
+    at St. Lambert, 194;
+    battle of Waterloo, 204-207.
+
+  =Bunbury, Sir Henry=, on commission to notify _N._ of his sentence,
+      iv. 226.
+
+  =Bunzlau=, Blücher at, iv. 7.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Carlo Maria di= (father of _N._), early life of, i. 29, 30;
+    ennobled, 29;
+    marriage, 30;
+    submission and French naturalization, 32;
+    character, 22, 44;
+    death, 34, 63;
+    ambitions and advancements, 43-47, 57, 63;
+    mission to Versailles, 44-47;
+    claim against the Jesuits, 47, 63;
+    breaks down, 57;
+    his "infamy," 97;
+    _N._ renounces the royalist principles of, 136;
+    his paternity of _N._ denied, iv. 137.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Caroline= (sister of _N._), birth, i. 33;
+    at Nice, 244;
+    early life, 322;
+    gift to her brother on departure for Egypt, ii. 53;
+    married to Murat, 195, 258;
+    resents _N.'s_ abuse of Murat, iv. 56.
+    _See also_ =Murat, Mme=.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Princess Charlotte=, proposal to marry her to the
+      Prince of Asturias, iii. 129;
+    sent to Madame Mère, 130.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Hortense=, life in Holland, iii. 26;
+    death of her eldest son, 52;
+    quarrels with the Grand Duchess of Berg, 179;
+    share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253;
+    Louis complains of, 270;
+    criticized by Mme. de Staël, 298.
+    _See also_ =Beauharnais, Hortense=.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Jerome= (brother of _N._), birth, i. 33, 64;
+    sent to school in Paris, 309;
+    marriage to Elizabeth Patterson, ii. 257;
+    residence in the United States, 257;
+    deserts his wife Elizabeth, 257;
+    service in the West Indies, 257;
+    fails to secure divorce from his American wife, 396;
+    marries Catherine of Würtemberg, 399; iii. 93, 94;
+    assists in the sack of Poland, ii. 440;
+    commanding corps of Würtembergers and Bavarians, iii. 3;
+    King of Westphalia, 56, 279;
+    Pius VII refuses to annul his marriage, 68;
+    assumes the title of Napoleon, 82;
+    relations with _N._, 82;
+    ordered to raise levies in Westphalia, 132;
+    at the Erfurt conference, 171;
+    defeated by the Black Legion, 234;
+    deprived of part of Hanover, 278;
+    supplies quota to _N.'s_ army, 322;
+    in the Russian campaign, 336;
+    at Grodno, 336;
+    military blunders and incompetence, 336;
+    proposed allotment of Brandenburg and Berlin to, 409;
+    flees to France, iv. 40;
+    takes refuge in Switzerland, 135;
+    assigned to the House of Peers, 160;
+    battle of Waterloo, 199, 211.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Joseph= (grandfather of _N._), ennobled, i. 28.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Joseph= (brother of _N._), childish relations with
+      _N._, i. 40;
+    educated for the priesthood, 44, 55;
+    goes to Autun, 44;
+    character, 49; iii. 130, 131; iv. 106;
+    desire for military service, i. 55;
+    search for a career, 55, 57, 79, 83, 89, 96, 134, 140, 288, 292-295;
+    attends his father in his last illness, 58, 63;
+    his politics, 83;
+    studies law at Pisa, 89;
+    early struggles, 96;
+    claims share in framing Corsican appeal to National Assembly, 118;
+    appointed mayor's secretary at Ajaccio, 123;
+    at Marseilles, 127;
+    member of the Constituent Assembly at Orezza, 131, 134;
+    represents Ajaccio in district Directory, 134;
+    disappointments to, 134;
+    political offices and schemes, 140, 144;
+    member of Corsican Directory, 161;
+    reminiscences of, conversations, confidences, and relations with
+      _N._, 178; iii. 45, 82, 109, 140, 148, 149, 190;
+    leaves Corsica for Toulon, i. 207;
+    trades on his brother's commission in the National Guard, 208;
+    made commissary-general, 238;
+    marriage of, 254;
+    deprived of employment, 284, 287;
+    settles in Genoa, 288, 291;
+    proposed land speculation for, 288;
+    _N.'s_ correspondence with, 290-297, 312; ii. 66; iii. 18, 184,
+      299; iv. 61, 73, 77, 91, 216;
+    plans for diplomatic appointment, i. 292, 294;
+    marriage, 295;
+    enamoured of Désirée Clary, 312;
+    receives diplomatic appointment, 309;
+    French minister at Rome, ii. 28, 39;
+    demands Provera's dismissal from Rome, 39;
+    demands his passports, 39;
+    sends information to _N._ in Egypt, 80;
+    political and social preferment, 96;
+    member of the Five Hundred, 95;
+    plenipotentiary to negotiate with Cobenzl, 188;
+    France's representative at Lunéville, 193;
+    his skilful diplomacy, 256;
+    negotiates the treaty of Amiens, 263;
+    _N._ confides the Duc d'Enghien's case to, 307;
+    at Malmaison, 308;
+    seeks clemency for the Duc d'Enghien, 308;
+    coolness between _N._ and, 308;
+    the right of imperial succession in his family, 322;
+    created Elector and imperial prince, 322;
+    on his brother's strength with the army, 334;
+    at _N.'s_ coronation, 342;
+    declines the crown of Italy, 352;
+    in battle of Austerlitz, 387;
+    made king of Naples, 395;
+    dominion over Sicily, 401;
+    advised to show himself terrible at first, 439;
+    reports _N.'s_ Indian scheme, 442;
+    Pius VII refuses to recognize his sovereignty, iii. 68;
+    assumes the title of Napoleon, 82;
+    residence at Naples, 129;
+    interview with _N._ at Venice, 129-131;
+    the crown of Spain offered to, 131;
+    reform of Neapolitan politics, 130;
+    ambition, 131;
+    ordered to Bayonne, 149;
+    king of Spain, 150, 169, 142, 279, 382, 421;
+    assumes government at Madrid, iii. 154;
+    entreats _N._ assistance in Spain, 158;
+    lacks male descendants, 160;
+    asserts his sovereignty, 190;
+    driven from Madrid, 190;
+    the Spaniards swear allegiance to, 191, 192;
+    accompanies _N._ on his second marriage journey, 258;
+    his Spanish territory contracted, 278;
+    signs a conditional abdication, 282;
+    bickerings with Soult, 287;
+    Wellington moves to Madrid against, 290;
+    temporary government at Valencia, 377;
+    acting regent in Paris, iv. 58, 61;
+    gives up hope, 81;
+    sends flag of truce to Bernadotte, 85;
+    enjoined to save the Empress and her son from Austrian capture, 91;
+    member of the Empress-Regent's council, 106;
+    proclaims his brother's approach to Paris, 109;
+    prepares for defense of Paris, 109;
+    deputy emperor, 111;
+    overtakes the Empress at Chartres, 111;
+    empowers Marmont to treat for surrender, 111;
+    Napoleon's rage at, 115;
+    takes refuge in Switzerland, 135;
+    assigned to the House of Peers, 160;
+    president of the council of state, 169;
+    advised to hold the legislature in hand, 216.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Josephine=, marital relations with _N._, i. 452-455;
+      ii. 66, 84, 198, 256, 328; iii. 11, 26, 27, 160, 161, 179-181,
+      246, 247, 252-253;
+    character, licentious conduct, jealousy, etc., i. 452-455;
+      ii. 55, 84; iii. 11, 27, 92, 246, 247;
+    domestic and social life, the imperial court, etc., i. 452-455;
+      ii. 254-257, 279; iii. 91-94, 145;
+    the divorce, its causes and decretal, i. 453, 454; ii. 66, 84,
+      256, 328; iii. 99, 160, 161, 179-181, 245-247, 252, 253;
+    letters from _N._, i. 320, 452, 455; iii. 43, 60, 110;
+    visits Rome, ii. 28;
+    joins _N._ in Paris, Dec., 1797, 28;
+    royalist intrigues with, 36;
+    bids farewell to _N._ at Toulon, 55;
+    influence over Gohier, 97;
+    in pecuniary straits, 122;
+    brings about marriage between Hortense and Louis Bonaparte, 257;
+    fear of Talleyrand, 308;
+    attitude in the Duc d'Enghien's case, 308;
+    accompanies _N._ to Boulogne, 328;
+    ecclesiastically married to _N._, 341;
+    the coronation, 342-346;
+    forbidden to follow her husband to Poland, iii. 27;
+    reproaches _N._ with his amours, 27;
+    travels through France, 74;
+    accompanies _N._ to Bayonne, 142;
+    _N.'s_ harsh treatment at Fontainebleau, 179;
+    self-abasement of, 246;
+    withdraws to Malmaison, 247;
+    conducts negotiations for _N.'s_ Austrian marriage, 253;
+    _N._ visits, after the divorce, 257;
+    never preferred to power, 327.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Letizia=, death of, i. 34;
+    tradition concerning birth of _N._, 39, 40;
+    character, 40; iv. 137, 287;
+    letter from _N._ to, i. 64;
+    vicissitudes of fortune, 64, 65, 80, 96, 225, 291; ii. 95; iv. 287;
+    her opinion of _N._, i. 84;
+    settles near Toulon, 262;
+    disapproves _N.'s_ marriage, 321;
+    social influence, ii. 96;
+    remark of Mme. Permon to, 130;
+    distrusts _N.'s_ elevation, 258;
+    residence in Corsica, 258;
+    refuses to attend the coronation, 342;
+    Princess Charlotte's sojourn with, iii. 130;
+    attacks on her good name, iv. 137;
+    visits _N._ at Elba, 142;
+    thrift, 287;
+    knowledge of _N.'s_ limitations, 287.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Louis= (brother of _N._), birth, i. 33;
+    prospects, 80;
+    loses appointment to artillery school, 88;
+    remains at Brienne, 88;
+    _N._ aids and protects, 89, 96, 140, 144, 147, 149, 150;
+    fails to secure admission to Brienne, 96;
+    certificate to his republicanism, 136;
+    confirmed, 147;
+    follows his brother's fortunes, 159, 263;
+    idle career, 184;
+    promoted adjutant-general of artillery, 238;
+    ordered to Châlons as a cadet, 238;
+    officer of home guard at Nice, 254;
+    falls from favor, 254;
+    lieutenant of artillery, 262;
+    deprived of employment, 284;
+    ordered to Châlons, 288, 291;
+    promoted, 309;
+    marries Hortense Beauharnais, ii. 257; iii. 269;
+    his son Napoleon, ii. 282;
+    created Constable of France, 323; iii. 96;
+    at _N.'s_ coronation, ii. 342;
+    declines the crown of Italy for his son, 352;
+    made king of Holland, 397; iii. 25, 96, 269;
+    ordered to hold the Rhine, ii. 424;
+    character, iii. 25;
+    reprimanded by _N._ for economy, 25;
+    character of his reign, 25, 148, 270, 271, 276-278;
+    letters from _N._, 140, 148, 276;
+    relations with _N._, 82;
+    assumes title of Louis Napoleon, 82;
+    the Spanish crown offered to, 140;
+    refuses the crown, 140, 207;
+    loyalty to the Dutch, 140;
+    violates the Continental System, 266;
+    _N.'s_ affection for, 269;
+    promoted general, 269;
+    made councilor of state, 269;
+    share in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns, 269;
+    arrogates the royal dignity to himself, 270;
+    _N.'s_ quarrel with, 269-277;
+    _N._ offers to exchange the Hanseatic towns for Brabant and
+      Zealand, 270;
+    contemplates resistance to _N._, 270;
+    reduced to the position of a French governor, 270, 271;
+    prepares to defend Holland, 271;
+    summoned to Paris, 270;
+    complains of his queen Hortense, 270;
+    virtually a prisoner in France, 270;
+    submits to _N._, 271;
+    permitted to return to Amsterdam, 271;
+    opens negotiations with England, 271;
+    continues to oppose _N._, 275, 276;
+    flight to Teplitz, 276.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Louis Napoleon= (nephew of _N._, son of Louis; crown
+      prince of Holland), created Grand Duke of Berg, iii. 279.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Lucien= (great-uncle of _N._), condition, i. 40;
+    affection for his family, 65;
+    illness of, 79, 84-89;
+    political opinions, 115;
+    death, 161.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Lucien= (brother of _N._), birth, i. 33;
+    goes to Autun, 43;
+    relations with _N._, 55, 89, 115;
+    advancement for, 57;
+    at Brienne, 81;
+    turns toward the priesthood, 81;
+    leaves Brienne, 88, 115;
+    efforts to enter at Aix, 96;
+    memoirs of _N._, 97, 98, 207, 316-319; ii. 265;
+    independence of, i. 140;
+    radical leader at Ajaccio, 184;
+    letter to Costa, 187;
+    in diplomatic service, 197;
+    denounces Paoli, 197;
+    at Toulon, 207;
+    appropriates _N.'s_ birth certificate, 208;
+    in commissary department, 208, 225;
+    "the little Robespierre," 238;
+    marriage, 254;
+    deprived of employment, 284;
+    destitution of, 288, 289;
+    imprisoned at Aix, 291;
+    liberated, 309;
+    foments quarrels in Italy, ii. 87;
+    political and social preferment, 95;
+    member and president of the Five Hundred, 97, 105, 114-118;
+    on the 19th Brumaire, 115-118;
+    makes a dramatic scene at St. Cloud, 116;
+    summons Bonapartist members of the Five Hundred to meet, 118;
+    harangues the mutilated chambers, 123;
+    minister of the interior, 131;
+    suggests plebiscite on the question of life consulship, 245;
+    declines to marry the queen of Etruria, 257;
+    exiled, 257;
+    second marriage, 257;
+    democracy of, 257;
+    in literary society, 257;
+    at summit of his career, 257;
+    French minister to Madrid, 257;
+    dispute between _N._ and Joseph concerning marriage of, 308;
+    the savior of _N.'s_ fortunes on the 18th Brumaire, 315;
+    the right of imperial succession in his family, 322;
+    created an imperial prince, 322;
+    at Rome during _N.'s_ coronation, 342;
+    proposal that he take the crown of Etruria, iii. 129;
+    opposes hereditary consulate for _N._, 129;
+    residence at Rome, 129;
+    marries Mme. de Jauberthon, 129;
+    refuses kingly honors, 129, 130;
+    refuses to divorce his wife, 129, 130;
+    character, 129, 135;
+    interview with _N._ at Mantua, 129, 130;
+    sails to the United States, 277;
+    captured by the English, 277;
+    Mme. de Staëls complaint of _N._ to, 298, 299;
+    fosters revolution in Rome, iv. 144;
+    assigned to the House of Peers, 160;
+    member of the council of state, 169;
+    advises a dictatorship after Waterloo, 217;
+    endeavors to solve the difficulties after Waterloo, 217;
+    _N._ dictates his abdication to, 218.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Maria-Anna= (sister of _N._), i. 33.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa= (sister of _N._), birth, i. 33;
+    educated at Saint-Cyr, 55, 60, 62, 71;
+    defective education, 71, 182;
+    _N._ visits at St. Cyr, 176;
+    quits St. Cyr and returns to Corsica, 182, 184;
+    at Nice, 244;
+    suitor for, 291;
+    marriage to Felice Bacciocchi, 322;
+    ii. 258;
+    acquires Massa-e-Carrara and Garfagnana, 395;
+    created Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Princess of Lucca and
+      Piombino, iii. 279.
+    _See also_ =Bacciocchi, Princess=.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Nabulione=, i. 33, 36;
+    forms of the name, 38, 39.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Napoleon=.
+    _See_ =Napoleon=.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Napoleon Louis Charles= (nephew of _N._, son of Louis),
+      _N.'s_ partiality for, ii. 282; iii. 269;
+    proposal to create him king of Italy, ii. 352;
+    death of, iii. 52, 160, 269.
+
+  =Buonaparte, Pauline= (sister of _N._), birth of, i. 33;
+    at Nice, 244;
+    suitor for, 291;
+    flirtation with Fréron, 322;
+    marries Gen. Leclerc, ii. 236;
+    marries Prince Borghese, 258;
+    acquires Guastalla, 395;
+    adviser to Maria Louisa, iii. 257;
+    created Duchess of Guastalla, 279.
+    _See also_ =Leclerc, Mme.=; =Borghese Princess=.
+
+  =Buonaparte family, the=, i. 8, 20-34;
+    ennobling and coat armor of, 28;
+    vicissitudes of fortune, 35, 58, 63, 65, 80, 83-90, 96, 114, 115,
+      134, 161, 164, 184, 185, 205, 215, 236, 284, 288, 291, 322;
+    _N._ regards himself as head of, 88, 161, 211, 309, 322;
+    claim against the government, 89, 115;
+    the "infamy" of, 97;
+    Salicetti's influence over, 116;
+    influence in Corsica, 139, 202;
+    _N.'s_ devotion to, 140, 161, 244;
+    outburst against, in Ajaccio, 205;
+    driven from their estates, 205;
+    leave Corsica for Toulon, 208;
+    residence in Toulon, 208, 212;
+    flight to Marseilles, 212;
+    driven from Toulon, 216;
+    social diplomacy of, 262;
+    news of _N.'s_ return from Egypt brought to, ii. 83;
+    political preferment among members of, 95;
+    meeting to consider the hereditary consulship, 244;
+    the women of, 258;
+    domestic life, 279;
+    relations with the First Consul, 279;
+    social triumph of, iii. 93;
+    urge divorce from Josephine, 125;
+    allotment of crowns among, 133, 139;
+    consolidation of Italy under, 167;
+    agree on the Austrian marriage, 254;
+    arrogance of its members, 270, 278;
+    fraternal instincts, 322;
+    Austrian discovery of their royal descent, iv. 44;
+    proscribed, 223;
+    France again under, 233.
+
+  =Burgau=, ceded to Bavaria, ii. 391.
+
+  =Burgos=, Murat assumes command at, iii. 134;
+    Ferdinand VII at, 143;
+    siege and fall of, 183, 185;
+    French movement toward, 185;
+    failure of Marmont to capture, 290.
+
+  =Burgundy=, _N._ visits, i. 146.
+
+  =Burke, Edmund=, influence of his oratory, i. 195;
+    on Malmesbury's mission to Paris, 449.
+
+  =Burrard, Gen. H.=, defeats Wellesley's plans at Vimeiro, iii. 157;
+    retired from active service, 186.
+
+  =Busaco=, battle of, iii, 284, 285;
+    the _cantinière_ of, 291.
+
+  =Buttafuoco, Matteo=, treachery of, i. 17, 22;
+    invites Rousseau to Corsica, 19;
+    relations with Choiseul, 21;
+    represents Corsica at Versailles, 115;
+    attitude toward Corsican patriots, 117;
+    popular hatred of, 121, 133, 135;
+    succeeded by Salicetti, 133, 136;
+    _N.'s_ diatribe against, 133, 136;
+    _N.'s_ "Letters" to, 145;
+    his marriage condemned by _N._, 311.
+
+  =Buxhöwden, Gen.=, advance of Russian troops under, ii. 367;
+    joins Kutusoff at Wischau, 379.
+
+  =Bylandt, Count de=, advises Holland to defy France, iii. 271;
+    in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201.
+
+
+C
+
+  =Cabanis=, influence on the Consulate, ii. 195.
+
+  =Cabarrus, Jeanne M. I. T.=, i. 315.
+    _See also_ =Fontenaye, Mme. de=; =Tallien, Mme.=
+
+  =Cadiz=, Nelson loses an eye at, ii. 62;
+    Villeneuve makes for, 359, 371;
+    Collingwood blockades, 371;
+    Nelson's fleet off, 373;
+    threatened invasion by England, iii. 133, 155;
+    seizure of a French fleet at, 155;
+    Soult before, 286, 289;
+    Soult abandons, 290;
+    becomes the capital of the nationalists, 290.
+
+  =Cadore=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 395;
+    Champagny created Duke of, iii. 87.
+    _See_ =Champagny=.
+
+  =Cadoudal, Georges=, complaints of England's harboring of, ii. 271;
+    conspiracy to seize _N._, 297 et seq.;
+    leader of the Chouans, 297;
+    arrest and execution, 299, 303;
+    _N.'s_ clemency toward his co-conspirators, 328;
+    funeral mass celebrated for, iv. 146.
+
+  =Cæsar, Augustus=, _N._ likened to, iii. 43.
+
+  =Cæsar, Julius=, _N.'s_ study of and admiration for, resemblances
+      between _N._ and, i. 161, 395, 423;
+    ii. 147, 158, 159, 230;
+    iii. 319; iv. 130, 232, 266;
+    _N._ disclaims the rôle of, ii. 112, 117;
+    his work for civilization, 157; iii. 319.
+
+  =Caffarelli, Gen.=, bearer of _N.'s_ letter to Pius VII, ii. 339;
+    in battle of Austerlitz, 387.
+
+  =Cagliari=, expedition against, i. 191.
+
+  =Cahors=, birthplace of Murat, ii. 195.
+
+  "=Caia=," and "=Caius=," ii. 329.
+
+  "=Ça Ira=," i. 244, 266.
+
+  =Cairo=, military operations at, i. 352;
+    ii. 60;
+    Magallon consul at, 47;
+    the march from Alexandria to, 59;
+    capture of, 61;
+    failure of the promised plunder at, 61;
+    fortification of, 67;
+    _N._ at, 69, 76;
+    retreat of the army from Acre to, 75;
+    _N.'s_ "triumphal" return to, 76;
+    surrender of, 211.
+
+  =Calahorra=, the Spanish forces near, iii. 184, 185.
+
+  =Calais=, parallel between Magdeburg and, iii. 62.
+
+  =Calder, Adm. Sir Robert=, encounters Villeneuve off Cape
+      Finisterre, ii. 359;
+    reinforces blockade of Brest, 359;
+    encounter with Villeneuve, 371.
+
+  =Caldiero=, occupied by Alvinczy, i. 388;
+    Alvinczy retreats from, 390.
+
+  =Calendar, the Republican=, i. 248.
+
+  =Calonne, C. A. de=, taxation problems of, i. 105.
+
+  =Calotte=, the constitution of the, i. 94.
+
+  =Calvi=, French influence and power in, i. 116, 207;
+    the Buonapartes seek asylum in, 205;
+    _N._ at, 205;
+    imprisonment of Corsicans in, 252;
+    English capture of, 261.
+
+  =Cambacérès, J. J. R.=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 93;
+    appointed consul, 130;
+    minister of justice, 130;
+    organizer of the Code Napoléon, 222, 226;
+    scheme for reform of the tribunate, 242;
+    suggests plebiscite on question of life consulship, 244;
+    Chancellor of France, 323;
+    at _N.'s_ coronation, 342;
+    demurs to action against the Duc d'Enghien, 304;
+    created Duke of Parma, iii. 86;
+    salary, 96;
+    arch-chancellor, 96;
+    on _N.'s_ appearance after the treaty of Schönbrunn, 245;
+    member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 253;
+    member of the Empress-Regent's council, iv. 106;
+    character, 106;
+    member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159.
+
+  =Cambronne, Gen. P. J. E.=, aids in _N.'s_ escape from Elba, iv. 153;
+    in battle of Waterloo, 209.
+
+  =Campan, Mme.=, appointment in the imperial court, ii. 324.
+
+  =Campbell, Sir Neil=, British commissioner at Fontainebleau, iv. 134;
+    _N.'s_ relations with, 134, 142, 150;
+    accompanies _N._ to Elba, 140;
+    ambassador to _N.'s_ court at Elba, 144;
+    leaves Elba for Florence, 150, 153.
+
+  =Camperdown=, battle of, ii. 38.
+
+  =Campo Formio=, treaty of, i. 456;
+    ii. 18-22, 24, 31, 37, 42, 145, 148, 187;
+    iii. 329.
+
+  =Canada=, lost to France, i. 17, 22.
+
+  =Canals=, Bonaparte's scheme of, ii, 279.
+
+  =Canino, Prince of=.
+    _See_ =Buonaparte, Lucien=.
+
+  =Cannes=, _N.'s_ march through, on return from Elba, iv. 153, 154.
+
+  =Canning, George=, denounces _N._, ii, 144;
+    foreign secretary in Portland cabinet, iii. 69;
+    responsibility for the bombardment of Copenhagen, 70, 97;
+    despatches the fleet to the Baltic, 98;
+    demands the secret articles of Tilsit, 98;
+    fall of, 272;
+    policy of action against _N._, 284;
+    enforces Orders in Council, 378.
+
+  =Canonical institution=, the question of, iv. 390.
+
+  =Canova, Antonio=, makes statue of Empress Maria Louisa, iii. 300.
+
+  =Cantonal assemblies=, ii. 247.
+
+  =Cape of Good Hope=, taken by England from the Dutch, ii. 12, 38;
+    ceded to the Batavian Republic by treaty of Amiens, 233;
+    England's rights in, 262;
+    _N.'s_ ambitions concerning, 289; iii. 308.
+
+  =Cape St. Vincent=, battle of, i. 456; ii. 62.
+
+  =Cape Verd Islands=, proposition to deport _N._ to, iv. 145.
+
+  =Caprera=, expedition against, i. 192.
+
+  =Caprino=, battle at, i. 412, 413.
+
+  "=Captain=," Nelson's ship in battle of Cape St. Vincent, ii, 62.
+
+  =Capuchins=, attempt to oust them from Corsican domains, i. 168.
+
+  =Caraccioli, Adm. F. C.=, execution of, ii. 300.
+
+  =Cardinals, the College of=, transplanted to France, iii. 258, 263.
+
+  =Carinthia=, _N._ in, i. 434;
+    revolutionary sentiment in, ii. 42;
+    part of, ceded to France, iii. 239.
+
+  =Carinthian Mountains=, pursuit of Archduke John across the, iii. 212.
+
+  =Carlsbad=, Talleyrand at, iv. 224.
+
+  "=Carmagnole=," the, i. 244, 266.
+
+  =Carniola=, Charles guards road into, i. 432;
+    ceded to France, iii. 239.
+
+  =Carnot, Lazare N. M.=, minister of war, i. 233, 279;
+    favors _N._, 299, 320;
+    reorganizes the French army, 240, 325, 332, 333, 379;
+    military policy of, 249;
+    removal of, 279;
+    escape of, 285; ii. 8, 27;
+    member of the Directory, i. 186, 330-333;
+    character, 330-333;
+    at battle of Maubeuge, 332;
+    plans the Italian campaign (1795), 346;
+    _N.'s_ correspondence with, May, 1796, 364;
+    advises restoring the Milanese to Austria, 451;
+    relations with _N._, ii. 8;
+    desire for peace with Austria, 19;
+    Barras derides his suggestions, 19;
+    writes a justificatory pamphlet, 91;
+    development of his conscription scheme, 93;
+    reappointed minister of war, 130, 153;
+    influence on the fall of the Directory, 130;
+    military genius, 153;
+    detaches Lecourbe's force from Moreau's army, 168;
+    possible successor to _N._, 186;
+    influence on the Consulate, 195;
+    member of the tribunate, 243;
+    remonstrates against adulation of _N._, 295;
+    opposes the creation of the Empire, 321;
+    pensioned, iii. 297;
+    commissioned to write on fortification, 297;
+    invited to join in insurrection, iv. 149;
+    member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159;
+    advises a dictatorship for France after Waterloo, 217;
+    member of the new Directory, 218.
+
+  =Caroline, Queen of Naples=, iii. 124;
+    on Maria Louisa's imprisonment at Schönbrunn, iv. 143.
+
+  =Carpentras=, lost to the Pope at peace of Tolentino, ii. 326.
+
+  =Carrier, J. B.=, crimes of, i. 234;
+    opposes Robespierre, 251.
+
+  =Carrion-Nisas, A. H.=, "Peter the Great," ii. 350.
+
+  =Cartagena=, Villeneuve ordered to, ii. 371;
+    rebellion in, iii. 154.
+
+  =Carteaux, Gen.=, seizes Valence, i. 214;
+    besieges Avignon, 214;
+    takes Marseilles, 220;
+    captures Ollioules, 225;
+    besieges Toulon, 224, 225;
+    ignorance of military affairs, 227;
+    removed from command, 228.
+
+  =Cassel=, Blücher's military movements in, ii. 427;
+    restored to its former ruler, iv. 40.
+
+  =Castaños, Gen. F. X. de=, causes Dupont's surrender at Baylen, iii. 156;
+    position on the Ebro, 184, 185;
+    concerted French movement against, 185;
+    collects his troops at Siguenza, 185.
+
+  =Casteggio=, battle of, ii. 176.
+
+  =Castellane=, journal of, iii. 361.
+
+  =Castelnuovo=, disarmament of, i. 442.
+
+  =Castiglione=, battle of, i. 382; ii. 140;
+    Augereau's victory at, 323;
+    celebration of the battle of, 228;
+    Augereau created Duke of, iii. 86.
+    _See also_ =Augereau=.
+
+  =Castile=, French occupation of, iii. 286;
+    weakness of French forces in, 289;
+    reinforcements for Masséna ordered from, 289.
+
+  =Castlereagh, Lord=, secretary for war in Portland cabinet, iii. 69;
+    policy of action and bitterness against _N._, 284; iv. 145, 162;
+    prime minister of England, iii. 328;
+    inspires action by Bernadotte, 350;
+    becomes foreign secretary, 378, 417, 422;
+    dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms, iv. 42;
+    character, 42, 67;
+    at headquarters of the allies at Basel, 66;
+    influence in European councils, 67, 68;
+    under Metternich's influence, 68;
+    uneasiness at _N.'s_ message to Francis, 75;
+    on the European policy of 1814, 89;
+    protests against the use of the imperial style by _N._, 133;
+    negotiates secret treaty between England, Austria, and France, 145;
+    protests to Talleyrand against violation of treaty obligations, 153;
+    retires from Congress of Vienna, 173;
+    letter from Lord Liverpool, June 20, 1815, 224.
+
+  =Catalonia=, French occupation of, iii. 156;
+    Duhesme evacuates, 157;
+    military government of, 279;
+    French possession of, 377.
+
+  =Catharine of Würtemberg=, marries Jerome Bonaparte, ii. 399;
+      iii. 93, 94.
+
+  =Cathcart, Gen. W. S.=, besieges Copenhagen, iii. 70;
+    heads English embassy to Russia, 351;
+    influences the armistice of Poischwitz, 417;
+    English minister at St. Petersburg, 417;
+    at Congress of Prague, 423.
+
+  =Catherine II=, policy of, i. 22; iii. 51, 309;
+    death of, i. 425, 452;
+    _N._ shatters a gift of, ii. 20;
+    _N.'s_ admiration for, 347;
+    share in partition of Poland, iii. 309;
+    her life and work, iv. 251.
+
+  =Catherine, Grand Duchess= (of Russia), mentioned for marriage
+      with _N._, iii. 180, 181;
+    marries the Duke of Oldenburg, 181, 278, 310.
+
+  =Catholic emancipation=, the question of, ii. 208.
+
+  =Cato=, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.
+
+  =Cattaro=, Alexander I's scheme for acquiring, ii. 356;
+    Russian occupation of, 405;
+    compensation for, iii. 56.
+
+  =Caulaincourt, A. A. L. de=, leads expedition to Offenburg, ii. 304;
+    Master of the Horse, 324, 425;
+    relations with _N._, 425; iii. 107; iv. 87, 105, 115, 134, 159;
+    conducts negotiations with Russia, iii. 87, 107-110, 113, 116-118,
+      165, 168, 169, 244, 310, 315, 318, 408-411;
+    connection with the d'Enghien murder, iii. 107;
+    _N.'s_ instructions to, 115;
+    discusses partition of Turkey, 116;
+    explains Bernadotte's dilatoriness, 117;
+    reproved by _N._, 165;
+    friendship with the Czar, 165, 168;
+    ordered to ventilate the divorce question, 181;
+    conducts _N.'s_ matrimonial negotiations in Russia, 247, 248;
+    explains the Austrian marriage to Alexander, 255;
+    recalled, 318, 326;
+    knowledge of Russia, 325, 326;
+    French commissioner at Poischwitz, 414;
+    at Congress of Prague, 423;
+    letter from Metternich, November, 1813, iv. 42, 45;
+    Minister of Foreign Affairs, 42;
+    letter to Metternich, Dec. 2, 1813, 46;
+    conducts negotiations at Châtillon, 67-71, 74, 78, 87;
+    demands authority to treat after La Rothière, 69, 70;
+    blamed for not saving his country at Châtillon, 70;
+    letter from Maret, 87;
+    at council at St. Dizier, 103;
+    seeks peace at any price, 103;
+    seeks audience with Alexander, 116, 117;
+    at the abdication scene, 121, 122;
+    on commission to present abdication to Alexander, 124, 125, 126;
+    urges the regency, 126;
+    transfers his allegiance, 129;
+    _N.'s_ declaration to, concerning his generals, 128;
+    memoirs of, 130;
+    records _N.'s_ first attempt at suicide, 130;
+    member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159;
+    member of the new Directory, 218.
+
+  =Cautillon=, attempt to assassinate Wellington, iv. 234;
+    _N.'s_ bequest to, 234.
+
+  =Cavallos=, defends Ferdinand's position, iii. 143.
+
+  =Cavalry=, _N.'s_ views on, and use of, i. 59; ii. 178.
+
+  =Cayenne=, wholesale deportations to, ii. 8.
+
+  =Celibacy=, _N._ on, i. 138.
+
+  =Ceracchi=, charged with conspiracy, ii. 235;
+    execution of, 241.
+
+  =Ceraino=, military operations near, i. 412.
+
+  =Cerbeau, Du=, i. 143.
+
+  =Cervoni=, i. 220, 233.
+
+  =Ceva=, battle of, i. 352-335.
+
+  =Ceylon=, retained by England, ii. 211, 262;
+    France guarantees its return to Holland, 289.
+
+  =Chaboulon, Fleury de=, sent to Naples, iv. 152;
+    reveals the state of France to _N._, 152.
+
+  =Chabran, Gen.=, forces in Savoy, ii. 169;
+    crosses the Little St. Bernard, 171.
+
+  =Chabrol=, imperial prefect, iv. 106.
+
+  =Chaillot=, suspected plot of royalists at, ii. 303.
+
+  =Châlons=, _N._ leaves Paris for, iv. 53;
+    French concentration at, 58;
+    _N._ reaches, 58;
+    _N._ plans pursuing Blücher to, 65;
+    Blücher collects his army at, 73;
+    _N._ plans to attack Schwarzenberg at, 77;
+    Marmont ordered to, 91, 93;
+    the allies open new communications via, 97.
+
+  =Cham=, Archduke Charles makes a stand at, iii. 210, 216.
+
+  =Chamartin=, the French troops at, iii. 187, 189.
+
+  =Chambers of Commerce=, establishment of, ii. 220.
+
+  =Chambéry=, _N._ at, ii. 27, 30;
+    reinforcements for Augereau at, iv. 94.
+
+  =Champagny, L. A.=, created Duke of Cadore, iii. 87;
+    appointed Minister of External Relations, 96, 132;
+    plenipotentiary at Altenburg, 238, 239;
+    succeeded in the Foreign Office by Maret, 318;
+    mission to Francis at Dijon, iv. 128.
+
+  =Champaubert=, battle of, iv. 63, 66.
+
+  =Championnet, Gen.=, overthrows the Neapolitan throne, ii. 87;
+    disgraceful conduct at Naples, 92.
+
+  =Channel tunnel=, the, ii. 290.
+
+  "=Chant du Départ=," the, iv. 118.
+
+  =Chaptal, J. A.=, member of the council of state, ii. 152.
+
+  =Chardon, Abbé=, on _N.'s_ boyhood, i. 45.
+
+  =Charenton=, Marmont and Mortier driven back to, iv. 99.
+
+  =Charette=, institutes royalist retaliation on republican
+      prisoners, i. 277.
+
+  =Charleroi=, military operations near, iv. 171, 173-177, 179, 180,
+      196, 208;
+    _N._ at, 175, 177, 211, 239.
+
+  =Charles, Archduke=, defeats Jourdan, i. 385;
+    defeated by Moreau, 385;
+    campaign in the Tyrol, 425, 428;
+    ordered into Friuli, 426, 430;
+    military genius, 426; iii. 215;
+    guards Carniola, i. 432;
+    battle on the Tagliamento, 432;
+    on the river Mur, 434;
+    cut off from succor, 436;
+    letter from _N._, 435;
+    defeats Jourdan at Ostrach and Stockach, ii. 88;
+    effect of his successes, 89;
+    defeats Masséna at Zürich, 93;
+    defeated by Masséna at Zürich, 141;
+    withdraws temporarily from service, 160;
+    resumes command after Hohenlinden, 192, 358;
+    commanding Austrian army in Italy, 363;
+    reaches Marburg, 367;
+    position on the Adige, 367;
+    commanding Austrian troops from Italy, 380;
+    the throne of Spain offered to, iii. 166;
+    reorganizes the Austrian army, 198;
+    declares war against France, 199;
+    to operate in Bohemia, 199;
+    plans to rouse the German people, 199;
+    procrastinates, 199;
+    offensive movement in the Danube valley, 204;
+    _N.'s_ plan for meeting, 203;
+    mistakes in the campaign of Eckmühl, 204-207;
+    crosses the Isar, 205;
+    a lost opportunity, 204;
+    plan of offense, 205;
+    marches against Davout, 205;
+    marches on Ratisbon, 205, 208;
+    force at Ludmannsdorf and Rohr, 207;
+    force at Moosburg, 207;
+    retires to Ratisbon, 209;
+    in battle of Eckmühl, 209;
+    retires before Davout, 209;
+    _N.'s_ reasons for not pursuing after Eckmühl, 210;
+    crosses the Danube, 210;
+    makes a stand at Cham, 210, 216;
+    sues for peace, 211, 216;
+    junction with Hiller at Bisamberg, 212, 216;
+    seizes Ratisbon, 216;
+    at Budweis, 216;
+    indecision of, 216;
+    his line on the Danube, 216;
+    advance toward Wagram, 218;
+    attempts to break _N.'s_ bridges, 219;
+    in battles of Aspern and Essling, 219-223;
+    conduct after Aspern, 223-225;
+    seeks the offices of diplomacy, 224;
+    battle of Wagram, 226-232;
+    withdraws toward Znaim, 230;
+    orders Archduke John to attack, 230;
+    pursued by _N._ and Marmont, 235;
+    asks an armistice, 235;
+    quarrels with the Emperor and John, 235;
+    resigns his command, 235;
+    at marriage of Maria Louisa, 256.
+
+  =Charles Emmanuel=, succeeds Victor Amadeus, i. 356;
+    retires to Sardinia, ii. 39, 87, 141.
+
+  =Charles Emmanuel IV=, invited by Russia to return to Turin, ii. 141.
+
+  =Charles Ludwig Frederic, of Baden=, marries Stephanie Napoleone,
+      ii. 399.
+
+  =Charles the Great=, his work for civilization, ii. 157;
+    _N.'s_ emulation of, 157; iii. 304, 306;
+    French longings for a modern, ii. 214;
+    restoring the empire of, 233;
+    reversion to state and titles of the reign of, 323;
+    coronation of, 325;
+    gift to the Papacy, 346;
+    his system of "marches," iii. 55;
+    _N._ resumes the grant of, 118;
+    magnificence of his empire, 131;
+    Spanish territory of, 133, 134;
+    his donation to Hadrian I revoked by _N._, 215;
+    his ideal, 319;
+    _N._ compared with, 319; iv. 292;
+    the second, iii. 330;
+    imitation of his times, iv. 165;
+    influence on Europe, 292.
+
+  =Charles IV= (of Spain), attachment to Godoy, ii. 204;
+    king of Spain, 289;
+    subserviency to France, and relations with _N._, iii. 71, 126-128, 141;
+    conspires against his son's succession, 71;
+    unites with _N._ in coercing Portugal, 119;
+    scheme to acquire Portugal, 120;
+    character, 124;
+    announces his son's conspiracy, 127;
+    blames the French minister at Madrid, 127;
+    correspondence with _N._, 128, 131, 133;
+    pardons Ferdinand, 127;
+    proposes to cut off Ferdinand's succession, 127;
+    _N._ reveals his policy to, 133;
+    panic-stricken at the French invasion, 133;
+    deposes Godoy, 135;
+    last days of his kingdom, 135;
+    abdicates, 136;
+    repudiates his abdication, 138, 145;
+    seeks Murat's protection, 138;
+    virtual prisoner in the Escorial, 142;
+    deposed, 144-148;
+    summoned to Bayonne, 145;
+    refuses Ferdinand's offer to surrender the crown, 145;
+    pensioned, 147;
+    restrains Gen. Solano's movements, 149;
+    at Compiègne, 148;
+    goes to Marseilles, 149;
+    weakness of, 150;
+    goes to Italy, 149.
+
+  =Charles V=, magnificence of his empire, iii. 131.
+
+  =Charles X.=
+    _See_ =Artois, Count of=.
+
+  =Charles XII of Sweden=, military despotism of, ii. 118.
+
+  =Charles XIII=, king of Sweden, ii. 416;
+    succeeds Gustavus IV, iii. 280;
+    makes Bernadette his successor, 280;
+    under _N.'s_ protection, 280;
+    feebleness of his rule, 317.
+
+  =Charters=, destruction of feudal, i. 109, 110.
+
+  =Chartres=, flight of the Empress and Joseph through, iv. 111.
+
+  =Chartres, Duc de= (Louis Philippe), scheme to place him on the
+      French throne, iv. 148.
+
+  =Chateaubriand, F. A.=, friendship with Mme. Bacciocchi, ii. 258;
+    literary works, 259;
+    envoy to Valais, 260;
+    a disciple of Rousseau, 259;
+    envoy to Rome, 260;
+    supposed sponsor for the Concordat, 260;
+    influence, 260;
+    his name omitted from the honor list of 1810, iii. 300;
+    on the new constitution, iv. 160.
+
+  =Château-Thierry=, French occupation of, iv. 63;
+    Blücher's retreat through, and sack of, 63, 64;
+    Macdonald's failure at, 72;
+    military movements near, 94.
+
+  =Châtelet=, military operations near, iv. 174, 177, 179.
+
+  =Chatham, Earl of=, compared with Carnot, i. 331;
+    policy toward France, ii. 208.
+
+  =Châtillon, Congress of=, iv. 68-75, 79, 87, 88;
+    Caulaincourt's carte blanche at, 69, 70, 88;
+    rumored preliminaries of peace at, 73;
+    sends ultimatum to _N._, 74, 76;
+    closes, 76;
+    capture of some of the diplomats of, 95.
+
+  =Chaumont=, surrenders to one Würtemberg horseman, iv. 51;
+    treaty of, 76, 164;
+    military operations near, 90.
+
+  =Chemnitz=, the Saxon army at, ii. 424;
+    contemplated movements at, iv. 23.
+
+  =Chénier, André=, ii. 350.
+
+  =Chénier, M. J.=, driven from the tribunate, ii. 243;
+    "Cyrus," 350;
+    suppresses his writings, iii. 88;
+    rewards for his literary work, 297;
+    opposes the empire, 300;
+    made inspector-general of the university, 301.
+
+  =Cheops, Pyramid of=, _N._, in the, ii. 66.
+
+  =Cherasco=, capture of, i. 354, 355.
+
+  =Chevreuse, Mme. de=, pert remark to _N._, and banishment, iii. 94.
+
+  =Chimay, Princess de=, i. 315.
+    _See also_ =Tallien, Mme.=
+
+  =China=, _N.'s_ attention turned toward, i. 78.
+
+  =Chiusa Veneta=, capture of fort at, i, 433.
+
+  =Choiseul, C. A. G.=, refuses protectorate to Corsica, i. 16;
+    his policy toward Corsica, 20-22;
+    disgrace of, 43;
+    _N.'s_ hatred for, 50;
+    scheme of Egyptian conquest, ii. 46.
+
+  =Chouans, the=, rebellion of, i. 277, 325, 449;
+    legislation against, ii. 94;
+    the Cadoudal conspiracy, 297 et seq.
+
+  =Christian VII=, imbecility of, iii. 70.
+
+  =Christianity=, _N.'s_ confusion of ideas concerning, i. 76, 77.
+
+  =Church, the=, _N.'s_ attitude toward, and relations with, i. 76,
+      77, 146, 147, 264; ii. 159, 173, 205, 206, 215, 246, 258, 265,
+      398, 407; iii. 68, 69, 85, 89, 118, 119, 154, 190, 215, 242,
+      243, 249, 258, 259, 262-264, 305, 306, 315, 377, 390;
+    demands for reform of, in Corsica, i. 116, 117;
+    enforced contributions by, at Ajaccio, 127;
+    attitude of the French governments toward, and relations with
+      the nation, 244; ii. 91, 131, 216, 258, 325 et seq.;
+    _N.'s_ study of the Gallican, i. 150;
+    reorganization of its property, 152;
+    changes in, 162;
+    sequestration of lands of, 161, 268, 269;
+    Louis XVI's support of, 268;
+    _N.'s_ speculation in sequestered lands of, 288;
+    plotting in, 297;
+    question of allegiance of the clergy, 401;
+    relation to education, ii. 226-228;
+    influence in Austria and Germany, 264;
+    reconstruction in France, 318;
+    scheme for unity of, in Germany, 402;
+    archbishops created counts, iii. 87;
+    degradation in Spain, 123;
+    pillaged in Spain, 158;
+    repressed in the Tyrol, 201;
+    the bishops' court pronounces _N.'s_ first marriage null, 253;
+    attitude toward _N.'s_ second marriage, 258, 259;
+    the College of Cardinals transplanted from Rome to Paris, 258, 264.
+
+  =Cicero=, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.
+
+  =Cintra=, Junot surrenders at, iii. 157, 159, 186.
+
+  =Cisalpine Republic, the=, formation of, ii. 10, 21;
+    pillage of, 38;
+    treaty with France, March, 1798, 38;
+    the Valtellina incorporated with, 40;
+    recognized by Prussia, 43;
+    dissolution of, 83;
+    picks a quarrel with Sardinia, 87;
+    reëstablishment of, 173, 186, 231;
+    tribute levied on, 186;
+    question of a president for, 230;
+    English efforts to discredit France in, 264.
+
+  =Cispadane Republic, the=, i. 401, 402;
+    question of a constitution for, ii. 10.
+
+  =Citadella=, battle of, i. 388.
+
+  "=Citizen=," use of the term in France, ii. 194.
+
+  =Citizenship=, liberty, equality, and fraternity in, i. 110;
+    the primary duty of, 306.
+
+  =Ciudad Rodrigo=, Spanish defense of, iii. 284;
+    storming of, 290, 319.
+
+  =Civil Code=, introduced into Warsaw, iii. 67.
+    _See also_ =Code=.
+
+  =Civil liberty=, developed in inverse ratio to political liberty,
+      ii. 223.
+
+  "=Civism=," i. 170, 180, 315.
+
+  =Clacy=, captured by _N._, iv. 79.
+
+  =Clanship=, i. 10.
+
+  =Clarke, Gen.=, letter from _N._, Nov. 19, 1796, i. 399, 400;
+    at Montebello, 452;
+    meeting with _N._, 451;
+    mission to Vienna, 451;
+    French agent in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 20;
+    recalled to Paris, 20, 23;
+    forbidden to enter Vienna, 42;
+    guardian to King Louis's widow, 233;
+    drives British ships from Tuscan harbors, 287;
+    created Duke of Feltre, iii. 86;
+    ordered to fortify the Spanish frontier, 126;
+    minister of war, iv. 106;
+    member of the Empress-Regent's council, 106, 108;
+    advises the flight of the Empress, 108;
+    prepares for defense of Paris, 109;
+    _N.'s_ rage at, 115.
+
+  =Clary, Eugénie Bernardine Désirée=, proposal to wed _N._ to,
+      i. 295, 312;
+    affianced to Duphot, ii. 39, 43;
+    marries Bernadotte, 43.
+
+  =Clergy, the=, position at outbreak of the revolution, i. 100, 101, 107;
+    attitude in Corsica, 115, 116;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, and relations with, 124, 146, 147, 422,
+      423; ii. 11;
+    revolution among the clergy of Dauphiny, i. 143, 152;
+    constitutional reforms for, 153;
+    upheaval among, 162;
+    attitude of the Directory toward, ii. 2, 36;
+    transported to Cayenne, 8;
+    Talleyrand a leader among, 33;
+    released from the Jacobin ban, 131;
+    abolition of celibacy of, 206;
+    conformists and nonconformists to the civil constitution, 205, 215;
+    a "consecrated constabulary," 217;
+    restoration to the ecclesiastical fold, 346;
+    encourage rebellion in Spain, iii. 154.
+    _See also_ =Church=; =Papacy=; =Pius VII=; =Rome=.
+
+  =Cleves=, Prussia's price for, ii. 266;
+    ceded to France, 390.
+
+  =Cleves and Berg=, the Grand Duchy of, ii. 404;
+    French garrison in, 404.
+
+  =Clichy Club, the=, ii. 3, 5, 7, 23.
+
+  =Coalition of 1813=, centrifugal forces in, iv. 55-58.
+
+  =Cobenzl, Count L.=, Austrian plenipotentiary at Campo Formio, ii. 20;
+    at Congress of Rastatt, 28;
+    negotiates with France after Marengo, 189;
+    on universal conquest, iii. 43.
+
+  =Coblentz=, headquarters of French royalists, ii. 121.
+
+  =Coburg=, military operations near, ii. 428.
+
+  =Cockburn, Adm. Sir George=, conveys _N._ to St. Helena, iv. 227, 230.
+
+  =Code Civil=, its contravention by Jewish legislation, iii. 76.
+
+  =Code Napoléon, the=, ii. 221-225; iv. 296;
+    introduced into Parma and Piacenza, ii. 354;
+    abolition of the law of entail and primogeniture, iii. 85;
+    _N.'s_ excuse for overruling, 85;
+    introduced into Holland, 277;
+    in Italy, iv. 40.
+
+  =Code of Commerce=, the, ii. 224; iii. 74.
+
+  =Code of Criminal Procedure, the=, iii. 224.
+
+  =Coignet, Private=, _N.'s_ friendly familiarity with, ii. 196.
+
+  =Coignet=, writes of the entry into Berlin, ii. 438;
+    on the march to Russia, iii. 326;
+    reports demoralization after Dresden, iv. 12.
+
+  =Coigny, Mlle. de=, married to Savary, ii. 412.
+
+  =Coimbra=, military movements near, iii. 285.
+
+  =Colborne, Sir J.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.
+
+  =Col di Tenda=, the French line at, ii. 160.
+
+  =College of Cardinals=, increased French representation in the, iii. 118.
+
+  =College of France, the=, ii. 226.
+
+  =Colli, Gen.=, commanding Piedmontese troops, i. 353, 354;
+    reinforcements for, defeated, 354.
+
+  =Collingwood, Adm. Cuthbert=, his knowledge of the enemy's
+      movements, ii. 370;
+    blockades Cadiz, 371;
+    at Trafalgar, 373.
+
+  =Cologne=, Macdonald entrusted with defense of, iv. 54.
+
+  =Colombier, Caroline du=, _N.'s_ first love, i. 77, 149.
+
+  =Colombier, Mme. du=, i. 75, 149.
+
+  =Colonization=, Talleyrand's views on, ii. 33.
+
+  =Colonna=, represents Corsica in the National Assembly, i. 117, 118;
+    member of the Directory of Corsica, 133.
+
+  =Colonna-Cesari=, leads Corsican expedition against Sardinia,
+      i. 192, 193.
+
+  =Column of Vendôme=, erection of the, iii. 74.
+
+  =Comédie Française=, members accompany _N._ to Erfurt, iii. 174.
+
+  =Commerce=, condition of, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102;
+    influence on the social life of the world, ii. 46;
+    encouragement of, 220;
+    revived by the peace of Amiens, 236;
+    improved condition of, 259;
+    the scope of British, 270.
+
+  =Committee of Public Safety=, usurps supreme power, i. 207;
+    aided by Carnot, 223;
+    Corsicans denounced in, 252;
+    keeps _N._ under surveillance, 255, 256;
+    plans expedition against Rome, 261;
+    abolished, 279, 289;
+    the new, 291, 292, 297;
+    appoints _N._ on military commission, 292;
+    proposes to transfer _N._ to Constantinople, 297;
+    considers policy of excluding English goods from the Continent,
+      ii. 441;
+    difficulties with Mme. de Staël, iii. 297.
+
+  =Communal list, the=, ii. 126.
+
+  =Compiègne=, Spanish royal exiles at, iii. 148;
+    meeting of the Emperor with his Austrian bride at, 257, 258, 261, 268;
+    Blücher besieges, iv. 84.
+
+  =Compignano, Countess of=.
+    _See_ =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=.
+
+  =Compulsory loans=, ii. 134.
+
+  =Compulsory military service=, i. 213.
+
+  =Concordat, the=, ii. 207, 215, 301, 326 et seq., 402; iv. 259, 294, 296;
+    service in honor of, ii. 215;
+    its effect in France, 216;
+    "the vaccine of religion," 216;
+    contempt of the Army of the Rhine for, 235;
+    the supposed sponsor for, 260;
+    effect in Germany, 264;
+    extension to Venice refused by Pius VII, iii. 68;
+    Venetia admitted to, 118;
+    undoing the work of, 119;
+    rupture of, 306.
+
+  =Concordat of Fontainebleau=, the, iii. 391, 392.
+
+  =Condé=, evacuation of, i. 222.
+
+  =Condé, the Great=, ii. 301.
+
+  =Condé, Prince of=, ii. 308.
+
+  =Condorcet, J. A. N. de C.=, believer in equality of the sexes, ii. 226.
+
+  =Conegliano=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
+    Moncey created Duke of, iii. 86.
+    _See also_ =Moncey=.
+
+  =Confederation of the Rhine, the=, organization of, ii. 401-406, 417;
+    Hesse-Cassel refused admission to, 442;
+    levies of troops for France in, iii. 21, 196, 203, 322, 387, 394;
+    recognized at Tilsit, 54;
+    Saxony united with, 56;
+    relations with France, 73, 74, 279, 382;
+    additions to, 239;
+    called to arms by Prussia, 398;
+    proposed abandonment of French protectorate over, 407;
+    proposed dissolution of, 415;
+    proposed dynastic independence for sovereigns of, 422;
+    purpose of the allies to free, iv. 21;
+    resolved into its elements, 40;
+    forced by allies to raise military contingents, 54.
+
+  =Confiscation=, opposition to the reintroduction of, ii. 242;
+    principle of punishment by, iii. 295, 296.
+
+  =Coni=, surrendered to France, i. 355.
+
+  =Connewitz=, military operations near, iv. 27, 28.
+
+  =Consalvi, Cardinal=, negotiates the Concordat, ii. 207;
+    memorialist of Pius VII, 347;
+    dismissed from the papal service, 397.
+
+  =Conscription, the=, i. 275, 379; ii. 87, 93, 248, 306, 362, 409,
+      422; iii. 3, 21, 24, 25, 76, 77, 126, 132, 198, 291, 323, 326,
+      386, 387, 390, 414; iv. 21, 47-51, 99, 165;
+    development of Carnot's scheme, ii. 93;
+    _N.'s_ influence on the laws of, 248;
+    how enforced, 306;
+    Jewish evasions of the, iii. 76;
+    Jews made subject to, 77.
+
+  =Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers=, founded, i. 281.
+
+  =Conservatory of Music=, reorganization of, i. 281.
+
+  =Constable=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.
+
+  =Constabulary=, abolition of the, i. 142.
+
+  =Constance, city of=, ceded to Baden, ii. 391.
+
+  =Constance, Lake=, the Austrian camp on, ii. 365.
+
+  =Constant=, _N.'s_ valet, iv. 134.
+
+  =Constant de Rebecque, Henri-Benjamin=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 94;
+    member of the tribunate, 151, 242;
+    driven from the tribunate, 243;
+    president of the council of state, iv. 159;
+    supports the chambers, 217.
+
+  =Constantine, Grand Duke=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 387;
+    Bennigsen writes to, after Friedland, iii. 32;
+    leader of the peace party, 35;
+    at Tilsit, 52;
+    with the Army of the South, iv. 3.
+
+  =Constantine the Great=, _N._ likened to, ii. 329.
+
+  =Constantinople=, proposal to send _N._ to, i. 296;
+    _N.'s_ eye on, 423;
+    proposed mission for Talleyrand to, ii. 66;
+    Russia to aid in defense of, 73;
+    _N._ given leave to march on, 72, 73;
+    fleet sent to relief of Acre from, 73, 74;
+    Russian ambition to acquire, 356; iii. 28, 64, 108, 113;
+    a British fleet at, 20;
+    French influence at, 33, 99;
+    proposed disposition of, after Tilsit, 55;
+    revolution in, 162;
+    England threatens to bombard, 321.
+
+  =Constitutional checks=, i. 106.
+
+  =Constitution of 1799=, prohibition against First Consul's military
+      leadership, ii. 162.
+
+  =Consular Guard, the=, at Marengo, ii. 179, 180;
+    strengthening of, 277.
+
+  =Consulate=, proposed formation of a, ii. 102;
+    a disguised monarchy, iv. 287.
+
+  =Continental System, the=, ii. 288, 375, 400; iii. 98, 101, 160,
+      165, 197, 239, 249, 255, 262-281, 283, 287, 294, 303, 304, 310,
+      316, 323, 328-330, 377, 409, 420, 425; iv. 294;
+    England's policy against, iii. 100-102.
+
+  =Copenhagen=, battle of, ii. 209;
+    bombardment of, iii. 70, 97-100, 280.
+
+  =Coppet=, Mme. de Staël's residence at, ii. 411; iii. 298.
+
+  =Corday, Charlotte=, assassination of Marat, i. 234.
+
+  =Cordova=, French capture and abandonment of, iii. 156.
+
+  =Corfu=, _N._ proposes to seize, i. 447;
+    France's jealous care of, ii. 32;
+    Adm. Brueys ordered to, 62;
+    blockade of, 67;
+    Russian occupation of, 353, 356, 357, 405;
+    French occupation of, iii. 99, 109, 111;
+    English naval watch on, 111;
+    proposed expedition to Egypt from, 114.
+
+  =Corizier=, wounded at Acre, ii. 76.
+
+  =Corneille, Pierre=, _N.'s_ study of, iii. 173; iv. 231.
+
+  =Cornet=, starts the proceedings of the 18th Brumaire, ii. 103.
+
+  =Cornwallis, Lord Charles=, character, ii. 263;
+    negotiates the treaty of Amiens, 263.
+
+  =Cornwallis, Adm. William=, junction of Nelson and, before Brest,
+      ii. 359.
+
+  =Corona=, military operations at, i. 410, 414.
+
+  =Correggio, A. A.=, plunder of the works of, i. 369, 374.
+
+  =Corsica=, external relations, i. 8-16, 24, 26;
+    physical features and population, 8-16, 39, 263;
+    Rousseau's views on, 9, 19;
+    the Buonaparte family in, 8, 27 et seq.;
+    feudalism in, 9, 18;
+    Paoli's share in history of, 15 et seq., 117-125, 127, 130, 132,
+      196-198, 204-207;
+    national heroes and patriotism in, 14, 42, 115, 117;
+    Jews in, 16;
+    French schemes concerning, expeditions against, and occupations
+      of, 16-25, 79, 120, 122, 125, 154, 165, 201-208, 261, 342, 403,
+      421;
+    _N.'s_ love for, residences in, schemes concerning, and peculiar
+      relations to, 17-19, 50-53, 58, 81, 82, 87-92, 96, 112, 116,
+      117, 122-124, 133, 160-170, 183-187, 209-211, 233, 253, 254,
+      257, 340, 341; ii. 158, 250;
+    Montesquieu's views on, i. 19;
+    joins the Bourbon-Hapsburg alliance, 21;
+    ceded by Genoa to France, 22;
+    England's interests in, protectorate over, conquest and
+      abandonment of, 23, 119, 124, 196, 205-208, 256-262, 402, 421;
+    disaffection, riots, and rebellion in, 25, 42, 83, 111-122, 139,
+      147, 166-170, 198, 254, 403;
+    compared with Sardinia, 25;
+    _N.'s_ history of, 76, 86, 91-98;
+    introduction of silkworm culture into, 80;
+    the betrayal of, 98;
+    the Revolution in, 111-122;
+    scheme of liberation, 112 et seq.;
+    plan for elective council in, 114;
+    rival parties and classes, schemes and intrigues in, 114-122,
+      162, 163, 166, 169-170, 185, 190, 199-210;
+    desired reforms for, 116;
+    representation in the National Assembly, 116-122;
+    the council of twelve nobles in, 118;
+    Genoa's claims to, 120, 121, 126;
+    ecclesiastical and religious troubles, 128, 162, 168;
+    democracy in, 131;
+    meeting of the constituent assembly at Orezza, 131-134;
+    Bastia declared the capital, 134;
+    the National Guard in, 133, 139, 157-159, 185, 192;
+    _N._ leaves for Auxonne, 141;
+    _N._ mobbed in, 147;
+    customs in, 158;
+    _N._ leaves, 170;
+    expedition against Sardinia from, 189-193;
+    enforcement of the Convention's decrees in, 197;
+    Salicetti deserts the cause of, 201;
+    _N._ appointed inspector-general of artillery for, 202;
+    new commissioners sent to, 204;
+    the Buonapartes leave, 207;
+    success of revolt against the Convention, 216;
+    Convention commission for, 219;
+    _N.'s_ expedition against, 233, 256-258, 262;
+    employment of refugees from, 252;
+    Salicetti blamed for insurrection in, 254;
+    wretched internal plight, 260;
+    charges against refugees from, 263;
+    _N.'s_ last visit to, ii. 82.
+
+  =Corsican Feuillants, the=, i. 163.
+
+  =Corsican Jacobins, the=, i. 163.
+
+  =Corso, Cape=, Paoli's landing at, i. 125.
+
+  =Corte=, the town of, i. 15;
+    removal of seat of government from, 25;
+    Carlo Buonaparte at, 29-32;
+    a Paolist center, 116;
+    Joseph Buonaparte at, 161;
+    _N._ ordered to, 186, 203;
+    meeting between Paoli and _N._ at, 190;
+    _N._ a suspect at, 202.
+
+  =Corunna=, the junta of, iii. 158;
+    Moore's retreat to, and death at, 189;
+    England's tardiness at, 192.
+
+  =Cossacks=, military achievements of, iii. 9, 10, 13, 20;
+    harass the retreating French army, 362, 364;
+    relieve Hamburg, 402;
+    in battle of Leipsic, iv. 29;
+    in the campaign of 1814, 62;
+    advance to Nemours and Fontainebleau, 72;
+    at the battle of Laon, 79;
+    fears of, in Paris, 108.
+
+  =Costa=, letter from _N._ to, i. 186;
+    letter from Lucien to, 186.
+
+  =Council of Ancients=, the, i. 270.
+
+  =Council of Juniors=, the, i. 270.
+
+  =Council of State, the=, ii. 127, 149-152;
+    stripped of its supremacy, 247;
+    approves _N.'s_ action against the Duc d'Enghien, 305;
+    its functions, iii. 83.
+
+  ="Count of Essex," the=, i. 86.
+
+  ="Courier," the London=, publishes Spanish manifesto of _N._, iii. 283.
+
+  =Coustou, Abbé=, attends Carlo Buonaparte's death-bed, i. 64.
+
+  =Coxe's "Travels in Switzerland,"= _N.'s_ study of, i. 150.
+
+  =Cracow=, ceded to the grand duchy of Warsaw, iii. 239;
+    Schwarzenberg seeks shelter in, 393.
+
+  =Crancé, Dubois de=, i. 223;
+    reorganization of the French armies by, 325;
+    organizes national conscription, 379.
+
+  =Craonne=, battle of, iv. 78.
+
+  =Crema=, withdrawal of the Austrians from Milan to, ii. 173.
+
+  =Croatia=, Austrian recruiting in, i. 386;
+    part of, ceded to France, iii. 239.
+
+  =Cromwell, Oliver=, _N._ disclaims the rôle of, ii. 112, 117;
+    the need of a second, in France, 119;
+    _N._ compared with, 230.
+
+  =Cronstadt=, Alexander fears for, iii. 98.
+
+  =Crôsne=, Sieyès accepts the estate of, ii. 130.
+
+  =Crottendorf=, military operations near, iv. 28.
+
+  =Crusades, the=, ii. 46.
+
+  =Cuneo=, associated with _N._ in Corsica, i. 117.
+
+  =Custine, Gen. A. P.=, occupies Frankfort, i. 194;
+    defeat of, 194.
+
+  =Cyprus=, Sir Sidney Smith puts into, ii. 82.
+
+  ="Cyrus,"= by Chénier, ii. 350.
+
+  =Czartoryski, A. G.=, memoirs of, ii. 356;
+    Russian minister of foreign affairs, 356;
+    on the Russian policy in 1805, 381;
+    friendship with Alexander I, ii. 445; iii. 309, 383;
+    on the hereditary disease of the Romanoffs, iii. 50;
+    retirement of, 309;
+    schemes in regard to restoration of Poland, 309, 315, 383;
+    transfers faith from Alexander to _N._, iii. 315.
+
+  =Czernicheff, Count=, aide-de-camp to Alexander I, iii. 329;
+     _N._ offers terms to, 329.
+
+
+D
+
+  =Dagobert=, _N._ in the iron chair of, ii. 328.
+
+  =Dalberg, Archbishop=, scheme to unify the German Church, ii. 402;
+    Prince-Primate, 402;
+    at the Erfurt conference, iii. 171;
+    receives Ratisbon in exchange for Frankfort principality, 266;
+    his territory erected into a grand duchy for Eugène, 322;
+    estimate of _N.'s_ influence, 322;
+    characterization of Talleyrand, iv. 107;
+    at peace council in Paris, 114;
+    member of the executive commission, 114, 115;
+    attainted, 157.
+
+  =Dalmatia=, ceded to Austria at Leoben, i. 438;
+    alterations of boundaries near, ii. 21;
+    ceded by Austria to Italy, 391;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, 395;
+    assigned by _N._ to Italy, 405;
+    _N._ offers to exchange, iii. 22;
+    French dominion recognized at Tilsit, 54;
+    Soult created duke of, 86 (_see also_ =Soult=);
+    French strength in, 113;
+    proposed surrender of, to Austria, iv. 407.
+
+  =Dalrymple, Sir H. W.=, retired from active service, iii. 186.
+
+  =Damascus=, garrison of El Arish ordered to, ii. 69;
+    reinforcements for Acre from, 71.
+
+  =Danican, Auguste=, royalist leader, i. 298;
+    the 13th Vendémiaire, 302.
+
+  =Danilevsky=, on the allies reaching Paris, iv. 110.
+
+  =Danton, G. J.=, becomes head of the Jacobin commune, i. 187;
+    member of the National Convention, 188;
+    dictator of France, 194;
+    overawes the Girondists, 234;
+    murder of, 250.
+
+  =Dantzic=, military movements near, iii. 7, 10, 13;
+    siege of, 12, 19;
+    surrender of, 22, 28;
+    freedom restored to, 56;
+    independence of, 73;
+    Lefebvre created Duke of, 86 (_see also_ =Lefebvre=);
+    Davout ordered to hold, 266;
+    French military stores in, 333;
+    Murat's position at, untenable, 385;
+    measures for the relief of, 393;
+    held by the French, 402;
+    Rapp commanding at, 402;
+    proposed new capital for Prussia, 409;
+    proposed division of the domain, 409;
+    proposed cession of, to Prussia, 415, 423.
+
+  =Danube River, the=, rebellion against Turkey on, ii. 48;
+    Kray retreats toward, 166;
+    proposed Indian expeditions via, 209;
+    military operations on, 363, 366, 367, 441; iii. 105, 113, 117,
+      163, 202-204, 206, 210, 212, 213, 216-221, 226, 227, 314;
+    Mack essays to cross at Günzburg, ii. 366;
+    the French march from the Rhine to, 376;
+    annihilation of Mortier on, 378;
+    _N.'s_ line of retreat to, 425;
+    Russian successes on the lower, iii. 20;
+    _N._ plans redistribution of territories on, 50;
+    proposed Russian acquisitions on, 55;
+    topographical features, 217;
+    the crossing at Lobau, 217, 218, 221, 226, 227;
+    defeat of Russians by Turks on, 248;
+    Russia warned not to cross, 314;
+    Russian successes on, 320;
+    withdrawal of Russian troops from, 321;
+    effect of the rising of, at Essling, 383.
+
+  =Danubian Principalities=, proposed partition of, iii. 50;
+    Alexander's ambition to acquire, 105, 108, 116, 117;
+    _N._ offers to exchange them for Silesia, 106, 108, 112.
+    _See also_ =Moldavia=; =Wallachia=.
+
+  =Dardanelles, the=, Alexander I's scheme for seizing, ii. 356.
+
+  =Darmagnac, Gen.=, invades Navarre, iii. 132;
+    seizes Pamplona, 132.
+
+  =Darmstadt=, relations with Russia, ii. 266;
+    strengthening of, 266;
+    quota of men, 404.
+
+  =Daru, P. A. N.=, advises wintering in Moscow, iii. 352.
+
+  =Daunou, P. C. F.=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 94;
+    ideas of government, 127;
+    named as consul, 130;
+    member of the tribunate, 151;
+    influence on the Consulate, 195;
+    driven from the tribunate, 243;
+    attempt to admit him to the senate, 243;
+    upholds Machiavelli's theses concerning the Church of Rome, iii. 262.
+
+  =Dauphiny=, the peasantry of, i. 143;
+    _N._ travels in, 143;
+    revolutionary feeling among the clergy of, 143, 152;
+    anti-royalist feeling in, iv. 154.
+
+  =David, Abbé=, arrest of, ii. 296.
+
+  =David, Jacques L.=, painter, ii. 351.
+
+  =Davidowich, Gen. P.=, defeated at Roveredo, i. 384, 385;
+    strength in the Tyrol, 387;
+    defeats Vaubois, 387, 388, 392;
+    retreats to the Tyrol, 392.
+
+  =Davout, Gen. L. N.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53, 323;
+    service in the Army of England, 291;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    character, 364; iii. 93;
+    watches the Russian army, ii. 366;
+    in battle of Austerlitz, 380, 382, 386, 387;
+    at Nordhalben, 428;
+    at Naumburg, 429;
+    in battle of Jena, 430-434;
+    captures Wittenberg, 436;
+    sacks Poland, 440;
+    at Golynim, iii. 5;
+    strength in Poland, 7;
+    in the Eylau campaign, 13, 15-17;
+    in battle of Heilsberg, 29;
+    pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 31-33;
+    created Duke of Auerstädt, 86;
+    income, 87;
+    _N.'s_ opinion of, 93;
+    recalled from Poland to Silesia, 165;
+    commanding in Saxony, 198;
+    Archduke Charles plans to attack, 198;
+    his command in the fifth Austrian war, 202;
+    forces in Stettin, Bayreuth, Hanover, and Magdeburg, 202;
+    to concentrate at Bamberg, 203;
+    commanding on the Isar, 204;
+    Archduke Charles marches against, 205;
+    to concentrate at Ingolstadt, 204-207;
+    movements before Ratisbon, 205;
+    on the Laber, 207;
+    in battle of Eckmühl, 208;
+    forces back Archduke Charles, 208;
+    battles of Aspern and Essling, 220-222;
+    battle of Wagram, 230, 231;
+    ordered to hold Baltic positions, 266;
+    revenue of, 296;
+    occupies Swedish Pomerania, 321;
+    letter from _N._, 324;
+    strength, March, 1812, 324;
+    reproved for his reports of Prussia, 326;
+    slowness of action at opening of the Russian campaign, 336;
+    drives Bagration eastward, 338;
+    battle of Borodino, 344;
+    on the retreat from Moscow, 357-359, 363;
+    battle of Wiazma, 359;
+    at Krasnoi, 365;
+    division commander under Eugène, 393;
+    in campaign of 1813, 402;
+    occupies Hamburg, 407, 413;
+    Vandamme goes to his assistance, 413;
+    to threaten Berlin, iv. 2;
+    _N.'s_ instructions to, 5;
+    mediocrity of his troops, 20;
+    besieged in Hamburg, 55;
+    invited to join in insurrection, 149;
+    member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159;
+    advises _N._ after Waterloo, 217;
+    suggests _N.'s_ use of force, 218.
+
+  ="Day of the Paris sections, the,"= i. 302-312.
+
+  =Debry, J. A. J.=, _N.'s_ friendship with, i. 293; ii. 88, 89;
+    member of Congress of Rastatt, 88;
+    wounded at Rastatt, 88, 89;
+    accusations against, 89.
+
+  =De Bussy=, in the La Fère regiment, iv. 78;
+    gives _N._ worthless information at Craonne, 78.
+
+  =Décadi=, decadence of the festival, ii. 258.
+
+  =Decrès, Adm.=, French minister of marine, ii. 291;
+    letter from _N._, Sept. 13, 1805, 291;
+    warns _N._ against his career of conquest, iii. 325;
+    member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, iv. 159.
+
+  =Defermon, J.=, ii. 214.
+
+  =Dego=, battle of, i. 352, 353, 355; iv. 65.
+
+  =Deichsel River=, Blücher retreats behind the, iv. 7.
+
+  =Delacroix=, French minister of foreign affairs, i. 449;
+    French agent in the Netherlands, ii. 38.
+
+  =Demagogues=, disgust with, in France, ii. 134.
+
+  =De Maistre=, _N._ refutes his theory of social order, iii. 89;
+    on the supineness of Pius VII, 264.
+
+  =Democracy=, a pure, i. 131, 397;
+    Germany's opposition to, 247;
+    its good and bad qualities, iv. 265.
+
+  =Denfort=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107.
+
+  =Denmark=, joins the "armed neutrality," ii. 194; iii. 46, 66;
+    proposed commercial war against England, 55;
+    _N._ calls for alliance with, 66;
+    importance of her sea power, 69;
+    ordered to declare war against England, 69;
+    England offers to seize her fleet, 69;
+    refuses England's offer, 69;
+    yields to Bernadotte, 70;
+    losses of Norway, Schleswig, and Holstein, 70;
+    yields to England, 70;
+    humiliation of, 70;
+    vassalage to France, 70, 279;
+    England seeks to conciliate, 98;
+    bombardment of Copenhagen, 97-100, 280;
+    Alexander I demands reparation for, 100;
+    _N._ urges England's restoration of her fleet, 104;
+    Spanish troops in, 159;
+    seizure of American ships by, 275;
+    hostility to England, 280;
+    holds Norway, 280;
+    friendly to France, 281;
+    despatches troops to Hamburg, 407;
+    shifts her assistance from Russia to France, 407;
+    strengthening the alliance between France and, 421.
+
+  =Dennewitz=, battle of, iv. 18, 19.
+
+  =Denon, D. V.=, accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, ii. 81.
+
+  =Departmental list, the=, ii. 126.
+
+  =De Pradt=, in charge of Polish affairs, iii. 375;
+    interview between _N._ and, at Warsaw, 375, 382;
+    royalist intrigues of, iv. 106, 108.
+
+  =Desaix, Louis-Charles-Antoine=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;
+    crosses the Rhine near Strasburg, 440;
+    defeats the Austrians in the Black Forest, 440;
+    service in Egypt, ii. 53, 60, 78, 81;
+    battle of the Pyramids, 60;
+    ordered to leave Egypt, 81, 177;
+    reaches Stradella, 177;
+    battle of Marengo, 176-186;
+    killed, 181, 187;
+    contrasted with Ney, iv. 213.
+
+  =Desenzano=, military operations near, i. 411.
+
+  =Desgenettes, Dr.=, heroism at Jaffa, ii. 75.
+
+  =Des Mazis=, _N.'s_ friendship for, i. 62, 65;
+    appointed to the regiment of La Fère, 66.
+
+  =Dessau=, captured by Lannes, ii. 436.
+
+  =Dessolles, Gen.=, ii. 164.
+
+  "=Destiny=," _N.'s_, i. 79.
+
+  =Deutsch-Wagram=, Archduke Charles advances to, iii. 218.
+    _See also_ =Wagram=.
+
+  =D'Hilliers, Gen.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53.
+
+  ="Dialogue on Love,"= by _N._, i. 77, 145.
+
+  =Diderot, Denis=, co-author with Raynal, i. 75.
+
+  =Diebitsch, Gen. H. K. F. A.=, encounters a Prussian force, iii. 384;
+    military adviser to Alexander, iv. 98.
+
+  =Dieppe=, landing of the Cadoudal conspirators near, ii. 298.
+
+  =Diet, the=, reduction of Austria's power in, ii. 193.
+
+  =Digeon, Gen. A. E. M.=, seduced by Marmont, iv. 125.
+
+  =Digne=, _N.'s_ march through, on return from Elba, iv. 154.
+
+  =Dijon=, _N._ visits, i. 146;
+    formation of an army of reserve at, ii. 140;
+    surrenders to the allies, iv. 67;
+    Francis in, 113, 128.
+
+  =Diodorus Siculus=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.
+
+  =Diplomacy=, the language of, i. 21.
+
+  =Dippoldiswalde=, military movements near, iv. 11.
+
+  =Directory, the=, establishment of, i. 270, 305, 309, 329-331;
+    social life under, 280, 281;
+    Europe and, 324-338;
+    financial war policy, 340;
+    assumes to dictate military plans, 348, 354;
+    plans to belittle _N._, 363, 372;
+    entrusts _N._ with diplomatic powers, 364;
+    yields to _N.'s_ plans, 364, 373;
+    contributions sent to, 366, 367;
+    plans for campaign in Germany, 384;
+    attitude toward Italy, 397-405;
+    _N.'s_ relations with, 363-373, 397-405, 419, 422-427, 439, 441, 451;
+      ii. 7, 26, 30, 34-37, 42, 49-52, 67, 72, 80, 88-99, 108;
+      iv. 248, 249;
+    ratifies the treaty of Leoben, i. 441;
+    letters from _N._, April 19, 1792, 441;
+    May 27, 1797, 447;
+    Pitt's negotiations for peace with, 449;
+    refuses to treat with England, 450;
+    antagonism to the, ii. 2;
+    plot of Louis XVIII and Pichegru against, 5, 6, 7;
+    Moreau's relations with, 6;
+    gains complete control on the 18th of Fructidor, 8;
+    reliance on the army, 8;
+    effects of the 18th Fructidor on, 22;
+    attitude toward Italy and Venice, 23;
+    approves the treaty of Campo Formio, 24, 30;
+    relations with Talleyrand, 34;
+    members of, 35;
+    attitude toward emigrants, 36;
+    attitude toward clergy, 36, 41;
+    attitude toward royalists, 36, 205;
+    attitude toward the German ecclesiastical principalities, 41;
+    Eastern policy, 47;
+    Jacobinism in, 49, 94;
+    fails to secure alliance with Turkey, 67;
+    misunderstanding between the United Irishmen and, 67;
+    weakness, 68, 91;
+    desires the escape of the army in Egypt, 79;
+    reconstruction of, 83, 91, 92;
+    blunders in Italy, 87, 89;
+    corruption in, 91, 92;
+    Gohier president of, 97;
+    _N._ pays official visit to, on return from Egypt, 97;
+    relations with Moreau, 100;
+    last days and downfall, 103 et seq.; iv. 257, 258, 286;
+    Carnot's influence on its fall, ii. 130;
+    suppresses freedom of the press, 145;
+    incorporates Belgium with France, 153;
+    attitude toward Prussia, 155;
+    relations with Sieyès, 155;
+    liberty of conscience under the, 206;
+    suspends diplomatic relations with the United States, 212;
+    pretensions toward the United States, 211;
+    financial maladministration, 219;
+    recourse to forced contributions, 219;
+    plans for invading England, 290;
+    system of licenses for English goods, iii. 280;
+    difficulties with Mme. de Staël, 297;
+    organization of a new, iv. 218.
+
+  =Divine right=, kings by, ii. 407;
+    abolition of, in France, iv. 257.
+
+  =Divorce=, _N.'s_ share in codifying the law of, ii. 222;
+    under the Code, 224;
+    _N.'s_ advocacy of easy, 237.
+
+  =Dnieper River=, military operations on the, iii. 315, 336, 338,
+      339, 342, 364.
+
+  =Dniester River=, Turkish movements on the, ii. 441.
+
+  =Doctoroff, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 388;
+    in battle of Eylau, iii. 15.
+
+  =Dôle=, publications of _N.'s_ literary work at, i. 145.
+
+  =Dolgoruki, Prince=, mission from Alexander I to _N._, ii. 382.
+
+  =Dolgoruki, Princess=, on _N.'s_ receptions, ii. 196.
+
+  =Dölitz=, military operations near, iv. 29, 32.
+
+  =Domination=, the power of, iv. 248, 249.
+
+  =Domo d'Ossola=, Bethencourt near, ii. 172.
+
+  =Don, River=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209;
+    the Cossacks of the, iii. 13.
+
+  =Donaueschingen=, the Austrian headquarters at, ii. 160;
+    abandoned by Kray, 166.
+
+  =Donauwörth=, military movements near, iii. 203;
+    _N._ reaches, 205.
+
+  =Donzelot, Gen F. X.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201, 202, 203,
+      209, 210.
+
+  =Dora Baltea River=, Austrian force on the, ii. 170.
+
+  =Dora Ridaria River=, Austrian force on the, ii. 170.
+
+  =Dornburg=, military movements near, ii. 432, 434.
+
+  =Dorothea, Empress-Dowager of Russia=, disapproves _N.'s_ proposed
+      marriage to Anne, iii. 248;
+    hatred of _N._, 248.
+
+  =Douay=, _N._ ordered to, i. 79, 80.
+
+  =Doulaincourt=, _N._ at, iv. 105.
+
+  =Doulevant=, _N._ at, iv. 104.
+
+  =Doumerc, Gen. J. P.=, moves from Sézanne against Blücher, iv. 62.
+
+  =Dover=, scheme of naval demonstration off, ii. 332.
+
+  =Drac, River=, iv. 155.
+
+  =Draft=, use of, in France, ii. 93.
+
+  =Drave, River=, military movements on the, i. 435; iii. 217.
+
+  =Dresden=, death of Moreau before, ii. 299;
+    _N._ at, iii. 65, 66, 67, 375, 389, 394, 409, 416, 417, 423;
+      iv. 7-10, 12, 13, 17-21;
+    Bernadotte to concentrate in, iii. 203;
+    Saxon troops in, 203;
+    _N.'s_ strategy at, 216;
+    seized by the Duke of Brunswick, 234;
+    meeting of the allied sovereigns at, 330;
+    the climax of the Napoleonic drama, 330; iv. 16;
+    _N.'s_ incognito journey through, iii. 375;
+    interview between _N._ and Metternich at, 389;
+    interview between _N._ and Frederick Augustus at, 394;
+    French forces at, 393;
+    Eugène to hold, 393-394;
+    welcomes Alexander and Frederick William III, 399;
+    discontent at military occupation, 399;
+    retreat of the allies behind, 406;
+    destruction and rebuilding of the bridges at, 406, 407;
+    French occupation of, 408, 409;
+    defense of, iv. 2, 13, 17, 18;
+    held by Saint-Cyr, 7;
+    French advance to Zittau from, 6;
+    menaced by the allies, 7;
+    battle of, 8-13, 17-19;
+    demoralization of the army after, 12;
+    _N.'s_ mistakes after, 14-16;
+    _N.'s_ physical ailments at, 12, 16;
+    _N.'s_ successes at, 20, 21;
+    Schwarzenberg moves on, 18;
+    Oudinot at, 21;
+    Blücher advances on, 20;
+    boy soldiers at, 21;
+    _N.'s_ retreat from, 22-24;
+    _N.'s_ scheme to hold, 23;
+    Frederick's love for, 25;
+    French garrison in, 25-27;
+    Maret's influence over _N._ at, 69;
+    _N._ acknowledges his mistake in not making peace at, 135.
+
+  =Drissa=, weakness of, iii. 336;
+    Bagration establishes communication with, 336.
+
+  =Drouot, Gen. A.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 387;
+    battle of Leipsic, iv. 28, 32;
+    advises a return to Lorraine, 116;
+    attachment to _N._, 118;
+    strength after the surrender of Paris, 118;
+    accompanies _N._ to Elba, 134;
+    advises against the escape from Elba, 153.
+
+  =Düben=, _N._ at, iv. 25.
+
+  =Dubois, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 203.
+
+  =Duclos's "Memoirs of the Reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV,"=
+      _N.'s_ study of, i. 150.
+
+  =Duero, River=, military movements on the, iii. 157, 159, 290.
+
+  =Dufresne=, ii. 214.
+
+  =Dugommier, Gen. J. F.=, appointed commander-in-chief before
+      Toulon, i. 229;
+    influence at Toulon, 232.
+
+  =Dugua, Gen. C. F. J.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53;
+    in battle of the Pyramids, 60.
+
+  =Duhesme, Gen. P. G.=, invades Spain, iii. 132;
+    at Barcelona, 132;
+    occupies Catalonia, 155, 156;
+    evacuates Catalonia, 157;
+    besieged in Barcelona, 183;
+    in battle of Waterloo, iv. 205.
+
+  =Dulaure's "History of the Nobility,"= _N.'s_ study of, i. 150.
+
+  =Dumanoir, Adm.=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.
+
+  =Dumolard, J. V.=, interpellates the government as to _N.'s_
+      independence, ii. 3.
+
+  =Dumoulin, Jean=, comes to _N.'s_ aid at Laffray, iv. 156.
+
+  =Dumouriez, Charles F.=, takes part in the conquest of Corsica, i. 120;
+    on the northeastern frontier, 184;
+    wins battle of Jemmapes, 194;
+    defection of, 198;
+    correspondence with Nelson, ii. 303;
+    suspected of royalist plots, 303, 305.
+
+  =Dünaburg=, preparations for the siege of, iii. 333;
+    Ney advances toward, 336.
+
+  =Duncan, Adm. Adam=, wins the battle of Camperdown, ii. 38.
+
+  =Dunette, Gen.=, marches to relief of Paris, iv. 102.
+
+  =Dunkirk=, besieged by Duke of York, i. 222.
+
+  =Duphot, Gen. L.=, affianced to Désirée Clary, ii. 39, 43;
+    killed at Rome, 39.
+
+  =Dupont, Gen. Pierre=, in battle of Friedland, iii. 31;
+    ordered to invade Spain, 128;
+    invades Spain, 132;
+    advances on Andalusia, 156;
+    holds the Tagus, 156;
+    capitulates at Baylen, 156, 157, 159, 167.
+
+  =Durango=, Blake advances from, iii. 184.
+
+  =Duroc, Gen. G. C. M.=, wounded at Acre, ii. 76;
+    _N.'s_ aide-de-camp, 101;
+    _N.'s_ envoy to Prussia, 156, 282;
+    Grand Marshal of the Palace, 324;
+    offers Hanover to Prussia, 362;
+    personal attendance on _N._, 425;
+    proposes terms after Tilsit, iii. 36;
+    blamed for Queen Louisa's failure, 62;
+    proposes indemnity for Maria Louisa, 67;
+    created Duke of Friuli, 86;
+    at Bayonne, 144;
+    foresees France's discontent, 326;
+    killed at Reichenbach, 410-411;
+    _N.'s_ grief for, 411;
+    _N._ contributes to monument to, iv. 5;
+    _N._ proposes to take the name of, 221.
+
+  =Dürrenstein=, destruction of Mortier's division at, ii. 368, 378.
+
+  =Durutte, Gen. J. F.=, sent to Ligny, iv. 181;
+    battle of Waterloo, 201, 202, 205, 206, 210.
+
+  =Düsseldorf=, Jourdan's army at, i. 347;
+    Jourdan crosses the Rhine at, 385.
+
+  =Dutch Flanders=, ceded to France, i. 276.
+
+  =Duteil=, _N.'s_ acquaintance with, i. 95;
+    _N._ seeks aid from, 157;
+    grants _N._ permission to sail for Corsica, 180.
+
+  =Duteil, Gen. J.=, general of artillery before Toulon, i. 229;
+    on _N.'s_ ability, 232.
+
+  =Dutheil, N. F.=, devises plan of campaign for Austria and England,
+      i. 342.
+
+  =Dutot=, takes _N.'s_ place in the West, i. 293.
+
+  =Duval's "William the Conqueror,"= ii. 350.
+
+  =Duvernet's "History of the Sorbonne,"= _N.'s_ study of, i. 150.
+
+  =Dwina, River=, fortifications on the, iii. 315;
+    military movements on the, 337, 341, 359. 361.
+
+  =Dyle, River=, military movements on the, iv. 188, 190.
+
+
+E
+
+  =East, the=, _N.'s_ attention turned toward, i. 78;
+    _N.'s_ comparison of Europe with, ii. 46;
+    _N.'s_ dreams of empire in.
+    _See also_ =Napoleon=.
+
+  =East Friesland=, scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266.
+
+  =East Galicia=, part of, ceded to Warsaw, iii. 239.
+
+  =East India Company=, lends the island of St. Helena to the
+      government, iv. 225.
+
+  =East Indies=, England watches French policy concerning, ii. 267.
+
+  =East Prussia=, Ney moves on, iii. 8.
+
+  =Ebelsberg=, battle of, iii. 211.
+
+  =Ebrington, Lord=, _N.'s_ characterization of Cornwallis to, ii. 263;
+    _N.'s_ declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 311.
+
+  =Ebro, River=, military movements on, iii. 133, 157, 159, 183;
+    proposed exchange of territory on, 133;
+    boundary of French annexed territory, 278.
+
+  =Ecclesiastical princes=, _N._ on the status of, ii. 27.
+
+  =Ecclesiastical principalities=, secularization of, on the Rhine,
+      ii. 193.
+
+  =Ecclesiasticism=, _N.'s_ confusion of ideas concerning, i. 76.
+
+  =Eckmühl=, the campaign of, iii. 202 et seq.
+
+  =Education=, demands for, in Corsica, i. 117;
+    _N.'s_ interest in, system and reforms of, 176; ii. 225-228, 318,
+      408; iii. 26, 89-91; iv. 260.
+
+  =Égalité, Philip=, member of the National Convention, i. 188.
+
+  =Eglé, Mme.=, guardian of the Beauharnais children, i. 314.
+
+  =Egypt=, _N.'s_ plans of conquest of, i. 424; ii. 17, 33, 46-54,
+      289; iii. 106;
+    scandals of Mameluke administration in, ii. 17, 47;
+    French schemes of conquest, 16, 46-54; iii. 112, 114;
+    importance of, ii. 46;
+    rebellion in, 47;
+    the expeditionary forces, 48-54;
+    scholastic branch of the expedition, 53;
+    plunder of, 55-57, 67;
+    departure of expedition from Toulon, 55;
+    character of the population, 57;
+    the Mamelukes, 58;
+    terrors of the campaign, 59;
+    the army disheartened, 61;
+    Nelson follows the French fleet to, 62;
+    _N.'s_ rule in, 65-67;
+    _N.'s_ religious masquerading in, 65-67;
+    establishment of printing-presses in, 66;
+    insurrection suppressed in, 67;
+    establishment of an Institute in, 66;
+    dearth of news from France, 67, 78;
+    rumors of _N.'s_ death in, 68;
+    despatches from France, Feb., 1799, 72;
+    _N._ given leave to remain in, 73;
+    importance of _N.'s_ conquering, 73;
+    Turkish preparations for the relief of, 74;
+    attempted risings in, 76;
+    Adm. Bruix sent to relieve the army in, 79;
+    _N._ returns from, 80-85;
+    the colonial idea, 81;
+    the turning-point of success in, 81;
+    Kléber prepares to evacuate, 143;
+    Desaix recalled from, 177;
+    desperate situation of the French in, 181;
+    Kléber's administration in, 181;
+    assassination of Kléber, 181;
+    French disasters in, 210;
+    restored to Turkey, 211;
+    England to evacuate, 262;
+    Turkey's suzerainty over, 262;
+    question of reëstablishing French colonies in, 273;
+    _N._ disclaims designs on, 280;
+    _N.'s_ irritation at England's occupation of, 280;
+    Davout's campaign in, 323;
+    _N.'s_ immoralities in, 328;
+    plan to allure Nelson to, 331;
+    the object of the expedition against, 337;
+    English commerce with, iii. 48;
+    English expedition to seize, 100;
+    French expedition against, in 1811, 308;
+    the tactics of the army in, adopted in Russia, 359;
+    _N.'s_ desertion of the army in, likened to his conduct at
+      Smorgoni, 375;
+    work on, compiled by _N.'s_ order, iv. 219;
+    history of, 293.
+
+  =Eichstädt=, portion of, acquired by Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;
+    ceded to Bavaria, 391.
+
+  =Eisdorf=, fighting at, iii. 406.
+
+  =Eisenach=, military movements near, ii. 425, 427;
+    the allies outwitted at, iv. 35.
+
+  =El Arish=, siege and surrender of, ii. 69;
+    massacre of the garrison, 70;
+    treaty between Sir Sidney Smith and Kléber at, 181.
+
+  =Elba=, _N.'s_ literary labors at, i. 177; iv. 159, 230-232;
+    secured to France, ii. 204;
+    France to evacuate, 262;
+    Countess Walewska follows _N._ to, iii. 11; iv. 143;
+    the sentence of exile to, iv. 129;
+    the monarch of, 129, 133, 151;
+    _N.'s_ journey to, 134-141;
+    possibility of her not receiving the imperial exile, 135;
+    imperialist and royalist sentiment in, 141;
+    _N._ begins his new administration, 141;
+    _N.'s_ life in, 141 et seq.;
+    Bourbon spies in, 142;
+    visitors to, 143;
+    scheme to deport _N._ from, 145;
+    _N.'s_ escape from, 152-154;
+    the naval patrol at, 153;
+    _N.'s_ monograph on, 232.
+
+  =Elbe, River, the=, the Prussian base on, ii. 428;
+    key to the valley of, 437;
+    English blockade of, 441; iii. 48;
+    western boundary of Prussia, 56;
+    commanded by fortress of Magdeburg, 56, 57;
+    the kingdom of Westphalia created on, 56, 73;
+    preparations to oppose English landing on, 72;
+    French occupation of the coast near, 266;
+    military movements on, 393, 396, 406, 407; iv. 2, 6-9, 18, 20-26;
+    scheme of Hanoverian extension on, 399;
+    territory on, offered to Sweden, 399;
+    French recovery of the lower part, 407;
+    boundary of a neutral zone, 414;
+    exhaustion of the French on, iv. 19;
+    French garrisons on, 35.
+
+  =Elbing=, military movements near, iii. 8, 13.
+
+  =Elchingen=, Ney created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Ney=.
+
+  ="Elective Affinities,"= iii. 172.
+
+  =Electoral Colleges=, ii. 247.
+
+  =Eliot, Sir Gilbert=, viceroy of Corsica, i. 261.
+
+  =Elliott=, killed at Arcole, i. 399.
+
+  =Elsfleth=, escape of the Black Legion to, iii. 234.
+
+  =Elster, River, the=, military operations on, iii. 404, 405;
+      iv. 20-21, 27-30, 33-34.
+
+  =Élysée, the=, _N._ takes up residence at, iv. 159;
+    _N._ returns from Waterloo to, 216, 218.
+
+  =Embabeh=, battle of, ii. 59.
+
+  =Embargo=, the, ii. 287, 389, 400, 441.
+
+  =Emigrants=, plots by, i. 172, 277, 325; ii. 303;
+    confiscation of property of, and harsh legislation against,
+      i. 172, 305, 316; ii. 94, 219;
+    the aristocrats of the, i. 213;
+    _N.'s_ speculation in lands of, 288;
+    attitude of the Directory toward, ii. 2, 36;
+    _N.'s_ secret dealings with, 9;
+    Talleyrand among the, 33;
+    encouraged to return, amnesty to, and indemnity for, 130, 245,
+      324; 411;
+    _N._ complains of England harboring, 271;
+    _N._ demands their expulsion from Naples, 357;
+    return to France under Louis XVIII, iv. 146;
+    banished again from France, 157.
+
+  =Emigration, the=, i. 109, 152, 155, 268.
+
+  =Emperor of the Two Americas=, the, iii. 120.
+
+  =Empire=, the French use of the term, ii. 248.
+
+  =Empire of the West=, _N._ threatens to resuscitate the, ii. 272.
+
+  =Engen=, battle of, ii. 166.
+
+  =Enghien, Duc d'=, arrest and murder of, i. 179; ii. 241, 304-309,
+      312, 316, 331, 412; iii. 107; iv. 138;
+    monarchical schemes and plots of, ii. 239, 240, 301-305;
+    character, 301;
+    married to Princess Rohan-Rochefort, 301;
+    seeks service with England, 302;
+    residence at Ettenheim, 302-306;
+    prepares to retire to Freiburg, 302;
+    _N._ examines papers of, 305;
+    _N._ defends the execution of, 310;
+    _N._ blames Talleyrand for his murder, 311; iii. 197;
+    statements concerning _N.'s_ connection with his murder, 196, 197;
+    _N.'s_ self-blame for murder of, iv. 233.
+
+  =England=, France's emulation of, i. 22;
+    hampered by parliamentary opposition and American disquiet, 22;
+    the American uprising against, 23, 24;
+    Paoli's relations with, asylum in, and aid from, 23, 124, 169,
+      196-198, 205-207, 260;
+    gives aid to, establishes protectorate over, and takes possession
+      of Corsica, 23, 119, 190, 205-207, 256-262;
+    transformation of parties in, 24;
+    _N.'s_ study of history of, 78, 95, 114, 156;
+    sympathy with France in, 142;
+    French admirers of the constitution of, 143;
+    constitutional government in, 152;
+    closes the Scheldt, 194;
+    republican ideas in, 195;
+    effect of execution of Louis XVI in, 195;
+    hostility between France and, 195, 324; ii. 32, 35, 144, 208,
+      269, 273-285, 400, 401, 441; iii. 64, 110, 378;
+    _N.'s_ ideas of serving, i. 207, 216, 317; ii. 15; iv. 255;
+    subsidizes European powers, i. 221; ii. 146, 187, 208, 263, 351,
+      358, 360, 375, 401, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, 399, 417, 422-425;
+      iv. 30, 31, 55, 67, 76, 164;
+    naval establishment, expenses, and activity, i. 221, 421;
+      ii. 209, 290; iii. 236, 237;
+    captures Ollioules, i. 225;
+    in the defense and occupation of Toulon, 230, 239;
+    naval operations and power on the Mediterranean (other than
+      specifically mentioned items), 239, 257; ii. 15-19, 56, 262;
+      iii. 111, 112;
+    influence in Genoa, i. 243;
+    prints counterfeit French money in Genoa, 246;
+    fails to help the allies in Piedmont, 257;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, Sept., 1794, 257;
+    naval supremacy, 257; ii. 15-17, 48, 63, 209, 290, 371, 375;
+      iii. 47-49, 109-112, 267-268; iv. 41;
+    alliances with Austria, i. 276; ii. 156, 160, 188;
+    sends fleet to northern coast of France, i. 298;
+    subsidizes French royalists, 325;
+    the fleet driven from Leghorn, 373;
+    seizes Porto Ferrajo, 398;
+    insurrection in Corsica against rule of, 402;
+    blamed by _N._ for embroiling France and Austria, 435;
+    rupture of the coalition with Austria, 441;
+    military condition in 1796, 449;
+    desire for peace with France, and negotiations leading thereto,
+      449, 456; ii. 12, 86; iii. 271, 415;
+    interest in the Netherlands and Belgium, i. 450;
+    prestige, magnificence of empire, influence, independence, etc.,
+      of, 456; ii. 45, 55, 73, 209, 264, 297, 394, 401; iii. 45-49,
+      110-112, 189, 318, 420; iv. 38, 140;
+    defeats Spain at Cape St. Vincent, i. 456;
+    price of consols, March, 1797, 456;
+    effect of the treaty of Leoben in, ii. 12;
+    conquest of Dutch colonies, 12, 38;
+    _N.'s_ personal hostility to, 14, 16, 188, 280-285, 330, 441-444;
+      iii. 49, 65, 66, 88, 109-114, 308-309, 329, 352, 408; iv. 75;
+    speculations in Paris as to operations against, ii. 32;
+    financial condition, 32, 208;
+    Talleyrand expelled from, 33;
+    defeats Holland at Camperdown, 38;
+    acquires the Cape of Good Hope, 38;
+    protects Sardinia, 39;
+    _N.'s_ schemes of invasion of, 48, 290-294, 328, 330-338, 358-362;
+    _N.'s_ views on political history of, 50;
+    her Indian possessions, and French and Russian schemes to strike
+      her through them, 52, 194, 209, 263, 273; iii. 110, 112-114;
+    naval operations at Acre, ii. 71, 73;
+    fleet at Alexandria, 79;
+    joins the second coalition, 90, 136, 143;
+    military operations in Holland, 91, 92; iii. 236, 272, 284, 294;
+    completion of the work of the Revolution in, ii. 139;
+    relations, negotiations, and alliances with Russia, 141, 210,
+      356, 357, 401, 406, 420; iii. 41, 49, 55, 71, 98-100, 102, 105,
+      117, 315, 321, 351, 392, 417;
+    reception of Russian soldiers in, after Alkmaar, ii. 141;
+    siege, capture, and occupation of Malta, and negotiations
+      concerning its cession and tenure, 141, 193, 210, 262, 267,
+      273, 280, 284, 289, 351, 352, 356, 401;
+    attitude toward the Bourbons, 143;
+    declines to negotiate with _N._, 143;
+    prepares to invade France, 143;
+    denounced by _N._ as author of the war of 1799, 143;
+    debate in Parliament on _N.'s_ accession as First Consul, 143;
+    hatred of revolutionary excesses, 143;
+    alliance with Portugal, 154;
+    opposes spread of revolutionary ideas, 157;
+    blockades Genoa, 165;
+    formation of the "armed neutrality" against, 194;
+    accused by Paul I of treachery, 193;
+    the Continental System and the embargo, _N.'s_ commercial warfare
+      against, 203, 205, 269, 287, 288, 347, 375, 389, 399, 441;
+      iii. 45-49, 55, 64-65, 67, 71, 99, 102, 109, 165, 239, 265,
+      268, 280, 284, 293-294, 303, 304, 307, 328, 420 (_see also_
+      =Berlin Decree=; =Continental System=; =Milan Decree=);
+    Portugal forced to withdraw from alliance with, ii, 205;
+    reply to the "armed neutrality," 209;
+    _N.'s_ demands for colonial cessions, 210;
+    concludes peace with France, Oct. 1, 1801, 211;
+    retains Ceylon and Trinidad, 211;
+    treaty of Amiens, 210, 263, 266, 270, 273 et seq.; iv. 264;
+    treaty of commerce with the United States, 1794, ii. 212;
+    recognizes neutrality of United States, 212;
+    attempts to put down San Domingo insurrection, 237;
+    surrender of Rochambeau to, 237;
+    schemes for restoration of Charles X in, 240;
+    to evacuate Egypt, 262;
+    Paul I's antipathy to, 263;
+    efforts to discredit France in Europe, 264 et seq.;
+    disapproves _N.'s_ reconstruction of Europe, 266;
+    appoints Lord Whitworth ambassador to Paris, 267;
+    refuses to admit French consuls, 270;
+    protests against the slave-trade, 269;
+    commerce of, 269, 276; iii. 46, 49, 120, 265-268, 280, 288, 294,
+      309, 316, 424; iv. 41;
+    position with regard to the Alien Act, ii. 171;
+    freedom of the press in, 270;
+    complaints against, of harboring emigrants and Bourbons, 271;
+    attacks of the French press on, 271, 294;
+    _N._ attempts to muzzle the press in, 270, 356;
+    _N.'s_ answer to remonstrances from, 272;
+    occupation of Alexandria, 280;
+    suspects France's war preparations, 280, 282;
+    _N.'s_ treatment of her representative, 280;
+    the royal message of March 8, 1803, 282;
+    the militia called out, March 10, 1803, 282;
+    diplomatic rupture with France, 285;
+    publication of Lord Whitworth's despatches in, 284;
+    declares war against France, May 18, 1803, 285;
+    declares embargo on French ships, 287;
+    commencement of hostilities, 287;
+    attacks Spanish commerce, 289;
+    panic in, 290;
+    plans for defense, 291, 329;
+    puts Caraccioli to death, 300;
+    interest in Jacobin insurrection, 300;
+    active diplomacy in, 301;
+    the Duc d'Enghien seeks to enter the service of, 302;
+    _N.'s_ attempt to fix the death of Duc d'Enghien on, 311;
+    Pitt's return to power, 329;
+    nature of the war with, 329;
+    expulsion of her envoys from Stuttgart and Munich, 330;
+    naval aid from Portugal, 332;
+    war with Spain, Dec., 1804, 332;
+    acquires Trinidad, 332;
+    blockades Brest, 333;
+    Addington succeeded by Pitt, 337;
+    justice of the war with, 352;
+    European alliances, 351;
+    bad faith of, 351;
+    _N._ insists on no asylum for the Bourbons in, 356;
+    fails to secure Prussia's alliance, 358;
+    _N.'s_ policy toward, 360;
+    author of the Third Coalition, 360;
+    Mack's ideas of her invading France, 365;
+    naval shortcomings, 370;
+    battle of Trafalgar, 373-376;
+    reception of the news of Austerlitz in, 393;
+    lethargy after Trafalgar, 399;
+    declares war against Prussia, 400;
+    Fox assumes power, 400;
+    _N._ considers peace with, 400;
+    Lord Yarmouth's negotiations, 404;
+    _N._ offers European territory to, 404, 405;
+    end of negotiations with, 405;
+    alliance with Prussia and Russia, 406;
+    demands the surrender of Sicily, 405;
+    proposal to give Hanover to, 418, 420;
+    state of war with Prussia, 422;
+    her vulnerable point, iii. 441;
+    "enemy's ships make enemy's goods," 441;
+    the soul of continental coalitions, 441;
+    right of search and impressment, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100;
+    Orders in Council, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100, 101, 265, 267, 272, 321, 378;
+    Turkey declares war against, iii. 20;
+    sends fleet to Constantinople, 20;
+    refuses subsidy to Russia, 20;
+    Afghanistan incited against, 21;
+    Persia stirred up against, 21;
+    proposal for a new coalition, 22;
+    naval operations in the Baltic, 24, 35, 36, 97, 98, 117;
+    withholds subsidies, 35;
+    troops in Pomerania, 36;
+    Alexander promises to oppose, 41;
+    opposed to Prussia's neutrality, 44;
+    necessity for _N.'s_ humbling, 44-49;
+    France declares war against (1793), 47;
+    "All the Talents" ministry, 46;
+    Duke of Portland's ministry, 46;
+    commercial rivalry with the United States, 46;
+    the "rule of 1736," 46;
+    understanding with the United States, 47;
+    declares blockade from Brest to the Elbe, 42;
+    war with France (1803), 47;
+    decline of manufactures, 47;
+    failure of commercial negotiations with Sweden and Russia, 48;
+    French demands on, 55;
+    Russia to mediate between France and, 55;
+    seizes the Portuguese fleet, 67;
+    gains entrance to and is expelled from Leghorn, 67;
+    offers to seize Denmark's fleet, 69;
+    Denmark ordered to declare war against, 69;
+    threatens to make Spanish South American colonies independent, 71;
+    bombards Copenhagen, 70;
+    enmity of Alexander I to, 70;
+    Parliament compared with the French tribunate, 83;
+    decadence of primogeniture in, 84;
+    seeks to conciliate Denmark, 98;
+    Egyptian expedition, 100;
+    expedition to Buenos Ayres, 100;
+    Russia declares war against, 100, 102, 105;
+    retaliates on Russia by Orders in Council, 100;
+    announces blockade of European ports, 100, 101;
+    decline of trade with the United States, 101;
+    the war of 1812, 102, 322;
+    Austria's secret sympathy with, 104;
+    _N._ urges her restoration of the Danish fleet, 104;
+    _N.'s_ desire for peace with, 104, 112, 159, 271, 392; iv. 46;
+    contempt for the blockade, iii. 109;
+    withdraws troops from Sicily, 111;
+    sends troops to Portugal, 111, 120, 122, 157, 283, 284;
+    supposed assistance to Sweden, 114;
+    proposed menace to, 113;
+    blockades the Russian fleet, 117;
+    promised coöperation of the Papal States against, 118;
+    Portugal enforces the Berlin and Milan decrees against, 119;
+    fate of her allies, 121;
+    supports the House of Braganza, 121;
+    outbreak of the Peninsular war, 123;
+    benefits accruing from the troubles in Spain, 131;
+    scheme to capture Cadiz, 133, 155;
+    negotiations with Austria, 163;
+    proposed humiliation of, 170;
+    plans of _N._ and Alexander at Erfurt concerning, 177;
+    _N._ fears an alliance between Turkey and, 177;
+    exasperated at the capitulation of Cintra, 186;
+    supposed plan to abandon Portugal, 187;
+    tardiness at Corunna, 192;
+    offers to subsidize Austria, 194;
+    Austria appeals for assistance to, 225;
+    escape of the Duke of Brunswick to, 234;
+    expedition to Flushing, 236-237;
+    necessity of bringing her to terms, 249;
+    _N.'s_ allegations against, 260;
+    the lesson of Trafalgar, 264;
+    paper blockade by, 268;
+    the neutralization system, 267;
+    licenses violations of the Orders in Council, 267;
+    Louis opens negotiations with, 271;
+    rejects Fouché's agent, 271;
+    loss of trade with Portugal, Spain, and Triest, 272;
+    threatened with loss of trade with Hanseatic towns and Holland, 272;
+    United States prohibition of commercial intercourse with, 274;
+    the Walcheren expedition, 272, 284, 294;
+    _N._ proposes that she withdraw the Orders in Council of 1807, 272;
+    proposal that she send joint expedition with France to establish
+    Louis XVIII in America, 271;
+    seizure of American ships by, 273;
+    Fouché's English-Dutch conspiracy, 273;
+    destruction of her wares on the French borders, 279;
+    Denmark's hostility to, 280;
+    divided councils in, 284;
+    expedition to Sicily, 284, 294;
+    finds support in Spanish popular feeling, 283;
+    strength of forces in the Peninsula, 284;
+    attitude toward affairs in the Peninsula, 288;
+    depreciation of the currency, 294;
+    expedition to Spain, 294;
+    Mme. de Staël in, 299;
+    _N._ hopes to meet her on the sea, 304;
+    threatened with bankruptcy, 304;
+    exchange of prisoners with, 307;
+    her colonial interests, 309;
+    Russia opens her ports to, 316;
+    refuses _N.'s_ offer of peace in Spain, 319;
+    armistice with Russia, 321;
+    threatens to bombard Constantinople, 321;
+    under Castlereagh's leadership, 328;
+    to be driven from Spain, 328;
+    arouses Sweden against France, 350;
+    negotiates peace between Turkey and Russia, 350;
+    distracted condition of politics in, 377;
+    naval defeats, 378, 379;
+    United States declares war against, 378;
+    assassination of Mr. Perceval, 378;
+    negotiates treaty between Russia and Spain, July, 1812, 392-393;
+    in grand European coalition against _N._, 392;
+    Metternich's negotiations with, 395;
+    returns to Pitt's policy, 399;
+    abandons Hanoverian schemes, 399;
+    proposal to bleed her colonies, 408;
+    proposed isolation of, 408;
+    the allies' reliance on, 422;
+    guarantees a war loan, 417;
+    treaty with Prussia, June 14, 1813, 417;
+    treaty with Russia, June 15, 1813, 417;
+    issues paper money, 417;
+    to be kept out of the continental peace, 419;
+    Metternich proposes that she continue the war, 419, 420;
+    commercial agreement with Sweden, 424;
+    influence in Holland, iv. 30, 41;
+    determination to crush France, 31;
+    at the Congress of Frankfort, 41;
+    proposal that she hand back French colonies, 41;
+    "maritime rights," 41, 45;
+    prolongation of the war in Spain, 51, 52;
+    desire to establish equilibrium in Europe, 67;
+    signs treaty of Chaumont, 76;
+    effect of the triple alliance on, 76;
+    troops occupy Bordeaux, 87;
+    party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133;
+    distinction in, between the two Napoleons, 133;
+    _N._ contemplates taking refuge in, 135;
+    _N.'s_ eulogy of her civilization and chivalry, 140;
+    negotiates secret treaty with Austria and France, 145;
+    regency in, 161;
+    lack of suitable leaders in, 161;
+    her dynastic alliances, 161, 162;
+    effects of _N.'s_ restoration on, 162;
+    member of the Vienna Coalition, 164;
+    campaign of Waterloo, 170-173;
+    losses at Waterloo, 214;
+    claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214;
+    watches the harbor of Rochefort, 220;
+    _N._ throws himself on the generosity of, 221;
+    reasons for _N.'s_ surrender to, 222-223, 227;
+    asylum for political refugees, 223;
+    intolerance of death penalty for political offenses, 225;
+    resolves to banish _N._, 225-229;
+    _N._ desires to acquire citizenship in, 226;
+    sympathy for _N._ in, 227, 230;
+    passes special acts for government of St. Helena, 228;
+    _N.'s_ last wishes for, 233;
+    the Seven Years' War, 261, 297;
+    character of the wars with France, 265;
+    _N.'s_ struggles with, 297;
+    wars with the United States, 300.
+
+  =English Channel, the=, marching French troops to, ii. 24;
+    naval operations in, 52;
+    obstacles to _N.'s_ crossing, 291;
+    _N.'s_ hope to hold, 332;
+    French plans for seizing, 334;
+    Villeneuve ordered to, 359;
+    Villeneuve's attempt to enter, 371.
+
+  =Enns, River=, military operations on the, ii. 367; iii. 216.
+
+  =Entail=, restoration of the right of, iii. 82;
+    abolition of the law of, 84.
+
+  =Enzersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 219, 220, 227.
+
+  =Enzersfeld=, military movements near, iii. 217.
+
+  =Épernay=, captured by the allies, iv. 94.
+
+  ="Epochs of My Life,"= i. 82.
+
+  =Eppes=, Marmont at, iv. 79.
+
+  =Equality=, _N.'s_ affectation of love for, ii. 30;
+    one of the meanings of the word, 221.
+
+  =Equality of citizenship=, decreed, i, 110.
+
+  =Erasmus=, tomb of, iv. 247.
+
+  =Erding=, battle of, iii. 211.
+
+  =Erfurt=, military movements near, ii. 425;
+    the Duke of Brunswick at, 427;
+    fall of, 436;
+    meeting of _N._ and Alexander at, iii. 170 et seq.;
+    treaty of, 177, 236, 244, 248, 315;
+    _N.'s_ maladroitness at, 177, 178;
+    _N.'s_ vacillation at, 180, 181;
+    the conference at, 193, 194;
+    Alexander redeems his promise made at, 236;
+    offered to Alexander and refused by him, 288;
+    the throne of, offered to the Duke of Oldenburg, 307;
+    Alexander offers to exchange Oldenburg for, 328;
+    French troops ordered to, 328;
+    French forces at, 393;
+    _N._ goes to, 401;
+    plan of winter quarters at, iv. 23;
+    Saxon and Bavarian troops at, 35;
+    Murat deserts at, 56.
+
+  =Erlon, Gen. d.=, in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 170, 176, 186;
+    battle of Quatre Bras, 181-187;
+    _N.'s_ expression of indignation at Ney to, 187;
+    battle of Waterloo, 200, 202, 206.
+
+  =Erskine, Lord=, on England's attitude with regard to France, ii. 144.
+
+  =Escoiquiz, Canon=, tutor to Ferdinand VII, iii. 124;
+    letter to _N._, Oct. 12, 1808, 124, 127;
+    defends Ferdinand's position, 143;
+    notified by _N._ of Ferdinand's deposition, 145;
+    infamy of, 150.
+
+  =Escorial=, Godoy's intrigues at the, iii. 127;
+    Charles IV a virtual prisoner in, 142.
+
+  =Escudier, J. F.=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219.
+
+  =Esdraelon=, battle on the plains of, ii. 72.
+
+  =Esla, River=, military movements on the, iii. 188.
+
+  =Espagne, Gen. J. L. B.=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220.
+
+  =Espinosa=, defeat of Blake at, iii. 185.
+
+  =Essarts, Ledru des=, evacuates Meaux, iv. 99;
+    seduced by Marmont, 125.
+
+  ="Essay on Revolutions"= (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259.
+
+  =Essen, Gen. H. H.=, in campaign of Eylau, iii. 13.
+
+  =Essenbach=, military operations near, iii. 206.
+
+  =Essling=, battle of, iii. 219-222, 225-228, 232;
+    _N._ exposes himself at, 240-241;
+    effect of rising of the river at, 383.
+
+  =Essling, Prince of=. _See_ =Masséna=.
+
+  =Essonne, River=, military operations on the, iv. 116.
+
+  =Essonnes=, _N._ at, iv. 105;
+    Marmont at, 124;
+    Marmont's defection at, 128.
+
+  =Establishment of St. Louis=, the female academy at St. Cyr,
+      i. 182. _See also_ =St. Cyr=.
+
+  =Estates, the=, meetings at Versailles, i. 96, 107.
+
+  =Estates, the three=, i. 44;
+    in the seventeenth century, 107.
+
+  =Estates-General=, meetings of the, i. 86, 106, 107;
+    fusion of the three bodies, 108;
+    troops ordered to control the, 108.
+
+  =Esterhazy, Prince=, at the marriage of Maria Louisa, iii. 256.
+
+  =Étoges=, battle of, iv. 65;
+    military movements near, 64, 94.
+
+  =Etruria=, creation of the kingdom of, ii. 205;
+    death of King Louis, 233; iii. 67;
+    exchanged for Louisiana, ii. 272;
+    under French protection, 357;
+    _N._ calls for alliance with, iii. 66;
+    neutrality of, 66;
+    scheme to incorporate in Italy, 120;
+    proposal that Lucien take the crown of, 129;
+    abdication of the Queen Regent, 128;
+    incorporated into the kingdom of Italy, 129;
+    the crown offered to Ferdinand VII, 145;
+    _N.'s_ disposition of, 164.
+
+  =Ettenheim=, residence of the Duc d'Enghien at, ii. 302;
+    reputed emigrant conspiracy at, 303;
+    Ordener's expedition to, 304;
+    arrest of the Duc d'Enghien at, 305;
+    Caulaincourt's mission to, iii. 107.
+
+  =Eulen Mountains=, military movements near, iv. 413.
+
+  =Euphrates=, proposed military operations on the, iii. 113.
+
+  =Europe=, movement of civilization in, i. 2;
+    the revolutionary epoch and spread of revolutionary ideas in,
+      2, 100 et seq.; ii. 44, 86, 156;
+    absolutism, its decay and abolition, i. 67; iii. 278; iv. 162,
+      254, 292;
+    aroused feelings, concerted movements, and coalitions against
+      France, i. 142, 325, 441; ii. 51, 67, 86, 90, 136, 142, 145,
+      194, 209, 330, 348; iii. 72, 106, 377, 382, 394, 396, 400, 417;
+      iv. 145, 146, 161-163;
+    _N._ on the sovereigns of, i. 156;
+    the Directory and, 324-338;
+    neutrality of northern, 341;
+    conditions of civilization and warfare in (1796), 349;
+    the destinies of, dependent on fate of Italy, 351, 385;
+    _N._ a citizen of, 404;
+    schemes of reconstruction of the map of, 425; ii. 265, 355, 402;
+      iii. 51, 55, 56, 72, 73, 199, 399, 422; iv. 3, 6, 144, 145;
+    schemes of pacification of, i. 447; ii. 203, 213, 356; iii. 307,
+    382, 408, 414, 415, 419-421; iv. 75;
+    France's foreign policy, in, ii. 2;
+    schemes of Napoleonic and French empire over, 10, 29, 214, 272,
+      336, 354; iii. 108, 114, 408;
+    _N._ on the freedom of, ii. 31; iii. 82;
+    _N.'s_ relations to, and influence on, ii. 37, 137, 213, 272;
+      iii. 179; iv. 133, 298;
+    upheavals in the politics of, ii. 40-45, 255;
+    compared by _N._ with the Orient, 46;
+    general armament of (1798), 68;
+    _N.'s_ visions of military domination in, 73;
+    situation of affairs at close of 1799, 86;
+    jealousy in, concerning the Mediterranean, 136;
+    _N._ the destroyer of, 144;
+    influence of England in, and her subsidies to the powers of, 145,
+      187, 209, 263, 351, 359, 360, 374, 400, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398,
+      417-425; iv. 30, 31, 55, 68, 76, 164;
+    situation of affairs at beginning of 1800, ii. 152 et seq.;
+    efforts of the Directory to extend the French system in, 155;
+    Prussia's place in, 155; iii. 18;
+    military situation in (1800), ii. 160;
+    the "armed neutrality," 194;
+    reduction of Austria as a power in, 194;
+    the old dynasties and the dynastic idea in, 194, 269, 317;
+      iii. 65, 153, 162, 199, 200, 416; iv. 44;
+    anxiety in, as to permanency of peace of Amiens, ii. 261;
+    destruction of the balance of power, 266;
+    _N.'s_ warning to, March 13, 1803, 284;
+    _N.'s_ views on continental conquest, 290;
+    _N.'s_ notification to, in the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 316;
+    the embargo, blockades, and other commercial warfare in, 334, 347,
+      376, 441, 442; iii. 48, 49, 55, 98-102, 109, 140, 279, 280, 307,
+      328 (_see also_ =Berlin Decree=; =Continental System=; =Milan
+      Decree=);
+    outbreak of war in 1805, ii. 348;
+    _N._ arrayed against, 351;
+    the price of the hegemony of, 392;
+    Fox upholds existing sovereignties in, 404;
+    necessity of colonial produce to, 441;
+    Russia's ambition to be included in, iii. 45;
+    general warfare in, 47;
+    English monopoly of commerce, 46;
+    law of colonial trade, 46;
+    Alexander I on politics of, 52;
+    St. Petersburg holds the peace of, 65;
+    _N.'s_ hopes of a coalition in, against England, 65;
+    general Sanhedrim of, 76;
+    influence of the peace of Tilsit on, 95;
+    a moment of universal anarchy for, 104;
+    the situation in, 117, 118;
+    power of the word "legitimacy" in, 148;
+    growth of the national idea in, 154, 162, 200, 268; iv. 292
+      (_see also_ =Germany=; =Prussia=);
+    the right of force in, iii. 164;
+    the French idea of their great cause in, 214;
+    views on _N.'s_ second marriage, 256;
+    publicity of _N.'s_ domestic concerns throughout, 277;
+    system of private confiscations, 296;
+    rejoicings over the birth of the king of Rome, 301, 302;
+    the condition of, set forth in _N.'s_ reply to the Paris Chamber
+      of Commerce, 303-305;
+    _N.'s_ coast system of protection 307;
+    apprehensions of war in, 315, 318;
+    tendency toward rupture of the peace of, 317;
+    the Russian march of French troops over, 330;
+    _N.'s_ scheme for two powers in, 329;
+    responsibility of Kutusoff for bloodshed in, 374;
+    Austria a pivotal state in, 403, 409, 411;
+    _N._ desires to avoid the reprobation of, 414;
+    a neutral zone for, 414;
+    peace congress of, 415;
+    nervousness among the allies, iv. 5;
+    Prussia acquires the hegemony of continental, 37;
+    distrust among the allies, 40, 41;
+    the commercial key to central, 42;
+    struggle for manhood suffrage in, 43;
+    exactions of the allies in central, 54, 55;
+    the armed forces of, Jan. 1, 1814, 55;
+    jealousies among the powers, 57, 58;
+    England's desire to establish equilibrium in, 68;
+    military outrages in, 102;
+    mobilization of troops, 165;
+    notified that the Empire means peace, 165;
+    possible consequences of _N.'s_ success at Waterloo, 213;
+    the doctrine of legitimacy, 224;
+    France the teacher of, 253;
+    abolition of feudalism and ecclesiasticism, 254;
+    progress of reform in, 263;
+    a bellicose age in, 264;
+    influence of Charles the Great on, 292;
+    the armies of modern, 295;
+    the alliances of, 295;
+    the national politics of, 298.
+
+  =Eutritzsch=, military operations near, iv. 29.
+
+  =Exagérés=, the, i. 234.
+
+  =Executive Council=, establishment of the, i. 188;
+    military preparations by, 194.
+
+  =Exelmans, Gen. R. J. I.=, corresponds with the Emperor, iv. 148;
+    in Waterloo campaign, 173.
+
+  =Extravagance=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 105.
+
+  =Eylau=, the campaign of, iii. 12 et seq.; iv. 173;
+    the causes of _N.'s_ weakness at, iii. 26;
+    the grand army after, 45;
+    the lessons of, 341.
+
+
+F
+
+  =Family relations=, under the Code, ii. 223.
+
+  =Fanaticism=, iv. 263.
+
+  =Fauvelet=, _N.'s_ school friend, i. 178.
+
+  =Faypoult, G. C.=, French political agent in Genoa, ii. 10.
+
+  =Feltre=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
+    Clarke created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Clarke=.
+
+  =Feraud=, murder of, 284.
+
+  =Ferdinand, Archduke=, commanding Austrian army in Germany, ii. 363;
+    escapes into Bohemia, 366;
+    at Ulm, 366;
+    commanding in Bohemia, 380;
+    invades Poland and captures Warsaw, iii. 199, 201;
+    vicissitudes in Poland, 212;
+    evacuates Warsaw, 212;
+    on the way to Charles's assistance, 225.
+
+  =Ferdinand of Parma=, ii. 205.
+
+  =Ferdinand I=, King of Naples, ii. 357; iii. 319. _See also_
+      =Ferdinand IV=.
+
+  =Ferdinand III=, flees to Vienna, ii. 87.
+
+  =Ferdinand IV=, position in 1797, i. 421;
+    evacuates the Papal States, ii. 204;
+    compelled to restore plunder, 204.
+
+  =Ferdinand VII= (_see also_ =Asturias, Prince of=), letters to _N._,
+      iii. 137, 143, 149;
+    seeks _N.'s_ favor, 137, 150;
+    enters Madrid, 138;
+    doubtful recognition of his throne, 140;
+    hinted order that he go to Bayonne, 142;
+    at Vitoria, 143;
+    revulsion of Spanish feeling against, 143;
+    goes to Bayonne, 143, 144, 145;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, 142-151;
+    orders for his arrest, 144;
+    deposed, 144-148;
+    character, 146, 149, 150;
+    offers to surrender his crown, 146;
+    the crown of Etruria offered to, 145;
+    trial at Bayonne, 146;
+    popularity in Spain, 146, 154;
+    pension and grant to, 147;
+    in virtual custody of Talleyrand, 148;
+    cowed into submission, 147, 151;
+    asks _N.'s_ adoption and permission to appear at court, 261;
+    release of, iv. 52;
+    relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, 52.
+
+  =Fère-Champenoise=, the Emperor at, iv. 87;
+    military movements near, 91;
+    retreat of the French through, 99.
+
+  =Fermo=, consolidated with the kingdom of Italy, iii. 118.
+
+  =Ferrara=, the Pope prepares to recover, i. 398;
+    new scheme of government for, 402;
+    surrendered to France, 422;
+    ceded to Venice at Leoben, 438;
+    incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21.
+
+  =Ferrol=, reported junction of French and Spanish fleets at, ii. 359;
+    blockade of, 359;
+    Villeneuve's retreat to, 371;
+    supposed English schemes at, iii. 187, 188.
+
+  =Fersen, Count=, essays to represent Sweden at Congress of Rastatt,
+      ii. 27.
+
+  =Fesch, Joseph=, i. 32;
+    childhood with _N._, 40;
+    appointed to seminary at Aix, 44;
+    _N.'s_ correspondence with, 55, 79, 141;
+    enters the priesthood, 64;
+    returns to Corsica, 112;
+    literary collaborator with _N._, 124, 147;
+    member of the constituent assembly at Orezza, 131;
+    custodian of _N.'s_ papers, 139;
+    supplanted as head of family by _N._, 161;
+    radical leader at Ajaccio, 184;
+    leaves Corsica for Toulon, 207;
+    in commissary department at Toulon, 208;
+    storekeeper in commissary department, 225;
+    escapes arrest, 254;
+    at Aix, 291;
+    conforms to the civil constitution, ii. 206;
+    archbishop of Lyons and cardinal, 258;
+    reënters the church, 258;
+    Grand Almoner, 324;
+    selects a physician for _N._, iv. 232.
+
+  =Feudal System=, in Corsica, i. 9, 18;
+    remnants of the, 67;
+    absorption of its power in the French crown, 100;
+    abolition of, 110, 152, 193; ii. 224; iii. 85, 189, 190; iv. 254;
+    the oath of the Legion of Honor concerning, ii. 246;
+    _N.'s_ influence on, iii. 322;
+    French hatred of, iv. 43.
+
+  =Feuillants, the=, i. 153;
+    form a ministry, 174;
+    fall of the ministry, 179.
+
+  =Fichte, J. G.=, member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416;
+    influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103.
+
+  =Fifth Regiment= (French), _N._ offers himself to the bullets of
+      the, iv, 155.
+
+  =Fifty-second Regiment= (English), in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.
+
+  =Figueras=, captured by the French, iii. 132.
+
+  =Filangieri, Gaëtano=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.
+
+  =Finance=, an occult doctrine of, iii, 390.
+
+  =Finisterre, Cape=, Calder encounters Villeneuve off, ii. 359.
+
+  =Finkenstein=, _N._ at, iii. 18, 24, 25;
+    Persian envoy at, 18.
+
+  =Finland=, Russian ambition to acquire, iii. 37, 98, 113, 168, 176;
+    Russia's claims to, recognized at Tilsit, 55;
+    acquired by Russia, 64, 236, 248, 268, 310, 316;
+    Russian invasion of, 115, 116;
+    Russia threatened with the loss of, 314;
+   offered to Sweden by _N._, 321.
+
+  =Fioravente, Gen.=, captured at Verona, i. 443.
+
+  =First Consul=, the office of the, ii. 127.
+
+  =Fischbach=, military movements near, iv. 18.
+
+  =Fismes=, _N._ aims to strike the Prussians at, iv. 77;
+    Marmont rallies his troops at, 81, 82;
+    junction of Marmont and Mortier at, 93;
+    Marmont retreats to, 100.
+
+  =Fitz-James, Edward=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107.
+
+  =Fiume=, reoccupied by Austria, i. 435;
+    seized by _N._, 434;
+    _N._ proposes to cede, iv. 423.
+
+  =Five Hundred, the=, i. 270;
+    their representation of public sentiment, ii. 1;
+    inquiry in, as to _N.'s_ independence, 3;
+    its members proscribed, 8;
+    Jacobin majority in, 94, 97;
+    Bonapartes among, 95;
+    Lucien Bonaparte elected president, 97, 105;
+    _N._ at the meetings of, 18th and 19th Brumaire, 106, 111-120;
+    counterplots against _N._ among, 109;
+    opposition by, 110-120;
+    meeting of Bonapartist members of, 118;
+    adopts the Consulate, 123;
+    deposition of members, 125;
+    rewards among, for complacency, 125.
+
+  =Flahaut, Gen. A. C. J.=, sent to seek Marmont's advice, iv. 116;
+    advises a return to Lorraine, 116;
+    bearer of despatch from _N._ to Ney, 186.
+
+  =Flanders=, _N._ in, i. 79;
+    _N._ journey to, iii. 312.
+    _See also_ =Austrian Netherlands=; =Batavian Republic=; =Dutch
+      Flanders=; =Holland=; =Netherlands=.
+
+  =Fleurus=, battle of, i. 273;
+    Jourdan's victory at, ii. 323;
+    military operations near, iv. 173, 175, 180;
+    _N._ at, 180, 185.
+
+  =Florence=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27, 30, 44, 45;
+    position in the French empire, iii. 279;
+    sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380.
+
+  =Flushing=, Holland's indemnity for, ii. 154;
+    English capture of, iii. 237;
+    _N._ builds ships at, 237.
+
+  =Fombio=, battle of, i. 359.
+
+  =Fontainebleau=, Pius VII, at, ii. 340;
+    treaty of, iii. 70;
+    social vices at, 92;
+    treaty of (Oct. 10, 1807), 104;
+    _N.'s_ court at, 108, 245, 301;
+    diplomatic negotiations at, 118;
+    treaty of (Oct. 28, 1807), for partition of Portugal, 119, 120,
+      121, 133, 149, 151;
+    _N.'s_ harsh treatment of Josephine at, 179;
+    imprisonment of Pius VII at, 243, 377, 390, 391;
+    the decree (of Oct. 18, 1810), iii. 279;
+    the Concordat of, 391, 392;
+    military movements near, iv. 68, 72, 104;
+    _N._ at, 105, 116, 158;
+    _N._ reviews the Guard at, 116, 117;
+    treasonable utterances of the marshals at, 119;
+    scene of _N.'s_ abdication, 120-122;
+    council of war at, 128;
+    treaty of (April, 1814), 133-136, 137, 139, 144-146, 152;
+    _N._ leaves, for Elba, 139.
+
+  =Fontanes, Marquis de=, oration on Washington by, ii. 148;
+    retires from presidency of the senate, iii. 294;
+    grand master of the university, 294.
+
+  =Fontenaye, Mme. de=, i. 315.
+    _See also_ =Tallien, Mme=.
+
+  =Forchheim=, _N.'s_ base, ii. 424.
+
+  =Forez Regiment=, the, i. 143.
+
+  =Forfait, P. A. L.=, Secretary of the Navy, ii. 130.
+
+  =Förstgen=, military operations near, iv. 20.
+
+  =Fort Bard=, ii. 171.
+
+  =Fort Carré=, _N.'s_ confinement in, i. 253-255.
+
+  =Fortification=, _N.'s_ essay on, iv. 232.
+
+  =Fort Luco=, fires on French ship at Porto di Lido, i. 443, 446.
+
+  =Fort Mulgrave=, capture of, i. 230.
+
+  =Fouché, Joseph=, describes atrocities at Toulon, i. 233;
+    opposes Robespierre, 251;
+    Minister of Police, ii. 92, 323, 412;
+    joins the Bonapartist ranks, 106;
+    detection of plots by, 110;
+    _N.'s_ confidence in, 149;
+    attitude toward the conspirators of Nivôse, 241;
+    suspected of Jacobinism, 241;
+    disgraced, degraded, and banished, 241, 277; iii. 180, 275;
+    character, ii. 277; iii. 193, 253, 267, 271; iv. 148;
+    instigates Moreau's letter to _N._, ii. 299;
+    urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304;
+    ordered to supervise correspondence from the army, iii. 25;
+    created Duke of Otranto, 87;
+    licenses vice in Paris, 92;
+    whips in the nobility to the imperial court, 93;
+    favors Ferdinand VII, 125, 126;
+    share in the matter of Josephine's divorce, 179, 180;
+    raises national guards for service in the Netherlands, 237;
+    on the second marriage of _N._, 253;
+    advocates alliance with Russia, 253;
+    member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 253;
+    raises troops to repel the Walcheren expedition, 253;
+    the superserviceable Mephistopheles of the empire, 271;
+    intervenes in Holland's negotiations with England, 271;
+    English-Dutch conspiracy, 275;
+    returns from exile in Italy, 326;
+    memorializes against war, 326;
+    warns _N._ of the fate of Charles XII, 326;
+    recalled to active service, 421;
+    double intrigues of, iv. 149;
+    neutrality of, 157;
+    member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159;
+    military conspiracy of, 161;
+    plots against _N._, 165, 166;
+    attitude after Waterloo, 217, 218;
+    member of the new Directory, 218;
+    refuses responsibility for _N.'s_ safety, 219.
+
+  =Fougé, Mme.=, _N.'s_ relations with, ii. 329.
+
+  =Fouquier-Tinville, A. Q.=, execution of, i. 272.
+
+  =Fourcroy, A. F.=, member of the council of state, ii. 152, 214;
+    organizer of the educational system of France, 227, 228.
+
+  =Fourth Artillery=, treason in the, i. 173.
+
+  =Fourth Regiment=, _N.'s_ service in the, i. 149, 159.
+
+  =Fox, Charles James=, on French military successes, i. 275;
+    reports _N._ as favorable to peace, ii. 273;
+    defends France in Parliament, 273;
+    visits _N._ at Paris, 273;
+    bias toward France, 282;
+    lays aside French sympathies, 292;
+    secretary of state, 394;
+    becomes prime minister, 399;
+    declares war against Prussia, 400;
+    negotiations with _N._, 400, 404;
+    supposed peace policy of, 401;
+    upholds the claims of existing sovereignties in Europe, 404;
+    compelled to adopt Pitt's program, 405;
+    death, 405; iii. 46.
+
+  =Foy, Gen. M. S.=, Masséna's envoy to Paris, iii. 287, 289;
+    brings orders for reinforcements, 289;
+    in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 171;
+    battle of Waterloo, 199.
+
+  =France=, convention with Genoa regarding Corsica, i. 17, 21;
+    emulation of England, 22;
+    her colonial ambitions, possessions, and losses, 21, 450;
+      ii. 4, 237, 271, 281; iii. 55, 85; iv. 295, 296;
+    precedent for her aid to American colonies, i. 23;
+    relation of the army to the throne, 67;
+    _N._ studies her history and politics, 78, 95, 176;
+    _N.'s_ bitterness against, 80, 81, 92, 122, 136;
+    outbreak of the Revolution of 1789 in, 100 et seq.;
+    social conditions and customs, the domestic relations, etc.,
+      100-110, 193, 266, 290; ii. 45, 194-198, 200, 213, 223, 318;
+      iii. 75-79, 87-90, 159-161, 388-390, 392; iv. 48, 49, 259-262,
+      295-296;
+    financial troubles, issues of paper money, financial policies and
+      reforms, i. 105, 289, 327; ii. 48, 134, 186, 219, 229, 318,
+      409-411; iii. 25, 74, 78, 79, 197, 294, 295, 304-305, 388-390;
+      iv. 259;
+    declared a limited monarchy, i. 106;
+    the rise of popular government, 109;
+    destruction of feudalism, 110; iii. 85, 322;
+    adoption of the tricolor, i. 109;
+    the end of absolutism, 119;
+    the title and position of the king, 119, 151, 158;
+    Corsica and Navarre joined to, 120;
+    disorganization of the army, 140;
+    changes in, 140-144;
+    patriotism, spirit of national unity, military enthusiasm, etc.,
+      140, 155, 158, 195, 266-270, 326; ii. 146, 156, 225, 319;
+      iii. 6, 7, 198, 323, 324, 386, 387; iv. 73, 171;
+    the first stage of transformation in, i. 150;
+    famine, 151;
+    the problem of government, 151-154, 158;
+    geographical reconstruction, 152;
+    failure of reform, 153;
+    split on the subject of monarchy, 153;
+    the national oath, 155;
+    fear of war, 155;
+    vicissitudes of royalism in;
+    Bourbon and anti-Bourbon sentiment and intrigues, 155, 268, 278,
+      297; ii. 8, 22, 95, 130, 235, 301; iv. 49, 50, 81, 113-115, 126;
+    desertion of troops to Austria, i. 173;
+    anarchy, 173, 234;
+    outbreak of insurrection, June 20, 1792, 174;
+    the republic, 176;
+    expected coalition against, 187;
+    efforts at and failures of constitutional government, 187, 268;
+      ii. 92, 101, 112, 121, 245; iii. 294, 295; iv. 157, 159, 166,
+      257 (_see also_ specific constitutions mentioned infra);
+    abolition of the monarchy, i. 189, 194, 267; ii. 317;
+    declaration of the republic, i. 189;
+    establishment of an executive council, 189;
+    political parties, 188;
+    the republican calendar, 188; ii. 258, 346, 406;
+    the dictatorship, i. 194;
+    preparing for foreign war, 194;
+    declares war against England, 195;
+    _N.'s_ personal relations with and influence on;
+    the likes and dislikes of the French people for _N._, 209-211,
+      323, 369; ii. 29, 97, 133, 142, 152, 185, 199, 215, 218, 272,
+      293, 329; iii. 1, 2, 25, 65, 73-75, 79, 80, 160, 168, 315, 316,
+      379, 380, 386, 387; iv. 41-45, 48-50, 53, 54, 101, 102, 123,
+      124, 131-133, 146, 147, 150, 152, 233, 255, 256, 259, 260, 263,
+      293, 298;
+    civil war, i. 212 et seq.; ii. 142, 145;
+    massacres, i. 234;
+    militarism, 249-251, 306; ii. 73; iii. 160;
+    difficulties of a new political program, i. 267-271;
+    confiscation of lands, 268;
+    adoption of ancient Roman governmental systems, 270;
+    the Directory, 270, et seq.;
+    land and labor troubles, 272;
+    purging of the army, 275;
+    military successes, 275;
+    territorial ambitions, 276;
+    suspected influences in the army, 278;
+    the constitution of 1795, 278, 293, 297, 299, 304-308, 309,
+      330-333; ii. 1, 92, 96;
+    reaction in, i. 280;
+    condition of the press, 281; ii. 145, 254, 271, 294;
+    growth of science, literature, and the arts, i. 281; iii. 26,
+      88-91, 297, 300;
+    woman in, i. 290;
+    British views of affairs in, 297;
+    English fleet on northern coast, 298;
+    military dictatorship, 305;
+    parties, 305;
+    the regicides in, 309;
+    coalitions against, 324; ii. 40, 86, 90, 136;
+    cursed by absolutism, i. 327;
+    the popular conception of its boundaries, 327;
+    struggle for and achievement of liberty and civil rights, 326-329;
+      ii. 126, 136, 261, 293, 317; iii. 82, 83; iv. 38, 160, 295;
+    the 13th Vendémiaire, i. 328;
+    foreign policy, 329;
+    intestinal troubles, 329;
+    military dictator of Europe, 333;
+    condition at opening of 1796, 333;
+    a new lease of national life for, 340;
+    military strength and recuperative power, 344-349; ii. 9, 13, 14,
+      160; iii. 27, 28, 323, 324, 387-389; iv. 47, 48, 50, 59, 60,
+      102, 103, 105, 148;
+    vicissitudes of her naval power, i. 345-349; ii. 331, 334, 359,
+      360, 370, 375; iii. 314, 315; iv. 75;
+    apex of revolutionary greatness, i. 351;
+    preëminence in Europe, 351;
+    rejoicings over Lodi, 361;
+    foreign populations well disposed toward, 387;
+    Eastern policy, 423; ii. 47;
+    dissatisfaction with treaty of Leoben, i. 441;
+    desire for peace, ii. 1, 140, 187, 243, 394; iii. 112, 197;
+      iv. 19, 52, 157;
+    suicide among naval officers, ii. 3;
+    internal administration, offices and office-holders, and public
+      works, 3, 127, 149-159, 217-228, 271, 273; iii. 74, 91, 160,
+      249, 296, 297, 301; iv. 48, 296;
+    the 18th of Fructidor, ii. 8;
+    martial law in, 8;
+    punctiliousness in exacting war indemnities, 13;
+    exasperation at England's mastery of the seas, 16;
+    aspirations toward "liberty of the seas," 16;
+    educational methods and reforms, 34, 225-228; iii. 26, 89-91;
+      iv. 261, 296;
+    _N._ constructive commander-in-chief, ii. 36;
+    makes war only against tyrannical dynasties, 42;
+    schemes of world-conquest, 46;
+    popular ideas concerning the Egyptian campaign, 67;
+    _N._ summoned to take supreme command, 80;
+    elections, May, 1799, 91;
+    relations between Church and state, religious sentiment,
+      the clergy, etc., 91, 131, 205, 206, 215, 224, 227, 258, 318,
+      398; iii. 67, 90, 119, 306, 388, 391; iv. 147, 160, 253, 259,
+      296;
+    fears of a revival of the Terror, ii. 92;
+    the draft in, 93; iii. 387 (_see also_ =Conscription=);
+    arbitrary tariff in, ii. 93;
+    thirst for glory and booty in, 93, 105, 268, 361; iii. 6, 82, 323;
+      iv. 49, 248;
+    the constitution of 1799, ii. 96, 100, 118, 126, 136, 148, 149,
+      150, 162, 242, 246, 261;
+    "the pear is ripe," 98, 103;
+    need of a Cromwell, 119;
+    feelings of the various parties, 122;
+    adoption of the Roman consular system, 123;
+    the plebiscite of Dec. 15, 1799, 128, 136;
+    the new charter, 129;
+    compulsory loans, 134;
+    disgust at demagogues, 134;
+    results of the upheaval of Brumaire, 133;
+    taxation methods and reforms, 135, 153, 220, 349; iii. 78, 305, 389;
+    end of the provisional Consulate, ii. 137;
+    two policies open to _N._, 137;
+    confidence in the new administration, 140;
+    English preparations to invade, 143;
+    the inveterate foe of England, 146;
+    salaries of the First Consul, consuls, and other officers, 150;
+    the legislative system, 149-153, 242; iii. 83 (_see also_ titles
+      of its various branches);
+    the judicial system, and legal abuses and reforms, ii. 149-153,
+      222-224, 306, 319; iv. 260, 295;
+    isolation against England and Austria, ii. 156;
+    _N.'s_ scheme of leadership among nations, 156;
+    her fate identified with that of _N._, 158;
+    inefficiency of the department of war, 165;
+    use of the term "citizen," 194;
+    public festivals, 195;
+    use of the term "empire," 194, 248;
+    the center of a system of republics, 205;
+    characteristics and temperaments of her people, 205, 254, 261,
+      315; iii. 260; iv. 44, 171, 254;
+    satisfaction with the peace of Amiens, ii. 213;
+    _N.'s_ reorganization of, 213 et seq.;
+    aspirations toward a European empire, 214;
+    position in Europe in 1801, 214;
+    political centralization, 218, 293; iii. 160; iv. 92, 97, 260, 294;
+    usury in, ii. 219; iii. 75, 77; iv. 48;
+    speculation in, ii. 219;
+    the Ministry of the Interior, 218;
+    crime in, 218;
+    confiscation of crown and emigrants' lands, 219;
+    levy of forced contributions by, 220;
+    revival of the public credit, 220;
+    commerce, agriculture, and industries in, 220, 272, 349; iii. 75,
+      76, 160, 249, 265, 295, 303, 304, 377; iv. 48;
+    compared with the Roman empire, ii. 222;
+    tendency toward one-man government, 229;
+    discontent of the republicans, 230;
+    tendency toward a paternal government, 235;
+    the Consulate compared with the Roman empire, 235;
+    plebiscite on question of hereditary consulship, 245, 247;
+    prerogatives of the government, 248;
+    her cup of satisfaction full, 248;
+    _N._ the personification of, 251;
+    autocratic power of the government, 254;
+    restoration of public confidence, 259;
+    sanctions _N.'s_ schemes of European reorganization, 265;
+    arbitrary shipping regulation, 270;
+    protective policy, 270;
+    restores the slave-trade, 270;
+    sequestrations of English property in, 270;
+    influence of the bourgeoisie, 278;
+    prepares naval armaments, 280;
+    importation of English goods into, forbidden, 288;
+    disregard for treaty stipulations, 288;
+    seizure of English prisoners of war in, 288;
+    declares embargo on British ships, 287;
+    failure of the Revolution to give political freedom to, 293;
+    effect of Moreau's fate on the moderate republicans, 300;
+    police system, 300, 412; iv. 260;
+    law of treason in, ii. 306;
+    indignation over the death of the Duc d'Enghien, 311;
+    the days before the empire, 317 et seq.;
+    _N.'s_ conception of the empire, 317, 318;
+    question of consular heredity, 317;
+    reforms in, 318;
+    creation of the empire, 322 et seq.;
+    the constitution of 1804, 322;
+    the question of hereditary empire, 322;
+    imperial titles in, 322;
+    creation of marshals, 323;
+    _N.'s_ civil list, 323;
+    the imperial heraldic device, 323;
+    _N.'s_ distinction between the state and the empire, 324, 396, 404;
+    scheme of a great empire, 330;
+    her generals and admirals contrasted, 334;
+    blockades European ports, 334;
+    destruction of the Pope's hopes for ecclesiastical matters in, 346;
+    restoration of the Gregorian calendar, 346;
+    European apprehensions as to her assumptions, 348;
+    decline in government bonds, 349; iii. 24; iv. 48;
+    union of the crowns of Italy and, ii. 352;
+    position in the European balance, 354; iii. 46;
+    military commanders, ii. 364;
+    naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 375;
+    preëminence of, 393;
+    the court of (1806), 406, 411;
+    the imperial catechism, 408;
+    venality of officials, 410; iii. 295;
+    continental conquests, ii. 441;
+    right of search and impressment, 441;
+    the supports of the empire, iii. 24;
+    likened to a cephalopod, 24;
+    founding of military factories, 25;
+    declares war against England (1793), 47;
+    colonial trade, rule of 1756. 47;
+    closes harbors to English ships, 47;
+    to mediate between Russia and Turkey, 55;
+    desire for naval allies, 66;
+    effect of the treaty of Tilsit in, 72;
+    her European relations, 73;
+    lays other countries under commercial tribute, 74;
+    journeys of the Emperor and Empress through, 74;
+    the Semitic question in, 75-77; iv. 259;
+    panic of 1805, iii. 78;
+    appreciation of government bonds, 79;
+    prosperity, 80;
+    creation of hereditary legislators, 82;
+    the right of entail, 82, 85;
+    the aristocracy, 85-87;
+    creation of a noble class, 86, 87;
+    salaries of ministers and ambassadors, 87;
+    the prefecture, 89;
+    restriction of commerce with the United States, 102;
+    lack of an heir to the throne, 112;
+    proposed supremacy in Europe, 114;
+    secret compact with Spain for partition of Portugal, 119;
+    negotiates for rights in Spanish colonies, 133;
+    welcome to the grand army in, 182;
+    rival schools of history in, 196;
+    the army and nation exhausted, 224;
+    discontent in, 233, 249, 325; iv. 49-52;
+    cession of Austrian territory to, iii. 239;
+    growing independence of the nobility, 250;
+    absolutist tendency, 256;
+    enthusiasm over _N.'s_ second marriage, 258-261;
+    transplantation of the ecclesiastical establishments from Rome to,
+      258, 263;
+    creation of the papal departments of Rome and Trasimenus, 262, 263;
+    overpowered by England at sea, 264;
+    monopolies in, 267;
+    violations of the Continental System in, 266;
+    scheme to incorporate new lands into, 266;
+    seizure of American vessels by, 275, 321;
+    part of the North Sea coast incorporated into the empire, 278, 287;
+    enlargement of the empire, 279;
+    vassal states, 279;
+    a central bureaucracy in, 279;
+    proposal to incorporate Spain into, 282;
+    the natural extensions of, 282;
+    principle of punishment by confiscation, 295;
+    Russian discrimination against goods from, 288;
+    enthusiasm in, over birth of the King of Rome, 302;
+    the successor to the Frankish dominion of Charles the Great, 304;
+    military expenses, 305;
+    revenue from contributions, 304;
+    the war method of replenishing the treasury, 305, 308;
+    exchange of prisoners with England, 307;
+    expeditions against Sicily, Egypt, and Ireland, 308;
+    Russia's virtual declaration of war against, 312;
+    effect of the Continental System on industry, 323;
+    "flying columns," 323;
+    admiration for the empire in, 323;
+    general confidence in, 326;
+    intrigues leading to the Russian campaign of 1812, 328-332;
+    scarcity of provisions in, 329;
+    Malet's conspiracy, 361, 376;
+    revolutionary spirit in, 375, 376;
+    effect of the Russian failure in, 377;
+    civil officials whipped into line, 379;
+    relief for soldiers' families, 379;
+    plan of regency for, 380;
+    reception of stragglers from Russia in, 386;
+    the stimulus of bad news in, 386;
+    seizure of communal domains, 389;
+    proposed "guard of honor," 390;
+    _N._ threatens to abolish the legislature, 390;
+    value of the Austrian alliance to, 390;
+    possibility of _N.'s_ becoming king of, 400;
+    proposed territorial concessions by, 408;
+    scheme to confine her to the west bank of the Rhine, 423;
+    exhaustion of, iv. 1;
+    demoralization of the marshals, 13;
+    military reverses, 19;
+    revulsion of feeling of Bavaria and Saxony regarding, 19;
+    England's determination to crush, 31;
+    death throes of the empire, 37;
+    her "natural boundaries," 41;
+    the Frankfort proposals as to territorial changes, 42-45;
+    hatred of dynastic rule, 43;
+    failure of popular sovereignty, 43;
+    hatred of feudalism, 43;
+    movement for the expulsion of the invaders, 44;
+    publication of the allies' proclamation in, 45;
+    losses of the wars of 1812-1813, 47;
+    the home guard, 50;
+    radical agitation in, 49;
+    "sedentary" volunteers, 50;
+    panics, 51;
+    imperialist sentiment in, 52-55;
+    invaded by the allies, 53 et seq.;
+    disaffection in the National Guard, 53;
+    schemes of the allies for invasion of, 54, 57, 68;
+    the allies determine to confine her to her royal limits, 68;
+    the Czar's determination to conquer, 68;
+    proposal that she continue the war with England, 75;
+    attempt to confine _N._ to the boundaries of royal, 77;
+    marauding excesses of the allies, 85;
+    irregular warfare in, 99;
+    empty arsenals in, 106;
+    the dissolution of the empire, 110;
+    proposed forms of government for, 114;
+    under three forms of government, 115;
+    the provisional government seeks the Emperor's death by
+      assassination, 119;
+    regeneration of, 121;
+    proposed perpetuation of the empire, 120;
+    _N._ renounces the throne of, 131;
+    pensions _N._, 131;
+    the virtue of the French burgher, 141;
+    fails to pay _N.'s_ pension, 142, 144, 150;
+    formation of the new upper chamber, 146;
+    restored to position of a great power, 146;
+    Louis XVIII's constitution, 146;
+    change of public opinion, 146-150;
+    comparative expenses of the kingdom and the empire, 147;
+    return of the emigrants to, 147;
+    restriction of the suffrage, 147;
+    release of prisoners of war, 147;
+    "paternal anarchy" in, 147, 149;
+    abolition of orphan asylums, 148;
+    _N.'s_ march through, on his return from Elba, 158-162;
+    visions of a reunited, 157;
+    _N.'s_ plans for, on returning from Elba, 157;
+    returned emigrants banished from, 157;
+    _N._ the "liberator" of, 157;
+    the apostle of popular sovereignty in, 159;
+    abolition of privilege and divine right, 160, 257;
+    the new cabinet, 159;
+    reconstruction of the House of Peers, 160;
+    promulgation of the Additional Act, 160;
+    plebiscite in, 160;
+    the specter of war in, 161, 166;
+    bitterness of the nobles, 166;
+    pledged to self-defense only, 168;
+    reconstituted corps of marshals, 167;
+    the "French fury," 171;
+    Austrian and Prussian schemes for the humiliation of, 214;
+    Carnot advises a dictatorship for, 217;
+    organization of a new Directory, 218;
+    demands for _N.'s_ abdication, 218;
+    appointment of committee of public safety, 218;
+    the allies in, 219;
+    the White Terror, 222;
+    reconstruction, 224;
+    confiscation of the imperial domain, 233;
+    the Revolution in, 253-255;
+    the teacher of Europe, 254;
+    the heir of Rome, 253;
+    enthusiasm for principle, 254;
+    the Third Estate, 259, 261;
+    overthrow of the old régime, 260;
+    Protestantism in, 259;
+    the new régime, 260;
+    tendency toward revolution, 261;
+    the Terror, 262;
+    conspiracies in, 263;
+    rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 264;
+    trial of a single-headed government, 265;
+    abandonment of the people to _N.'s_ purposes, 265;
+    character of the wars with England, 265;
+    the French tradition, 290;
+    present conditions of government, 295;
+    hopes for the future, 295;
+    progress between 1802 and 1815, 296;
+    _N._ the forerunner of modern, 295;
+    the Seven Years' War, 297.
+    See also names of persons or places connected with events in, passim.
+
+  =Francis I= (Emperor of Austria), scheme of territorial
+      aggrandizement, i. 325;
+    opposes the army of the Rhine, 342;
+    greed for Italian territory, 425, 438; ii. 141;
+    prepares for flight into Hungary, i. 437;
+    offers _N._ a principality and settled income, ii. 19;
+    declines to send diplomatic agent to Paris, 42;
+    _N._ writes personal letter to, 142;
+    military plans for 1800, 160;
+    letter from _N._ to, June, 1800, 187;
+    his claims of empire, 329;
+    dismemberment of his empire, 352;
+    advised of _N.'s_ seizure of the crown of Italy, 352;
+    declares war against France, Sept. 3, 1805, 363;
+    attempts negotiations with _N._, 368;
+    inaugurates peace negotiations, 381;
+    secures an armistice, 389;
+    interview with _N._ after Austerlitz, 389; iii. 38; iv. 30;
+    proposes to continue the war, ii. 390;
+    abandons his Germanic crown, 404;
+    outwitted by Andréossy, 444;
+    resolves on neutrality, 445;
+    attitude during the Eylau campaign, iii. 21;
+    _N._ offers Silesia to, 22;
+    his "divine right," 38;
+    character, 38;
+    the Czar's influence with, 166;
+    _N._ demands that he disarm, 169;
+    compact between Russia and France against, 176;
+    reproached by _N._ from Erfurt, 178;
+    decides to strike _N._ during his Spanish difficulties, 194;
+    abused by _N._, 213, 251;
+    treatment of Hungary, 214;
+    seeks aid of Frederick William, 225;
+    fails to secure advantage after Aspern, 225;
+    obstinacy of, 225;
+    his position after Wagram, 232;
+    hopes of continuing the war, 235;
+    assumes command of the army, 235;
+    trusts to dilatory negotiations, 236;
+    concedes _N.'s_ demands, 236;
+    gets no support from Alexander, 236;
+    proposal that he abdicate, 238, 251;
+    peace negotiations between _N._ and, 238;
+    angered at the treaty of Schönbrunn, 244;
+    at marriage of Maria Louisa, 256;
+    asks aid against Russian aggression, 314;
+    alarmed at Russian successes on the Danube, 320;
+    acquires Galicia, 331;
+    dean of the sovereigns at Dresden, 330;
+    _N._ seeks to hold his adhesion, 375;
+    lukewarmness toward _N._, 385;
+    dread of _N._, 394;
+    letter from _N._, 395;
+    _N.'s_ reply to his peace proposals, 408;
+    _N.'s_ dread of, 413;
+    at Gitschin, 415;
+    conference with Nesselrode, 415;
+    political use of his daughter, 416;
+    seeks alliance with Alexander, 419;
+    letter from Metternich, June 29, 1813, 420;
+    ratifies the treaty of Reichenbach, 422;
+    reception of _N.'s_ attempts to bribe Austria, 423;
+    fears French invasion of Vienna, iv. 3;
+    letter from _N._, Sept., 1813, 21;
+    declines to treat after Leipsic, 31;
+    anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40;
+    distrust of his allies, 40;
+    discovers the royal ancestry of the Buonapartes, 44;
+    proposed cession of Alsace to, 67;
+    to Maria Louisa on the situation, 68;
+    _N._ demands the Frankfort proposals from, 74;
+    narrow escape from capture at Bar-sur-Aube, 95;
+    joins the Army of the South at Lyons, 97;
+    relations with his allies, 97;
+    letter from _N._ to, March 28, 1814, 104;
+    at Dijon, 113, 128;
+    _N._ seeks the aid of, through Maria Louisa, 128;
+    Maria Louisa takes refuge with, 135, 143;
+    seeks the dissolution of his daughter's marriage, 135;
+    desires _N.'s_ exile, 138;
+    keeps his daughter a virtual prisoner, 143;
+    besought for _N.'s_ release, 231.
+
+  =Francisco, Don= (Infante of Spain), ordered to Bayonne, iii. 146.
+
+  =Franconia=, treaty with France, 1796, i. 450;
+    French occupation of, ii. 405; iii. 165;
+    the campaign in, 13;
+    exploits of the Black Legion in, 234.
+
+  =Frankfort-on-the-Main=, occupied by Custine, i. 194;
+    member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403;
+    French demonstrations near, 424;
+    the principality transferred from Dalberg to Prince Eugène, iii. 266;
+    furnishes new levies, 394;
+    parley of the allies at, iv. 40-46; 67, 70;
+    _N._ adheres to the proposals of, 70, 73, 75.
+
+  =Frasnes=, military operations at, iv. 176, 184, 189.
+
+  =Fraternity=, decreed, i. 110.
+
+  =Frederick VI=, signs treaty of Fontainebleau, iii. 70;
+    hopes to acquire Sweden, 280;
+    assists in the Continental System, 280.
+
+  =Frederick August I=, Elector of Saxony, accepts French terms after
+      Jena, ii. 443;
+    proposed exchange of Poland for Saxony, iii. 50;
+    made king of Saxony, 56;
+    acquires the grand duchy of Warsaw, 56;
+    interview with _N._ at Dresden, 394;
+    peculiar relations toward _N._, 375, 394, 408;
+    offers his troops to Austria, 399;
+    difficult position of, 399;
+    declares himself favorable to France, 407;
+    love for his capital, iv. 25;
+    sent prisoner to Berlin, 34;
+    released by _N._ from his engagements, 39.
+
+  =Frederick the Great=, opinion of Paoli, i. 18;
+    defeats Austria, 324;
+    his military genius and principles of warfare, 348, 379, 394;
+      ii. 419; iv. 266, 267;
+    contrasted with _N._, i. 348, 394; ii. 163;
+    attitude toward Austria, 41;
+    statue at the Tuileries, 147;
+    territorial acquisitions, 413;
+    _N.'s_ visit to, and spoliation of the tomb of, 438;
+    self-coronation, iii. 37;
+    end of his system, 103;
+    _N._ repudiates the military ideas of, 154;
+    _N.'s_ analysis of the wars of, iv. 232;
+    _N.'s_ study of, 266.
+
+  =Frederick William I=, his civil and military administration, ii. 414;
+    school system of, 414.
+
+  =Frederick William II=, reign of, ii. 414.
+
+  =Frederick William III=, Sieyès's mission to, ii. 41;
+    _N._ offers the friendship of France to, 155;
+    character and personality, 155, 400, 414, 422, 442; iii. 44, 45,
+      52, 57, 62; iv. 6;
+    refuses to make alliance with _N._, ii. 194;
+    neutrality of, 194, 311, 361, 414;
+    motive in joining the "armed neutrality," 194;
+    _N.'s_ threatening message to, 282;
+    friendly to France, 347;
+    letter to _N._, May, 1805, 356;
+    swears friendship with Alexander I, 377;
+    joins the third coalition, 376;
+    signs away Prussian independence, 400;
+    threatens to abdicate, 417;
+    proposes the organization of a North German Confederation, 418;
+    mobilizes the army, 420;
+    demands the French evacuation of Germany, 421;
+    declares war, 422;
+    at Naumburg, 424;
+    reluctance for war, 427, 428;
+    military blunders, 429;
+    in battle of Auerstädt, 433, 434;
+    sues for peace, 435;
+    flight from Jena, 436;
+    refuses to accept an armistice, 442;
+    desperation of, 442;
+    precarious situation at Königsberg, iii. 9;
+    _N._ opens negotiations with, 18;
+    refuses _N.'s_ overtures, 18;
+    refuses to negotiate separate peace, 36;
+    desperate situation, 37;
+    his "divine right," 38;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, 42, 44, 104;
+    armistice arranged with, 42;
+    meeting with the Emperors at Tilsit, 42-45, 49-52;
+    humiliation of, 57;
+    calls on his queen for aid, 57;
+    spoils interview between _N._ and his Queen, 59;
+    death of, 63;
+    residence at Memel, 107;
+    in need of comforts, 107;
+    sequestration of his Westphalian estates, 162;
+    friendship with Alexander, 194;
+    at St. Petersburg, 194;
+    proposes alliance with Austria, 225;
+    refuses aid to Francis, 225;
+    secret armament by, 225;
+    denounces Schill, 233;
+    withdraws from offer of alliance, 236;
+    sounds Austria, 320;
+    offers alliance to Alexander, 320;
+    at Dresden, 330;
+    _N._ seeks to hold his adhesion, 375;
+    Prussian disregard of, 382;
+    nominally degrades York, 384;
+    forced to a decision, 395;
+    negotiates with _N._, 396;
+    removes the court to Breslau, 396;
+    grief at death of the Queen, 397;
+    mobilizes the army, 397;
+    declares war, 398;
+    proposed allotment of territory to, 409;
+    mediocrity in military affairs, iv. 6;
+    in military council at Trachenberg, 6;
+    anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40;
+    distrust of his allies, 40;
+    dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms, 41;
+    seeks the retention of Prussian acquisitions, 67;
+    letter to Blücher, Feb. 26, 1814, 75;
+    at Congress of Châtillon, 76;
+    attitude toward Francis, 98;
+    favors movement on Paris, 98;
+    violates armistice before Paris, 110;
+    his relations with Alexander, 113;
+    enters Paris, 113;
+    at the peace council in Paris, 114;
+    approves the Bourbon restoration, 114;
+    deceived by the Parisians' reception, 114;
+    alleged indelicacy of his visit to the Empress at Rambouillet, 135;
+    system of promotion in the army, 171.
+
+  =Frederick William IV= (crown prince), a suitor for a Napoleonic
+      princess, iii. 331;
+    persuades York to rejoin Blücher, iv. 80.
+
+  =Frederick, king of Würtemberg=, at the Erfurt conference, iii. 172;
+    marries his daughter to Jerome Buonaparte, ii. 399.
+
+  =Free trade=, demand for, in Corsica, i. 116.
+
+  =Freiburg=, Duc d'Enghien prepares to retire to, ii. 302;
+    military movements near, ii. 430.
+
+  =Fréjus=, _N._ lands at, ii. 83; iv. 139;
+    _N.'s_ triumphant progress to Paris from, ii. 84;
+    place of _N.'s_ embarkation changed from St. Tropez to, iv. 139;
+    arrival of _N._ at, 139.
+
+  ="French Citizen," the=, change of name to "French Courier," iii. 88.
+
+  ="French Courier," the=, iii. 88.
+
+  =French Empire, the=, the Emperor the head of, ii. 395;
+    distinguished from France, 404.
+
+  =French language=, _N.'s_ use of the, i. 86.
+
+  =Frère, Gen.=, success at Segovia, iii. 156.
+
+  =Fréron, Louis S.=, in siege of Toulon, i. 232, 233;
+    bloodthirsty character, 233;
+    _N.'s_ friendship with, 236;
+    opposes Robespierre, 251;
+    influence among the Thermidorians, 254;
+    social life in Paris, 289;
+    a Dantonist, 289;
+    uses influence in _N.'s_ behalf, 292, 296;
+    flirtation with Pauline Buonaparte, 322;
+    commissioner at Marseilles, 322.
+
+  =Friant, Gen.=, marches toward Ingolstadt, iii. 207;
+    in battle of Borodino, 344.
+
+  =Fribourg=, the plundering of, ii. 40.
+
+  =Frick Valley=, to be ceded to Austria, ii. 40.
+
+  =Friedland=, battle of, iii. 30-33;
+    the campaign reviewed, 32-37;
+    Alexander's pliableness after, 351;
+    battle of, compares with that at Beresina, iv. 37.
+
+  =Friedrichshamn=, treaty of, iii. 248.
+
+  =Friedrichstadt=, fighting at, iv. 9.
+
+  =Friends of the Constitution, the=, i. 154.
+
+  =Frischermont=, the farms of, iv. 195;
+    the French position at, 196.
+
+  =Friuli=, retreat of Wurmser's troops through, i. 384;
+    Quasdanowich's strength in, 386;
+    Archduke Charles in, 425;
+    campaign in, 430 et seq.;
+    ceded by Austria to Italy, ii. 390;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, 395;
+    Duroc created Duke of, iii. 86.
+    _See also_ =Duroc=.
+
+  =Fromentières=, military operations near, iv. 64.
+
+  =Fructidor, the 18th of=, ii. 8;
+    _N.'s_ responsibility for, 22, 31, 144;
+    Talleyrand's views of, 34;
+    counterstroke to, 92;
+    amnesty for the victims of, 130;
+    ruptures negotiations at Lille, 144.
+
+  =Fructidorians=, attitude toward _N._, ii. 22;
+    the radical wing of the, 42.
+
+  =Fuenterrabia=, _N._ seeks information concerning, iii. 128.
+
+  =Fulton, Robert=, tries to interest _N._ in steam, ii. 335.
+
+  =Fuentes de Onoro=, battle of, iii. 289.
+
+  =Fusina=, the French army at, i. 443.
+
+
+G
+
+  =Gaëta=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.
+
+  =Gaffori=, i. 116;
+    fails to arouse enthusiasm in Ajaccio, 118.
+
+  =Galicia=, Russian troops in, ii. 363;
+    Austria's forces on the frontier of, iii. 23;
+    Russian invasion of, 236;
+    _N._ demands cession of, 239;
+    part of, ceded to Russia, 239;
+    territory of, ceded to grand duchy of Warsaw, 239, 310, 311;
+    Austria stipulates for acquisition of, 320;
+    ceded to Austria, 331;
+    Poniatowski commanding in, 402;
+    Alexander proposes to exchange Alsace for, iv. 67.
+
+  =Galitzin, Prince=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15;
+    invades Galicia, 236;
+    letter from Alexander I, 311;
+    Alexander's friendship with, 351;
+    character, 351.
+
+  =Gallican Church, the=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 150;
+    a voluntary, ii. 206;
+    _N.'s_ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68;
+    regulation of its relations with Rome, 262, 263;
+    _N.'s_ failure to change, iv. 260.
+
+  =Gallo=, Austrian plenipotentiary at Leoben, i. 437;
+    Austrian plenipotentiary in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 19;
+    bribed by _N._, 19.
+
+  =Gambling=, suppression of, iii. 92.
+
+  =Ganteaume, Adm.=, member of the council of state, ii. 152;
+    commanding at Brest, 333;
+    plan of naval operations for, 334;
+    fails to run the blockade of Brest, 333.
+
+  =Gap=, _N.'s_ welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 154.
+
+  =Garat, D. J.=, Bonapartist agent in Naples, ii. 89;
+    royalist intrigues of, iv. 106.
+
+  =Garda, Lake=, military operations near, i. 372, 379-383, 412-414.
+
+  =Gareau=, rapacity of, i. 376.
+
+  =Garfagnana=, given to Elisa (Buonaparte), ii. 395.
+
+  =Gasparin, A. E.=, member of Convention commission for Corsica, i. 219.
+
+  =Gassendi=, _N.'s_ host in Nuits, i. 146.
+
+  =Gassicourt, Cadet de=, story of Lannes's death-bed, iii. 224;
+    prepares poison for _N._, iv. 218.
+
+  =Gaudin, M. M. C.=, appointed to the treasury, ii. 130, 220;
+    member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, iv. 159.
+
+  =Gaza=, capture of, ii. 69.
+
+  =Gembloux=, _N._ at, iv. 179;
+    military movements near, 185;
+    Grouchy ordered to, 185, 187, 191.
+
+  =Genappe=, _N.'s_ flight through, iv. 211.
+
+  =Gendarmerie=, formation of the system of, i. 142.
+
+  =Geneva=, _N._ in, ii. 27;
+    to be ceded to France, 40;
+    Berthier sent to, 140;
+    Mme. de Staël's exile in, iii. 26;
+    Augereau confronting Bubna at, iv. 57;
+    surrenders to the allies, 67.
+
+  =Geneva, Lake of=, French forces on the, ii. 169.
+
+  ="Genius of Christianity"= (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259.
+
+  =Genoa=, relation of Corsica to, i. 10;
+    loses its hold on Corsica, 15;
+    convention with France regarding Corsica, 17, 20;
+    cedes Corsica to France, 22;
+    the Buonaparte family in, 28;
+    Paoli's fears concerning, 116;
+    claims to Corsica, 120, 126;
+    _N.'s_ relations with and attitude toward, 122, 246-248, 253, 346;
+      ii. 10, 15;
+    relations with France, i. 239, 243-244;
+    English influence in, 243;
+    seizure of French vessel in harbor of, 243;
+    counterfeit French money in, 246;
+    her neutrality violated, 245;
+    preparations for war with, 246-248, 253;
+    _N.'s_ scheme of operations against Sardinia and, 247;
+    neutrality, 248;
+    the road opened to, 257;
+    reopening of commerce with Marseilles, 257;
+    political status in 1796, 345;
+    levy of enforced contributions from, 345; ii. 153;
+    military operations against (1796), i, 357;
+    French proposition to revolutionize, 373;
+    guerrillas from, 373;
+    coercive measures against, 373;
+    makes alliance with the Directory, 403;
+    disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439;
+    French intervention in, ii. 10;
+    sends an embassy to Montebello, 11;
+    revolution in, 11;
+    disappearance of Genoa the Superb, 11;
+    commercial greatness, 15;
+    plunder of, 16;
+    transformed into the Ligurian Republic, 21;
+    trampled under foot by _N._, 144;
+    the French line at, 160;
+    Austria's plans against, 160;
+    English expedition against, 160, 164;
+    Masséna forced back into, 165;
+    siege of, 165, 169, 172, 175;
+    the key of, 172;
+    surrender of, 175;
+    _N._ learns of Masséna's disaster at, 176;
+    accepts a consular constitution, 233;
+    contributes men to France in war of, 1803, 289;
+    Masséna's defense of, 323;
+    French acquisition of, 355, 357;
+    position in the French Empire, iii. 279.
+
+  =Gentili=, member of the Directory of Corsica, i. 133;
+    delegate to the National Assembly, 133;
+    places Ionian Islands under French protection, ii. 16.
+
+  =Gentz, Friedrich von=, manifesto against _N._, iii. 200;
+    on the campaign of 1813, iv. 40.
+
+  =George III=, recalls Paoli to England, i. 261;
+    incurs the ill will of Paul I, ii. 141;
+    receives personal letter from _N._, 142;
+    pasquinades on, 146;
+    quarrel with Pitt over Catholic emancipation, 208;
+    character, 270;
+    fears for absolutism, 270;
+    on treaty of Amiens, 276;
+    message to Parliament, March 8, 1803, 282;
+    Elector of Hanover, 287;
+    effect of his imbecility, 329;
+    letter from _N._, Jan. 2, 1805, 351;
+    negotiations for the return of Hanover to, 400, 418, 420;
+    use of German troops in the American colonies, 419;
+    ousts the "All the Talents" ministry, iii. 46;
+    joint letter from _N._ and Alexander to (1808), 181;
+    retirement of, iv. 161;
+    rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 264.
+
+  =George IV= (Prince Regent), attitude toward France (1795), i. 297;
+    regency of, iv. 161;
+    character, 161;
+    besought for asylum for _N._, 221.
+
+  =Georgia=, France undertakes to drive the Russians from, iii. 21.
+
+  =Gera=, military movements near, ii. 432.
+
+  =Gérard, Gen. E. M.=, created baron, iii. 297;
+    battle of Borodino, 344;
+    seizes Montereau, iv. 73;
+    moves toward Vitry, 93;
+    attachment to _N._, 118;
+    strength after the surrender of Paris, 118;
+    in the Waterloo campaign, 171 et seq.;
+    at Châtelet, 174;
+    crosses the Sambre, 174, 179;
+    battle of Ligny, 181, 183, 190;
+    at Walhain, 192.
+
+  =Gerasdorf=, military operations near, iii. 228;
+    Archduke Charles advances to, 218.
+
+  =German Church=, _N.'s_ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68.
+
+  =Germanic Diet=, Prussia's growing ascendancy in the, i. 425.
+
+  =German Empire=, _N.'s_ scheme to rival the, ii. 337;
+    abolished, 391.
+
+  =German-Roman Empire=, decadence of, ii. 41.
+
+  =Germany=, honors to Paoli in, i. 23;
+    _N.'s_ study of, 78;
+    opposition of, to democracy, 247;
+    cedes the left bank of the Rhine to France, 276;
+    growth of liberal ideas in southern, 276;
+    neutrality of northern, 276;
+    secularization of Church lands in, 276; ii. 264;
+    republican schemes for, i. 329;
+    to be forced to yield the Rhine frontier, 334;
+    military operations in (1795), 342;
+    Jourdan's disasters in, 385;
+    _N._ enters, 434;
+    _N.'s_ influence in, 448;
+    claim to Malta, ii. 18;
+    Augereau's blundering in, 37;
+    plundering in, 38;
+    French military arrogance in, 40;
+    attitude of the Directory toward the ecclesiastical
+      principalities of, 41;
+    anti-revolutionary sentiment in, 43;
+    Jourdan ordered to command in, 87;
+    Archduke Charles commanding in central, 141;
+    the seat of liberalism in, 155;
+    billeting of French troops in, 156;
+    France's pecuniary demands upon, 156;
+    _N.'s_ plan for a campaign in central, 164;
+    Moreau levies contributions on, 186;
+    adjustment of the temporal and spiritual principalities of, 193, 264;
+    reduction of Austria's ascendancy in, 193;
+    France's rights in, according to Peace of Lunéville, 193;
+    Franco-Russian agreement concerning, 211;
+    the Code Napoléon in, 223;
+    effect of the Concordat in, 264;
+    question of indemnifying displaced princes, 264;
+    England's active diplomacy in, 264 et seq.; 301;
+    _N.'s_ policy of reorganization in, 265;
+    rearrangement of territories, 265, 352, 391;
+    development of national spirit, regeneration, and unification in,
+      265, 352; iii. 95, 161, 200, 213, 320, 330, 383, 385, 394, 397,
+      423; iv. 1, 19, 37, 40, 57, 298;
+    strength of the military party and anti-French sentiment in 1875,
+      ii. 269;
+    _N.'s_ eye to invasion of, 291;
+    Moreau's levies on, 296;
+    homage to _N._ by the princes of, 329;
+    _N.'s_ claim to, 354;
+    Alexander I's scheme for partition of, 356;
+    _N._ threatens to invade, 361;
+    Archduke Ferdinand commanding in, 363;
+    high-handed proceedings of the French army in, 376;
+    extension of the French empire in, 398;
+    humiliation of, 398 et seq.;
+    state of religion and morality in, 398;
+    scheme for unity of the Church in, 402;
+    good-will to _N._ in western, 402;
+    the Germanic empire abolished, 404;
+    French occupation of southern, 405, 418;
+    Russia's pretensions in, 418;
+    _N.'s_ intention to evacuate, 421;
+    Frederick William demands the evacuation of, 422;
+    Austria asks for rearrangement of, iii. 22;
+    its composite character, 56;
+    French nobility endowed with lands in, 87;
+    liberal movement in, 103;
+    Austria looks for indemnities in, 195;
+    hopes of the Hapsburgs to regain lost territory in, 199;
+    Archduke Charles's address to, 199;
+    insurrections in, 233;
+    hatred of _N._ in, 240;
+    French occupation of the coast, 266;
+    French evacuation of southern, 266;
+    confiscation in, 296;
+    Mme. de Staël's book on, 300;
+    withdrawal of French troops from, 307;
+    influence of Prussia in, 320;
+    proposed new boundaries for, 320;
+    feelings toward _N._ in, 322;
+    withdrawal of the Hapsburgs from the leadership of, 330;
+    conspiracies in, 375;
+    revolutionary feeling in, 382;
+    Russian proclamation to, 398;
+    Sweden sends troops to, 399;
+    Austria aims at recovering ascendancy in, 423;
+    purpose of the allies to restore states in, iv. 21;
+    the retreat from, 35;
+    proposed influence for _N._ in, 41;
+    Prussia's ambition for leadership in, 88;
+    _N.'s_ influence in the creation of modern, 299;
+    the federation of, 298.
+
+  ="Germany in her Deepest Humiliation,"= ii. 417.
+
+  =Gernstädt=, military operations near, ii. 433.
+
+  =Gerry, Elbridge=, Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34.
+
+  =Ghent=, flight of Louis XVIII to, iv. 161.
+
+  =Giacominetta=, _N.'s_ childish love, i. 41.
+
+  =Gibraltar=, i. 22;
+    Nelson sails for, ii. 359;
+    Nelson waters his ships at, 372;
+    importance of, iii. 111.
+
+  =Gibraltar, Straits of=, Villeneuve ordered to, ii. 371.
+
+  ="Gilded Youth," the=, i. 271.
+
+  =Gilgenburg=, Ney and Bernadotte escape to, iii. 10;
+    military movements near, 13, 14.
+
+  =Ginguené, P. L.=, Bonapartist agent in Turin, ii. 89.
+
+  =Gironde, Department of the=, exempt from legislation concerning
+      Jews, iii. 77.
+
+  =Gironde, River=, _N._ proposes to seek asylum on American ship in
+      the, iv. 221.
+
+  =Girondists, the=, form a ministry, i. 172;
+    the fall from the ministry, 174;
+    leaders of, 189;
+    position in the National Convention, 188;
+    struggle between the Jacobins and, 189;
+    favor Louis XVI, 194;
+    failure of their policy, 212;
+    defeat the Jacobins in Marseilles, 213;
+    movement of Marseillais on Paris, 213;
+    retreat from Avignon, 216;
+    their cause discussed in the "Supper of Beaucaire," 216, 219;
+    prepare Toulon for siege, 221;
+    deliver the fleet at Toulon to Lord Hood, 221;
+    murders of, at Toulon, 233;
+    overawed by Danton and Marat, 234;
+    effects of their policy, 249;
+    failure of, 266, 267;
+    their part in organizing the Directory, 271;
+    influence on the new constitution, 278;
+    royalism among, 309.
+
+  =Girzikowitz=, military operations near, ii. 386.
+
+  =Gitschin=, Francis I. at, iii. 415.
+
+  =Glatz=, siege of, iii. 20.
+
+  =Glogau=, held by the French, iii. 402;
+    relieved by Victor, 413.
+
+  =Glory=, the French passion for, ii. 249, 361; iii. 6.
+
+  =Gneisenau, Gen. August=, institutes military reforms in Prussia,
+      iii. 103;
+    military ability, iv. 14, 59, 183;
+    spurs up Bernadotte at Leipsic, 31;
+    aims to annihilate _N._, 57;
+    warns Blücher against over-confidence, 62;
+    in Waterloo campaign, 172, 177;
+    orders the Prussian retreat to Wavre, 183, 184;
+    his title to fame, 182, 183;
+    holds Blücher's troops, 194;
+    doubts Wellington's ability to stand at Waterloo, 194;
+    in battle of Waterloo, 211, 212.
+
+  =Godoy, Manuel de=, prime minister of Spain, ii. 204, 289;
+    relations with Queen Louisa, 204, 289, 332; iii. 71, 124, 144, 150;
+    the "Prince of the Peace," ii. 289; iii. 124;
+    proposed kingdom for, in Portugal, 67, 120;
+    Spanish revolt against, 71;
+    treachery to _N._, 71;
+    ill-gotten wealth, 124;
+    relations with _N._, 124, 131;
+    waning power and downfall of, 124, 128, 134, 135, 146;
+    causes arrest of Ferdinand, 126;
+    Ferdinand's charges against, 126;
+    becomes aware of _N.'s_ policy, 132;
+    skill in diplomacy, 131;
+    refuses to assent to French seizure of Portugal, 133;
+    appalled at the French invasion, 133;
+    contemplates a Bourbon monarchy in America, 134;
+    clamor for his death, 135;
+    capture of, 135;
+    seeks protection of Ferdinand, 136;
+    destruction of his property, 135;
+    proposed trial of, 135, 136, 144;
+    hinted order that he come to France, 140, 141;
+    summoned to Bayonne, 145;
+    popular hatred of, 146;
+    at Compiègne, 148;
+    infamy of, 150.
+
+  =Goethe, Johann W. von=, meetings with _N._, iii. 172;
+    decorated at Erfurt, 176;
+    on _N._, 319, 322;
+    the idealist among thinkers, iv. 242.
+
+  =Gohier, M.=, member of the Directory, ii. 92;
+    represents Jacobin element in the Directory, 94;
+    falls under Josephine's influence, 97;
+    president of the Directory, 97;
+    joins the Bonapartist ranks, 97;
+    proposed resignation of, 101;
+    seeks counsel with Barras, 106;
+    refuses to resign, 108;
+    imprisonment of, 108, 115.
+
+  =Gohlis=, military operations near, iv. 29-32.
+
+  =Goldbach, River=, military operations on the, ii. 385-388, 392.
+
+  =Golden Book, the=. _See_ =Venice=.
+
+  =Goltz=, at Tilsit, iii. 49, 57;
+    interview with _N._, 60.
+
+  =Golynim=, military operations near, iii. 4.
+
+  =Görz=, ceded to France, iii. 239.
+
+  =Göss=, castle of, treaty of Leoben signed in, i. 437.
+
+  =Gosselies=, military operations near, iv. 175, 176.
+
+  =Gotha=, imprisonment of St. Aignan at, iv. 42.
+
+  =Göttingen=, Bernadotte ordered to, ii. 362;
+    patriotism in the university, iii. 398.
+
+  =Gourgaud, Gen.=, accompanies _N._ to Paris, iv. 105;
+    advises a return to Lorraine, 116;
+    requests interview with Souham, 126;
+    accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, 219;
+    goes to London to seek English asylum for _N._, 223;
+    accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, 227;
+    mission to secure _N.'s_ release, 231;
+    assists _N._ on his history, 232.
+
+  =Government=, Rousseau's views on, i. 8;
+    the centralization of, ii. 218;
+    the mystery of, iii. 389.
+
+  =Gradisca=, storming of, i. 433.
+
+  =Graham, Gen.=, commanding English troops in the Netherlands, iv. 57.
+
+  =Grain=, monopoly of trade in, i. 105.
+
+  =Grand army, the=, _N.'s_ distrust of, iii. 45;
+    passes from Prussia to Spain, 182;
+    Murat commanding the remnants of, 373;
+    demoralization of, 373;
+    crosses the Niemen, 384.
+
+  =Grandmaison=, charges plots among the Five Hundred, ii. 115.
+
+  =Granville, Lord=, on affairs in France, i. 297.
+
+  =Grasse=, _N.'s_ march through, on return from Elba, iv. 154.
+
+  =Graudenz=, precarious situation of the garrison of, iii. 10;
+    Bennigsen attempts to succor, 10;
+    demanded by _N._ as a pledge, 36.
+
+  =Gravina, Adm.=, escapes from Trafalgar, ii. 374.
+
+  =Great Britain=, the modern empire of, ii. 55.
+    _See also_ =England=.
+
+  ="Great Elector,"= the office of, ii. 126, 322.
+
+  =Great Görschen=, fighting at, iii. 405.
+
+  =Great Raigern=, military operations near, ii. 382.
+
+  =Great St. Bernard Pass=, the passage of the, ii. 169-171.
+
+  ="Great Terror," the=, i. 250.
+
+  =Greece= (=ancient=), influence on French art, iii. 88;
+    effects of ambition in, iv. 261;
+    the history of, 293.
+
+  =Greece=, Nelson seeks the French fleet at, ii. 61;
+    proposal that France take, iii. 50;
+    _N._ plans the liberation of, 51;
+    the national awakening of, iv. 300.
+
+  =Grégoire, Henri=, influence on the Consulate, ii. 195;
+    royalist intrigues of, 195.
+
+  =Gregorian calendar=, restoration of the, ii. 346.
+
+  =Gregory VII=, ii. 340.
+
+  =Grenadier Guards=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201.
+
+  =Grenier, Gen.=, in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191;
+    division commander under Eugène, iii. 393.
+
+  =Grenoble=, Pius VII a prisoner at, iii. 119, 242;
+    _N.'s_ march to, on return from Elba, iv. 154;
+    imperial proclamation at, 156;
+    obeys _N.'s_ summons to surrender, 156;
+    _N.'s_ welcome at, 156;
+    _N._ at, 165.
+
+  =Grenville, Lord=, letter to Talleyrand from, ii. 143;
+    on _N.'s_ wickedness, 144.
+
+  =Grisons, the=, quarrel between the Valtellina and, ii. 11;
+    Austrian violation of neutrality in, 72;
+    Kray's communications via, to be cut, 164.
+
+  =Grodno=, Jerome at, iii. 336.
+
+  =Gros, A. J.=, painter, ii. 351;
+    created a baron, 354.
+
+  =Grosbois=, residence of Barras, ii. 119.
+
+  =Grossbeeren=, battle of, iv. 14, 16, 19.
+
+  =Gross-Ebersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 217.
+
+  =Grouchy, Gen. E.=, in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191;
+    at Tilsit, iii. 52;
+    commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of 1812, 324;
+    in battle of Vauchamps, iv. 64;
+    recreated marshal, 167;
+    movements and orders in the Waterloo campaign, 170 et seq., 179,
+      186, 191-194, 200, 213, 267;
+    letter to _N._, June 17, 1815, 187, 191;
+    suspected unwillingness of, 187;
+    Gérard to coöperate with, 190;
+    uneasy conscience of, 191;
+    garbled account of Waterloo by, 191;
+    at Walhain, 192, 213;
+    criticism of, 192;
+    at Wavre, 194;
+    _N.'s_ reliance on, 207, 213;
+    ordered to retire on Namur, 211, 214;
+    responsibility for disaster at Waterloo, 213;
+    victory at Wavre, 214;
+    leads his army back to France, 214.
+
+  =Guadarrama Mountains=, _N._ crosses the, iii. 186-188.
+
+  =Guadeloupe=, French plans to strengthen, ii. 333.
+
+  "=Guardian Angel, The=," near Craonne, the Emperor's night at,
+      iv. 78, 79.
+
+  "=Guard of honor=," the proposed, iii. 390.
+
+  =Guards= (=English=), in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.
+
+  =Guastalla=, given to Pauline (Buonaparte), ii. 395;
+    granted to Maria Louisa, iv. 133.
+
+  =Guastalla, Duchess of=, Pauline created, iii. 279.
+
+  =Gudin, Gen.=, in battle of Pultusk, iii. 4;
+    in the Eckmühl campaign, 208.
+
+  =Guérin, Pierre N.=, created baron, iii. 297.
+
+  =Guernsey=, Russian soldiers transported to, ii. 141.
+
+  =Guiana=, Pichegru escapes from, ii. 161.
+
+  =Guidai=, engaged in Malet's conspiracy, iii. 376.
+
+  =Guieu, Gen.=, in the Rivoli campaign, i. 410, 414.
+
+  =Guilleminot, Gen.=, mediator between Russia and Turkey, iii. 105;
+    in battle of Waterloo, iv. 199.
+
+  =Guillotine, the=, work of, i. 251.
+
+  =Güldengossa=, military operations near, iv. 28.
+
+  =Günzburg=, Mack essays to cross the Danube at, ii. 366.
+
+  =Gustavus Adolphus=, scene of his defeat of Wallenstein, iii. 404.
+
+  =Gustavus IV=, king of Sweden, hated by his subjects, iii. 35;
+    in Pomerania, 36;
+    weakness of, 36;
+    gives place to Charles XIII, 280.
+
+  =Guyot=, battle of Waterloo, iv. 203.
+
+  =Gyuläi=, Austrian diplomatic agent, ii. 381.
+
+  =Gyulay, Gen.=, battle of Leipsic, iv. 28, 32.
+
+
+H
+
+  =Hadrian I=, Charles the Great's donation to, revoked by _N._, iii. 215.
+
+  =Hague, The=, removal of the capital to Amsterdam from, iii. 277.
+
+  =Hal=, Wellington's troops at, iv. 190, 195.
+
+  =Halberstadt=, the Black Legion's escape through, iii. 234.
+
+  =Halkett, Hugh=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210.
+
+  =Halle=, Bernadotte's victory at, ii. 436;
+    the Black Legion's escape through, iii. 234;
+    patriotism in the university, 398;
+    Blücher's advance to, iv. 26, 27.
+
+  =Hamburg=, negotiations between France and Prussia concerning, ii. 154;
+    laid under contribution, 286, 287;
+    closed to British commerce, 287;
+    seizure of Rumbold at, 330;
+    proposal to give it to Prussia, 400;
+    French occupation of, 443;
+    Spanish troops in, iii. 159;
+    Bernadotte's force in, 202;
+    smuggled commerce of, 265;
+    scheme to incorporate with France, 266;
+    position in the French Empire 279;
+    sends deputation to Paris, 380;
+    rising against the French garrison, 402;
+    captured by Vandamme, 407;
+    Danish troops sent to, 407;
+    occupied by Davout, 413;
+    the status quo to be maintained in, 414;
+    _N._ offers the city to Austria, 424;
+    end of _N.'s_ defensive line, iv. 1;
+    Davout besieged at, 55.
+
+  =Hameln=, attempt to besiege, ii. 416;
+    capitulation of, 436.
+
+  =Hamilton, Alexander=, U. S. treasury system, iv. 259.
+
+  =Hanau=, Oudinot's command in, iii. 203;
+    battle of, iv. 35;
+    compared to Krasnoi, 36.
+
+  =Hannibal=, _N.'s_ allusion to, i. 357;
+    his passage of the Alps, ii. 169, 186.
+
+  =Hanover=, _N._ threatens to seize, ii. 282;
+    George III, Elector of, 287;
+    French occupations of, 287, 331, 418, 443, iii. 202, 266;
+    Prussia negotiates with France for, ii. 356, 362;
+    the French garrison replaced by Prussians, 362;
+    ceded to Prussia, 390, 400, 405;
+    negotiations for its return to George III, 400, 418, 420;
+    attempt to drive the French from, 416;
+    troops in Pomerania, iii. 36;
+    allotted to Jerome, 266;
+    Jerome deprived of part of, 278;
+    excepted from the scheme of Prussian aggrandizement, 398;
+    England abandons scheme for extension of, 399;
+    Prussia promises to cede part of Saxony to, 417;
+    proposed cession of Hildesheim to, 417;
+    restored to its former ruler, iv. 40;
+    campaign of the Hundred Days, 170 et seq.
+
+  =Hanover, the House of=, ii. 317.
+
+  =Hanseatic towns=, free cities, ii. 405;
+    Joachim I's aspirations concerning, 416;
+    proposal to include in North German Confederation, 418;
+    hesitate to reply to Prussia, 420;
+    neutrality of, iii. 46;
+    virtual dependence on France, 66;
+    smuggled commerce of, 265;
+    scheme to incorporate them with France, 266;
+    _N._ offers to evacuate, 272;
+    offered to Louis for Brabant and Zealand, 270;
+    England threatened with loss of trade with, 272;
+    _N._ refuses to cede points concerning, 392;
+    proposal that France evacuate the, 407;
+    proposed independence of the, 415; iv. 30.
+
+  =Happiness=, _N._ on, i. 137.
+
+  =Hapsburg, House of=, end of its policy of territorial expansion,
+      ii, 193;
+    effect of the Bayonne negotiations on, iii. 163 et seq.;
+    seeks indemnity for lost domains, 195;
+    hopes of regaining lost territory, 199;
+    demoralization in, 215;
+    matrimonial alliance with _N._, 249, 251; iv. 43;
+    democratic blows at the dignity of, iii. 256; iv. 37;
+    withdraws from the leadership of Germany, iii. 330.
+
+  =Harcourt=, on affairs in France, i. 297.
+
+  =Hardenberg, Prince K. A. von=, aims at consolidation of Prussia,
+      ii. 358;
+    dismissal of, 400; iii. 42, 49, 50;
+    Prussian minister, ii. 415. iii; 37;
+    at Tilsit, 50;
+    proposes the partition of Turkey, 50;
+    seeks refuge in Vienna, 178;
+    effect of his reforms, 319;
+    Metternich's negotiations with, 394;
+    hostility to _N._, 396.
+
+  =Harel=, share in the execution of d'Enghien, ii. 310.
+
+  =Hassenhausen=, engagement at, ii. 433.
+
+  =Hatzfeldt, Prince=, court-martialed and sentenced to death, ii. 439;
+    the sentence commuted, 439.
+
+  =Haugwitz, Count=, Prussian envoy to France, ii. 381, 399;
+    policy after Austerlitz, 389;
+    concludes treaty with France, 399;
+    demand for the disgrace of, 417.
+
+  =Hauterive, Duhoux d'=, royalist leader, i. 298;
+    reviews French situation in 1801, ii. 214.
+
+  =Havelburg=, French troops at, iii. 393.
+
+  =Havre=, France's alleged naval preparations at, ii. 284.
+
+  =Hébert, J. R.=, leader of the Exagérés, i. 234;
+    terrorist, 250.
+
+  =Heddersdorf=, defeat of the Austrian, by Hoche at, i. 440.
+
+  =Heidenheim=, the French position at, ii. 365.
+
+  =Heilsberg=, Ney retreats from, iii. 10;
+    Bennigsen reaches, 10, 14;
+    battle of, 29;
+    _N._ concentrates his army at, 29;
+    the Russians abandon, 32;
+    _N.'s_ peril at, 33.
+
+  =Heinrichsdorf=, engagement near, iii. 30.
+
+  =Heliopolis=, battle of, ii. 181.
+
+  =Helvetian Republic, the=, alliance with France, ii. 40;
+    formation of, 40, 86;
+    neutrality violated by Austria, 72;
+    _N._ Grand Mediator of the, 234;
+    English efforts to discredit France in, 264;
+    in vassalage to France, iii. 279.
+
+  =Henry, Prince of Prussia=, ii. 415.
+
+  =Henry III=, _N._ likened to, ii. 340.
+
+  =Henry IV=, heads the Bourbon dynasty, i. 176;
+    _N._ discerns likeness to himself, ii. 350;
+    _N._ emulates in uxoriousness, iii. 258.
+
+  =Herat=, proposed Franco-Russian expedition via, ii. 194.
+
+  =Herbois, Collet d'=, member of the National Convention, i. 188, 233.
+
+  =Hercules, Pillars of=, "the new," iii. 308.
+
+  =Hereditary nobility=, abolished, ii. 223.
+
+  =Heredity=, _N._ on, i. 137.
+
+  =Herodotus=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.
+
+  =Hesse=, French march through, ii. 362;
+    furnishes contingent to _N.'s_ army, iii. 324.
+
+  =Hesse-Cassel=, excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine,
+      ii. 403, 442;
+    proposal to include in the Confederation, 418;
+    hesitates to reply to Prussia, 420;
+    French occupation of, 443;
+    neutrality of, 443;
+    organized into the kingdom of Westphalia, iii. 56.
+
+  =Hesse-Cassel, House of=, extinction of, ii. 443.
+
+  =Hesse-Darmstadt=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403;
+    quota of men, 404;
+    turns from _N._ to the allies, iv. 40.
+
+  =Heymès, Col.=, records _N.'s_ orders to Ney at Quatre Bras,
+      iv. 176, 184.
+
+  =High Admiral=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.
+
+  =Highways=, _N.'s_ scheme of, ii. 279.
+
+  =Hildesheim=, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 265;
+    proposed cession of, to Hanover, iii. 417.
+
+  =Hill, Lord=, joins Wellington in the Peninsula, iii. 283;
+    occupies Bordeaux, iv. 87;
+    in Waterloo campaign, 172.
+
+  =Hiller, Gen.=, military operations on the inn, iii. 199;
+    movements to support, 204;
+    movements before Ratisbon, 208;
+    driven back to Landshut, 208;
+    flees to Neumarkt, 208;
+    Bessières pursues, 209;
+    crosses the Danube at Mautern, 212;
+    battle of Ebelsberg, 211;
+    defeats Wrede at Erding, 211;
+    effects junction with Charles at Bisamberg, 212, 216;
+    drives Eugène over the Adige, iv. 39.
+
+  =Hilliers, Baraguey d'=, capture of his command in Russia, iii. 359.
+
+  =History=, the functions and study of, i. 1, 2; iv. 251;
+    _N.'s_ study and theory of, i. 78, 127, 150.
+
+  "=History of Corsica=," i. 91, 93, 123, 126.
+
+  =Hoche, Gen. Lazare=, defeats Wurmser at Weissenburg, i. 273;
+    commanding Army of the West, 346;
+    military genius, 350; ii. 181;
+    campaign in the Netherlands, i. 427;
+    defeats Austria on the Rhine, 439;
+    expedition to Ireland, 449;
+    considered for minister of war, ii. 6;
+    distrusted by the people, 6;
+    death of, 9.
+
+  =Hofer, Andreas=, exploits in the Tyrol, iii. 234;
+    capture, trial, and death of, 241;
+    his family ennobled, 241, 242;
+    his patriotism and fame, 241;
+    compared to Tell, 242.
+
+  =Hohenems=, acquired by Würtemberg, ii. 391.
+
+  =Hohenlinden=, battle of, ii. 190-194.
+
+  =Hohenlohe, Prince of=, commanding at Chemnitz, ii. 424;
+    at Blankenhain, 427;
+    defeated by Bernadotte at Schleiz, 428;
+    in battle of Jéna, 433, 434;
+    retreats to Prenzlau, 434;
+    surrender of, 436.
+
+  =Hohen-Thann=, military movements near, iii. 206.
+
+  =Hohenzollern=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.
+
+  =Hohenzollern, House of=, ii. 317;
+    _N._ in the palace of the, 437;
+    its territories, 442;
+    _N._ contemplates its extinction, 442;
+    provisions for French evacuation of its lands, iii. 62;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, 106, 319;
+    humiliation of, 163.
+
+  =Holitsch=, interview between Francis I and _N._ near, ii. 389.
+
+  =Hollabrunn=, Bagration's stand at, ii. 379;
+    Soult at, 379.
+
+  =Holland=, honors to Paoli in, i. 23;
+    _N.'s_ study of the history of, 156;
+    expected enmity of, 187;
+    closes the Scheldt, 194;
+    becomes the Batavian Republic, 276;
+    conquest and occupation by France, 324; ii. 5, 233;
+    republican schemes for, i. 329;
+    plunder of works of art from, 369;
+    organization of the Orange party in, 499;
+    efforts to check democracy in, 499;
+    English conquests of colonies from, ii. 12;
+    proposal to make her a dependency of France, 12;
+    loss of colonies by, 38;
+    compulsory enrolment in the republican system, 38;
+    Brune's campaign in, 87, 93, 323;
+    loyalty to _N._, 146;
+    indemnity for Flushing, 154;
+    the Code Napoléon in, 223; iii. 277;
+    a new constitution imposed on, ii. 233;
+    indemnity to House of Orange, 262;
+    French guarantees to, 289;
+    share in the war of 1803, 290;
+    independence of, 354;
+    _N.'s_ claim to, 354;
+    Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377;
+    Louis made king, 397; iii. 96, 269;
+    enlistments from, under the French eagles, 3;
+    Louis's reign in, 25, 270, 277;
+    vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, 54;
+    relations of France with, 73;
+    smuggled commerce of, 140, 265;
+    Louis's loyalty to the Dutch, 148, 149;
+    Oudinot ordered to coerce, 266;
+    England's paper blockade of, 267;
+    visit of _N._ to, 268;
+    violates the Continental System, 269-271;
+    _N._ reduces Louis to the position of a French governor, 271;
+    geographically a part of France, 270, 282;
+    _N.'s_ scheme for the annexation of, 271;
+    England threatened with loss of trade with, 272;
+    _N._ offers to evacuate, 272;
+    opposition to _N._ in, 275;
+    seizures of American ships in, 275;
+    Fouché's English-Dutch conspiracy, 275;
+    Louis abdicates, 276;
+    removal of the capital to Amsterdam, 277;
+    annexed to France, 277;
+    popularity of Louis in, 277;
+    prosperity under French rule, 277;
+    the national movement in, 278;
+    "the alluvium of France," 282;
+    English expedition to, 294;
+    incorporated into the French Empire, 294;
+    _N._ refuses to cede any part of, 392;
+    riots in, 392;
+    Eugène to guard, 393;
+    proposal that France evacuate, 407;
+    mediocrity of soldiers of, iv. 20;
+    _N._ offers to restore independence of, 30;
+    English influence in, 30, 41;
+    recalls the Prince of Orange, 40;
+    proposed independence of, 41.
+
+  =Holland, Lord=, advocates _N.'s_ cause in Parliament, ii. 143.
+
+  =Holstein=, threatened French invasion of, iii. 69;
+    Denmark's loss of, 70.
+
+  =Holy Alliance, the=, iii. 425; iv. 225.
+
+  =Holy Inquisition=, abolished in Spain, iii. 189.
+
+  =Holy League, the=, i. 177.
+
+  =Holy Roman Empire=, dismemberment of the, ii. 266;
+    abolition of, 418;
+    desire to substitute a Western empire for, 395;
+    title of the heir to, iii. 261.
+
+  =Hood, Lord=, seizure at Toulon, i. 221.
+
+  =Hortense, Queen=, at Malmaison, iv. 218.
+    _See also_ =Beauharnais, Hortense de=.
+
+  =Hostage Law=, the, ii. 94, 134.
+
+  =Hougomont=, the farm-house of, iv. 195, 197;
+    fighting at, 199-202, 207.
+
+  =Hoyerswerda=, _N._ moves toward, iv. 17.
+
+  =Hugo, Victor=, on _N._, i. 377;
+    at school in Madrid, iii. 292.
+
+  =Humanity=, the cause of, i. 266.
+
+  =Hyères=, retreat of the Corsican expedition to, i. 262.
+
+  =Hulin, Gen. P. A.=, presides at trial of Duc d'Enghien, ii. 307-310;
+    transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132.
+
+  =Humboldt, William von=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415;
+     reorganizes the educational system of Prussia, iii. 103;
+    at Congress of Prague, iii. 422.
+
+  =Hundred Days=, the campaign of the, iv. 171 et seq.;
+    _N.'s_ monograph on, 232;
+    the political question of the, 296.
+
+  =Hungary=, Francis I prepares for flight into, i. 437;
+    French machinations in, ii. 42;
+    importance of securing to the allies, 381;
+    Archduke John in, iii. 213, 217, 225, 226, 230;
+    _N.'s_ policy of winning the people of, 214;
+    Leopold II's reign, 214;
+    Francis I's treatment of, 214.
+
+
+I
+
+  =Iberian Peninsula=, proposed appropriation of, iii. 111.
+
+  =Ibrahim Bey=, in the battle of the Pyramids, ii. 60;
+    fails to assist the Rhodes expedition, 77.
+
+  =Île Dieu=, landing of Count of Artois on, i. 304.
+
+  =Iller, Gen.=, commanding in the Tyrol, ii. 188.
+
+  =Iller, River=, Austrian forces on the, ii. 363.
+
+  =Illyria=, Austrian recruiting in, i. 386;
+    Marmont in, iii. 225;
+    constitution of, 239;
+    military government of, 279;
+    proposed surrender of, to Austria, iii. 320, 392, 407, 415, iv. 30.
+
+  =Imagination=, _N's_ prophetic utterance on a disordered, i. 138.
+
+  =Imperial Guard=, at Kronach, ii. 428;
+    discontent among the, iii. 5;
+    strength in Poland, 6, 7;
+    at Eylau, 15;
+    battle of Heilsberg, 29;
+    battle of Friedland, 30;
+    exclusiveness of, 87;
+    service in Spain, 133, 265, 283;
+    accompanies _N._ from Spain to Paris, 189;
+    strength in March, 1812, 323;
+    omission of _N._ to use them at Borodino, 346;
+    at Smolensk, 362;
+    at Krasnoi, 363;
+    on march from Smolensk to Lithuania, 5;
+    _N.'s_ address to, near Orcha, 366;
+    demoralization of, 365;
+    jealousy of the proposed "guard of honor," 390;
+    at Rippach, 404;
+    in battle of Lützen, 404;
+    the allies' belief in _N.'s_ use of, iv. 4;
+    at Lauban, 7;
+    feat of marching, 8;
+    battle of Dresden, 8, 9;
+    its losses, 78;
+    _N._ reviews the, 117, 118;
+    in Waterloo campaign, 171-211;
+    battle of Ligny, 183;
+    battle of Waterloo, 196, 207, 208;
+    personnel and morale, 208;
+    "dies but never surrenders," 210.
+
+  =Imperial University=, founding of the, iii. 89.
+
+  =Imposts=, the regulation of, i. 44.
+
+  ="Inconstant," the=, _N.'s_ escape from Elba in, iv. 153.
+
+  =India=, _N.'s_ attention turned toward, i. 78;
+    _N.'s_ aspirations for a career in, 207, 216, 317; ii. 15;
+    _N._ given leave to march on, 73;
+    importance of _N.'s_ conquering, 73;
+    Russia's ambition in, 154, 194, 263;
+    Franco-Russian plans for invasion of, 194, 209;
+    _N.'s_ dreams of empire in, 289; iii. 308, 352; iv. 256;
+    _N.'s_ plans for attacking England in, ii. 334;
+    proposed French expedition to, 441;
+    proposed Franco-Persian invasion of, iii. 21;
+    England's vulnerable heel, 109, 112-114;
+    the highway to, 111.
+
+  =Indus, River=, the, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.
+
+  =Industry=, improved condition of, ii. 259;
+    _N._ advises encouragement of, 347.
+
+  =Infantado, Duke del=, leader of Ferdinand VII's party, iii. 124;
+    commissioned governor of New Castile, 126.
+
+  =Infantry=, _N.'s_ early views concerning, i. 56, 59.
+
+  ="Influence of the Passions,"= _N.'s_ study of Mme. de Staël's, ii. 53.
+
+  =Ingolstadt=, Bernadotte marches to, ii. 365;
+    Davout to concentrate at, iii. 204-208.
+
+  =Inn Quarter=, ceded to Austria, ii. 40;
+    embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, iii. 239.
+
+  =Inn, River, the=, military movements on, ii. 190, 363, 367;
+      iii. 199, 204, 211, 234.
+
+  =Innocent II=, contrasted with =Pius VII=, iii. 264.
+
+  =Innsbruck=, seized by the Tyrolese, iii. 201;
+    garrisoned by Austrians, 201;
+    Lefebvre drives Tyroleans from, 213.
+
+  =Inquisition, the Holy=, blamed for disorders in Spain, iii. 158.
+
+  =Institute of France=, reorganization of, i. 281;
+    Talleyrand a member of, ii. 33, 47;
+    elects _N._ a member, 98, 335;
+    part of the educational system of France, 226.
+
+  =Institutions=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.
+
+  =International law=, the law of colonial trade, iii. 46, 47, 48;
+    neutral ships and neutral goods, 46-49;
+    the "rule of 1756," 46, 47;
+    right of search, 47, 100;
+    contraband of war, 47;
+    sanctity of all flags on high seas, 55;
+    the law of neutrals, 264, 267, 280;
+    use of "simulated papers," 267, 274.
+
+  =International understandings=, a hoped-for system of, iv. 295.
+
+  =Invalides, Hospital of the=, trophies from Aboukir deposited at,
+      ii. 147;
+    inauguration of the empire at, 327;
+    distribution of Legion of Honor crosses at, 361;
+    relics of Frederick the Great sent to, 437.
+
+  =Ionian Islands=, taken under French protection, ii. 16;
+    worship of _N._ in, 16;
+    France retains, 21;
+    suzerainty of Turkey over, 262;
+    occupied by Russia, 330;
+    compensation for, iii. 56;
+    England's naval watchfulness over, 112;
+    military government of, 278.
+
+  =Ireland=, Hoche's expedition to, i. 449;
+    plans of French invasion of, ii. 49, 67, 354, 371;
+    arrest and dismissal of French consuls in, 270;
+    _N._ foments disturbance in, 272;
+    volunteer forces in, 291;
+    English troops sent to Portugal from, iii. 122;
+    French expedition against (1811), 308.
+
+  =Iron Mask, the Man in the=, i. 27.
+
+  =Isar, River=, military movements on the, ii. 190; iii. 205-209.
+
+  =Isenburg=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.
+
+  =Iser Mountains=, military movements near, iv. 7.
+
+  =Islam=, _N._ professes the religion of, ii. 66.
+
+  =Isola Rossa=, patriot success at, i. 119.
+
+  =Isonzo, River=, military operations on the, i. 433;
+    proposed boundary for Italy, ii. 23.
+
+  =Istria=, ceded to Austria at Leoben, i. 438;
+    Austrian forces in, ii. 170;
+    ceded by Austria to Italy, 391;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, 396;
+    Bessières created Duke of, iii. 86.
+    _See_ also =Bessières=.
+
+  =Italian Church=, _N._ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68.
+
+  =Italian Republic=, _N._ president of the, 252.
+
+  =Italy=, affinity with Corsica, i. 9, 10, 24, 25;
+    the root of the Buonaparte family in, 27;
+    expected enmity of, 187;
+    movements of the French fleet against, 191;
+    _N.'s_ plan of campaign in, 239, 244-246;
+    suspension of offensive operations in, 256;
+    opening the roads into, 257, 344;
+    uneasiness in, at English proximity, 261;
+    French schemes against English influence in, 261;
+    growth of liberal ideas in, 276;
+    _N._ claims the honors of the campaign in, 292;
+    adoption of _N.'s_ plan of campaign against (1795), 293;
+    Austria's gaze on, 325;
+    _N.'s_ peculiar relations to, and knowledge of, 340-345, 368;
+    the battle-field of rival dynasties, 345;
+    status in 1796, 345;
+    revolutionary spirit in, 345;
+    wealth, 345, 368, 375;
+    cost of the war in, 351;
+    _N.'s_ successes in (1796), 351;
+    French pillage in, 351, 423, 446; ii. 13, 17, 32;
+    the destinies of Europe dependent on fate of, i. 351;
+    "an artichoke," 352;
+    the garden of, 357;
+    crushed at Lodi, 361;
+    levying contributions in, 361, 366-369, 374, 375;
+    the fate of Europe dependent on campaign in, 385;
+    _N.'s_ personal views of his campaign in, 394;
+    _N.'s_ negotiations with, 397-404;
+    relations with France, 397-404;
+    the campaign in, 406 et seq.;
+    Austria's fourth attempt to retrieve position in, 406;
+    the key of, 411;
+    Spain's mastery of, 421;
+    Austria's greed for territory in, 425;
+    Austria's determination to fight in, 425;
+    spread of the revolutionary movement in, 428;
+    _N.'s_ organization of native forces in, 431;
+    scheme of a central republic for, 438;
+    general disarmament of, 442;
+    _N._ has free hand in rearrangement of, ii. 7;
+    _N.'s_ schemes to master, 9;
+    lands in, ceded to Austria, 21;
+    attitude of the Directory toward, 23;
+    _N.'s_ reports on the people of, 23;
+    _N._ the deliverer of, 26;
+    the enlightenment of, 37;
+    France's policy toward, 38;
+    keeping open gateways into, 40;
+    Polish troops in, 42;
+    _N.'s_ forces in, 42;
+    reasons for success of revolutionary propaganda in, 44;
+    proposed movements of the allies in, 72;
+    Joubert's command in, 72;
+    French disasters in, 80, 140;
+    dissolution of the republics in, 83;
+    France foments quarrels in, 87;
+    Schérer's blunders in, 88;
+    Russian military operations in, 90, 92;
+    Francis I determined to hold northern, 141;
+    _N.'s_ bad faith with the states of, 144;
+    French and Austrian troops in, 160;
+    _N.'s_ plan of campaign in, (1800), 162 et seq.;
+    the reserve army ordered to, 164;
+    Lecourbe ordered to, 168;
+    Austrian successes and forces in, 170;
+    open to _N.'s_ armies, 170;
+    Austria agrees to evacuate northern, 182;
+    Austria seeks concessions in, 189;
+    Masséna's maladministration in, 190;
+    Murat commanding in central, 190;
+    Brune's and Macdonald's movements in, 192;
+    Austria's line in, as fixed at Lunéville, 193;
+    alleged plans of _N._ to secure principality in, 194;
+    _N.'s_ problems in, 203 et seq.;
+    influence of France in, 207;
+    Franco-Russian agreement concerning, 211;
+    the Code Napoléon in, 223; iv. 40;
+    reorganization of the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 233;
+    _N.'s_ grip on, 263;
+    Austria's share in, 265;
+    Moreau's soldiers drafted into, 295;
+    the second campaign in, 295;
+    restriction of the temporal power in, 325;
+    necessity for reorganization, 347;
+    union of the crowns of France and, 352;
+    coronation of _N._ as king, 353;
+    _N.'s_ scheme of independence for, 355;
+    _N._ ignores Russian interference in, 356;
+    Prince Eugène Beauharnais viceroy of, 358;
+    _N.'s_ sojourn in, 357;
+    Austria's ambition concerning, 358;
+    Eugène Beauharnais to organize troops in, 362;
+    Austria's interest in, 363;
+    Archduke Charles commanding in, 363;
+    Prussia bound to secure the independence of, 377;
+    Austrian troops withdrawn to Vienna from, 380;
+    _N._ proposes to add Venetia to, 389;
+    acquires Friuli and Istria, 391;
+    acquires Dalmatia, 391, 405;
+    _N._ exacts tribute from, 396;
+    Venetia incorporated into, 395, 405;
+    enlistments from, under the French eagles, iii. 3;
+    French dominion recognized at Tilsit, 54;
+    temporal appointment of bishops in, 68;
+    ecclesiastical difficulties in, 67, 305;
+    relations of France with, 73;
+    proposal to lay under commercial tribute to France, 74;
+    French nobility endowed with lands in, 87;
+    _N.'s_ royal progress through, 109;
+    _N.'s_ firm hold on, 109;
+    as a highway to India, 111;
+    lack of an heir to the throne, 112;
+    abolition of the hostile strip between Naples and, 118;
+    annexation of Papal States, to, 68, 118;
+    Etruria incorporated with kingdom, 120, 129;
+    _N._ visits (Nov., 1808), 128;
+    _N._ offers the crown to Lucien, 129;
+    Austria looks for indemnities in, 195;
+    hopes of the Hapsburgs to regain territory in, 199;
+    defeat of Prince Eugène by Archduke John in, 201;
+    Archduke John in, 211;
+    consolidation of, under the Napoleon family, 215;
+    extinguishment of Austria's hopes in, 215;
+    the city of Rome incorporated with, 242;
+    Machiavelli and Daunou on the attitude of the Church of Rome
+      toward, 262;
+    breaking the chains of ecclesiastical oppression in, 264;
+    substitution of military despotism, 264;
+    allotment of Austrian lands to, 266;
+    England's paper blockade of, 267;
+    Eugène made viceroy of, 279;
+    "the flank of France," 282;
+    confiscation in, 296;
+    furnishes contingent to _N.'s_ army, 324;
+    _N._ ruler of, 382;
+    Roman Catholic influence in, 391;
+    _N._ refuses to cede any part of, 392;
+    Eugène ordered to raise a new army in, 408, 414;
+    proposal to liberate her from France, 416;
+    Austria seeks to regain ascendancy in, 423; iv. 30, 41;
+    _N._ offers to guarantee the unity of, 30;
+    sowing the seeds of unity for, 37;
+    effect of the battle of Leipsic on, 37;
+    confusion in, 39;
+    Alfieri's work in, 39;
+    humiliation of, 39;
+    proposed independence of, 41;
+    fails to support _N._, 56, 59;
+    lost to France, 56;
+    _N._ renounces the throne of, 131;
+    feels the Austrian yoke, 144;
+    revulsion of feeling toward _N._ in, 144;
+    plots against _N._, 150;
+    social reforms in, 255;
+    after-effects of the Revolution, 255;
+    _N.'s_ task in, 255;
+    French influences in, 299;
+    Austria driven from, 300.
+
+  =Ivan=, body physician to the Emperor, iv. 130.
+
+  =Ivrea=, attacked by Lannes, ii. 171;
+    capture of, 172.
+
+  =Izquierdo=, Spanish minister to France, iii. 120;
+    conducts negotiations between Spain and France, 133;
+    reports failure of his mission, 133.
+
+
+J
+
+  =Jackson, Andrew=, at New Orleans, iv. 169.
+
+  =Jacobin Club, the=, foundation of, i. 107;
+    influence, 151, 153, 157;
+    letter from _N._ to,176;
+    closing of, 271.
+
+  =Jacobinism=, in _N.'s_ early life, i. 148;
+    _N._ renounces, 253;
+    its decline in France, ii. 2;
+    French hatred of, 36;
+    rising tide of (1799), 94;
+    Pitt's delusion concerning _N._ and, 143;
+    decadence and obliteration of, 195, 235, 258, 261;
+    effect on _N._, iv. 251.
+
+  =Jacobins, the=, declare open hostility to Louis XVI, i. 171, 194;
+    Danton's leadership in, 187;
+    struggle between the Girondists and, 188;
+    position in the National Convention, 188, 266;
+    connection of the Buonapartes with, 212;
+    supremacy of, 212, 236;
+    defeated by the Girondists in Marseilles, 213;
+    intensity of their movement, 220;
+    disorders of their rule, 248;
+    decline of their power, 266, 268, 297; ii. 2;
+    military successes, i. 268;
+    influence among the Thermidorians, 271;
+    tyranny of, 273;
+    strive for the mastery, 278;
+    reaction in favor of, 283;
+    _N.'s_ relations with, 183, 304;
+    influence in the Directory, ii. 49;
+    activity in May elections (1799), 91;
+    political faith, 94;
+    influence in the Five Hundred, 97;
+    suppression of their section of the press, 96;
+    attitude on the 19th Brumaire, 115;
+    end of the party, 120, 125;
+    financial effects of their rule, 134;
+    legislation against, 134;
+    attitude toward the Church, 205;
+    assassination schemes among, 239, 241;
+    reputed rising in France, 298;
+    England fosters the spirit of insurrection among the, 300;
+    alienated from _N._, iv. 166;
+    subservient to _N.'s_ will, 259.
+
+  =Jaffa=, bombardment of, ii. 69;
+    massacre and license at, 70;
+    the French hospitals at, 74, 75;
+    stories of _N.'s_ inhumanity at, 75;
+    the retreat from, 76.
+
+  =Jamestown, St. Helena=, iv. 228.
+
+  =Janina, Pasha of=, rebellious spirit of, ii. 17.
+
+  =Janizaries=, rebellion of the, iii. 33, 163.
+
+  =Jason=, _N._ likened to, iii. 387.
+
+  =Jauberthon, Mme. de=, marries Lucien Buonaparte, iii. 129.
+
+  =Jaucourt, ----=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107;
+    letter of, March 17, 1814, 107;
+    member of the executive commission, 115.
+
+  =Jay treaty, the=, ii. 212.
+
+  =Jemmapes=, battle of, i. 194.
+
+  =Jefferson, Thomas=, his embargo policy, iii. 101, 102.
+
+  =Jena=, battle of, ii. 429-434;
+    moral effect upon Prussia, 435;
+    practical results to the French, 437;
+    Prussia's humiliation at, iii. 57;
+    a royal hare-hunt on the field of, 178;
+    immediate effects of the battle, 190;
+    patriotism in the university, 398;
+    the strategy of, 404.
+
+  =Jena, the bridge of=, in Paris, iii. 74.
+
+  =Jerome= (king of Westphalia), violates the Continental System, iii. 266;
+    acquires Hanover and Magdeburg, 266;
+    hesitates about furnishing new levies, iv. 394.
+    _See also_ =Buonaparte, Jerome=.
+
+  =Jesuits=, Carlo Buonaparte's claims against the, i. 32, 43, 63;
+    Alexander seeks their influence in Poland, iii. 384.
+
+  =Jesus Christ=, _N._ compares Apollonius of Tyana with, ii. 206.
+
+  =Jews=, in Corsica, i. 16;
+    Paoli's relations with the, 16;
+    rights and duties under the Code, ii. 224;
+    the Semitic question in France, iii. 75-78;
+    general Sanhedrim of, 76;
+    _N.'s_ legislation concerning, 85;
+    liable to military service, 77;
+    regulations for Alsace, 77;
+    present standing in France, 77; iv. 259.
+
+  =Jezzar=, commanding Turkish troops in Syria, ii. 68-71;
+    N. reports his massacres to, 70;
+    reinforcements from Damascus for, 71.
+
+  =Joachim I=, grand duke of Cleves and Berg, ii. 403.
+    _See also_ =Murat=.
+
+  =John, Archduke=, succeeds Kray in command, ii. 188;
+    forces of, 188;
+    position on the Inn, 191;
+    battle of Hohenlinden, 191;
+    reaches Marburg, 367;
+    to excite revolt in the Tyrol, iii. 199;
+    defeats Prince Eugène, 201;
+    abandons the Tyrol, 211;
+    escapes from Macdonald into Hungary, 212;
+    ordered to Linz, 216;
+    at Völkermarkt, 217;
+    in Hungary, 225;
+    driven into Hungary by Eugène, 226;
+    preparations to oppose, 226;
+    advances toward Raab, 226;
+    in Presburg, 227, 228, 230;
+    turns to guard Hungary, 231;
+    ordered to attack, 230;
+    accused of criminal negligence, 230;
+    banished to Styria, 230;
+    proposes to continue the war, 235;
+    quarrels with Charles, 235.
+
+  =John, Don=, regent of Portugal, iii. 119;
+    character, 119;
+    yields to demands of France, 120;
+    plan to capture, 121;
+    Bellesca organizes rebellion in favor of, 122.
+
+  =Jomini, Henri=, on the Eckmühl campaign, iii. 210;
+    records _N.'s_ warlike spirit, 326;
+    _N.'s_ military confidences and conversations with, 333, 338;
+    alleged hostility of Berthier to, iv. 2;
+    goes over to the allies, 2;
+    military genius, 2.
+
+  =Jouan, Gulf of=, landing of _N._ on shores of, iv. 153.
+
+  =Joubert, Gen. B. C.=, in Rivoli campaign, i. 410-415;
+    occupies Rivoli, 410;
+    military operations in the Tyrol, 431, 435;
+    joins _N._, 435;
+    withdraws from the Tyrol, 436, 442;
+    French agent in the Netherlands, ii. 38;
+    to succeed _N._ in Italy, 73;
+    defeated and killed at Novi, 83, 92, 96;
+    succeeds Moreau, 92;
+    relations with Sieyès, 92;
+    statue at the Tuileries, 147.
+
+  =Jourdan, Gen. J. B.=, defeats the Austrians at Fleurus, i. 273;
+    suspected of intrigue, 278;
+    a product of Carnot's system, 332;
+    saved from defeat at Maubeuge, 332;
+    commanding forces at Düsseldorf, 347;
+    military genius, 350;
+    seizes Würzburg, 385;
+    meets with disaster in Germany, 385;
+    defeated near Ratisbon, 385;
+    wins battle of Altenkirchen, 385;
+    disgraced, 450;
+    member of the Five Hundred, ii. 72;
+    commanding Army of the Danube, 72;
+    ordered to central Germany, 87;
+    defeated at Ostrach and Stockach, 88;
+    succeeded by Lenouf, 88;
+    carries out conscription measures, 93;
+    Jacobin candidate for supreme command, 94;
+    demands a vote of "public danger," 96;
+    fails to attend banquet at St. Sulpice, 100;
+    warned to keep the peace, 109;
+    legislation aimed against, 134;
+    annexes Piedmont, 233;
+    victory at Fleurus, 323;
+    pacification of Piedmont, 323;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    military adviser to Joseph, iii. 183;
+    goes over to Louis XVIII, iv. 132;
+    recreated marshal, 167.
+
+  "=Journal of Debates=," the, iii. 88.
+
+  "=Journal of the Empire=," the, iii. 88.
+
+  =Joux=, imprisonment and death of Toussaint Louverture in castle of,
+      ii. 237.
+
+  =Judicial administration, the=, ii. 149-153.
+
+  =Judiciary=, reform of the, i. 152.
+
+  =July 14=, celebration of, ii. 195.
+
+  =Junot, Gen. Andoche=, _N._ wins the admiration of, i. 237;
+    letters from _N._, 255; iii. 356, 357;
+    accompanies _N._ to Paris, i. 263;
+    delivers _N.'s_ terms to Venice, 437;
+    escorts Josephine to Montebello, 455;
+    formulates demand on the Venetian senate, ii. 11;
+    service in Egypt, 53;
+    in battle of Esdraelon, 72;
+    ordered to leave Egypt, 81;
+    ordered with "corps of observation" to Portugal, iii. 67;
+    his venality and greed, 81, 122;
+    ordered to invade Portugal, 120;
+    reaches Abrantès, 121;
+    garrisons Portuguese fortresses, 121;
+    prepares for invasion of Spain, 121;
+    reaches Lisbon, 121;
+    military administration in Portugal, 122;
+    goes to Oporto, 122;
+    aspires to the crown of Portugal, 122, 287;
+    revulsion of feeling in Portugal against, 122;
+    appointed governor of Portugal, 132;
+    strength in Portugal, 156;
+    Bessières ordered to connect with, 157;
+    precarious situation, 157;
+    escapes to Cintra, 157;
+    defeated at Vimeiro, 158;
+    surrenders at Cintra, 158, 159, 186;
+    returns to France, 157;
+    forces in Spain, 183;
+    defeated by the Black Legion at Berneck, 234;
+    in Leon, 283;
+    battle of Borodino, 344.
+
+  =Junot, Mme.=, i. 283;
+    opinions of _N._, ii. 197;
+    ancient lineage of, iii. 122.
+
+  =Jura Mountains=, proposed boundary for Germany, iii. 320.
+
+  =Jüterbog=, Bernadotte at, iv. 18.
+
+
+K
+
+  =Kaja=, fighting at, iii. 405.
+
+  =Kalatscha, River=, military operations on the, iii. 343-344.
+
+  =Kalish, treaty of=, Feb. 28, 1813, iii. 385, 398.
+
+  =Kalkreuth, Gen.=, Prussian commander, ii. 419;
+    defense of Dantzic, iii. 22;
+    at Tilsit, 49;
+    agreement to evacuate Prussia, 99.
+
+  =Kaluga=, extension of the Russian lines toward, iii. 351;
+    French retreat toward, 353.
+
+  =Kamenski, Gen.=, Russian general-in-chief, iii. 8;
+    mistake at battle of Pultusk, 9;
+    retired, 9.
+
+  =Kandahar=, projected rising against England in, iii. 21.
+
+  =Kapzewitch, Gen.=, reinforces Blücher at Montmirail, iv. 63.
+
+  =Karl August=, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, accepts French terms after Jena,
+      ii. 443.
+
+  =Karlings, the=, the legitimacy of, ii. 325.
+
+  =Kastel=, Bertrand stationed at, iv. 54.
+
+  =Katzbach, River=, Blücher crosses the, iv. 7;
+    battle of, 15.
+
+  =Kehl=, Moreau crosses the Rhine at, i. 385.
+
+  =Keith, Adm. G. K. E.=, expedition against Genoa, ii. 160;
+    gratitude to _N._ for favors, iv. 226;
+    announces the sentence of imprisonment to _N._, 226.
+
+  =Kellermann, Gen. F. C.=, defeats the allies at Valmy, i. 194;
+    commanding forces in the Alps, 213, 347;
+    plans of the Directory regarding, 363;
+    in Savoy, 365;
+    receives subsidy from _N._, 365;
+    proposition that he organize republics in Italy, 372.
+
+  =Kellermann, Gen. F. E.=, in battle of Marengo, ii. 180, 272;
+    battle of Leipsic, iv. 29, 32;
+    transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132;
+    recreated marshal, 132;
+    in the Waterloo campaign, 172, 173, 182, 203;
+    battle of Quatre Bras, 182.
+
+  =Kemberg=, Blücher's march to, iv. 22.
+
+  =Keralio, M. de=, commends _N.'s_ ability, i. 56, 57.
+
+  =Khiva=, proposed Franco-Russian expedition via, ii. 194.
+
+  =Kienmayer, Gen.=, Austrian commandant in Franconia, iii. 234.
+
+  =Kilmaine, Gen. C. J.=, watches Venice, i. 431.
+
+  ="King of the French," or "King of France,"= i. 119.
+
+  =Kings=, divine right of, iv. 250.
+
+  =Kinzig=, the Austrian line at, ii. 160.
+
+  =Kinzig, River=, military operations on the, iv. 36.
+
+  =Kirchener, Gen.=, killed at Reichenbach, iii. 411.
+
+  =Klagenfurt=, capture of, i. 434;
+    _N._ in, 435;
+    invasion of the Tyrol from, iii. 234.
+
+  =Kléber, Gen. J. B.=, military successes of, i. 274;
+    a product of Carnot's system, 332;
+    service in Egypt, ii. 53 et seq.;
+    marches on Syria, 69;
+    in battle of Esdraelon, 71, 72;
+    at the siege of Acre, 74;
+    in the battle of Aboukir, 78;
+    appointed to chief command of army in Egypt, 80;
+    instructions for evacuating Egypt, 81;
+    protests against _N.'s_ conduct, 81;
+    deceived by _N._, 81;
+    prepares to evacuate Egypt, 143;
+    military genius, 189;
+    concludes treaty of El Arish, 189;
+    his admirable administration, 181;
+    assassination of, 181, 211;
+    succeeded by Menou, 181.
+
+  =Klein, Gen.=, in the Austerlitz campaign, ii. 380;
+    Blücher's duplicity to, 436.
+
+  =Kleist, Gen.=, in battle of Bautzen, iii. 410;
+    Prussian commissioner at Poischwitz, 415, 417;
+    battle of Kulm, iv. 15;
+    reinforces Blücher at Montmirail, 63;
+    displaced, 172.
+
+  =Klenau, Gen.=, at surrender of Mantua, i. 417;
+    threatens Augereau, ii. 192;
+    commanding under Archduke John, 188;
+    battle of Wagram, iii. 228;
+    march from Tharandt to Dresden, iv. 10.
+
+  =Knight of Malta, the=, letters from the Czar to, i. 424;
+    death of, ii. 18.
+
+  =Knights of St. John of Malta, the=, corruption among, ii. 56;
+    wars against the Turks, 58;
+    Paul I seeks to head, 154;
+    Malta restored to, 262, 267.
+
+  =Kobelnitz=, military operations near, ii. 385.
+
+  =Kolberg=, Bennigsen attempts to succor, iii. 10;
+    siege abandoned, 20;
+    _N._ demands, as a pledge, 36.
+
+  =Kolin=, battle of, iv. 267.
+
+  =Koller, Gen.=, Austrian commissioner at Fontainebleau, iv. 135;
+    suggests an asylum for _N._ in England, 135;
+    accompanies _N._ to Elba, 140;
+    quits Elba, 142.
+
+  =Kollowrath, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386;
+    ordered to seize Linz, iii. 216.
+
+  =Königsberg=, Lestocq's retreat to, ii. 435;
+    Ney's false move toward, iii. 8;
+    Frederick William shut up in, 9;
+    Bennigsen's defense of, 14;
+    Bennigsen retreats to, 18;
+    Russian retreat toward, 30;
+    Lestocq driven into, 31;
+    reinforcements for Bennigsen from, 31;
+    _N._ leaves Tilsit for, 65;
+    the League of Virtue in, 103;
+    popularity of Stein's measures at, 193;
+    Alexander I at, 194;
+    Murat enters, 384;
+    patriotism in the university, 398;
+    proposed new capital for Prussia, 409.
+
+  =Korner, Theodor=, incites Prussian patriotism, iii. 397.
+
+  =Korneuburg=, military operations near, iii. 217.
+
+  =Korsakoff, Gen.=, defeated by Masséna at Zürich, ii. 93, 142.
+
+  =Kosciusko, Tadeusz=, lack of faith in _N._, ii. 444, 445.
+
+  =Kösen=, the allies outwitted at, iv. 35.
+
+  =Kossuth, Louis=, charges treachery against Maria Louisa, iii. 418.
+
+  =Kottbus=, ceded to Saxony, iii. 62.
+
+  =Kourakine, Count=, at Tilsit, iii. 49;
+    Russian ambassador to France, 314;
+    injured by fire, 314;
+    leaves Paris for St. Petersburg, 315;
+    takes _N.'s_ messages to Alexander, 315.
+
+  =Krasnoi=, the French retreat through, iii. 363-366;
+    _N.'s_ coolness at, 365;
+    compared to Hanau, iv. 35.
+
+  =Kray, Gen. Paul=, commanding Austrian troops on the Rhine, ii. 161;
+    _N.'s_ plans to defeat, 163;
+    abandons Donaueschingen, 166;
+    outwitted by Moreau, 166;
+    defeated by Moreau at Engen, 167;
+    retreats toward the Danube, 166;
+    defeated at Messkirch, 167;
+    superseded by Archkude John, 188.
+
+  =Kremlin, the=, iii. 345, 348;
+    French occupation of, 345, 349;
+    pillaged, 349;
+    failure to destroy, 335, 356.
+
+  =Krems=, Kutusoff crosses the Danube at, ii. 367.
+
+  =Kronach=, the Imperial Guard at, ii. 428.
+
+  =Krossen=, proposed allotment of, to Saxony, iii. 409.
+
+  =Kulm=, battle of, iv. 14, 15.
+
+  =Kunersdorf=, battle of, iv. 267.
+
+  =Küstrin=, capitulation of, ii. 436;
+    held by the French, iii. 402;
+    relief of the French garrison in, iv. 2.
+
+  =Kutusoff, Gen. M. L. G.=, moves toward Brünn, ii. 367;
+    crosses the Danube at Krems, 367;
+    escapes from Murat, 378;
+    pursued by the French, 379;
+    at Schrattenthal, 379;
+    outwits Murat at Hollabrunn, 379;
+    joins Austrian and Russian troops' at Brünn, 379, 380;
+    battle of Austerlitz, 386-390;
+    succeeds Barclay de Tolly, iii. 343;
+    battle of Borodino, 343, 344;
+    flight from Borodino, 345;
+    claims the victory, 345, 347;
+    reinforcements for, 350;
+    takes position at Tarutino, 350;
+    menaces the French in Moscow, 350;
+    refers Lauriston to St. Petersburg, 351;
+    extends his line toward Kaluga, 351;
+    feigned movement against, 353-356;
+    defeated at Malojaroslavetz, 355;
+    Russian failure to reinforce, 359;
+    _N._ plans an ambush for, 360;
+    battle of Wiazma, 359;
+    his allies Want and Winter, 360, 372;
+    at Krasnoi, 364;
+    pursuit of the French army, 366;
+    mistake as to _N.'s_ movements, 370;
+    responsibility for further bloodshed, 374;
+    "the plain gentleman of Pskoff," 375;
+    bad generalship of, 374, 384;
+    losses in the campaign, 383;
+    enters Vilna, 383;
+    desires peace, 383;
+    advance through Poland, 395;
+    _N._ seeks Austrian aid to check, 396;
+    issues proclamation to German princes, 398;
+    death, 399.
+
+
+L
+
+  =Labanoff, Prince=, comes to Bennigsen's aid after Friedland, iii. 32;
+    conducts negotiations with _N._, 37;
+    at Tilsit, 49.
+
+  =Labédoyère, Gen. C. A. H.=, determines to support _N._, iv. 156;
+    imprisoned and condemned to death, 223.
+
+  =Laber, River=, military operations on the, iii. 207, 208.
+
+  =Laborde, Alexandre de=, _N.'s_ confidential agent in the treaty of
+      Schönbrunn, iii. 252;
+    suggests the marriage of _N._ and Maria Louisa, 252.
+
+  =Labouchere, Henry=, mission from Holland to England, iii. 271.
+
+  =La Carolina=, defeat of Dupont at, iii. 156.
+
+  =Lacombe-Saint-Michel, J. P.=, secures _N.'s_ appointment to the
+      Army of the West, i. 263;
+    member of Committee of Safety, 263.
+
+  =La Cour de France=, _N._ at, iv. 105, 116.
+
+  =La Cuesta, Gen.=, defeated at Medina de Rio Seco, iii. 156.
+
+  =La Favorita=, battle of, i. 415, 416.
+
+  =Lafayette, Marquis de=, commands the National Guard, i. 110;
+    endeavors to calm the National Assembly, 174, 176;
+    _N._ on, 176;
+    commanding armies in the North, 179;
+    pronounces against popular excesses, 179;
+    flight, and capture by the Austrians, 179;
+    released from Austrian prison, 456; ii. 148, 247;
+    possible successor to _N._, 186;
+    influence on the Consulate, 195;
+    remonstrates against _N.'s_ life consulship, 247;
+    supports the chambers, iv. 217;
+    _N.'s_ forgiveness for, 233.
+
+  =La Fère=, the regiment of, i. 66;
+    the regiment at Douay, 81;
+    ordered on special service, 86;
+    _N.'s_ service in, 94, 144;
+    mutiny in, 112;
+    transformed into the First Regiment, 149.
+
+  =La Ferté-sous-Jouarre=, military movements near, iv. 63;
+    _N.'s_ rapid march to, 71.
+
+  =Laffont=, royalist leader, i. 298;
+    on the 13th Vendémiaire, 303;
+    executed, 304.
+
+  =Laffray=, dramatic welcome to the returned Emperor at, iv. 156;
+    _N._ offers himself to the bullets of the Fifth Regiment at, 155.
+
+  =La Flèche=, the military school at, i. 48.
+
+  =La Force=, imprisonment of Malet in, iii. 376.
+
+  =Lagrange, Gen.=, moves against Castaños, iii. 185;
+    transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132.
+
+  =Lagrange, J. L.=, created baron, iii. 297.
+
+  =Laharpe, Gen.=, general of division, Army of Italy, i. 345;
+    attacked by Beaulieu at Voltri, 353, 354;
+    retreats to Savona, 353;
+    killed at Fombio, 359;
+    tutor to Alexander I, iii. 118.
+
+  =La Haye=, the farms of, iv. 194;
+     fighting at, 206.
+
+  =La Haye Sainte=, the farm-house of, iv. 194;
+    fighting at, 201-204, 210.
+
+  =Lahorie, Gen. V.=, engaged in Malet's conspiracy, iii. 376.
+
+  =Laine, J. H. J.=, radical member of the senate, iv. 114.
+
+  =Lajolais, Gen. F.=, plots of, in the Cadoudal conspiracy, ii. 298;
+    implicates Moreau, 298.
+
+  =La Junquera=, Saint-Cyr at, iii. 183.
+
+  =Lakanal, Joseph=, provides for mixed schools, ii. 226.
+
+  =Lake Constance=, Kray's communications via, to be cut, ii. 164.
+
+  =Lallemand, Gen. C. F. A.=, proposes asylum for _N._ on an American
+      ship, iv. 221;
+    negotiations with Capt. Maitland, 223.
+
+  =Lallemant, M.=, French republican agent in Venice, i. 445; ii. 10.
+
+  "=L'Ambigu=," published in London, ii. 270;
+    _N._ lampooned in, 270.
+
+  =Lambrecht=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 106.
+
+  =La Mortilla=, _N._ prepares plans for its defense, i. 91.
+
+  =La Mure=, _N.'s_ welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 155.
+
+  =Land=, tenure at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 16, 102, 105, 109.
+
+  =Landes, Department of the=, exempt from legislation concerning
+      Jews, iii. 77.
+
+  =Landgrafenberg=, military operations at, ii. 429.
+
+  =Landsberg=, engagement at, iii. 14.
+
+  =Landshut=, military movements near, iii. 206-209, 216;
+    _N._ at, 208;
+    battle of, 210;
+    Archduke Charles's military mistake at, 216.
+
+  =Langeron, Gen. Andrault=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 388;
+    captures Rheims, iv. 80;
+    on the dissensions in Blücher's army, 80;
+    on the terror of _N.'s_ name, 84.
+
+  =Langres=, military movements near, iv. 58, 68, 95.
+
+  =Lanjuinais, Jean D.=, president of House of Deputies, iv. 167.
+
+  =Lannes, Gen. Jean=, recommended for promotion, i. 357;
+    threatens Genoa, 373;
+    service in Egypt, ii. 53;
+    wounded at Acre, 76;
+    battle of Aboukir, 79;
+    accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81;
+    action on the 18th Brumaire, 105;
+    commanding at the Tuileries, 108;
+    crosses the St. Bernard, 169-171;
+    attacks Ivrea, 171;
+    hesitates at Fort Bard, 171;
+    reaches Aosta, 171;
+    defeats Ott at Casteggio, 177;
+    commanding corps at Marengo, 176-180;
+    battle of Montebello, 196;
+    restored to favor, 277;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    character, 364; iii. 208, 223;
+    captures Braunau, ii. 367;
+    pursues the Russians, 378;
+    in battle of Austerlitz, 386, 388;
+    at Coburg, 427;
+    in battle of Jena, 429;
+    seizes Dessau, 436;
+    pursues Hohenlohe, 436;
+    ordered to the Narew, iii. 3;
+    battle of Pultusk, 4;
+    strength in Poland, 7;
+    sickness, 13;
+    battle of Heilsberg, 29;
+    battle of Friedland, 30;
+    created Duke of Montebello, 86;
+    familiarity with _N._, 93;
+    moves against Castaños, 185;
+    movements before Ratisbon, 208;
+    in battle of Eckmühl, 209;
+    at the crossing of the Danube at Lobau, 217;
+    battle of Essling, 220, 223;
+    mortally wounded, 223;
+    _N.'s_ grief at loss of, 223;
+    reproaches _N._ for his ambition, 223;
+    _N._ saves him from drowning, 241;
+    warns _N._ against treachery, 325;
+    characterization of Talleyrand, iv. 107.
+
+  =Lanusse, Gen. F.=, recommended for promotion, i. 357.
+
+  =Laon=, battle of, iv. 76-81, 84;
+    _N._ at, 216.
+
+  =Laplace, P. S.=, Minister of the Interior, ii. 131;
+    succeeded by Lucien Buonaparte, 131;
+    created baron, iii. 297.
+
+  =Lapoype, Gen. J. F.=, feeling against in Marseilles, i. 239;
+    acquitted by the Convention, 240.
+
+  =Larevellière-Lépeaux, Louis-Marie de=, member of the Directory,
+      i. 309, 330, 331; ii. 35;
+    character, i. 310;
+    dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441;
+    _N.'s_ relations with, ii. 23;
+    resigns from the Directory, 92.
+
+  =La Rochejaquelein, Gen. L. du V.=, killed, iv. 166.
+
+  =La Romana, Gen. P. C.=, revolts in Denmark, iii. 159;
+    at Valmaseda, 184;
+    at Santander, 184;
+    joined by Blake, 185.
+
+  =La Rothière=, battle at, iv. 60, 69.
+
+  =Lasalle Gen. A. C.=, captures Stettin, ii. 436;
+    success near Valladolid, iii. 156;
+    in battle of Aspern, 220;
+    killed at Wagram, 230.
+
+  =Las Cases, E. A. D.=, _N.'s_ intimacy with, i. 146;
+    memoirs of _N._, 232;
+    recounts the story of the "day of the sections," 307;
+    _N.'s_ conversations with, ii. 292;
+    _N.'s_ declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 311;
+    appointed private secretary to _N._, iv. 220;
+    negotiates with Capt. Maitland for _N.'s_ passage to England, 221, 223;
+    accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, 227;
+    assists _N._ on his history, 231;
+    dismissed, 232.
+
+  =Latouche-Tréville, Adm. L.=, scheme of naval operations for, ii. 331;
+    death of, 332.
+
+  =Latour-Maubourg, Gen. M.=, commanding cavalry in Russian campaign
+      of 1812, iii. 324;
+    battle of Dresden, iv. 8, 9;
+    battle of Leipsic, 29, 32;
+    transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132.
+
+  =Lauban=, _N._ at, iv. 6.
+
+  =Lauderdale, Lord=, British envoy to France, ii. 404, 405;
+    demands his passports, 420;
+    reopens negotiations, 421.
+
+  =Laudon, Gen. G. E.=, commanding forces in the Tyrol, i. 434;
+    at Verona, 442.
+
+  =Lauriston, Gen. A. J.=, splendid artillery work at Wagram, iii. 229;
+    replaces Caulaincourt at St. Petersburg, 318;
+    mission to Kutusoff's camp, 351;
+    commanding division under Eugène, 393;
+    in campaign of 1813, 402;
+    occupies Leipsic, 405;
+    battle of Lützen, 405;
+    battle of Bautzen, 405;
+    beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413;
+    confronts Blücher at the Bober, iv. 6;
+    detailed to block Blücher's road to Berlin, 8;
+    battle of Leipsic, 28, 33;
+    captured at Leipsic, 34.
+
+  =Lausanne=, ovation to _N._ at, ii. 27;
+    French forces near, 169;
+    _N._ at, May 10, 1800, 169.
+
+  =La Valette, Gen.=, formulates demands on the Genoese senate, ii. 11;
+    postmaster-general at Paris, letter to _N._, March, 1814, iv. 104.
+
+  =Lawyers=, status at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101.
+
+  =Lazaref=, Russian grenadier, decorated by _N._ at Tilsit, iii. 63.
+
+  =League of Virtue=, the, iii. 103, 397.
+
+  =Lebrun, Charles F.=, appointed third consul, ii. 130, 222;
+    revises the Code, 222;
+    evades responsibility concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 304;
+    Treasurer of France, 323;
+    at _N.'s_ coronation, 343;
+    created Duke of Piacenza, iii. 86;
+    Arch-Treasurer, 96;
+    salary of, 96;
+    at Krasnoi, 364.
+
+  =Lech, River=, military operations on the, ii. 164; iii. 204.
+
+  =Leclerc, Victor-Emmanuel=, conducts expedition against San Domingo,
+      ii. 237;
+    marries Pauline Buonaparte, 236;
+    death of, 237.
+
+  =Leclerc, Mme.=, accompanies her husband to San Domingo, ii. 236;
+    marries Prince Borghese, 258.
+
+  =Lecourbe, Gen. C. J.=, commanding in the Alps, ii. 164;
+    captures Memmingen, 167;
+    captures Stockach, 166;
+    ordered to Italy, 169.
+
+  =Leers=, Gen. Reille at, iv. 170.
+
+  =Lefebvre, Gen. F. G.=, commander of the Paris garrison, ii. 104;
+    joins the Bonapartist ranks, 104;
+    in battle of Jena, 429, 431;
+    strength in Poland, iii. 8;
+    besieges Dantzic, 20, 21;
+    created Duke of Dantzic, 86;
+    besieges Saragossa, 156;
+    success at Tudela, 156;
+    near Bilbao, 183;
+    rash movements by, 184;
+    in movement against Madrid, 186;
+    commanding Bavarian troops at Münich, 203;
+    in campaign of Eckmühl, 206;
+    defeats the Austrians at Abensberg, 207;
+    at Salzburg, 211;
+    drives Tyroleans from Innsbruck, 213;
+    relieves Vandamme at Linz, 225;
+    withdrawn from the Tyrol, 234;
+    commanding the Old Guard, 324;
+    a momentary attack of senility, iv. 104;
+    at council at St. Dizier, 104;
+    accompanies the Emperor to Paris, 105;
+    at the abdication scene, 121;
+    transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132;
+    recreated marshal, 167.
+
+  =Lefebvre-Desnouettes, Col. Charles=, service in Egypt, ii. 53.
+
+  =Leghorn=, _N._ plans to meet Joseph at, i. 292;
+    the English fleet driven from, 373;
+    levy of enforced contributions from, 375;
+    England gains entrance into, iii. 67;
+    expulsion of the English from, 67;
+    position in the French Empire, 279;
+    plots against _N._ in, iv. 150.
+
+  =Legion of Honor=, establishment of the, ii. 245, 246;
+    distribution of crosses, 360;
+    first Russian member of the, iii. 63;
+    French pride in, 86;
+    new members of, 297;
+    abolition of the orphan asylums of the, iv. 148.
+
+  =Legislature, the=, ii. 126, 149-153;
+    constitution of, 241;
+    new methods of electing to, 247;
+    _N._ opens, Aug. 16, 1807, iii. 73;
+    its functions, 83;
+    distribution of titles among heads of, 87;
+    _N._ contemplates its abolition, 389;
+    demands constitutional government, iv. 49;
+    prorogued, 50;
+    overthrows _N._, 115.
+
+  =Legnago=, French occupation of, i. 372, 379;
+    military operations near, 409.
+
+  =Legrand, Gen. C. J.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386;
+    in battle of Aspern, iii. 220.
+
+  =Leibnitz, G. W. von=, advocates French conquest of Egypt, ii. 46.
+
+  =Leipsic=, seized by the Duke of Brunswick, iii. 234;
+    Eugène establishes headquarters at, 393;
+    French forces at, 393, 405;
+    military movements near, 405; iv. 8, 21, 22, 25, 26;
+    battle of, 27 et seq.;
+    topography, 28;
+    _N._ in, 34;
+    importance of the battle in history, 37;
+    triumph of revolutionary liberalism at, 38;
+    _N._ spares the city from fire, 39;
+    effects of the battle of, 39;
+    mistaken ideas concerning _N.'s_ attitude after, 66.
+
+  =Le Noble's "Spirit of Gerson,"= _N.'s_ study of, i. 150.
+
+  =Lenouf, Gen.=, succeeds Jourdan in command, ii. 88;
+    retreats behind the Rhine, 88.
+
+  =Leo III=, crowns Charles the Great, ii. 325.
+
+  =Leoben=, the French at, i. 350;
+    seized by Masséna, 436;
+    _N.'s_ position at, 436;
+    treaty of, 436-441, 443, 446, 452, 456; ii. 12, 14, 19;
+    alleged duplicity by _N._ at, i. 437-439;
+    French march to, ii. 42;
+    Ney's victory at, 368.
+
+  =Leon=, French troops in, iii. 283.
+
+  =Leonetti=, denounced by N., i. 206.
+
+  =Leopold II=, acknowledges Hungarian rights, iii. 214.
+
+  =Lepelletier=, the section of, i. 300.
+
+  =Lesmont=, military operations at, iv. 60.
+
+  =Lesseps, J. B. B.=, French consul-general at St. Petersburg, iii. 98.
+
+  =Lestocq, Gen.=, retreats to Königsberg, ii. 436;
+    joins the Prussian army, iii. 1;
+    at Neidenburg, 4;
+    at Angerburg, 8;
+    opposes Ney's march to Königsberg, 8;
+    relieves the garrison of Graudenz, 10;
+    in campaign of Eylau, 14, 15;
+    in battle of Heilsberg, 29-31;
+    in Friedland campaign, 31, 35;
+    pursued by Davout, 32.
+
+  =Leszcynski, Maria=, _N.'s_ imitation of her marriage to Louis XV,
+      iii. 256.
+
+  =Letourneur, C. L.=, member of the Directory, i. 330, 333;
+    character, 330;
+    retires from the Directory, ii. 1.
+
+  ="Letters from the Cape of Good Hope,"= iv. 231.
+
+  ="Letters of Buonaparte to Buttafuoco,"= i. 145.
+
+  =Leuthen=, battle of, iv. 284.
+
+  =Levant, the=, France occupies Venetian possessions in, i. 446;
+    Genoa's commerce with, ii. 15;
+    French plots for disturbances in, 17;
+    France's jealous care for possessions in, 32, 280;
+    England aspires to control, 143;
+    Sebastiani's mission to, 272-274;
+    question of establishing French colonies in, 273;
+    Portuguese naval operations in, 332;
+    plans for redistribution of lands on, iii. 51;
+    the control of, 111;
+    efficient blockade of, impossible, 280.
+
+  =Leveson-Gower, Lord=, English ambassador at St. Petersburg, iii. 100.
+
+  =Leyen, Von der=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.
+
+  =Liberty=, Paoli on, i. 16;
+    the recognized colors of, 109.
+
+  =Liberty, fraternity, and equality=, i. 109.
+
+  "=Liberty of the Seas=," ii. 16.
+
+  =Lichtenstein=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.
+
+  =Lichtenstein, Prince John of=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386-389;
+    negotiates for an armistice, 389;
+    in battle of Aspern, iii. 223;
+    Austrian peace commissioner, 239-242;
+    at peace council in Paris, iv. 114.
+
+  =Lido, Porto di=, Venetians fire on French vessel in, i. 442.
+
+  =Liebertwolkwitz=, military operations near, iv. 27-30.
+
+  =Liège=, flight of Lafayette to, i. 179;
+    military operations near, 194; iv. 54, 85, 171, 185.
+
+  =Ligny=, battle of, iv. 180-186;
+    Gérard at, 190;
+    Blücher's disaster at, 193;
+    a Prussian blunder, 213;
+    the news of, in Paris, 216.
+
+  =Liguria=, ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263.
+
+  =Ligurian Alps=, guerrillas in the, i. 373.
+
+  =Ligurian Republic=, the formation of, ii. 11, 21;
+    French control over, 39;
+    Piedmont added to, 39;
+    reorganized, 186;
+    tribute levied on, 186;
+    English efforts to discredit France in, 264;
+    incorporated with France, 354.
+
+  =Lille=, peace negotiations at, ii. 12, 86, 144;
+    flight of Louis XVIII to, iv. 158.
+
+  =Lindau=, ceded to Bavaria, ii. 391.
+
+  =Lindenau=, seized by the Duke of Brunswick, iii. 234;
+    military operations near, iv. 28, 29, 35.
+
+  =Linz=, military movements near, iii. 204-207; 216, 222.
+
+  =Lisbon=, recall of the French envoy from, iii. 120;
+    democracy in, 121;
+    Junot's march to, 120, 122;
+    fraternization of the people with Junot's army, 120;
+    Russian squadron sent to, 167;
+    French scheme to seize, 265;
+    Masséna's march to, 285;
+    Masséna's precarious situation before, 286, 287;
+    Wellington's difficult position at, 288;
+    filled with fugitives, 288.
+
+  =Lisle, Rouget de=, composes the "Marseillaise," i. 175.
+
+  =Literature=, revival of, ii. 259;
+    censorship of, iii. 88.
+
+  =Lithuania=, Poniatowski's doubts of, iii. 326;
+    impassivity of its people, 331;
+    the march from Smolensk toward, 363;
+    Maret in charge of affairs in, 375.
+
+  =Littawa, River=, military operations on the, ii. 383.
+
+  ="Little Corporal," the=, i. 362; iv. 118, 154.
+
+  =Little Gibraltar=, capture of, i. 230.
+
+  =Little Görschen=, fighting at, iii. 405.
+
+  ="Little Napoleon,"= iii. 52.
+
+  =Little St. Bernard Pass=, the crossing of the, ii. 169, 171.
+
+  =Liverpool, Lord=, attacks Wellington, iii. 288;
+    recalls Wellington, iv. 149;
+    mismanagement of English affairs, 161, 162;
+    embarrassment of, 224;
+    views as to the disposition of _N._, 224;
+    letter to Castlereagh, June 20, 1815, 224.
+
+  =Loano=, battle of, i. 344.
+
+  =Lobau=, crossing the Danube at, iii. 217, 218, 223, 227.
+
+  =Lobau, Gen.=, guarding roads from Bohemia, iv. 18;
+    holds Dresden, 25, 28;
+    in the Waterloo campaign, 170-173;
+    at Charleroi, 180;
+    ordered to Marbais, 186;
+    battle of Waterloo, 202, 205, 206;
+
+  =Lobau, River=, military movements on the, iii. 218, 223, 227.
+
+  =Lobenstein=, Bernadotte at, ii. 428.
+
+  =Lodi=, battle of, 359-362; ii. 140;
+    _N.'s_ narrow escape at, i. 393;
+    withdrawal of the Austrians from Milan to, ii. 173.
+
+  =Logroño=, French success at, iii. 156;
+    Ney at, 183.
+
+  =Loire, River=, the Empress flees across the, iv. 105;
+    military movements on the, 128.
+
+  =Loison, Gen. L. H.=, at Piacenza, ii. 177.
+
+  =Lombardy=, French troops in, i. 128;
+    military operations against, 213, 243, 346, 352, 354;
+    favors the French Revolution, 261;
+    the military gate to, 342;
+    _N.'s_ successes in, 350;
+    expected partition of, 352;
+    richness of the country, 356, 357; ii. 179;
+    _N.'s_ influence in, i. 401;
+    revolutionary movement in, 428;
+    France's interest in, 451;
+    incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21;
+    held by Austria, 145;
+    _N._ aims to secure, 172;
+    the iron crown of, 353;
+    _N.'s_ royal progress through, iii. 109.
+
+  =Lonato=, battle of, i. 380-383, 393;
+    _N.'s_ narrow escape at, 382, 393.
+
+  =London=, Talleyrand diplomatic agent in, ii. 33;
+    Talleyrand expelled from, 33;
+    publication of "L'Ambigu" in, 270;
+    Irish radical paper, in, subsidized by _N._, 271;
+    reception of the Duke of Brunswick in, iii. 234.
+
+  =Longwood=, _N.'s_ residence at, i. 40; iv. 229-235, 288.
+
+  =Longwy=, garrison of, capitulates to Prussia, i. 179;
+    abandoned by the enemy, 186.
+
+  =Loretto=, capture of, i. 421, 423;
+    the image of the Lady of, 423.
+
+  =L'Orient=, the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean from, iii. 111.
+
+  =Lorraine=, proposal to continue the war in, iv. 101, 104, 116.
+
+  =Lothair=, _N._ contrasted with, iii. 264.
+
+  =Louis=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 106.
+
+  =Louis=, king of Etruria, attendant in _N.'s_ antechamber, ii. 205;
+    death of, 233; iii. 67.
+
+  =Louis=, king of Etruria (son of the preceding), proposed kingdom
+      in Portugal for, iii. 120.
+
+  =Louis=, prince of Prussia, ii. 415;
+    killed at Saalfeld, 428.
+
+  ="Louis Capet,"= i. 194.
+
+  =Louis Philippe.= _See_ =Chartres, Duc de=.
+
+  =Louis XIV=, disgraces Vauban, i. 332;
+    schemes of world-conquest, ii. 46;
+    "abolishes" the Pyrenees, iii. 70;
+    _N._ not the successor of, 304;
+    influence of his villainies, iv. 299.
+
+  =Louis XV=, refuses protectorate to Corsica, i. 16;
+    death of, 43;
+    _N.'s_ imitation of his marriage to Maria Leszcynski, iii. 256;
+    _N._ not the successor of, 304.
+
+  =Louis XVI=, accession of, i. 43;
+    character, 101, 102, 108, 109;
+    contest with the Parliament of Paris, 106;
+    alienation of, from the people, 106-108;
+    attempted reforms by, 105-109;
+    abandoned by the nobles, 109;
+    curtailment of his hunting-grounds, 109;
+    takes up residence in Paris, 109;
+    title under the new constitution, 119;
+    honors Paoli, 124;
+    betrayal of, 151;
+    accepts the Constitution, 153;
+    flight and recapture, 154;
+    clamor for his trial, 156;
+    refuses to sanction secularization of estates of the Church and
+      nobility, 172;
+    negotiates with foreign powers, 172, 194, 269;
+    celebrates the fall of the Bastille, 174;
+    takes refuge in the National Assembly, 175;
+    the National Assembly dismisses his body-guard, 174;
+    Marseilles demands dethronement of, 174;
+    imprisoned in the Temple, 175;
+    _N.'s_ views concerning, 177;
+    condemnation and execution, 195;
+    causes of his downfall, 268;
+    the regicides of, 309;
+    celebrations of his death, ii. 195; iv. 149.
+
+  =Louis XVII=, i. 268.
+
+  =Louis XVIII=, recognized by the powers, i. 297;
+    relationship to Victor Amadeus, 355;
+    retires to Blankenburg, ii. 5;
+    purchases Pichegru's adhesion, 5;
+    _N.'s_ negotiations with, 9, 239;
+    banished, 209;
+    hopes for restoration of, 240;
+    residence in Warsaw, 240, 297, 301;
+    the Cadoudal conspiracy, 297;
+    promises constitutional government, 298;
+    manifesto of, 302;
+    Alexander I's opinion of, iii. 52;
+    at Mittau, 52;
+    offered a kingdom in the United States, 272;
+    proclaimed king at Bordeaux, iv. 87;
+    acclaimed in Paris, 113;
+    proclaimed king by the senate, 129, 132;
+    imperial generals transfer their allegiance to, 132;
+    character, 132, 146;
+    his feeble tenure, 133;
+    scandals circulated at the court of, 142;
+    treaty with the powers, May 30, 1814, 144;
+    power to create peers, 146;
+    blunders of, 146-149;
+    appoints Soult minister of war, 147;
+    _N._ prophesies the betrayal of, 151;
+    indifference to treaty obligations, 152;
+    sends troops against _N._, 158;
+    makes concessions, 158;
+    flees to Lille, 158;
+    flees to Ghent, 161;
+    _N.'s_ forgiveness for, 233.
+
+  =Louisa, Queen= (of Prussia), brings about the treaty of Potsdam,
+      ii. 376;
+    character and influence, 415, 427;
+    _N.'s_ abuse of, 438;
+    at Memel, iii. 37, 107;
+    at Tilsit, 44;
+    scandal concerning the Czar, 57;
+    interviews with _N._ concerning Magdeburg, 57-63;
+    the incident of the rose, 61;
+    sarcastic speech to Talleyrand, 62;
+    compared with Queen Mary of England, 62;
+    death of, 63, 330, 397;
+    in need of comforts, iii. 107.
+
+  =Louisa, Queen= (of Spain), relations with Godoy, ii. 204, 289, 332;
+      iii. 71, 124, 126, 144, 150;
+    friendship for _N._, ii. 332;
+    admits England to Leghorn, iii. 68;
+    supposed poisoning of her daughter-in-law, 124;
+    examines Ferdinand's papers, 126;
+    her son reveals her shame, 126;
+    suspected of intrigue in Spain, 128;
+    panic-stricken at the French invasion, 133;
+    advocates the scheme of monarchy in America, 134;
+    repents her abdication, 137, 138;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, 140;
+    virtual prisoner in the Escorial, 142;
+    summoned to Bayonne, 145.
+
+  =Louisiana=, ceded to France, ii. 204, 272;
+    collapse of French rule in, 238;
+    expedition to, 272;
+    Spain's exasperation over loss of, 289;
+    _N.'s_ dream of empire in, 289;
+    sold by France to the United States, 289, 332; iv. 300.
+
+  =Louvain=, Gneisenau opens fresh communications via, iv. 185;
+    possible retreat of the Prussians via, 194.
+
+  =Louverture, Toussaint=, defense of San Domingo, ii. 237;
+    organizes a consular government, 237;
+    capture and death of, 237.
+
+  =Louvre, the=, _N.'s_ second marriage in, iii. 259-261.
+
+  =Love=, _N._ on, i. 77.
+
+  =Low Countries=. _See_ =Austrian Netherlands=; =Batavian Republic=;
+      =Belgium=; =Dutch Flanders=; =Holland=; =Netherlands=.
+
+  =Lowe, Sir Hudson=, allegations about _N.'s_ physical ailments, iv. 168;
+    character, 230;
+    his custody of _N._, 230-233;
+    _N.'s_ disputes with, 288.
+
+  =Lübeck=, proposal to give it to Prussia, ii. 400;
+    surrender of, 437;
+    sack of, 440;
+    Bernadotte's force in, iii. 202;
+    extension of the French Empire, to, 278.
+
+  =Luc=, _N._ at, iv. 139.
+
+  =Lucca=, given to Pauline (Buonaparte) Borghese, ii. 354, 356;
+    given to Elisa, 395;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, 396.
+
+  =Lucca and Piombino=, Prince of. _See_ =Bacciocchi, F. P.=
+
+  =Lucca and Piombino=, Princess of. _See_ =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=.
+
+  =Luckau=, defeat of Oudinot at, iv. 8.
+
+  =Ludmannsdorf=, Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 206.
+
+  =Lunéville=, negotiations between Cobenzl and Joseph Bonaparte at,
+      ii. 189, 192;
+    the Peace of, 192, 193, 203, 204, 263, 266, 302, 358, 402.
+
+  =Lusha, River=, military movements on the, iii. 355.
+
+  =Lusignan, Gen.=, military operations on the Piave, i. 430-433.
+
+  =Lützen=, battle of, iii. 404-408; iv. 4, 21.
+
+  =Lützow, Baron L. A. W.=, raises the "black troop," iii. 397.
+
+  =Luxembourg, the=, Barras's social life in, i. 290;
+    Gohier and Moulins withdraw to, ii. 108;
+    Moreau commanding guard at, 108;
+    the First Consul installed at, 124;
+    residence of the Bonapartes at, 195.
+
+  =Lyceums, the=, ii. 227; iii. 90.
+
+  =Lyons=, _N.'s_ memoir to the Academy at, i. 78;
+    the "Two-cent Revolt" in, 79;
+    _N._ at, 79, 183; ii. 83; iv. 137, 156, 165;
+    honors to Paoli in, i. 124;
+    massacres and anarchy in, 188, 207, 213;
+    Girondist success at, 214;
+    siege of, 222;
+    fall of, 229;
+    recapture of, 249;
+    reorganization of the Cisalpine Republic at, ii. 231;
+    Fesch becomes archbishop of, 258;
+    repulse of Bubna from before, iv. 67;
+    Augereau driven back to, 81;
+    assaulted by the allies, 94;
+    evacuated by Augereau, 94;
+    Francis I, at, 97;
+    constitutional assembly summoned to, 156;
+    reception of Artois and Macdonald at, 156;
+    national assembly at, 166.
+
+  =Lyons Academy, the=, _N.'s_ essay before, i. 137-140;
+    _N.'s_ competition for prize of, 164.
+
+
+M
+
+  =Macdonald, Gen. E. J. J. A.=, commanding Army of the North, i. 347;
+    a product of Carnot's system, 332;
+    ordered to command in Naples, ii. 87;
+    succeeds Championnet, 92;
+    defeated on the Trebbia, 92;
+    action on the 18th Brumaire, 105;
+    commanding guard at Versailles, 108;
+    commanding in the Grisons, 190;
+    crosses the Splugen, 192;
+    created Duke of Tarante, iii. 86;
+    commanding in Italy, 211;
+    pursues Archduke John into Hungary, 213;
+    at Villach, 217;
+    battle of Wagram, 229;
+    strength, March, 1812, 324;
+    in Russian campaign, 338;
+    reaches Tilsit, 384;
+    campaign of 1813, 402;
+    battle of Lützen, 404;
+    battle of Bautzen, 409;
+    beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413;
+    confronts Blücher at the Bober, iv. 7, 15;
+    detailed to block Blücher's road into Saxony, 8;
+    fails in his movement against Berlin, 13-19;
+    battle of Katzbach, 14, 15;
+    reinforcements for, 18;
+    attacked by Blücher at Fischbach, 18;
+    ordered to check Blücher's advance, 20;
+    battle of Leipsic, 29-32, 34;
+    at crossing of the Elster, 34;
+    defends the Rhine at Cologne, 54;
+    Blücher attempts to cut off, 62;
+    fails to check Blücher's retreat, 64;
+    ordered toward Montmirail, 63;
+    ordered to join Victor at Montereau, 64;
+    his failure at Château-Thierry, 72;
+    before Bray, 72;
+    moral exhaustion of, 72;
+    opposed to Schwarzenberg, 76, 84;
+    driven beyond Troyes, 76;
+    demoralized at Provins, 81;
+    moves toward Vitry, 93;
+    at Perthes, 103;
+    Bourbon intrigues with, 113;
+    advises endeavor to recover Paris, 117;
+    strength after the surrender of Paris, 118;
+    at Fontainebleau, 119;
+    approves plan of attack on Paris, 120;
+    at the abdication scene, 121;
+    on commission to present abdication to the Czar, 125, 126;
+    rebuke to Marmont, 127;
+    transfers his allegiance, 129;
+    reception in Lyons, 157.
+
+  =Macedonia=, _N.'s_ eye on, i. 424.
+
+  =Macerata=, annexed to Italy, iii. 69, 118.
+
+  =Machiavelli, his "History of Florence,"= _N.'s_ study of, i. 150;
+    on friendships, ii. 256;
+    theses concerning the Church of Rome, iii. 262.
+
+  =Mack, Gen. K.=, leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 72;
+    mobilizes the Austrian army, 358;
+    quartermaster-general with Archduke Ferdinand in Germany, 363;
+    _N.'s_ opinion of, 363;
+    essays to cross the Danube at Günzburg, 366;
+    misled concerning _N.'s_ movements, 366;
+    interview with _N._, 367;
+    result of his capitulation, 367.
+
+  ="Madame Mère,"= i. 34. _See also_ =Buonaparte, Letizia=.
+
+  =Madeleine Islands=, _N._ writes of their strategic importance, i. 91.
+
+  =Madison, James=, policy of nonintervention, iii. 102;
+    declares war against England, 321.
+
+  =Madrid=, effect of Marengo at, ii. 204;
+    Lucien Buonaparte minister at, 257;
+    the land-owning class in, iii. 123;
+    culmination of intrigues at, 126;
+    the queen regent of Etruria sent to, 129;
+    irritation against France in, 132;
+    Murat advances on, 134;
+    rioting in, 135;
+    entry of Ferdinand VII into, 139;
+    Murat enters, 139-142;
+    proposed visit of _N._ to, 141-143;
+    _N._ disapproves the seizure of, 141;
+    Charles IV a virtual prisoner at, 142;
+    placed under administration of a junta, 143;
+    announcement of the Bourbons' deposition in, 146;
+    revolt against Murat's tyranny in, 146;
+    Joseph assumes the government at, 149, 154;
+    Murat commanding at, 155;
+    the French possession of, in danger, 156;
+    the French evacuate, 158;
+    Sir John Moore's supposed movement on, 186;
+    the French army before the gates of, 187;
+    capitulation of, 187;
+    _N._ makes officers prisoners of war, 187;
+    French troops leave, 188;
+    chilly reception of _N._ in, 189;
+    French evacuation of, 191;
+    Wellington moves against, 290;
+    Victor Hugo at school in, 292;
+    George Sand in, 292.
+
+  =Magallon, Charles=, French consul at Cairo, ii. 47;
+    advocates seizure of Egypt, 47.
+
+  =Magdalena=, bombardment of, i. 192;
+    capture of, 237.
+
+  =Magdalena Islands=, expedition against the, i. 192.
+
+  =Magdeburg=, Hohenlohe's retreat to, ii. 434;
+    siege of, 436;
+    Frederick William's hard struggle to retain, iii. 56;
+    Queen Louisa's efforts to save, 57-63;
+    passes to Jerome with Westphalia, 57, 266;
+    parallel between Calais and, 62;
+    French occupation of, 202, 266, 328, 333, 393; iv. 2, 23.
+
+  =Maginajo=, Paoli's landing at, i. 125.
+
+  =Magnano=, battle of, ii. 88.
+
+  =Mahmud II=, proclaimed sultan, iii. 163;
+    makes treaty with Russia, 321.
+
+  ="Mahomet"= (Voltaire's), _N.'s_ notes on, iv. 232.
+
+  =Maillebois=, _N.'s_ study of, iv. 266.
+
+  =Main, River=, Augereau's force on the, ii. 190.
+
+  =Main, Army of the=. _See_ =Army of the Main=.
+
+  =Mainau=, ceded to Baden, ii. 391.
+
+  =Maintenon, Mme. de=, patron of the St. Cyr Academy, i. 176.
+
+  =Mainz=, evacuation of, i. 222;
+    ceded to France, ii. 21, 28, 38;
+    Marmont ordered to, 362;
+    _N._ leaves Paris for, 422;
+    occupied by Mortier, 424, 443;
+    sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380;
+    _N._ at, 401, 420, 421; iv. 39;
+    meeting of _N._ and Maria Louisa at, iii. 421;
+    French retreat to, iv. 36;
+    disease in, 36;
+    _N.'s_ humanity at, 39;
+    defense of the Rhine at, 54;
+    Prussian forces at, 58;
+    _N._ concedes to the allies at Châtillon, 87.
+
+  =Mainz, Bishop of=, _N.'s_ sarcasm to agent of, ii. 28.
+
+  =Mainz, the Elector of=, ii. 402.
+    _See also_ =Dalberg, Archbishop=.
+
+  =Maison, Gen.=, available forces of, iv. 118;
+    transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132.
+
+  =Maistre, Joseph de=, on social order, iii. 89.
+
+  =Maitland, Sir P.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 208, 209.
+
+  =Maitland, Capt. F. L.=, takes _N._ on board the Bellerophon iv. 220;
+    relations with _N._, 220-223.
+
+  ="Malbrook s'en va t'en guerre,"= iv. 34.
+
+  =Malet, C. F. de=, conspiracy to overthrow the empire, iii. 361, 376;
+    his career and execution, 376.
+
+  =Malmaison=, _N._ at, ii. 206, 256, 306; iii. 196; iv. 218;
+    social vices at, iii. 92;
+    Josephine withdraws to, 247;
+    _N._ visits Josephine at, 257.
+
+  =Malmesbury, Earl of=, mission to Paris (1796), i. 449;
+    views concerning France, 449;
+    resumes peace negotiations at Lille, ii. 12.
+
+  =Malojaroslavetz=, battle of, iii. 355, 360.
+
+  =Malta=, _N._ plans seizure of, i. 424; ii. 16, 18, 33;
+    rival claimants of, 18;
+    French intrigues in, 56;
+    the citadel of the Mediterranean, 57;
+    _N.'s_ expedition against, 56, 57;
+    capture of, 56, 57;
+    the Knights of St. John, 56, 59;
+    blockade of, 67;
+    besieged by England, 141;
+    Paul I seeks control of, 141, 154, 193;
+    French capture of, 154;
+    captured by England, 193;
+    proposed cession of, to Russia, 193;
+    England withdraws from, 211, 262;
+    Russia waives claim to, 210;
+    restored to the Knights of St. John, 262;
+    proposed cession by England, 267;
+    France pushes England for declaration concerning, 273;
+    England's occupation of, 280, 284, 289, 351, 352, 356;
+    England refuses to admit the Neapolitan garrison, 285;
+    _N._ suggests Austrian or Russian occupation, 285;
+    England insists on ten years' occupancy of, 285;
+    _N.'s_ ambition concerning, 289;
+    proposal that England keep, 401;
+    importance of, iii. 111.
+
+  =Mamelukes=, scandals concerning, ii, 17, 58;
+    usurpation of Egypt by, 47;
+    foundation of the military organization of, 58;
+    attack the French at Shebreket, 59;
+    in the battle of the Pyramids, 60;
+    enlisted in French army, 66;
+    the last of the, 77.
+
+  =Manche, Letourneaux de la=, member of the Directory, i. 309.
+
+  =Manhood suffrage=, i. 188.
+
+  =Manin=, last doge of Venice, death of, ii. 24.
+
+  =Mann, Admiral=, driven from the Mediterranean, i. 421.
+
+  =Mannheim=, _N.'s_ line of retreat via, ii. 424;
+    proposed conference at, iv. 45, 68.
+
+  ="Man of destiny," the=, i. 321.
+
+  ="Man on horseback," the=, i. 301, 304.
+
+  =Mansilla=, Soult ordered to, iii. 188.
+
+  =Mantua=, capture of, i. 350;
+    military operations around, 359-361, 370-373, 378;
+    siege of, 372 et seq.;
+    garrison, 378;
+    importance, 379;
+    the siege raised, 380;
+    re-blockaded by the French, 383;
+    Wurmser relieves, 384;
+    Austria's efforts to relieve, 386, 406-418 et seq.;
+    _N.'s_ critical position before, 389;
+    Wurmser's ineffectual sally from, 392;
+    bids defiance to France, 401;
+    Wurmser's defense and surrender of, 415-418;
+    disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439;
+    capture of, 451;
+    incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21;
+    lost to France, 92;
+    interview between _N._ and Lucien at, iii. 129;
+    trial and execution of Hofer at, 241.
+
+  =Manufactures=, condition of, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102;
+    encouragement of, ii. 220; iii. 25, 307.
+
+  ="Manuscrit de l'Île d'Elbe," the=, i. 177.
+
+  ="Manuscrit de Ste. Hélène,"= repudiated by _N._, iv. 232.
+
+  =Marat, J. P.=, head of the committee of surveillance, i. 188;
+    crimes and assassination of, 234.
+
+  =Marbais=, military movements near, iv. 186.
+
+  =Marbeuf, Marquis de=, tradition concerning his paternity of _N._, i. 31;
+    influences _N.'s_ education, 43, 45, 52;
+    marriage of, 64;
+    death, 80, 115.
+
+  =Marbeuf, Mgr. Y. A. de=, bishop of Autun, social influence of, i. 69;
+    disgrace of, 93;
+    literary patron of _N._, 92.
+
+  =Marbot, Gen.=, denies the story of Lannes's death-bed, iii. 224;
+    relates anecdote of the cantinière of Busaco, 291;
+    memoirs of, iv. 192, 193;
+    on Grouchy's blunders, 192, 193.
+
+  =Marburg=, junction of Austrian troops at, ii. 367.
+
+  =Marceau, Gen. F. S.=, in battle of Fleurus, i. 273;
+    statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.
+
+  =March, River=, military operations on the, iii. 230.
+
+  =Marchfeld, the=, fighting in, iii. 218;
+    military operations on, 224;
+    Prince Eugène left to guard, 235;
+    Bernadotte's failure on, 280.
+
+  =Marchiennes=, military operations near, iv. 173, 177.
+
+  =Marciana=, _N._ at, iv. 142.
+
+  =Marcognet, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201.
+
+  =Marengo=, _N.'s_ over-confidence at, ii. 177;
+    topography of country near, 178, 179;
+    battle of, 176-186; iii. 196, 299;
+    _N.'s_ triumphant return from, ii. 186;
+    _N.'s_ desire for peace after, 189;
+    effect of the battle at Madrid, 204;
+    Moreau's troops employed at, 295;
+    celebration on the field of, 355;
+    statements concerning _N.'s_ movements after, iii. 196;
+    _N.'s_ narrow escape at, 382;
+    a nobility dating from, iv. 44;
+    its place in French history, 261.
+
+  =Maret, H. B.=, secretary to _N._, ii. 215; iii. 19;
+    recovery of, 27;
+    influence of, 27;
+    increased activity of, 27;
+    created Duke of Bassano, 86;
+    report from Laborde to, 252;
+    member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 254;
+    succeeds Champagny in the Foreign Office, 318;
+    warlike zeal of, 326;
+    letter from _N._, Sept. 10, 1812, 347;
+    letter from _N._, Nov. 29, 1812, 372;
+    in charge of affairs in Lithuania, 375;
+    meeting with Metternich, 416;
+    on the Austrian marriage, 416;
+    letter from _N._, Aug. 23, 1813, iv. 7;
+    Minister of Foreign Affairs, 42, 46;
+    succeeded by Caulaincourt, 42, 46;
+    transferred to the Department of State, 46;
+    French dislike of, 46;
+    influence over _N._ at Dresden, 69;
+    on the Congress of Châtillon, 69, 70;
+    records anecdote of Caulaincourt after La Rothière, 69, 70;
+    persuades _N._ to resume negotiations, 74;
+    wrings concessions from _N._, 87;
+    letter to Caulaincourt, March 17, 1814, 87;
+    at council at St. Dizier, 104;
+    at the abdication scene, 121;
+    member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159.
+
+  =Maria, Queen of Portugal=, mental alienation of, iii. 119;
+    embarks for Brazil, 121.
+
+  =Maria, Amelia=, princess of Saxony, mentioned for marriage with _N._,
+      iii. 179.
+
+  =Maria Amelia=, queen of Saxony, reproaches Metternich for deserting
+      _N._, iv. 43.
+
+  =Maria Antoinetta Theresa=, wife of Ferdinand VII, death of, iii. 124.
+
+  =Maria Carolina=, queen of Naples, alleged intrigues of, ii. 357;
+    approaching downfall, 337;
+    breaks her compact with _N._, 395.
+
+  =Maria Louisa=, of Austria, at Compiègne, iii. 148;
+    proposed marriage with _N._, 180, 252, 253;
+    preparations for her marriage, 253-257;
+    marriage in Vienna, 254-257;
+    progress from Vienna to Paris, 257;
+    meeting with _N._ at Compiègne, 258;
+    civil marriage, 258;
+    induction into her imperial court, 259-261;
+    personality and character, 260, 327, 330, 381;
+    visit to Holland, 269;
+    statue by Canova, 300;
+    birth of the King of Rome, 302;
+    abandonment of _N._, 302; iv. 135, 143, 162;
+    _N.'s_ affection for, iii. 302, 323, 327, 381; iv. 233;
+    accompanies _N._ to Dresden, iii. 330;
+    married to Neipperg, 330;
+    returns from Dresden to Paris, 331;
+    at Prague, 331;
+    lack of affection for, in France, 377;
+    plan of regency for, 381, 421; iv. 114, 124;
+    visits Pius VII, iii. 390;
+    Metternich on her marriage, 416;
+    political ends subserved through, 416;
+    her marriage "a piece of stupidity," 418;
+    charged with treachery, 418;
+    meets _N._ at Mainz, 421;
+    dramatic appearances before the people, iv. 51, 52;
+    entrusted to the care of the National Guard, 53;
+    Francis I to, on the situation, 67;
+    prepares for extremities, 81;
+    Joseph enjoined to preserve her from Austrian capture, 91;
+    letter from _N._, March 23, 1814, 96, 100;
+    character as Empress-regent, 105;
+    her council, 106;
+    rebuked by _N._, 105;
+    flight from Paris, 106-112;
+    establishes a regency at Blois, 115;
+    flight of, 117;
+    _N._ seeks her intervention with her father, 128;
+    declines to accompany _N._ to Elba, 135;
+    _N.'s_ anxiety for, 135-138;
+    takes refuge with her father, 135, 143;
+    at Rambouillet, 135;
+    _N._ breaks off relations with, 143;
+    succumbs to Neipperg's wiles, 143;
+    proposed coronation of, 157;
+    relations with Neipperg, 162;
+    disclaims connection with her husband, 162;
+    failure of the attempt to crown, 165;
+    besought for _N.'s_ release, 231;
+    _N.'s_ sentiments toward, 233.
+
+  =Marie Louise=, queen of Etruria, Lucien refuses to marry, ii. 257;
+    abdicates and goes to Madrid, iii. 129;
+    interview with _N._, 129;
+    supports Charles IV, 137;
+    ordered to Bayonne, 147.
+
+  =Maria Theresa=, character, iii. 37.
+
+  =Marie Antoinette=, tradition concerning, i. 44.
+
+  "=Marie Louises=," in the defense of Paris, iv, 99.
+
+  =Mariotte=, Talleyrand's agent in Leghorn, iv. 150;
+    plots to seize _N._, 150.
+
+  =Maritime Alps=, war in the, i. 196, 342, 345.
+
+  =Markgrafneusiedl=, military operations near, iii. 227-229.
+
+  =Markkleeberg=, fighting near, iv. 29.
+
+  =Markoff, Count=, Russian ambassador at Paris, ii. 263, 330;
+    at the Tuileries, March 13, 1803, 282, 283.
+
+  =Marlborough, Duke of=, military genius, i. 348;
+    _N._ compared with, 348.
+
+  =Marmont, Gen. A. F. L.=, _N._ visits, i. 146;
+    records _N.'s_ mercy, 233;
+    admiration for _N._, 237, 245;
+    accompanies _N._ to Paris, May 2, 1795, 263;
+    at Milan, 366;
+    records utterances of _N._ at Milan, 366;
+    service in Egypt, ii. 53;
+    _N._ tells him of intention to return from Egypt, 79;
+    reports declaration of Sir Sidney Smith, 79;
+    accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81;
+    commanding at the military school, 108;
+    passes Fort Bard, 171;
+    in battle of Marengo, 120;
+    ordered from the Texel to Mainz, 362;
+    at Neuburg, 365;
+    character, 364; iv. 127;
+    letter from _N._ to, Nov. 15, 1805, ii. 378;
+    created Duke of Ragusa, iii. 86;
+    called to Vienna from Illyria, 225;
+    pursues Archduke Charles, 231, 235;
+    repulsed at Znaim, 235;
+    replaces Masséna, 289;
+    withdraws for concentration, 290;
+    move against Burgois, 290;
+    advances on Wellington, 290;
+    battle of Salamanca, 290, 343, 377;
+    campaign of 1813, 402;
+    the Saxon campaign, 404;
+    battle of Bautzen, 409, 410;
+    treachery, iv. 5;
+    recollections of _N._, 5;
+    confronts Blücher at the Bober, 7;
+    criticizes _N.'s_ plans, 7;
+    battle of Dresden, 8, 9;
+    sent to support of Vandamme at Kulm, 15;
+    _N._ confesses failure to, 21;
+    characterization of the march to Leipsic, 26;
+    battle of Leipsic, 27-30, 33;
+    on _N.'s_ conduct after Leipsic, 31;
+    assigned to defense of the Rhine, 54;
+    at Montierender, 60;
+    falls into panic, 62;
+    moves from Sézanne against Blücher, 62;
+    annihilates Olsusieff's corps, 63;
+    demoralization of, 64;
+    pursues Blücher, 64;
+    driven by Blücher to Fromentières, 64;
+    junction of _N._ and, near Étoges, 65;
+    battle of Champaubert, 66;
+    ordered to hold Blücher, 71;
+    at Sézanne, 74;
+    checks Blücher at the Ourcq, 76;
+    loses Soissons, 77;
+    junction with _N._, 77;
+    battle of Laon, 79;
+    routed by York, 79;
+    at Eppes, 79;
+    disaster at Athies, 80, 82;
+    abandons Berry-au-Bac, 81;
+    rallies his troops at Fismes, 81;
+    captures Rheims, 81;
+    reproached by _N._, 82;
+    at Berry-au-Bac, 85;
+    defends the Paris line against Blücher, 86;
+    letter from _N._, March 20, 1814, 91;
+    ordered to Châlons, 91-94;
+    joins Mortier at Fismes, 93;
+    plan of operations against Blücher, 94;
+    disobedience and incapacity of, 81, 93, 95, 99;
+    retreats to Fismes, 100;
+    junction with Mortier, 100;
+    supposed advantages of a retreat to Rheims, 100;
+    driven back to Charenton, 99;
+    driven back on Paris, 101, 105, 109, 110;
+    strength, 102;
+    empowered to treat for surrender, 111;
+    defense of Paris, 112, 113;
+    vanity, 113, 120;
+    concludes terms of surrender, 113;
+    approached by Bourbon intriguers, 113;
+    homage of Paris to, 113, 120;
+    denounced by _N._, 115;
+    receives the Emperor's congratulations, 116;
+    reveals the worst to the Emperor, 117;
+    ordered to take position under the walls of Paris, 116;
+    strength after the surrender of Paris, 118;
+    the treason of, 120;
+    terms of his secession, 120;
+    letter to Alexander, April 3, 1814, 119;
+    repeats the rôle of Monk, 120, 125;
+    sends treasonable documents to Berthier, 119;
+    seduces five of his generals, 125;
+    reveals his plot to Schwarzenberg, 125;
+    at Essonnes, 124;
+    attempts to explain away his action, 124;
+    demands to join the embassy to the Czar, 125;
+    "brought up in _N.'s_ tent," 124;
+    aids in delivering up Souham's troops, 126, 127;
+    fails to face Alexander, 126;
+    demoralization among his troops, 126;
+    seeks audience with the Czar, 126, 127;
+    his subsequent career of treason, and death, 127;
+    despised by the imperial generals, 127;
+    coining of the word "ragusade," 127;
+    Macdonald's rebuke to, 127;
+    nicknamed Judas, 127, 147;
+    stricken from the list of marshals, 127;
+    _N._ on his desertion, 128;
+    _N.'s_ charge against, 130;
+    puts the Paris garrison under arms, 149;
+    applies for post of minister of war, 148;
+    attainted, 157;
+    _N.'s_ forgiveness for, 233.
+
+  =Marne, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58, 61, 63, 76, 97, 99.
+
+  =Marriage=, under the Code, ii. 222, 224.
+
+  =Marseillais=, the, in the riots of August 10, 1792, i. 178, 179.
+
+  ="Marseillaise," the=, sung in Paris, i. 175;
+    permitted by imperial order, iv. 51;
+    played at Fontainebleau, 118.
+
+  =Marseilles=, _N._ at, i. 81, 115, 141, 184, 263, 307, 322;
+    sends deputation to Paris, 174;
+    demands abolition of monarchy, 174;
+    equipment of Sardinian expedition from, 191;
+    anarchy and massacres in, 207, 212, 214, 220, 234;
+    the Buonapartes in, 212, 263, 309;
+    defeat of the Jacobins in, 213;
+    movement of Marseillais on Paris, 214;
+    captured by Carteaux, 220;
+    refugees from, at Toulon, 221;
+    the "Bastille" of, 239;
+    _N.'s_ views of the fortifications, 239;
+    feeling against _N._ in, 239;
+    circulation of counterfeit money in, 246;
+    news of the Terror in, 252;
+    reopening of commerce with Genoa, 257;
+    forced military loans in, 344;
+    Masséna commanding at, iv. 154;
+    _N._ sends emissaries to, 154.
+
+  ="Marsh," the=, position in the National Convention, i. 188.
+
+  ="Marshal Forward,"= iv. 98. _See also_ =Blücher=.
+
+  =Marshall, John=, Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34.
+
+  =Martial law=, reforms of, i. 142.
+
+  =Martinique=, birthplace of Josephine Beauharnais, i. 313;
+    French squadron at, ii. 333;
+    French plans to strengthen, 333.
+
+  =Mary, Queen= (of England), likened to Queen Louisa, iii. 62.
+
+  ="Masked Prophet," the=, i. 86, 93.
+
+  =Massa-e-Carrara=, incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21;
+    given to Elisa (Buonaparte), 395.
+
+  =Masséna, Gen. André=, general in Army of Italy, i. 241, 345;
+    seizes Ventimiglia, 243;
+    plan of campaign in the Apennines, 243;
+    on the courage of his troops, 244;
+    defeats Austrians at Millesimo, 353;
+    at Lodi, 361;
+    defeated at Bassano, 388;
+    battle of Citadella, 388;
+    defeated by Alvinczy at Caldiero, 388;
+    military operations on the Piave, 388, 432;
+    attacked at St. Michel, 410;
+    in the Rivoli campaign, 413, 414, 416; ii. 323;
+    operations in the Italian Alps, i. 433;
+    captures Chiusa Veneta, 433;
+    seizes St. Michael and Leoben, 436;
+    operations on the river Mur, 436;
+    ordered to Switzerland, ii, 87;
+    military genius, 87; 440, iii. 283;
+    defeated at Zürich, ii. 93;
+    defeats Korsakoff at Zürich, 93; 142, 323;
+    fitted for rôle of General Monk, 94;
+    victories in Italy, 96;
+    supreme commander of the Army of Italy, 140, 160, 186, 362;
+    puts Suvaroff to flight, 142;
+    defeats Archduke Charles at Zürich, 141;
+    makes a forced levy in Switzerland, 153;
+    brings Switzerland into French hands, 164;
+    defense and surrender of Genoa, 165, 170, 172, 323;
+    plans for the relief of, 170, 172;
+    superseded by Brune, 190;
+    republicanism of, 190;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    leaves Italy for Austria, 380;
+    ordered to Naples, 395;
+    avarice of, 440;
+    venality of, iii. 81;
+    created Duke of Rivoli, 86;
+    yearly income and enormous fortune, 87, 224, 296;
+    to concentrate at Ulm, 203;
+    to concentrate on the Lech, 204;
+    movements on the Isar, 205, 208;
+    in campaign of Eckmühl, 206;
+    ordered from Augsburg to Ingolstadt, 206-208;
+    at Moosburg, 207;
+    in the Enns valley, 216;
+    crosses the Danube, 217;
+    in battle of Aspern, 219;
+    character, 224;
+    battle of Wagram, 227, 228;
+    commanding in Spain, 283;
+    disasters in the Peninsula, 284;
+    insubordination in his army, 285;
+    battle of Busaco, 284;
+    in Coimbra, 285;
+    march toward Lisbon, 285;
+    enters Portugal, 284;
+    Soult's jealousy of, 286;
+    Soult fails to relieve, 286;
+    withdraws toward Santarem, 286;
+    awaits reinforcements, 287;
+    failure in Spain, 287;
+    precarious situation before Lisbon, 288;
+    joined by Soult, 289;
+    defeated at Fuentes de Onoro, 289;
+    reinforcements ordered from Castile to, 289;
+    disgraced by _N._, 289;
+    succeeded by Marmont, 289;
+    holds his position, 289;
+    insubordination among his officers, 289;
+    punishes desertion, 291;
+    commanding at Marseilles, iv. 154;
+    neutrality of, 157;
+    recreated marshal, 167.
+
+  =Masseria, Joseph=, associated with _N._ in Corsica, i. 117;
+    success of his agitation, 119.
+
+  =Massias, Baron N.=, French minister at Karlsruhe, ii. 305.
+
+  =Matra, M. E.=, a rival of Paoli, i. 16.
+
+  =Maubeuge=, battle of, i. 332.
+
+  =Maubreuil, Comte de=, arranges for the assassination of the Emperor,
+      iv. 119, 138.
+
+  =Mautern=, Hiller crosses the Danube at, iii. 212.
+
+  =Maximilian, Archduke=, evacuates Vienna, iii. 212.
+
+  =Maximilian, Joseph=, king of Bavaria, gives his daughter to Eugène
+      de Beauharnais, ii. 399;
+    at the Erfurt conference, iii. 171;
+    his reforms in the Tyrol, 201;
+    threatens to join the coalition, iv. 16;
+    joins the allies, 22;
+    grant of autonomy to, 22;
+    defection of, 56.
+
+  =Meaux=, prison massacres in, i. 188;
+    Blücher moves on, iv. 77;
+    _N.'s_ plan of movement via, 85;
+    evacuation of, 99.
+
+  =Mecklenburg=, territory restored to the reigning house, iii. 49.
+
+  =Mecklenburg-Schwerin=, proposal to include in North German
+      Confederation, ii. 418.
+
+  =Mecklenburg-Schwerin=, Duke of, refuses to furnish levies, iii. 394.
+
+  =Mecklenburg-Strelitz=, proposal to include in North German
+      Confederation, ii. 418.
+
+  =Mecklenburgs=, the, assert their independence, iv. 40.
+
+  =Medical School=, lecture system of the, i. 281.
+
+  =Medina de Rio Seco=, French success at, iii. 156.
+
+  =Mediterranean, the=, English naval operations in, and power on,
+      i. 207, 221, 257; ii. 15, 16, 56, 83; iii. 111;
+    naval operations in the, i. 421, 424;
+    departure of the English fleet from, 424;
+    _N._ a child of, ii. 15;
+    France's ambition for conquest of, 16;
+    the citadel of the, 18, 56;
+    _N.'s_ schemes on, 18, 157; iii. 111, 112;
+    elaboration of plans for operations in, ii. 33;
+    importance, 46;
+    _N._ calls for ships in, 68;
+    Adm. Bruix sent to conquer, 79;
+    European jealousy regarding control of, 136;
+    English cessions in, 211, 262;
+    Villeneuve's orders for operation in, 372;
+    attempt to unite French fleets in, iii. 111;
+    _N.'s_ mastery of, 264;
+    English trade with, 280;
+    Roman dominion of, 302.
+
+  =Meerveldt, Gen.=, Austrian plenipotentiary at Leoben, i. 437;
+    Austrian plenipotentiary in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 19;
+    defeated at Leoben, 368;
+    battle of Leipsic, iv. 28, 30;
+    at Austerlitz, 30;
+    sent to ask an armistice, 30;
+    captured at Leipsic, 30.
+
+  =Megnadier, Gen.=, seduced by Marmont, iv. 125.
+
+  =Mehemet Ali=, accession to power, ii. 77.
+
+  =Meike=, on commission to notify _N._ of his sentence, iv. 226.
+
+  =Meissen=, French forces at, iii. 393.
+
+  =Melas, Gen.=, commanding Austrian army in Italy, ii. 160;
+    drives Suchet across the Var, 165;
+    forces Masséna back into Genoa, 165;
+    military tactics, 165;
+    cuts off communication with Masséna, 169;
+    position on the Var, 169;
+    hurries to Turin, 169, 174;
+    _N.'s_ plans for the defeat of, 169, 172;
+    reinforcements for, 170;
+    rallies his army at Alessandria, 174, 177;
+    capture of one of his couriers, 175;
+    military characteristics, 178;
+    crosses the Bormida, 178;
+    in battle of Marengo, 178-185;
+    retires to Alessandria, 180;
+    superseded by Bellegarde, 188.
+
+  =Melnik=, Austro-Russian troops near, iv. 3.
+
+  =Mélun=, the garrison at, iv. 118.
+
+  =Melzi, Comte F.=, nominated for president of the Cisalpine
+      Republic, ii. 231;
+    letter from _N._ to, March 6, 1804, 299.
+
+  =Memel=, Queen Louisa at, iii. 37;
+    proposal that Russia seize, 62;
+    Tolstoi visits Frederick William and Louisa at, 108.
+
+  =Memmingen=, captured by Lecourbe, ii. 168;
+    seized by Soult, 366.
+
+  =Méneval, Claude F. de=, statement of _N._ to, concerning the Duc
+      d'Enghien, ii. 312;
+    reveals Maria Louisa's defection to _N._, iv. 143;
+    dismissed from the service of the King of Rome, 162.
+
+  =Menou, Gen. J. F. de=, commanding the Army of the Interior, i. 298;
+    ordered to disarm the insurgents, 299;
+    pusillanimity of, 301, 307;
+    service in Egypt, ii. 53;
+    professes Islamism, 65;
+    succeeds Kléber, 181;
+    surrenders in Egypt, 181;
+    disasters in Egypt, 211.
+
+  =Mentone=, _N._ in, i. 238.
+
+  =Mercier, L. S.=, _N.'s_ study of his "Philosophic Visions," ii. 54.
+
+  =Merlin, P. A.=, member of the Directory, ii. 8, 35, 52;
+    interferes to prevent _N.'s_ resignation as commander of Egyptian
+      expedition, 52;
+    resigns from the Directory, 92;
+    seduced by Marmont, iv. 125.
+
+  =Merseburg=, Bernadotte at, iv. 27.
+
+  =Méry=, Blücher at, iv. 73;
+    captured by Oudinot, 73.
+
+  =Messkirch=, battle of, ii. 167.
+
+  =Mettenberg=, engagement on the, ii. 168.
+
+  =Metternich, Prince von=, character, ii. 131; iii. 417-420;
+    on _N.'s_ designs of 1804-5, ii. 338;
+    on the treaty of Tilsit, iii. 72;
+    allusions to _N.'s_ tenure of power, 104;
+    letter to Stadion, July 26, 1807, 104;
+    _N.'s_ conversations and confidences with, 110, 278, 311, 333,
+      389, 418;
+    at St. Cloud levee, Aug. 15, 1808, 169;
+    deceived by the clique of Talleyrand and Fouché, 193;
+    goes to Vienna, 193;
+    plenipotentiary at Altenburg, 237;
+    suggests a union between _N._ and Maria Louisa, 252;
+    succeeds Stadion as foreign minister, 253;
+    reports France's financial condition, 305;
+    stirs up strife between France and Russia, 313;
+    reports the Russian army on the Danube, 314;
+    character of his negotiations with France, 317;
+    on the Russian war of 1812, 328;
+    interview with _N._ at Dresden, 389;
+    holds back Schwarzenberg, 395;
+    negotiations with England, 395;
+    prepares to desert _N._, 395;
+    seeks to embroil Russia and Sweden, 395;
+    negotiations with Hardenberg, 395;
+    negotiations with _N._, 395;
+    foresees the aims of the new coalition, 400;
+    triumph in the Saxon affair, 399;
+    _N._ fears the intrigues of, 409;
+    arranges a basis of mediation with Nesselrode, 415;
+    meeting with Maret, 416;
+    on the Franco-Austrian marriage, 416;
+    secret meeting with Alexander, 415;
+    double-dealing of, 418;
+    interview with _N._, 418-420;
+    demands suspension of the Franco-Austrian treaty of 1811, 419;
+    charged by _N._ with venality, 419;
+    poses as armed mediator, 420;
+    interview with _N._, June 27, 1813, 418-420;
+    letter to Francis, June 29, 1813, 419;
+    advocates a continental peace, 420;
+    encourages rivalries of petty potentates, 423;
+    at Congress of Prague, 422;
+    his policy exposed, 423;
+    diplomacy during the Frankfort parley, iv. 41-44;
+    reproached for deserting _N._, 43;
+    letter to Caulaincourt, Nov. 9, 1813, 42;
+    letter from Caulaincourt, Dec. 2, 1813, 46;
+    suggests compromise plan of invasion of France, 57;
+    his memoirs, 66, 67;
+    position in European diplomacy, 66-69;
+    influence over Castlereagh, 67;
+    desires to restore the Bourbons, 68;
+    his policy concerning France, 88;
+    strives to check Prussian ambition, 88;
+    on the European policy of 1814, 88;
+    relations with the allies, 97;
+    letter from _N._, March 28, 1814, 104;
+    besought to encompass _N.'s_ exile, 138;
+    urges Maria Louisa to break relations with her husband, 143;
+    negotiates secret treaty between Austria, England, and France,
+      144, 145;
+    Fouché attempts intrigue with, 165.
+
+  =Metternich, Countess=, share in the Austrian marriage negotiations,
+      iii. 253.
+
+  =Metz=, imprisonment of the Prince of Hesse-Cassel in, ii. 443;
+    sends men to relief of Paris, iv. 102.
+
+  =Meuse, River=, a French river, iii. 270;
+    military movements on the, iv. 166.
+
+  =Mexico=, scheme of a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 142.
+
+  =Middle Guard=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 208.
+
+  =Milan=, under foreign yoke, i. 345;
+    _N.'s_ entry into and subsequent visits to, 351, 362, 367, 400;
+      ii. 175, 186; iii. 109; 129, 132;
+    defense of, by Beaulieu, i. 352-362;
+    flight of the Archduke from, 359;
+    coercion applied to, 361;
+    provisional government for, 367;
+    plundered of works of art, 368;
+    levy of enforced contributions from, 375;
+    _N.'s_ influence in, 427;
+    _N.'s_ residence at Montebello, 447, 452, 455, 456;
+    Gen. Clarke at, 451;
+    celebration of July 14, in (1797), ii. 4;
+    troops moved to Picardy from, 24;
+    Moreau ordered to cut Kray's communication with, 164;
+    plan of march to, abandoned, 169;
+    festival at, 173;
+    French entry into (June 2, 1800), 173;
+    _N.'s_ care for the cathedral, 173;
+    Austrian evacuation of, 173;
+    Count of St. Julien sent to, 187;
+    coronation of _N._ at, 353, 354;
+    Prince Eugène Beauharnais viceroy at, 358;
+    sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380.
+
+  =Milan decree, the=, iii. 101, 109, 119, 321.
+
+  =Milanese, the=, provisional government for, i. 367;
+    scheme to organize republic in, 373;
+    disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439;
+    question of restoring to Austria, 452.
+
+  =Milhaud, Gen. J. B.=, transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132;
+    in Waterloo campaign, 173.
+
+  =Military courts=, reconstitution of, i. 142.
+
+  =Military discipline=, reforms in, i. 142-145.
+
+  =Military schools in France=, i. 48; iii. 91;
+    _N.'s_ criticisms of, i. 61.
+
+  =Military strategy=, _N.'s_ skill in, ii. 153;
+    the art of, 182.
+
+  =Milleli=, _N.'s_ summer house and grotto, i. 135, 210.
+
+  =Millesimo=, military operations at, i. 352, 354, 355;
+    battle of, iv. 65.
+
+  =Mincio, River, the=, military operations on, i. 361, 371, 379, 381;
+      ii. 88, 188;
+    boundary of Austrian holdings in Italy, ii. 181.
+
+  =Minsk=, _N.'s_ scheme to seize, iii. 333;
+    the French retreat through, 363, 370.
+
+  =Miollis, Gen. S. A. F.=, occupies the city of Rome, iii. 242.
+
+  =Miot de Melito=, i. 367;
+    conversations with _N._, ii. 162;
+    on the demonstration against England, 337;
+    "Memoirs" of, quoted, iii. 131.
+
+  =Mirabeau, H. G. R.=, activity at the meeting of the Estates-General,
+      i. 108;
+    on position of the Navarrese, 120;
+    plea for Corsica in the National Assembly, 120;
+    share in the conquest of Corsica, 120;
+    inspires amnesty to Paoli, 120, 124;
+    leads the National Assembly against Buttafuoco, 135;
+    military reforms of, 142;
+    succeeds Necker, 153;
+    death, 153;
+    opinion of Talleyrand, ii. 33;
+    statue at the Tuileries, 147;
+    his politics to be ignored, iii. 27.
+
+  =Miranda=, Bessières at, iii. 183.
+
+  =Mississippi, River, the=, the United States acquires control of,
+      ii. 289.
+
+  =Mittau=, Louis XVIII at, iii. 52.
+
+  =Mlawa=, military operations near, iii. 13.
+
+  =Möckern=, military operations near, iv. 27, 30.
+
+  =Modena=, intrigue in the court of, i. 345;
+    held to ransom, 374, 375;
+    the armistice with, broken, 401;
+    Austria's protectorate over, 425;
+    Austria seeks to retain, 438;
+    disposition by treaty of Leoben, 438;
+    incorporated into the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21;
+    _N.'s_ bad faith with, 144.
+
+  =Modena, Duke of=, attempts to bribe _N._, i. 366, 445;
+    destruction of his government, 374;
+    driven from his throne, 401.
+
+  =Modlin=, French military stores in, iii. 333;
+    held by the French, 402.
+
+  =Mohileff=, French garrison in, iii. 341.
+
+  =Mohrungen=, skirmish at, iii. 10.
+
+  =Moldavia=, Russian ambition to possess, ii. 356; iii. 98, 105,
+      116, 176, 248, 310;
+    dismissal of the Turkish viceroy of, ii. 441;
+    alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55;
+    Russian evacuation of, 64;
+    _N._ offers to offset Silesia against Wallachia and, 107, 108, 113;
+    Russia threatened with the loss of, 314.
+
+  =Molière, J. B.=, scene from "Tartufe," iii. 380.
+
+  =Molitor, Gen. G. J. J.=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220.
+
+  =Möllendorf, Gen. R. J. H.=, Prussian commander, ii. 419.
+
+  =Mollien, N. F.=, director of public debt, ii. 220;
+    keeper of the army-chest, 409, 410;
+    minister of the treasury, 410;
+    advises against war, iii. 308;
+    protests against issue of paper money, 389;
+    remark of _N._ to, iv. 159;
+    member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159.
+
+  =Monaco, Prince of=, brought as prisoner to _N._, iv. 154.
+
+  =Moncey, Gen.=, crosses the St. Gotthard, ii. 170, 172;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    created Duke of Conegliano, iii. 86;
+    invades Spain, 132;
+    defeated at Valencia, 154;
+    advances on Valencia, 156;
+    at Madrid, 156;
+    at Tafalla, 183;
+    moves against Castaños, 185;
+    besieges Saragossa, 186;
+    at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau, iv. 118;
+    recreated marshal, 167.
+
+  =Mondego, River=, Wellington retreats down the, iii. 284.
+
+  =Mondovi=, battle of, i. 354, 355.
+
+  =Money-lenders=, _N.'s_ hatred for, ii. 122.
+
+  =Monfalcone=, ceded to France, iii. 239.
+
+  =Monge, Gaspard=, _N.'s_ mathematical teacher, i. 181;
+    minister of the navy, 181;
+    founds the Polytechnic School, 281;
+    plunders Italian scientific collections, 369;
+    carries treaty of Campo Formio to the Directory, ii. 24;
+    warlike declaration against England, 32;
+    elaborates plan for operations, in the Mediterranean, 33;
+    accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81;
+    member of the senate, 151;
+    _N.'s_ friendship with, 335;
+    created baron, iii. 297.
+
+  ="Moniteur," the=, records "Buona Parte's" action at Toulon, i. 230;
+    records _N.'s_ daily life, ii. 30;
+    on the events of the 18th Brumaire, 106;
+    excites warlike feeling in France (1800), 146;
+    attacks England, 271, 294;
+    publishes Sebastiani's report, 273;
+    on the imperial court at Aachen, 339;
+    threatens Austria, 361;
+    on the field of Austerlitz, 391;
+    insults Prussia, 400;
+    announces the position of the Napoleonic princes, iii. 82;
+    announces the fall of the House of Braganza, 121;
+    justifies French invasion of Spain, 133;
+    publishes "authorized" reports of the Spanish failure, 197;
+    on Austrian aggressions, 213;
+    announces the annexation of Holland, 277;
+    _N._ offers Alexander the use of, 315;
+    proclamation to the National Guard, March 8, 1815, iv. 145.
+
+  =Monk, Gen. George=, _N._ is offered the rôle of, ii. 9;
+    Masséna fitted for the rôle, 94;
+    _N._ compared with, 230;
+    Marmont emulates the rôle, iv. 120, 125.
+
+  =Monnier, Gen. J. C.=, in battle of Marengo, ii. 119.
+
+  =Monroe, James=, President of United States, understanding with
+      England, iii. 48.
+
+  =Monroe Doctrine, the=, iv. 298.
+
+  =Montalivet, Comte J. P. B.=, member of the Empress-regent's
+      council, iv. 106.
+
+  =Mont Blanc, Department of=, i. 222.
+
+  =Montbrun, Gen. L. P.=, commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of,
+      1812, iii. 324.
+
+  =Mont Cenis pass=, the, crossed by _N._, ii. 27;
+    crossed by Turreau, 170, 172;
+    Austrian watch on, 170;
+    the road over, 349; iii. 74.
+
+  =Monte Albaredo=, the French pass over, ii. 171.
+
+  =Monte Baldo=, military operations near, i. 380, 388, 410-414.
+
+  =Montebello=, the Austrian retreat toward, i. 392;
+    _N.'s_ residence at, 447, 452, 455, 456;
+    Josephine at, 455;
+    Genoese embassy to, ii. 11;
+    engagements near, 176;
+    battle of, 196;
+    Lannes created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Lannes=.
+
+  =Monte Legino=, Rampon's stand at, i. 356, 393.
+
+  =Montenotte=, battle of, i. 353; iv. 65.
+
+  =Montereau=, military movements near, iv. 65, 68;
+    Victor ordered to seize, 71;
+    besieged by the Crown Prince of Würtemberg, 72;
+    battle of, 72, 73;
+    captured by the French, 72, 73.
+
+  =Monte Rotondo=, Carlo Buonaparte at, i. 31.
+
+  =Montesquieu, C. de S.=, views on Corsica, i. 19;
+    _N.'s_ views on his political speculations, ii. 49, 51;
+    _N.'s_ study of, 54;
+    on human ambition, iii. 82;
+    _N.'s_ admiration for, 176;
+    "Grandeur and Fall of the Romans," iv. 69.
+
+  =Montesquiou, A. A. A.=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107;
+    member of the executive commission, 115.
+
+  =Montesquiou, Mme. de=, governess to the King of Rome, iv, 53.
+
+  =Montgelas, M. J. G.=, Bavarian minister of state, iii. 179.
+
+  =Mont Genèvre=, building a road over, ii. 349.
+
+  =Montholon, Charles=, the "Manuscrit de l'Île d'Elbe" attributed to,
+      i. 177;
+    _N.'s_ declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311;
+    accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, iv. 214;
+    residence on the island, 231;
+    assists _N._ on his history, 232;
+    remark of _N._ to, 233.
+
+  =Monthyon, Gen.=, escorts _N._ from the field of Waterloo, iv. 211.
+
+  =Montierender=, military movements at, iv. 61.
+
+  =Montmartre=, defense of, iv. 109;
+    captured by the Prussians, 111.
+
+  =Montmirail=, battle of, iv. 63, 64.
+
+  =Montmorency=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107.
+
+  =Montpellier=, death of Carlo Buonaparte, at i. 63.
+
+  =Mont St. Jean=, Wellington's retreat to, iv. 184, 190;
+    possibility of Grouchy reaching, 192;
+    topography of, 195;
+    Wellington's center at, 195;
+    fighting at, 214.
+
+  =Moore, Sir John=, commanding English troops in the Peninsula, iii. 186;
+    at Salamanca, 186;
+    at Astorga, 186, 187;
+    French search for, 187;
+    prepares to attack Soult, 188;
+    crosses the Esla, 188;
+    destroys magazines at Benevento, 188;
+    reaches Corunna, 188;
+    his retreat, death, and example, 189;
+    defeat of Soult, 286.
+
+  =Moosburg=, Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 207;
+    Masséna at, 207.
+
+  =Morand, Gen. L. C. A.=, in the Eckmühl campaign, iii. 208;
+    battle of Borodino, 344;
+    in battle of Waterloo, iv. 205.
+
+  =Moravia=, Kutusoff's advance into, ii. 367.
+
+  =Moreau, Gen. J. V.=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;
+    commanding forces at Strasburg, 347;
+    at Munich, 384;
+    defeats Archduke Charles, 385;
+    crosses the Rhine at Kehl, 385;
+    operations on the Rhine, 435;
+    military genius, 350; ii. 163, 164, 300; iv. 2;
+    fails to reinforce _N._, i. 438-443;
+    crosses the Rhine near Strasburg, 440;
+    declines to aid the Directors, ii. 6;
+    serves in the Army of Italy, 72;
+    suspected of complicity with Pichegru, 72, 164, 298;
+    last stand in Piedmont, 83;
+    succeeds Schérer in command, 88;
+    military operations in the Apennines, 93;
+    succeeded by Joubert, 92;
+    tempted with a dictatorship, 94;
+    tainted with royalism, 94;
+    joins the Bonapartist ranks, 97;
+    a banquet at St. Sulpice, 100;
+    relations with the Directory, 100;
+    commanding guard at the Luxembourg, 108;
+    blamed for imprisoning Moulins and Gohier, 108;
+    appointed to command the Army of the Rhine, 140, 160;
+    personal ambition, 140, 163; iv. 3;
+    a military rival of _N._, ii. 140, 163, 192;
+    _N.'s_ scheme to strengthen, 163;
+    letter from _N._, March 16, 1800, 163;
+    ordered to take the offensive, 163;
+    participation in the revolution of Brumaire, 164;
+    lack of supplies for, 165;
+    crosses the Rhine, April 25, 1800, 166;
+    outwits Kray, 166;
+    passes the Black Forest, 166;
+    defeats Kray at Messkirch and Engen, 167;
+    troops detached from, 170;
+    levies contributions on South Germany, 186;
+    effect of his victories, 186;
+    occupies Munich, 186;
+    fortresses ceded to, 188, 189;
+    representative of Revolutionary traditions in warfare, 181;
+    position near Munich, 190;
+    battle of Hohenlinden, 191;
+    eclipses _N._ in military glory, 192;
+    advances toward Vienna, 192;
+    republican sentiment in his army, 235;
+    fall of, 241, 295-299, 302;
+    implicated in the Cadoudal conspiracy, 296 et seq.;
+    arrest and imprisonment of, 298;
+    popular denunciation of, 299;
+    banishment of, 299;
+    takes up arms against _N._, 299;
+    mortally wounded at Dresden, 299; iv. 12;
+    effect of his disgrace, ii. 318;
+    movements at Munich, iii. 203;
+    summoned from America for European service, 407; iv. 3;
+    goes over to the allies, 3;
+    with Schwarzenberg's army, 3;
+    character, 3;
+    enters the Russian service, 3;
+    ambition to acquire the French crown, 3;
+    treachery of, 5;
+    plans the battle of Dresden, 7, 8;
+    refuses to fight against his country, 8;
+    death, 82;
+    funeral mass celebrated for, 146.
+
+  =Moreau, Mme.=, ambition of, ii. 299.
+
+  =Morlaix=, Villeneuve at, ii. 375.
+
+  "=Morning Chronicle=," on England's indifference to French affairs,
+      iv. 163.
+
+  =Morsbach=, military movements near, iii. 206.
+
+  =Mortier, Gen. E. A.=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;
+    occupies Hanover, ii. 287;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    destruction of his division, 368;
+    annihilated at Dürrenstein, 378;
+    in the Austerlitz campaign, 380;
+    occupies Mainz, 424, 443;
+    seizes the Prince of Hesse-Cassel, 443;
+    threatens Stralsund, iii. 19;
+    battle of Heilsberg, 29;
+    battle of Friedland, 30;
+    created Duke of Treviso, 86;
+    yearly income, 87;
+    reinforcements for, 165;
+    occupies Franconia, 165;
+    forces in Spain, 191;
+    ordered to blow up the Kremlin, 355;
+    in the retreat from Moscow, 357;
+    commanding the Guard, campaign of 1813, 402;
+    battle of Dresden, iv. 9;
+    holds Pirna, 12, 18;
+    battle of Leipsic, 29;
+    at Troyes, 60;
+    battle of Montmirail, 63;
+    at Soissons, 74;
+    junction with _N._, 77;
+    checks Blücher at the Ourcq, 76;
+    battle of Laon, 79;
+    defends the Paris line against Blücher, 86;
+    at Rheims, 86;
+    at Soissons, 86;
+    junction with Marmont at Fismes, 93;
+    driven back to Charenton, 99;
+    junction with Marmont, 99;
+    driven back on Paris, 101, 105;
+    defense of Paris, 112, 113;
+    concludes terms of surrender, 113;
+    denounced by _N._, 115, 116;
+    ordered to take position under the walls of Paris, 116;
+    strength after surrender of Paris, 118;
+    attachment to _N._, 117;
+    absent from the Waterloo campaign, 171.
+
+  =Moscow=, _N._ threatens to march to, iii. 304;
+    military enthusiasm in, 336;
+    Russian retreat from Smolensk toward, 339;
+    _N.'s_ line from the Niemen to, 340;
+    defense of, 343-345;
+    agreement of the opposing generals as to its capture, 345;
+    the Kremlin, 345, 347;
+    capture and burning, 345-349;
+    _N._ expects Alexander to save, 347;
+    _N.'s_ political and military blunders at, 343, 348;
+    fountain of Russian inspiration, 347;
+    topography, buildings, monuments, etc., 348;
+    Russian abandonment of, 349;
+    disputed honor of the conflagration, 349;
+    pillage of, 350;
+    the French army in, 349-352;
+    _N.'s_ dissipation in, 352;
+    _N.'s_ intention to be crowned in, 352;
+    French retreat from, 352-356, 357 et seq.;
+    throwing away the spoils of, 358;
+    destruction of, 382;
+    Alexander's desire to avenge the French seizure of, iv. 41.
+
+  =Mosel, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58.
+
+  =Moskwa, River=, military movements on the, iii. 344, 348.
+
+  =Moulins, J. F. A.=, member of the Directory, ii. 92;
+    represents Jacobin element in the Directory, 94;
+    proposed resignation of, 101;
+    refuses to resign, 108;
+    imprisonment of, 108, 115;
+    _N.'s_ charges against, before the Ancients, 113.
+
+  ="Mountain," the=, position in the National Convention, i. 188;
+    suspects an English party in Corsica, 196;
+    action discussed in the "Supper of Beaucaire," 218;
+    _N.'s_ affiliation with, 242;
+    fall of, 248;
+    factions in, 250;
+    status in the provinces, 268;
+    annihilation of, 284.
+
+  =Moustier=, question of Grouchy's moving to, iv. 192, 193.
+
+  =Mozhaisk=, military operations at, iii, 347, 356;
+    depot of the French army at, 357.
+
+  =Müffling, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 204.
+
+  =Muiron=, killed at Arcole, i. 400.
+
+  =Mulde, River=, contemplated movements on the, iv. 24.
+
+  =Müller, W.=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415.
+
+  =Multedo=, member of Directory of Corsica, i. 133;
+    denounces _N._, 254;
+    letter from _N._, 257.
+
+  =Münchberg=, Soult at, ii. 428.
+
+  =Munich=, Moreau at, i. 384; ii. 186, 190; iii. 203;
+    military operations near, ii. 191;
+    Méhée de la Touche's machinations in, 297;
+    expulsion of the English envoy at, 330;
+    the Elector of Bavaria reoccupies, 377;
+    _N.'s_ plan to reach, iii. 204.
+
+  =Münster=, position in the French Empire, iii. 279.
+
+  =Mur, River=, military operations on the, i. 434.
+
+  =Murad Bey=, attacks the French at Shebreket, ii. 59;
+    battle of the Pyramids, 60;
+    worries _N._ with mysterious intrigues, 76;
+    fails to assist the Rhodes expedition, 77;
+    death, 77.
+
+  =Murat, Gen. Joachim=, at Borghetto, i. 372;
+    threatens Genoa, 373;
+    in Rivoli campaign, 415;
+    service in Egypt, ii. 53;
+    ordered to kill hostile tribesmen, 70;
+    battle of Aboukir, 78;
+    accompanies _N._ on return from Alexandria, 81;
+    action on the 18th Brumaire, 105;
+    commanding guard at St. Cloud, 108;
+    proposes to clear the Orangery, 117;
+    pursues the Austrians from Milan, 173;
+    battle of Marengo, 179;
+    commanding in central Italy, 190;
+    watches Naples, 190;
+    his plebeian birth, 195;
+    marries Caroline Buonaparte, 195, 258;
+    guardian to King Louis's widow, 233;
+    military commandant at Paris, 308;
+    share in trial of d'Enghien, 310;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    at _N.'s_ coronation, 342;
+    captures Werneck's division at Nördlingen, 367;
+    enters Vienna, 368;
+    reproached by _N._, 368;
+    crosses the Tabor bridge, 368;
+    base conduct at Vienna, 369;
+    vanity of, 378;
+    permits Kutusoff's escape, 378;
+    "destroys the fruits of a campaign," 379;
+    pursues the Russian force, 378;
+    checked by Bagration at Hollabrunn, 379;
+    outwitted by Kutusoff at Hollabrunn, 379;
+    battle of Austerlitz, 386, 388;
+    Grand Duke of Cleves and Berg, 403;
+    takes title of Joachim I, 403;
+    his ambitions, 416;
+    Prussian campaign of 1806, 422, 428, 429;
+    personal attendance on _N._, 425;
+    at Saalburg, 428;
+    in battle of Jena, 429;
+    character, 436; iii. 139, 141;
+    invests Magdeburg, ii. 436;
+    pursues Hohenlohe, 436;
+    at Golymin, iii. 4;
+    strength in Poland, 7;
+    in campaign of Eylau, 15-17;
+    pursues Bennigsen, 18;
+    battle of Heilsberg, 29;
+    pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 32;
+    at Tilsit, 52;
+    interview with Queen Louisa, 61;
+    assumes title of Napoleon, 82;
+    advances on Madrid, 134;
+    at Burgos, 134;
+    assumes command in Spain, 134;
+    his dilemma, 139;
+    his protection sought by Charles IV, 138;
+    letter to _N._, March 25, 1808, 139;
+    enters Madrid, 139-142;
+    ambition to secure the Spanish throne, 139, 146, 150;
+    letters from _N._, March, 1808, 141;
+    designated Protector of Spain, 141;
+    relations with _N._, 141;
+    attitude of Spanish people toward, 141;
+    his policy in Spain, 141, 142;
+    refuses to recognize Ferdinand, 143;
+    trouble with his prisoner Godoy, 145;
+    appointed dictator of Spain, 146;
+    Madrid revolts against, 146;
+    _N._ offers him the crown of Naples or of Portugal, 147;
+    executes patriots in Madrid, 147;
+    becomes king of Naples, 149, 278, 319;
+    _N.'s_ control over, 151;
+    butchery in the Madrid riots, 151;
+    strength at Madrid, 155;
+    commander-in-chief at Madrid, 155;
+    executes decree depriving the Pope of secular power, 242;
+    member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 253;
+    violates the Continental System, 266;
+    strength, March 12, 1812, 323;
+    cavalry command in the Russian campaign of 1812, 324;
+    urges action at Vitebsk, 338;
+    battle of Smolensk, 340;
+    remonstrates against fighting at Smolensk, 340;
+    enters Moscow, 345;
+    reports the temper of the Russian peasantry, 350;
+    sudden attack on, 352, 355;
+    desperate fighting on the retreat from Moscow, 362;
+    ordered to form behind the Niemen, 373;
+    commanding the remnants of the grand army, 373;
+    deserts the army and returns to Naples, 373, 385, 393; iv. 51;
+    crosses the Niemen, iii. 384;
+    enters Königsberg, 384;
+    held to his allegiance, 421;
+    battle of Dresden, iv. 10;
+    sent to support Vandamme at Kulm, 15;
+    fails to check Schwarzenberg or hold Blücher, 17;
+    ordered to hold Schwarzenberg, 22, 23;
+    battle of Wachau, 27, 28;
+    battle of Leipsic, 27, 28, 32;
+    forms alliance with Austria, 55;
+    marches on Rome, 56;
+    censured by _N._, 56;
+    deserts _N._, 56, 59;
+    characterization of Talleyrand, 107;
+    uneasy for his throne, 144;
+    deposed, 145;
+    Soult opposed to, 157;
+    condemned to death, 225.
+
+  =Murat, Mme.=, marital relations, ii. 258.
+
+  =Murati=, success of, at Bastia, i. 119.
+
+  =Museum of Arts and Crafts=, founded, i. 281.
+
+  =Mustapha IV=, seeks the friendship of France, iii. 106;
+    overthrows Selim III, 106;
+    weak reign of, 163;
+    murders Selim III, 162.
+
+
+N
+
+  =N=, Napoleon's monogram, iii. 40.
+
+  =Namur=, military operations near, iv. 171, 176, 182, 186, 211.
+
+  =Nangis=, Victor and Oudinot driven back to, iv. 65;
+    Wittgenstein driven from, 72;
+    _N._ at, 72;
+    Berthier at, 72;
+    French retreat stopped at, 84.
+
+  =Nansouty, Gen.=, in the Eckmühl campaign, iii. 208;
+    commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of 1812, 324;
+    moves from Sézanne against Blücher, iv. 62;
+    ordered toward Montmirail, 63;
+    transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132.
+
+  =Nantes=, immunity from the White Terror, iv. 222.
+
+  =Napier, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 208.
+
+  =Naples=, Bourbon influence in, i. 21;
+    humiliation of, 192, 374;
+    aids in defense of Toulon, 221;
+    under foreign yoke, 345;
+    French proposition to revolutionize, 373;
+    becomes refractory, 401;
+    makes peace with France, 402;
+    _N.'s_ leniency to, 421;
+    _N.'s_ influence in, 448;
+    plunder of, ii. 17, 18;
+    arrogance of, 17, 18;
+    diplomatic offset of Spain against, 18;
+    claims Malta, 18;
+    neutralization of, 33;
+    dread of French spoliation in, 39;
+    makes war on Rome, 68, 72, 86, 87;
+    spread of revolutionary ideas to, 86;
+    joins the second coalition, 86, 91;
+    Macdonald ordered to, 87;
+    Bonapartist agency in, 89;
+    capture of, by Championnet, 87, 93;
+    unbridled license at, 92;
+    watched by Murat, 190;
+    Russia intercedes for, 203, 204;
+    English ships forbidden to enter, 204;
+    forced contributions from, 204;
+    France withdraws from, 211, 262, 287;
+    not allowed to garrison Malta, 284;
+    seized by Saint-Cyr, 287;
+    fate of her admiral, Caraccioli, 300;
+    Russia demands France's evacuation of, 330, 347;
+    independence of, 357;
+    a focus of anti-French conspiracies, 357;
+    _N._ demands expulsion of emigrants from, 357;
+    _N._ threatens to seize, 362;
+    Villeneuve ordered to, 371;
+    Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377;
+    banishment of the Bourbons from, 391, 395, 401; iii. 214;
+    Russian occupation of, ii. 395, 418;
+    Joseph Bonaparte made king of, 395, 439; iii. 148;
+    Masséna ordered to, ii. 395;
+    rupture of the Queen's engagement with _N._, 395;
+    opened to English ships, 395;
+    _N._ exacts tribute from, 396;
+    Russia evacuates, 405;
+    vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, iii. 54;
+    trouble concerning the Papal States, 67;
+    abolition of the hostile strip between Italy and, 118;
+    financial and political reform in, 130;
+    Murat becomes king of, 147, 150, 279, 319;
+    England's loss of trade with, 272;
+    seizure of American ships by, 275;
+    Murat returns to 373, 385;
+    fails to support _N._, iv. 57, 59;
+    insecurity of Murat's throne, 144;
+    refrains from joining the European coalition against _N._, 162.
+
+  =Naples, King of=.
+    _See_ =Buonaparte, Joseph=.
+
+  "=Napoladron=," iii. 292.
+
+  =Napoleon Buonaparte=.
+    (_Note._--Items concerning Napoleon's relations with persons or
+      places will be found under the respective names of such subjects.
+    For a conspectus of events in his career, _see_ the Tables of
+      Contents in each volume.
+    For aphorisms by or concerning Napoleon, _see_ =Phrases=.
+    For details of his character _see_ paragraph below,--_Analysis
+      of character_.)
+    Birth and infancy, i. 33-47;
+    brothers and sisters, 33, 34;
+    forms of his name, 38;
+    nicknames, 39;
+    his personal recollections of childhood, 40, 45;
+    development of military genius at the snow forts, 53;
+    challenges a schoolmate, 51;
+    letter to his father, 58;
+    conceptions of the state, 78;
+    aptitude for the navy, 57;
+    two enemies of, 65;
+    views on and first lessons in revolution, 123-134, 156, 190;
+    hatred of France, 92, 122;
+    improvement in financial condition, 127;
+    a Corsican revolutionist, 130;
+    first appearance as an orator, 132;
+    political schemes, 137;
+    certificates as to his republicanism, 136, 140;
+    prepared for confirmation, 146;
+    his detractors, 148;
+    his desire concerning his biographies, 148;
+    course of life from 1791 to 1795, 148 et seq.;
+    payment of debts, 149;
+    growing notoriety, 156;
+    a starting-point of his career, 159;
+    addresses the Minister of War on the National Guard, 159;
+    debts of, 159;
+    a Corsican Jacobin, 160-179;
+    strained relations with the Ministry of War, 160, 295;
+    purchases sequestrated church lands, 161;
+    election methods, 166;
+    his "civism," 170, 180;
+    with the mob at the Tuileries, 176;
+    on riots, 176;
+    relations with the Marseilles deputation, 178;
+    on the conflict of August 10, 1792, 178;
+    seeks commission in naval artillery, 182;
+    aims at Corsican leadership, 202;
+    failure in politics, 211;
+    general of brigade, 232, 236-242, 287;
+    his own record of his life, 237;
+    influential friends, 236, 240, 244;
+    a Jacobin general, 236-246;
+    denies his nobility, 237;
+    refuses to obey the Convention's summons, 240;
+    a Montagnard, 242;
+    the "plan-maker" of the Robespierres, 245;
+    the germ of his military system, 247;
+    vicissitudes in war and diplomacy, 247, 259;
+    suspension and arrest, 254-259;
+    appeal to the "representatives of the people" (1794), 255;
+    release, 257;
+    the end of apprenticeship, 260-271;
+    degraded from artillery to infantry, 278;
+    Jacobin proclivities, 284, 286;
+    renounces Jacobinism, 286;
+    the General of the Convention, 287-301;
+    plans marriage and settled life, 294;
+    jealousy directed against, 310;
+    his police services, 310;
+    courtship and marriage, 310, 323;
+    a typical Corsican, 311;
+    views on love and marriage, 311;
+    adopts new spelling of his name, 321;
+    a product of Carnot's system, 332;
+    the Oedipus of France, 339;
+    on a great stage, 339-351;
+    demands reinforcements, 347;
+    insists on unity of command, 348;
+    keynote of military policy, 348;
+    secret of his military success, 351;
+    "the Little Corporal," 362; iv. 154;
+    an insubordinate conqueror and diplomatist, i. 363-377;
+    entrusted with diplomatic powers, 364;
+    threats against, 364;
+    prostitution of his subordinates, 366, 376;
+    scheme of art plunder, 368;
+    views concerning arts and sciences, 369;
+    plans succeeding the capture of Milan, 372-377;
+    refuses bribes, 376;
+    a prophecy fulfilled, 385;
+    narrow escapes, 393;
+    extinction of the Corsican in, 404;
+    memoirs, 417;
+    military jealousy directed against, 426;
+    independent attitude of, ii. 4;
+    attitude toward royalty, 4;
+    "a personage in Europe," 9;
+    plans for building up sea power, 18;
+    bribery of and by, 19;
+    constructive commander-in-chief of French forces, 36;
+    represses pillage, 42;
+    supplanter of the Revolution, 46;
+    his "complete code of politics," 49;
+    theories of government, 49, 50;
+    doubtful points in connection with the Egyptian campaign, 49-52;
+    on English political history, 50;
+    "the pear is not yet ripe," 52;
+    assumes the rôle of a prophet, 66;
+    el Kebir, the Exalted, 67;
+    receives secret information from his brothers, 79;
+    summoned to take supreme command, 80;
+    death at St. Helena, 82; iv. 234;
+    gives toast: "the harmony of all the French," ii. 101;
+    scheme to make him consul, 102;
+    secret meeting of his friends, 15th of Brumaire, 102;
+    critical moment in Talleyrand's house, 103;
+    temporary dictator, 106;
+    speech to Barras's messenger, 19th Brumaire, 107;
+    dangerous confidence of, 109;
+    "traitor and outlaw," 113, 115, 122;
+    the arbiter of French destiny, 121;
+    reports of his wealth, 122;
+    First Consul, 124, 125, 130;
+    royalist predilections for, 134;
+    his choice of two policies, 138;
+    the epoch of, 139;
+    importance in universal history, 139;
+    apparent loss of military ambition, 140;
+    choice of administrators, 140, 149-153;
+    English views of, 143, 144;
+    salary as First Consul, 150;
+    the personality of the council of state his, 152;
+    aims at centralization of government, 153;
+    beneficent effects of his régime on the world, 153;
+    controls foreign relations, 153;
+    foreign policy, 157, 158;
+    makes enemies as First Consul, 158;
+    the fate of France identified with his, 158;
+    contrasts administrative with military glory, 164;
+    on the art of war, 165;
+    expansion of his schemes, 172;
+    his favorite tactics, 177;
+    distinction between the statesman and the general, 183-185;
+    violation of the constitution in assuming command, 186;
+    undisputed mastery of France, 185;
+    sportive tricks with old dynasties of Europe, 194;
+    period of his greatest renown, 198;
+    married life, 198, 199, 256;
+    malicious libels on, 199;
+    as kingmaker, 205;
+    urged by Russia to declare himself king, 209;
+    codification of the laws, 222;
+    regenerates feudal society, 224;
+    study of law, 227;
+    his interest in education, 227;
+    the new era, 229;
+    method of deporting opposition, 235-238;
+    apparent summit of his power, 239;
+    plots and attempts to assassinate, 239, 240; iv. 122, 138, 144;
+    policy toward his enemies, ii. 241;
+    popularity, 244-249;
+    proposal to make him king, 248;
+    the tool of fate and architect of his own fortunes, 250;
+    his first marriage, 250;
+    a soldier of fortune, 250;
+    at maturity, 250 et seq.;
+    a man of all ages, 253;
+    the personification of France, 253;
+    effect of conspiracies on, 255;
+    safeguards for, 256;
+    on friendships, 256;
+    on the forces by which kings rule, 256;
+    effect of his married life on the Code, 257;
+    war a necessity to, 268;
+    French admiration for, 377;
+    expansion of the revolutionary system, 278;
+    relations with the diplomatic corps, 279, 280;
+    consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280;
+    reception of diplomatic corps, Apr. 4, 1803, 284;
+    remonstrances against adulation of, 295;
+    mortification of, 312;
+    on the pinnacle of revolutionary power, 314;
+    brief review of his career, 314-318;
+    creates a virtual tyranny, 315;
+    "consul, stadholder, or emperor?" 321;
+    his imperial title, 323;
+    his civil list, 323;
+    heraldic device of the empire, 323;
+    secures the imperial succession to his family, 324;
+    inauguration of the empire, 326;
+    coronation, 327, 339 et seq.; iv. 249;
+    his naval plans of 1805, ii. 334;
+    reception of the news of Trafalgar, 334;
+    as a man of science, 335;
+    his strength with the army, 334;
+    forms of his strategy, 337;
+    fear of poison, 341;
+    encourages arts and sciences, 347-351;
+    first speech from the imperial throne, 347;
+    germs of the national uprising against, 348;
+    the spell of his name, 349;
+    deprecates war, 351;
+    backed by the nation, 352;
+    "moderation" of, 355;
+    anger at naval failures, 360;
+    rapidity and perfection of his movements, 363;
+    his military commanders, 364;
+    sinks the emperor in the general, 364, 423; iii. 112, 404;
+    the head of the French Empire, ii. 395;
+    demands recognition as Emperor of Rome, 396;
+    violation of dynastic ties, 404;
+    ideas about territorial sanctity, 404;
+    "Napoleon the Great," 407;
+    the imperial catechism, 408;
+    traveling arrangements, 425;
+    distrust of his suite, 426;
+    simplicity of his military dress, 438;
+    likened to an octopus, 445;
+    political methods and policies, iii. 1, 76, 115, 196, 316;
+    a new seat of war for, 3;
+    determined to "conquer the sea by land," 3;
+    new experience in campaigning 5;
+    his first child, 11;
+    the center of his administration, 24;
+    the supports of his empire, 24;
+    centralization of government in, 25;
+    nameless charges against, 26;
+    his excuses for his license, 26;
+    his monogram (N) 39, 40;
+    commercial policy, 46, 137;
+    attitude toward the Russo-Prussian alliance, 54;
+    preference for action before words, 66;
+    recognizes the power of decorations, 81;
+    drafts on his associates, 81;
+    the surname of Napoleon, 82;
+    on the ambitions of the French people, 83;
+    on paternal government, 83;
+    personal decrees, 86;
+    recognizes popular fickleness, 86;
+    creates a titled class, 86;
+    art under, 88;
+    system of imperial patronage, 91;
+    discourages gambling, 92;
+    relations with his friends and generals, 93;
+    imprisons a milliner, 92;
+    pert remarks addressed to, 94;
+    supposed cause of the turn of his fortunes, 96;
+    ignorance concerning American affairs, 101;
+    realizes the limitations of his power, 110;
+    his "master," 110;
+    ill luck at sea, 112;
+    political system of, 115;
+    the height of his power, 115;
+    crushes a watch in passion, 130;
+    his determination to crush opposition, 130;
+    intercepts suspected correspondence, 130, 162;
+    his "cabinet noir," 130;
+    turn of his fortunes, 137, 151;
+    justifies pillage, 159;
+    crushing blows, 159, 161 et seq.;
+    the embodiment of power, 160;
+    divorce impending, 160;
+    system of territorial expansion, 165;
+    his extinctions of ruling dynasties, 165;
+    diplomatic exhibit of his political scheme at St. Cloud, 169;
+    dramatic incident at performance of "Oedipe," 172;
+    appreciation of the drama, 173;
+    familiarity with ancient history, 174, 175;
+    thickening of the divorce plot, 179;
+    the character of his civilization, 179;
+    orders list of marriageable princesses to be prepared, 179;
+    a gang of self-seeking traitors to, 193;
+    well informed on the European situation, 195;
+    system of spies, 196;
+    skilful historians on, 196;
+    shifts responsibility for wars onto the enemy, 198;
+    his plan of campaigns, 202;
+    policy of wooing people and abusing their rulers, 213;
+    Bonaparte distinguished from Napoleon, 231; iv. 39, 133;
+    ultimate terms of peace, iii. 239;
+    sick of war, 238;
+    dread of assassination, 240;
+    excommunicated, 242;
+    change in his manner, 245;
+    his "harem," 246;
+    declining popularity, 249;
+    basis of his power, 250;
+    alleges the reasons for his divorce, 253;
+    decides on the Austrian marriage, 254;
+    second marriage, 259;
+    banishes the cardinals, 259;
+    renounces title of Roman Emperor, 261;
+    consolidation of his power, 262;
+    fills vacant bishoprics, 263;
+    extent of his empire, 264, 278;
+    change of naval policy, 264;
+    the national uprisings against, 269;
+    causes leading to his overthrow, 269;
+    mistaken policy of providing thrones for relatives, 278;
+    his perquisites in English sugar and coffee, 279;
+    Spanish schoolboys' nickname for, 292;
+    deals with state property for personal benefit, 295;
+    policy of personal attachments, 295;
+    his "extraordinary domain," 295, 305;
+    imperial residences, 301;
+    endows maternity hospital, 301;
+    chooses between lives of child and mother, 302;
+    aspirations for sea power, 304;
+    flood-tide of success, 305;
+    method of replenishing an empty treasury, 305, 309;
+    the man and the embodied political force of Europe, distinguished,
+      306-309;
+    "Emperor of the Continent," 308;
+    an incident that changed the course of history, 314;
+    new naval schemes, 315;
+    belief in the devotion of France, 316;
+    policy of territorial aggrandizement, 316;
+    his ideal, 319;
+    beginning of his decline, 319;
+    considered the anti-christ, 322;
+    secret funds, 323;
+    studies Roman history, 325;
+    warned against war by ministers and friends, 326;
+    warned of the fate of Charles XII, 326;
+    moral reforms, 327;
+    the climax of his drama, 331;
+    physical characteristics at opening of the Russian campaign of
+      1812, 332;
+    afflicted with dysuria, 332;
+    address to his army before the Russian campaign, 334;
+    plans of action, 335, 336;
+    longing for a great battle, 337;
+    desperate military straits of, 341;
+    deplores the barbarity of war, 343;
+    contracts a loathsome disease, 352;
+    weakness and indecision on the retreat from Moscow, 355;
+    shares the hardships of the army, 357, 362, 365;
+    commands a division of the army, 363;
+    bulletin of Dec. 3, 1812, 372;
+    false report of his death, 376;
+    wrath of the army against, 376;
+    "robbed the cradle and the grave," 386;
+    revolutionary training, 388;
+    his "library," 388;
+    on credit, 389;
+    faces a European coalition, 391, 392;
+    refuses to cede European holdings, 392;
+    conciliatory attitude, 393;
+    fallacies of his military schemes of 1813, 394;
+    aims of the new coalition against, 399;
+    belief in cavalry, 402;
+    attitude toward Austria, 404;
+    his blunder of 1813, 411;
+    the beginning of the final disaster, 411;
+    a tyro in dynastic politics, 416;
+    alleged turning-point in his career, 418;
+    suspects treachery, 418;
+    isolation of, 417, 423;
+    characterizes his Austrian marriage as stupidity, 418;
+    his first fatal blunder, 420;
+    tries to bribe Austria, 424;
+    former friends turn against, iv. 2;
+    advantage over the allies, 3;
+    the hazard of the die, 4;
+    characterization of the allies, 5;
+    value of his presence in the field, 10;
+    climax of disaster, 16;
+    appeals to sentiment rather than history, 16;
+    the wonder-year of his theoretical genius, 16;
+    transformed from strategist into politician, 17;
+    the diplomat outstrips the strategist, 16;
+    definition of a great man, 21;
+    outwitted by the allies, 25, 26;
+    the savior of society, 43;
+    found out by the masses, 44;
+    newness of his nobility, 44;
+    his aim the independence of the nations, 45;
+    spends his private treasure on the army, 50;
+    his last official act, 53;
+    no longer Emperor, 53;
+    leaves Paris for Châlons, 53;
+    value of his prestige, 60;
+    his supreme military effort, 59;
+    a famous march by, 64;
+    the allies' determination to exterminate the Napoleonic idea, 66, 67;
+    his military correspondence, 1814, 66;
+    yields to his marshals, 69;
+    estrangement and desertion of his marshals, 72, 121, 129-132;
+    suggestion that he abdicate, 74;
+    realizes the war is for his extermination, 80;
+    "the spasmodic stroke of the dying gladiator," 83;
+    rouses the peasantry to guerrilla warfare, 85;
+    desperate scheme of, 90;
+    "this movement makes or mars me," 97;
+    capture of a bundle of letters from Paris for, 98;
+    chances for a last stand, 102;
+    contemplates a new levy, 106;
+    the allies refuse to treat with, 114;
+    proposal that he govern France under guarantees, 114;
+    overthrown by the legislature, 115;
+    regains his equilibrium, 117;
+    rage at learning of the surrender, 116;
+    the allies refuse to negotiate with, 117;
+    his first abdication, 117, 123-125, 128;
+    influence over the troops, 118;
+    desertion of the army, 126;
+    the knell of the empire, 127;
+    proclamation of April 5, 1814, 129;
+    a homeless citizen of the world, 129;
+    determination never to be taken alive, 129;
+    final form of his declaration of abdication, 131;
+    use of the imperial style, 133;
+    the savior of European society, 133;
+    treatment accorded to, by the allies, 133-142;
+    parting gifts to old acquaintances, 134;
+    treasure at Blois, 134;
+    denies the charge of usurpation, 135;
+    alleged to be a bastard, 137;
+    alleged theft of crown jewels, 138;
+    his true name said to be Nicholas, 138;
+    calumnies heaped on, 138, 143;
+    plots for the exile of, 138;
+    adopts disguise, 139;
+    farewell to the allies' commissioners, 140;
+    effect of English customs on, 140;
+    begins the administration of his island realm, 141;
+    treasure at the Tuileries, 141;
+    his historical commentaries, 141;
+    forced to practise economy, 142;
+    diminution of his private fortune, 144;
+    scheme to deport him still further, 145;
+    keeps informed as to course of European events, 146, 149;
+    scouts the idea of a regency, 152;
+    prepares for his escape, 152;
+    alleged fears of deportation, 152;
+    his escape justified, 152;
+    dismisses the peasantry from his column, 155;
+    troops flock to, 158;
+    forms his new cabinet, 159;
+    acquiesces in popular demand for constitutional government, 159;
+    the apostle of popular sovereignty, 160;
+    views on abolition of censorship of press, 160;
+    devotion to the cause of public liberty, 161;
+    resolution of the European dynasties to extirpate his régime, 161;
+    "the enemy and disturber of the world's peace," 162;
+    proclaimed an outlaw, 162, 164;
+    turns toward the moderate liberals, 165;
+    call for volunteers, 165;
+    his reconstituted corps of marshals, 167;
+    proclamation to the army, June 15, 1815, 173;
+    apparent successes of June 16, 1815, 184;
+    effects of his inactivity, 194;
+    his last dream of glory, 196, 197;
+    loss of the last chance, 205;
+    the emperor contrasted with the general, 207;
+    demand for his abdication, 217;
+    calls for him as dictator, 218;
+    idea of regaining the government by force, 218;
+    abdicates for the second time, 218;
+    adopts civilian's clothing, 219;
+    the government refuses responsibility for his safety, 219;
+    romantic schemes for his escape, 222;
+    desire for his execution, 224;
+    regarded as the common prisoner of the allies, 225;
+    General Bonaparte, a private citizen, 226;
+    appeals against his sentence, 226, 227;
+    upholds polygamy, 231;
+    his autobiography, 230, 231;
+    efforts for his release, 230, 231;
+    as a prisoner, 230-235;
+    attempts intercourse with friends in France, 231;
+    farewell message to his son, 231;
+    his testament, 233;
+    bequests and their settlements, 233;
+    last sickness and death, 234;
+    a possible epitaph, 247;
+    his rise to power, 247 et seq.;
+    questionings as to his life and work, 247 et seq.;
+    his love of artillery, 248;
+    lack of education, 250;
+    on greatness, 249;
+    influence on history, 253 et seq.;
+    early struggles, 254 et seq.;
+    methods of acquiring supreme power, 258, 262, 263;
+    lasting character of his work, 259;
+    legal reforms, 260;
+    police system of, 260;
+    centralization of his administrative system, 260, 261, 264;
+    social reforms, 260, 261, 264;
+    educational system, 260;
+    the secret of his downfall, 261;
+    position among lawgivers and statesmen, 260;
+    rule by military force, 261;
+    attitude toward democracy, 261;
+    deficient education in politics and history, 262;
+    influence on modern times, 262, 292;
+    popular distrust of his character, 263;
+    meets intrigue with intrigue, 263;
+    responsibility for bloodshed, 265;
+    causes of his downfall, 285-288, 290;
+    his place in history, 285-292;
+    essays the rôle of liberator, 286, 290, 293;
+    in captivity, 289;
+    his "Correspondence," 289;
+    roots out absolutism, 292;
+    his artificial aristocracy, 294.
+   _Analysis of character_.
+    Ability to mold men, ii. 4, 5, 9, 33-36, 56, 97, 98, 102-105,
+      126, 132, 142, 149-153, 159, 164, 194, 196, 234, 361; iv. 39,
+      258, 259;
+    as an adventurer, iv. 291;
+    ambition, i. 55; 65, 71, 113, 117, 136, 161, 191, 199, 203, 206,
+      209, 258, 263, 310, 311, 341, 346, 362, 405; ii. 14, 29-32, 48,
+      73, 157, 314, 437; iii. 19, 21, 46, 83, 109, 110 114, 164, 245,
+      306, 308, 329; iv. 255, 261-265, 292;
+    amusements, iv. 228, 230;
+    anxiety for his safety and comfort, iv. 134;
+    asceticism, i. 111;
+    autocracy, ii. 275;
+    bravado, iii. 18;
+    use of bribery, acceptance and rejection of bribes, i. 203; ii. 34;
+    as a burgher, ii. 279; iv. 248;
+    calmness under stress, ii. 334; iv. 165;
+    use of cant, iv. 45;
+    capacity for work, energy, industry, and attention to detail,
+      i. 210, 225, 245, 261, 263, 367; ii. 10, 29, 153, 197, 215, 222,
+      426; iii. 19, 24-26, 29, 53, 74, 77, 92, 171, 182-184, 209, 210,
+      216, 268, 269, 325, 333, 336-338; iv. 23, 54, 248-252, 265, 286;
+    casuistry, i. 144;
+    caustic, sarcastic or vigorous tongue or pen, i. 66, 118, 205;
+      ii. 56, 58, 107, 108, 113, 159, 268, 391; iii. 34, 35, 61, 62,
+      65, 81, 213-215, 275, 327, 332, 343;
+    caution, i. 211, 253; ii. 122, 315, 384;
+    (lack of), ii. 315; iii. 3;
+    change in temperament, iii. 232;
+    character at Brienne, i. 58;
+    cheerfulness and good humor, ii. 197, 279; iii. 19, 52;
+    clemency, ii. 439;
+    coffee-drinking habit, iv. 24;
+    contempt for ideals, ii. 199; iii. 26; 88, 148, 315, 316;
+    contempt for men and money, iv. 264;
+    cosmopolitanism, 92;
+    courage, i. 265-390, 393, 405; ii. 385; iii. 16, 19, 188, 240;
+      iv. 62, 77;
+    charge of cowardice against, ii. 384;
+    a criminal, iv. 250;
+    cruelty, ii. 70, 417, 439;
+    decay of physical and intellectual powers, neglect of details,
+      vacillation, etc., iii. 27, 93, 181; 209, 239-241, 246, 332,
+      347, 355; iv. 21, 31, 91, 197, 205, 214-218; 249, 285-291, 293;
+    desire for peace, ii. 142, 420; iii. 238, 382, 407, 414, 418, 424;
+      iv. 52, 160;
+    desperation, iii. 91;
+    despondency and pessimism, i. 80, 89, 98, 215; iii. 357; iv. 129;
+    despotism, iii. 80, 83, 86, 88, 121, 316; iv. 261;
+    the man of destiny and of the hour, the representative man of his
+      epoch, a fatalist and opportunist, i. 1, 80, 143, 166, 171,
+      219, 237, 272-286, 321; ii. 97-110, 139, 381; iii. 61, 325;
+      iv. 119, 168, 219, 256, 265, 289;
+    determination to rule or ruin, iii. 399;
+    his "divine character," ii. 407;
+    domestic virtues--filial, parental, and connubial affection,
+      i. 58, 64, 81, 141, 145, 161, 264, 285, 291, 309, 452-455;
+      iii. 181, 224, 246, 252, 269, 276, 302, 306, 323, 327, 381,
+      392, 416; iv. 134-138, 169;
+    love of dramatic effect; ability as an actor, i. 210, 341;
+      ii. 31; iii. 112; iv. 153, 166, 249;
+    dread of assassination and kidnapping, ii. 101; iii. 240, 368;
+      iv. 139, 150;
+    dreams of universal and European empire, i. 323; ii. 269, 272,
+      331, 336, 395; iii. 46, 73, 111, 328, 408, 432, 433; iv. 42,
+      159;
+    dreams of Oriental conquest and empire, i. 78, 114, 293, 296,
+      317, 424; ii. 15-19, 47, 51-56, 61, 66, 73, 289, 440; iii. 20,
+      21, 33, 36, 51, 65, 106, 110-113, 117, 129, 159, 163, 166, 167,
+      309, 332, 352; iv. 256;
+    dress, i. 376; ii. 30, 438; iii. 40, 63, 93. 257;
+    duplicity, shiftiness, and versatility, i. 210, 234, 253, 265,
+      296, 299, 309, 396, 397, 447;
+    dynastic ambitions and longings for an heir, ii. 233, 244-249,
+      256, 308, 317, 322, 328, 341; iii. 82, 104, 112, 147, 160, 246,
+      249, 252, 255, 260, 301, 307, 381, 416; iv. 159, 287;
+    early education and later studies, i. 39-67, 71-82, 93, 114,
+      140-144, 151, 176, 182, 210, 265;
+    early military irregularities and inaptitude, i. 94, 96, 115, 157,
+      160-174, 210;
+    organizes educational system, ii. 409; iii. 26, 90;
+    egoism, vanity, and self-assertiveness, ii. 80, 113, 118, 344, 437;
+      iii. 26, 73, 93, 191, 202, 245, 304, 316;
+    elasticity of spirits, iv. 117;
+    elements of his failure, iii. 401, 402;
+    endurance of privation, iii. 7, 18, 188, 209, 365;
+    equestrianism, sporting instincts, etc., iii. 52, 257;
+    exaggeration and disregard of truth, i. 233, 306;
+    as a financier, ii. 134, 219, 410; iii. 25, 78, 295-300, 315, 389;
+      iv. 249, 251, 259, 295;
+    foresight and insight, ii. 44, 314, 437; iii. 318, 424;
+    generosity, hospitality, and charity, i. 134, 417; ii. 30, 82;
+      iii. 171, 176, 295, 297, 300, 301, 330;
+    his all-embracing genius, ii. 203, 365;
+    habit of reducing thoughts to writing, iv. 23;
+    hallucinations and self-delusions, iii. 307, 332; iv. 91, 95, 104, 234;
+    hatred and vindictiveness, i. 287; ii. 29;
+    as a historian, iv. 152, 231, 288;
+    humanity, iv. 39;
+    his human supremacy, iv. 249;
+    an iconoclast, ii. 28;
+    imperious character, iv. 287;
+    inconsistency, iii. 165, 231, 238, 267; iv. 250-253;
+    inelegance of manner, lack of breeding and delicacy, ii. 197-202,
+      255, 279, 411; iii. 42, 80, 179;
+    influenced by personal friendships, iv. 25;
+    intellectual powers, iii. 43;
+    intolerance of criticism, 88;
+    invincibility, ii. 78; iii. 392;
+    knowledge of human nature, ii. 227, 245;
+    qualities of leadership, i. 55, 59, 60, 113, 119, 129, 132, 134,
+      186, 211, 221, 242, 310, 339-341;
+    liberalism, ii. 443;
+    literary tastes, studies, style, and work, i. 53, 54, 60, 63, 71,
+      76-98, 114, 118, 123, 126-131, 135-147, 150, 163, 176, 199, 206,
+      211, 216-219, 225, 265, 289, 307, 364-368, 400; ii. 15, 54, 408;
+      iii. 25, 26, 173-176, 300, 325; iv. 69, 134, 159, 228, 231, 289;
+    magnanimity (assumed), ii. 445;
+    magnificence, lavishness, and love of display, iii. 50, 91, 256,
+      295, 301, 330-332, 352;
+    a man of the people, 288 et seq.;
+    views on marriage, 300;
+    mathematical ability, i. 56, 66, 265;
+    military blunders, iii. 4, 336, 341, 354-356, 374; iv. 186;
+    military education, and early service in the army, i. 59, 60, 68,
+      73-82, 87, 94, 95, 126, 141, 144, 148, 157, 159-165, 180, 227,
+      232, 236-240, 245, 256, 265, 287, 292-297;
+    military genius and strategy, i. 53, 217, 226, 239, 247, 264, 295,
+      301, 304, 342, 345-351, 354-362, 368-373, 378-385, 387, 395, 412,
+      416-418; ii. 32, 163, 169, 172, 182-185, 363-366, 369, 380, 402,
+      419, 423-428, 435, 436; iii. 1, 2, 6, 13, 18, 29-35, 156, 184,
+      192, 204-207, 210, 217, 219, 222, 229, 235, 333-335, 341-343,
+      346, 353, 356, 363, 368, 382, 401, 402, 413; iv. 4, 8, 16, 19-22,
+      29, 38, 54, 58, 59, 62, 65, 81, 92, 97, 146, 149, 154, 160,
+      170-174, 180, 184, 197, 212, 231, 253, 256, 267, 287, 288, 289,
+      299;
+    denies moral responsibility, ii. 408;
+    nerve, iii. 365;
+    nervousness, 403;
+    over-credulousness, iv. 7;
+    patriotism, i. 155, 164, 165, 199, 201, 399; ii. 158, 159;
+    persistence, i. 210, 211; ii. 62, 65, 72;
+    personal appearance, i. 46, 56, 113; ii. 29, 30, 406; iii. 43, 92;
+      iv. 197, 230;
+    physical condition and vigor, i. 215; iii. 19, 43, 209, 302;
+      iv. 149, 168, 169, 250-253;
+    physical peculiarities, conditions, ailments, etc., i. 80, 85,
+      126; iv. 12, 15, 25, 168, 177, 179, 197, 200, 211-217, 222,
+      231-235;
+    plain-spokenness, iii. 418;
+    his political acumen, ii. 136;
+    poverty, i. 52, 65, 66, 89, 111, 157, 174, 262, 279, 284, 288;
+    powers of analysis and calculation, i. 55, 56;
+    secret of his preëminence, iv. 249, 291;
+    ready wit, iii. 94;
+    recklessness, i. 236;
+    as a reformer, iii. 189;
+    reliance on public opinion, iv. 157;
+    attitude toward religion and relations with the church, i. 76,
+      146, 209, 264, 422; ii. 41, 131, 173, 205, 206, 215, 224, 227,
+      258, 264, 265, 325, 340, 396, 398, 407; iii. 26, 68, 85, 88,
+      89, 118, 154, 174, 175, 190, 215, 242, 249, 258, 259, 263, 305,
+      315, 377, 390; iv. 165, 230-235, 251, 259, 296;
+    resolution, iii. 28, 209;
+    restlessness, i. 156, 223, 227, 284;
+    review of his character, iv. 264;
+    sanguine temperament, iii. 21;
+    self-assertion, self-confidence, self-interest, and selfishness,
+      i. 59, 60, 66, 84, 113, 263, 309, 340, 363-366, 395; iii. 1,
+      33, 82, 109, 208, 231, 304, 309, 328; iv. 140, 250, 287;
+    a self-made man, iv. 250;
+    self-restraint, i. 376, 395;
+    sensuality, i. 113, 452; ii. 66; iii. 10, 27, 108, 246, 257, 327,
+      352; iv. 142, 250;
+    sensitiveness, ii. 197;
+    slow development, iv. 288;
+    social life, manners, and reforms, his court, public receptions,
+      etc., i. 69, 137, 151, 262, 265, 284, 290, 291, 295, 309-312,
+      448; ii. 131 197, 200, 224, 255, 279, 406, 411; iii. 43, 58-61,
+      64, 80-89, 91-94, 169, 174, 179, 224, 301, 390; iv. 352;
+    as soldier, statesman, and despot, iv. 247 et seq.;
+    speculative mania, 172, 173, 185;
+    statecraft and diplomacy, i. 265, 363, 431; ii. 20, 37, 125-131,
+      137, 146, 149, 242-249, 261, 264-269, 271, 279, 314-324,
+      329-332, 336, 346, 353, 354, 400-412, 426, 427; iii. 33, 64,
+      95, 128, 190, 310, 315, 322, 328, 343, 401, 408, 423;
+    his strong will, ii. 224, 356, 357;
+    views concerning suicide, and his attempts thereat, i. 80;
+      ii. 75; iv. 130, 131, 218, 232, 287;
+    superstition, ii. 76;
+    temper, ii. 281; iii. 418;
+    the terror of his name, 359; iv. 80, 84, 88, 93;
+    theocratic assumptions, ii. 407;
+    thirst for conquest and warlike zeal, ii. 331, 351, 380, 381, 437;
+      iii. 326, 337; iv. 264, 287;
+    thirst for power, 264;
+    unscrupulousness, i. 87, 88, 126, 144, 160, 166, 201, 211, 237,
+      265, 295, 300 308; ii. 67, 144, 251, 314, 377, 439; iii. 82,
+      115, 316, 331; iv. 264;
+    attitude toward and relations with women, i. 256, 265, 290, 291,
+      311, 312, 448; ii. 197, 438; iii. 26, 57-61, 298, 327; iv. 143,
+      252.
+
+  =Napoleon II=, king of Rome, _N.'s_ affection for, iii. 323, 381;
+    Malet's conspiracy, 361;
+    insignificance of, 377;
+    possibility of a regency for, 422.
+
+  =Napoleone, Stéphanie=, marries Prince Charles of Baden, ii. 399;
+    _N.'s_ liaison with, 399.
+
+  =Napoleon's Mount=, ii. 383, 386.
+
+  =Narbonne, Comte de=, mission from Dresden to Russia, iii. 331.
+
+  =Narew, River=, military movements on the, iii. 2, 13, 19.
+
+  =Nassau=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.
+
+  =Nassau, Prince= of, anecdote of, iii. 422.
+
+  =National Assembly, the=, Corsican affairs in, i. 117-122;
+    persuades Paoli to return to Corsica, 125;
+    condemns Buttafuoco, 135;
+    refuses to create Corsican National Guard, 140;
+    debates on the military power, 142;
+    difficulties of its work, 151-154, 158, 159;
+    self-effacement of, 153;
+    ecclesiastical legislation by, 168;
+    the King takes refuge in, 175;
+    dismisses the King's body-guard, 174;
+    abolishes the kingship, 175;
+    Lafayette endeavors to calm, 174, 176;
+    disperses, 188.
+
+  =National Convention, the=, election of a, i. 188;
+    meeting of, Sept. 21, 1792, 188;
+    the King summoned before, 194;
+    enforces its decrees in Corsica, 198;
+    Paoli summoned to appear before, 198, 204;
+    appeal to, by _N._, in Paoli's behalf, 199;
+    denounces Paoli, 201;
+    sends new commissioners to Corsica, 204;
+    promises indemnity to Corsican sufferers, 208;
+    supremacy of, 208;
+    Corsica's successful revolt against, 216;
+    popular support of, 219;
+    effect of the "Treason of Toulon" on, 222;
+    receives news of capture of Toulon, 233;
+    vengeance on Toulon, 233;
+    overthrow of the Girondists, 234;
+    _N._ and Gen. Lapoype summoned before, 240;
+    terrorists in, 250;
+    turns on Robespierre, 251;
+    downfall, 251, 266;
+    Jacobins in, 266;
+    question of reelection of members, 271, 282, 298;
+    rebellion and riots against, 272, 283, 299;
+    proclaims amnesty, 277;
+    royalist intrigues in, 278;
+    popular hatred of, 282;
+    prepares for conflict, 282, 299;
+    adopts _N.'s_ plan for Italian campaign, 293;
+    distrusts _N._, 299;
+    triumph on the 13th Vendémiaire, 304-309;
+    its plans thwarted by violence, 306;
+    _N.'s_ peculiar relations to, 341;
+    financial maladministration, ii. 219;
+    plans for invading England, 290;
+    scheme of revolutionary extension, iii. 328;
+
+  =National Guard, the=, organization and reorganization of, i. 109,
+      143, 159, 272, 304, 308;
+    calling in officers of, 164;
+    _N._ adjutant-major in, 164;
+    feeling against the Convention among, 283, 299;
+    defense of the Tuileries, 299;
+    oppose the Convention forces, 301-305;
+    the 13th Vendémiaire, 301-305;
+    _N._ appointed commander of, ii. 104;
+    drafts for the imperial army from, iii. 387;
+    in defense of Paris, iv. 99, 105;
+    decay of imperialism among, 105;
+    fails to persuade the Empress to stay, 109;
+    _N._ hopes to raise, 116;
+    refuses to obey the provisional government, 126;
+    proclamation to, March 8, 1815, 146;
+    reviewed by _N._, 166;
+    surly spirit among, 165.
+
+  =National Guard of Corsica=, _N.'s_ schemes to form, i. 122;
+    _N._ appointed adjutant-major in, 164.
+
+  =National Library=, lecture system of the, i. 281.
+
+  =National List, the=, ii. 126.
+
+  =Naudin=, letter of _N._ to, July 27, 1791, i. 156.
+
+  =Naumburg=, Prussian headquarters at, ii. 422, 424;
+    Davout and Bernadette at, 429;
+    Blücher pursues Macdonald to, iv. 15.
+
+  =Navarre=, question of the sovereignty of, i. 120;
+    incorporated with France, 120;
+    French invasion of, iii, 132;
+    the château of, granted to Ferdinand VII, 147;
+    _N.'s_ contemplated movements in, 184;
+    military government of, 278.
+
+  =Navy=, _N.'s_ aptitude for the, i. 57;
+    suicide among officers of the French, ii. 3;
+    preparations at Toulon, 40.
+
+  =Nazareth=, skirmish at, ii. 71.
+
+  =Necker, Jacques=, schemes of, i. 44;
+    _N.'s_ study of, 78;
+    minister of finance, 98;
+    problems of taxation, 98, 105;
+    flight from France, 98;
+    banishment, 108;
+    fall, 154;
+    Mme. de Staël's inheritance from, iii. 299.
+
+  =Negroes=, arguments in favor of enslaving, ii. 236.
+
+  =Neidenburg=, military operations near, iii. 4, 8.
+
+  =Neipperg, Count A. A.=, relations with Maria Louisa, iii. 330;
+      iv. 143, 162.
+
+  =Neisse=, siege of, iii. 20.
+
+  =Nelson, Adm. Horatio=, captures Bastia, i. 260; ii. 62;
+    expected coöperation with Austria at Savona, i. 353;
+    sails from Cadiz in chase of the Egyptian expedition, ii. 57;
+    returns to Sicily, 61;
+    seeks the French fleet in Greece, 61;
+    follows to Egypt, 61;
+    loses an eye at Cadiz, 62;
+    battle of Cape St. Vincent, 62;
+    battle of the Nile, 62, 63, 81;
+    battle of Copenhagen, ii. 209;
+    sanctions the execution of Caraccioli, 300;
+    correspondence with Dumouriez, 303;
+    aided by Portugal, 332;
+    plan to allure him to Egypt, 331;
+    Villeneuve avoids, 334;
+    enticed to the West Indies, 358;
+    joins Cornwallis before Brest, 359;
+    sails for Portsmouth, 359;
+    pursues Villeneuve to Gibraltar, 358;
+    chases Villeneuve to the West Indies and back, 370;
+    arrives off Cadiz, 371;
+    his ambition, 372;
+    battle of Trafalgar, 373-376;
+    his death, 374.
+
+  =Nemours=, Cossacks advance to, iv. 72.
+
+  =Nesselrode, Count=, appearance in Russian diplomacy, iii. 409;
+    refuses to treat with France, 410;
+    conference with Francis, 415;
+    demands Austria's adherence to the coalition, 415;
+    agrees to basis of Austrian mediation, 415;
+    letter from Talleyrand to, iv. 107;
+    approves the restoration of the Bourbons, 114;
+    negotiates with Talleyrand, 113.
+
+  =Netherlands=, French defeats in, i. 172;
+    Hoche's campaign in, 427;
+    England's interest in, 450; iv. 67;
+    the enlightenment of, ii. 37;
+    course of affairs (1797-98), 37, 38;
+    French agents in the, 39;
+    English expedition to destroy the dockyards of, iii. 237;
+    French influence in, iv. 41;
+    Bernadotte assigned to watch, 55;
+    English troops in the, 57;
+    the allies' invasion of France via, 59, 97;
+    campaign of the Hundred Days, 169 et seq.;
+    weakness of the troops of, 195, 202.
+    _See also_ =Austrian Netherlands=; =Belgium=; =Dutch Flanders=;
+      =Holland=.
+
+  =Neuburg=, Marmont at, ii. 365.
+
+  =Neufchâteau=, member of the Directory, ii. 8, 35;
+    mission to Congress of Rastatt, 52.
+
+  =Neufchâtel=, ceded to France, ii. 390;
+    Berthier created Prince of, iii. 86.
+    _See also_ =Berthier=.
+
+  =Neumarkt=, Jourdan's defeat near, i. 385;
+    Masséna's movements at, 436;
+    flight of Hiller to, iii. 208;
+    _N._ at, 413.
+
+  =Neu-Reppin=, military movements near, ii. 434.
+
+  =Neutrality=, the principle of the agreement of 1780, ii. 212.
+
+  =Neuwied=, Hoche crosses the Rhine at, i. 440.
+
+  =New Castile=, Duke del Infantado commissioned governor of, iii. 127.
+
+  =New England=, commercial greed, iii. 102.
+
+  =Newfoundland=, proposed French expedition to, ii. 333.
+
+  =New Galicia=, annexed to the grand duchy of Warsaw, iii. 239.
+
+  =New Orleans=, battle of, iv. 169.
+
+  =New York=, proposal that _N._ sail to, iv. 221.
+
+  =Ney, Marshal Michel=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;
+    in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191;
+    occupies Switzerland, 234, 272;
+    service in the Army of England, 291;
+    execution of, 300;
+    joins _N._ at Waterloo, 300;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    plan for his invasion of Ireland, 335;
+    character, 364; iii. 93;
+    holds the bridge at Günzenburg, ii. 366;
+    victory at Leoben, 368;
+    clears the enemy from the Tyrol, 380;
+    at Bayreuth, 428;
+    in battle of Jena, 430-432;
+    invests Magdeburg, 436;
+    at Neidenburg, iii. 4;
+    strength in Poland, 7;
+    threatens Königsberg, 9;
+    reprimanded by _N._, 8;
+    retreats from Heilsberg, 10;
+    pursued by Bennigsen, 10;
+    escapes to Gilgenburg, 10;
+    in Eylau campaign, 15;
+    battle of Heilsberg, 29;
+    movements on the Passarge, 28;
+    battle of Friedland, 30;
+    created Duke of Elchingen, 86;
+    yearly income, 87, 296;
+    _N.'s_ opinion of, 93;
+    quarrel with Tolstoi, 108;
+    at Logroño, 183;
+    moves against Castaños, 185;
+    lack of vigor of movement, 185;
+    movement against Madrid, 186;
+    stationed at Astorga, 188;
+    in Leon, 283;
+    strength, March, 1812, 324;
+    advances on Dünaburg, 336;
+    battle of Smolensk, 339;
+    reckless pursuit after Smolensk, 339;
+    battle of Borodino, 343;
+    "the bravest of the brave," 359;
+    hero of the retreat from Moscow, 359, 363;
+    letter to Berthier, Nov. 5, 1812, 361;
+    junction with Eugène, 364;
+    "A marshal of the Empire has never surrendered," 364;
+    perilous retreat from Smolensk, 364;
+    his most brilliant deed of arms, 364;
+    crosses the Dnieper, 364;
+    at the crossing of the Beresina, 366, 370;
+    reaches Vilna, 373;
+    in campaign of 1813, 403;
+    battle of Lützen, 404;
+    battle of Bautzen, 411;
+    beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413;
+    confronts Blücher at the Bober, iv. 7;
+    battle of Dresden, 9;
+    supersedes Oudinot, 17;
+    battle of Dennewitz, 18, 19;
+    driven into Torgau, 19;
+    letter to _N._, Sept. 7, 1813, 20;
+    battle of Leipsic, 32;
+    on the allies' march on Paris, 40;
+    moves from Sézanne against Blücher, 62;
+    commanding the Young Guard, 72;
+    battle of Craonne, 78;
+    battle of Laon, 79;
+    moves up the Aube, 91;
+    battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 92;
+    courage, 104;
+    at council at St. Dizier, 104;
+    strength after the surrender of Paris, 118;
+    at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau, 117;
+    treasonable utterance at Fontainebleau, 119;
+    demands the Emperor's abdication, 120;
+    voices the disaffection of the army, 122;
+    on commission to present abdication to the Czar, 123, 124;
+    transfers his allegiance, 129;
+    returns to Paris, 131;
+    resents royalist affronts to his wife, 148;
+    rejoins Napoleon at Auxerre, 157;
+    recreated marshal, 167;
+    in the Waterloo campaign, 172;
+    dispute concerning his orders, 176;
+    ordered to Quatre Bras, 176, 180, 185;
+    moves to Gosselies, 176;
+    interview with _N._, 179;
+    battle of Quatre Bras, 180-188;
+    at Frasnes, 184, 189;
+    _N._ determines to join, 186;
+    _N.'s_ despatch to, June 17, 1815, 186;
+    _N.'s_ indignation at, 187;
+    moves to coöperate with _N._, 189;
+    battle of Waterloo, 196, 200-210;
+    insubordinate spirit, 205;
+    commanding the Guard, 208;
+    at Quatre Bras, 213;
+    contrasted with Desaix, 213;
+    at Eylau, 213;
+    imprisoned and condemned to death, 223.
+
+  =Nice=, _N._ at, i. 209, 240, 244, 248, 253, 307, 339;
+    inadequate works at, 214;
+    the Buonapartes at, 244;
+    news of the Terror in, 252;
+    France's ambition to gain, 276, 327;
+    lost to Sardinia, 352;
+    proposal that France should keep, iv. 41.
+
+  =Niemen, River, the=, military movements on, iii. 31, 336, 341, 373, 384;
+    meeting of the sovereigns on, iii. 39 et seq.;
+    Prussian territory on, 63;
+    French advance from the Vistula to, 337;
+    French advance to the Dwina from, 337.
+
+  =Nile, River, the=, the campaign on, ii. 59 et seq.;
+    Mamelukes drowned in, 60;
+    battle of, 61-66, 81, 370.
+
+  =Nîmes=, alarm among the Protestants of, iv. 147.
+
+  =Niort=, enthusiasm for the fallen Emperor at, iv. 218.
+
+  =Nivelles=, military operations near, iv. 171, 178;
+    topography of, 195, 196.
+
+  =Nivôse=, the Plot of, ii. 239-241.
+
+  =Nobilles, Comte de=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107.
+
+  =Nobility of France, the=, loss of its feudal power, i. 100;
+    privileges, and assumptions of privileges of, 105, 109;
+    yielding of privileges by, 109;
+    flight of, 109, 142 (_see also_ =Emigrants=).
+
+  =Noble Guard=, institution of a, iv. 148;
+    abolition of the, 137.
+
+  =Nogara=, military operation near, i. 410.
+
+  =Nogent=, Victor ordered to, iv. 62;
+    _N._ at, 62, 74;
+    abandoned by Victor, 64;
+    Souham's forces at, 102;
+    abdication proposed to the Emperor at, 120.
+
+  =Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809=, iii. 274.
+
+  =Non-intervention Act, the=, iii. 102.
+
+  =Nordhalben=, Davout at, ii. 428.
+
+  =Nordhausen=, military movements near, ii. 434.
+
+  =Nördlingen=, the French position at, ii. 365;
+    capture of Werneck's division at, 367.
+
+  =Normandy=, unrest in, i. 222;
+    Marmont's troops to withdraw into, iv. 120.
+
+  =North=, proposed League of the, ii. 418.
+
+  =North Cape=, a boundary of the Continental System, iii. 280.
+
+  =North German Confederation=, proposed organization of, ii. 418-421, 422.
+    _See also_ =Confederation of the Rhine=.
+
+  =North Sea=, proposed French expedition to, ii. 334;
+    part of the coast incorporated into the French Empire, iii. 278,
+      287, 294.
+
+  ="Northumberland,"= the, conveys _N._ to St. Helena, iv. 227.
+
+  =Norway=, lost to Denmark, iii. 70;
+    subordination to Denmark, 280;
+    in vassalage to France, 280;
+    offered by Alexander to Sweden, 281, 314, 320, 324;
+    Bernadotte's ambition to acquire, 281, 399;
+    in possession of Denmark, iii. 282;
+    Russian troops for the conquest of, 350;
+    struggle with Sweden, iv. 164.
+
+  =Nossen=, defeat of the Saxons by the Black Legion at, iii. 234.
+
+  =Notables of France=, ii. 126;
+    abolition of the list of, 247.
+
+  =Notre Dame Cathedral=, service in honor of the Concordat at, ii. 215;
+    _N.'s_ coronation in, 341-345.
+
+  =Novi=, battle of, ii. 83, 92, 96;
+    military operations near, ii. 178.
+
+  =Nuits=, _N._ visits, i. 146;
+    society in, 146.
+
+  =Nyon=, Carnot's concealment at, ii. 27.
+
+
+O
+
+  "=Oberon=," iii. 175.
+
+  =Ocana=, battle of, iii. 287, 288.
+
+  =Ochs, Peter=, republican propagandist in Switzerland, ii. 40.
+
+  =Oder, River, the=, proposed surrender to _N._ of forts on, iii. 178;
+    threatened expulsion of the French from, 416;
+    military movements on, iv. 3;
+    French garrisons on, 35.
+
+  "=Oedipe=," performed at Erfurt, iii. 172.
+
+  =Offenburg=, reputed emigrant conspirators in, ii. 302;
+    Caulaincourt's expedition to, 304.
+
+  =Officialdom=, popular hatred of, i. 105.
+
+  =Offingen=, the French position at, ii. 365.
+
+  =Oglio, River, the=, Beaulieu retreats behind, i. 361;
+    Austria's boundary in Venetia, 438;
+    Schérer driven behind, ii. 88.
+
+  =O'Hara, Gen.=, captured before Toulon, i. 229.
+
+  =Old Castile=, French occupation of, iii. 155.
+
+  =Oldenburg=, proposal to include in North German Confederation, ii. 418;
+    scheme to incorporate with France, iii. 266;
+    Alexander I reserves his family rights over, 288;
+    Alexander offers to exchange, for Erfurt, 288;
+    incorporated in the French Empire, 310, 328;
+    proposal that France evacuate, 407;
+    restored to its former ruler, iv. 40.
+
+  =Oldenburg, Duke of=, marries Grand Duchess Catherine, iii. 181, 278;
+    dethroned, 278, 307;
+    proposed allotment of territory to, 409.
+
+  =Old Guard, the=, battle of Leipsic, iv. 27, 33;
+    moves against Blücher from Sézanne, 61;
+    _N._ reviews them at Fontainebleau, 117;
+    _N._ takes leave of, 135;
+    reduction of the pay of, 148;
+    in battle of Waterloo, 205, 208.
+    _See also_ =Imperial Guard=.
+
+  =Ollioules=, capture and recapture of, i. 225.
+
+  =Olmütz=, military operations near, ii. 379, 382.
+
+  =Olsusieff, Gen.=, annihilated by Marmont at Champaubert, iv. 63.
+
+  =O'Meara, Edward=, publisher of an Elban MS., i. 177;
+    _N.'s_ declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311;
+    _N.'s_ conversations with, 441;
+    physician to _N._, iv. 232;
+    assists _N._ on his history, 232;
+    dismissed by Lowe, 232.
+
+  =Oneglia=, Masséna's advance through, i. 243;
+    French troops in the valley of, 244;
+    _N.'s_ service at, 245, 255.
+
+  =Oporto=, seizure of the French governor of, iii. 122;
+    bishop of, applies to England for help, 122;
+    occupied by Soult, 286.
+
+  =Oppin=, Bernadotte at, iv. 28.
+
+  =Orange, House of=, indemnity to, for loss of power, ii. 262.
+
+  =Orange, the Prince of=, recalled to Holland, iv. 40;
+    in Waterloo campaign, 172, 176;
+    at the Duchess of Richmond's ball, 178;
+    battle of Quatre Bras, 180.
+
+  =Orcha=, military movements near, iii. 364.
+
+  =Ordener, Gen.=, leads expedition to Ettenheim, and arrests the Duc
+      d'Enghien, ii. 304.
+
+  =Ore Mountains=, contemplated operations in the, iv. 8;
+    retreat of the allies toward, 12.
+
+  =Orezza=, _N._ at, i. 126, 160;
+    meeting of the constituent assembly at, 131-134.
+
+  =Orgon=, attempt to assassinate _N._ at, iv. 138.
+
+  =Oriani, Comte B.=, _N.'s_ statement to, i. 369.
+
+  ="Orient," the=, sunk in Aboukir Bay, ii. 63.
+
+  =Oriental question, the=, ii. 262.
+
+  =Orleans=, prison massacres in, i. 188;
+    French garrison at, iv. 118.
+
+  =Orloff, Count=, conducts negotiations for surrender of Paris, iv. 112.
+
+  =Ormea=, Masséna's advance through, i. 243.
+
+  =Orscha=, French garrison in, iii. 341.
+
+  =Ortenau=, ceded to Baden, ii. 391.
+
+  =Osnabrück=, position in the French Empire, iii. 279.
+
+  =Ossian=, _N.'s_ acquaintance with and study of, ii. 53; iv. 134, 231.
+
+  =Ostermann-Tolstoi, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15;
+    character, 107;
+    conducts negotiations with _N._, 107, 112, 113;
+    reception at Paris, 108;
+    quarrel with Ney, 108;
+    _N.'s_ opinion of, 113;
+    at St. Cloud levee, Aug. 15, 1808, 169.
+
+  =Osterode=, _N.'s_ headquarters at, iii. 18, 25.
+
+  =Ostrach=, battle of, ii. 88.
+
+  =Ostrolenka=, Russian retreat to, iii. 5;
+    Russians driven out of, 19.
+
+  =Othman=, the royal line of, iii. 163.
+
+  =Otranto=, embargo on, ii. 287;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, 396;
+    Fouché created Duke of, iii. 86.
+    _See also_ =Fouché=.
+
+  =Ott, Gen.=, besieges Genoa, ii. 165, 170, 173, 175;
+    defeated by Lannes at Casteggio, 176;
+    reaches Alessandria, 177;
+    in battle of Marengo, 180.
+
+  =Otto, Comte L. G.=, ambassador to England, ii. 273;
+    letter from _N._, Oct. 23, 1802, 272, 290;
+    recalled from London, 277.
+
+  =Otto the Great=, _N._ likened to, ii. 340.
+
+  =Ottoman Empire=, proposed partition of, ii. 47. _See also_
+      =Egypt=; =Turkey=.
+
+  =Oubril=, his treaty rejected by Alexander I, ii. 418, 421;
+    Russian envoy to Paris, 401, 405, 418.
+
+  =Oudinot, Gen. C. N.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386;
+    created Duke of Reggio, iii. 86;
+    _N.'s_ opinion of, 93;
+    character, 93;
+    commanding in Hanau, 203;
+    ordered to Augsburg, 204;
+    ordered to Abensberg, 208;
+    battle of Wagram, 228;
+    ordered to coerce Holland, 266;
+    strength, March, 1812, 324;
+    at the crossing of the Beresina, 367-370;
+    in campaign of 1813, 402;
+    threatens Berlin, 413;
+    _N.'s_ instructions to, iv. 5;
+    defeated at Luckau, 8;
+    fails in his movement against Berlin, 12-16;
+    battle of Grossbeeren, 14;
+    retreats to Wittenberg, 14;
+    superseded by Ney, 17;
+    battle of Dennewitz, 18, 19;
+    at Dresden, 20;
+    battle of Leipsic, 29, 31;
+    checks pursuits at Lindenau, 35;
+    opposes Schwarzenberg, 61;
+    driven back to Nangis, 65;
+    before Provins, 72;
+    captures Méry, 73;
+    ordered to hold Blücher, 73;
+    checked by Schwarzenberg, 75;
+    driven beyond Troyes, 76;
+    retreats from Arcis, 94;
+    at Bar-sur-Ornain, 103;
+    strength after the surrender of Paris, 118;
+    at the abdication scene, 120;
+    transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132;
+    recreated marshal, 167.
+
+  =Ourcq, River=, military operations on the, iv. 76.
+
+  =Ouvrard, G. J.=, sent by Fouché on mission to England, iii. 272.
+
+
+P
+
+  =Pachra, River=, French crossing of the, iii. 355.
+
+  =Pacific Ocean=, influence of the United States on the, ii. 288.
+
+  =Paderborn=, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 265.
+
+  =Padua=, military operations near, i. 410;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.
+
+  =Pagerie, Marie-Josephe-Rose Tascher de la=. _See_ =Beauharnais,
+      Josephine=.
+
+  =Pagerie, Mlle. Tascher de la=, sought in marriage by Ferdinand VII,
+      iii. 125;
+    marries the Duke of Aremberg, 132.
+
+  =Pagerie, Tascher de la=, father of Josephine Beauharnais, i. 313;
+    death of, 314.
+
+  =Paine, Thomas=, on financial condition of England, ii. 32.
+
+  =Pajol, Gen.=, seizes Montereau, iv. 73;
+    in the Waterloo campaign, 173;
+    engagement at Charleroi, 174;
+    battle of Ligny, 183.
+
+  =Palace of the Government, the=, ii. 147.
+
+  =Palafox, Gen. José de=, military ability, iii. 156;
+    at Saragossa, 184, 185.
+
+  =Palais Royal=, headquarters of the tribunate, ii. 151;
+    a refuge for the disreputable, 151.
+
+  =Palestine=, the key of, ii. 73;
+    importance of _N.'s_ conquering, 73.
+
+  =Palm, J. P.=, bookseller of Nuremberg, execution of, ii. 417.
+
+  =Palma=, _N._ advances to, i. 443.
+
+  =Pamplona=, _N._ seeks information concerning, iii. 128;
+    seized by Darmagnac, 132.
+
+  =Pan, Mallet du=, criticizes Mme. de Staël, iii. 298.
+
+  =Panatheri=, secretary of Directory of Corsica, i. 133.
+
+  =Pantheon Club=, closing of the, i. 310.
+
+  =Paoli, Pascal=, his share in the history of Corsica, i. 15 et seq.;
+    relations with the Jews and with the Vatican, 16;
+    compared with Washington, 18;
+    his character and renown, 17, 18;
+    offers asylum to Rousseau, 19;
+    hoodwinked by Choiseul, 20, 21;
+    defeat and escape, 23;
+    appeals to the Powers, 23;
+    aspirations for Corsica, 26, 28, 116;
+    _N.'s_ address to, 40;
+    his conciliation sought by France, 42;
+    _N._ a supporter and admirer of, 53, 93, 137, 199, 210;
+    the "History of Corsica," dedicated to, 93;
+    _N.'s_ correspondence with, 96-98;
+    his return to Corsica, 117-125, 127, 131;
+    activity of his agents, 118;
+    directs Corsican agitation, 120;
+    amnesty granted to, 120, 124;
+    quits England, 124;
+    honored by Louis XVI and the National Assembly, 124;
+    misrepresented in Paris, 125;
+    popularity in Corsica, 126, 198;
+    meeting with _N._ at Rostino, 132;
+    virtual dictator of Corsica, 133;
+    agitation in his behalf in Corsica, 162, 170;
+    interferes in riots in Ajaccio, 169;
+    difficulties of his situation, 169;
+    displeasure at _N._, 170;
+    despair of, 185;
+    commander-in-chief in Corsica, 185;
+    _N._ seeks reconciliation with, 186;
+    lieutenant-general in the French army, 187;
+    opposes Sardinian invasion scheme, 189, 192, 196;
+    _N.'s_ insubordination to, 190;
+    suspected of intrigue with England, 190, 201;
+    position on declaration of war against England, 196;
+    denounced by Lucien Buonaparte, 197;
+    summoned to appear before the National Convention, 197, 204;
+    _N._ antagonizes, 199-203, 205, 210, 242;
+    denounced by the National Convention, 201;
+    summons _N._ to Corte, 203;
+    offers to leave Corsica, 204;
+    seeks English protection for Corsica, 205-208;
+    views of condition of France, 206;
+    declared an outlaw, 207;
+    fails to fortify Ajaccio, 257;
+    seeks aid from England, 257;
+    recalled to England, 261.
+
+  =Paolists, the=, i. 116.
+
+  =Papacy, the=, French feeling against the, i. 375;
+    the Directory desires its overthrow, 419, 422;
+    _N.'s_ alliance with, 422;
+    _N._ proposes negotiations with the, ii. 11;
+    relations of _N._ and France with, 205, 206, 216.
+    _See also_ =Church=; =Pius VII=; =Rome=.
+
+  =Papal States, the=, French proposition to revolutionize, i. 373;
+    French seizures and ransom in, 374;
+    _N._ protects clergy in, 422;
+    under French influence, 439;
+    scheme to conquer, ii. 18;
+    held by Austria, 145, 160;
+    evacuated by Ferdinand IV, 203;
+    _N._ demands expulsion of Russians, English, and Sardinians from, 396;
+    _N.'s_ influence over, recognized at Tilsit, iii. 55;
+    _N._ demands banishment of hostile agents from, and closing of
+      ports to England, 67;
+    French invasion of, 118;
+    demands for the inviolability of, 118;
+    annexed to France, 262.
+
+  =Papelotte=, the farms of, iv. 195;
+    fighting at, 201, 206.
+
+  =Paradomania=, iii. 50.
+
+  "=Parallel between Cæsar, Cromwell, and Bonaparte=," ii. 230.
+
+  =Parbasdorf=, military operations near, iii. 226, 229.
+
+  =Paris=, the military school at, i. 48, 59, 60;
+    _N.'s_ sojourn in (1787), 86;
+    the Parliament banished from, 106;
+    base elements of population flock to, 108;
+    encounter in the Place Vendôme, 108;
+    burning of the barriers, 108;
+    destruction of the Bastille, 108, 109;
+    Louis XVI takes up residence in, 109;
+    famine, 151;
+    return of the court to, 151;
+    municipal reform, 153;
+    _N._ returns to (May 28, 1792), 173;
+    _N.'s_ impoverished condition in, 173;
+    great outburst of sedition, 174;
+    Marseilles sends a deputation to, 174;
+    the barricades on August 10, 1792, 177;
+    _N._ and Elisa in, 182;
+    _N.'s_ residences in (Holland Patriots' Hotel), 183;
+      (Fossés Montmartre), 264;
+      (Michodière Street), 295;
+      (Chantereine Street), ii. 28;
+      (Victory Street), 84;
+    massacres of royalist prisoners, i. 183;
+    overturn of municipal government, 187;
+    committee of surveillance, 188, 189;
+    prison massacres in (Sept. 2-6, 1792), 188;
+    representation in the National Convention, 188;
+    condemnation and execution of Louis XVI, 195;
+    establishment of the revolutionary tribunal, 207;
+    _N._ at (1793), 223;
+    scenes of the Terror, 251;
+    _N.'s_ sojourn in (1795), 264, 280 et seq.; 289, 295;
+    influence in political movements, 266;
+    bread riots, 273;
+    Jacobin plots, 273;
+    critical condition of affairs, 273, 277, 280;
+    social life (1795, 1796), 280-285, 290, 291, 316;
+    hatred of the National Convention in, 282;
+    military preparations, 283, 298, 299;
+    royalist plots against, 298;
+    critical condition of affairs, 298-301;
+    rebellion against the Convention, 299 et seq.;
+    the 13th Vendémiaire, 301-305;
+    restoration of order, 305;
+    _N._ cows the low elements in, 308;
+    rejoicings in, over Piedmontese successes, 363;
+    glorification of _N._ in (1796), 365;
+    receptacle for plundered works of art, 369;
+    "the capital of European liberties," 369;
+    spring elections of 1797, ii. 2;
+    critical condition of affairs, 3;
+    royalist intrigues, the Clichy faction, 3, 5, 7;
+    necessity for a powerful general in, 5, 7;
+    Barras schemes to bring troops to, 6;
+    the 18th of Fructidor, 8;
+    _N.'s_ remittances to, 13;
+    feeling in, over the treaty of Campo Formio, 22;
+    return of _N._ to (1797), 26-31;
+    the "Street of Victory," 28;
+    plot and counterplot in, 36;
+    distrust of _N._ in (1798), 49;
+    popular ideas in, concerning the Egyptian campaign, 68;
+    _N.'s_ triumphant progress from Fréjus to, 83;
+    hatred of the Terror, 94, 95;
+    _N.'s_ reception in (from Egypt), 95-102;
+    banquet to _N._ in St. Sulpice, 100, 101;
+    _N._ appointed commander of the troops, 102 et seq.;
+    the 18th Brumaire, 103 et seq.; iv. 258;
+    Fouché closes the barriers, ii. 109;
+    apportionment of the guards in, 109;
+    _N._ reopens the barriers, 109;
+    the 19th Brumaire, 111 et seq.;
+    weeding out old republican politicians from, 125;
+    warlike feeling in (1800), 145;
+    welcomes _N._ from Marengo, 185;
+    _N.'s_ relations with polite society in, 199;
+    service in honor of the Concordat, 216;
+    schemes of the Duc d'Enghien's supporters in, 240;
+    explosion of infernal machine in Rue St. Nicaise, 240;
+    Mme. de Staël exiled from, 259;
+    restoration of street names, 258;
+    improved social conditions, 259;
+    the press of, attacks England, 271;
+    center of the government, 279;
+    feeling in, concerning _N.'s_ court at Aachen, 339;
+    coronation of _N._, 339, 340, 342-345;
+    prospects of coming war in, 312;
+    fickleness of society in, 312;
+    abuse of Austria and Russia by press, 361;
+    _N._ returns to (Jan. 27, 1806), 406;
+    affection for N. in, 407;
+    _N._ proposes to introduce bull-fights, 409;
+    _N._ leaves for Mainz, 422;
+    relics of Frederick the Great sent to, 437;
+    official reports from Eylau in, iii. 17;
+    the situation in (1807), 24 et seq.;
+    the head and body of France, 24;
+    sensitiveness of the Bourse, 24;
+    Mme. de Staël returns to, and again expelled from, 26;
+    the situation in, after Friedland, 36;
+    proposal that Alexander visit, 50;
+    question of the cardinal at, 69;
+    return of _N._ from Tilsit to, 72;
+    public works, 74, 380;
+    Jewish Sanhedrim in, iii. 76;
+    social vices in, 92;
+    Tolstoi's reception at, 108;
+    the soul of France, 151, 160; iv. 92, 99;
+    the divorce scandal in, iii. 180;
+    _N._ returns from Spain to (Jan. 6, 1809), 188;
+    _N._ returns from Vienna to, 241, 245;
+    _N.'s_ second marriage, 258-261;
+    the College of Cardinals transplanted from Rome to, 258, 264;
+    rejoicings in, over birth of the king of Rome, 302, 303;
+    a rival to Rome as capital of the Western empire, 307;
+    remembrance of the Terror, 323;
+    monarchical sentiment in, 323;
+    importance of _N.'s_ presence in, 372;
+    the Malet conspiracy in, 375; 376;
+    treachery in, 412;
+    the allies, advance on, iv. 40, 41, 61, 65, 71, 90, 96-103, 110,
+      113, 219;
+    gloom and panic in, 51, 81, 98, 104, 108, 109, 117, 166;
+    _N.'s_ public appearances in, 51, 52;
+    the national-guard, 53;
+    defense of, 59, 73, 85, 96, 97, 99, 105-112;
+    Joseph acting regent in, 61;
+    Blücher's advance toward, 76;
+    sends reinforcements to _N._, 80, 86;
+    _N.'s_ resolution to abandon, 91;
+    _N.'s_ march toward, 104, 105, 157;
+    surrender of, 105, 113;
+    the Empress's flight from, 106-112, 117;
+    intrigue in, 107;
+    royalist influences in, 108;
+    in communication with Marmont, 109;
+    summoned to surrender, 109;
+    armistice before, 109;
+    looking for _N._ in, 112;
+    fighting before, 111;
+    not to be sacked, 112, 113;
+    entrance of the allies, 113, 117, 118, 221;
+    council of the allies and French diplomats, 114;
+    royalist enthusiasm in, 113-117;
+    assents to the overthrow of _N._, 115;
+    the white cockade in, 115, 147;
+    plans for the recovery of, 117;
+    reception of Louis XVIII in, 133;
+    riots in, at burial of an actress, 146;
+    secret longings for _N.'s_ return in, 147;
+    the garrison put under arms, 149;
+    disappearance of the government, 158;
+    raising the imperialist standard in, 158;
+    placard on the Vendôme column, 158;
+    excitement in, 158;
+    arrival of _N._ in, 159;
+    treaty of, 165;
+    the news of Waterloo and Ligny in, 215, 216;
+    _N._ returns from Waterloo to, 217;
+    formation of a new Directory, 218;
+    appointment of a committee of public safety, 218;
+    _N._ offers to defend, 220;
+    possibility of reassembling an army in, 222.
+
+  =Paris, Forest of=, formation of the Prussians behind, iv. 202.
+
+  =Paris, Marquis de=, leads the Parisian mob, i. 151.
+
+  =Paris sections=, the day of the, i. 302-312.
+
+  =Parker, Sir Hyde=, at battle of Copenhagen, ii. 209.
+
+  =Parliament of Paris=, reconstitution of the, i. 106;
+    contest with Louis XVI, 106;
+    banished from the capital, 106.
+
+  =Parma=, intrigue in the court of, i. 345;
+    plundered of works of art, 369;
+    _N.'s_ leniency to, 421;
+    _N.'s_ influence in, 448;
+    _N.'s_ violation of neutrality of, ii. 144;
+    secured to France, 204;
+    adopts the French Code, 354;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, 395;
+    Cambacérès created Duke of, iii. 86 (_see also_ =Cambacérès=);
+    ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, 263;
+    position in the French Empire, 279;
+    granted to Maria Louisa, iv. 133.
+
+  =Parma, Duke of=, submission of, i. 359;
+    plan to give the Papal States to, ii. 18;
+    _N.'s_ promises to, 332.
+
+  =Parthe, River=, military movements on the, iv. 27.
+
+  =Parthenopean Republic, the=, proclaimed, ii. 87;
+    abandonment of, 203-205;
+    fate of its admiral Caraccioli, 300.
+
+  =Parthians=, Roman campaigns against the, iii. 325.
+
+  =Pasquier=, Baron de, attitude toward _N._, ii. 95;
+    prefect of police, iii. 376;
+    episode of the Malet conspiracy, 377;
+    imperial prefect, iv. 106.
+
+  =Passarge, River=, military operations on the, iii. 19, 22, 26, 28.
+
+  =Passariano=, _N.'s_ headquarters at, ii. 20, 23, 24.
+
+  =Passau=, apportioned to Bavaria, ii. 266, 391;
+    _N.'s_ line of retreat to, 392.
+
+  =Passeyr=, the estates of, conferred upon Hofer's family, iii. 242.
+
+  =Patterson=, Elizabeth, married to Jerome Buonaparte, ii. 257.
+
+  =Paul I=, succeeds Catherine II, i. 425;
+    institutes the second coalition, ii. 86;
+    incensed at George III, 141;
+    demands Thugut's dismissal, 142;
+    incensed at Austria, 142, 154;
+    withdraws from the coalition, 142;
+    seeks control of Malta, 141, 154, 193;
+    friendship with _N._ and France, 142, 154, 193, 263;
+    plan for invasion of India and partition of Asia, 154;
+    receives the sword of Valetta from _N._, 154;
+    aims to destroy Austria's power, 194;
+    accuses England and Austria of treachery, 194;
+    concludes alliance with _N._, 209;
+    assassinated, 210, 330, 380; iii. 37;
+    effect of his death on France, ii. 210;
+    antipathy to Great Britain, 263;
+    supports the House of Savoy, 332.
+    _See also_ =Russia=.
+
+  "=Paul and Virginia=," iii. 297.
+
+  =Paunsdorf=, military operations near, iv. 32.
+
+  =Pavia=, the sack of, i. 361;
+    military operations near, ii. 175.
+
+  =Pawnbrokerage in France=, iii. 77.
+
+  =Peasant proprietors=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102, 104.
+
+  =Peccadeuc, Picot de=, _N.'s_ enemy, i. 65.
+
+  =Pelet, Gen.=, charges Berthier with treachery, iii. 206;
+    on the battle of Aspern, 219;
+    denies the story of Lannes's death-bed, 224;
+    in battle of Waterloo, iv. 207.
+
+  =Pelham, Thomas=, employs Méhée de la Touche, ii. 297.
+
+  =Peltier, J. G.=, publishes "L'Ambigu," ii. 270;
+    prosecuted for libeling _N._, 271.
+
+  =Penal Code, the=, iii. 295.
+
+  =Peninsula, Peninsular War=. _See_ =Portugal=; =Spain=.
+
+  =Pensions=, reforms in French, i. 142.
+
+  =Pension system=, iii. 87.
+
+  =Pepin the Short=, coronation of, ii. 325.
+
+  =Peraldi=, associated with _N._ in Corsica, i. 117;
+    becomes an enemy of _N._, 165, 170;
+    seeks election in National Guard of Corsica, 166;
+    ordered to prepare fleet at Toulon, 187;
+    seeks to arrest _N._, 202.
+
+  =Perceval, Spencer=, assassination of, iii. 378;
+    mismanagement of English affairs, iv. 161, 162.
+
+  =Peretti=, his name reprobated in Corsica, i. 121;
+    vote of censure on, 133;
+    seeks election in National Guard of Corsica, 165.
+
+  =Permon, Mme.=, _N.'s_ friendship with, i. 62, 178, 284-286;
+    friendship with Salicetti, 284-286;
+    correspondence with _N._, 285;
+    declines _N.'s_ matrimonial offer, 312;
+    notable saying of, ii. 130.
+
+  =Perpignan=, reinforcements for Augereau from, iv. 94.
+
+  =Perponcher, Gen. G. H.=, in battle of Quatre Bras, iv, 180.
+
+  =Perregaux, Comte de=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 112.
+
+  =Persia=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209;
+    Sebastiani's mission to, 272-274;
+    treaty with France, iii. 20, 21;
+    _N._ arranges treaty between Turkey and, 20, 21;
+    incited to invade India, 21;
+    proposed rupture with England, 21;
+    _N._ studies the history of, 166;
+    _N.'s_ intercourse with, 314;
+    Themistocles's refuge in, iv. 227.
+
+  =Perthes=, Macdonald at, iv. 103.
+
+  =Peru=, scheme of a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 142.
+
+  =Peschiera=, seized by Beaulieu, i. 361, 371;
+    French occupation of, 372, 379;
+    the revolutionary movement in, 428;
+    disarmament of, 442.
+
+  "=Peter the Great=," by Carrion-Nisas, ii. 350.
+
+  =Peterswald=, military movements near, iv. 10, 15.
+
+  =Petit, Gen.=, at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau, iv. 118;
+    _N.'s_ farewell to, 136.
+
+  =Petit Trianon=, _N._ secures the library from, iv. 219, 227.
+
+  =Peyrusse=, corruption of, iv. 5;
+    keeper of _N.'s_ purse at Elba, 152.
+
+  =Pfaffenhofen=, military movements near, iii. 206.
+
+  =Phélippeaux, A. de=, _N.'s_ enemy, i. 65;
+    superintends the defense of Acre, ii. 71, 73;
+    parley with _N._ at Acre, 79.
+
+  =Phenicia=, the history of, iv. 293.
+
+  =Philip, Don=, of Spain, ii. 205.
+
+  =Philip le Bel=, schemes of world-conquest, ii. 46.
+
+  =Philippe "Égalité,"= despicable actions of, i. 151;
+    scheme for his son, 331.
+
+  =Philippeville=, _N._ at, iv. 211, 216.
+
+  ="Philosophical and Political History of the Two Indies,"= _N.'s_
+      study of, ii. 47.
+
+  ="Philosophic Visions" (Mercier)=, _N.'s_ study of, ii. 53.
+
+  =Phrases=:
+    _Alfieri:_
+      "Italia virtuosa, magnanima, libera, et una," ii. 232.
+    _Anonymous or unassigned_ (see also _Popular_, infra):
+      [A lady] "fond of men when they are polite," iii. 179.
+      "A mystery in the soul of state," iii. 389.
+      "Democracy an excellent workhorse, but a poor charger; a good
+         hack, but an untrustworthy racer," iv. 265.
+      "Everything has been restored except the two million Frenchmen
+         who died for liberty," ii. 216.
+      "Freedom of the seas and the invasion of England," ii. 360.
+      [Bonaparte] "his consular majesty," ii. 293.
+    _A Paris actor:_
+      "J'ai fait des rois madame, et n'ai pas voulu l'être," ii. 205.
+      "Legislative eunuchs," ii. 151.
+      [Louis XVIII] "learned nothing and forgot nothing," iv. 132.
+      [The army chest] "a French Providence, which made the laurel a
+         fertile tree, the fruits of which had nourished the brave
+         whom its branches covered," iii. 296.
+    _Arndt:_
+      "Freedom and Austria," iii. 195.
+    _Berthier:_
+      "By general's reckoning, not that of the office," ii. 169.
+    _Cambronne:_
+      "The guard dies but never surrenders," iv. 210.
+    _Charles IV:_
+      A king "who had nothing further to live for than his Louise and
+         his Emmanuel," iii. 166.
+    _Coignet:_
+      "Providence and courage never abandon the good soldier," iii. 326.
+    _Congress of Vienna:_
+      [Napoleon] "the enemy and disturber of the world's peace," iv. 162.
+    _Czartoryski:_
+      "Paradomania," iii. 50.
+    _Dalberg:_
+      "The monkey [Talleyrand] would not risk burning the tip of his
+         paw even if all the chestnuts were for himself," iv. 108.
+    _Princess Dolgoruki:_
+      [The First Consul's residence] "is not exactly a court, but it
+         is no longer a camp," ii. 196.
+    _Gentz:_
+      "The war for the emancipation of states bids fair to become one
+         for the emancipation of the people," iv. 40.
+    _Goethe:_
+      "A great man can be recognized only by his peers," iii. 173.
+    _Kutusoff:_
+      "The plain gentleman of Pskoff," iii. 383.
+    _Machiavelli:_
+      "Friends must be treated as if one day they might be enemies,"
+         ii. 256.
+    _Marmont:_
+      "The tube of a funnel," iv. 26.
+    _Napoleon:_
+      "About to produce a great novelty," iv. 153.
+      "A great man--one who can command the situations he creates," iv. 21.
+      "A kind of vermin which I have in my clothes," ii. 242.
+      "A lion's advice," iii. 352.
+      "A man like me troubles himself little about a million men,"
+         iii. 418.
+      "A thing must needs be done before the announcement of your plan,"
+         iii. 66.
+      "Bullets have been flying about our legs these twenty years,"
+         iii. 364.
+      "Credit is but a dispensation from paying cash," iii. 389.
+      "Emperor of the Continent," iii. 308.
+      "Enemy's lands make enemy's goods," ii. 441.
+      [England a] "nation of traders," ii. 292.
+      "Everything to-morrow," iii. 411.
+      "Fortune is a woman; the more she does for me, the more I shall
+         exact from her," i. 366.
+      "Forty centuries look down upon you from ... the Pyramids," ii. 60.
+      "Gathered to strike; separated to live," ii. 367. _See also_ p. 378.
+      "Generals who save troops for the next day are always beaten,"
+         iii. 347.
+      "God hath given it [the crown of Italy] to me; let him beware
+         who touches it," ii. 353.
+      "Great battles are won with artillery," iii. 403.
+      "I am conquered less by fortune than by the egotism and
+         ingratitude of my companions in arms," iv. 129.
+      "I am determined to be the last [the bottomless chasm] shall
+         swallow up," iv. 79.
+      "I am driven onward to a goal which I know not," iii. 325.
+      "I am the god of the day," ii. 117.
+      "I cannot be everywhere," ii. 376. (_Cf._ "The enemy's strength,"
+         infra.)
+      "Ideologist," iv. 292.
+      "I feel the infinite in me," iv. 262.
+      "If there be one soldier among you who wishes to kill his
+         Emperor, he can. I come to offer myself to your assaults,"
+         iv. 155.
+      "I have destroyed the enemy merely by marches," ii. 366.
+      "I have never found the limit of my capacity for work," iii. 210.
+      "I have often slept two in a bed, but never three," iii. 41.
+      "I leave my army to come and share the national perils," ii. 97.
+      "I may find in Spain the Pillar of Hercules, but not the limits
+         of my power," iii. 158.
+      "In our day no one has conceived anything great; it falls to me
+         to give the example," i. 366.
+      "In war the moral element and public opinion are half the battle,"
+         iii. 393.
+      "In war you see your own troubles; those of the enemy you cannot
+         see. You must show confidence," iii. 208.
+      "I pray God to have you in his holy keeping," ii. 407.
+      "I shall conduct this war [Saxon campaign] as General Bonaparte,"
+         iii. 403.
+      "It is ... courageous to survive unmerited bad fortune," iv. 134.
+      "It rains hard, but that does not stop the march of the grand
+         army," iv. 22. (_Cf._ "While others," etc., infra.)
+      "I walk with the goddess of fortune, accompanied by the god of
+         war," ii. 113.
+      "Liberty and equality ... put beyond caprice of chance and
+         uncertainty of the future," ii. 247.
+      "Masters of the channel for six hours, we are masters of the
+         world," ii. 332.
+      "My generals are a parcel of post inspectors," iii. 158.
+      "Metaphysicians ... fit only to be drowned," ii. 242.
+      "My enemies make appointments at my tomb," iii. 246.
+      "My master has no bowels, and that master is the nature of
+         things," iii. 110.
+      [Napoleon determined to] "conquer the sea by land," iii. 3.
+      [Napoleon] "shows himself terrible at the first moment," ii. 439.
+      [Napoleon] "the minister of the power of God, and his image on
+         earth," ii. 408.
+      [Napoleon's] "library," iii. 388.
+      [Ney] "the bravest of the brave," iii. 359.
+      "Perfidious and tyrannical Great Britain," iii. 150.
+      [Singing the tune of Tilsit] "according to the written score,"
+         iii. 65.
+      "Spurred and booted ruler," ii. 145.
+      "Tête ... armée," iv. 235.
+      "The art of war is to gain time when your strength is inferior,"
+         ii. 165.
+      [The Concordat] "the vaccine of religion," ii. 216.
+      "The Ebro is nothing but a line," iii. 158.
+      "The enemy's strength seems great [to the division commanders]
+         wherever I am not," iv. 7. (_Cf._ "I cannot," etc., supra.)
+      "The finances are falling into disorder, and ... need war," iii. 308.
+      "The game of chess is becoming confused," iv. 21.
+      "The genius of France and Providence will be on our side," iv. 75.
+      "The growlers," iv. 118, 123, 132.
+      "The new Pillars of Hercules," iii. 308.
+      "The pear is not yet ripe," ii. 52. (For the ripening of the
+         pear, _see_ ii. 99, 229.)
+      "The Revolution is planted on the principles from which it
+         proceeded. It is ended," ii. 137.
+      "The Spanish ulcer," iii. 265.
+      "The sun of Austerlitz," ii. 392.
+      "The system of hither and thither," iv. 18, 19, 25.
+      "The worse the troops the greater the need of artillery," iii. 403.
+      "This is the moment when characters of a superior sort assert
+         themselves," ii. 65.
+      "This movement makes or mars me," iv. 97.
+      "Three years more, and I am lord of the universe," iii. 308.
+      "To have the right of using nations, you must begin by serving
+         them well," iv. 296.
+      "To honor and serve the Emperor is to honor and serve God," ii. 408.
+      "To strike a salutary terror into others," ii. 311.
+      "Victor of Austerlitz," ii. 392.
+      "Vous êtes un homme," iii. 173.
+      "War is like government, a matter of tact," i. 364.
+      [War with Russia] "a scene in an opera," iii. 318.
+      "We'll pass these few winter days as best we may; then we'll try
+         to spend the spring in another fashion," iv. 151
+      "We must pull on the boots and the resolution of 93," iv. 72.
+      "Wherever ... water to float a ship, there ... a British
+         standard," iv. 227.
+      "Which has been the happiest age of humanity?" iii. 175.
+      "While others were taking counsel the French army was marching,"
+         ii. 434. (_Cf._ "It rains hard," supra.)
+      "Why am I not my grandson?" iv. 287.
+      "You manage men with toys," ii. 246.
+    _Nelson:_
+      "England expects every man to do his duty," ii. 373.
+      "In case signals cannot be seen or clearly understood, no
+         captain can do wrong if he places his ship alongside that of
+         an enemy," ii. 373.
+      "Westminster Abbey or victory," ii. 63.
+    _Ney:_
+      "A marshal of the Empire has never surrendered," iii. 364.
+    _Mme. Permon:_
+      "The pike is eating the other two fish," ii. 130.
+    _Pitt_ (concerning):
+      The "Austerlitz look," ii. 393.
+    _Pius VII:_
+      [Bonaparte the Pope's] "son in Christ Jesus," ii. 339.
+    _Popular_:
+      "Armed men spring up at the stamp of his foot," iii. 386.
+      "Ban," and "arrière ban" (feudal terms), iv. 55.
+      "Bautzen Messenger-boy," the, iv. 20.
+      [Blücher] "Marshal Forward," iv. 98.
+      "Emperor of the Gauls," ii. 319.
+      "Enemy's ships make enemy's goods," ii. 441.
+      "Equality," ii. 221.
+      "Fighting with the legs instead of with the bayonets," ii. 429.
+      "France the most beautiful land next to the kingdom of heaven,"
+         iii. 7.
+      "French fury," iv. 171. (_Cf._ "Furia francesca," ii. 391.)
+      "Frenchmen, awake; the Emperor is waking," iv. 147.
+      "He has been and will be," iv. 158.
+      "His sacred Majesty," ii. 407.
+      "Liberty of the seas," ii. 236, 263.
+      "Marie Louises," the, iv. 51.
+      "Mother Moscow," "the holy city," iii. 347.
+      "Napoladron," iii. 292.
+      "Napoleon, by the grace of God Emperor," ii. 407.
+      [Napoleon] "perhaps an angel, perhaps a devil,--certainly not a
+         man," iii. 415.
+      "Napoleon the Great," ii. 407.
+      "Neutral flag, neutral goods," ii. 263.
+      "Neutral ships make neutral goods; free ships, free goods," ii. 212.
+      "Paternal anarchy," iv. 147, 149.
+      "Ragusade," iv. 127.
+      "Robbing the cradle and the grave," iii. 386.
+      "Sauve qui peut," iv, 210.
+      "The Emperor's last victory," iv. 50.
+      "The fountain of honor," ii. 246.
+      "The liberator of Poland," ii. 444.
+      "The little corporal," i. 362; iv. 118, 154.
+      "The man of God, the anointed of the Lord," ii. 407.
+      "The Napoleon of Potsdam and Schönbrunn," iv. 117.
+      "The return of the hero," ii. 97.
+    _Regnaud de St. Jean d'Angely:_
+      "The unhappy man [Napoleon] will undo himself, undo us all, undo
+         everything," iii. 325.
+    _Revolution, Motto of the:_
+      France, "one and indivisible," ii. 344.
+    _St. André:_
+      "The fate of the world depends on a kick or two," iii. 422.
+    _Savigny:_
+      [The Code Napoléon] "a political malady," ii. 223.
+    _Sieyès:_
+      "Une poire pour la soif," ii. 130.
+    _Soult:_
+      "An inspiration is nothing but a calculation made with rapidity,"
+         iv. 248.
+    _Talleyrand:_
+      "Italy the flank of France; Spain its natural continuation; and
+         Holland its alluvium," iii. 282.
+      "Napoleon's civilization that of Roman history," iii. 179.
+      "Pleasure will not move at the drum-tap," iii. 94.
+      "Society will pardon much to a man of the world, but cheating at
+         cards never," iii. 151.
+      "There is no empire not founded on the marvelous, and here the
+         marvelous is the truth," iv. 250.
+    _Vandamme:_
+      "That devil of a man," iii. 93.
+    _Villeneuve:_
+      "Any captain not under fire is not at his post, and a signal to
+         recall him would be a disgrace," ii. 273.
+    _Wellington:_
+      "I must fight him here [Waterloo]," iv. 178.
+      "Old Blücher has had a ---- good licking," iv. 184.
+      "Up, Guards! make ready!" iv. 209.
+    _Zacharias, Pope:_
+      "He is king who has the power," ii. 325.
+
+  =Piacenza=, military operations near, i. 358, 359; ii. 175;
+    Loison at, 177;
+    adopts the French Code, 354;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, 396;
+    Lebrun created Duke of, iii. 86.
+    _See also_ =Lebrun=.
+
+  =Piacenza, Duke of=, submission of, i. 359.
+
+  =Piave River=, military operations on the, i. 387, 388, 430, 432.
+
+  =Picardy=, movement of troops to, ii. 24.
+
+  =Pichegru, Gen. Charles=, _N.'s_ early acquaintance with, i. 216;
+    called to command Paris troops, 272;
+    conquers the Austrian Netherlands, 273, 275;
+    suspected of intrigue, 278;
+    royalist schemes of, 298; ii. 161, 298;
+    a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;
+    conquest of Holland, ii. 6;
+    plans a coup d'état, 5;
+    exposure of his treachery in 1795, 5, 6;
+    proscribed, 8;
+    implicated with Moreau, 72, 164, 299;
+    escapes from Guiana, 161;
+    heads royalist rising in Provence, 161;
+    fall and death, 298, 299;
+    leads royalist plot, 298;
+    Savary suspected of complicity in death of, 412;
+    funeral mass celebrated for, iv. 146.
+
+  =Picton, Sir T.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 173;
+    battle of Waterloo, 201;
+    killed, 201.
+
+  =Piedmont=, military operations in, i. 213, 256, 347, 352 et seq.;
+    troops of, enter Savoy, 222;
+    French movement against, 246;
+    _N._ advises against advancing into, 247;
+    Austro-Sardinian operations in (1794), 341;
+    revolutionary spirit in, 345;
+    conquest of, 352-362, 373;
+    army separated from Austrians, 354;
+    successes in, 363;
+    French propositions to organize republic in, 363, 373;
+    loses island of St. Peter, ii. 13;
+    incorporated with the Ligurian Republic, 38;
+    Moreau's last stand in, 83;
+    held by Suvaroff, 141;
+    held by Austria, 145, 160;
+    tribute levied on, 186;
+    incorporated with France, 232, 267, 272, 281;
+    Jourdan's pacification of, 323;
+    Alexander I demands indemnity for, 348;
+    ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263;
+    parallel between the Waterloo campaign and that in, iv. 170.
+
+  =Piedmontese=, in French service, ii. 14.
+
+  =Piktupönen=, Frederick William and Hardenberg at, iii. 42;
+    Frederick William's stay at, 60.
+
+  "=Pillars of Hercules, the new=," iii 308.
+
+  =Pillau=, Napoleon demands, as a pledge, iii. 36.
+    French military stores in, 333.
+
+  =Pinckney, C. C.=, Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34.
+
+  =Piombino=, given to Elisa (Buonaparte) Bacciocchi, ii. 354, 356.
+    _See also_ =Lucca and Piombino=.
+
+  =Pirch, Gen.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172, 205.
+
+  =Piré, Gen.=, ordered to Quatre Bras, iv. 176.
+
+  =Pirna=, Vandamme at, iv. 8-11;
+    Mortier at, 12, 18;
+    sickness of _N._ at, 12, 131;
+    _N._ abandons, 17;
+    _N._ moves on, 18.
+
+  =Pisa=, Carlo Buonaparte at, i. 29.
+
+  =Pitt, William, Jr.=, prime minister of England, i. 195;
+    takes active measures against France, 221;
+    difficulties of his administration, 448, 449;
+    anxiety for peace after Leoben, ii. 12;
+    declines to negotiate with _N._, 143;
+    delusion concerning _N._ and France, 143;
+    denounces _N._ as the destroyer of Europe, 144;
+    advocates restoration of the Bourbons, 144;
+    policy toward France, 208, 329-331, 360, 405; iii. 399;
+    British confidence in, ii. 208;
+    falls from power on the Catholic Emancipation question, 208;
+    calls for defense of the kingdom, 292;
+    raises volunteers, 292;
+    returns to power, 329;
+    his policy of European coalitions, 329-331;
+    becomes prime minister, 337;
+    on France's designs against England, 337;
+    success of his efforts, 356;
+    reception of the news of Austerlitz, 393;
+    death, 393;
+    Fox compelled to adopt his program, 405;
+    England returns to his policy, iii. 399.
+
+  =Pius VI=, signs treaty of Tolentino, i. 350;
+    ransoms Bologna, 374;
+    prepares to recover lost territory, 398;
+    quarrel with France, 401;
+    _N.'s_ problem concerning, 405;
+    hostilities by, 409;
+    campaign against, 419-423;
+    his army dispersed, 421;
+    expresses gratitude to _N._, 423;
+    _N.'s_ conquest of, ii. 9;
+    ill health, ii, persecution of, 39;
+    withdraws to Siena, 39;
+    stripped of his possessions, 39;
+    death, burial, and memorial services, 39, 131, 206, 216.
+
+  =Pius VII=, election of, ii. 206;
+    resumes temporal power, 207;
+    removes the ban from Talleyrand, 216;
+    relations with _N._, 216, 339 et seq.;
+    iii. 68, 118, 391;
+    the matter of _N.'s_ coronation, ii. 325, 339-346 et seq.;
+    refuses to receive Mme. Talleyrand, 326;
+    his demands for the Church, 326;
+    at Fontainebleau, 340;
+    his humiliation and return to Rome, 344-347;
+    refuses a divorce to Jerome Buonaparte, 396;
+    neutrality in the Austerlitz campaign, ii. 396;
+    desires unity of the German Church, 402;
+    refuses to recognize Joseph's sovereignty, iii. 68;
+    _N.'s_ ultimatum to, 68;
+    refuses to join the French federation against England, 118;
+    his demands on _N._, 118;
+    concessions to _N.'s_ demands, 118;
+    prisoner at Grenoble, 119, 242;
+    disbandment of the Noble Guard, 118;
+    a _fainéant_ prince in the Quirinal, 119;
+    issues bull, June 10, 1809, 119;
+    wearing effect of _N.'s_ quarrel with, 119;
+    indemnity for, 215;
+    deposed from the temporal power, 215, 242, 249;
+    retains his ecclesiastical position, 242;
+    excommunicates _N._ and his adherents, 242;
+    imprisoned at Savona, 243, 306;
+    removed from Rome to Fontainebleau, 243;
+    refuses to renounce the secular power, 242;
+    in Florence, 242;
+    does not recognize _N.'s_ divorce, 259;
+    provision of residence and revenue for, 263;
+    the second quarrel of investitures, 263;
+    relations with the Gallican Church, 263, 264;
+    inflexibility of, 263;
+    De Maistre on the supineness of, 264;
+    contrasted with Innocent II, 264;
+    partial submission of, 305;
+    refuses to institute _N.'s_ nominees as bishops, 306;
+    prisoner at Fontainebleau, 377, 390;
+    hostility of the French ecclesiastics to, 391;
+    the Concordat of Fontainebleau, 391;
+    interviews with _N._ at Fontainebleau, 391;
+    restoration of Roman domains to, 391;
+    residence at Avignon, 391;
+    retracts his assent, 391;
+    release of, iv. 52;
+    humiliation of, 256.
+
+  =Pizzighettone=, French occupation of, i. 372.
+
+  =Placentia=, ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263;
+    granted to Maria Louisa, iv. 133.
+
+  =Plagwitz=, fighting near, iv. 30.
+
+  ="Plain," the=, position in the National Convention, i. 188.
+
+  =Plancenoit=, fighting at, iv. 205.
+
+  =Plancy=, military movements near, iv. 89.
+
+  =Plato=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 95.
+
+  =Platoff, Count M. I.=, harasses the French retreat from Moscow,
+         iii. 359, 364.
+
+  =Plauen=, fighting near, iv. 10;
+    Austrians driven into, 10.
+
+  =Plebiscites=, of Dec. 15, 1799, ii. 129, 136;
+    of May, 1802, 245-247;
+    of 1804, 324.
+
+  =Pleisse, River=, military operations on the, iv. 27, 28.
+
+  =Plombières=, Josephine's coterie at, ii. 85.
+
+  =Plutarch=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78; ii. 47.
+
+  =Plymouth Sound=, the "Bellerophon" in, iv. 222.
+
+  =Po, River=, the country of the, i. 356; ii. 175-178;
+    military operations on the, i. 358, 359, 381, 441; ii. 172-174,
+         175, 176, 185.
+
+  =Point-du-Jour=, Sérurier's guard at the, ii. 108.
+
+  =Poischwitz=, armistice of, iii. 414-418, 420; iv. 66, 197, 288.
+
+  =Poland=, partition of, i. 220, 420, 425; ii. 354, 414, 444; iii. 22, 50;
+    Austria's gaze on, i. 325;
+    French schemes for the reconstruction of, ii. 42-44;
+    Alexander I's designs concerning, 356; iii. 45, 309, 316, 384; iv. 67;
+    Alexander retreats to, ii. 391;
+    extension of the French empire in, 396;
+    sack of, 440;
+    _N.'s_ opportunity to save, 445;
+    pro-Napoleon enthusiasm in, 445; iii. 17, 331;
+    dissensions in, ii. 445;
+    _N.'s_ policy concerning, iii. 1, 8, 18, 45, 56, 214, 244, 314,
+         331; iv. 30;
+    French occupation of, iii. 4, 7;
+    enlistments from, under the French eagles, 3, 202, 324;
+    _N._ organizes government for, 8;
+    _N._ "the liberator of," 10;
+    horrors of the winter campaign in, 18;
+    a new field of warfare for _N._, 18;
+    new levies ordered in, 20;
+    morale of the French army in, 45;
+    proposed transfer to the King of Saxony, 50;
+    proposed new kingdom of, 56;
+    Prussian provinces ceded to Warsaw, 62;
+    possible restoration of, 65, 108, 244, 312-315, 322; iv. 298;
+    war indemnity exacted from, iii. 78;
+    French nobility endowed with lands in, 87;
+    strengthening the French forces in, 117;
+    dangers of withdrawing Russian troops from, 117;
+    Davout recalled from, 165;
+    reliance on _N._, 196, 316;
+    invaded by Archduke Ferdinand, 201;
+    concentration of troops at Warsaw, 203;
+    Archduke Ferdinand's vicissitudes in, 212;
+    enlargement of, 248;
+    second partition of, 309;
+    schemes of Alexander and Czartoryski in regard to, 309, 316;
+    rupture between Alexander and _N._ over, 310 et seq.;
+    Alexander refuses to restore the integrity of, 311;
+    the patriots of, in Warsaw, 313;
+    movement of Russian troops toward, 317;
+    factor in the Russian war of, 1812, 328;
+    _N.'s_ mistake in not restoring, 331;
+    Abbé de Pradt's mission from Dresden to, 331;
+    the Diet of Warsaw begs for the reconstruction of, 331;
+    possible schemes of French annexation of, 331;
+    Czartoryski's ambitions in, 383;
+    Kutusoff's advance through, 395;
+    Prussia seeks to recover part of, 395-400;
+    Bennigsen in, iv. 3;
+    _N._ offers to renounce, 30;
+    the extinction of, 298.
+
+  =Poles=, seek alliance with France, i. 420;
+    in French service, 437; ii. 14;
+    military service in Italy, 42;
+    _N.'s_ policy of winning, iii. 214;
+    loyalty to _N._, 315; iv. 35;
+    _N.'s_ waning prestige among, iii. 335.
+
+  =Polish Church=, _N.'s_ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68.
+
+  =Politics, the art of=, i. 72;
+    _N.'s_ passion for, and study of, 94, 114, 126, 150, 199.
+
+  =Polygamy=, forbidden by the French Sanhedrim, iii. 76;
+    _N._ upholds, iv. 231.
+
+  =Polytechnic School=, founding of the, i. 281; ii. 225-227;
+    calling out of students of, iv. 109.
+
+  =Pomerania=, Prussia recommended to seize, ii. 420;
+    Gustavus IV commanding in, iii. 36;
+    Prussia retains her strongholds in, 42;
+    _N._ promises to restore to Sweden, 268;
+    Bernadotte's kindly treatment of, 280;
+    Davout occupies Swedish, 321;
+    offered to Bernadotte, 399.
+
+  =Pomerania, Duke of=, seeks representation at Congress of Rastatt,
+         ii. 27.
+
+  =Pompei=, member of the directory of Corsica, i. 133.
+
+  =Poniatowski, Prince J. A.=, relies on _N.'s_ good will, ii. 445;
+    Archduke Ferdinand's pursuit of, iii. 211;
+    reoccupies Warsaw, 212;
+    strength of his corps, March, 1812, 323;
+    doubts Lithuania's rising, 326;
+    battle of Borodino, 344;
+    battle of Wiazma, 359;
+    claims to the Polish throne, 383;
+    fails to keep Russia out of Warsaw, 385;
+    commanding in Galicia, 402;
+    at Fischbach, iv. 18;
+    battle of Leipsic, 29, 32, 34;
+    drowned in the Elster, 34.
+
+  =Ponsonby, Sir W.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202.
+
+  =Pont d'Austerlitz=, iii. 74.
+
+  =Pont des Arts=, iii. 74.
+
+  =Pont d'Jena=, iii. 74.
+
+  =Pontebba Pass=, battles in, i. 433.
+
+  =Ponte Corvo=, Bernadotte created Prince of, ii. 396; iii. 86.
+    _See also_ =Bernadotte=.
+
+  =Pontécoulant, Doulcet de=, uses influence on _N.'s_ behalf, i. 292;
+    retired from the central committee, 295;
+    _N.'s_ relations with, ii. 3.
+
+  =Ponte-Nuovo=, battle of, i. 23;
+    _N._ visits the battle-ground at, 132.
+
+  =Pont Royal=, the mêlée at the, i. 303.
+
+  =Popular government=, the rise of, i. 109.
+
+  =Popular representation without eyes, ears, or power=, ii. 126.
+
+  =Porcil=, military operations near, i, 391.
+
+  =Portalis, J. E. M.=, councilor of state, ii. 214;
+    on committee to draft the Code, 222;
+    minister of public worship, 346.
+
+  =Portland, Duke of=, prime minister of England, iii. 46, 69.
+
+  =Port Mahon=, i. 22.
+
+  =Porto Ferrajo=, seized by England, i. 398;
+    arrival of the exile at, iv. 141;
+    _N.'s_ residence at, 143;
+    danger of _N.'s_ remaining in, 152.
+
+  =Porto Legnago=, Augereau driven into, i. 409.
+
+  =Port Royal=, education of Josephine de la Pagerie at, i. 313.
+
+  =Portsmouth=, Nelson sails for, ii. 359.
+
+  =Portugal=, growth of liberal ideas in, i. 276;
+    war with Spain, ii. 18;
+    joins the second coalition, 90;
+    France offers peace to, 154;
+    alliances with England, 154, 332;
+    _N.'s_ problems in, 203 et seq.;
+    forced contribution levied on, 205; iii. 119;
+    abandons English alliance, ii. 205;
+    compelled to close her harbors to English ships, 205; iii. 67;
+    France guarantees integrity of, ii. 211;
+    neutrality of, 289, 332; iii. 67, 120;
+    Spanish invasion of, ii. 332;
+    proposed commercial war against England, iii. 55;
+    _N._ calls for alliance with, 66;
+    seizure of her fleet by England, 67;
+    Junot's army on the borders of, 67;
+    proposed acquisition by Spain, 67, 121;
+    movement of English troops into, 111, 121;
+    the situation in, 118;
+    French invasion of, 120 et seq.; 151;
+    obeys the Berlin and Milan decrees, 119;
+    closing of the harbors, 119;
+    rupture of diplomatic relations between France and, 119;
+    dynastic troubles in, 119;
+    democracy in, 119, 120;
+    proposed partition of, 120;
+    commerce with England, 120;
+    Spain coöperates with France against, 121;
+    seizure of fortresses by France, 121;
+    flight of Don John from, 121;
+    escape of the fleet from the Tagus, 121;
+    revulsion of feeling against Junot in, 122;
+    fraternization of the people with Junot's army, 122;
+    appointment of a council of regency, 122;
+    Junot's military administration in, 122;
+    applies to England for help, 122;
+    insurrections against French rule, 122;
+    _N._ offers the crown to Lucien, 129;
+    intrigues for the throne of, 129;
+    Junot appointed governor of, 132;
+    to be given to a Bonaparte prince, 133;
+    France proposes an exchange for, 133;
+    the crown offered to Murat, 147;
+    destruction of her commerce, 151;
+    Junot's occupation of, 156;
+    French evacuation of, 157;
+    Lord Wellesley enters, 157;
+    intensity of the rebellion in, 185;
+    sympathy with Spain, 186;
+    supposed English scheme to abandon, 187;
+    Wellesley expels the French from, 236;
+    England's loss of trade with, 272;
+    reinforcements for the English army in, 284;
+    English failures in, 283;
+    held by Wellington, 283;
+    Masséna invades, 284;
+    Junot aspires to the crown of, 287;
+    Soult aspires to the crown of, 287, 296;
+    Soult's invasion of (1809), 286;
+    Wellington retreats to, 289, 290;
+    _N._ proposes to restore, to the House of Braganza, 319;
+    member of the Vienna coalition, iv. 164;
+    _N.'s_ dread of capture in, 220.
+
+  =Posen=, _N._ in, ii. 444; iii. 331;
+    expected scene of operations, 1;
+    French occupation of, 12;
+    incorporated into the grand duchy of Warsaw, 56;
+    Eugène assumes command at, 385;
+    Murat abandons the army at, 393.
+
+  =Potemkin, Prince=, _N._ seeks service with, i. 216.
+
+  =Potsdam=, treaty of, ii. 377, 390;
+    _N._ at, 437.
+
+  =Pougy=, military operations near, iv. 89.
+
+  =Pozzo di Borgo, Count C. A.=, the Corsican victory of, i. 22;
+    associated with _N._ in Corsica, 117;
+    member of the Directory of Corsica, 133;
+    delegate to the National Assembly, 133;
+    _N.'s_ lifelong foe, 165; iii. 314; iv. 98;
+    attorney-general of Corsica, i. 185;
+    suspected of intrigue with England, 190;
+    denounced by _N._, 206;
+    ordered to trial, 403;
+    Russian envoy at Vienna, ii. 445; iii. 178, 314;
+    on the humiliation of Prussia, 63;
+    influence at St. Petersburg, 165;
+    at peace council in Paris, iv. 114.
+
+  =Pradt, Abbé de=, mission from Dresden to Poland, iii. 331.
+
+  =Prague=, Maria Louisa at, iii. 331;
+    _N._ acknowledges his mistake in not making peace at, iv. 135.
+
+  =Prague, Congress of=, iii. 417-420; 423; iv. 30, 41, 68.
+
+  =Prairial=, the 30th of, ii. 92.
+
+  =Pratzen=, fighting on the heights of, ii. 383-387.
+
+  =Preameneu, Bigot de=, on committee to draft the Code, ii. 222.
+
+  =Prefects=, the system of, ii. 127.
+
+  =Pregel, River=, military movements on the, iii. 30.
+
+  =Prenzlau=, Hohenlohe's retreat to, ii. 434;
+    Hohenlohe driven from, 436.
+
+  =Presburg=, treaty of, ii. 391, 405; iii. 55, 109, 195, 200;
+    military operations near, 226, 230;
+    Archduke John at, 227, 230.
+
+  =Press, the=, freedom of, decreed, i. 110;
+    demand for freedom of in Corsica, 116;
+    condition in France, 281;
+    members of, proscribed, ii. 8;
+    abolition of liberty of, 8, 145;
+    _N._ and the liberty of, 23;
+    muzzling of, 36, 254, 271;
+    suppression of Jacobin papers, 97;
+    _N.'s_ use of, 186; iii. 25;
+    servility to _N._, ii. 232-235;
+    censorship of, 234, 235, 296, 350, 362, 397, 417; iii. 25, 88, 160,
+         297, 300; iv. 146;
+    in modern France, ii. 254;
+    _N.'s_ reason for repression of, 254;
+    liberty of, in England, 271;
+    _N._ attempts to muzzle the English, 356;
+    supervision of the, iv. 51;
+    abolition of censorship promised, 159.
+
+  =Press-gang=, employment of, in France, ii. 332.
+
+  =Pretender, the=. _See_ =Louis XVIII=.
+
+  =Preussisch-Eylau=. _See_ =Eylau=.
+
+  =Préval, Gen.=, refuses service on d'Enghien courtmartial, ii, 307.
+
+  =Primary Assembly, the=, i. 305.
+
+  =Primogeniture=, _N._ on, i. 137;
+    abolished, ii. 223; iii. 84;
+    its advantages and decay, 84.
+
+  =Primolano=, capture of Wurmser's advance-guard at, i. 384.
+
+  ="Prince of the Peace," the=. _See_ =Godoy=.
+
+  =Pripet, River=, Bagration's stand on the, iii. 335.
+
+  =Privilege=, the overthrow of, i. 158.
+
+  =Privy council=, creation of a, ii. 247.
+
+  =Probstheida=, military movements near, iv. 32.
+
+  =Property rights=, _N.'s_ share in codifying the law concerning, ii. 223.
+
+  =Prossnitz=, junction of Russian and Austrian troops at, ii. 379.
+
+  =Protestants=, demand of civil rights, for the, i. 106.
+
+  =Provence=, a tempestuous time in, i. 212;
+    royalist rising in, ii. 161;
+    royalist sentiment in, iv. 137;
+    _N.'s_ reception in, 138, 144;
+    longing in, for the Emperor's return, 152;
+    the White Terror in, 222.
+
+  =Provera, Gen.=, in Rivoli campaign, i. 406-414;
+    called to reorganize the Roman army, ii. 39.
+
+  =Provins=, military movements near, iv. 62, 72, 81, 85.
+
+  =Prowtowski, Gen.=, accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, iv. 228.
+
+  =Prud'hon, Pierre=, painter, ii. 351.
+
+  =Prussia=, relations, alliances, etc., with Austria, i. 174, 324;
+      ii. 86, 155, 264, 389, 413; iii. 22, 225, 234, 330; iv. 41,
+      57;
+    captures Longwy, i. 179;
+    expected enmity of, 187;
+    effect of military successes of, 194;
+    partition of Poland, 220, 425;
+    abandons the coalition, 276, 324;
+    defeats Austria, 325;
+    uplifting of, and growth of the national spirit in, 325, 350, 425;
+      ii. 41, 154, 415, 417; iii. 37, 44, 62, 95, 103, 106, 137,
+      159, 161, 193, 213, 225, 319, 327, 382, 385, 391-394, 397,
+      420, 423;
+    makes peace with France (1795), i. 341, (1796), 349;
+    neutrality of, 385; ii. 43, 90, 154-157, 311, 414; iii. 44;
+    treaty with France (1796), i. 450;
+    attitude toward France (1797-98), ii. 41-44;
+    favors secularization of ecclesiastical principalities, 41;
+    supposed mistaken policy of, 43;
+    recognizes the Cisalpine Republic, 43;
+    the center of gravity of Europe, 155;
+    negotiates with France for Hamburg, 154;
+    refuses to join the second coalition, 154;
+    France's assistance to, against Austria, 154;
+    _N._ negotiates with, 156;
+    supremacy in the German Diet, 193;
+    joins the "armed neutrality," 194;
+    territories acquired by (1802), 265;
+    strengthening of, 266;
+    Ney's check on, 272;
+    _N._ dictates her attitude, 1803, 282;
+    acquiesces in the creation of the empire, 320;
+    protests against Rumbold's seizure, 331;
+    negotiates for Hanover, 356-358;
+    relations with Russia, negotiations and treaties between the two
+      countries, and attitudes of their rulers, 355, 356, 405, 406,
+      417, 418; iii. 1, 18, 22, 37, 41, 54, 108, 168, 178, 225, 316,
+      320, 329, 330, 382, 385, 398, 424; iv. 67;
+    Hardenberg's aim at consolidation, ii. 358;
+    refuses alliance with England, 358;
+    to receive Hanover for assistance to France, 361;
+    garrisons Hanover, 361;
+    strength compared with France, 361;
+    violation of her neutrality, 365;
+    resents Bernadotte's violation of Ansbach, 376;
+    renounces her neutrality, 377;
+    decline of her influence, 377;
+    negotiates for peace, 381;
+    to close her ports to England, 390;
+    _N._ demands offensive and defensive alliance with, 390;
+    subservience to France, 394;
+    proposal to give Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck to, 400;
+    alliance with France, 400;
+    England declares war against, 400;
+    acquires Hanover, 400, 405;
+    humiliation of, 400, 406, 443; iii. 22, 37, 44, 56, 62, 65, 161-165;
+    neutralization of her power, ii. 402;
+    joins England and Russia, 406;
+    territorial aggrandizement, 413;
+    the reigns of the Fredericks, 413, 414;
+    her army, 413, 414, 418-422, 424, 427, 434, 437; iii. 397, 417;
+      iv. 171;
+    education in, ii. 415;
+    condition in 1806, 415;
+    feudalism in, 414-417;
+    influence of Queen Louisa in, 415;
+    the reform party in, 414-417;
+    exasperation at _N._ in, 416, 417, 420;
+    _N._ demands the disarmament of, 418;
+    ill effects of aristocratic pride in, 418-420;
+    advised by _N._ to seize Pomerania, 420;
+    _N.'s_ necessity for quick action with, 420-422;
+    the war party, 420, 427, 428;
+    hesitation about mobilization, 421;
+    declares war, 421;
+    state of war with England, 421;
+    weakness of, 422;
+    plan of the campaign, 423, 424, 427;
+    alliance with Saxony, 429;
+    moral effect of Jéna upon, 434, 435;
+    advance of the French through, 435-439;
+    total defeat of, 436-440;
+    _N.'s_ treatment of, 436, 441;
+    plundered of works of art, 439;
+    sack and rapine in, 439;
+    unconscionable demands on, 442;
+    peace negotiations, 442;
+    abandoned by Saxony, 443;
+    enlistments from, under the French eagles, iii. 3;
+    retreat from Pultusk, 4;
+    _N.'s_ proffered terms to, after Eylau, 18;
+    proposed rehabilitation of, 18;
+    _N.'s_ reserve forces in central, 22;
+    treaty with Russia at Bartenstein, 22;
+    proposal for a new coalition, 22;
+    weakness of, 23, 35;
+    numbers in the field, summer of 1807, 28;
+    severity of _N.'s_ terms for, 37;
+    _N._ grants concessions at Tilsit, 42;
+    armistice with, 42;
+    retains strongholds in Silesia and Pomerania, 42;
+    _N.'s_ attempts to secure alliance with, 44;
+    interest in Poland, 45;
+    French liberal idea of France's affinity with, 45;
+    representatives at Tilsit, 49;
+    acquisitions of territory, 50;
+    proposed transfer of Saxony to, 50;
+    responsibility for her belligerency, 50;
+    new boundaries, 55;
+    retains Silesia, 55, 56;
+    reorganization at Tilsit, 56;
+    the kingdom of Westphalia carved out of, 56;
+    treaty of Tilsit, 63 (_see also_ =Tilsit=);
+    feeling toward Frederick William in, 62;
+    mutilation of, 62;
+    war indemnity exacted from, 62, 78;
+    French occupation of, 63, 99, 104, 108, 116, 166, 307;
+    effect of the peace of Tilsit on, 95;
+    fails to raise war indemnity, 99;
+    closes and fortifies her harbors, 102;
+    abolition of old land tenures in, 102;
+    responsibility for the war with France, 102;
+    the patriotic writers of, 103;
+    reorganization of the educational system, 103;
+    abolition of the privy council, 103;
+    municipal autonomy, 103;
+    freeing the serfs in, 103;
+    the "yunker" class, 103;
+    military reforms in, 103, 104, 162;
+    the League of Virtue, 103, 161;
+    subserviency to France, 104;
+    hostility to France, 106;
+    pleads bankruptcy, 106;
+    _N._ proposes further humiliation of, 107;
+    _N._ offers to evacuate, 108, 112, 167;
+    encouraged to revolt, 159, 161, 163;
+    civil reforms in, 164;
+    death of military reforms in, 164;
+    death of militarism in, 164;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, 178;
+    endeavors to secure mitigation of _N.'s_ demands, 178;
+    proposes to reduce her army, 178;
+    French evacuation of, 178, 182;
+    effect of battle of Jena on, 190;
+    military centralization of, 190;
+    warlike temper in, 195;
+    the pursuit after Waterloo, 210;
+    secret armament in, 225;
+    offer of Warsaw to, 225;
+    French occupation of the coast, 266;
+    Mme. de Staël in, 300;
+    pecuniary demands upon, 307;
+    treaty with France, Feb. 24, 1812, 320, 330;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, 321;
+    influence in Germany, 320;
+    threatened dismemberment of, 320;
+    renders military aid to France, 320;
+    furnishes contingent to _N.'s_ army, 324;
+    _N._ belittles, 327;
+    coalition with Austria and Russia, 331;
+    religious aspect of the European situation in, 382;
+    _N._ hints at territorial cessions to, 392;
+    in grand coalition against _N._, 393;
+    forced to a decision, 395;
+    _N._ demands more troops from, 395;
+    advised by Metternich to join Russia, 395;
+    entry of Russian troops into, 393, 398;
+    aims to recover Prussian Poland, 396-400;
+    popular detestation of _N._ in, 397;
+    death of the Queen, 397;
+    mobilization of the army, 397;
+    condition at opening of 1813, 397-399;
+    declares war, 398;
+    scheme for territorial aggrandizement of, 398;
+    seeks subsidy from England, 398;
+    designs on Saxony, 399;
+    _N._ determines to dismember, 399;
+    subsidized by England, 399, 417; iv. 76, 164;
+    strenuous endeavors of, iii. 403;
+    proposed restoration of, 407;
+    proposed new capital for, 409;
+    _N.'s_ new schemes for, 409;
+    proposed enlargement of, 415;
+    proposed rectification of the western boundary, 415;
+    secret treaty of Reichenbach, 416, 417, 422;
+    guarantees a war loan, 417;
+    treaty with England, June 14, 1813, 417;
+    strength of, iv. 5;
+    _N.'s_ personal spite against, 5, 17;
+    _N.'s_ attempts to separate Russia from, 17;
+    heroism in, 19;
+    losses at Dennewitz, 19;
+    _N._ offers terms to, 21;
+    scheme to restore her status of 1805, 22;
+    concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22;
+    beginning of her military aggrandizement, 37;
+    acquires the hegemony of continental Europe, 37;
+    eagerness for war in, 41;
+    at the Congress of Frankfort, 41;
+    proposes to invade France via Liège, 54, 57;
+    troops on the Rhine, 55;
+    _N.'s_ implacable foe, 57;
+    seeks the retention of her acquisitions, 67;
+    desire for constitutional government in, 68;
+    eager for an armistice, 70, 71, 75;
+    treaty of Chaumont, 76;
+    the triple alliance, 76;
+    Metternich strives to check ambition of, 88;
+    party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133;
+    attitude at Congress of Vienna, 144, 145;
+    quota of troops, 164;
+    member of the Vienna coalition, 164;
+    campaign of Waterloo, 169 et seq.;
+    reaps harvest of political spoils at Waterloo, 214;
+    claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214;
+    losses at Waterloo, 214;
+    claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of _N._, 225;
+    influence in Germany, 298.
+
+  =Pruth, River=, Russia acquires a boundary on the, iii. 321.
+
+  =Przasnysz=, military operations near, iii. 13.
+
+  =Public works=, _N.'s_ scheme of, ii. 279.
+
+  =Pultusk=, battle of, iii. 1-10.
+
+  =Puntowitz=, military operations near, ii. 385, 386.
+
+  =Puster Valley=, military operations in the, i. 433.
+
+  =Pyramids=, battle of the, ii. 60.
+
+  =Pyrenees, the=, French troops in ii. 37, 44, 48; iii. 133, 134;
+    Louis XIV "abolishes," 70;
+    a boundary of the Continental System, 280;
+    plans for the defense of, 421;
+    Soult driven over, iv. 40;
+    France's "natural boundary," 41.
+
+
+Q
+
+  =Quasdanowich, Gen.=, _N.'s_ operations against, i. 350;
+    captures Brescia, 380;
+    battle of Lonato, 380, 383;
+    strength in Friuli, 386.
+
+  =Quatre Bras=, military operations near, iv. 171, 175, 178;
+    battle of, 180-188;
+    _N.'s_ flight through, 211;
+    Ney at, 214.
+
+  =Quedlinburg=, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 263.
+
+  =Queiss, River=, military operations on the, iv. 15.
+
+  =Quenza, Col.=, elected lieutenant-colonel in National Guard of
+      Corsica, i. 166;
+    commanding Corsican volunteers, 170;
+    conduct at Ajaccio condemned, 172;
+    his command under Dumouriez, 184.
+
+  =Quiberon=, English expedition to, i. 277.
+
+  =Quinette, N. M.=, member of the new Directory, iv. 218.
+
+  =Quirinal, the=, Pius VII a _fainéant_ prince in, iii. 119;
+    forcible entry into, 242.
+
+
+R
+
+  =Raab=, Archduke John advances toward, iii. 226.
+
+  =Radetsky, Count J. J. W.=, military genius, 6;
+    favors invasion of France, 57;
+    courage, 59;
+    advises concentration of the allies at Arcis, 89.
+
+  =Radziwill, Princess=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415.
+
+  =Ragusa=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
+    _N._ offers the territory to England, 404, 405;
+    Marmont created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Marmont=.
+
+  "=Ragusade=," the word, iv. 127.
+
+  =Rahmaniyeh=, Mameluke retreat toward, ii. 69.
+
+  =Raigern=, military operations near, ii. 385, 386.
+
+  =Rambouillet=, the imperial court at, iii. 301;
+    flight of the Empress to, iv. 108-112, 135;
+    _N._ at, 219.
+
+  =Rambouillet decree, the=, March 23, 1810, iii. 274.
+
+  =Ramolini=, associated with _N._ in Corsica, i. 117.
+
+  =Ramolino, Letizia= (mother of _N._), marriage, i. 30;
+    character, 30-34.
+    _See also_ =Buonaparte, Letizia=.
+
+  =Rampon, Gen.=, holds Argenteau in check, i. 353, 356;
+    his stand at Monte Legino, 356, 393.
+
+  =Rapinat=, frauds of, ii. 91.
+
+  =Rapp, Count Jean=, on _N.'s_ desire for peace, ii. 268;
+    in battle of Austerlitz, 387;
+    seizes a would-be assassin of _N._, iii. 240;
+    recounts the horrors of the Russian campaign, 340;
+    begs _N._ to desist at Smolensk, 340;
+    commanding at Dantzic, 402.
+
+  =Rastatt=, Congress of, ii. 19, 22, 27, 38, 41, 51, 52, 69, 88, 89, 264;
+    neutralization of, 22;
+    the murders at, 89, 300.
+
+  =Ratisbon=, Jourdan's defeat near, i. 385;
+    selected as _N.'s_ headquarters, iii. 202;
+    military movements near, 203, 204, 205, 209, 216;
+    battle of, 211;
+    seized by Archduke Charles, 216;
+    _N._ wounded at, 240;
+    given to Dalberg, 266;
+    Saxon troops offered to Austria at, 399.
+
+  =Raynal, Abbé G. T. F.=, _N._ a disciple of, i. 71, 75-78, 81, 114,
+      115, 127, 137; ii. 46, 139;
+    his works and opinions, i. 75-78;
+    the "History of Corsica" addressed to, 92, 124, 127;
+    founds prize for essay on America, 137.
+
+  =Raynouard, F. J. M.=, "The Templars," ii. 350.
+
+  =Réal, P. F.=, urges action against Bourbon plotters, ii. 304;
+    police-agent, 306;
+    share in the trial of d'Enghien, 306-310.
+
+  =Reason=, the party of, i. 250.
+
+  =Récamier, Mme.=, social life in Paris, i. 290; ii. 411, 412;
+    instigates Moreau's letter to _N._, 290;
+    _N.'s_ differences with, 411, 412;
+    relations with Mme. de Staël, 411;
+    exiled, 412.
+
+  =Récamier, M.=, bankruptcy of, ii. 411.
+
+  =Recco, Abbé=, _N.'s_ early tutor, i. 41.
+
+  ="Redoubtable," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.
+
+  =Red Sea=, its importance, ii. 46.
+
+  "=Reflections on the State of Nature=," i. 145.
+
+  =Reform=, the French nobility and, i. 142.
+
+  =Regensburg=, seat of the German Diet, ii. 404.
+    _See also_ =Ratisbon=.
+
+  =Reggio=, new scheme of government for, i. 402;
+    disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
+    Oudinot created Duke of, iii. 86.
+    _See also_ =Oudinot=.
+
+  =Regnaud, M. L. E.=, ii. 214.
+
+  =Regnier, C. A.=, moves the appointment of _N._ as commander of the
+      Paris garrison, ii. 104;
+    in Leon, iii. 283;
+    strength, March, 1812, 324.
+
+  =Reich, Baronne de=, imprisonment of, ii. 304.
+
+  =Reichenbach=, French generals killed at, iii. 410;
+    secret treaty of, 416, 418, 422, 423; iv. 68.
+
+  =Reille, Gen.=, service in Spain, iii. 283;
+    at Leers, iv. 171;
+    in the Waterloo campaign, 171;
+    seizes Marchiennes, 173;
+    crosses the Sambre, 173;
+    at Thuin, 173;
+    disperses the Prussians at Gosselies, 175, 177;
+    battle of Quatre Bras, 181, 183, 186;
+    battle of Waterloo, 199-203.
+
+  =Religion=, _N.'s_ attitude toward, i. 146; ii. 205-208, 215-218,
+      224, 226, 227, 245, 256, 258, 259; iii. 174, 175;
+    influence on the social life of the world, ii. 47.
+
+  =Religious opinion=, freedom of, decreed, i. 110.
+
+  =Rémusat, Mme. de=, _N.'s_ relations with, i. 77; ii. 9, 55, 118,
+      197, 198, 255, 421; iii. 19, 27, 80;
+    confidences with Josephine, ii. 308;
+    reports _N.'s_ answers to Josephine's charges, iii. 27;
+    conversations with Talleyrand, 80.
+
+  =Réné=, exploit at Lake Garda, i. 414.
+
+  =Rennes=, interview between _N._ and Villeneuve at, ii. 375.
+
+  =Republican calendar=, ceases to exist, ii. 406.
+
+  =Restoration, the=, revulsion of feeling against _N._ at the, ii. 199.
+
+  =Reudnitz=, military operations near, iv. 28.
+
+  =Revolution, the=, its germ, i. 74;
+    _N.'s_ views concerning, 78;
+    first mutterings and opening of, 96-98 et seq.;
+    excesses of, 108-111;
+    federation for, 141;
+    European antagonism to, 142;
+    in the Rhone Valley, 148-159;
+    becomes a national movement, 240;
+    favored in Lombardy and Tuscany, 261;
+    propagating the ideas of, 276; ii. 38;
+    failure to give political freedom to France, 293;
+    effect on the French people, 319;
+    its humanitarian mission, 348;
+    the art of, iii. 88;
+    treatment in French literature, 88;
+    completion of its program to close the continent to English
+      commerce, 279;
+    the work of, 422;
+    _N._ the standard-bearer of, 424; iv. 152, 261;
+    its principles and effect, 253-257;
+    shorn of its horrors, 297.
+
+  =Rewbell, J. F.=, member of the Directory, i. 309, 329, 332; ii. 35;
+    character, i. 329;
+    dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441;
+    _N.'s_ relations with, ii. 23;
+    advocates _N.'s_ resignation, 52;
+    suspected of peculation, 92;
+    fails of reelection to the Directory, 91.
+
+  =Rey, Gen.=, in the battle of Rivoli, i. 414.
+
+  =Reynier, Gen.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53;
+    battle of the Pyramids, 60;
+    fails to keep Russia out of Warsaw, iii. 385;
+    division commander under Eugène, 393;
+    in campaign of 1813, 402;
+    beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413;
+    battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18;
+    battle of Leipsic, 27, 32, 34;
+    captured at Leipsic, 34;
+    exchanged, 61.
+
+  =Rheims=, prison massacres in, i. 188;
+    occupied by _N._, iv. 77;
+    captured by St. Priest, 80;
+    _N.'s_ low physical and moral condition at, 82;
+    captured by the French, 82, 84, 85;
+    _N._ at, 91, 107;
+    captured by the allies, 94;
+    possible advantages of a supposititious retreat by Marmont to, 99.
+
+  =Rhine, River, the=, the boundary question and struggles for, i. 276,
+      327, 334, 446, 450; ii. 22, 38, 41, 51, 193, 264, 356; iii. 416,
+      422; iv. 31, 41;
+    royalist plots on, i. 297;
+    military operations on, 341, 347, 358, 435, 439, 440; ii. 48, 87,
+      88, 160, 166, 304, 362-364, 404; iv. 36, 40, 54-60, 70, 169;
+    plundering on, ii. 38; iii. 75;
+    French supremacy on, ii. 96;
+    _N.'s_ scheme of petty states on, 265;
+    French march to the Danube from, 376;
+    Louis ordered to hold, 424;
+    a French river, iii. 270;
+    _N.'s_ excursion on, 421.
+
+  =Rhodes=, Turkish naval preparations at, ii. 75;
+    expedition to Egypt from, 75-79.
+
+  =Rhone, River, the=, French acquisitions on, i. 422;
+    _N.'s_ reception on, iv. 137.
+
+  =Rhone, Valley, the=, the Revolution in, i. 148-159;
+    _N.'s_ influence in, 178;
+    civil war in, 213;
+    to be ceded to France, ii. 40.
+
+  =Richelieu, Cardinal=, scheme of intervention in Germany, ii. 211;
+    policy at close of the Thirty Years' War, 264.
+
+  =Richepanse, Gen.=, success on the Mettenberg, ii. 168;
+    in battle of Hohenlinden, 191.
+
+  =Richmond, Duchess of=, ball on the eve of Waterloo, iv. 178.
+
+  =Richmond, Duke of=, interview between Wellington and, at the ball,
+      iv. 178.
+
+  =Ricord=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219;
+    in siege of Toulon, 231;
+    in charge of movements against Genoa, 248.
+
+  =Ricord, Mme.=, _N.'s_ attentions to, i. 256.
+
+  =Riga=, _N._ threatens to march to, iii. 304;
+    preparations for the siege of, 333;
+    Prussian troops at, 338;
+    military operations near, 353.
+
+  =Rights of man=, the, i. 326.
+
+  =Rippach=, skirmish at, iii. 404;
+    death of Bessières at, 404.
+
+  =Riviera=, Austrian garrison for the, ii. 170.
+
+  =Rivoli=, the starting-point of _N.'s_ public career, i. 148;
+    battle of, 380, 388, 410-416; ii. 140, 323;
+    _N.'s_ estimate of, i. 416, 420;
+    effect of the campaign on European history, 416;
+    Masséna created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Masséna=.
+
+  =Road-work=, French popular hatred of, i. 105.
+
+  =Roberjot=, member of Congress of Rastatt, ii. 88;
+    killed at Rastatt, 89.
+
+  =Roberjot, Mme.=, accuses Debry of murder, ii. 89.
+
+  =Robespierre, Augustin=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219;
+    in siege of Toulon, 231;
+    _N.'s_ friendship with, 236, 241, 247, 253, 289;
+    leadership of, 241;
+    describes the French campaign in Lombardy, 244;
+    execution, 251;
+    influence on _N.'s_ life, iv. 248.
+
+  =Robespierre, Charlotte=, _N.'s_ attentions to, i. 256.
+
+  =Robespierre, Mme.=, pension for, ii. 293.
+
+  =Robespierre, Maximilien=, member of the National Convention, i. 188;
+    dictator of France, 194;
+    fall and execution, 247-252, 266;
+    religious decrees, 250;
+    _N.'s_ characterization of, 251;
+    hatred of the Church, 330;
+    dread of Carnot, 333;
+    influence on _N.'s_ life, iv. 248.
+
+  "=Robespierre, the Little=," i. 238.
+
+  =Rochambeau, Gen.=, succeeds Leclerc in San Domingo, ii. 237;
+    surrenders to an English fleet, 237.
+
+  =Rochefort=, naval expedition from, ii. 331, 333;
+    the fleet ordered to the English Channel from, 359;
+    Villeneuve's mission to relieve, 359;
+    the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean, iii. 111;
+    _N._ journeys to Rochefort, iv. 220;
+    English cruisers at, 220;
+    immunity from the White Terror, 223.
+
+  =Roederer=, ii. 51, 214;
+    dreads a new Terror, 94;
+    joins the Bonapartist ranks, 96;
+    an opportunist, 98;
+    on the necessity of renewing the constitution, 106;
+    the 18th Brumaire, 107;
+    member of the council of state, 152;
+    on Fourcroy's educational measures, 227;
+    advocates the Legion of Honor, 246;
+    suggests hereditary consulship, 245;
+    dismissed, 277;
+    character, 277;
+    reforms Neapolitan finance, iii. 130;
+    interviews and conversations with _N._, 197; iv. 248, 249;
+    sent out of France, 262.
+
+  =Roger-Ducos=, member of the Directory, ii. 92;
+    scheme to make him consul, 102;
+    proposed resignation of, 102;
+    resigns from the Directory, 106, 115, 118;
+    consul of France, 123.
+
+  =Rohan, Cardinal=, retirement at Ettenheim, ii. 301.
+
+  =Rohan-Rochefort, Princess Charlotte of=, married to Duc d'Enghien,
+      ii. 301;
+    the Duc d'Enghien's last message to, 310.
+
+  =Rohr=, Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 207.
+
+  =Roland, J. N.=, forms a ministry, i. 172;
+    leader of the Girondists, 189.
+
+  =Romagna=, surrendered to France, i. 422;
+    ceded to Venice at Leoben, 439;
+    incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21;
+    Austrian forces in, 170.
+
+  =Roman Catholic Church=, _N.'s_ views concerning the, i. 76;
+    influence in Corsica, 128;
+    opposition to the French Republic, 276;
+    the Pope shorn of his temporal power, iii. 242;
+    influence on France, iv. 253.
+
+  =Roman Catholics=, disturbances among, in Corsica, i. 167, 168.
+
+  =Roman Church=, _N.'s_ failure to Gallicize, iv. 260.
+
+  =Roman Empire, the=, ii. 329;
+    compared with Napoleonic France, ii. 222, 235.
+
+  =Roman Republic, the=, organization and proclamation of, ii. 30, 86;
+    Neapolitan invasion of, 87;
+    abandonment of, 205.
+
+  =Romanoff, House of=, _N._ proposes matrimonial alliances with, iii. 93.
+
+  =Rome=, maritime expedition against, i. 257, 261;
+    difficulties of an attack on, 262;
+    murder of French minister (Basseville) in, 261, 375, 422;
+    _N.'s_ hostility toward the central power at, 264;
+    temporal power of the Pope, 345;
+    plunder of, 369; ii. 39;
+    plan to capture, i. 375;
+    _N.'s_ plans concerning, 401, 405, 422, 423;
+    quarrel between France and, 401, 420;
+    influence of, 404;
+    proposition to hand her over to Spain, 420;
+    campaign against Pius VI, 420-423;
+    dispersal of the papal army, 422;
+    Victor's military watch on, 431;
+    _N.'s_ influence in, 448;
+    _N.'s_ operations against, ii. 9;
+    Joseph Buonaparte minister at, 28;
+    Berthier proclaims the Roman Republic in, 39;
+    calls Provera to reorganize her army, 39;
+    liberal rising in, 39;
+    Austria to be restrained from interference in, 42;
+    Neapolitan invasion of, 68, 72, 87;
+    recognition of the Pope's temporal power in, 207;
+    restrictions on residence in, 216;
+    remains of Pius VI sent to, 216;
+    Chateaubriand French representative at, 260;
+    France to evacuate, 262;
+    Madame Mère and Lucien at, 342;
+    _N._ demands recognition as Emperor of, 396;
+    ports of, closed to enemies of France, 396;
+    French occupation of, iii. 118;
+    excommunication for the invaders of, 119;
+    disbandment of the Noble Guard, 119;
+    Pius VII's idle state in, 119;
+    severing of the spiritual and temporal powers, 215, 242;
+    the city incorporated with Italy, 242;
+    occupied by Gen. Miollis, 242;
+    the College of Cardinals and ecclesiastical courts transported to
+      France, 258, 263;
+    the department of, created, 262, 263, 279;
+    secularization of the convents, 263;
+    dispersal of foreign prelates, 264;
+    Paris a rival to, as capital of the Western empire, 307;
+    sends deputation to Paris, 380;
+    restoration of the Pope's domains, 391;
+    Murat marches on, iv. 56;
+    Lucien fosters revolution in, 144;
+    France the heir of, 253;
+    influence throughout Italy, 256.
+
+  =Rome= (ancient), governmental systems of, adopted in France, i. 269,
+      270; ii. 123;
+    influence on French art, iii. 88;
+    the territorial expansion of, 164;
+    loss of her political liberty, iv. 260;
+    the history of, 294.
+
+  =Rome, the King of=, Schwarzenberg's toast to, iii. 261;
+    the title, 262;
+    birth of, 302, 328;
+    brilliancy of his future, 302;
+    address of the Paris Chamber of Commerce on the birth of, 303;
+    his portrait at Borodino, 343;
+    entrusted to care of the National Guard, iv. 53;
+    Joseph enjoined to preserve him from Austrian capture, 91;
+    likened to Astyanax, 91, 108;
+    chances of his succession, 107;
+    flight from Paris, 107-110;
+    an ill omen for, 109;
+    proposed regency for, 114;
+    _N._ declares for his succession, 124;
+    territory granted to, 133;
+    proposed coronation of, 157;
+    dismissal of his French attendants, 162;
+    sends message to his father, 162;
+    failure of the attempt to crown, 165;
+    _N.'s_ farewell message to, 233.
+
+  =Roncesvalles=, French military movements at, iii. 132.
+
+  =Ronco=, military operations at, i. 389-391.
+
+  =Rosily, Adm.=, ordered to supersede Villeneuve, ii. 372.
+
+  =Rositten=, military operations near, iii. 14.
+
+  =Rossbach=, battle of, iv. 267.
+
+  =Rosslau=, military operations near, iv. 21, 22.
+
+  =Rossomme=, _N._ at, iv. 195, 207, 210;
+    fighting at, 211.
+
+  =Rostino=, meeting of _N._ and Paoli at, i. 132.
+
+  =Rousseau, Jean Jacques=, views on Corsica, i. 18, 19;
+    offered asylum by Paoli, 19;
+    _N.'s_ study of, and admiration for, 65, 70-78, 114, 145, 264;
+      ii. 139, 256; iv. 292;
+    _N.'s_ style compared with that of, i. 136;
+    on man in a state of nature, 145;
+    influence of, in France, 266, 267;
+    theory of natural boundaries, 326;
+    Chateaubriand a disciple of, ii. 259.
+
+  =Roussel, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202.
+
+  =Roustan=, reply to Rousseau, i. 76.
+
+  =Roverbello=, battle of, iv. 56.
+
+  =Roveredo=, battle of, i. 384;
+    abandoned by Vaubois, 387.
+
+  =Rovigo=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
+    Savary created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Savary=.
+
+  =Royal Corsican Regiment=, refuses to fight against its native
+      island, i. 22.
+
+  =Royal family=, imprisoned in the Temple, i. 175.
+
+  =Royalism=, hatred of the French for, ii. 194;
+    its evils abolished from France, 224.
+
+  =Royalists=, institute the "White Terror," i. 277, 278;
+    plots and intrigues of, 277, 298, 328; ii. 3-6, 8, 36, 241,
+      297-301; iv. 81;
+    English subsidies for, i. 325;
+    banished from Sardinia, 353;
+    the Clichy faction, ii. 3-5, 7, 8;
+    relations and negotiations between _N._ and, ii. 3-6, 36, 124,
+      134, 195, 229, 239, 259; iv. 259;
+    extended influence in 1798, ii. 5;
+    events of the 18th of Fructidor, 7, 8, 22, 23;
+    Austria seeks their triumph in Paris, 19;
+    proscription of, 8, 22, 23;
+    attitude of the Directory toward, 36;
+    claims concerning the murders at Rastatt, 89;
+    Moreau's tendency toward, 94;
+    sigh for a second Richelieu, 120;
+    views of the results of the 18th Brumaire, 121;
+    encouraged to return to France, 130;
+    dissensions among, 239-241;
+    publish "L'Ambigu," 270;
+    the Cadoudal conspiracy, 297 et seq.;
+    in Alsace, 301;
+    argument in their favor, 348;
+    growing strength of, iv. 98;
+    display their enthusiasm in Paris, 114;
+    their hour of triumph, 127;
+    opposition to, by the army, 132;
+    supported in Provence, 137;
+    plots against _N.'s_ life, 138, 144;
+    commemorate the death of Louis XVI, 149;
+    defend the Tuileries, 158;
+    stirred up by Jacobin enmity to _N._, 166.
+
+  =Royal power=, _N._ on, i. 93.
+
+  =Royal Scots Fusileers=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201.
+
+  ="Royal Sovereign," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 373.
+
+  =Royer-Collard, P. P.=, Royalist intrigues of, iv. 106.
+
+  =Rüchel, Gen.=, his military command, ii. 425;
+    at Eisenach, 427;
+    ordered to concentrate at Weimar, 430;
+    in battle of Jena, 430, 431.
+
+  =Rue de Paix, the=, iii. 74.
+
+  =Rue Rivoli, the=, iii. 74.
+
+  =Rully, Gen.=, commands expedition to Corsica, i. 125;
+    killed at St. Florent, 126.
+
+  =Rumanizoff, Count=, Russian minister, iii. 100, 113;
+    discusses partition of Turkey, 116;
+    at the Erfurt conference, 171;
+    foresees danger to the Franco-Russian alliance, 244;
+    adviser to Alexander I, 351;
+    leads the peace party of Russia, 351.
+
+  =Rumbold=, seized by French agents at Hamburg, ii. 330.
+
+  =Rumelia=, proposed disposition of, after Tilsit, iii. 55.
+
+  =Russbach, River=, military operations on the, iii. 219, 226, 230.
+
+  =Russia=, aggrandizement of, i. 22;
+    _N.'s_ ambition to serve, 216, 319; ii. 15; iv. 256;
+    share in the partition of, and relations with Poland, i. 220, 425;
+      iii. 45, 316, 318;
+    relations and alliances with Austria, i. 325, 425; ii. 44, 61, 72,
+      145, 154, 209, 312, 355, 360, 363, 381; iii. 169, 178, 311-316,
+      328, 331, 342, 419; iv. 75, 76;
+    death of Catherine II, i. 425;
+    foreign policy (1797), 425;
+    _N._ intercepts despatches from the Czar to Malta, 424;
+    weakness of revolutionary sentiment in, ii. 45;
+    alliances and relations with, schemes of conquest of, and wars
+      with Turkey, 67, 72, 418; iii. 20, 51, 52, 55, 64, 99, 106-114,
+      162, 176, 236, 248, 309, 310, 321, 350;
+    plans military operations in Italy, ii. 72;
+    the second coalition, 86, 90, 136, 142;
+    military operations in Holland, 90;
+    military operations in Switzerland and Italy, 91;
+    successes on the Trebbia, 92;
+    defeats Joubert at Novi, 92;
+    defeated at Zürich by Masséna, 93;
+    withdraws from the second coalition, 142;
+    interest in, and activity concerning Malta, 141, 154, 193, 210, 285;
+    alliances and general friendly relations with France, 154, 203,
+      209-211, 263, 266, 347, 394, 401; iii. 36, 38, 43-46, 49, 65,
+      73, 107, 115, 166, 176, 178, 244, 255, 329;
+    organizes the "armed neutrality," ii. 194, 209, 210;
+    schemes of Oriental extension and conquest, 194, 209, 262, 330,
+      347, 348, 401; iii. 50, 55, 64, 108, 167, 236; iv. 41, 67;
+    intercedes for Naples, ii. 203;
+    _N.'s_ relations with and attitudes toward, 203, 293, 356, 361;
+      ii. 440-442; iii. 45, 103, 115, 280, 304, 306, 313-318, 392;
+    relations with, subsidies from, and wars with England, ii. 209,
+      210, 263, 357, 401, 406, 421; iii. 49, 55, 64, 99, 100, 102,
+      105, 117, 265, 266, 287, 288, 316, 321, 351, 398, 417; iv. 41,
+      76, 164;
+    assassination of Paul I and accession of Alexander I, ii. 210;
+    abandons the "armed neutrality," 263;
+    hostile and general unfriendly relations with France, 293, 312,
+      330, 347-349; 355, 356, 361; iii. 287, 288, 305, 309-318, 329,
+      392, 408;
+    mourns the death of the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311;
+    stains on reigning houses of, 317;
+    protests against seizure of Enghien, 331;
+    occupies Ionian Islands, 330, 353, 357, 405;
+    demands indemnity for the king of Sardinia, 330, 348, 418;
+    attitude in 1805, 352;
+    relations (friendly and hostile) with Prussia, 353, 376-378, 417,
+      418; iii. 1, 18, 21-23, 55, 225, 316, 320, 331, 382, 385, 397,
+      424;
+    her troops in Galicia, ii. 363;
+    Bernadotte and Davout watch her army, 366;
+    military position on the Inn, 367;
+    defeat of Mortier at Dürrenstein, 368;
+    military position on the Enns, 367;
+    outgeneraled by _N._, 376;
+    the battle of Austerlitz, 382 et seq.;
+    Czartoryski's view of her policy in 1803, 381;
+    occupies Naples, 395;
+    excluded from councils of Western Europe, 402;
+    occupies Bocche di Cattaro, 405;
+    strengthens Corfu, 405;
+    pretensions in Germany, 419;
+    military operations on the Danube, ii. 441;
+    military operations against, iii. 1;
+    concentrates troops at Pultusk, 1;
+    driven from Warsaw, 2;
+    character of the population, 3;
+    a new seat of war for _N._, 3;
+    battle of Pultusk, 4;
+    retreat to Ostrolenka, 5;
+    _N.'s_ new experience in campaigning in, 5;
+    defects in the army, 9;
+    devotion of the army to the Czar, 9;
+    the Cossacks, 9;
+    defeat at Mohrungen, 10;
+    condition of troops at Eylau, 14;
+    financial difficulties, 20, 35, 304, 305;
+    Turko-Persian alliance against, 20;
+    successes on the lower Danube, 20;
+    weakness of, 22, 23;
+    requests Francis's adherence to convention of Bartenstein, 22;
+    proposal for a new coalition, 22;
+    bravery of her soldiers, 27;
+    dissensions in the court, 28;
+    forces engaged at Friedland, 31, 32;
+    military sacrifices, 35;
+    peace party in, 35;
+    fighting the battles of others, 34, 35;
+    destitution in the army, 35;
+    schemes of territorial aggrandizement, 34, 35;
+    _N._ demands pledges from, 36;
+    proposed Baltic boundary line, 36;
+    ambition to be regarded as a European power, 45;
+    _N._ a foil to her ambition, 45;
+    representatives at Tilsit, 49;
+    schemes for the partition or acquisition of the Danubian
+      principalities, 50, 55, 98, 99, 105, 310, 314;
+    to mediate between England and France, 55;
+    acquires Bielostok, 56, 62;
+    refuses to seize Memel, 62;
+    dislike of Savary in, 64;
+    court and social manners and customs, 64;
+    discontent with the Czar, 64, 109, 117;
+    intrigues to acquire, and the invasion and acquisition of Finland,
+      64, 98, 113-116, 236, 248, 268, 281, 310, 316;
+    attempts to bring Spain into the coalition, 71;
+    effect of the treaty of Tilsit, 72;
+    diplomatic intrigues in, 98;
+    her good offices sought with Denmark, 98;
+    frontier menaced by France, 99;
+    Alexander seeks to abolish serfdom in, 99;
+    commerce of, 99;
+    effects of the peace of Tilsit on, 99;
+    _N._ intervenes between Turkey and, 99;
+    terms of the agreement at Slobozia, 105;
+    Tolstoi defends, 105;
+    diplomatic crisis in, 108-110;
+    sends a fresh mission to _N._, 110;
+    proposed invasion of Sweden, 113;
+    court intrigue in, 115;
+    Caulaincourt conducts negotiations with, 116;
+    blockade of the fleet by England, 117;
+    outwitted by _N._, 129;
+    the Spanish question discussed with, 158;
+    _N.'s_ proposed naval coöperation with, 166;
+    the anti-French party in, 167, 195;
+    urged to occupy Warsaw, and parts of Prussia and Austria, 177;
+    _N._ makes technical call for the aid of, 198;
+    invades Galicia, 236;
+    acquires part of Galicia, 239;
+    menaced by the treaty of Schönbrunn, 244;
+    news of the Austrian marriage in, 255;
+    treaty with Sweden, Sept. 17, 1809, 268;
+    evades the Continental System, 280;
+    Mme. de Staël in, 299;
+    rivalry of France, 309;
+    effects of the Continental System on, 310;
+    an incident that changed the course of history, 314, 315;
+    advances an army to the Danube, 314;
+    prepares for war, 314;
+    opens negotiations with England and Sweden, 316;
+    war with France inevitable, 317;
+    acquires a boundary on the Pruth, 321;
+    treaty with Sweden, April 12, 1812, 321;
+    withdraws troops from the Danube, 321;
+    thoroughness of _N.'s_ preparations for war with, 323-325;
+    Caulaincourt's knowledge of, 326;
+    agricultural distress in, 328;
+    concentration of troops in, 328;
+    intrigues leading to the war of 1812, 328-333;
+    ukase of Dec., 1810, 329;
+    the neutral trade of, 329;
+    Narbonne's mission from Dresden to, 331;
+    _N.'s_ scheme to expel her from Europe, 332;
+    _N.'s_ military knowledge of, 333, 334, 340;
+    menacing outlook for, 334;
+    _N.'s_ plan of campaign in, 333, 338;
+    disposition of her army, 335;
+    _N._ strikes the first blow at, 335;
+    military weakness, 336;
+    military enthusiasm in, 337;
+    sufferings of both armies in, 337, 357 et seq.;
+    battle of Smolensk, iii. 339;
+    "the Ney of," 339, 340;
+    despotic character of her government, 340;
+    lack of centralization in, 340, 374;
+    horrors of the campaign in, 340, 341;
+    _N._ fails to pass counterfeit money in, 341;
+    the lessons of Eylau and Austerlitz, 341;
+    _N.'s_ ignorance of the strength of feeling in, 342;
+    speculation on the Czar's military policy, 342;
+    battle of Borodino, 343-345, 346;
+    the Kremlin, 345, 347;
+    claims the honor of burning Moscow, 349;
+    temper of the peasantry, 350;
+    the Old Russian party for peace, 351;
+    Alexander's advisers, 351;
+    founding of the Russian Bible Society, 351;
+    English military mission to reorganize the army, 351;
+    causes of the French disasters in, 353;
+    _N.'s_ retreat from Moscow, 353-356;
+    partizan warfare in, 359;
+    adopting the tactics of Egypt in, 359;
+    the terror of _N.'s_ name in, 360, 363, 365;
+    her allies, Want and Winter, 360, 373;
+    massacre of French stragglers in, 362;
+    _N.'s_ contempt for, 363;
+    treatment of French prisoners in, 367;
+    hopes in, of capturing _N._, 367;
+    _N.'s_ excuse for defeat in, 372;
+    compared with Spain, 374;
+    poor generalship in, 374;
+    diminishing strength of, 382;
+    invades the grand duchy of Warsaw, 385;
+    treaty with Spain, July, 1812, 391;
+    Metternich seeks to embroil Sweden and, 395;
+    possession of Warsaw, 399;
+    apathy of, 403;
+    Nesselrode's appearance in, 409;
+    secret treaty of Reichenbach, 416, 421;
+    issues paper money, 417;
+    treaty with England, 417;
+    to maintain a standing army, 417;
+    guarantees a war loan, 417;
+    inaugurates the coalition of 1813, 424;
+    strength, iv. 6;
+    _N._ attempts to separate Prussia from, 17;
+    concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22;
+    the campaign of 1813, 39;
+    at the Congress of Frankfort, 41;
+    anxiety for peace, 41;
+    troops on the Rhine, 55;
+    _N._ endeavors to separate Austria from, 75;
+    the triple alliance, 76;
+    treaty of Chaumont, 76;
+    suspicious of Schwarzenberg's attitude, 89;
+    barbarity of her troops, 102;
+    party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133;
+    Alexander proposes a home for _N._ in, 133;
+    attitude at Congress of Vienna, 144, 145;
+    quota of troops, 164;
+    member of the Vienna coalition, 164;
+    the campaign of the Hundred Days, 167 et seq.;
+    claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214;
+    claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of _N._, 225;
+    _N.'s_ horror of being sent to, 227;
+    expansion of, 298.
+    _See also_ =Alexander I=; =Paul I=; =St. Petersburg=.
+
+  =Rustan=, _N.'s_ body-servant, ii. 426; iii. 74; 410; iv. 134;
+    Queen Louisa's allusion to, at Tilsit, iii. 61.
+
+  =Rustchuk, Pasha of=, appointed grand vizir, iii. 162;
+    attempts to restore Selim III, 162.
+
+
+S
+
+  =Saalburg=, military operations at, ii. 428.
+
+  =Saale, River=, military operations on the, ii. 429-433; iv. 19, 23, 25.
+
+  =Saar, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58.
+
+  =Sachsen, Gen.=, leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 72.
+
+  =Sacken, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15;
+    checks Schwarzenberg, 369;
+    reinforces Blücher at Montmirail, iv. 63;
+    held by Mortier, 74;
+    battle of Craonne, 78.
+
+  =St. Aignan=, French envoy to Saxon duchies, iv. 42;
+    imprisoned at Gotha, 42;
+    conducts negotiations with _N._, 42, 43, 45.
+
+  =St. Amand=, d'Erlon ordered to move on, iv. 186.
+
+  =St. André=, mayor of Mainz, anecdote concerning _N._ and, iii. 421.
+
+  =St. Bartholomew's Day=, fears of a repetition of the massacre of,
+      iv. 147.
+
+  ="St. Bartholomew of privilege," the=, i. 110.
+
+  =St. Bernard range=, Austrian watch on the, ii. 170, 171.
+    _See also_ =Great St. Bernard=; =Little St. Bernard=.
+
+  =Saint-Cannat=, _N._ at, iv. 139.
+
+  =St. Cloud=, proposed councils at, ii. 101-104, 106, 109 et seq.;
+    Bernadotte plans to head a force at, 109;
+    Murat commanding guard at, 109;
+    the 18th and 19th Brumaire at, 111 et seq.; iv. 258;
+    _N._ declines a gift of, ii. 244;
+    promulgation of the decree creating the empire from, 322;
+    return of _N._ from Tilsit to, iii. 72;
+    social vices at, 92;
+    important levee at, Aug. 15, 1808, 169;
+    _N._ and Maria Louisa at, 258;
+    the imperial court at, 258;
+    _N._ returns to, iv. 39, 47.
+
+  =Saint-Cyr=, Elisa Buonaparte educated at, i. 55, 176, 182;
+    the Academy at, 176, 182.
+
+  =Saint-Cyr, Carra=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220, 221.
+
+  =Saint-Cyr, Gen.=, military successes of, i. 274;
+    at battle of Biberach, ii. 167;
+    engagement on the Mettenberg, 168;
+    fails to come up at Messkirch, 167;
+    reinforces Moreau at Engen, 167;
+    enters Naples, 287;
+    ordered to occupy Naples, 362;
+    Villeneuve ordered to coöperate with, 371;
+    at La Junquera, iii. 183.
+
+  =Saint-Cyr, Gouvion=, strength of his corps, March, 1812, iii. 324;
+    losses of his Bavarian corps in Russia, 337;
+    Wittgenstein resumes offensive against, 359;
+    junction with Victor, 360;
+    checks Wittgenstein, 361;
+    holds Dresden, iv. 7, 8, 25, 27;
+    battle of Dresden, 9;
+    sent to support Vandamme at Kulm, 15;
+    guarding roads from Bohemia, 18.
+
+  =St. Denis=, tumults at, i. 86;
+    restoration of the cathedral at, iii. 74;
+    defense of, iv. 109.
+
+  =St. Dizier=, military movements near, iv. 58, 60, 95;
+    _N._ at, 95, 96, 101;
+    military council at, 103.
+
+  =St. Florent=, _N._ prepares plans for its defense, i. 91;
+    French fleet at, 125;
+    disorders at, 126, 191;
+    expedition against Ajaccio from, 203-208;
+    French power in, 207;
+    English capture of, 260.
+
+  =St. George=, Provera at, i. 414.
+
+  =St. Gotthard Pass=, Suvaroff's disasters in, ii. 141;
+    French passage of, 169, 172-174;
+    Austrian watch on, 170.
+
+  =St. Helena=, _N.'s_ will made at, i. 127;
+    _N.'s_ reminiscent statements made at, 146, 232, 289, 306; ii. 47,
+      75, 79, 81, 118, 145, 208, 292; 311; iii. 85, 210, 277; iv. 16,
+      62, 153, 156, 177, 191;
+    _N.'s_ death at, ii. 82; iv. 234;
+    _N.'s_ ambition concerning, ii. 289;
+    early proposition to deport _N._ to, iv. 145;
+    chosen as the place of exile, 224-229;
+    _N.'s_ objections to the rock, 226;
+    special form of government for, 227, 229;
+    the voyage to, 227, 287;
+    landing of _N._ at, 229;
+    topography, climate, etc., 228, 232;
+    _N.'s_ life on, 229-235;
+    violent storm in, 234;
+    the exile's court at, 288.
+
+  =Saint-Hilaire, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 388;
+    in Eylau campaign, iii. 15.
+
+  =St. Ildefonso=, the treaties of, ii. 204.
+
+  =St. Jean d'Acre=.
+    _See_ =Acre=.
+
+  "=St. Jerome=," Correggio's, i. 374.
+
+  =St. Julien, Count=, blundering negotiations by, ii. 187, 188;
+    imprisonment of, 188.
+
+  =St. Lambert=, Grouchy ordered to, iv. 190;
+    Bülow at, 193.
+
+  =St. Leu=, proposal that Louis withdraw to, iii. 276.
+
+  =St. Mark=, actions at, i. 410, 412, 413.
+
+  =St. Maximin=, Lucien Buonaparte in, i. 238.
+
+  =St. Michael=, seizure of, by Masséna, i. 436.
+
+  =St. Michel=, battle of, i. 410.
+
+  =St. Napoleon=, i. 39.
+
+  =St. Peter, island of=, capture, ii. 13.
+
+  =St. Peter's, Rome=, _N._ claims coronation in, ii. 396.
+
+  =St. Petersburg=, the French envoy dismissed from, ii. 348;
+    return of the Czar from Tilsit to, iii. 64;
+    the peace of Europe in, 65;
+    the French ambassador at, 87;
+    diplomatic intrigues at, 97;
+    Alexander fears for, 98;
+    diplomatic crisis in, 108, 109;
+    court intrigue in, 115;
+    terror of the British fleet in, 117;
+    situation at, 118;
+    social and diplomatic life in, 166;
+    Caulaincourt's mission to, 165, 168, 169;
+    Frederick William III at, 194;
+    news of the Austrian marriage at, 255;
+    _N._ threatens to march to, 304;
+    Lauriston sent to replace Caulaincourt at, 318;
+    defense of, 336;
+    demoralization at, 336;
+    military enthusiasm in, 337;
+    founding of the Russian Bible Society in, 351;
+    England's diplomacy in, 417.
+    _See also_ =Alexander I=; =Paul I=; =Russia=.
+
+  =St. Pierre=, arrest of the Prince of Monaco at, iv. 154.
+
+  =Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de=, rewards to, for literary work, iii. 297.
+
+  =St. Priest, Gen.=, captures Rheims, iv. 80;
+    killed at Rheims, 82.
+
+  =St. Quentin=, the canal of, ii. 349.
+
+  =St. Roch=, the mêlée at the church of, i. 301-303.
+
+  =Saint-Ruff, Abbé de=, _N.'s_ social relations with, i. 69, 81;
+    death of, 149.
+
+  =St. Stephen=, attack on, i. 192.
+
+  =St. Sulpice=, banquet to _N._ in church of, ii. 100, 101.
+
+  =St. Tropez=, _N.'s_ embarkation from, iv. 135, 137, 139;
+    place of _N.'s_ embarkation changed to Fréjus, 139.
+
+  =Saladin=, founds the military organization of Mamelukes, ii. 58.
+
+  =Salamanca=, Sir John Moore at, iii. 186;
+    battle of, 290, 377;
+    defeat of Marmont at, iii. 343.
+
+  =Salicetti, Christopher=, represents Corsica in the National
+      Assembly, i. 116-121;
+    succeeds Buttafuoco, 133;
+    influence in Corsica, 185, 197, 204;
+    plans invasion of Sardinia, 187-189;
+    arrives in Corsica, 201;
+    relations with _N._ and influence on his career, 201, 202, 205-209,
+      219, 225, 228, 252-257;
+    adheres to France, 202;
+    defends the Corsican commission, 205;
+    arrives in Paris, 207;
+    heads a commission to Corsica, 219;
+    in siege of Toulon, 232, 233;
+    influence in France, 233;
+    plans expedition to Corsica, 233;
+    ambition, 238;
+    blamed for insurrection in Corsica, 254;
+    seeks his own safety, 254;
+    influence among the Thermidorians, 254, 255;
+    friendship with Mme. Permon, 285;
+    concealed by Mme. Permon, 285, 286;
+    _N.'s_ address to, 285, 286;
+    levies forced contributions in Genoa, 345;
+    plans of the Directory concerning, 364;
+    rapacity, 376;
+    duplicity, ii. 109, 110;
+    gives Genoa a consular constitution, 233.
+
+  =Salm=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.
+
+  =Salo=, the revolutionary movement in, i. 436;
+    engagement at, 437, 441.
+
+  =Salzburg=, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;
+    ceded to Austria, 391;
+    Lefebvre at, iii. 211;
+    embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, 239.
+
+  =Sambre, River=, military movements on the, iv. 170, 173-175, 181.
+
+  =Sampiero=, i. 14;
+    resemblance to _N._, 26;
+    _N.'s_ sketch of, 92.
+
+  =Sand, George=, in Madrid during the war, iii. 292.
+
+  =San Domingo=, influence of Louverture in, ii. 237;
+    declares its independence, 237;
+    unsuccessful attempt to conquer, 237;
+    failure of _N.'s_ ambition concerning, 289;
+    plan for French recovery of, 333.
+
+  =Sandoz-Rollin=, Prussian minister in Paris, ii. 31.
+
+  =San Giuliano=, military operations at, ii. 178, 179.
+
+  =San Miniato=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 30.
+
+  =Sansculottes, the=, i. 249.
+
+  =Sansculottides, the=, i. 249.
+
+  =San Sebastian=, captured by the French, iii. 132.
+
+  =Santa Lucia=, French plans to strengthen, ii. 333.
+
+  =Santander=, besieged by Bessières, iii. 156.
+
+  =Santarem=, Masséna withdraws toward, iii. 286;
+    "Marshal Stockpots" deserters at, 291.
+
+  =Santerre, A. J.=, leader of the mob of Aug. 10, 1792, i. 178;
+    favored by _N._, 178;
+    _N.'s_ threat against, ii. 108.
+
+  ="Santissima Trinidad," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.
+
+  =Santon, Mount= (Austerlitz), ii. 386, 387.
+
+  =Saorgio=, _N._ at taking of, i. 255.
+
+  =Saragossa=, siege of, iii. 154-159, 184-186.
+
+  =Sardinia=, weakness of, i. 22;
+    compared with Corsica, 25;
+    hostilities between France and, 187-193, 196, 206, 214, 243, 247,
+      261, 262;
+    goes to defense of Toulon, 221;
+    operations in Piedmont, in 1794, 341;
+    revolutionary spirit in, 345;
+    signs armistice, 350, 354, 356;
+    Victor Amadeus, king of, 352;
+    conclusion of peace with France (1796), 363, 364, 400;
+    _N._ opens negotiations with, ii. 11;
+    provoked by France into Italian quarrels, 87;
+    _N.'s_ bad faith with, 144;
+    Russia demands indemnity for the king of, 330, 417-418;
+    Prussia bound to secure indemnity for king of, 377.
+
+  =Sardinia, island of=, Charles Emmanuel king of, i. 356;
+    Charles Emmanuel retires to, ii. 39, 141;
+    Nelson seeks shelter at, 57.
+
+  =Sart-â-Walhain=, Grouchy's movements via, iv. 188, 193.
+
+  =Sarzana=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27.
+
+  =Satschan Lake=, Russian disasters at, ii. 388.
+
+  =Saumarez, Sir James=, blockades the Russian fleet, iii. 117.
+
+  =Sauvinières=, military movements near, iv. 185.
+
+  =Savary, Gen.=, aide-de-camp to _N._, ii. 306;
+    share in Duc d'Enghien's trial and execution, 306, 308-310;
+    mission to Alexander I at Austerlitz, 382, 383;
+    reports interview of Alexander I with _N._, 389;
+    unsavory career, 412;
+    marries Mlle. de Coigny, 412;
+    in Eylau campaign, iii. 13;
+    on _N.'s_ mental and personal vigor, 19;
+    expels the Russians from the Narew and Ostrolenka, 19;
+    in battle of Heilsberg, 29;
+    report of the meeting at Tilsit, 41;
+    accompanies the Czar to St. Petersburg, 64;
+    French ambassador to Russia, 98, 105;
+    influence over the Czar, 64;
+    disliked in Russia, 64;
+    created Duke of Rovigo, 86;
+    mission to Madrid, 142, 143;
+    recognizes Ferdinand as king, 143;
+    reproached by Ferdinand, 143;
+    encourages Ferdinand to rely on _N._, 143, 144;
+    accompanies Ferdinand toward Bayonne, 143, 144;
+    notifies Ferdinand of his deposition, 145;
+    hatred of, in Paris, 275;
+    minister of police, 275, 376;
+    episode of the Malet conspiracy, 376;
+    provides for time of danger, 51;
+    records _N._ correspondence, 97;
+    alarm for the safety of Paris, 97;
+    member of the Empress-regent's council, 105;
+    character, 105;
+    reproved by _N._, 107;
+    Talleyrand to, on the flight of the Empress, 109;
+    surprises Talleyrand and De Pradt together, 109;
+    accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, 219;
+    negotiations with Capt. Maitland, 223.
+
+  =Save, River=, territory on, ceded to France, iii. 239.
+
+  =Savigny, F. K. von=, characterization of the Code, ii. 223.
+
+  =Savona=, military operations at, i. 253, 352, 353; ii. 160;
+    imprisonment of Pius VII at, iii. 243, 306.
+
+  =Savoy=, military operations against, in Piedmont, i. 213;
+    captured by France, 222;
+    France's ambition to conquer, 276;
+    France's claims to, 327;
+    lost to Sardinia, 352;
+    Kellermann in, 365;
+    Chabran's forces in, ii. 169;
+    proposal that France should keep, iv. 41.
+
+  =Savoy, House of, the=, French schemes against, i. 187;
+    importance of France gaining over, 342;
+    its system of government, 345;
+    vicissitudes, 352;
+    Francis I's hostility to, ii. 141;
+    loses the support of Paul I, 232;
+    lineage, 317.
+
+  =Saxe-Gotha=, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443;
+    spread of liberal ideas in, 443.
+
+  =Saxe-Weimar=, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443;
+    spread of liberal ideas in, 443.
+
+  =Saxony=, withdraws from the coalition, i. 385;
+    neutrality of, 1796, 385;
+    seizure of the English minister to, ii. 330;
+    excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine, 403;
+    proposal to include her in North German Confederation, 418;
+    reported French advance on, 420;
+    proposed independence for, 420;
+    military movements in, 424-425;
+    alliance with Prussia, 429;
+    takes part in the Jena campaign, 443;
+    spread of liberal ideas in, 443;
+    abandons Prussia and adopts neutrality, 443;
+    proposed exchange of territories, iii. 50;
+    united with the Rhine Confederation, 56;
+    acquires Kottbus, 62;
+    independence, 73;
+    the Archduke Charles proposes to march into, 198;
+    furnishes troops to France, 202;
+    troops in Dresden, 203, 324;
+    defeated at Nossen by the Black Legion, 234;
+    in vassalage to France, 279;
+    supports _N._, 322;
+    the levies in, 387;
+    peculiar relations toward _N._, 394;
+    turns to Austria, 394;
+    threatened war in, 394;
+    secret agreement with Austria, 399;
+    Prussian designs on, 399;
+    the campaign of 1813 in, 401 et seq.; iv. 1;
+    strategy of the campaign in, iii. 404;
+    abandons Austria, 407;
+    declares in favor of France, 407;
+    proposed allotment of territory to, 409;
+    Prussia promises to cede part of, to Hanover, 417;
+    invaded by Austro-Russian troops, iv. 8;
+    national spirit in, 19;
+    revulsion of feeling against France, 20, 22;
+    refuge of the allies in, 24;
+    defection of troops at Leipsic, 33;
+    character of the campaigns in, 38.
+
+  =Say, J. B.=, member of the tribunate, ii. 151.
+
+  =Scandinavia=, effort to bring her into the coalition, iii. 22.
+
+  =Schaffhausen=, _N._ plans operations at, ii. 163.
+
+  =Scharnhorst, Gen.=, plan of the Prussian campaign, ii. 427-429;
+    in battle of Eylau, iii. 16;
+    institutes military reforms in Prussia, 103, 161;
+    mission to Vienna, 320;
+    hostility to _N._, 396;
+    limits to his means, 403;
+    killed at Lützen, 406.
+
+  =Scheldt, River, the=, reopening of, i. 194;
+    closing the navigation of, 450;
+    a French river, iii. 270;
+    scheme of Hanoverian extension on, 399.
+
+  =Schérer, Gen.=, commanding the Army of Italy, i. 344;
+    ordered to upper Italy, ii. 88;
+    driven behind the Mincio and Oglio, 88;
+    defeated at Magnano, 88;
+    succeeded by Moreau, 88;
+    incompetency, 88, 91.
+
+  =Schill, F. von=, _N.'s_ abuse of, iii. 213;
+    attempts to rouse the German spirit, 213;
+    final stand and death at Stralsund, 213, 233;
+    helps insurrection in Westphalia, 225;
+    denounced by Frederick William, 233.
+
+  =Schimmelpenninck, R. J.=, Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic,
+      ii. 233;
+    represents the Batavian Republic at Amiens, 262;
+    intrigues to make Louis Buonaparte king of Holland, 397.
+
+  =Schlapanitz=, military operations near, ii. 385.
+
+  =Schleiermacher, F. E. D.=, member of the reform party in Prussia,
+      ii. 416;
+    influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103.
+
+  =Schleiz=, engagement at, ii. 428.
+
+  =Schleswig=, Denmark's loss of, iii. 70.
+
+  =Schloditten=, military operations near, iii. 14.
+
+  =Schönbrunn=, _N._ establishes headquarters in palace at (1805),
+      ii. 369, 378; (1809) iii. 212;
+    interview between _N._ and Haugwitz at, ii. 399;
+    treaties of, 417; iii. 241, 244, 252;
+    _N.'s_ proclamations from, 215;
+    _N._ leaves for the Lobau, 226;
+    Prince Liechtenstein at, 239;
+    accident to _N._ near, 240;
+    attempt to assassinate _N._ at, 240;
+    _N._ returns to Paris from, 245;
+    virtual imprisonment of Maria Louisa at, iv. 143.
+
+  =Schrattenthal=, Kutusoff at, ii. 379.
+
+  =Schwarzenberg, Prince=, reliance on Peccadeuc, i. 65;
+    Austrian minister to France, iii. 253;
+    suggests the marriage of _N._ and Maria Louisa, 253;
+    toasts the King of Rome, 261;
+    commands Austrian contingent in Russian campaign of 1812, 324;
+    in Volhynia, 338;
+    holds back Tormassoff, 341;
+    opposed by Tormassoff and Tchitchagoff, 350;
+    retreats behind the Bug, 358;
+    expected to cover the crossing of the Beresina, 363;
+    driven back, 366;
+    checked by Sacken, 369;
+    lukewarmness, 382;
+    retreats across the Vistula, 385;
+    evacuates Warsaw, 385;
+    seeks shelter in Cracow, 393;
+    held back by Metternich, 395;
+    commanding the Army of the South, iv. 3;
+    hampered by presence of the allied sovereigns, 3;
+    military incapacity, cowardice, and reputation, 6, 64, 69, 89, 90-94;
+    _N._ moves against, 8;
+    battle of Dresden, 9;
+    Vandamme's pursuit of, 15;
+    Murat fails to check, 17;
+    protects Austria from invasion, 18;
+    moves on Dresden, 18;
+    southern movement by, 21;
+    gets to southward of Leipsic, 22;
+    Murat ordered to hold, 23;
+    contemplated attack on, 23;
+    proposed junction of Blücher and Bernadotte with, 26;
+    battle of Wachau, 28;
+    battle of Leipsic, 27-32;
+    suggests compromise plan of invasion of France, 57, 58;
+    at Langres, 58;
+    crosses the Rhine at Basel, 58;
+    movement toward Auxerre, 60;
+    junction with Blücher, 60;
+    strength, Feb. 9, 1814, 62;
+    _N.'s_ contemplated movement against, 62-65;
+    steady advance of, 65;
+    crosses Switzerland, 67;
+    danger of his advancing to Fontainebleau, 72;
+    sends flag of truce to Berthier, 73;
+    retreats to Troyes, 73;
+    quails before _N.'s_ advance, 73;
+    Macdonald and Oudinot in pursuit of, 73;
+    checks Oudinot, 73;
+    strength at Troyes, 74;
+    withdraws behind the Aube, 74;
+    justifies his course, 74;
+    at Bar-sur-Aube, 74;
+    _N._ prepares to attack, 74;
+    at Congress of Châtillon, 77;
+    Blücher cut off from, 77, 78;
+    _N._ plans to attack him at Châlons, 77;
+    regains communications with Blücher, 80;
+    moves against Macdonald, 84;
+    dismayed at the capture of Rheims, 85;
+    supposed retreat to the Vosges, 86;
+    engagements at Arcis and Torcy, 87;
+    sickness, 89, 90;
+    on the European policy of 1814, 88;
+    retreats to Troyes, 90;
+    _N._ misled by his actions, 90;
+    apprehensions of _N.'s_ strength, 92;
+    strength, 92;
+    battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 93;
+    Blücher seeks a junction with, 94;
+    his communications threatened, 95, 96;
+    junction with Blücher, 95, 97;
+    favors movement on Paris, 98;
+    determines to seek a battle, 98;
+    proposes to pursue _N._, 100;
+    at peace council in Paris, 114;
+    enters Paris with the allies, 114;
+    seduces Marmont, 119;
+    sows treason in the French army, 120;
+    Marmont reveals his plot to, 125;
+    plan for the campaign of the Hundred Days, 169.
+
+  =Schweidnitz=, the allied forces near, iii. 413;
+    _N.'s_ strategy at, 413.
+
+  =Science=, _N._ advises encouragement of, ii. 347.
+
+  =Scrivia, River, the=, Ott driven back to, ii. 176;
+    the country of, 176-178.
+
+  =Sebastiani, Gen. F. H. B.=, mission to Persia and the Levant,
+      ii. 272-274;
+    obtains thorough knowledge of the East, ii. 440;
+    strategy and diplomacy at Constantinople, 20;
+    end of his influence in Turkey, 33;
+    defeats a Spanish division, 237;
+    moves up the Aube, iv. 91;
+    battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 92.
+
+  =Secret police=, license vice, iii. 92.
+
+  =Segovia=, French success at, iii. 156.
+
+  =Ségur, Count=, minister to Russia, ii. 324;
+    appointed master of ceremonies at the Tuileries, 324, 328;
+    foresees France's discontent, iii. 326;
+    transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132;
+    plans the ratification of the Additional Act, 166.
+
+  =Seine, River, the=, the quays of, iii. 74;
+    military movements on the, iv. 65, 69, 71, 73, 85, 90, 104, 112, 116.
+
+  =Selim III=, dismisses viceroys of Moldavia and Wallachia, ii. 441;
+    moves against Russia, 441;
+    declares war against England, iii. 20;
+    overthrow of, 33, 51, 106, 162;
+    held prisoner in the Seraglio, 162;
+    murdered by Mustapha IV, 162.
+
+  =Semaphore=, use of, in warfare, iii. 205.
+
+  =Semlino=, disposition of the spoils of Moscow at, iii. 358.
+
+  =Semonville, Huguet de=, envoy to Constantinople, i. 197;
+    dreads a new Terror, ii. 94.
+
+  =Sénancour, S. P. de=, "Obermann," ii. 351.
+
+  =Senarmont, Gen.=, in battle of Friedland, iii. 31.
+
+  =Senate, the=, in 1799; ii. 126, 127, 150-153;
+    orders deportation of suspects, 241;
+    subservience to _N._, 242-244;
+    new methods of electing to, 247;
+    enlargement of its powers, 247;
+    the tool of the First Consul, 320;
+    steps toward creating the empire, 319-322;
+    changes in, under the constitution of 1804, 322;
+    announces the result of the plebiscite, 341;
+    substitution of a hereditary house for the elective, iii. 82;
+    its members ennobled, 87;
+    confirms the divorce, 247;
+    decrees the annexation of the Papal States, 262;
+    decadence of constitutional forms in, 295;
+    speech of Maria Louisa before the, iv. 106;
+    ordered to draft a new constitution, 114;
+    absolves the army from allegiance to _N._, 119;
+    proclaims Louis XVIII, 129, 132.
+
+  =Sens=, military movements near, iv. 62, 68;
+    proposal to continue the war from a center at, 103;
+    _N._ at, 105;
+    the French garrison at, 118.
+
+  "=Sentimental Journey to Nuits,"= _N.'s_, i. 146.
+
+  =September 22=, celebration of, ii. 195.
+
+  =Serfdom=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102;
+    abolished in Warsaw, iii. 67.
+
+  =Serpalten=, military operations near, iii. 14.
+
+  =Sérurier, Gen.=, general of division, Army of Italy, i. 345;
+    at siege of Mantua, 415, 418;
+    storms Gradisca, 433;
+    delivers Venice to Austria, ii. 24;
+    action on the 18th Brumaire, 105;
+    commanding at the Point-du-Jour, 108;
+    excites the soldiery at St. Cloud, 116;
+    recreated marshal, iv. 167.
+
+  =Serves=, _N._ visits, i. 141.
+
+  =Servia=, the rise of, iv. 300.
+
+  =Seurre=, disorders in, i. 96.
+
+  =Seventh Regiment of the Line=, supports _N._ on his return from
+      Elba, iv. 156.
+
+  =Seven Years' War, the=, i. 17, 22; iv. 261, 296.
+
+  =Sextuple Alliance, the=, iv. 295.
+
+  =Seychelles=, deportation of suspects to the, ii. 241.
+
+  =Sézanne=, _N._ at, iv. 61;
+    Marmont at, 74;
+    _N.'s_ plan of movement via, 85.
+
+  =Shebreket=, Mameluke attack on the French at, ii. 59;
+    action at, 61.
+
+  =Shipping=, harassing regulations by France, ii. 269.
+
+  =Shuvaloff, Count=, Russian commissioner at Poischwitz, iii. 414, 417.
+
+  =Sicily=, Ferdinand IV king of, i. 421; iii. 319;
+    Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, ii. 57;
+    Nelson returns to, 61;
+    Joseph made king of, 395, 401;
+    proposal that the Bourbons retain power in, 401;
+    _N._ offers England territory as substitute for, 404, 405;
+    England demands the surrender of, 405;
+    withdrawal of English troops from, iii. 111;
+    proposed French seizure of, 111, 112;
+    English troops sent to Portugal from, 122;
+    England threatened with loss of trade with, 272;
+    English expedition to, 284, 294;
+    French expedition against, 308.
+
+  =Siena=, Pius VI withdraws to, ii. 39;
+    position in the French Empire, iii. 279.
+
+  =Sierra Moreña=, defeat of Dupont in, iii. 156.
+
+  =Sieyès, Abbé=, pamphlet of the Third Estate, i. 107, 330;
+    character, 330, 331; ii. 92;
+    declines service in the Directory, i. 330, 331;
+    relations with _N._, 330, 331; ii. 35, 49, 94, 100-102;
+    president of the Ancients, 35;
+    venality, 35;
+    mission to Berlin, 41;
+    checkmates Prussia, 43;
+    charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43;
+    theories of government, constitution-building, etc., 49, 96,
+      100-102, 117, 118, 125, 126, 149, 322;
+    member of the Directory, 83, 92;
+    relations with Joubert, 92;
+    schemes for a dictatorship, 94, 95;
+    suspected of plotting with the House of Brunswick, 95;
+    brought into the Bonapartist ranks, 96-98;
+    surrenders his leadership, 100;
+    proposed resignation of, 101;
+    scheme to make him consul, 102;
+    difficulty of holding him in the traces, 102, 103;
+    resigns from the Directory, 106, 115;
+    at St. Cloud, 19th Brumaire, 111;
+    consul of France, 123;
+    proceedings for election of First Consul, 129;
+    accepts the estate of Crôsne, 130;
+    chief of the Senate, 129, 130;
+    keeper of the Directory's secret funds, 129;
+    negotiations and intrigues in Prussia, 155, 156;
+    relations with the Directory, 155;
+    monarchical schemes for France, 155, 156.
+
+  =Siguenza=, Castaños collects his troops at, iii. 185.
+
+  =Silesia=, wrested from Austria by Prussia, i. 325;
+    Austria seeks compensation for, 325;
+    Austria's ambition concerning, ii. 358;
+    offer of part of, to Austria, ii. 445;
+    military operations in, iii. 20; iv. 17;
+    _N._ offers it to Austria, iii. 22;
+    _N.'s_ reserve forces in, 22;
+    Prussia retains her strongholds in, 42;
+    position in Europe, 55;
+    remains Prussian, 55, 56;
+    _N._ offers to offset the Danubian principalities against, 106-108,
+      112;
+    French occupation, 116;
+    Alexander demands relinquishment of designs on, 116;
+    Davout ordered to, 165;
+    Austria stipulates for acquisition of, 320;
+    to be connected with Old Prussia, 398;
+    Austria rejects _N.'s_ offer of, 400;
+    the Army of the East in, iv. 3;
+    contemplated operations in, 7;
+    military operations in, 17;
+    strength of her forces under Blücher, 62;
+    army of, moves on Paris, 98.
+
+  =Silk culture=, introduced into Corsica, i. 80.
+
+  =Simplon=, creation of the department of the, iii. 278.
+
+  =Simplon Pass=, to pass under French control, ii. 40;
+    the crossing of the, 169, 172;
+    military road through, 233, 349; iii 74.
+
+  =Sisteron=, _N.'s_ welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 154.
+
+  =Slave-trade=, revival of the, ii. 236, 237, 245, 269, 270;
+    England protests against, 270.
+
+  =Slobozia=, armistice concluded at, iii. 105;
+    treaty of, 163.
+
+  =Smith, Adam=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.
+
+  =Smith, Sir Sidney=, captures French transports, ii. 71;
+    at the siege of Acre, 71, 73;
+    occupies Jaffa, 75;
+    watching _N._ at Alexandria, 79;
+    allows _N._ to slip through his fingers, 82;
+    puts into Cyprus, 82;
+    concludes treaty at El Arish, 181;
+    commanding British fleet at Lisbon, iii. 121;
+    urges Don John to embark for Brazil, 121.
+
+  =Smohain=, the farms of, iv. 195;
+    fighting at, 206.
+
+  =Smolensk=, _N.'s_ plan to seize, iii. 333;
+    military movements near, 333, 336-340, 350, 355, 356, 362;
+    enthusiasm among the Russians at, iii. 338;
+    strategical position, 338;
+    battle of, 338-341;
+    _N.'s_ military blunder at, 340-343;
+    the shrine at, 339, 343;
+    compared with Acre, 340;
+    French garrison in, 342, 358;
+    concentration of French troops at, iii. 347;
+    guerrilla warfare around, 350;
+    arrival of the French army at, in its retreat, 362;
+    massacre of French stragglers in, 362;
+    shameful scenes in, 362;
+    abandonment of wounded at, 363;
+    the march to Lithuania from, 363;
+    reorganization of the army at, 363;
+    destruction of the fortifications of, 363;
+    Ney's perilous retreat from, 364.
+
+  =Smorgoni=, _N.'s_ desertion of his army at, iii. 373, 375.
+
+  =Social contract=, _N.'s_ views concerning the, i. 77, 267.
+
+  =Social customs, privileges=, etc., i. 100-103;
+    _N.'s_ study of, 137, 138, 145, 150.
+
+  =Södermannland, Duke of=, attempts the siege of Hameln, ii. 416.
+
+  =Soignes=, fears of Wellington's withdrawal behind, iv. 190;
+    Wellington's position in front of, 192, 195.
+
+  =Soissons=, Maria Louisa's progress through, iii. 257;
+    Mortier at, iv. 74, 86;
+    Blücher recruits his forces at, 76;
+    surrenders to the allies, 77, 83;
+    French retreat to, 80;
+    _N._ at, 80;
+    the French army leaves, 81.
+
+  =Sokolnitz=, fighting at, ii. 385-388.
+
+  =Solano, Gen.=, makes ineffectual movement against the French, iii. 149.
+
+  =Solothurn=, the plundering of, ii. 40.
+
+  =Solre=, Gen. d'Erlon at, iv. 170.
+
+  =Sombreffe=, military movements near, iv. 171, 175-180.
+
+  =Somerset, Gen. F. J. H.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202.
+
+  =Sommepuis=, military movements near, iv. 91.
+
+  =Sommesous=, military movements near, iv. 91.
+
+  =Somosierra=, crossing the pass of, iii. 186.
+
+  =Sophia Dorothea=, wife of Jerome, iii. 322.
+
+  =Sortlack, Forest of=, military movements in the, iii. 30.
+
+  =Souham, Gen.=, in battle of Leipsic, iv. 32;
+    at Nogent, 102;
+    left in command at Essonnes, 124;
+    seduced by Marmont, 125;
+    summoned to Fontainebleau, 126;
+    delivers his army prisoners to the Austrians, 126, 127.
+
+  =Soult, Marshal=, commanding force at Tarentum, ii. 204;
+    service in the Army of England, 291;
+    created marshal, 323;
+    character, 364; iii. 286;
+    seizes Memmingen, ii. 366;
+    reaches Hollabrunn, 379;
+    battle of Austerlitz, 384-388;
+    at Münchberg, 428;
+    battle of Jena, 429-432;
+    invests Magdeburg, 436;
+    battle of Pultusk, iii. 4;
+    strength in Poland, 7;
+    campaign of Eylau, 15;
+    at Osterode, 18;
+    battle of Heilsberg, 28;
+    pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 31;
+    created Duke of Dalmatia, 86;
+    yearly income, 87, 296;
+    movement against Blake, 185;
+    lack of vigor of movement, 185;
+    ordered to Mansilla, 188;
+    entrusted with the pursuit of Moore, 189;
+    battle of Corunna, 188;
+    crosses the Esla, 188;
+    defeated by Wellesley in Portugal, 236;
+    causes Wellesley to withdraw, 237;
+    service in Spain, 284;
+    ordered to Andalusia, 286;
+    ordered to join Masséna in Portugal, 286;
+    jealousy of Masséna, 286;
+    before Cadiz, 286;
+    fails to relieve Masséna, 286;
+    defeated in attack on Sir John Moore, 286;
+    captures Badajoz, 287;
+    invasion of Portugal (1809), 287;
+    occupies Oporto, 287;
+    expelled from Portugal, 287;
+    failure in Spain, 287;
+    battle of Talavera, 287;
+    made commander-in-chief, 287;
+    bickerings with Joseph, 287;
+    battle of Ocaña, 287, 288;
+    aims to win the crown of Portugal, 287, 296;
+    retreats toward the south coast, 289;
+    returns to Cadiz, 289;
+    defeated at Albuera, 289;
+    marches to relief of Badajoz, 289;
+    joins Masséna, 289;
+    marches to Joseph's aid, 290;
+    abandons Cadiz, 290;
+    despatched on Pyrenean campaign, 421;
+    shut up in Bayonne, iv. 40;
+    thrown back on Toulouse, 81;
+    strength, March, 1814, 102;
+    available forces of, 118;
+    defeat at Toulouse, 148;
+    appointed minister of war, 148;
+    revival of imperial sentiment in his army, 157;
+    opposed to Murat, 157;
+    recreated marshal, 167;
+    chief of staff in the Waterloo campaign, 171, 190;
+    blunder before Charleroi, 173, 174;
+    cognizant of Blücher's movement to Wavre, 191;
+    orders to Grouchy, 194, 214;
+    battle of Waterloo, 204;
+    on inspiration, 248.
+
+  =Sound, the=, threats to close it to English commerce, iii. 69.
+
+  =South America=, Spanish concessions to France in, ii. 205;
+    England's commerce with, iii. 55;
+    England threatens to make Spanish colonies independent, 71.
+
+  =Spain=, affinity with Corsica, i. 9;
+    Bourbon influence in, 22;
+    expected enmity of, i. 187;
+    goes to defense of Toulon, 221;
+    blockades Mediterranean ports, 239;
+    _N.'s_ relations with, and attitude toward, 247; ii. 18, 203,
+      et seq., 289, 332, 405; iii. 54, 71, 127, 131, 139, 149, 151,
+      157, 178, 190, 280 et seq., 293, 307, 319; iv. 30, 52;
+    growth of liberal ideas in, i. 276;
+    withdraws from the coalition (1795), 324;
+    relations and alliances with France, 341, 421; ii. 203-206,
+      288-290, 332, 349, 358, 359, 371; iii. 78, 120, 132, 190;
+    _N._ proposes to hand Rome over to, i. 420;
+    drives Admiral Mann from the Mediterranean, 421;
+    destruction of fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 456;
+    diplomatic offset of Naples against, ii. 18;
+    war with Portugal, 18;
+    preparations for action in, 37;
+    schemes of revolutionary propaganda for, 44;
+    naval inaction, 67;
+    low intrigues in, 204;
+    effect of Marengo in, 204;
+    Godoy prime minister, 204;
+    proposed incorporation of Portugal with, 211;
+    recovers colonies under the peace of Amiens, 262;
+    exchanges Louisiana for Etruria, 272;
+    England attacks her commerce, 289;
+    exasperated over sale of Louisiana, 289;
+    treaties with France, 289, 332;
+    loses Trinidad and Louisiana, 332;
+    war with England, Dec., 1804, 332;
+    her maritime forces controlled by France, 332;
+    humiliates Portugal, 332;
+    naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 374;
+    _N._ offers part of her territory to England, 405;
+    called on for troops by France, iii. 22;
+    proposal that she acquire Portugal, 67;
+    attempt to bring her into the coalition, 71;
+    incapacity of the Bourbons in, 70;
+    _N._ encourages dissensions in, 71;
+    decay and humiliation, 71, 123, 126, 134, 150;
+    revolt against Godoy, 70;
+    embargo on English commerce, 72;
+    the fleet ordered to Toulon, 71;
+    necessity for the "regulation" of her affairs, 111;
+    the situation in, 118;
+    secret compact with France for partition of Portugal, 120;
+    new title for the king, 120;
+    plans for invasion of, 120;
+    scheme to acquire Portugal, 120;
+    depletion of the army, 123;
+    depopulation, 124;
+    corruption, 124;
+    social life, 124;
+    degradation of the Church in, 124;
+    primogeniture and land tenure, 124;
+    factions of the crown prince and of the prime minister, 125;
+    _N._ tempted by her colonies, 127, 133;
+    arrest of the crown prince, 126;
+    fortifying the French frontier, 126;
+    announcement of the crown prince's conspiracy, 127;
+    the "secret hand" in, 128;
+    expected regeneration by France, 127;
+    Dupont ordered to invade, 128;
+    benefits accruing to England from troubles in, 131;
+    _N._ on the intestinal troubles in, 131;
+    the crown given to Joseph, 131, 150, 169, 280, 318;
+    French invasion and occupation of, 132-135, 149, 151;
+    deposition of Godoy from office, 134;
+    Murat assumes command in, 135;
+    popular outbreaks, 135, 140;
+    abdication of Charles IV, 136;
+    patriotic and national spirit in, 137-141, 151-156, 284, 288, 290;
+      iv. 290;
+    enthusiasm for Ferdinand VII, iii. 138;
+    political intrigues in, 139-141;
+    Murat Protector of, 140;
+    attitude of the people toward Murat, 141;
+    deposition of the Bourbons, 145;
+    Murat appointed dictator, 146;
+    _N._ assumes the royal and hereditary rights of the throne of, 148;
+    Louis refuses the crown of, 148;
+    military movements in western Spain and on the Baltic, 149;
+    character of the people, 149-152, 153, 154, 190, 288;
+    convocation of notables at Bayonne, 149;
+    adoption of a new constitution, 150, 152;
+    destruction of her commerce, 152;
+    lack of centralization in, 151, 152, 374;
+    guerrilla warfare, iii. 152-155, 190, 291;
+    influence of the clergy in the rebellion, 154;
+    French disasters in, 154, 290, 291;
+    fate of French soldiers in, 155;
+    French movement against southern, 156;
+    French pillage in, 158;
+    national uprising against France, 158, 192;
+    difficulties of the French campaign in, 157;
+    offer of the throne to Archduke Charles, 166;
+    _N._ returns to, 182;
+    caliber of the French army in, 183;
+    _N.'s_ strength in, Nov. 3, 1808, 183, 184;
+    regular and irregular forces, 184;
+    _N._ assumes command in, 184;
+    lack of military genius in, 185;
+    Sir John Moore enters, 186;
+    sympathy between Portugal and, 186;
+    abolition of the Inquisition and of the feudal system, 189;
+    _N._ institutes reforms in, 189;
+    formation of a liberal constitution for, 191;
+    _N._ threatens to assume the crown, 191;
+    question of annihilating its nationality, 191;
+    statements as to _N.'s_ leaving, 196;
+    reinforcements for, 202;
+    Wellesley prepares for invasion of, 236;
+    need of prompt action in, 238;
+    the war in, 249;
+    the crown offered to Louis and rejected, 270;
+    England's loss of trade with, 272;
+    Fouché's offer to restore the Bourbons to, 271;
+    seizures of American ships in, 275;
+    annexation of part of, to France, 278;
+    open warfare in, 282;
+    seizure of northern provinces of, 282;
+    "the natural continuation of France," 282;
+    policy of total annexation, 282;
+    French rapine in, 282;
+    policy of military administration for, 282;
+    quality and strength of the French armies in, 283;
+    Masséna in command in, 283;
+    Wellington's provisions for French victories in, 284;
+    blunders by the insurrectionary leaders, 288;
+    Wellington enters, 289;
+    French occupation, close of 1812, 290;
+    Soult abandons the south of, 290;
+    discipline of the French army in, 291;
+    England's expeditions to, 293;
+    confiscation in, 296;
+    troops withdrawn from Germany for service in, 307;
+    _N.'s_ offer of peace in, refused by England, 318;
+    England to be driven from, 328;
+    compared with Russia, 374;
+    French disasters in, 377;
+    exhaustion of, 382;
+    recall of commanders from, 386;
+    treaty with Russia, July, 1812, 391;
+    in grand coalition against _N._, 392;
+    _N._ offers peace to England in, 392;
+    Wellington's reverses in, 392;
+    proposal to restore Bourbon rule, 416;
+    _N._ abandons, 420;
+    Wellington's successes in, 423;
+    French defeats in, iv. 14;
+    _N._ offers to restore the independence of, 30;
+    rises in support of Wellington, 40;
+    proposed independence of, 41;
+    prolongation of the war in, 51;
+    restoration of the king to, 52;
+    relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, 52;
+    adoption of a new constitution, 52;
+    member of the Vienna coalition, 164;
+    _N.'s_ dread of capture in, 221.
+
+  =Spandau=, capitulation of, ii. 436;
+    proposed siege of, iv. 2.
+
+  =Spartel, Cape=, Nelson's fleet off, ii. 372.
+
+  =Specialist=, the work of the, iv. 251.
+
+  =Speculation=, mania for, in France, i. 288, 289; ii. 219.
+
+  =Spirding, Lake=, military movements near, iii. 10.
+
+  =Splüglen Pass=, proposed movement of the reserve army via, ii. 169;
+    crossed by Macdonald, 192.
+
+  =Spree, River=, military movements on the, iii. 407, 409; iv. 14.
+
+  =Stadion, Count=, Austrian diplomatic agent, ii. 381;
+    Austrian minister of state, iii. 21, 104, 194, 199;
+    letter from Metternich, July 26, 1807, 104;
+    urges prompt action, 199;
+    resigns, 253;
+    mission to the allies' camp, 408.
+
+  =Staël, Mme. de=, relations with, enmity toward, and criticisms of
+      _N._, ii. 22, 119, 139, 197, 199, 259; iii. 94, 297-301;
+    procures revocation of Talleyrand's exile, ii. 34;
+    _N.'s_ study of her writings, 53;
+    "Influence of the Passions," 53;
+    on liberty in France, 119;
+    her salon, 199;
+    her character, 259; iii. 297-301;
+    banishments of, ii. 411;
+    relations with Mme. Récamier, ii. 411, 412;
+    returns to Paris, iii. 26;
+    ordered back to Geneva, 26;
+    at Coppet, 298;
+    difficulties with the Directory, 298;
+    criticizes Josephine Beauharnais, 298;
+    difficulties with the Committee of Public Safety, 298;
+    poverty, 299;
+    her book on Germany, 300.
+
+  =Stage=, censorship of the, ii. 349.
+
+  =Standing armies=, i. 67.
+
+  =Staps=, attempts to assassinate _N._, iii. 240.
+
+  =Starhemberg, Count=, Austrian ambassador to London, iii, 104;
+    leaves London, 104.
+
+  =Starsiedel=, fighting at, iii, 406.
+
+  =State=, _N.'s_ conceptions of the, i. 78.
+
+  =State system=, the, iv. 298.
+
+  =States of the Church=, Pius VII strives to augment the, ii. 346.
+
+  =Steffens, Prof.=, summons German students into the ranks, iii. 398.
+
+  =Stein, Baron H. F. C.=, Prussian statesman, ii. 415; iii. 103;
+    frees the serfs, 103;
+    introduces military reforms in Prussia, 162;
+    resigns his ministry, 162;
+    _N._ demands his dismissal, 162, 178;
+    seeks refuge in Vienna, 178;
+    exile from Prussia, 193;
+    effect of his reforms, 320;
+    adviser to Alexander I, 351;
+    reorganizes Prussian provinces, 385;
+    formulates the treaty of Kalish, 385;
+    relations with Alexander, 385, 396;
+    hostility to _N._, 397; iv. 57, 67;
+    joins Frederick William at Breslau, iii. 396;
+    on the unification of Germany, 397;
+    character, 397;
+    leading part in Prussia's awakening, 398;
+    prepares to govern the conquered territories, iv. 34.
+
+  =Sterling, Adm.=, naval operations of, ii. 359.
+
+  =Stettin=, capitulation of, ii. 436;
+    Davout's force in, 202;
+    proposed French movement on, 393;
+    held by the French, 402;
+    relief of the French in, iv. 2.
+
+  =Stewart, Sir Charles=, English minister at Berlin, iii. 417;
+    influences the armistice of Poischwitz, 417.
+
+  =Steyer=, armistice signed at, ii. 192.
+
+  =Stockach=, battle of, ii. 88;
+    captured by Lecourbe, 166.
+
+  =Stockholm=, installation of Bernadotte at, iii. 281.
+
+  "=Stockpot, Marshal=," iii. 291.
+
+  =Stötteritz=, fighting at, iv. 33.
+
+  =Strabo=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.
+
+  =Stradella=, Desaix commanding corps at, ii. 177;
+    fortified camp at, 175;
+    military operations near, 185.
+
+  =Stralsund=, threatened by Mortier iii., 19;
+    Schill's final stand at, 213, 234;
+    capture of, 234.
+
+  =Strasburg=, Moreau's army at, i. 347;
+    Moreau and Desaix cross the Rhine near, 440;
+    retirement of Cardinal Rohan from, ii. 301;
+    imprisonment of Duc d'Enghien at, 304, 305;
+    French expeditions to, 304; iii. 203;
+    Caulaincourt's mission to, 107;
+    Maria Louisa's progress through, 257;
+    Schwarzenberg's communications with, threatened, iv. 95, 96;
+    sends troops to relief of Paris, 102.
+
+  =Strebersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 217, 218.
+
+  =Street of Peace, the=, iii. 74.
+
+  =Street of Rivoli, the=, iii. 74.
+
+  =Strehla=, fighting near, iv. 9.
+
+  =Striefen=, fighting near, iv. 9.
+
+  =Striegau=, Blücher at, iv. 3, 6.
+
+  =Stuart=, British envoy to Vienna, ii. 302.
+
+  "=Study in Politics, A=," projected by _N._, i. 289.
+
+  =Studjenka=, the passage of the Beresina at, iii. 368-371.
+
+  =Stura, River, the=, Masséna's advance through valley of, i. 243;
+    Austrian force on, ii. 170.
+
+  =Stuttgart=, Bourrienne in diplomacy at, i. 174;
+    machinations of Méhée de la Touche in, ii. 297, 298;
+    expulsion of the English envoy at, 330.
+
+  =Styria=, junction of Austrian troops in. ii. 367;
+    Prince Eugène in, iii. 225;
+    Archduke John banished to, 230.
+
+  =Suchet, Marshal Louis-Gabriel=, retreat before Melas, ii. 165;
+    expected to attack Melas, 170;
+    military operations on the Var, 174;
+    pursues the Russians, 378;
+    battle of Austerlitz, 387;
+    service in Spain, iii. 283;
+    annihilates Blake's Spanish army, 289;
+    captures Aragon and Valencia, 289;
+    captures Tarragona, 377;
+    contrasted with Augereau, iv. 94;
+    strength, March, 1814, 102;
+    available forces of, 118.
+
+  =Sucy=, _N.'s_ letters to, i. 165;
+    prophesies as to _N.'s_ future, ii. 28.
+
+  =Suez, Isthmus of=, importance of, ii. 46.
+
+  =Suez Canal=, suggested by D'Argenson, ii. 46.
+
+  =Suicide=, _N.'s_ views concerning, and his attempts to commit,
+      i. 80, 81; ii. 75; iv. 130, 131, 217, 232, 287.
+
+  =Sunday=, resumption of its observance, ii. 258.
+
+  ="Supper of Beaucaire," the=, i. 212-221, 286.
+
+  =Survilliers, Comte de=. _See_ =Buonaparte, Joseph=.
+
+  =Suvaroff, Gen. A. V.=, defeats Macdonald on the Trebbia, ii. 92;
+    holds Piedmont, 141;
+    driven by Masséna to Bavaria, 142;
+    disasters in the Alps, 141.
+
+  =Swabia=, treaty with France (1796), i. 450;
+    demonstrations of emigrants in, ii. 307;
+    withdrawal of Austrian troops from, 311;
+    French occupation of, 405.
+
+  =Sweden=, excluded from Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27;
+    joins the "armed neutrality," 194;
+    _N.'s_ hatred for the royal house of, 416;
+    Joachim I's aspirations to the crown of, 416;
+    Prussia recommended to go to war with, 420;
+    member of the coalition, iii. 20;
+    held back by Mortier, 19;
+    internal dissensions, 35;
+    neutrality of, 46;
+    failure of commercial negotiations with England, 49;
+    proposed commercial war against England, 55;
+    virtual dependence on France, 66;
+    English regulations concerning American trade with, 100, 101;
+    supposed assistance from England to, 113;
+    _N._ hints at rectification of her boundaries, 113;
+    proposed Russian invasion of, 113;
+    makes obstinate resistance in Finland, 117;
+    failure of the demonstration against, 159;
+    Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, 165;
+    _N._ promises to restore Pomerania to, 268;
+    promises to exclude British commerce, 267;
+    treaty with Russia, Sept. 17, 1809, 268;
+    cedes Finland to Russia, 268, 281;
+    Frederick VI hopes to acquire, 280;
+    _N.'s_ ambitions concerning, 280;
+    accession of Charles XIII, 280;
+    selection of Bernadotte as heir to the throne, 280;
+    abdication of Gustavus IV, 280;
+    Mme. de Staël in, 299;
+    Alexander offers Norway to, 314, 321, 350;
+    Russia opens negotiations with, 316;
+    demands and acquires a liberal constitution, 317;
+    eagerness to escape from French protection, 318;
+    _N._ offers Finland to, 321;
+    bids for her alliance by France and Russia, 320, 321;
+    Davout occupies Pomerania, 321;
+    treaty with Russia, April 12, 1812, 321;
+    Alexander demands better terms for, 329;
+    in grand coalition against _N._ (1813), 392;
+    Metternich seeks to embroil Russia and, 395;
+    subsidized by England, 399;
+    ambition to secure Norway, 399;
+    _N._ attempts to win over, 399;
+    evacuates Hamburg, 407;
+    commercial agreement with England, 424;
+    inaugurates the coalition of 1813, 424;
+    Bernadotte seeks to annex Norway to, iv. 55;
+    struggle with Norway, 164;
+    member of the Vienna coalition, 164.
+
+  =Swiss Guard=, at the Tuileries, i. 299.
+
+  =Switzerland=, republican schemes and revolutionary movements in,
+      i. 329; ii. 27, 40;
+    _N.'s_ schemes and influence in, i. 448; ii. 12, 144, 233, 234;
+    French plundering of, 40;
+    organization of the Helvetian Republic, 86;
+    Masséna ordered to command in, 87;
+    Russian military operations in, 91-93;
+    Berthier commanding in, 140;
+    Masséna's successes in, 140;
+    Masséna makes a forced levy in, 153;
+    falls into French hands, 164, 234, 281;
+    Kray's retreat via, cut off, 166;
+    jealousy of Piedmont, 233;
+    factions in, 234;
+    adoption of the name, 234;
+    neutrality of, 234;
+    the Act of Mediation, 234;
+    furnishes contingents to _N.'s_ armies, 234; iii. 3, 20, 323;
+    occupied by Ney, ii. 272;
+    lends aid to France in 1803, 289;
+    independence of, 354;
+    _N.'s_ claim to, 354;
+    Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377;
+    Mme. de Staël banished to, 411;
+    relations of France with, iii. 54, 73;
+    Valais separated from, 278;
+    violation of her neutrality by the allies, iv. 56, 57, 66, 67;
+    fails to support the Emperor, 57, 59;
+    reported rising in, 88;
+    Jerome and Joseph take refuge in, 135.
+
+  =Syria=, Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition off the coast of, ii. 57;
+    _N.'s_ schemes of conquest in, 61, 62;
+    Turkish movements in, 68-70;
+    the French advance into, 68, 69.
+
+  =Szuczyn=, Russian retreat to, iii, 8.
+
+
+T
+
+  =Tabor, Mount=, battle near, ii. 72.
+
+  =Tabor Bridge=, Murat crosses the, ii. 368.
+
+  =Tacticus=, _N.'s_ references to, ii. 235.
+
+  =Tactics and strategy=, the lessons of Austerlitz, ii. 391, 392.
+
+  =Tafalla=, Moncey at, iii. 183.
+
+  =Tagliamento, River=, military operations on the, i. 430-432.
+
+  =Tagus, River, the=, British fleet in, iii. 121;
+    French attempt to capture the fleet in, 121;
+    Dupont holds, 156;
+    the lines of Torres Vedras, 285;
+    military operations on, 285.
+
+  =Taine, H. A.=, on the Napoleonic régime, iv. 294.
+
+  =Talavera=, battle of, iii. 236, 284, 287.
+
+  =Talleyrand, Prince=, minister of foreign affairs, ii. 17, 34, 35,
+      130, 153, 323;
+    relations with and views on _N._, ii. 17, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33-35,
+      96, 97; iii. 81, 94-96, 133, 151, 168, 175, 179, 301; iv. 165,
+      233;
+    attempts to force _N.'s_ hand, ii. 23;
+    relations with Mme. du Barry, 33;
+    expelled from England, 33;
+    Mirabeau's opinion of, 33;
+    relations with the Directory, 34;
+    career, 33-35;
+    system of national education, 33, 225-227;
+    charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43;
+    member of the Institute, 47;
+    advocates seizure of Egypt, 47, 48;
+    intrigue with _N._, Barras, and Sieyès for a new constitution, 49;
+    ascribes the Egyptian expedition to _N._, 51;
+    proposed mission to Constantinople, 66;
+    dreads a new Terror, 94;
+    critical moment in his house, before the 18th Brumaire, 103;
+    influence on Barras, 107;
+    Bourbon sympathies of, 122;
+    _N._ proposes a constitution to, 126;
+    offers peace to Portugal, 154;
+    monarchical views of, 158;
+    discusses possibility of _N.'s_ death, 186;
+    negotiations with Count St. Julien, 188;
+    negotiations with Cobenzl, 189;
+    demands bribes from American envoys, 212;
+    the Pope's ban removed from, 216;
+    carves up German principalities, 265;
+    demands to know England's intentions concerning Malta, 273;
+    Lord Whitworth's utterances to, 284;
+    his explanation of the scene of March 13, 1803, 284;
+    urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304;
+    notifies Baden of the seizure of Duc d'Enghien, 308;
+    charged with suppressing despatches, 306;
+    Josephine's dread of, 308;
+    blamed by _N._ for the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 311; iii. 198;
+    murder of the Duc d'Enghien sits lightly on, ii. 312;
+    Grand Chamberlain, 324;
+    attitude of Pius VII toward, 326;
+    excommunication taken off from, 326;
+    replies to Russia's demands, 330;
+    diplomatic replies to Pius VII, 346;
+    at Vienna, 382;
+    created Prince of Benevento, 396; iii. 94, 279;
+    negotiations with Lord Yarmouth, ii. 400, 401;
+    bribed by German princes, 403;
+    on the proposed North German Confederation, 420;
+    at Tilsit, iii. 49, 53;
+    warns _N._ against Queen Louisa's fascinations, 60;
+    author of treaty of Tilsit, 60;
+    Queen Louisa's sarcasm to, 61;
+    showy character of his diplomacy, 65;
+    responsibility for the treaty of Tilsit, 72;
+    advocates support of the Emperor, 80;
+    conversations with Mme. de Rémusat, 80;
+    on the discords in the imperial court, 94;
+    resigns from the ministry, 94, 96;
+    salary, 96;
+    his influence on the wane, 96;
+    Vice-Grand Elector, 96; iv. 106;
+    policy after Austerlitz, iii. 125;
+    favors Ferdinand VII, 125;
+    resumes active diplomacy, 133;
+    negotiations with Izquierdo, 133;
+    at Bayonne, 145;
+    estimate of Ferdinand VII, 145;
+    constituted custodian of Ferdinand VII, 148, 169;
+    stinging rebuke addressed to _N._ by, 151;
+    prepares to return to public life, 169;
+    acts in the interests of Austria, 171, 178;
+    at the Erfurt conference, 171, 178-181;
+    ordered to ventilate the divorce question, 181;
+    his treachery read by _N._, 197;
+    blamed by _N._ for the Spanish failure, 197;
+    member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 254;
+    on the natural extensions of France, 282;
+    meeting of _N._ and Mme. de Staël at house of, 298;
+    pecuniary losses, 301;
+    on the aims of the coalition of 1813, 400;
+    spreads alarming reports, iv. 51;
+    on the Spanish situation, 51, 52;
+    royalist intrigues of, 51, 106, 107, 113;
+    member of the Empress-regent's council, 106;
+    Murat's and Lannes's characterizations of, 107;
+    desires a violent death for the Emperor, 107;
+    opposes the departure of the Empress from Paris, 107;
+    _N.'s_ knowledge of his duplicity, 107, 108;
+    on the Empress's flight from Paris, 108;
+    Dalberg's characterization of, 107, 108;
+    simulated flight from Paris, 112;
+    interview with Prince Orloff, 112;
+    sends a "blank check" to Alexander, 113;
+    at peace council in Paris, 114;
+    gives adherence to Louis XVIII, 113;
+    negotiates with Nesselrode, 113;
+    member of the executive commission, 114;
+    learns of Marmont's defection, 125;
+    remonstrates with Alexander against the regency, 125;
+    suspected complicity in plots to assassinate _N._, 138;
+    negotiates secret treaty between France, England, and Austria, 145;
+    influence at the Congress of Vienna, 144, 145;
+    double intrigues of, 148, 149, 153;
+    ignores Russian and English protests, 153;
+    attainted, 157;
+    _N._ appeals to, 165;
+    at Carlsbad, 224;
+    returns to Paris, 224;
+    reception by Louis XVIII, 224;
+    resumes active functions, 224;
+    on the secret of empire, 250;
+    his value in European politics, 251;
+    correspondence with--French, ambassador at London, ii. 284;
+      Grenville, Lord, 143;
+      Napoleon, 34, 49, 361; iii. 18, 117;
+      Nesselrode, Count, iv. 106;
+    _character:_ ambition, iii. 96; iv. 106;
+      brilliancy, ii. 33; iii. 65;
+      capacity for intrigue, ii. 49, 130; iv. 51, 106, 108, 112, 148, 153;
+      diplomatic and political ability, ii. 33, 131, 346; iii. 65, 95, 133;
+      duplicity, ii. 33-35, 130-132; iv. 107;
+      gaming passion, ii. 33;
+      greed 131;
+      learning, 33;
+      licentiousness, 33, 131;
+      self-interest, iii. 193, 197, 253, 381;
+      treachery, 193, 197; iv. 106;
+      unscrupulousness, ii. 33, 35, 212; iv. 107, 138;
+      venality, ii. 34, 131, 265, 390, 391, 403; iii. 81, 94, 125; iv. 251;
+      versatility, ii. 33.
+
+  =Talleyrand, Mme.=, Pius VII refuses to receive, ii. 326.
+
+  =Tallien, J. L.=, opposes Robespierre, i. 251;
+    social life in Paris, 290;
+    influence for _N._, 296;
+    favors appointment of _N._ as Convention general, 299;
+    marriage, 315.
+
+  =Tallien, Mme.=, "the goddess of Thermidor," i. 290;
+    _N.'s_ social intercourse with, 291;
+    matrimonial experiences, 315.
+
+  =Talma, F. J.=, i. 319;
+    accompanies _N._ to Erfurt, iii. 174;
+    _N.'s_ intimacy with, iv. 250.
+
+  =Tanaro=, _N._ at taking of, i. 255.
+
+  =Tanaro, River=, the country of the, ii. 178.
+
+  =Taranto=, embargo on, ii. 287;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, 396;
+    Macdonald created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Macdonald=.
+
+  =Tarentum=, Soult's force at, ii. 204.
+
+  =Tarragona=, captured by Suchet, iii. 377.
+
+  =Tarutino=, Kutusoff takes position at, iii. 350.
+
+  =Tarvis=, capture of, i. 433.
+
+  =Tatars=, characteristics of the, iii. 9.
+
+  =Tatary=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95.
+
+  =Tauenzien, Gen.=, battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18;
+    during the Waterloo campaign, 172.
+
+  =Tauroggen=, Convention of, iii. 385, 395.
+
+  =Taxation=, Necker's problems of, i. 98;
+    exemption of privileged classes from, 98, 100, 105;
+    conditions of, at outbreak of the Revolution, 101-106;
+    the stamp tax, 106;
+    the land-tax, 105, 106;
+    outbreak against, at Auxonne, 111;
+    demand for equality of, in Corsica, 116, 117;
+    reform of the system of, ii. 134, 220.
+
+  =Tchitchagoff, Adm.=, joins Tormassoff, iii. 350;
+    pursuit of the French army by, 358, 366, 383;
+    hopes of capturing _N._, 367;
+    description of _N._, 367;
+    captures Borrissoff, 367, 368;
+    driven out of Borrissoff, 368;
+    at the crossing of the Beresina, 370;
+    blamed by Kutusoff and Wittgenstein, 374, 375;
+    bad generalship of, 375, 383.
+
+  =Tchernicheff, Gen.=, commanding Army of the North, iv. 2.
+
+  =Telnitz=, fighting at, ii. 385, 386.
+
+  ="Templars, The,"= by Raynouard, ii. 350.
+
+  =Temple, the=, the royal family imprisoned in the, i. 175.
+
+  =Tenda Pass=, captured by the French, i. 243, 256;
+    _N.'s_ entertainment for Mme. Turreau at, 256.
+
+  =Teplitz=, Louis's flight to, iii. 276;
+    Bennigsen reaches, iv. 22.
+
+  =Terror, the=, i. 250-252, 266, 272, 314, 333; iv. 262;
+    fears of a revival of, ii. 92.
+
+  =Terrorists, the=, growing influence of, ii. 93;
+    assassination schemes among, 239.
+
+  =Testamentary rights=, under the Code, ii. 224.
+
+  =Tettenborn, Gen.=, relieves Hamburg, iii. 402.
+
+  =Texel, the=, Marmont ordered to Mainz from, ii. 362.
+
+  =Thann=, battle of, iii. 210.
+
+  =Tharandt=, Klenau's march to Dresden from, iv. 10.
+
+  =Themistocles=, his refuge with the Persians, iv. 227;
+    _N._ draws parallel between his case and that of, 227.
+
+  =Thermidorians, the=, i. 252;
+    prominent members of, 254;
+    adopt Roman systems, 269, 270, 271;
+    establish the Directory, 271;
+    anger the people of Paris, 273.
+
+  =Thielemann, Gen.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172;
+    at Wavre, 194.
+
+  =Third Coalition, the=, ii. 354 et seq.;
+    Prussia induced to join, 376, 377;
+    rout of the allies at Austerlitz, 388;
+    destruction of its strength and morale, 388.
+
+  =Third Estate, the=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101;
+    constitution of, 108;
+    assumes to represent the nation, 108;
+    forces a junction with the two upper Estates, 108;
+    Sieyès's pamphlet on the, 107;
+    _N.'s_ care for, iv. 258, 261.
+
+  =Third Republic=, the constitution of the, i. 267.
+
+  =Thirty Years' War=, Richelieu's policy at close of the, ii. 264.
+
+  =Thomé=, alleges attempt to stab _N._, ii. 116.
+
+  =Thonberg=, _N._ at, iv. 32.
+
+  =Thorn=, siege of, iii. 2;
+    French occupation of, 12;
+    military movements near, 13;
+    _N._ in, 331;
+    French military stores in, 333.
+
+  =Thought=, influence on the social life of the world, ii. 46.
+
+  =Thouvenot, Gen.=, service in Spain, iii. 283.
+
+  =Three Emperors, Fight of the=, ii. 391.
+
+  =Thugut, Count=, greed for territorial aggrandizement, i. 325;
+    determines on Italian conquest, 425, 426;
+    opens negotiations at Leoben, 436;
+    warns Gen. Clarke to keep away from Vienna, 452; ii. 42;
+    not deceived by treaty of Campo Formio, 22;
+    Paul I demands his dismissal, 142;
+    repudiates St. Julien's negotiations, 188;
+    overthrow of, 189.
+
+  =Thuin=, military operations at, iv. 173.
+
+  =Thuméry, Marquis of=, suspected of plotting against _N._, ii. 303.
+
+  =Thuringia=, military movements in, ii. 427.
+
+  =Tiber, River=, military operations on the, i. 421.
+
+  =Ticino, River=, military operations on the, i. 358; ii. 173.
+
+  =Tierney, G.=, on England's attitude toward France, ii. 144.
+
+  =Tilly, Count=, _N.'s_ letter to, Aug. 7, 1794, i. 253.
+
+  =Tilsit=, Bennigsen crosses the Niemen at, iii. 31;
+    meeting of the Emperors at, 34-65, 93;
+    treaty of, 34, 35, 54, 60, 63-66, 69, 72, 95, 97, 99, 104-110,
+      116-120, 132, 166-172, 177, 245, 248, 255, 265, 294, 304, 309,
+      313, 314, 328;
+    neutralization of, 42;
+    reasons leading to the peace of, 44 et seq.;
+    Queen Louisa at, 44, 57-62;
+    French representatives at, 49;
+    fraternizing of Russia and France at, 49-53;
+    decoration of the Russian grenadier at, 63;
+    _N.'s_ position at, 179;
+    Macdonald reaches, 384.
+
+  ="Times," the= (London), on the allies' capture of Paris, iv. 108.
+
+  =Tissot, Dr.=, _N.'s_ letter to, i. 84.
+
+  =Tobacco=, establishment of state monopoly in, iii. 304.
+
+  =Toledo=, Dupont's forces near, iii. 156.
+
+  =Tolentino=, treaty of, i. 350, 421; ii. 326.
+
+  =Toll, Gen.=, meets Alexander I after Austerlitz, ii. 388;
+    proposes concentration of the allied forces, iv. 89;
+    advises movement on Paris, 98.
+
+  =Tolosa=, French forces at, iii. 183.
+
+  =Tolstoi, Gen.=, _See_ =Ostermann-Tolstoi=.
+
+  =Torbay=, the "Bellerophon" at, iv. 221, 226.
+
+  =Torcy=, battle at, iv. 86;
+    military operations at, 90.
+
+  =Torgau=, Saxon troops withdrawn from, iii. 407;
+    French occupation of, iv. 2;
+    Ney driven into, 19;
+    battle of, 267.
+
+  =Tormassoff, Gen.=, confronted by Schwarzenberg, iii. 342;
+    joined by Tchitchagoff, 351.
+
+  =Torres Vedras=, the lines of, iii. 285.
+
+  =Tortona=, surrendered to France, i. 355;
+    _N._ at, 453;
+    scheme to relieve Masséna via, ii. 169;
+    the key of Genoa, 172;
+    topography of the country, 177, 178;
+    the Consular Guard at, 178.
+
+  =Tortugas, the=, death of Leclerc in, ii. 237.
+
+  =Touche, Méhée de la=, contrives Moreau's ruin, ii. 296-298;
+    English plots with, 330.
+
+  =Toulon=, the recovery of, for the Convention, i. 148;
+    military and naval preparations at, 187, 220, 221, 261; ii. 40,
+      47, 57, 332;
+    return of the Sardinian expedition to, i. 198;
+    anarchy in, 207, 213;
+    the Buonapartes in, 212;
+    the Buonapartes driven from, 216;
+    siege of, 220, 233, 289;
+    Marseilles refugees at, 221;
+    Lord Hood's seizure at, 221;
+    the "treason" of, 221-223;
+    _N._ at, 223, 240, 255, 257, 289, 307;
+    _N.'s_ plans for capture of, 230;
+    _N._ seeks mercy for rebels at, 233;
+    the National Convention's vengeance on, 233, 234;
+    massacres in, 234;
+    British occupation of, 239;
+    recapture of, 249;
+    news of the Terror in, 251;
+    English fleet driven from, 260;
+    the Corsican expedition leaves, 262;
+    _N._ at siege of, 289;
+    forced military loans in, 345;
+    departure of Egyptian expedition from, ii. 52-56;
+    Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, 57;
+    _N._ sails from Alexandria for, 82;
+    failure of Villeneuve's expedition from, 333;
+    _N._ orders the Spanish fleet to, iii. 71.
+
+  =Toulouse=, Soult thrown back on, iv. 81;
+    defeat of Soult at, 147.
+
+  =Tournon, the Chamberlain de=, mission to Spain, iii. 128.
+
+  =Tours=, the French garrison at, iv. 118.
+
+  =Trachenberg=, military council at, iv. 6.
+
+  =Trade=, condition at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101.
+
+  =Trafalgar=, _N.'s_ reception of the news of, ii. 334;
+    battle of, 373-376; iii. 47;
+    effect in France, ii. 394;
+    _N.'s_ reply to, ii. 441;
+    the lesson of, 264.
+
+  =Trannes=, military movements near, iv. 60, 89.
+
+  =Transpadane Republic, the=, i. 367, 400, 402, 428;
+    question of a constitution for the, ii. 10.
+
+  =Trasimenus=, creation of the department of, iii. 262, 263.
+
+  =Traun, River=, military movements on the, iii. 211.
+
+  =Treaties=, the value of, iv. 263.
+    For specific treaties see the names of parties signatory
+      (countries or rulers) and of the places at which signed.
+
+  =Trebbia, River=, French disasters on the, ii. 83, 92.
+
+  =Treilhard, M.=, member of the Directory, ii. 92.
+
+  =Trent=, military operations near, i. 384, 409, 414;
+    abandoned by Vaubois, 387;
+    Brune advances to, ii. 192;
+    apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, 266;
+    ceded to Bavaria, 391.
+
+  =Treuenbrietzen=, Prussian pursuit of Oudinot to, iv. 14.
+
+  =Treviso=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
+    Mortier created Duke of, iii. 86 (_see also_ =Mortier=);
+    the Buonaparte family princes of, iv. 44.
+
+  =Trianon=, _N._ retires to, after the divorce, iii, 257;
+    the imperial court at, 301.
+
+  =Trianon Decree, the=, iii. 279.
+
+  =Tribunate, the=, ii. 126, 150-153;
+    constitution of, 241;
+    opposition to _N._ in, 242, 243;
+    secret sessions of, 247;
+    new method of electing to, 247;
+    form of addressing the First Consul in, 293;
+    Carnot remonstrates in, against adulation of _N._, 295;
+    independence of, 320;
+    initiates the imperial movement, 321;
+    condition under the imperial constitution of 1804, 322;
+    destruction of, iii. 82;
+    compared with the English Parliament, 83;
+    its functions, 83.
+
+  =Tricolor=, Louis XVI, adopts the, i. 109;
+    _N.'s_ scheme to unfurl, in Corsica, 122;
+    insult to, in Naples, 192.
+
+  =Triest=, _N._ threatens to seize, i. 404;
+    seized by _N._, 434;
+    reoccupied by Austria, 435;
+    rise of, 447;
+    importations of English goods at, iii. 165;
+    ceded to France, 239;
+    England's loss of trade with, 272;
+    basis of possible Oriental operations, 331;
+    French occupation of, 423;
+    _N._ offers the city to Austria, 424.
+
+  =Trinidad=, retained by England, ii. 211, 262;
+    ceded to England, 332.
+
+  =Triple Alliance, the=, iv. 21, 76, 295.
+
+  =Triumphal Arch, Paris=, erection of the, iii. 74.
+
+  =Tronchet=, on committee to draft the Code, ii. 222.
+
+  =Troyes=, recall of the Parliament to Paris from, i. 106;
+    battle of, iv. 60;
+    military movements near, 60, 68, 72-76, 86, 88-91, 95, 104, 105.
+
+  =Truchsess-Waldburg, Count=, Prussian commissioner at Fontainebleau,
+      iv. 134;
+    _N.'s_ attitude toward, 134;
+    allegations concerning _N.'s_ physical ailments, 139, 168.
+
+  =Tudela=, French success at, iii. 156;
+    scheme of operations at, 158;
+    Spanish forces near, 184, 185.
+
+  =Tuileries, the=, the mob at, i. 176;
+    the carnage at, 178;
+    Robespierre orders the destruction of, 251;
+    storming of, Aug. 10, 1702, 273;
+    defense of, 299-303;
+    _N._ at, on the 18th Brumaire, ii. 105, 106;
+    Lannes's guard at, 108;
+    decoration of, 147;
+    rechristened "the palace of the government," 147;
+    _N._ takes possession of, 148;
+    residence of the Buonapartes at, 195, 196;
+    social functions at, 255, 256, 279, 327-328, 406;
+    consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280;
+    _N.'s_ interview with Lord Whitworth at, Feb. 17, 1803, 280-282;
+    scene between Whitworth and _N._, March 13, 1803, 281, 282;
+    the imperial court at, 324, 326-328;
+    refurnishing the, iii, 25;
+    social vices at, 92;
+    _N._ at, 110;
+    the divorce scandal in, 180;
+    the divorce decree pronounced in, 247;
+    imperial family life at, 323, 381;
+    depository of the Emperor's funds, 366, 389; iv. 50, 141;
+    the officers of the National Guard summoned to, 53;
+    flight of the Empress from, 109;
+    changes in the court at, 148;
+    _N._ reënters, 158;
+    struggle between royalists and imperialists at, 158;
+    loneliness of, 159.
+
+  =Turas=, military operations near, ii. 385.
+
+  =Turenne, Marshal=, military genius, i. 348;
+    _N._ compared with, 348, 349;
+    _N.'s_ analysis of the wars of, iv. 232, 266.
+
+  =Turin=, military operations around, i. 353, 354;
+    _N.'s_ influence in, 448;
+    Gen. Clarke's mission to, 452;
+    _N._ in, ii. 27;
+    revolutionary movements in, 39;
+    Bonapartist agency in, 89;
+    Charles Emmanuel IV invited to return to, 141;
+    Melas hastens to, 170, 174;
+    topography of country near, 178;
+    sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380.
+
+  =Turkey=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95;
+    seeks to organize its armies, 292;
+    France seeks alliance with, 293;
+    _N.'s_ plans for service in, 292, 296-298;
+    Austria's gaze on, 325;
+    _N.'s_ eye on, 424;
+    France's influence on, 424;
+    disaffection in, ii. 17;
+    schemes for the dismemberment of, 16, 18, 33, 42, 44, 382, 405;
+      iii. 37, 51, 55, 99, 105-114, 165, 169, 176, 245, 311, 313, 316;
+    France's justification of Egyptian schemes to, ii. 47;
+    _N._ seeks alliance with, 48;
+    refuses alliance with France, 67;
+    negotiations and alliances with Russia, 67, 72; iii. 51, 56, 99,
+      105, 322; 350;
+    alliance with Russia and Austria, 56;
+    military activity, 1799, 74;
+    joins the second coalition, ii. 90, 93;
+    checked by Franco-Russian treaty of peace (1800), 154;
+    defeat of, at Heliopolis, 181;
+    Egypt restored to, 211;
+    treaty between France and (1801), 211;
+    integrity of her boundaries, 262;
+    suzerainty over Ionia and Egypt, 262;
+    _N._ on her policy, 347;
+    source of discord between France and Russia, 417;
+    Oubril undertakes to guarantee her integrity, 417;
+    _N._ resolves to assert supremacy over, ii. 441;
+    military operations on the Dniester, 441;
+    _N.'s_ scheme of protectorate over, 441;
+    hostilities with Russia, iii. 1, 163, 236, 248, 310;
+    declares war against England, 20;
+    _N._ arranges a treaty between Persia and, 20, 21;
+    Austria espouses the cause of, 22;
+    overthrow of Selim III, 33, 51, 106, 163;
+    revolt of the Janizaries, 33;
+    alliance with France, 33;
+    end of Sebastiani's influence in, 33;
+    Russian acquisitions in, 64;
+    French influence in, 99;
+    _N._ intervenes between Russia and, 100;
+    terms of the agreement at Slobozia, 105;
+    Russia's ambition to acquire territory of, 108;
+    usurpation of Mustapha, iv, 162;
+    threatened anarchy in, 163;
+    reform in, 163;
+    threatened loss of French prestige in, 163;
+    accession of Mahmud II, 163;
+    Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, 166;
+    _N._ fears her alliance with Russia or England, 177;
+    England's trade under the flag of, 280;
+    Russian designs against, 309;
+    Austria seeks territorial aggrandizement at expense of, 316;
+    pivotal in European politics, 318;
+    _N._ endeavors to form alliance with, 322;
+    in grand coalition against _N._ (1813), 392;
+    European support of, iv. 295;
+    _N.'s_ influence on modern, 300.
+
+  =Turreau, Gen.=, at Mont Cenis Pass, ii. 170;
+    crosses Mont Cenis, 172.
+
+  =Turreau, Mme.=, _N.'s_ ghastly entertainment for, i. 256.
+
+  =Tuscany=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27-29;
+    favors the French Revolution, 262;
+    peace between France and, 262;
+    withdraws from the coalition (1795), 324;
+    military operations against, 357-421;
+    French proposition to revolutionize, 373;
+    treaty with France, Jan. 11, 1797, 410;
+    plunder of, ii. 16;
+    involved in Italian quarrels, 87;
+    France acquires temporary possession of, 87;
+    _N.'s_ bad faith with, 144;
+    Austrian occupation of, 160, 170, 182;
+    reinforcements for Melas from, 170;
+    creation of kingdom of, 205;
+    British ships driven from harbors of, 287;
+    the situation in, iii. 118;
+    ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, 264;
+    Elisa created Grand Duchess of, 279.
+    _See also_ =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=.
+
+  =Tuscany, the Grand Duke of=, i. 345;
+    flees to Vienna, ii, 87;
+    loses his territory, 193;
+    territories acquired by, 266.
+
+  =Tutschkoff, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15.
+
+  =Twelfth Light Dragoons=, at the battle of Waterloo, iv. 211.
+
+  =Two-Cent Revolt, the=, i. 79.
+
+  =Two Sicilies, the=, i. 421.
+
+  =Tyrol, the=, the road to Vienna through, i. 342;
+    military operations in, 371-373, 383-387, 392, 414, 431, 433-436;
+      ii. 367, 380; iii. 201, 212, 213, 234;
+    _N.'s_ unsuccessful attempt to conciliate its people, i. 385;
+    loyalty to Austria, 409;
+    the insurrection in, 436;
+    Kray's retreat to, cut off, ii. 166;
+    Iller commanding in the, 188;
+    Soult cuts off the Austrian retreat to, 366;
+    Ney sweeps the Austrians from, 380;
+    _N._ threatens to seize, 389;
+    ceded by Austria to Bavaria, 391;
+    insurrection ripe in, iii. 195;
+    Archduke John to excite revolt in, 199;
+    rising against Bavarian rule, 201;
+    repression of priestly tyranny in, 201;
+    revolution against bondage in, 201;
+    characteristics of its people, 201;
+    Maximilian's reforms in, 201;
+    guerrilla warfare in, 210, 234;
+    abandoned by Archduke John, 211;
+    its people abused by _N._, 213;
+    French evacuation of, 225;
+    rising in, 234;
+    French invasion of, 241;
+    effects of the armistice of Znaim, 241;
+    reduced to submission, 241;
+    amnesty offered by Prince Eugène, 241;
+    opened to the allies, iv. 56.
+
+
+U
+
+  =Ucciani=, _N.'s_ escape to, i. 203.
+
+  =Udine=, congress at, ii. 20.
+
+  =Ulm=, Austrian retreat to, ii. 168;
+    Austrian troops in sight of, 363;
+    the French at, 363-365;
+    the capitulation at, 366, 367;
+    concentration of troops in, iii. 203.
+
+  ="Undaunted," the=, _N._ sails for Elba on, iv. 140.
+
+  =United Irishmen=, misunderstanding between the Directory and the,
+      ii. 67.
+
+  =United States, the=, constitutional government in, i. 152;
+    the French idea of the system of government in, 269;
+    Talleyrand's residence in, ii. 33;
+    Talleyrand's views on, 33, 34;
+    mission concerning protection of commerce, 34;
+    treaty of commerce with England, 1794, 212;
+    arrogance of the Directory toward, 211, 212;
+    imbroglio with France, 212;
+    suspension of diplomatic relations with France, 212;
+    commercial convention with France, 212;
+    neutrality declaration, 1793, 212;
+    Jerome Buonaparte's residence in, 257;
+    events leading to the war of 1812, 288, 289; iii. 274;
+    purchases Louisiana, ii. 289, 332; iv. 300;
+    _N.'s_ relations with, and influence on, ii. 289; iii. 101, 275;
+      iv. 300;
+    Carnot's comparison of France with, ii. 321;
+    Moreau's banishment to, 299;
+    commercial rivalry with England, iii. 46;
+    British claim of right of search, 47, 48;
+    effect of British "orders in council" upon, 47;
+    ocean commerce, 48;
+    authorizes reprisals, 48;
+    French attacks on commerce of, seizures of vessels, etc., 49, 273,
+      274, 296, 321, 322;
+    rising naval power, 49;
+    liberty of testamentary disposition in, 85;
+    English provisions concerning the carrying trade of, 100-102;
+    permitted to trade direct with Sweden, 100, 101;
+    _N._ attempts to force them into the French system, 101, 102;
+    decline of trade with England, 102;
+    Jefferson's administration, 101, 102;
+    agricultural policy of the Democrats, 101, 102;
+    the embargo, 102, 274, 275;
+    the war of 1812, 102, 322;
+    policy of the Federalists, 102;
+    the Non-intervention Act, 102;
+    indispensability of cotton in Europe, 266;
+    "neutralized" commerce of, 267;
+    proposal that Louis XVIII acquire a kingdom in, 271;
+    alleged seizure of French vessels by, 274;
+    the Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809, 274;
+    prohibition of commercial intercourse with England and France, 274;
+    seizure of ships by England, 275;
+    Lucien attempts to escape to, 277;
+    chafing under restrictions of commerce, 318;
+    crippled commerce of, 321;
+    declares war against England, 378;
+    naval successes of, 378;
+    Moreau summoned from, 407; iv. 2;
+    _N._ plans escape to, 219, 220;
+    Hamilton's treasury system, 259;
+    the independence of, 261;
+    the war for independence, 297;
+    wars with England, 300, 301;
+    popular interest in _N._ in, 300, 301;
+    expansion of constitutional law, 301;
+    growth of, 301;
+    _N.'s_ influence in, 301;
+    the slavery question in, 301.
+    _See also_ =America=.
+
+  =University of Berlin=, iii. 103.
+
+  =University of France=, ii. 228; iii. 89.
+
+  =Ural Mountains=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.
+
+  =Urbino=, annexed to Italy, iii. 68, 118.
+
+  =Uscha, River=, military operations on the, iii. 340.
+
+  =Ussher, Capt.=, conveys _N._ to Elba in the "Undaunted," iv. 140, 141.
+
+  =Usury=, the curse and its cure in France, ii. 219; iii. 76, 77.
+
+  =Utizy=, military movements near, iii. 344.
+
+
+V
+
+  =Valais=, declared an independent commonwealth, ii. 233;
+    Chateaubriand French representative in, 260;
+    scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266;
+    separated from Switzerland, 278;
+    independence of, 278;
+    annexed to the French empire, 278.
+
+  =Valeggio=, _N.'s_ narrow escape at, i. 393.
+
+  =Valençay=, the Spanish captives at, iii. 148, 168, 261.
+
+  =Valence=, _N._ joins his regiment at, i. 67;
+    _N.'s_ life at, and visits to, i. 66-82, 125, 134, 141, 145, 149,
+      150, 154-158, 184, 223;
+    the garrison at, and people of, 143;
+    obsequies of Mirabeau at, 153, 154;
+    friends of the Constitution in, 155;
+    reception of _N._ and Elisa at, 184;
+    occupied by Carteaux, 215;
+    death of Pius VI at, ii. 39;
+    burial of Pius VI at, 216;
+    meeting of _N._ and Augereau near, iv. 138.
+
+  =Valencia=, massacre of the French at, iii. 154;
+    Moncey advances on, 156;
+    French defeat before, 159;
+    captured by Suchet, 289;
+    temporary French government at, 377.
+
+  =Valenciennes=, evacuation of, i. 222.
+
+  =Valenza=, military operations near, i. 358.
+
+  =Valetta=, French plot to seize, ii. 18;
+    the sword of, given to Paul I, 154.
+
+  =Valjouan=, Victor drives the Austrians from, iv. 71.
+
+  =Valladolid=, captured by the French, iii. 132;
+    French success near, 156;
+    French communications at, 157;
+    _N._ at, Jan. 6, 1809, 189.
+
+  =Valmaseda=, Blake driven back to, iii. 184.
+
+  =Valmy=, defeat of the allies at, i. 194.
+
+  =Valtellina, the=, quarrel between the Grisons and, ii. 11;
+    incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 40.
+
+  =Vandamme, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386-388;
+    dread of _N._, iii. 93;
+    in battle of Eckmühl, 209;
+    at Linz, 216, 225;
+    relieved by Lefebvre, 225;
+    strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324;
+    commanding division in Eugène's army, 393;
+    junction of Danish troops with, 407;
+    captures Hamburg, 407;
+    goes to Davout's assistance, 413;
+    in battle of Dresden, iv. 8-10;
+    at Pirna, 8-10;
+    pursues the allies, 10;
+    battle of Kulm, 15;
+    captured at Kulm, 15;
+    character, 15;
+    in the Waterloo campaign, 169-173;
+    advances toward Fleurus, 180;
+    battle of Ligny, 181.
+
+  =Vandeleur, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210.
+
+  =Vanne, River=, iv. 105.
+
+  =Var, River=, military operations on the, ii. 160, 165, 170, 171, 174.
+
+  =Vatican=, relations of Paoli with the, i. 16.
+
+  =Vauban=, disgrace of, i. 332;
+    eulogized by Carnot, 333.
+
+  =Vaubois, Gen.=, service in the Alps, i. 347;
+    defeated by Davidowich, 387, 388, 392;
+    service in Egypt, ii. 53.
+
+  =Vauchamps=, battle of, iv. 64.
+
+  =Vaud=, revolutionary outbreak in, ii. 27, 40;
+    French intervention in, 40;
+    Alexander forbids the restoration of, iv. 68.
+
+  =Vaux=, submission of Carlo Buonaparte to, i. 31.
+
+  =Venaissin, the=, annexed to France, i. 422.
+
+  =Vendée, la=, civil war, massacres, and royalist plots in, i. 207,
+      213, 222, 234, 249, 276, 305, 325, 449; ii. 91, 143, 146, 240,
+      241; iv. 102, 166, 218;
+    reinforcements for the Army of Italy from, i. 387;
+    _N._ conciliates, ii. 146;
+    revulsion of feeling against the Bourbons in, iv. 146;
+    _N._ seeks to rouse imperial feeling in, 220.
+
+  =Vendémiaire=, the 13th of, 301-305; ii. 22.
+
+  =Vendetta, the=, i. 10-15.
+
+  =Vendôme, Column of=, erection of the, iii. 74;
+    placard on the, iv. 158.
+
+  =Venetia=, neutrality violated by Beaulieu, i. 361;
+    jealousy between Venice and other towns of, 427;
+    coveted by Austria, 428;
+    the revolutionary movement in, 436;
+    the mainland ceded to Austria, 438;
+    the oligarchy of, 444;
+    French military operations in, ii. 13;
+    France's acquisitions in, 21;
+    incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 21;
+    plunder of, 38;
+    surrender to Austria, 38;
+    _N._ threatens to seize, 389;
+    incorporated with Italy, 395, 405;
+    admitted to the Concordat, iii. 118.
+    _See also_ =Venice=.
+
+  =Venetian Alps=, road to Vienna through the, i. 342.
+
+  =Venetian Republic=, political status in 1796, i. 345.
+
+  =Venice=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95;
+    Austria's ambitions in, 325, 424; ii. 357, 363;
+    military operations against (1796), i. 357;
+    Beaulieu violates neutrality of, 371-373;
+    treaty with Austria, 371;
+    decadence and downfall of, 371, 451;
+    at _N.'s_ mercy, 373;
+    resents violations of territory, 401;
+    _N.'s_ violation of neutrality of, 427;
+    the humiliation of, 427-429;
+    the Golden Book of, 428, 429, 436;
+    pillage in, 427, 445; ii. 16;
+    Kilmaine's military watch on, i. 431;
+    revolution in, 435, 445-447;
+    concludes negotiations with _N._, 436-438;
+    acquires Bologna, Ferrara, and the Romagna, 438;
+    _N._ forbidden to interfere with, 441;
+    loss of independence, 441-446;
+    fires on French ship, 443;
+    _N._ "an Attila to," 443;
+    _N._ declares war against, 443;
+    the oligarchy of, 444;
+    attempts to bribe _N._, 445;
+    treaty between France and (1797), 446;
+    the new republic of, 446;
+    loses independence, 446, 447;
+    French occupation of, 445-447;
+    letter from _N._ to the provisional government, 447;
+    _N.'s_ characterization of the Venetians, 447;
+    _N._ offers the republic to Austria, 446;
+    _N._ reproached for the overthrow of, ii. 5;
+    Lallemant's propaganda in, 10, 11;
+    Junot's demands on the senate, 11;
+    dismemberment of, 16;
+    the Directory's ambition for the conquest of, 16;
+    ceded to Austria, 21;
+    the last doge of, 24;
+    destruction of the "Bucentaur" at, 24;
+    destruction of naval stores at, 24;
+    seeks to continue war with Austria, 24;
+    dragged into war by _N._, 144;
+    election of Pius VII at, 206;
+    _N._ threatens to seize, 361;
+    surrendered to France, 391;
+    Pius VII refuses to extend the Concordat to, iii. 68;
+    ceded to France, 109;
+    appropriations for the harbor, 109;
+    _N._ at, Nov., 1808, 128;
+    interview between Joseph and _N._ at, 129-132;
+    basis of possible Oriental operations, 332.
+    _See also_ =Venetia=; =Venetian Republic=.
+
+  =Ventimiglia=, seized by Masséna, i. 243.
+
+  =Vercelli=, Melas proposes to attack _N._ via, ii. 174.
+
+  =Verdier=, success at Logroño, iii. 156;
+    occupies Aragon, 155.
+
+  =Verdun=, abandoned by the enemy, i. 186;
+    imperial troops at, iv. 102.
+
+  =Verhuel=, Dutch commissioner to Paris, ii. 397.
+
+  =Verona=, _N._ at, i. 399;
+    French occupation of, 372;
+    military operations near, 379, 380, 388-392, 410-414;
+    insurrection in, 436, 442, 443;
+    disarmament of, 442.
+
+  =Veronese Vespers, the=, i. 436, 442.
+
+  =Versailles=, meetings of the Estates at, i. 96, 107;
+    luxury in, 151;
+    the Parisian mob at, 151;
+    prison massacres in, 188;
+    Macdonald's guard at, ii. 108;
+    _N._ retires to, after his divorce, iii. 257;
+    Souham delivers his army prisoners at, iv. 126, 127.
+
+  =Vicenza=, military operations before, i. 387;
+    creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.
+
+  =Victor, Gen. C. P.=, attacks Provera at La Favorita, i. 415;
+    watches Rome, 431;
+    reinforces Lannes at Casteggio, ii. 176;
+    commanding corps at Marengo, 176-182;
+    service in the Army of England, 291;
+    battle of Heilsberg, iii. 29;
+    battle of Friedland, 30-32;
+    created Duke of Belluno, 86;
+    yearly income, 87;
+    character, 93;
+    _N.'s_ opinion of, 93;
+    at Amurrio, 183;
+    defeated by Wellesley at Talavera, 236;
+    strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324;
+    ordered to advance east from the Niemen, 347;
+    in retreat from Moscow, 359 et seq.;
+    effects junction with Saint-Cyr, 361;
+    checks Wittgenstein, 361;
+    abandons Vitebsk, 361;
+    driven back, 366;
+    at the crossing of the Beresina, 366-372;
+    ordered to hold back Wittgenstein, 369;
+    defeated by Wittgenstein at Borrissoff, 369;
+    division commander under Eugène, 393;
+    in campaign of 1813, 402;
+    relieves Glogau, 413;
+    battle of Dresden, iv. 8-10;
+    guarding roads from Bohemia, 18;
+    battle of Leipsic, 28, 31, 32;
+    assigned to defense of the Rhine, 54;
+    ordered to Nogent, 62;
+    junction with Macdonald at Montereau, 64;
+    abandons Nogent, 64;
+    driven back to Nangis, 65;
+    drives the Austrians from Valjouan, 71;
+    fails to capture Montereau, 71-73;
+    moral exhaustion of, 71-73;
+    degraded, but restored to favor, 72;
+    commanding portion of the Young Guard, 72;
+    battle of Craonne, 78.
+
+  =Victor Amadeus=, king of Sardinia, i. 244, 352;
+    guards Lombardy, 342;
+    checkmated by _N._, 355;
+    death of, 336;
+    relationship to Louis XVIII, 355, 356.
+
+  ="Victory," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 373, 374.
+
+  =Vienna=, plans for French advance on, i. 385;
+    Austria opposes _N.'s_ advance to, 426;
+    combined movements on, 430 et seq.;
+    the peace party in, 437;
+    rejoicing in, at treaty of Leoben, 439;
+    Gen. Clarke's mission to, 451;
+    rejoicings in, over treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 22;
+    Gen. Clarke forbidden to enter, 42;
+    dread of revolutionary sentiment in, 42;
+    attack on the French embassy (1798), 43;
+    flight of Ferdinand III to, 87;
+    _N.'s_ plans to subdue, 163;
+    _N._ sends peace commissioner to, 186;
+    court intrigues at, 189;
+    Moreau advances toward, 192;
+    Stuart British envoy to, 302;
+    _N._ threatens, 361, 378;
+    French treachery at, 369;
+    the French enter, 367-369, 378;
+    Talleyrand at, 382;
+    Pozzo di Borgo's mission at, ii. 445;
+    Andréossy's mission at, 443;
+    French influence in, iii. 22;
+    decree of, May 17, 1809, 118;
+    belligerent tone at, 165, 178, 193, 195;
+    effect of _N.'s_ and Alexander's remonstrances at, 167, 168;
+    Metternich goes to, 193;
+    defensive measures for, 203;
+    _N.'s_ march on, after Eckmühl, 212;
+    capitulation of, 212;
+    _N.'s_ characterization of its inhabitants, 213;
+    Charles's plan to free, 216;
+    proposed French retreat toward, 222;
+    _N.'s_ army around, 226;
+    consternation at rumored Franco-Russian marriage, 251;
+    French soldiers nursed in, 254;
+    marriage of Maria Louisa at, 254-257;
+    pro-Russian party in, 313, 314;
+    characterization of _N._ in, 415;
+    England's diplomacy in, 417;
+    Francis fears a French invasion of, iv. 3;
+    Congress of, 144, 145, 162, 164;
+    news of _N.'s_ escape in, 162.
+
+  =Vienna Coalition, the=, iv. 164, 251.
+
+  =Vigo=, Villeneuve at, ii. 359.
+
+  =Villach=, _N._ enters Germany at, i, 434;
+    Eugène and Macdonald at, iii. 217.
+
+  =Villanova=, military operations at, i. 389.
+
+  =Villefranche=, expedition against Corsica from, i. 189.
+
+  =Villeneuve=, _N._ at, iv. 105.
+
+  =Villeneuve, Adm.=, in the battle of the Nile, ii. 63;
+    commanding at Toulon, 332;
+    proposed naval expedition for, 333;
+    escapes from Toulon, and returns, 333;
+    ordered to the West Indies, 334;
+    character, 333, 358, 371-375;
+    returns to European waters, 358;
+    his combined fleet at Ferrol and Corunna, 359;
+    at Vigo, 359;
+    disheartened, 359;
+    dissatisfied with his fleet, 359, 371, 372;
+    encounter with Calder, 359, 371;
+    ordered to relieve Rochefort and Brest, 359;
+    retreats to Cadiz, 359, 370, 371;
+    fails to appear in the Channel, 362;
+    chased by Nelson to the West Indies and back, 370;
+    retreat to Ferrol, 371;
+    orders for Mediterranean cruise, 372;
+    remonstrates against his orders, 372;
+    _N._ prepares to supersede, 372;
+    tries to evade disgrace, 372;
+    battle of Trafalgar, 373-375;
+    interview with _N._, 375;
+    his suicide, 375.
+
+  =Villetard=, French republican agent in Venice, i. 445.
+
+  =Vilna=, _N._ in, iii. 331-335;
+    Barclay de Tolly's army confronting, 335;
+    the French retreat through, 370, 372;
+    _N.'s_ incognito journey through, 375;
+    Kutusoff enters, 383;
+    Alexander goes to, 383.
+
+  =Vimeiro=, defeat of Junot at, iii. 157-159.
+
+  =Vincennes=, the trial and execution of the Duc d'Enghien at,
+      ii. 305, 306, 308-310; iii. 196.
+
+  =Vincent, Gen.=, Austrian representative at Erfurt, iii. 178, 193.
+
+  =Visconti=, "Greek Iconography," iv. 219.
+
+  =Vistula, River, the=, _N.'s_ conquests west of, ii. 437;
+    plan of campaign on, 441;
+    bridging of, iii. 2, 3;
+    French positions on, 7;
+    attempt to drive the French across, 28;
+    proposed boundary line on, 36;
+    military operations on, 117, 393, 396;
+    Alexander promises assistance to Prussia on, iii. 320;
+    the French army reaches, 330;
+    French advance to the Niemen from, 337;
+    Murat's position on, untenable, 385;
+    Schwarzenberg retreats across, 385;
+    threatened expulsion of the French from, 416;
+    French garrisons on, iv. 35;
+    _N._ entertains hopes of returning to, 63, 66, 69.
+
+  =Vitebsk=, its strategical position, iii. 338;
+    _N._ at, 338;
+    military movements near, 339, 364;
+    French garrison in, 341;
+    the French abandon, 361.
+
+  =Vitoria=, Dupont ordered to, iii. 128;
+    Ferdinand VII at, 143;
+    French forces at, 183;
+    battle of, 420.
+
+  =Vitrolles=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 98, 106, 108;
+    captured with Weissenberg at St. Dizier, 104.
+
+  =Vitry=, military movements near, iv. 58, 91, 93, 94;
+    Prussian occupation of, 95;
+    French troops at, 102.
+
+  =Vives, Gen.=, besieges Barcelona, iii. 184.
+
+  =Vivian, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210.
+
+  =Volga, River, the=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209;
+    Cossacks of, iii. 9.
+
+  =Volhynia=, Austrian troops in, iii. 331, 338;
+    Bagration's position in, 335.
+
+  =Völkermarkt=, Archduke John at, iii. 317.
+
+  =Volney, Constantin F. C.=, espouses the Corsican cause, i. 120, 121;
+    _N.'s_ friendship with, 163; ii. 97, 335;
+    member of the senate, 151.
+
+  =Voltaire=, on the character of Paoli, i. 18;
+    _N.'s_ study of, 78; ii. 256; iv. 231;
+    his "Essay on Manners," i. 150;
+    on the Hohenzollern territories, ii. 442;
+    performance of his "Oedipe" at Erfurt, iii. 172.
+
+  =Voltri=, military operations at, i. 353.
+
+  =Vorarlberg=, Kray's retreat via, cut off, ii. 166;
+    ceded to Bavaria, 391.
+
+  =Vosges Mountains, the=, proposed boundary for Germany, iii. 320;
+    the allies turn the line of, iv. 57, 58;
+    supposed retreat of Schwarzenberg to, 86;
+    reported rising in, 88;
+    _N._ urges guerrilla risings in, 90.
+
+  =Voss, Countess=, attendant on Queen Louisa, iii. 60.
+
+
+W
+
+  =Wachau=, battle of, iv. 27-30.
+
+  =Wagram=, Charles's advance toward, iii. 218;
+    battle of, 225-232; iv. 173;
+    French demoralization after, iii. 231;
+    doubtful honors of, 231, 232;
+    _N.'s_ position after, 232;
+    position of Francis after, 232;
+    Berthier created Prince of, 256.
+    _See also_ =Berthier=.
+
+  =Walcheren=, the English expedition to, iii. 237, 253, 270, 272, 284.
+
+  =Walewska, Countess=, _N.'s_ amours with, iii. 11;
+    visits _N._ at Elba, iv. 142.
+
+  =Walhain=, Gérard at, iv. 192;
+    Grouchy at, 192, 213.
+
+  =Wallachia=, dismissal of the Turkish viceroy of, ii. 440, 441;
+    alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55;
+    Russian evacuation of, 64;
+    Russian ambition to possess, 98, 115, 116, 176, 310;
+    Russian occupation of, 99, 105;
+    Alexander demands possession of, 105;
+    _N._ offers to offset Moldavia and, against Silesia, 106, 108, 113;
+    proposed evacuation of Prussia for that of, 108;
+    Alexander's fear of losing, 248;
+    Russia threatened with the loss of, 314.
+
+  =Wallenstein=, scene of his overthrow by Gustavus Adolphus, iii. 404.
+
+  =War=, _N.'s_ aphorisms, theories, and plans of, i. 346-349;
+      ii. 268; iii. 202;
+    barbarity in, ii. 70;
+    thirst for, in France, 93;
+    the art of, 180.
+
+  =Warens, Mme. de=, memoirs of, i. 76.
+
+  =Warfare=, progress in methods of, i. 394, 395;
+    in Napoleonic times, ii. 178-180.
+
+  =Warsaw= (city), Louis XVIII living in, ii. 239;
+    Polish national movement in, ii. 444;
+    the Russians driven from, iii. 1, 2;
+    French occupation of, 6-11;
+    frivolity in, 10;
+    _N.'s_ amours in, 11;
+    _N._ offers to evacuate, 167;
+    proposition that Russia occupy, 177, 178;
+    Archduke Ferdinand to march against, 199;
+    captured by Archduke Ferdinand, 201;
+    Polish troops at, 203;
+    reoccupied by Poniatowski, 212;
+    offered to Prussia, 225;
+    attitude of the Poles in, 313;
+    Jesuit influence in, 31;
+    proposition to make it capital of a Saxon province, 328;
+    _N._ in, 331;
+    the Diet begs the restoration of Poland, 331;
+    Schwarzenberg evacuates, 385;
+    Russian occupation of, 385;
+    proposed new capital for Prussia, 409.
+
+  =Warsaw, Grand Duchy of=, creation of, iii. 56, 64, 73;
+    acquires Prussian territory, 62;
+    new constitution for, 67;
+    _N._ seeks to add Silesia to, 106, 108, 113;
+    Alexander's jealousy of, 108;
+    _N._ promises to evacuate, 113;
+    fortification of, 117, 165;
+    acquires New Galicia, 239;
+    territorial acquisitions, 244, 310;
+    pro-Russian party in, 311;
+    Alexander proposes to accept the crown of, 311;
+    military operations in, 322;
+    open to invasion, 329;
+    _N.'s_ incognito journey through, 375;
+    interview between _N._ and De Pradt at, 375, 382;
+    Russian invasion of, 385;
+    _N._ refuses to give up, 392;
+    reft from Saxony, 394;
+    in Russian possession, 399;
+    threatened dismemberment of, 409, 423;
+    proposed extinction of, 415;
+    _N.'s_ scheme in, 298.
+
+  =Washington, George=, comparison of Paoli with, i. 18;
+    death of, ii. 147;
+    admiration of France for, 147;
+    statue at the Tuileries, 147;
+    festival in honor of, 147, 148;
+    compared with _N._, 148;
+    declares the neutrality of the United States (1793), 212.
+
+  =Waterloo=, the advantage of position at, ii. 179;
+    the Prussian pursuit after, iii. 210;
+    _N.'s_ attempt at suicide after, iv. 131;
+    _N.'s_ reminiscences of, 175;
+    Wellington indicates the battle-ground, 178;
+    the controversial literature of, 186;
+    the battle-field, 189 et seq.;
+    character of the French troops at, 196;
+    Wellington's headquarters at, 195;
+    the plans of battle, 197;
+    the battle, 199 et seq.;
+    application of the name to the battle, 212;
+    review of the battle, 212 et seq.;
+    political spoils, 214;
+    moral effect on the Emperor, 216;
+    the news in Paris, 216;
+    _N.'s_ monograph on, 232;
+    _N.'s_ delay at, 267;
+    epic character of, 288;
+    effect on the world, 289.
+
+  =Waterloo Campaign=, parallel between campaign in Piedmont and, iv. 170.
+
+  =Wavre=, military operations at, iv. 182, 184, 187, 191-195, 214.
+
+  =Wealth=, _N._ on, i. 137.
+
+  =Weapons of war in 1796=, i. 349.
+
+  =Wehlau=, military movements near, iii. 30.
+
+  =Weimar=, dissension in the Prussian camp at, ii. 429;
+    fighting at, 431;
+    meetings of _N._ with Goethe and Wieland at, iii. 72, 73, 176.
+
+  =Weimar, Grand Duchess of=, entertains _N._, iii. 174.
+
+  =Weirother, Col.=, at Austerlitz, ii. 381.
+
+  =Weissenberg, Gen.=, captured near St. Dizier, iv. 104.
+
+  =Weissenburg=, battle of, i. 273;
+    the French position at, ii. 365.
+
+  =Weissenfels=, taken by Bertrand, iv. 35.
+
+  =Weissensee=, narrow escape of Frederick William III at, ii. 436.
+
+  =Wellenburg=, acquired by Würtemberg, ii. 391.
+
+  =Wellesley, Sir Arthur=, takes command of operations in Portugal,
+      iii. 122;
+    enters Portugal, 157;
+    defeats Junot at Vimeiro, 157;
+    recalled to England and vindicated, 186;
+    expels the French from Portugal, 236;
+    prepares for invasion of Spain, 236;
+    battle of Talavera, 236;
+    withdraws before Soult, 237;
+    created Duke of Wellington, 265;
+    _See also_ =Wellington, Duke of=.
+
+  =Wellesley, Lord=, succeeds Canning as prime minister, iii. 272;
+    Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 284;
+    reinforces the army in Portugal, 284;
+    succeeded by Castlereagh, 378.
+
+  =Wellington, Duke of= (_see also_ =Wellesley, Sir Arthur=), effect
+      of Moore's spirit on, iii. 189;
+    holds Portugal, 283;
+    reinforced by Lord Hill, 283;
+    battle of Talavera, 284, 287;
+    battle of Busaco, 284;
+    retreat down the Mondego, 284;
+    constructs the lines of Torres Vedras, 285, 286;
+    battle of Ocaña, 287, 288;
+    difficult position at Lisbon, 288;
+    character, 288, 289;
+    summons famine to his aid, 289;
+    advances into Spain, 289;
+    battles of Albuera and Fuentes de Onoro, 289;
+    retreats to Portugal, 289;
+    recaptures Almeida, 289;
+    attacked by Lord Liverpool, 288;
+    on Masséna's stand, 289;
+    battle of Salamanca, 290;
+    storming of Badajoz, 290, 319;
+    captures Ciudad Rodrigo, 290, 319;
+    advances on the Duero, 290;
+    period of inactivity, 290;
+    returns to Portugal, 290;
+    resumes the offensive, 290;
+    between two fires, 290;
+    demoralization of his army, 291;
+    moves against Madrid, 290;
+    defeats Marmont at Salamanca, 377;
+    withdraws to the Portuguese frontier, 377;
+    hampered by English political situation, 377, 378;
+    reverses in the Peninsula, 392;
+    battle of Vitoria, 420;
+    threatens France, 420;
+    successes in Spain, 420, 423;
+    Spain rises to support, iv. 40;
+    on the war in Spain, 52;
+    signs conditions with _N._, 52;
+    succeeds Castlereagh at Congress of Vienna, 145, 169;
+    proposes to deport _N._ to St. Helena, 145;
+    recalled by Lord Liverpool, 149;
+    desires to take the field, 169;
+    military genius, 169;
+    plan of campaign of the Hundred Days, 169;
+    dissatisfaction with his troops, 169;
+    _N.'s_ position with regard to Blücher and, 171;
+    influence over troops, 172;
+    relative strength in Waterloo campaign, 172;
+    awaits developments, 172;
+    reminiscences of Waterloo, 173, 178;
+    relations with Blücher, 176;
+    interview between the Duke of Richmond and, at the ball, 178;
+    indicates the battle-ground at Waterloo, 178;
+    concentration of his troops, 178, 179;
+    criticizes Blücher's tactics, 181;
+    meeting with Blücher at Bry, 180;
+    battle of Quatre Bras, 181-188;
+    conversation with Col. Bowles, 184;
+    retreat to Mont St. Jean, 185, 189;
+    _N._ determines to attack, 185;
+    apprehended junction of Blücher and, 187, 190;
+    his choice of position, 189 et seq., 193, 196, 213;
+    proposes to fall back to Brussels, 190;
+    strength at Waterloo, 190;
+    Blücher promises support, 190;
+    Grouchy aims to prevent union between Blücher and, 192;
+    his resolution to give battle in front of Soignes, 192;
+    his center at Mont St. Jean, 195;
+    Gneisenau's doubt of his standing at Waterloo, 194;
+    lack of confidence in the Dutch-Belgian troops, 195;
+    headquarters at Waterloo, 195;
+    lines of retreat, 195, 214;
+    the plan of Waterloo, 197;
+    battle of Waterloo, 199 et seq.;
+    repeated calls for Blücher, 204;
+    stories of his anxiety, 207;
+    his conduct of the Waterloo campaign, 213;
+    faint-hearted coöperation with Blücher, 213;
+    restores Louis XVIII, 220;
+    danger of _N.'s_ surrender to, 323;
+    share in the reconstruction of France, 225;
+    alleged attempt to assassinate, 234.
+
+  =Wels=, Russian troops at, ii. 367.
+
+  =Wereja=, capture of the French garrison of, iii. 350.
+
+  =Werneck, Gen.=, capture of his division at Nördlingen, ii. 367.
+
+  =Werther=, _N._ compared to, i. 81.
+
+  =Wesel=, ceded to France, ii. 390;
+    French garrison at, 404, 416, 424;
+    demand for its restoration to Prussia, 422.
+
+  =Weser, River=, French occupation of the coast near, iii. 266;
+    territory on, offered to Sweden, 399.
+
+  =Western Empire=, accomplishment of _N.'s_ dream of, iii. 73;
+    an end to the dreams of, 422.
+
+  =West Indies, the=, scheme for populating, ii. 236;
+    English blockade of the French fleet in, 257;
+    Jerome Buonaparte in, 257;
+    England watches French policy concerning, 267;
+    France looks to her power in, 280;
+    _N.'s_ ambitions in, 289;
+    French squadrons ordered to, 333;
+    Nelson enticed to, 358;
+    _N.'s_ ambitions in, iii. 308.
+
+  =Westphalia=, military movements in, ii. 425;
+    organization of the kingdom of, iii. 56, 62;
+    Jerome king of, 73, 279;
+    war indemnity exacted from, 78;
+    levy of troops in, 132, 322-324;
+    sequestration of Frederick William's estates in, 162;
+    insurrection in, 225;
+    Schill's failure in, 233;
+    scheme to incorporate part with France, 266;
+    French occupation of, 307;
+    French influence in, 423;
+    flight of Jerome to France, iv. 40.
+
+  =West Prussia=, Lestocq's retreat through, ii. 435.
+
+  =Whitbread, Samuel=, on the French Revolution, ii. 144.
+
+  ="White Terror," the=, i. 277; iv. 222.
+
+  =Whitworth, Lord=, character, ii. 267;
+    ambassador to Paris, 266, 276;
+    evades declaration of England's Maltese policy, 273;
+    summoned to the Tuileries, Feb. 17, 1803, 280-282;
+    at consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280-282;
+    his attitude, 284, 285;
+    on _N.'s_ reception of April 4, 284;
+    reports on France's naval preparations, 284;
+    publication of his despatches in England, 284;
+    _N.'s_ declarations to, on subject of invading England, 290;
+    a diplomatic method of, iii. 418.
+
+  =Wiazma=, battle of, iii. 350.
+
+  =Wieland, C. M.=, interview with _N._ at Wiemar, iii. 174;
+    decorated at Erfurt, 176;
+    estimate of _N.'s_ influence, 322.
+
+  =Wilberforce, William=, deprecates war with France, ii. 285.
+
+  =Willach= (Carinthia), ceded to France, iii. 239.
+
+  =Willenberg=, military movements near, iii. 13.
+
+  =William, Prince= (of Prussia), mission to Paris, iii. 178;
+    in battle of Waterloo, iv. 205.
+
+  ="William the Conqueror," by Duval=, ii. 350.
+
+  =Willot, Gen.=, proposes to destroy the Directory, ii. 78;
+    suspected of plotting against _N._, 303.
+
+  =Wilson, Sir Robert=, endeavors to reorganize the Russian army, iii. 351.
+
+  =Wintzengerode=, captures Soissons, iv. 77;
+    defeated near St. Dizier, 95.
+
+  =Wischau=, junction of Austrian and Russian troops at, ii. 379.
+
+  =Wittau=, military operations near, iii. 227.
+
+  =Wittenberg=, captured by Davout, ii. 436;
+    French forces at, iii. 393;
+    French occupation of, iv. 2;
+    military movements near, 14.
+
+  =Wittgenstein, Gen.=, in the Russian campaign, iii. 341;
+    menaces the French left, 350;
+    resumes offensive against Saint-Cyr, 359;
+    checked by Victor and Saint-Cyr, 361;
+    pursuit of the French army, 366, 383;
+    Victor ordered to hold back, 368;
+    at the passage of the Beresina, 370;
+    defeats Victor at Borrissoff, 370;
+    bad generalship of, 374, 383, 384;
+    losses in the Russian campaign, 383;
+    fails to cut off Macdonald's retreat, 384;
+    commanding the allied army, 403;
+    the battle of Lützen, 405;
+    loses his command, 411;
+    commanding Army of the East, iv. 3;
+    battle of Leipsic, 29;
+    driven from Nangis, 72.
+
+  =Wkra, River=, bridging of the, iii. 2.
+
+  =Wolkousky, Prince P. M.=, in military council with Alexander I, iv. 98.
+
+  =Women=, _N.'s_ attitude toward, and ideas concerning, i. 138, 143,
+      256, 311, 317, 448; ii. 197, 198, 255; iii. 326, 327;
+    education of, ii. 225, 226;
+    demands of German social custom on, iii. 259, 260.
+
+  =Wrede, Gen.=, in campaign of Eckmühl, iii. 206;
+    movements before Ratisbon, 209;
+    defeated by Hiller at Erding, 212;
+    battle of Wagram, 229;
+    reaches Vilna, 373;
+    commanding Bavarian troops, iv. 35.
+
+  =Wright, Capt.=, lands the Cadoudal conspirators in France, ii. 297, 298;
+    Savary suspected of complicity in death of, 412.
+
+  =Wurmser, Gen.=, _N.'s_ operations against, i. 350;
+    sent to reinforce Beaulieu, 357;
+    military genius, 378;
+    marches to relief of Mantua, 378 et seq.;
+    operations on Lake Garda, 381-383;
+    attempts to succor Mantua, 383, 384;
+    operations on the Brenta, 384;
+    advance-guard captured at Primolano, 384;
+    defeated at Bassano, 384;
+    demoralization of his army, 384;
+    makes ineffectual sally from Mantua, 392;
+    besieged in Mantua, his defense and surrender, 406-418;
+    _N.'s_ generosity to, 417, 418.
+
+  =Würtemberg=, makes peace with France (1796), i. 385, 450;
+    grants to the Grand Duke of, ii. 265;
+    relations with Russia, 266;
+    French march through, 363;
+    friendly relations with and subservience to France, 377, 402; iii. 279;
+    created an independent kingdom, ii. 391, 398;
+    acquires territory after Austerlitz, 391;
+    member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 402, 403;
+    supplies contingents to _N.'s_ armies, ii. 404; iii. 3, 322, 324, 394;
+    Maria Louisa's progress through, iii. 256;
+    allotment of Austrian lands to, 266;
+    turns from _N._ to the allies, iv. 40;
+    position in Germany, 298.
+
+  =Würtemberg, Princess Catherine of=, marries Jerome Napoleon,
+      iii. 93, 94.
+
+  =Würzburg=, seized by Jourdan, i. 385;
+    reported French occupation of, ii. 420;
+    _N.'s_ base, 424;
+    French forces at, iii. 393.
+
+
+Y
+
+  ="Yamacks," the=, iii. 162.
+
+  =Yarmouth, Lord=, negotiates for peace, ii. 400, 401, 404.
+
+  =Yelin=, author of "Germany in her Deepest Humiliation," ii. 417.
+
+  =Yermoloff, Gen.=, pursuit of the French army by, iii. 383.
+
+  =Yonne, River=, military operations on the, iv. 116, 157.
+
+  =York, Duke of=, besieges Dunkirk, i. 222;
+    defeated by Brune at Bergen, ii. 93, 323;
+    capitulates at Alkmaar, 93.
+
+  =York, Gen.=, in correspondence with Alexander I, iii. 384;
+    concludes convention of Tauroggen, 385, 392, 395;
+    nominally degraded, 385;
+    desertion of the French cause, 393;
+    his action approved by the Estates of eastern Prussia, 397;
+    battle of Bautzen, 410;
+    battle of Leipsic, iv. 30;
+    reinforces Blücher at Montmirail, 63;
+    held by Mortier, 74;
+    routs Marmont at Athies, 79;
+    quits Blücher's army, but returns, 80.
+
+  ="Young Guard,"= the, iii. 222;
+    battle of Lützen, 405;
+    battle of Dresden, iv. 9;
+    ordered to Bautzen, 18;
+    at Dresden, 21;
+    under command of Ney, 72;
+    Victor commanding portion of, 72;
+    "melts like snow," 78;
+    _N._ reviews, 117;
+    battle of Waterloo, 205.
+
+
+Z
+
+  =Zaborowski=, _N._ seeks service with, i. 217.
+
+  =Zach, Gen.=, in battle of Marengo, ii. 180.
+
+  =Zacharias, Pope=, on kingly power, ii. 325.
+
+  =Zamosc=, held by the French, iii. 402.
+
+  =Zampaglini=, Corsican patriot brigand, i. 139.
+
+  =Zante=, France's jealous care of, ii. 32.
+
+  =Zealand=, French occupation of, iii. 270;
+    _N.'s_ offer to exchange it for Hanseatic towns, 270.
+
+  =Zembin=, the Emperor's retreat through, iii. 370.
+
+  =Ziethen, Gen. J. J.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172;
+    at Charleroi, 173;
+    at Fleurus, 173, 174;
+    battle of Waterloo, 204, 205.
+
+  =Zittau=, French advance from Dresden to, iv. 6;
+    Blücher's road to, blocked by Lauriston, 8.
+
+  =Znaim=, military operations near, ii. 367;
+    Kutusoff's retreat to, 379;
+    Charles withdraws toward, iii. 230;
+    fighting at, 230;
+    French repulse at, 235;
+    the armistice of, 241, 251.
+
+  =Zorndorf=, battle of, iv. 267.
+
+  =Zürich=, the plundering of, ii. 40;
+    battles of, 93, 141;
+    Army of the Reserve ordered to, 164, 169;
+    Masséna's victory at, 323.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, by 
+William Milligan Sloane
+
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