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diff --git a/34781-h/34781-h.htm b/34781-h/34781-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ef182f --- /dev/null +++ b/34781-h/34781-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,12477 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + + <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + +<title>AN AUSTRALIAN BIRD BOOK - A Pocket Book for Field Use, BY J. A. LEACH, M.Sc.</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + body {margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + div.tab {margin-left: 5em; margin-right: 5em; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; border: 1px dashed #eeeeee; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 3em;} + table.tn {background-color: #ffffee; color: #000000; width: 80%;} + table {width: auto;} + table.index {width: auto; margin-left: 10em;} + th {padding-top: 1.5em; text-align: left;} + td {text-align: left; padding-left: 1em; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: top;} + td.left {text-align: left; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 1em; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal;} + td.right {text-align: right; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1em; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal;} + td.right1 {text-align: right; padding-right: 0.2em; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal;} + td.note {text-align: left; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; border: 1px dashed #dddddd; padding: 3em;} + blockquote {text-align: justify; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; font-size: 1em;} + ul.index { font-size: 0.9em; margin-left: 5%; list-style-type: none;} + ul.index1 { margin-left: 5%; list-style-type: none;} + .sc {font-variant: small-caps;} + h1 {font-size: 250%; text-align: center;} + h2 {font-size: 200%; text-align: center;} + h3 {font-size: 150%; text-align: center; padding-top: 1em;} + h4 {font-size: 125%; text-align: center;} + h5 {font-size: 100%; text-align: center;} + p {text-align: justify; font-size: 1.0em;} + p.center {text-align: center;} + p.right {text-align: right; margin-right: -2em;} + p.right1 {text-align: right; margin-right: -2.5em;} + p.left {text-align: left; margin-left: -2.5em; margin-bottom: -3.5em;} + p.note {font-size: 1em; margin-left: 2em;} + p.note1 {font-size: 0.9em; margin-left: 2em;} + p.author {text-align: right; margin-top: -1em;} + p.spacer {margin-top: 2em;} + .ind {margin-left: 5em;} + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt; text-indent: 0; color: #bbbbbb; background: inherit;} + hr.full {text-align: center; width: 80%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 10%; margin-left: 10%; width: 80%;} + div.center {text-align: center;} + .figcenter {padding-right: 1em; padding-left: 1em; font-size: 0.9em; padding-bottom: 1em; margin: 0px; padding-top: 1em; text-align: center; background: transparent;} + .poem {margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 30%; margin-right: 5%; text-align: left; font-size: 1.0em;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em;} + .poem p {padding-left: 3em; margin: 0px; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + + a:link {color: blue; background: inherit; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;} + a:visited {color: #ff00ff; background: inherit; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;} + a:hover {color: blue; background: inherit; text-decoration: none;} + a:active {color: #ff00ff; background: inherit; text-decoration: underline;} + + a.index1:link {color: blue; background: inherit; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;} + a.index1:visited {color: #ff00ff; background: inherit; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;} + a.index1:hover {color: blue; background: inherit; text-decoration: none;} + a.index1:active {color: #ff00ff; background: inherit; text-decoration: underline;} + + a.ask:link {color: blue; background: inherit; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;} + a.ask:visited {color: blue; background: inherit; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;} + a.ask:hover {color: blue; background: inherit; text-decoration: none;} + a.ask:active {color: blue; background: inherit; text-decoration: underline;} + +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Australian Bird Book, by John Albert Leach + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: An Australian Bird Book + A Pocket Book for Field Use + +Author: John Albert Leach + +Illustrator: C. C. Brittlebank + +Release Date: December 29, 2010 [EBook #34781] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN AUSTRALIAN BIRD BOOK *** + + + + +Produced by Lesley Halamek, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, +Mark Orton (for the Formatting Template), and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<table class="tn" summary="tn" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 3em;"> +<tr> + <td class="note"> + <a name="note" id="note"></a> + + <h4>Transcriber's Note:</h4> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="note">From 'Wikipedia':</p> + +<p>"Dr John Albert Leach (19 March 1870 - 3 October 1929) was an ornithologist, teacher and headmaster in the state of Victoria, Australia.</p> + +<p>Leach was born in Ballarat, Victoria and educated at Creswick Grammar School (where he was dux), Melbourne Training College (1890) +and the University of Melbourne, where he graduated B.Sc. in 1904, M.Sc. in 1906 and in 1912 obtained his doctorate for research in ornithology.</p> + +<p>Leach was a regular writer and broadcaster on natural history subjects and introduced it into the school curriculum. +He was President of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) 1922-1924 and Editor of its journal The Emu 1914-1924 and 1928-1929. +He was a member of the British Ornithologists Union and a corresponding fellow of the American Ornithologists Union. +Leach was also member of the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria.</p> + +<p>He was instrumental in founding the Gould League of Bird Lovers in 1909 with Jessie McMichael. He is best known as the author of An Australian Bird Book, +the first edition of which was published in 1911, and of Australian Nature Studies in 1922. He also part-authored a series of Federal Geography books, +and worked on the Official Checklist of the Birds of Australia second and revised edition, published by the RAOU in September 1926.</p> + +<p>Leach had been preparing two books before his death, one of these was a collection of weekly radio broadcasts he made on 3LO in the mid 1920s....</p> + +<p>Among his contributions to ornithology was the relationship between the Australian Magpie, butcherbirds and currawongs in the family Cracticidae, +now sunk as a subfamily into Artamidae.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="spacer">This book is a field guide. The pages were divided vertically, with the +tabular matter on the top half, and the Lecture on the bottom half of +the page.</p> + +<p>The ebook has been re-arranged so that the separate parts have a +smoother flow. The top parts of the pages have been left intact, but +the bottom parts have been collected together and moved, so that +the Lecture text for each ORDER precedes the tabular listing and +descriptions for that ORDER.</p> + +<p>The only exception is for ORDER XXI.</p> + +<p>ORDER XXI.—Perching-Birds—contains 11,500 species, more than +three-fifths of the world's 19,000 birds. It has been arranged into +sets of suitable groups of FAMILIES, to make it easier to access.</p> + +Visible page numbers have been omitted from the Lecture sections, +but the Lecture page numbers are still accessible through the blue clickable links in the General INDEX. + +<p>NAMES RECENTLY AMENDED (located after the INTRODUCTION).</p> + +<p>It seems important to have these new names available, so they have +been added to (e.g.)</p> + +<p><b>20 Slate-breasted Rail</b> ....</p> + +<p>as [~20 <i>Rallus pectoralis</i>.]</p> + +<p>so:</p> + +<p><b>20 Slate-breasted Rail</b> (Short-toed), Lewin Water-Rail, + <i>Eulabeornis (Hypotaenidia) brachypus</i>, A., T., Auckland Is. + =vt. Eur. Water-Rail.<br /> + [~20 <i>Rallus pectoralis</i>.]</p> + +<p>See also the explanatory notes in the PREFACE, and in the PREFACE TO +THE SECOND EDITION.</p> + +<p>"The number at the right side of the page is the length of the bird in +inches (from the tip of bill to the tip of tail)." ...</p> + +<p style="margin-bottom: 2.5em;">so:</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p class="i4"><b>2<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Mallee-Fowl</b>, Lowan, Native Pheasant, Pheasant (e), + <i>Leipoa ocellata</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right1">Stat. r. <i>mallee scrubs</i> 24</p> + +<p>Like a small turkey; neck light fawn-gray; back, wings spotted + white, black, brown; f., smaller. <br /> + Seeds, ants.</p> + +<p style="margin-top: 2.5em;">This means there is one genus of Mallee-Fowl in the world, and it is found only in Australia. +It is listed in this book as Bird number 2, which has a colored illustration, indicated by the asterisk, * (a clickable link +to the relevant colored illustration), +</p> + +<p>It is stationary (not migratory), rarely seen, lives in mallee scrubs, +and is 24" long.</p> + +<p>It resembles a small turkey; its neck is light fawn-gray; its back +and wings are spotted white, black, and brown; the female is smaller; and it feeds on seeds and ants.</p> + +<p class="spacer">Click on a bird illustration to link to an enlargement.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p style="margin-top: 2.5em;">Note (From NOTE following "PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION."):</p> + + <p>A.—Australian Region (from Wallace's Line to Sandwich Islands + and New Zealand, see map p. 10).</p> + +<p>'Sandwich Islands' is an old name for Fiji.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The use of hyphens was not necessarily consistent throughout this book. +In some instances there are subtle differences in meaning.</p> + +<p>Some Australian/British spellings (e.g. coloured, defence, draught, +grey, learnt, lustre, etc.) have been retained, though color/colored +and gray are more prevalent. The Author has used various resources.</p> + +<h4 style="margin-top: 3em;">Errata:</h4> + +<p>A missing line on Page 25 (<i>in italics</i>)</p> + +<p class="note1">(Their wings are paddles, being flattened and devoid of quills. +<i>The wings are not folded, but are carried hanging awkwardly at</i> the side.)</p> + +<p><span class="ind">was restored from a different Edition on Google Books</span><br /> +<span style="font-size: 0.8em;">(http:// books.google.com/books?id=Rn3uthhODo8C&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25).</span></p> + +<p>Sundry damaged or missing punctuation has been repaired, and a few +index entries have been amended.</p> + +</td></tr></table> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/icover.jpg" width="300" height="463" alt="" border="0" /></div> + +<a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a> +<div class="figcenter" style="margin-top: 5em;"><a href="images/i002-800.png"><img src="images/i002t-300.png" width="300" height="516" alt="2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 16 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>2</b> Mallee-Fowl<br /> + <b>3</b> Stubble Quail<br /> + <b>4</b> Brown Quail</td> + <td><b>6</b> King Quail<br /> + <b>8</b> Painted Quail<br /> + <b>11</b> Plain Wanderer</td> + <td><b>14</b> Diamond Dove<br /> + <b>16</b> Bronzewing Pigeon</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2 style="margin-top: 5em;">AN AUSTRALIAN BIRD BOOK</h2> + +<h3>A Pocket Book for Field Use</h3> + +<h5>BY</h5> + +<h3>J. A. LEACH, M.Sc.</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>First-class Honorman and University Exhibitioner and Scholar in Biology; +Organizing Inspector of Nature Study, Education Department, Victoria; +Member of the Council of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union; +Vice-President of the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria; &c.</i></p> + +<h4>With Introduction by</h4> +<h3>FRANK TATE, M.A., I.S.O.</h3> + +<h4><i>Director of Education, Victoria.</i></h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Published by arrangement with the Education Department +of Victoria.</i></p> + +<h3>SECOND EDITION</h3> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i003-200.jpg" width="200" height="201" alt="Company seal" /></div> + + +<h4>MELBOURNE</h4> +<h5>Christchurch, Wellington, Dunedin, N.Z., and London.</h5> +<h3>WHITCOMBE & TOMBS LIMITED</h3> +<h5>1912</h5> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/004.png" width="200" height="109" alt="The Queen City Printers" /></div> + +<p><i>Illustrations from Specimens (318) in the National Museum, +Melbourne; the balance mostly from Specimens in the Entomological +Museum, C. French (59), and in the collections of A. Coles, +Taxidermist, (36), C. F. Cole, and D. Le Souëf. Twenty-two birds +were photographed from Gould's "Birds of Australia," five from +drawings specially prepared by C. C. Brittlebank, the well-known +naturalist-artist, and one from the Report of the Horn Expedition.</i></p> + +<p><i>Photos by Ralph L. Miller.</i></p> + +<p><i>Engravings by Patterson Shugg & Co., from Paintings +by Miss Ethel M. Paterson.</i></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page1" id="page1"></a>1</span> + +<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3> + +<p>Nature-study in our schools is fast producing a generation of +Australians trained to look upon the characteristic beauties +of our Australian skies, our trees, our flowers, our birds with +a passionate appreciation almost unknown to our pioneering +fathers and mothers. It was natural that newcomers from +the Old World should have been impressed, and often unfavorably +impressed, by the oddness of things here. Rural +sights to them had hitherto been sights of trim meadows +bordered by neat hedgerows, of well-cultivated fields and comfortable +farmsteads, or of stately homes set in fair gardens +and far-reaching parks of magnificently-spreading trees. What +wonder, then, that they were at first almost repelled by the +strangeness and unfamiliarity of their new surroundings! +How could eyes accustomed to the decided greens and to the +somewhat monotonous shapeliness of the trees in an English +summer landscape find beauty all at once in the delicate, +elusive tints of the gum trees, or in the wonderfully decorative +lines of their scanty boughs and light foliage shown clear +against a bright sky? And so a land which is eminently a +land of color, where the ever-present eucalypts give in their +leaves every shade from blue-grays to darkest greens; where +the tender shoots show brilliantly in bright crimson, or duller +russets, or bright coppery-gold; and where tall, slender stems +change slowly through a harmony of salmon-pinks and pearl-grays, +has been called a drab-colored land. Even now, the +beauty of the gum tree is not sufficiently appreciated by Australians, +and we see all too few specimens in our suburban +gardens. For an appreciation of the decorative effect of our +young blue gums, we must go to the Riviera or to English +conservatories.</p> + +<p>Australia has suffered greatly from phrase-makers. There +is still much popular belief that our trees are shadeless, our +rivers are waterless, our flowers are scentless, our birds are +songless. Oddities in our flora and fauna have attracted the +notice of superficial observers, and a preference for epigrammatic +perfection, rather than for truthful generalization, has +produced an abundance of neatly-expressed half-truths, which +have been copied into popular literature, and even into school +books. Our English-bred poet, Gordon, writes of lands—</p> + +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"Where bright blossoms are scentless,</p> +<p>And songless, bright birds."</p> + </div> </div> + +<p>and these lines are remembered better than his description in +the same poem of Spring—</p> + +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"When the wattle gold trembles</p> +<p class="i2">'Twixt shadow and shine,</p> +<p>When each dew-laden air draught resembles</p> +<p class="i2">A long draught of wine."</p> + </div> </div> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page2" id="page2"></a>2</span> + +<p>It is true that we have scentless, bright blossoms; but Australia +is the home of the richly-perfumed wattle, and the +boronia, with its never-cloying fragrance; while there is, perhaps, +no forest more odorous than a forest of eucalypts. It +is true, too, that we have bright birds that have no excellence +in song; but it is also true that, in this favored land, there is a +far greater proportion than usual of fine song-birds.</p> + +<p>The first generations of Australians were not taught to love +Australian things. We "learned from our wistful mothers to +call Old England home." Our school books and our story +books were made in Great Britain for British boys and girls, +and naturally they stressed what was of interest to these boys +and girls. We read much about the beauty of the songs of +the Lark, and the Thrush, and the Nightingale, but we found +no printed authority for the belief that our Magpie is one of +the great song-birds of the world; we read of the wonderful +powers of the American Mocking-Bird, and did not know that +our beautiful Lyrebird is a finer mimic; we learned by heart +Barry Cornwall's well-known poem on "The Storm Petrel," +and did not know that one of the most interesting of Petrel +rookeries is near the harbor gate of Melbourne; and I remember +well a lesson I heard as a boy on the migration of birds, in +which the teacher took all of his illustrations from his boyish +experiences in the South of England, and gave us no idea that +the annual migration of our familiar Australian birds to far-off +Siberia is a much more wonderful thing.</p> + +<p>But all this is being rapidly changed. In the elementary +schools Nature-study is steadily improving, and children +are being given an eye for, and an interest in, the +world of Nature around them. Our school books are +now written from the Australian standpoint, and more +use can, therefore, be made of the child's everyday experience. +Field Naturalists' clubs are doing much to extend +the area of specialized Nature-study, and their members are +giving valuable assistance to the schools by taking part in the +programs for Arbor Day, Bird Day, and the like. The +growing interest in the Australian fauna and flora is further +evidenced by the frequent reservations by Government of desirable +areas as national parks and sanctuaries for the preservation of +Australian types. Last, but not least, is the production by capable +Nature students of special books on some form of Nature-study, +such as this Bird Book by Mr. Leach.</p> + +<p>To our parents, Australia was a stranger land, and they were +sojourners here. Though they lived here, they did not get close +enough to it to appreciate fully its natural beauty and its charm. +To us, and especially to our children, children of Australian-born +parents, children whose bones were made in Australia, the place is +home. To them Nature makes a direct appeal, strengthened by +those most powerful of all associations, those gathered in childhood, +when the foundations of their minds were laid. The +English boy, out on a breezy down, may feel an exaltation of soul +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" id="page3"></a>3</span> +on hearing a Skylark raining down a flood of delicious melody +from far up at heaven's gate, but his joy is no whit greater than +his who hears, in the dewy freshness of the early morning, the +carol of the Magpie ringing out over an Australian plain. To +those who live in countries where the winter is long and bitter, +any sign that the genial time of flowers is at hand is very welcome. +All over the countryside the first call of the Cuckoo, +spring's harbinger, arouses the keenest delight in expectant listeners. +This delight is, however, more than mere delight in the +bird's song. And to those brought up with it year by year there +comes a time when the call of the Cuckoo stirs something deep +down below the surface of ordinary emotion. It is the resultant +of multitudes of childhood experiences and of associations with +song and story. I first heard the Cuckoo in Epping Forest one +delicious May evening four years ago. It charmed me, but my +delight was almost wholly that of association. All the English +poetry I knew was at the back of the bird's song. Here in +Australia we have no sharply-defined seasons, yet I find myself +every spring listening eagerly for the first plaintive, insistent call +of the Pallid Cuckoo. For me his song marks another milestone +passed.</p> + +<p>Marcus Clarke wrote of the Laughing Jackasses as bursting +into "horrible peals of semi-human laughter." But then +Marcus Clarke was English-bred, and did not come to Australia +till he was eighteen years old. It makes all the difference +in our appreciation of bird or tree or flower to have known +it as a boy. I venture to think no latter-day Australian who +has grown up with our Kookaburra can have any but the +kindliest of feelings for this feathered comedian. For myself, +I confess that I find his laughter infectious, and innumerable +times he has provoked me into an outburst as hearty and as +mirthful as his own. More than half of our pleasure is due +to the fact that the bird is</p> + +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"The same that in my schoolboy days I listened to."</p> + </div> </div> + +<p>and to such a one we can say—</p> + +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"I can listen to thee yet,</p> +<p class="i2">Can lie upon the plain</p> +<p>And listen, till I do beget</p> +<p class="i2">That golden time again."</p> + </div> </div> + +<p>It is time that we Australians fought against the generally +received opinion that the dominant note of our scenery is weird +melancholy. This is the note sounded mainly by those who +were bred elsewhere, who came to us with other associations +and other traditions, and sojourned among us. It will not be +the opinion of the native-born when they find appropriate +speech.</p> + +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"Whence doth the mournful keynote start?</p> +<p>From the pure depths of Nature's heart?</p> +<p>Or, from the heart of him who sings,</p> +<p>And deems his hand upon the strings,</p> +<p class="i4">Is Nature's own?"</p> + </div> </div> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" id="page4"></a>4</span> + +<p>This little book should do much to popularize bird-study and +to spread a knowledge of our common birds among our people. +I hope devoutly that an effort will be made to give them suitable +names. We should give them names a poet or a child +can use. A Chaucer poring lovingly over his favorite flower, +the daisy, could call it by a name which is itself full of poetry. +Even the unimaginative clown, Nick Bottom, could sing of</p> + +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"The Ouzel Cock, so black of hue,</p> +<p class="i2">With orange-tawny bill,</p> +<p>The Throstle with his note so true,</p> +<p class="i2">The Wren with little quill,</p> +<p>The Finch, the Sparrow, and the Lark,</p> +<p class="i2">The plain-song Cuckoo gray."</p> + </div> </div> + +<p>And a Burns can invoke the Throstle in lines as musical as the +song of the bird itself—"And thou mellow mavis, that hails +the night-fa'."</p> + +<p>But how shall an Australian bard sing of "The Red-rumped +Acanthiza," or of that delightful songster, "The Rufous-breasted +Thickhead"? Australian Nature-poetry will be handicapped +until our children give names like "Bobolink," and +"Chickadee," and "Whip-poor-will," and "Jacky Winter," to our +birds.</p> + +<p>"Oriel," in the <i>Argus</i>, some time ago, showed how hard it is +to write of love's young dream in Australian verse.</p> + +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"Sweetheart, we watched the evening sky grow pale,</p> +<p class="i2">And drowsy sweetness stole away our senses,</p> +<p>While ran adown the swamp the Pectoral Rail,</p> +<p class="i2">The shy Hypotaenidia philippinensis.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"How sweet a thing is love! Sweet as the rose,</p> +<p class="i2">Fragrant as flowers, fair as the sunlight beaming!</p> +<p>Only the Sooty Oyster-Catcher knows</p> +<p class="i2">How sweet to us, as there we lingered dreaming.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Dear, all the secret's ours. The Sharp-tailed Stint</p> +<p class="i2">Spied, but he will not tell—though you and I</p> +<p>Paid Cupid's debts from Love's own golden mint,</p> +<p class="i2">While Yellow-Bellied Shrike-Tits fluttered nigh.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"The Honey-eaters heard; the Fuscous—yea,</p> +<p class="i2">The Warty-faced, the Lunulated, too;</p> +<p>But this kind feathered tribe will never say</p> +<p class="i2">What words you said to me, or I to you.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"The golden bloom was glorious in the furze,</p> +<p class="i2">And gentle twittering came from out the copses;</p> +<p>It was the Carinated Flycatchers,</p> +<p class="i2">Or else the black Monarcha melanopsis.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"That day our troth we plighted—blissful hour,</p> +<p class="i2">Beginning of a joy a whole life long!</p> +<p>And while the wide world seemed to be in flower,</p> +<p class="i2">The Chestnut-rumped Ground-Wren burst forth in song."</p> + </div> </div> + +<p>It surely would not be amiss if the Bird Observers' Clubs +throughout Australia, and the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' +Union, enlisted the aid of the State Education Departments, +and endeavored to find out what names the children use +for the birds of their district. Executive committees upon +bird names are good; but a good name is not evoked by arguments +in committee. It ofttimes comes from the happy +inspiration of some child who loves the bird. At present the +names given by classifiers are often an offence. A few evenings +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" id="page5"></a>5</span> +ago I was charmed with an unaccustomed song coming +from out a big pittosporum tree in my garden at Kew. I took +careful note of the little warbler, and then consulted Mr. Leach's +<i>Descriptive List</i>. Judge of my satisfaction when I found that +my little friend was "The Striated Field Wren or Stink Bird"!</p> + +<p>The Australian boy is responding splendidly to the Nature-study +movement. Bird observers tell me that shy native birds, +formerly unknown near the haunts of men, are making their +appearance, feeling safer now from molestation. Nest hunting +for the sake of egg spoliation is happily becoming rarer, +although children are developing keener eyes for nests. To-day +every country school has its nests under loving observation +for the purposes of bird-study and of bird-protection. +Walt Whitman might have been describing many a Victorian +school boy when he wrote—</p> + +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"And every day the he-bird, to and fro, near at hand,</p> +<p>And every day the she-bird, crouched on her nest, silent, with bright eyes,</p> +<p>And every day, I, a curious boy, never too close, never disturbing them,</p> +<p>Cautiously peering, absorbing, translating."</p> + </div> </div> + +<p>This loving study must bear good fruit. If we believe the +scientific men, Australia is, <i>par excellence</i>, the land of birds, +song-birds, plumage-birds, and birds of wonderful interest, +such as the Satin Bower Bird. The collection of Australian +birds in our National Museum at Melbourne is certainly one of +the finest sights of the city, and it should be studied by all who +wish to know how favored this continent is in bird distribution. +But we must get to know and to love our feathered friends. +Mr. Leach in his lecture has dwelt sufficiently on the economic +and scientific value of bird-study. Let me enter a plea for +bird-study as a source of æsthetic pleasure. Before our Australian +birds can be to us what the Thrush and the Blackbird and +the Linnet and the Lark and the Nightingale are to the British +boy, we must have a wealth of association around them from song +and story. And this association must grow up with us from +childhood if it is to make the strongest appeal to us. It can +rarely be acquired in later life. British birds owe much to the +poets for the charm that surrounds them. When I heard the +Nightingale in England, although I had no association with it +gathered from my boyhood's days, I heard more than the bird's +song. I was listening to Keats and Wordsworth and Shakespeare +as well. There is something very fine in the thought +that such bird songs go on for ever, that these immortal birds +are "not made for death," that</p> + +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"The voice I hear this passing night was heard</p> +<p>In ancient days by emperor and clown:</p> +<p>Perhaps the self-same song that found a path</p> +<p>Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,</p> +<p>She stood in tears amid the alien corn."</p> + </div> </div> + +<p>The Nightingale's song, as a bird song, I thought disappointing. +I remember having the same feeling with regard to the +Thrush and Blackbird. The charm of their songs is largely +in the associations they evoke. Our city children are now growing +up in familiarity with these two birds, which are becoming as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" id="page6"></a>6</span> +common in our gardens as in England. And wherever they go +they carry so much that is fine in literature with them. But +there has not yet been time for our native birds to endear themselves +to us. And so we hear only their song. Wise Shakespeare +says—</p> + +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"How many things by season seasoned are</p> +<p>To their right praise and true perfection."</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>* * * + * * *</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"The Nightingale, if she should sing by day,</p> +<p>When every goose is cackling, would be thought</p> +<p>No better a musician than the Wren."</p> + </div> </div> + +<p>He knows that to the song of the bird must be its appropriate +setting, and that when Nature has done her part there is still +much to be supplied by ourselves.</p> + +<p>The outlook is, however, a hopeful one. Nature-study is +bringing our boys and girls into kindlier relationships +with our birds; suitable popular names will be forthcoming +for them; our poets will sing of them; our nursery +rhymes and our children's tales will tell of them; and the time +will come when even the birds now trying so hard to sing their +way into our hearts, while cursed with the names of "Rufous-breasted +Thickhead" and "Striated Field Wren or Stink Bird," +will mean to an Australian what "the Throstle with his note so +true" and "the Wren with little quill" do to an Englishman.</p> + +<p>Mr. Leach's valuable little book is a powerful contribution +to this much-to-be-desired result.</p> + +<p class="author">FRANK TATE.</p> + +<h3>NAMES RECENTLY AMENDED</h3> + +<h4><span class="sc">By Gregory Mathews.</span></h4> + +<h4><i>The following were not included in the text.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">The numbers 70, 74, and so on refer to the numbers of the birds.</p> + +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>20 <i>Rallus pectoralis.</i></p> +<p>65-66 <i>Genus Thalasseus.</i></p> +<p>70 <i>Sterna fuscata.</i></p> +<p>74 <i>Catharacta.</i></p> +<p>75 <i>C. parasitica.</i></p> +<p>76 <i>Morinella interpres.</i></p> +<p>80 <i>Lobibyx novae hollandiae.</i></p> +<p>82 <i>Squatarola squatarola.</i></p> +<p>83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i></p> +<p>90 <i>Hypsibates</i></p> +<p>95 <i>Numenius minutus.</i></p> +<p>96 <i>Limosa baueri.</i></p> +<p>97 <i>L. melanuroides.</i></p> +<p>98 <i>Tringa hypoleuca.</i></p> +<p>99 <i>T. nebularia.</i></p> +<p>100 <i>Arenaria leucophaea.</i></p> +<p>101 <i>Erolia ruficollis.</i></p> +<p>102 <i>E. aurita.</i></p> +<p>103 <i>E. ferruginea.</i></p> +<p>104 <i>Canutus canutus.</i></p> +<p>105 <i>C. magnus.</i></p> +<p>110 <i>Choriotis australis.</i></p> +<p>111 <i>Mathewsia rubicunda.</i></p> +<p>114 <i>Egatheus falcinellus.</i></p> +<p>117 <i>Egretta plumifera.</i></p> +<p>118 <i>E. timoriensis.</i></p> +<p>121 <i>E. nigripes.</i></p> +<p>122 <i>Demigretta sacra.</i></p> +<p>124 <i>Ixobrychus pusillus.</i></p> +<p>126 <i>Chenopis atrata.</i></p> +<p>132 <i>Tadorna tadornoides.</i></p> +<p>134 <i>Nettion castaneum.</i></p> +<p>139 <i>Nyroca australis.</i></p> +<p>140 <i>Oxyura australis.</i></p> +<p>142-146 <i>Genus, Carbo.</i></p> +<p>157 <i>Astur cirrhocephalus.</i></p> +<p>171 <i>Ieracidea berigora.</i></p> +<p>172 <i>I. orientalis.</i></p> +<p>179-183 <i>Genus, Tyto.</i></p> +<p>185-187 " <i>Glossopsitta.</i></p> +<p>191 " <i>Callocephalon.</i></p> +<p>192-194 " <i>Cacatöes.</i></p> +<p>195 <i>Licmetis tenuirostris.</i></p> +<p>196 <i>Calopsitta novae-hollandiae.</i></p> +<p>198 <i>Polytelis anthopeplus.</i></p> +<p>208 <i>Neophema chrysostoma.</i></p> +<p>213 <i>Lathamus discolor.</i></p> +<p>225 <i>Eurostopodus albigularis.</i></p> +<p>228 <i>Apus pacificus.</i></p> +<p>229 <i>Cuculus pallidus.</i></p> +<p>232 <i>Misocalius palliolatus.</i></p> + </div> </div> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" id="page7"></a>7</span> + +<h3>PREFACE.</h3> + +<p>This little volume is intended as a pocket book for field use, +so that the many teachers, nature-students, nature-lovers, +schoolboys, schoolgirls, and boy scouts, who like to "<i>see</i> what +they <i>look at</i>," may be able to name the birds they meet.</p> + +<p>The first step towards knowing the birds is a <i>desire</i> to know +them; this will grow if a person is interested; so our first business, +as in all nature-study work, is to arouse <i>interest</i>. Interest +follows at once, as we have often found, if a person realizes +that what is about him or her is worthy of study.</p> + +<p>To arouse this necessary interest, a lecture on Australian birds +is given in such a form that it may be repeated, if desired.</p> + +<p>The second requisite is a handy descriptive list of the birds +that are likely to be seen. This has been written in simple language, +so that the schoolboy and non-expert can use it.</p> + +<p>Thus, our aims are two:—</p> + +<p>1. To show that Australian birds are of interest.</p> + +<p>2. To supply, in a convenient form, a list of the birds which +are likely to be seen, and the marks by means of which +they may be identified.</p> + +<p>This little book contains illustrations and descriptions of—</p> + +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>100% of the birds found in Victoria.</p> +<p>92.5% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Australia.</p> +<p>87.3% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tasmania.</p> +<p>82.5% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New South Wales.</p> +<p>78.16%.. .. .. .. .. .. .. W. Australia (S. and C.).</p> +<p>78.15%.. .. .. .. .. .. .. Queensland.</p> + </div> </div> + +<p>The balance of those found in each of the other States is made +up mainly of birds closely related to those of which illustrations +are given, or of very rare birds restricted to a small area.</p> + +<p>The families of the birds of the world have been included, so +that the observer can see where the bird he is observing is +placed amongst the world's birds. He will also be enabled to +place near its Australian relatives birds he reads about. The +Australian birds only are grouped in orders.</p> + +<p>Mr. H. Wilson, Nature-study Lecturer, Training College, superintended +the painting of the birds, and saw the book through the +press.</p> + +<p><i>A Hand-List of Birds</i>: Dr. Sharpe; and <i>A Hand-List of the +Birds of Australasia</i>: Gregory M. Mathews, have been followed +for classification and distribution.</p> + +<p>But for the interest of the Minister of Education, the Hon. A. +A. Billson, and the Director, Mr. F. Tate, M.A., I.S.O., this little +book would not have been possible. Further, Mr. Billson suggested +the colored illustrations, while Mr. Tate has written the +introduction, read the proof-sheets and assisted at all stages.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" id="page8"></a>8</span> + +<h4>PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.</h4> + +<p>In response to requests from beginners, a table has been added +on page 190. This table shows the page on which a bird of a +certain size may be found.</p> + +<p>Pending the completion by the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' +Union of its official <i>Check-list of the Birds of Australia</i>, +the scientific names have been left as in the first edition.</p> + +<h4>NOTES.</h4> + +<p>Where one number is placed over another at the left side of the +page, the lower number denotes the number of species of that +genus found in the world; the upper denotes the number of species +found in Australia and Tasmania.</p> + +<p>The number at the right side of the page is the length of the +bird in inches (from the tip of bill to the tip of tail).</p> + +<p>The families of birds known are numbered consecutively, thus, +F. 11, F. 12, and so on. The number after a family name denotes +the number of species recorded from Australia and Tasmania. +The distribution of the species of each family amongst the six +zoogeographical regions is shown thus:</p> + +F. 17. COLUMBIDAE (2), WOOD PIGEONS, Passenger-Pigeon, +Rock-Dove, 119 sp.—41(40)A., 25(17)O., +18(10)P., 19(17)E., 4(0)Nc., 24(20)Nl. + +<p>This should read: Family number 17 of the world's birds, +<b>COLUMBIDAE</b> (two of which are found in Australia and Tasmania) +contains the Wood Pigeons, including the Passenger-Pigeon +(of North America) and the Rock-Dove (of Europe). It +comprises 119 species, of which 41 are found in the Australian +Region, 40 of them being confined to this region; 25 are found in +the Oriental Region, 17 being confined to it; 18 are found in the +Palaearctic Region, 10 of which are not found outside the region; +19 have been recorded from the Ethiopian Region, 17 being peculiar +to that region; 4 have been recorded from the Nearctic +Region, none of which is restricted to the region; 24 have been +recorded from the Neotropical Region, 20 being peculiar to it.</p> + +<p>The name in black type is the name accepted by the Australasian +Association for the Advancement of Science in 1898, and +amended by the "names" sub-committee of the Royal Australasian +Ornithologists' Union, 1911. This name should be used to +denote the bird. Many local names are given, so that a person +knowing a bird by one of these may discover its proper name.</p> + +<p>A.—Australian Region (from Wallace's Line to Sandwich +Islands and New Zealand, see map p. 10).</p> + +<p>O.—Oriental (Indian) Region (India to Wallace's Line).</p> + +<p>P.—Palaearctic Region (Europe, N.W. Africa, and Northern and +Western Asia, except Arabia).</p> + +<p>E.—Ethiopian Region (Arabia and Africa, except N.W.).</p> + +<p>Nc.—Nearctic Region. ("<i>The A.O.U. Check-List of North +American Birds, 1910</i>" has been followed in making this +North America, less Mexico).</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" id="page9"></a>9</span> + +<p>Nl.—Neotropical Region (South America, with Mexico).</p> + +<p>A.O.U.—American Ornithologists' Union; R.A.O.U—Royal Australasian +Ornithologists' Union.</p> + +<p>A. denotes found throughout Australia; E.A. denotes found in +Queensland, N.S.W., and Victoria; S.A. denotes South Australia; +C.A. denotes Central Australia; W.A. denotes Western Australia; +N. Ter.—Northern Territory; Mal.—Malaysia; Mol.—Molucca Is.; +N. Cal.—New Caledonia; N. Heb.—New Hebrides; N.G.—New +Guinea; N.Z.—New Zealand; Br.—British; T.—Tasmania.</p> + +<p>Nom.—Nomadic; Mig.—Migratory; Part. Mig.—Partly Migratory; +Stat.—Stationary; exc.—except; acc.—accidental.</p> + +<p>C.—common; v.c.—very common; r.—rare; v.r.—very rare; +u.—unlikely that the ordinary observer will see it.</p> + +<p>* means see colored illustration.</p> + +<p>f.—female; m.—male; f., sim.—f. is similar in color and size.</p> + +<p>=vt. Eur. denotes that the Australian bird is closely similar in +form, habits, &c., to the corresponding European bird.</p> + +<p>=vt. cos. denotes that it is the equivalent or representative of +a cosmopolitan group of birds.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>6* King Quail</b> (Chestnut-bellied, Least, Dwarf), reads +"No. 6 (see colored illustration) is the King Quail, +called also the Chestnut-bellied Quail, Least Quail, +and Dwarf Quail. Four of this genus are known in +the world, of which one is found in Australia."</p> + +<p>(e) denotes that a name is used in error.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>A Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler is about 4 in. long; a White-eye, +4.5 in.; a Sparrow, 5 in.; a House-Swallow, 6.5 in.; a Sordid Wood-Swallow, +7 in.; a Black and White Fantail, 7.5 in.; a Starling, +8.5 in.; a Harmonious Shrike-Thrush, 9.5 in.; a Noisy Miner, 10 in.; +a Magpie-Lark, 10.5 in.; a Butcher-Bird, 11 in.; a Pallid Cuckoo, +12 in.; a Rosella, 12.5 in.; a Galah, 14 in.; a Wattle-Bird, 14.5 in.; +a Laughing Kingfisher, 17.5 in.; a White-backed Magpie, 18 in.; and +a Crow, 20 in. (measured from the tip of tail to the tip of bill).</p> + +<p>Don't try to judge a bird's length in inches.</p> + +<p>Note one or two prominent markings, and the size of a bird; +say, larger than a Starling, but smaller than a Magpie-Lark. +Then get the length of these birds from the table above +(8½ in. and 10½ in. respectively), and compare the description +of each bird that comes between these lengths with +the illustrations and the bird before you. The birds are approximately +relative size on each block.</p> + +<p>Use the index to find the page of a bird, then use the number, +if asterisked, to find the bird in the colored plate index.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" id="page10"></a>10</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i014-1500.jpg"><img src="images/i014-600.jpg" width="600" height="354" alt="THE WORLD Showing REGIONS - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page11q" id="page11q"></a></span> + +<h1 style="margin-top: 3em;"><span class="sc">An Australian Bird Book.</span></h1> + +<hr /> + +<h2>A LECTURE.</h2> + +<p>Australia is the wonderland of the scientist and of the Nature-lover. +It is a great living "museum," stocked with marvels of +many kinds, including so-called "living fossils," the sole survivors +of otherwise extinct groups of animals.</p> + +<p>Competent authorities have proposed to divide the world, +biologically, into two parts—Australia and the rest of the world, +and they have considered Australia the more important part.</p> + +<p>This division was based mainly on the study of mammals—animals +which suckle their young—for Australia is the home of the +two surviving members of the lowest group of mammals—Monotremata, +the egg-laying Platypus (<i>Ornithorhynchus</i>), and the +Spiny Ant-eater (<i>Echidna</i>). Further, marsupials, except for +two kinds found in America, are confined to this long-isolated +southern land.</p> + +<p>Here, shut off from the severe competition experienced by +the animals of northern lands, marsupials were modified so that +they were adapted for life in almost every realm utilized by the +higher mammals of other countries. Thus there are herbivorous, +carnivorous, and insectivorous marsupials. Owing, probably, +to the advent of Bats—true flying mammals—at, possibly, a +comparatively early time, the marsupial was beaten in the +air, and so a true flying form was not evolved, though the +so-called "Flying Phalanger" is some distance on the way.</p> + +<p>As regards the other group of flying animals—birds—Australia +is even of greater interest, for here are found unique archaic +forms of life, such as the Emu, Cassowary, Mound-Builders, +and Lyre-Birds, and "every widely-spread family of birds but +two is represented; the only widely-spread families of birds +totally absent from Australia are Woodpeckers and Vultures." +Woodpeckers, however, have crossed Wallace's line into Celebes +and adjacent islands, and may yet reach Australia naturally.</p> + +<p>Further, many well-known birds, such as Pigeons, Parrots, +and Kingfishers, reach their highest development in the Australian +region, and, more important still, the whole bird world +seems to reach its culminating point in this wonderland. It +is a factor adding to the interest of Australia's fauna +that three of the four families placed at the head of the +bird world in the natural system of classification adopted +by ornithologists, and used by Dr. Sharpe in his just recently completed +<i>Hand-List of Birds</i>, should be absolutely confined to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page12q" id="page12q"></a></span> +the Australian Continent and adjacent islands. Thus Australia +can justly claim to be the most highly developed of +regions, so far as birds are concerned, for Bower-Birds, Birds of +Paradise, and Bell-Magpies (<i>Streperas</i>) are peculiar, while the +penultimate family—the Crow family—is shared with the other +regions of the world.</p> + +<p>Thus, with regard to birds, the term "fossil continent" applied +to Australia is not appropriate, as it is but partly true.</p> + +<p>Since the birds native to Australia are so interesting in themselves, +and are so varied in kind, Australians should know, love, +and jealously protect these beautiful creatures. Strict regulations +should be framed to prevent the exploitation of Nature's +gifts by those who destroy useful or precious and rare birds for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page13q" id="page13q"></a></span> +the sake of gain. Even collectors, who, under the guise of +scientific work, collect eggs, and kill birds to trade in their skins, +should be supervized.</p> + +<p>Let us now consider the different groups of birds. Living +birds were formerly divided into two sub-classes—(1) <i>Ratitae</i> +(Lat., <i>ratis</i>, a raft), and (2) <i>Carinatae</i> (Lat., <i>carina</i>, a +keel). +The first is the small group of flightless, running birds, made up +of five living birds, all inhabiting southern lands. These are +the Emu and Cassowary of Australia, the Ostrich of South Africa, +the Rhea or South American Ostrich, and the Kiwi or Apteryx of +New Zealand. Taken together with other evidence, all pointing +in the same way, these birds have led scientists to think of a +great southern land mass connecting the southern lands, for the +Emu did not fly here, nor did the Rhea fly to South America, but +they must have reached their present home by a land-bridge not +necessarily complete at any one time. As these birds do not fly, +they have no big wing-muscles, and so do not need the ridge +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14q" id="page14q"></a></span> +of bone down the breast. Thus they belong to the sub-class, the +members of which have a raft-like breast bone. The other living +birds were placed in the sub-class the members of which have +a keel on the breast bone for the attachment of the wing-muscles.</p> + +<p>Recently, however, Pycraft, a leading ornithologist, has proposed +to base the division into sub-classes on the characters of +the bones of the palate instead of those of the breast-bone. Thus, +he places the sixth family of birds—the Tinamous, of South +America—with the ratite birds, to form his primitive +group—<i>Palaeognathae</i> +("old jaw"), while the members of the old sub-class +<i>Carinatae</i>, minus the Tinamous, constitute his second division, +the <i>Neognathae</i> ("new jaw").</p> + +<p>Mr. Gregory Mathews, the first part of whose projected great +work on Australian Birds has just come to hand, has followed +Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in accepting this classification, so we must +follow too, as Mathews' work will probably be our standard for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15q" id="page15q"></a></span> +years to come. The large number of Australian birds belonging +to this second sub-class is now divided into 20 orders, which +with the Emu order, make a total of 21 orders of birds represented +in Australia.</p> + +<p>Now, let us consider the birds in each order. The best-known +member of the first Australian order is the Emu, a bird well +known to all, though, unfortunately, becoming very rare, so that +few persons in the settled districts now enjoy the privilege of +seeing an Emu in a wild state.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id="page12"></a>12</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i016-1000.png"><img src="images/i016-560.png" width="560" height="442" alt="1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h2>CLASS.—AVES.—BIRDS.</h2> + +<h3>Sub-Class I.—Palaeognathae.</h3> + +<h4>Ratitae and Tinamidae.</h4> + +<p class="spacer">F. 1. <i>Rheidae</i>, Rhea, 3 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 2. <i>Struthionidae</i>, Ostrich, 4 sp.—4(3)E., 1(0)P. (S. Palestine).</p> + +<h3>ORDER I.—CASUARIIFORMES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 3. DROMAEIDAE (1), EMU, 1 sp. A.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br />1</p> + +<p><b>1 Emu</b>, <i>Dromaius novae-hollandiae</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. plains 78</p> + +<p>See diagram, second largest living bird; f., smaller. +Fruits, grass.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 4. CASUARIIDAE (1), CASSOWARY, 17 sp. A.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 5. <i>Apterygidae</i>, Apteryx, Kiwi, 6 sp. A. (N.Z.).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 6. <i>Tinamidae</i>, Tinamous, 69 sp. Nl.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15qz" id="page15qz"></a></span> + +<p>The birds of the second order are well known as "scratchers." +They include the domestic fowl, which has been derived from +the wild jungle fowl of India, and other fowl, such as +the peafowl. Quail are also included here; so are +Pheasants. The absence of Pheasants from Australia is +more than compensated for by the presence of the +Mound-Builders. These marvellous birds, Brush Turkeys and +Mallee-Fowl, retain the reptilian characteristic of not sitting on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page16q" id="page16q"></a></span> +their eggs. Thus the young have never known their parents. +The eggs are laid in a huge mound of sand and earth, which contains +rotting vegetation. The heat of decomposition in this remarkable +natural incubator, is quite sufficient to hatch the eggs. +The young are born fully feathered, able to run at once, and able +to fly the day they leave the mound. Contrast their stage of +development with that of a pigeon born naked, blind, and helpless, +and that of a chick born clothed with down and able to run +about. There is an interesting connexion between the size of +an egg and the state of development of the young bird at birth. +The pigeon lays a relatively small egg, so the young pigeon does +not develop far in the egg, and requires much maternal care. The +hen's egg is larger, and the chick is more fully developed. The +Mallee-Hen's egg is enormous, and so the young can develop +much further before birth. This bird, unfortunately, is doomed +to early extinction, for the fox has discovered the rich store of +food in the eggs, and country dwellers have also discovered that +they are delicate in flavor, and are good food. It is hoped that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17q" id="page17q"></a></span> +the scrubby western end of Kangaroo Island, where foxes are +unknown, will prove a suitable sanctuary for them. These +birds, which rank among Nature's wonders, are almost confined +to the Australian region. One is found in Borneo and the Philippines, +while a second is confined to the distant Nicobar Islands. +Twenty-six live in Australia and its neighboring islands. One +of these has spread across Wallace's line to the small Kangean +Island, near Java. The Stubble Quail, a member of the Pheasant +family, is nearly identical with the British Quail. Mathews and +Campbell make the King Quail a sub-species of the Chinese Quail.</p> + +<p>Quail are favorite sporting birds, but when one considers +that they are worth about 9d. each as table or game birds, and that +sportsmen found at Birregurra, that the crops of Quail were +full of crickets, and at Kerang the Quail contained numbers of a +species of weevil, it is doubtful if it is wise policy to shoot this +insect-eating bird. Although it may be worth a few pence as +a table bird; it is worth many shillings as a pest destroyer.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>13</span> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h4>Sub-Class II.—Neognathae.</h4> + +<h5>Carinatae, minus Tinamidae.</h5> + +<h3>ORDER II.—GALLIFORMES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 7. MEGAPODIIDAE (4), Mound-Builders, Scrub-Fowl, +Brush Turkey, Megapode, 28 sp.—27(25)A., +3(1)O.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>2<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Mallee-Fowl</b>, Lowan, Native Pheasant, Pheasant (e), +<i>Leipoa ocellata</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>mallee scrubs</i> 24</p> + +<p>Like a small turkey; neck light fawn-gray; back, wings +spotted white, black, brown; f., smaller. Seeds, ants.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 8. <i>Cracidae</i>, Curassows, Guans, 59 sp.—1(0)Nc., 59(58)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 9. <i>Tetraonidae</i>, Grouse, Capercailly, Ptarmigan, Prairie-Fowl, +45 sp.—1(0)O., 19(16)P., 28(26)Nc.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 10. PHASIANIDAE (6), Pheasants, Partridges, Peafowl, +Domestic Fowls, 242 sp.—12(10)A., 137(119)O., +47(31)P., 64(58)E.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +6</p> + +<p><b>3<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Stubble Quail</b> (Pectoral), <i>Coturnix pectoralis</i>, A., T. =vt. +Eur. Quail.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>stubble</i>, <i>grass</i> 6.7</p> + +<p>Brown lined white, black; throat dull reddish; breast +streaked black; f., less distinctly marked with black. +Weed-seeds, insects. Rises with a burr-r-r.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +7</p> + +<p><b>4<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Brown Quail</b> (Swamp, Partridge), <i>Synoicus australis</i>, +N.G., A., T. =vt. Eur. Partridge.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>grassy flats</i> 6.5</p> + +<p>Upper finely-barred gray, black, chestnut; under buffy-gray +with zigzag black bars; bill blue, tipped black; eyes +orange; f., sim. Seeds, insects. "Bee'e quick."</p> + +<p><b>5 Tasmanian Quail</b> (Silver, Greater-Brown), <i>S. diemenensis</i>, +V., T. Like 4, but larger.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. occ. <i>thick grass</i> 8.5</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>14</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i018-1000.png"><img src="images/i018-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>6<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> King Quail</b> (Chestnut-bellied, Least, Dwarf, Swamp), <i>Excalfactoria +chinensis lineata</i>, Philippines, Sumatra to A. +exc. W.A.; sub-species of Chinese Quail.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>swamps</i> 4.5</p> + +<p>Back dark-brown; breast blue-gray; abdomen chestnut; +throat black, white bands conspicuous; 1¼ oz.; f., dark-brown, +spotted black; throat whitish; under barred +black. Weed-seeds, insects.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 11. <i>Numididae</i>, Guinea-Fowls, 23 sp. E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 12. <i>Meleagridae</i>, Turkeys, 5 sp.—4(2)Nc., 3(1)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 13. <i>Odontophoridae</i>, American Quails, Bob-Whites, 72 sp.—18(10)Nc., +62(54)Nl.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17qz" id="page17qz"></a></span> + +<p>Order III. comprises the 26 Bustard Quail and the peculiar +Australian Plain Wanderer. Only the last species of this +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21q" id="page21q"></a></span> +Bustard Quail family, the Australian Plain Wanderer has the +hind toe. The females of this order of birds do the fighting.</p> + +<p>In Quail, the rule often observed amongst birds that the male +is larger and more beautiful than the female may be reversed, +for here the female is sometimes larger and the more conspicuously +colored. In association with this reversal of color and +size, the domestic habits are changed, for, in some species at +least, the female sits on the eggs but a very short time; the male +then finishes the task of incubating, and brings up and educates +the young family. Meantime, the female has found another +mate and another clutch of eggs is left to the care of the male.</p> + +<p>In birds having both sexes the same color each bird usually +does its share of domestic work, sitting on the eggs, feeding the +young, etc. Where the male is more brightly colored, he, as a +rule, does not sit on the eggs, for he would be visible to a bird +of prey sailing overhead, and so would probably be killed and +the eggs taken. The great naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, +thus regards the quiet coloration of most female birds as a +protection during the nesting season. The gaudy coloration of +many male birds has been explained by Darwin as being due to +sexual selection, the female choosing as a mate the most gaily +colored or most attractive bird.</p> + +<p>Though the sitting bird is usually protectively colored, it was +our good fortune, on a Summer School excursion, attended by +His Excellency the Governor (Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmichael), a +keen Nature-lover, and the Director of Education (Mr. F. Tate), +to find the gorgeously-colored male Golden-breasted Whistler +(Thickhead) sitting on the eggs in full daylight. It was noted, +however, that the open nest was unusually well protected by an +overhead bushy branch.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" id="page15"></a>15</span> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER III.—TURNICIFORMES, HEMIPODES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 14. TURNICIDAE (8), Button (Bustard) Quail, 27 sp.—14(14)A., +9(6)O., 3(0)P., 4(4)E.</p> + +<p class="left">7<br /> +26</p> + +<p><b>7 Red-Backed Quail</b> (Black-backed, Orange-breasted), +<i>Turnix maculosa</i>, Cel., N.G., N.A., E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>marshy</i> 7</p> + +<p>Back brown; crown blackish; sides, breast large black +spots; abdomen lighter; no hind toe; f., larger. Weed-seeds, +insects.</p> + +<p><b>8<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Painted Quail</b> (Speckled, Butterfly), Varied Turnix, New +Holland Partridge (e), <i>T. varia</i>, A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>sandy</i> 8</p> + +<p>Upper rufous-brown with buff, black lines; breast, face +spotted; no hind toe; f., larger. Weed-seeds, insects.</p> + +<p><b>9 Red-chested Quail</b> (Chestnut-breasted, Yellow), <i>T. +pyrrhothorax</i>, A. exc. W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>marshy</i> 6</p> + +<p>Upper dark-brown with buff, black lines; breast sandy-red; +abdomen whitish; no hind toe; f., much larger, +brighter. Weed-seeds, insects.</p> + +<p><b>10 Little Quail</b> (Dottrel, Swift-flying, Button), <i>T. velox</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>open plains</i> 5.5</p> + +<p>Upper rufous with chestnut, black lines; breast rufous; +abdomen white; no hind toe; f., much larger. Weed-seeds, +insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>11<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Plain Wanderer</b>, Turkey Quail, <i>Pedionomus torquatus</i>, +A. exc. W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>grass</i>, m., 4.8; f., 6.3</p> + +<p>Brown; broad black, white spotted collar; light band on +wing; breast chestnut; hind toe; m., smaller, paler, +faint collar. Weed-seeds, insects.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 15. <i>Pteroclididae</i>, Sand-Grouse, Rock-Pigeons (e), 17 sp.—7(2)O., +8(1)P., 12(7)E.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21qz" id="page21qz"></a></span> + +<p>In Order IV. come those well-known birds—the "Cooers," +Pigeons and Doves. The Australian region is the great stronghold +of these often beautiful birds. It is only in this region +that members of each of the five families of living Pigeons are +found. Two of the five families are peculiar to the region, and +nearly half the kinds of Pigeons known are found here. The +finest and largest of all Pigeons are the large Crowned Pigeons +of New Guinea. Unfortunately, the heads of these Pigeons are +much in demand for millinery. Would that fashionable +women knew the cruelty and devastation wrought by such +fashions!</p> + +<p>Amongst the most beautiful of Pigeons are, as Dr. Newton remarked, +the common Bronzewing Pigeons of Australia and +Tasmania. The lovely Fruit-Pigeons of East Australian scrubs +are, perhaps, the most beautiful of all, so it will readily be seen +how fortunate we are with regard to these birds.</p> + +<p>The fine large Wonga-Wonga Pigeon is becoming rare. Its +flesh is white, so Gould named it <i>Leucosarcia</i> (white flesh). It +has been proposed to introduce this bird into Europe to breed +for table purposes.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>16</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i020-1000.png"><img src="images/i020-560.png" width="560" height="437" alt="12, 12A, 13, 14, 15, 16 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER IV.—COLUMBIFORMES, PIGEONS, DOVES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 16. TRERONIDAE (8), FRUIT-PIGEONS, 228 sp—159(155)A., +60(56)O., 1(1)P., 12(12)E.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>12 Topknot Pigeon</b>, <i>Lopholaimus antarcticus</i>, E.A., T. +(acc.) "Quook-quook."</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>thick brushes</i> 17</p> + +<p>"This noble pigeon;" under silvery-gray; upper dark-gray; +crest rust-red; eyes orange; f., sim. Native fruits.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>17</span> + +<p class="spacer">F. 17. COLUMBIDAE (2), WOOD-PIGEONS, Passenger-Pigeon, +Rock-Dove, 119 sp.—41(40)A., 25(17)O., +18(10)P., 19(17)E., 4(0)Nc., 24(20)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 18. PERISTERIDAE (15), GROUND-PIGEONS, Turtle-Doves, +198 sp.—61(55)A., 21(8)O., 10(1)P., +32(30)E., 10(0)Nc., 86(76)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +6</p> + +<p><b>12<span class="sc">a</span> Indian Turtle-Dove</b>, <i>Turtur ferrago</i>, Siberia to Ceylon, +introduced A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>gardens</i>, <i>cities</i> 13</p> + +<p>Back brown; head gray; broad patch side and back of +neck black spotted white; breast cinnamon; centre tail +feathers blackish, rest tipped white; f., sim. Seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>13 Ground Dove</b> (Peaceful), Doo-doo, <i>Geopelia placida</i>, A. +(interior).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>grassy</i> 8.7</p> + +<p>Upper ashy-brown, barred black; chest, hind-neck gray +with black lines; abdomen fawn; side tail feathers +tipped white; f., sim. Small seeds. "Doo-doo."</p> + +<p><b>14<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Diamond Dove</b> (Little, Turtle), <i>G. cuneata</i>, A. (interior).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>grass</i> 8.2</p> + +<p>Upper light-brown; crown gray; under light-gray; white +spots on wing; side tail tipped white; eye red; f., +neck, chest pale brown. Seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +6</p> + +<p><b>15 Little Green Pigeon</b>, <i>Chalcophaps chrysochlora</i>, Mol., +N. Heb., N. Cal., Lord Howe Is., A. exc. S.A., W.A. +Melancholy bellowing note.</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>dense scrubs</i> 9.5</p> + +<p>Rich brown; head, short tail darker; wings much green; +shoulder white; f., less brilliant. Fallen berries.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>16<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Bronzewing Pigeon</b> (Scrub), <i>Phaps chalcoptera</i>, A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>open</i>, <i>forest</i> 13.5</p> + +<p>Upper brown marked lighter; cap whitish; line below eye, +throat white; breast, back of head vinous; bronze +wing; legs red; f., head gray. Seeds, fruits.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18a" id="page18a"></a>18a</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i022-1000.png"><img src="images/i022-560.png" width="560" height="314" alt="17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>17 Brush Bronzewing Pigeon</b> (Little Bronze), <i>P. elegans</i>, +A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>sandy</i> 13</p> + +<p>Upper chestnut-brown; breast blue-gray; throat, crown +chestnut; bronze wings; f., crown gray. Seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>18 Crested Pigeon</b> (Topknot (e), Crested Bronzewing), +<i>Ocyphaps lophotes</i>, A. Seeds.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>inland plains</i> 13</p> + +<p>Upper fawn; crown, under gray; crest black; black bars +on wings; tail tipped white; eyes orange; f., sim.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>19 Wonga-Wonga Pigeon</b>, <i>Leucosarcia melanoleuca</i>, E.A. +Seeds, fallen fruits.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>coast-</i>, (<i>hillside-</i>) <i>brushes</i> 15</p> + +<p>Back, breast slaty-gray; wings brown; crown, throat, +abdomen white; sides spotted black; f., sim.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 19. <i>Gouridae</i>, Crowned Pigeons, 8 sp. A. (N.G.).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 20. <i>Didunculidae</i>, Tooth-billed Pigeons, 1 sp. A. (Samoa).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 21. <i>Opisthocomidae</i>, Hoactzin, 1 sp. Nl.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21qzx" id="page21qzx"></a></span> + +<p>The birds of Order V. are amongst the successes in the struggle +for existence, for they are found the world over.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22q" id="page22q"></a></span> + +<p>The Landrail or Corn-Crake, the Little Crake, Spotted Crake, +Moor-Hen, Purple Gallinule, and the lobed-toed Coot, of other +countries, are represented by similar birds here.</p> + +<p>They are largely swamp-dwellers, and conditions about swamps +apparently do not vary much from continent to continent. There +is a full supply of vegetable and animal food, and there is good +shelter in the thick reed-beds. The smaller members of the family +are seldom seen, for they skulk amongst the reeds, and seldom +show themselves.</p> + +<p>Many of these birds are long-toed, and are beautifully adapted +for life about the soft mud and floating vegetation of lagoons and +swamps. Though the feet are not webbed, several of these swamp-dwellers +swim well. Thus the Little Crake is an expert swimmer +and diver.</p> + +<p>There is one Australian bird not represented in other countries. +This is the handsome, bantam-like Black-tailed Native-Hen. At +long intervals the birds appear in thousands, and, being largely +vegetable feeders, they have sometimes done considerable damage +to crops.</p> + +<p>During one such irruption in 1846, the birds invaded the streets +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23q" id="page23q"></a></span> +of Adelaide. Others invaded the Geraldton district, and even +reached Perth in 1886. Northern Victoria was visited in 1909.</p> + +<p>Some of the members of this group are known to all; indeed, +when you have finished reading this lecture, I expect to have +created in your mind an idea that bird study is very simple—that +you know at least one of each of the groups of birds. One +further advantage of bird study is that so few birds are found in +any district. Thus, only 880 birds have ever been recorded +from Australia, whereas there are over 9,000 kinds of native +flowering plants, not to mention non-flowering plants. In very +few districts could a list of 100 different kinds of birds be compiled +in one year.</p> + +<p>Again, while it is impossible to talk popularly of native plants, +because they have no common names, that does not apply to birds, +for bird-lovers have given a simple name to each bird. Even +children, therefore, can talk definitely and exactly about the different +kinds. This is a great advantage. Again, as birds are living, +moving, loving, and beautiful animals, they have always been +favorite objects of study, and so we know more about them than +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24q" id="page24q"></a></span> +about any other division of the animal kingdom. Thus you +will, I hope, find that you know far more about the subject than +you at first thought.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18b" id="page18b"></a>18b</span> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER V.—RALLIFORMES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 22. RALLIDAE (16), RAILS, 204 sp.—68(60)A., 37(18)O., +18(0)P., 37(24)E., 17(7)Nc., 72(65)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +17</p> + +<p><b>20 Slate-breasted Rail</b> (Short-toed), Lewin Water-Rail, +<i>Eulabeornis (Hypotaenidia) brachypus</i>, A., T., Auckland +Is. =vt. Eur. Water-Rail.<br /> +[~20 <i>Rallus pectoralis.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>rivers</i>, <i>lagoons</i> 8.5</p> + +<p>Upper blackish striped olive; wings, flanks, abdomen +barred black, white; throat, breast, slate-gray; f., duller.</p> + +<p><b>21<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Pectoral Rail</b>, Landrail, <i>E. philippinensis</i>, Malay Arch. +to A., N.Z., Pac. Is. =vt. Eur. Corn-Crake (Landrail); +f., young sim. Insects, grass.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>grassy</i> 10.5</p> + +<p>Upper brown spotted white; under finely-barred black; +white; sandy-buff bar on chest; light stripe above eye.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +17</p> + +<p><b>22<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Australian Spotted Crake</b>, Water-Crake, <i>Porzana +fluminea</i>, A. =vt. Eur. Spotted Crake.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>rivers</i> 7</p> + +<p>Upper dark-brown, spotted white; abdomen, flanks blackish +barred white; breast gray; swims; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>19</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i023-800.png"><img src="images/i023t-300.png" width="300" height="495" alt="21, 22, 26, 27, 30, 67, 71, 72, 73 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>21</b> Pectoral Rail<br /> + <b>22</b> Australian Spotted Crake<br /> + <b>26</b> Black Moor-Hen</td> + <td><b>27</b> Bald Coot<br /> + <b>30</b> Hoary-headed Grebe<br /> + <b>67</b> Crested Tern</td> + <td><b>71</b> White-faced Ternlet<br /> + <b>72</b> Silver Gull<br /> + <b>73</b> Pacific Gull</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id="page22"></a>22</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i026-1000.png"><img src="images/i026-560.png" width="560" height="434" alt="23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>23 Australian Little Crake</b>, <i>P. palustris</i>, A. =vt. Eur. +Little Crake.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>river</i>, <i>reed-beds</i> 6</p> + +<p>Upper rusty-brown; throat, breast gray; crown blackish; +flanks, lower-abdomen barred black, white; swims, +dives; f., sim. Water-animals.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>23</span> + +<p><b>24 Spotless Crake</b> (Leaden, Tabuan), Swamp-Rail, Little +Swamp-Hen, Putoto, <i>P. plumbea</i>, Philippines to A., N. +Heb., N. Cal., Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, N.Z., Chatham Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>reed-beds</i> 6.3</p> + +<p>Upper reddish-brown; under dark slate-gray; throat whitish; +eyes pink; f., young sim. Water-animals.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>25 Black-tailed Native-Hen</b>, Gallinule (e), <i>Tribonyx ventralis</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. flocks, occ. r. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>rivers</i> 15</p> + +<p>Upper brown; under bluish-gray; white marks conspicuous +on flanks; upper-bill light-green; lower red at base; +legs brick-red; runs, seldom flies; f., sim. Water-animals, +seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +8</p> + +<p><b>26<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Black Moor-Hen</b> (-Gallinule), <i>Gallinula tenebrosa</i>, +N.G., A. =vt. cos. Gallinule.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>rivers</i> 15</p> + +<p>Grayish-black; back deep-brown; under tail white at sides; +scarlet garter above knee; base bill, plate on forehead +blood-red; no white on flanks; jerks tail; f., smaller. +Water-animals, plants.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +16</p> + +<p><b>27<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Bald-Coot</b>, Purple Gallinule, Black-backed Water +(Swamp, Macquarie) Hen, Pukeko, Redbill (e), +<i>Porphyrio melanonotus</i>, N.G., A., T., Norfolk Is., +Lord Howe Is., N.Z. =vt. cos. bird.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>rivers</i> 17.5</p> + +<p>Hind-neck, breast, flanks indigo-blue; back, wings, tail +black; under tail white; eyes orange-red; bill, legs red; +jerks tail; f., smaller. Insects, vegetable food.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +13</p> + +<p><b>28 Australian Coot</b>, Dabchick (e), <i>Fulica australis</i>, A., T., +=vt. cos. bird.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lakes</i>, <i>bays</i> 14</p> + +<p>Sooty-black; bill bluish-gray; eyes red; lobed feet; f., sim. +Water-insects, snails.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 23. <i>Heliornithidae</i>. Finfoot, 5 sp.—1(1)O., 3(3)E., 1(1)Nl.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24qz" id="page24qz"></a></span> + +<p>In the next Order, the Sixth, there are three Australian birds. +They are called Grebes. Bird names often reflect some habit, +e.g., Scratchers, Cooers. So Grebes are often called Divers. +But the Divers of the ornithologist are Northern Hemisphere +birds, placed in the next family (25).</p> + +<p>There is a widespread tradition to the effect that Grebes wait +for the flash of the cap, and then dive before the bullet can reach +them. They are, indeed, remarkably active in the water, but +are absurd on land. Their legs are set so far back that it is +almost impossible for them to walk. Their toes are not webbed, +but are broadly lobed.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25q" id="page25q"></a></span> + +<p>The Great Crested Grebe is identical with the British bird, for +it is found all through the Eastern Hemisphere.</p> + +<p>This is a remarkable distribution, when we consider that the +bird, by reason of its very small wings, is a poor flyer, and is +almost helpless on land. Such a wide distribution of a creature +possessing poor means of locomotion indicates that the animal +must have existed for a long time, so that it has been able to +gradually extend its range. Thus we conclude it is an ancient +form.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>24</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i028-1000.png"><img src="images/i028-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER VI.—PODICIPEDIDIFORMES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 24. PODICIPEDIDAE (3), GREBES, 25 sp.—5(2)A., +8(2)O., 6(0)P., 5(1)E., 6(0)Nc., 11(7)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +15</p> + +<p><b>29 Black-throated Grebe</b> (Little), Dabchick (e), White-bellied +Diver (e), <i>Podiceps novae-hollandiae</i>, Java, +N.G., A., N. Cal., =vt. Eur. Little Grebe.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i> 9.5</p> + +<p>Upper blackish-brown; white patch on wing; under silvery-gray; +throat, side-face black (summer), brown +(winter); beautiful fur-like plumage; lobed toes; f., +sim. Small fish, snails, insects.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25a" id="page25a"></a>25a</span> + +<p><b>30<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Hoary-headed Grebe</b>, Dabchick (e), "Tom Pudding," P. +<i>poliocephalus</i>, A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>river</i> 9.5</p> + +<p>Upper brown; wings white patch; under silvery-gray; +head short white hair-like plumes (summer); head +brown, throat buff (winter); fur-like plumage; lobed +toes; f., sim. Small fish, snails, insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>31 Great Crested Grebe</b> (Tippet), Loon, Gaunt, Carr +Goose, <i>P. cristatus</i> (<i>Lophaethyia cristata</i>, Mathews' +Handlist), Eur., N. Asia, Japan, Africa, India to A., +T., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>lakes</i>, <i>rivers</i> 24</p> + +<p>Upper brown; under glistening-white; crown black; neck-frill +chestnut edged black (summer); face, neck whitish +(winter); fur-like plumage; lobed toes; f., sim. +Small fish, snails, insects.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 25. <i>Colymbidae (Gaviidae)</i>, True Divers, Loons, 5 sp.—1(0)O., +5(0)P., 2(0)E., 5(0)Nc.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25qz" id="page25qz"></a></span> + +<p>In the next order come those remarkable birds, Penguins. As +so much has been said about Penguins by Lieutenant Shackleton's +party, they have caught the popular fancy, and people are much +interested in them. Many Australians do not know that three +Penguins are found on their own coast. It was one of the sights +of the 1910 Summer School at Portsea to sit on the balcony and +watch the Penguins chasing their prey in the clear waters in front. +Their wings are paddles, being flattened and devoid of quills. +The wings are not folded, but are carried hanging awkwardly at the side.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26q" id="page26q"></a></span> + +<p>During the interest aroused by Peary's expedition to the North +Pole, an illustrated weekly paper published a cartoon, which +showed the American Eagle sitting on the North Pole and +reading a proclamation to an audience of Penguins. One thing +is unfortunate about this—Penguins are unknown in the Northern +Hemisphere. Indeed, they support the geographer in his contention +that, while the Pacific Ocean is very ancient, the Atlantic +Ocean has been formed much more recently, for Penguins are +found up the Pacific even to the Galapagos Is. on the Equator, +but have not spread into the Atlantic Ocean beyond Tristan da +Cunha, at the extreme South.</p> + +<div class="tab"> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25b" id="page25b"></a>25b</span> + +<h3>ORDER VII.—SPHENISCIFORMES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 26. SPHENISCIDAE (3), PENGUINS, 17 sp.—11(7)A., +6(1)E., 9(4)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>32 Crested Penguin</b> (Tufted, Jackass, Victoria), <i>Penguinus +(Catarrhactes) chrysocome</i>, Southern Ocean (circumpolar), +V., T., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Occ. r. <i>coasts</i> 27</p> + +<p>Wing a paddle; upper black; under silvery-white; crest +yellow; f., yellow crest feathers shorter. Sea-animals.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>33 Little Penguin</b> (Little Blue), <i>Eudyptula minor</i>, N.S.W., +V., S.A., T., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>coasts</i> 18</p> + +<p>Upper light-blue; under glistening-white; wing a paddle; +f., sim. Sea-animals, plants.</p> + +<p><b>34 Fairy Penguin</b>, <i>E. undina</i>, V., T., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>coast</i> 13.5</p> + +<p>Like 33, but smaller.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26qz" id="page26qz"></a></span> + +<p>Order VIII. includes the true ocean birds—those wanderers seen +far from any land by ocean travellers. Indeed, many of them +do not go near land except to breed. Then they usually repair +to small lonely islands often with bold precipitous shores.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27q" id="page27q"></a></span> + +<p>Ocean birds are readily divisible into four families. The first +is made up of the 25 Storm-Petrels; the second of the 75 Petrels, +Shearwaters, Fulmars, and Dove-Petrels; the third family comprises +only the three small southern Diving-Petrels; while the +fourth contains the nineteen noble Albatrosses.</p> + +<p>Though Storm-Petrels and Petrels of various kinds may be +seen in the Northern Hemisphere, yet the Southern Hemisphere, +with its enormous expanse of water, is the headquarters of these +birds.</p> + +<p>The dainty, tiny Storm-Petrels, fearlessly tripping over the +mountain billows in times of great danger to the sailor, were considered +birds of ill-omen. Their peculiar flight possibly helped +this idea. Gould closely studied them and other ocean birds +during his voyages on sailing ships. He describes them as "fluttering +over the glassy surface of the ocean during calms with an +easy butterfly-like motion of the wings, and buffeting and breasting +with equal vigor the crests of the loftiest waves of the storm; +at one moment descending into their deep troughs, and, at the +next, rising with the utmost alertness to their highest point, +apparently from an impulse communicated as much by striking +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30q" id="page30q"></a></span> +the surface of the water with its webbed feet as by the action of +the wings."</p> + +<p>This habit of "walking" on the sea is said to be responsible +for the name "Petrel," which is associated with Saint Peter, who, +of old, walked on the waters. Sailors call them Mother Carey's +Chickens.</p> + +<p>The largest Australian Storm-Petrel is the Whitefaced Storm-Petrel, +whose scientific name, <i>Pelagodroma</i>, means "open sea wanderer." +It has been recorded even from the North Atlantic and +Britain. Many thousands of these birds still nest on Mud Island, +a sandbank just inside Port Phillip Heads. The presence there +of a true ocean wanderer is a valuable piece of evidence to support +the geographer in his claim that Port Phillip Bay once had +a wide opening, which has been almost closed by the drift of sand +across its mouth. The Storm-Petrels have probably nested there +for many, many centuries. Long may they continue to do so! +They hurt no one, and they are a feature of interest to all interested +in the flora and fauna of Australia, and to natural history +students and Nature-lovers in general.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page31q" id="page31q"></a></span> + +<p>The Shackleton expedition met the Wilson (Yellow-webbed) +Storm-Petrel, in considerable numbers, far south. Two specimens +were presented by Lieutenant Shackleton to the National Museum, +Melbourne. However, recently our Museum received, through +the agency of two schoolboys, a specimen that is valued even more +highly, for it is Australian.</p> + +<p>The boys, on their way to the Marshaltown State School (Mr. +H. B. Williamson, H.T.), found a bird near a fence about nine +miles inland. It had evidently been killed by flying into the +fence in the dark. Using the <i>Bird-List</i>, the boys discovered +that it was a Yellow-webbed Storm-Petrel, a truly pelagic bird, +as its name, <i>Oceanites oceanicus</i> indicates. Mr. Williamson, to +show that the <i>List</i> was of assistance, even to boys, in identifying +birds they had never heard of before, left the bird at the Continuation +School, Geelong. Here it was recognized as a valuable +specimen, and was at once sent to Mr. Kershaw, curator of +the National Museum. It is now in the Australian collection.</p> + +<p>The true Petrels are very numerous in kinds and individuals. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32q" id="page32q"></a></span> +Darwin thought that the most numerous of birds was a Petrel. +One of great interest is the "Mutton-Bird," or Short-tailed Petrel. +This romantic bird breeds by the million on Cape Woolamai and +other places about Bass Strait.</p> + +<p>Just as the mallee farmer is dependent on his annual wheat +harvest, so the remarkable colony of people living on Cape Barren +Island is entirely dependent on the annual Mutton-Bird harvest. +They claim to take about a million and a half birds each year. +The number is probably much exaggerated, for Littler, in his +valuable <i>Birds of Tasmania</i>, gives the number as 555,000 for +1909, valued at about £4000. Bass and Flinders were glad to +replenish their stores with young Mutton-Birds. Flinders calculated +that one flock of these birds he met in Bass Strait contained +132,000,000 birds. They lay but one egg, so one would expect +the Petrel to be long-lived. We found a closely-similar bird +nesting on Mast Head Island, Capricorn Group.</p> + +<p>The three southern Diving Petrels, forming the next family, +are much smaller than the common Petrels. They are expert +divers, and are found mainly in the far South.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page33q" id="page33q"></a></span> + +<p>The mighty Albatross, with its enormous wing-span of possibly +up to 14 feet, is also largely a southern bird. That this bird +has spread to the North Pacific Ocean, but has not yet penetrated +any distance into the Atlantic, is another piece of evidence as to +the age of these two oceans. The Pacific Ocean is a very ancient +depression, while the Atlantic is much younger, and has been +formed since the lands which border its shores. The Black-browed +Albatross, however, was once seen in England. Probably +this bird might have been carried north on board ship, and then +set free again. Fossil bones of Albatrosses have been found in +France and England. Their remarkable power of wheeling +round and round a vessel, with no perceptible movement of the +wing, has excited much interest and controversy.</p> + +<p>Mr. Froude, in his <i>Oceana</i>, has given a vivid description of this +flight. The Albatross "wheels in circles round and round and +for ever round the ship—now far behind, now sweeping past in a +long, rapid curve, like a perfect skater on an untouched field of +ice. There is no effort; watch as closely as you will, you rarely +or never see a stroke of the mighty pinion. The flight is generally +near the water, often close to it. You lose sight of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page34q" id="page34q"></a></span> +bird as he disappears in the hollow between the waves, and catch +him again as he rises over the crest; but how he rises, and whence +comes the propelling force, are to the eye inexplicable; he alters +merely the angle at which the wings are inclined...."</p> + +<p>Gould considered that many of these birds circumnavigate the +globe many times. They follow ships for days together.</p> + +<p>Albatrosses are sometimes caught by those on board ship. +One means of protection employed by these birds is to discharge a +considerable quantity of oily matter at an intruder. This has +led sailors to declare that the bird is "seasick." Some claim that +this is not done for protection, but is due to fright.</p> + +<p>The members of the Australasian Ornithologists' Union, when +on a trip in the <i>Manawatu</i> to the Bass Strait Islands found it +tantalizing to see the beautiful Shy Albatrosses sitting on their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35q" id="page35q"></a></span> +nests on the precipitous granite Albatross Rock, and be unable +to land owing to the rough sea that was running. We waited +a second and a third day, in the shelter of Chimney +Corner, Three Hummocks Island, but finally had to +depart with but a distant acquaintance with this fine bird. +When they return to nest the succeeding year, the parents +drive last year's brood off the island. Does the young live +on its fat all through the cold, rough winter, or do the parents +return at intervals to feed it? Some recent records by a French +party on one of these lonely nesting islands show that in some +cases, at least, the parents do feed the young at night during their +long wait. The sitting bird is fed by her mate. He opens his +mouth, and she inserts her bill, and chooses a dainty for herself.</p> + +<p><i>A Monograph of the Petrels</i>, by F. Du Cane Godman, F.R.S., +Pres. British Ornithologists' Union, was consulted for Order VIII.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>26</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i030-1000.png"><img src="images/i030-560.png" width="560" height="437" alt="35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER VIII.—PROCELLARIIFORMES, TUBINARES, TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 27. PROCELLARIIDAE (5), STORM-PETRELS, +MOTHER CAREY'S CHICKENS, 25 sp—10(3)A., +2(0)O., 10(0)P., 7(0)E., 13(4)Nc., 13(3)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>35 Wilson Storm-Petrel</b> (Yellow-webbed, Flat-clawed), +<i>Oceanites oceanica</i>, S. Polar regions N. to British Is. +(acc), Labrador (acc.), India, A., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i> 6.8</p> + +<p>Blackish; base tail above below white; legs black; webs +yellow; f., sim. Shellfish, small fish, greasy.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>27</span> + +<p><b>36 Gray-backed Storm-Petrel</b>, <i>O. (Garrodia) nereis</i>, S. +Oceans, A., T., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i> 6.7</p> + +<p>Sooty; abdomen, under base tail whitish; bill, feet black; +f., sim. Oily substances, shellfish.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>37 White-breasted Storm-Petrel</b> (White-faced), Frigate +Petrel, Mother Carey's Chicken, <i>Pelagodroma marina</i>, +S. Oceans, N. to Canary Is., U.S. (acc.)</p> + +<p class="right">c. Mud. Is. <i>ocean</i> 8</p> + +<p>Upper brownish-gray; crown, line under eye, edge of wing, +tail black; under, face, throat, line above eye white; +bill, feet black; webs yellow; f., sim. Shellfish, oily +matters.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>38 Black-bellied Storm-Petrel</b>, <i>Cymodroma (Fregetta) +melanogaster</i>, S. Oceans, to N. Atl., A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i> 7.5</p> + +<p>Sooty-black; under base tail, flanks white; bill, feet black; +f., sim. Sea-animals, oily.</p> + +<p><b>39 White-bellied Storm-Petrel</b>, <i>C. grallaria</i>, S. Oceans to +B. of Bengal, Atl. to Cancer, Florida (acc).</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i> 7.2</p> + +<p>Upper, neck, chest black; under, rump white; bill, feet +black; f., sim. Sea-animals, oily.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 28. PUFFINIDAE (29), PETRELS, Shearwaters, Fulmars, +Prions, 75 sp.—47(16)A., 7(0)O., 24(0)P., 30(2)E., +22(4)Nc., 37(7)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">7<br /> +25</p> + +<p><b>40 Wedge-tailed Petrel</b> (Shearwater), <i>Puffinus sphenurus</i>, +A. seas.</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>ocean</i> 17.5</p> + +<p>Sooty-brown; wing blackish; tail black; throat ashy-gray; +under dull ashy-brown; bill lead color; legs, feet livid +flesh color, dusky on inner side of leg and toe. Like +42, but tail longer; f., sim. Food as for 41.</p> + +</div> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>28</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i032-1000.png"><img src="images/i032-560.png" width="560" height="357" alt="41, 42, 43, 44, 45 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>41 Allied Petrel</b>, Gould Shearwater (Little Dusky), <i>P. +assimilis</i>, A. and N.Z. Seas, Atl. O. to Madiera Is., +Nova Scotia (acc.).</p> + +<p class="right">Flocks v.r. <i>ocean</i> 11</p> + +<p>Upper, crown, wings, tail sooty-black; side face, under +white; side-chest dusky; bill dark horn-colour; legs +greenish-yellow; f., sim. Shrimps, shellfish, seaweed.</p> + +<p><b>42 Short-tailed Petrel</b> (Sooty, Bonaparte), Slender-billed +Shearwater (U.S.), Seal-Bird, Mutton-Bird (V.), <i>P. +brevicaudus (tenuirostris)</i>, A., Bass St., T., N.Z. +Migrates to Alaska, Japan.</p> + +<p class="right">Flocks, c. <i>ocean</i> 14</p> + +<p>Sooty-brown; under paler; bill blackish-brown; legs, feet +light-grey, black down outer side. Food as 41.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>43 Brown Petrel</b> (Great-Gray), Black-tailed Shearwater +(U.S.), Night Hawk (e), Bully, Kuia, <i>Procellaria +(Priofinus) cinereus</i>, S.O., California (once).</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i> 19.5</p> + +<p>Crown, upper dark brownish-gray; under white; under +base tail ashy-brown; tail black; feet grayish-flesh +color; outer toe brownish-black; dives; f., sim.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>44 Silver-gray Petrel</b> (Fulmar), Slender-billed Fulmar +(U.S.), <i>Priocella glacialoides</i>, Bass St., A., T., N.Z., +S. Oceans, Pacific to Japan, Alaska.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i> 18</p> + +<p>Pearly-gray; tip-wing black; face, under silky-white; f., +sim. Dead animals, oil, cuttlefish.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>45 Black Petrel</b> (Fulmar), Taonui, <i>Procellaria (Majaqueus) +parkinsoni</i>, A. and N.Z. Seas.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i> 18</p> + +<p>Sooty black; f., sim. Food see 41.</p> + +<p class="left">9<br /> +32</p> + +<p><b>46 Great-winged Petrel</b> (Long-winged, Gray-faced), <i>Æstrelata +macroptera</i>, A., N.Z., S. Oceans.</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>ocean</i> 15</p> + +<p>Dark brown; about bill, throat gray; wing-quills, tail +black; bill, feet black; f., sim. Food see 41.</p> + +</div> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>29</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i033-1000.png"><img src="images/i033-560.png" width="560" height="358" alt="46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>47 Brown-headed Petrel</b>, Solander Fulmar, <i>Æ. solandri</i>, 1 +specimen only, Gould, Bass St.</p> + +<p class="right">u. <i>ocean</i> 16</p> + +<p>Head, wings, tail dark-brown; back slaty-gray, marked +dark-brown; bill, legs black.</p> + +<p><b>48 White-winged Petrel</b>, <i>Æ. leucoptera</i>, A., N.Z. to C. Horn, +Fiji.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i> 13</p> + +<p>Upper dark slaty-gray; forehead, face, under, under wing +white; wings blackish-brown; eyes, bill black; legs, half +toes and webs fleshy-white; tip toes and webs black; f., +sim.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>49 Giant Petrel</b> (Fulmar), Mother Carey's Goose, Nelly, +Glutton, Stinkpot, Vulture of the Seas, <i>Macronectes +gigantea</i>, S. Oceans up to 30° S. Lat. Oregon (acc).</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i> 33</p> + +<p>Dark chocolate-brown; bill horn-color; has also a white +phase; f., sim. Scavenger, omnivorous.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>50 Cape-Petrel</b> (Pintado, Black and White, Spotted, Pied), +Cape-Pigeon (-Fulmar), <i>Daption capensis</i>, A., N.Z., +S. Oceans to Brazil, Ceylon, Peru, acc. to California, +Maine, England.</p> + +<p class="right">Large flocks c. <i>ocean</i> 16.5</p> + +<p>Head, hind-neck, upper-back, edge of wing, quills, chin +sooty-brown; inner-wing, back white, broadly spotted +sooty-brown; under white; bill, feet blackish-brown; f., +sim. Food as 41.</p> + +<p class="left">5<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>51 Blue Petrel</b>, <i>Prion (Halobaena) coerulea</i>, S. Oceans, A., +T., N.Z. to Icepack, Fiji.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i> 11</p> + +<p>Forehead, cheeks, throat, centre-chest, under white; upper +grayish-blue; outer wing-quills black; tail square, tipped +white; bill blackish-brown; f., sim. Cuttlefish, shellfish.</p> +</div> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>30</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i034-1000.png"><img src="images/i034-560.png" width="560" height="437" alt="52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>52 Broad-billed Dove-Petrel</b> (Blue-), Whale-Bird, Prion, +<i>P. vittatus</i>, S. Oceans.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i> 11.5</p> + +<p>Upper delicate blue-gray; head darker than back; edge +shoulder, wing, tip-tail black; under, line over eye, +white; flanks blue; broad bill blue tipped black; feet +light-blue; f., sim. Cuttlefish.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page31" id="page31"></a>31</span> + +<b>53 Banks Dove-Petrel</b> (Blue-), Prion, Whiroia, <i>P. banksi</i>, +S. Oceans, A., T., N.Z. + +<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i> 10</p> + +<p>Like 52, but bill narrower and paler blue-gray; expanded +wings show black marks like letter W. Food as 54.</p> + +<p><b>54 Dove-Petrel</b>, Dove-like-Petrel (-Prion), Whale-Bird +(Snow-), <i>P. desolatus</i>, S. Oceans.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i> 10.5</p> + +<p>Like 52, 53, but more delicate; blackish below eye; white +stripe above eye; head same as back; bill straighter, +more slender; f., smaller. Shellfish, oily substances.</p> + +<p><b>55 Fairy Dove-Petrel</b> (-Prion), Short-billed (Gould) Blue-Petrel, +<i>P. brevirostris (ariel)</i>, S. Indian O., A., Bass +St., Madeira, S. Africa.</p> + +<p>v.r. <i>ocean</i> 9.5</p> + +<p>Like 52, 53, 54, but bill shorter, stouter; head same as +back; white face.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 29. PELECANOIDIDAE (1), DIVING PETRELS, 3 sp.—2(0)A., +1(0)E., 3(1)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>56 Diving-Petrel</b>, Smaller Diving Petrel, Tee-tee, <i>Pelecanoides +urinatrix</i>, A., N.Z., Str. of Magellan.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>sheltered bays</i> 8</p> + +<p>Upper black; under white; legs, feet blue; dives; f., sim. +Shellfish.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 30. DIOMEDEIDAE (10), ALBATROSSES, Mollymawks, +19 sp.—13(3)A., 2(0)O., 5(0)P., 5(1)E., 5(0)Nc., +9(3)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">7<br /> +17</p> + +<p><b>57 Wandering Albatross</b>, Man-of-War-Bird, Cape Sheep, +Toroa, <i>Diomedea exulans</i>, S. Oceans up to Lat. 30° S.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i> 44</p> + +<p>Upper white with fine zigzag brown lines; wing-quills +black; tail short, black above; side face, under white; +zigzag lines on side of breast; bill whitish; color varies +with age; span up to 14 ft.; f., sim. Jelly-fish, +shrimps, shellfish.</p> + +</div> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>32</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i036-1000.png"><img src="images/i032-560.png" width="560" height="357" alt="58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>58 Royal Albatross</b>, <i>D. regia</i>, A., T., N.Z. Seas.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i> 44</p> + +<p>Lately separated from 57, because young have white down +instead of gray; adult has no zigzag lines; f., sim. +Food see 57.</p> + +<p><b>59 Black-browed Albatross</b> (Mollymawk), <i>D. melanophrys</i>, +S. Oceans, England (once).</p> + +<p class="right">v.c. <i>ocean</i> 32</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" id="page33"></a>33</span> + +<p>Head, neck, under, upper base tail white; blackish-gray +streak through eye; wings dark brown; back slaty-black; +tail dark-gray; bill buff-yellow; f., young sim. +Fish.</p> + +<p><b>60 White-capped Albatross</b>, shy Mollymawk, <i>D. (Thalassageron) +cauta</i>, A. Seas, Bass St.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i> 31</p> + +<p>Back slaty-gray; rump white; wings dark-gray; tail slaty-gray; +head, neck, under white; blackish streak through +eye; bill horn-color; f., smaller. Fish, barnacles, +shrimps.</p> + +<p><b>61 Flat-billed Albatross</b>, (Yellow-nosed (e), Gray-headed), +Gould Yellow-nosed Mollymawk, <i>D. chrysostoma (culminata)</i>, +A., Indian O., Pacific O., Oregon (cas.) G. of +St. Lawrence (cas.).</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i> 28</p> + +<p>Back, wings, tail dark grayish-black; head, neck gray; +faint blackish streak through eye; under, rump white; +bill black, tip, crest, lower-edge yellow, f., sim. Food +see 60.</p> + +<p><b>62 Yellow-nosed Albatross</b> <i>D. chlororhynchus</i>, S. Atl. O., +S. Ind. O., A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i> 30</p> + +<p>Under, head, neck, rump white; back, wings brownish-black, +tail brownish; bill black, crest bright orange-yellow, +tip blood-orange; faint dark streak through +eye; f., sim. Food see 60.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>63 Sooty Albatross</b>, <i>Phoebetria palpebrata (fuliginosa)</i>, S. +Oceans, Oregon (cas.), A., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>oceans</i> 29.5</p> + +<p>Sooty-brown; white ring almost round eye; bill black; f., +sim. Food as 60.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 31. <i>Alcidae</i>, Auk, Garefowl, Puffin, Razorbill, Guillemot, +Murre, 28 sp.—22(1)P., 27(6)Nc.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35qz" id="page35qz"></a></span> + +<p>The birds of Order IX. are mainly shore birds. There are four +chief kinds of these—Terns (Sea-Swallows), including Noddy +Terns, Gulls, the remarkable northern Skimmers, which skim +along the surface with the lengthened end of the lower mandible +in the water, and the bold sea-pirates, Skuas. Fifty-seven Terns +and Noddies are found throughout the world. Of these, twenty-one +have been recorded from Australian waters.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page36q" id="page36q"></a></span> + +<p>Being powerful flyers, it is not surprising to find that several +of the Australian Terns are really Old-World, and even New-World, +forms too. Thus the Whiskered (Marsh) Tern is also +British. The Caspian, Gull-billed, and Bridled (Brown-winged) +Terns are British and American, while the Sooty Tern is found +in all tropical and sub-tropical seas. It is one of the famous +birds of the world, for it is the "egg bird" of sailors. It retires +in large companies to low scrubby islands to breed. Here it lays +a single egg on the bare ground. Sailors, tired of ship's fare, +often visit these "rookeries." Gould quotes a record of one party +which took 1500 dozen eggs on one small island in Torres Strait. +Spanish eggers from Havanah take cargoes, which are disposed of +at 25 cents per gallon.</p> + +<p>The Wide-Awake Fair, of Ascension Island, is a famous +annual event in natural history. A similar scene has been +described by Mr. A. W. Milligan, the well-known West Australian +ornithologist, on the Houtman Abrolhos Island, west of Western +Australia. Here acres of the ground were covered by birds +sitting on their nests. The question is, does each find its own nest +when it returns to sit? Mr. Milligan settled this in the affirmative +by tying a piece of string to a sitting bird and then letting it +take flight. It found its own egg, and resumed its work. It is +noteworthy that no two of the million eggs are similarly +marked, and this puzzling variation in marking probably assists +each bird to recognize its own egg.</p> + +<p>One of the daintiest of these birds is the Fairy Tern, which +was common on Mud Island while the 1909 Summer School was +being held. Obedient to the call of the mother bird, which +hovered threateningly overhead, the mottled and striped young +one squatted on the shelly sand beach while bird-lovers hunted +around for the material for a photograph. At length the dark +eye revealed the beautifully-protected young bird.</p> + +<p>As the camera was being fixed, a different call from the mother +caused the young one to run away. Three or four naturalists +tried to catch the active little bird, which stopped for a moment +and disgorged two whole small fish, with which its mother had +evidently but recently fed it. Eventually a good picture was +obtained. These Terns nest singly, though others nest in large +companies. They obtain fish by diving into the sea. It was +interesting, on a Nature-study excursion, to watch the Crested +Terns diving frequently into the sea above a shoal of small fish +at Sandringham.</p> + +<p>We found the Noddies breeding in thousands on Mast Head +Island, in the Capricorn Group. They built a small platform +of leaves, or seaweed, high or low, on every possible nesting site +on the great <i>Pisonia</i> trees. In fact, there is an interesting kind +of partnership between the bird and the tree. The fruits of the +<i>Pisonia</i> have bands of sticky glands, which adhere to the plumage +of the birds. After a time the fruits fall off, possibly on another +island, and so this interesting tree is spread throughout these +small coral sandbanks and islets. The birds are sometimes so +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page39q" id="page39q"></a></span> +loaded and clogged with these fruits that they are incapable of +flight. Surely here is a wonderful partnership between the tree-frequenting +Noddy and the forest tree that provides shelter and +nesting places for it. It is, indeed, a marvellous method of seed +dispersal.</p> + +<p>The number of ocean birds breeding on these tiny island-paradises +is amazing. Minute Mast Head Island is a place free of +all pests—no flies, no mosquitoes, no ticks, no snakes, nor prickly +plants, but a deep shady forest of giant <i>Pisonia</i> trees, sometimes +covered with creepers and lianas, and fringed with pretty flowering +shrubs, fig trees, and long green grass, and surrounded, above +spring-tide level, by a fringe of graceful Horse-tail Sheoaks +(Casuarinas). We calculated that over 100,000 birds bred annually +on this 100-acre sandbank, no point of which rose 10 feet +above spring-tide level. The graceful White-capped Noddies +already mentioned nested high and low on the trees and shrubs. +Petrels in thousands burrowed in the sand under the giant +<i>Pisonias</i>, which are so thickly foliaged that not enough light +penetrates to enable undergrowth to flourish, so the sand was +practically bare in the centre of the island. Reef Herons nested +low on spreading branches or interlacing roots. Silver Gulls and +Oyster-catchers nested on the ground, within about a yard of the +spring-tide mark; Doves, Silver-eyes, Bell-Magpies (<i>Streperas</i>), +Caterpillar-eaters, Kingfishers, and other land birds nested in the +trees, while the White-bellied Sea-Eagle (almost a fac-simile of +the Bald Eagle of America) had his nest overlooking all, on the +highest tree on the island. The Frigate Birds were not nesting +on Mast Head Island, but they roosted each night in the tall Sheoaks +at the water's edge. It was a treat, in the late afternoon, +to see these glorious birds winding up their invisible staircase +into the vast void of upper air. Gloriously and calmly they +sailed up and up, until the merest speck only could be seen. Of +corals, turtles, and other marvels we may not speak here. The +migrating wading-birds had just reached the island after their +long journey from Siberian Tundras. Some were so poor that +we caught Sandpipers by hand. Flocks of Turnstone, Golden +Plover, Godwits, Curlew, and other wading-birds were there, possibly +only resting before continuing their journey to the South. +It was indeed a privilege to live on such a spot for nine days and +to see Nature in some of her most interesting phases.</p> + +<p>The two Australian Seagulls illustrate the "law of representatives" +so often referred to by Gould. It is strange how often a +closely similar representative of a Northern bird is found in Australia. +Thus the big Pacific Gull is the representative of the +large Gull of Europe, though its peculiar deepened and orange-colored +bill is distinctive. It does not gain its beautiful white +and black plumage until it is three or more years old, being +brown in the first year, and brown and white in the second year.</p> + +<p>The Silver Gull is known to all. Though a dainty-looking +bird, it has a bad character. It is worse than any bird of prey +for stealing eggs and young birds, for let a gannet or other nesting +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40q" id="page40q"></a></span> +bird but leave the nest for a moment, and Gulls quickly rob it of +its contents. They are scavengers, and eagerly follow a +steamer at lunch-time to gather the scraps. An interesting sight +of Currie Harbor, King Island, is to see the large company of +Seagulls nesting undisturbed on a tiny, bare, rocky islet close to +the pier.</p> + +<p>It was noted that, whenever the Noddies were disturbed, and +rose, protesting loudly, the Gulls immediately gathered and +hovered over the trees containing Noddies' nests. Evidently +they were looking for unprotected eggs.</p> + +<p>Placed in the next family are the seven robber Gulls or sea +pirates—Skuas. We read of these birds in the old <i>Royal +Readers</i>, but few recognized them when they followed us to the +Summer School of 1910. They also followed our afternoon-tea +cruise to South Channel fort, and played their usual game of +compelling the Seagulls to give up the scraps they had gathered. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page41q" id="page41q"></a></span> +The Robber Gull, or Skua, of Victoria is, strange to say, identical +with the Skua of England. The one that followed the s.s. <i>Lady +Loch</i> to the Summer School is better known in England as the +Arctic Gull or Richardson Skua. It breeds in the far North, so +it is a great traveller.</p> + +<p>One interesting fact about these birds is that they show two sets +of plumage. Thus, while each bird, as it gets older, usually +changes its immature and almost uniform dusky plumage for a +white under-surface, an incomplete white collar, and a blackish +cap, yet some retain the dusky plumage throughout life. This +is a good example of "dimorphism," as it is termed. Usually, +instead of picking up their own prey, they watch until some other +bird has captured a meal, and then they rapidly pursue it and +cause it to disgorge. They do not skim over the waves like +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page42q" id="page42q"></a></span> +Petrels, but show a heavy, labored flight, varied by a short soar. +As the two centre tail feathers project beyond the rest, the birds +can be readily identified as they follow a steamer for tit-bits.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" id="page34"></a>34</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i038-1000.png"><img src="images/i038-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER IX.—LARIFORMES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 32. LARIDAE (21), TERNS, NODDIES, GULLS, Skimmers, +125 sp.—32(13)A., 35(3)O., 45(1)P., 42(6)E., +43(5)Nc., 46(19)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>64 Whiskered Tern</b> (Marsh), <i>Hydrochelidon fluviatilis +(hybrida)</i>, Eur. (Br.) to China, Malay, Afr. to A.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>swamps (inland)</i> 11</p> + +<p>Head black; upper, wings, tail light-gray; face, throat, +tail white; chest dark-gray; abdomen black; bill blood-red; +winter, head grayish-white; f., sim. Water-insects, +small fish.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>35</span> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>65 Gull-billed Tern</b> (Long-legged), <i>Gelochelidon macrotarsa +(anglica)</i>, cos.<br /> +[~65-66 <i>Genus Thalasseus.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>rivers</i>, <i>swamps inland</i> 17</p> + +<p>White; crown, hind-neck black; upper, wing-quills silvery-gray; +bill long, stout, black; long legs and feet black; +winter head white streaked black; f., sim. Small +fish, insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>66 Caspian Tern</b>, Taranui, <i>Sterna (Hydroprogne) caspia</i>, +cos. exc. S. Amer.<br /> +[~65-66 <i>Genus Thalasseus.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>shore</i> 20.5</p> + +<p>Head, hind-neck black; back, wings, tail pale-gray; dark-gray +wing-quills; under white; bill scarlet; dives; f., +smaller. Fish.</p> + +<p class="left">10<br /> +37</p> + +<p><b>67<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Crested Tern</b> (Swift, Rüppell, Bass-St., Torres-St.), +Village Blacksmith, <i>Sterna bergii</i>, Red S., Indian O., +to Japan to A., Pac. Is.</p> + +<p class="right">v.c. <i>ocean</i> 17</p> + +<p>Crown, crest black; forehead, sides and back of neck, +under, white; back, wings, tail dark-gray; bill yellow; +legs, feet black; f., sim. Fish.</p> + +<p><b>68 White-fronted Tern</b> (Southern), <i>S. striata (frontalis)</i>, +E.A., T., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>shore</i> 13</p> + +<p>Upper delicate-gray; wing-quills grayish-black; forehead, +side-neck, under white; bill, about eye, hind-neck black; +f., sim. Small fish.</p> + +<p><b>69 Bridled Tern</b> (Brown-winged, Panayan, Smaller-Sooty), +<i>S. anaestheta</i>, tropical, sub-tropical seas.</p> + +<p class="right">v.c. <i>shore</i> 14.5</p> + +<p>Upper light sooty-brown; forehead, line over eye, throat, +under white; crown, nape, line from bill past eye +black; bill, legs, feet black; like 70, but smaller; back, +wings brown; f., sim. Fish.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" id="page37"></a>37</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" id="page38"></a>38</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i042-800.png"><img src="images/i042t-300.png" width="300" height="495" alt="81, 87, 102, 106, 107, 109, 119, 123, 125 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>81</b> Black-breasted Plover<br /> + <b>87</b> Black-fronted Dottrel<br /> + <b>102</b> Sharp-tailed Sandpiper</td> + <td><b>106</b> Australian Snipe<br /> + <b>107</b> Australian Painted Snipe<br /> + <b>109</b> Southern Stone-Curlew</td> + <td><b>119</b> White-fronted Heron<br /> + <b>123</b> Nankeen Night Heron<br /> + <b>125</b> Australian Bittern</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>40</span> + +<div class="figcenter" style="margin-top:1.5em;"><a href="images/i044-1000.png"><img src="images/i044-560.png" width="560" height="436" alt="70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>70 Sooty Tern</b>, Wide-awake, Egg-bird, <i>S. fuliginosa</i> (<i>S. fuscata</i>, +A.O.U.), tropical, sub-tropical seas, Br. (acc).<br /> +[~70 <i>Sterna fuscata.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">v.c. <i>shores</i> 17</p> + +<p>Upper, crown, wings, line from bill past eye, tail black; +forehead, under white; bill, feet black; like 69, but +larger, blacker above; f., sim. Fish, squid. "Oo-ee."</p> + +<p><b>71<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> White-faced Ternlet</b>, Sea-swallow, Little (Fairy) Tern, +Taraiti, <i>S. nereis</i>, A., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Little Tern.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>shore</i> 10.5</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page41" id="page41"></a>41</span> + +<p>Upper silvery-gray; under, rump, tall, forehead white; +crown, hind-neck black; bill, feet orange-yellow; f., +sim. Small fish.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +45</p> + +<p><b>72<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Silver Gull</b> (Jameson), Seagull, Sea Pigeon, <i>Larus +novae-hollandiae</i>, A., T., N. Cal., N.Z. (acc).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shore</i>, <i>inland</i> 17.5</p> + +<p>Head, neck, under, rump, tail white; back, wings delicate-gray; +wing-tips white and black bars; bill, legs, feet +blood-red; eye white; f., sim. Scraps, eggs, omnivorous.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>73<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Pacific Gull</b> (Larger), <i>Gabianus pacificus</i>. A., T. =vt. +Eur. Greater Black-backed Gull.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shore</i> 25</p> + +<p>"This fine gull;" head, neck, under white; tail white +barred black; back, wings slaty-black; eye white; legs +yellow; deepened bill orange tipped red; f., smaller; +young up to 4 years mottled-brown, becoming more like +adult each year. Fish, crabs, carrion.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 33. STERCORARIIDAE (4), SKUAS, Robber Gulls, Sea +Pirates, 7 sp.—4(0)A., 1(0)O., 4(0)P., 3(0)E., +4(0)Nc., 4(1)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>74 Great Southern Skua</b>, Robber Gull, Port-Egmont-Hen, +Sea-Hawk, Hakoakoa, <i>Megalestris antarctica</i>, S. +Oceans, A., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Great Skua.<br /> +[~74 <i>Catharacta.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>shores</i> 23</p> + +<p>Upper blackish-brown; under chocolate-brown; wing white +patch; centre tail feathers project ½in.; f., sim. Stolen +fish, carrion.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>75 Richardson Skua</b> (Arctic), Arctic (Parasite) Gull, +Long-tailed Jaeger, Sea-Pirate, Boatswain-Bird, Teaser, +<i>Stercorarius crepidatus</i>, cos.<br /> +[~75 <i>C. parasitica.</i>]</p> + +<p>Mig. r. <i>shores</i> 20</p> + +<p>Dimorphic (two phases)—1. Dusky upper; blackish cap; +narrow whitish collar; under white; brown band on +chest; brown band on wing; centre tail feathers project +3ins.; strong bill, claws. 2. Under mottled and +barred brown and whitish; follow bay steamers; f., +sim. Stolen fish.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page42qz" id="page42qz"></a></span> + +<p>The fifty Australian birds included in the important order of +Waders are remarkably like such birds found inhabiting other +regions of the globe, shore conditions apparently being somewhat +similar the world over. It is interesting to note that thirteen +of the forty-four Australian members of this family of Plover-like +birds are also found in Britain, and that most of the others +are direct representatives of closely-related birds found in other +Countries. No less than twenty-eight of these birds are merely +visitors here, for they breed away in the far North. Many even +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page43q" id="page43q"></a></span> +nest within the Arctic Circle, in Siberia, for it is a rule that a +migrating bird nests in the colder of the two countries visited. +Strictly, these twenty-eight species are Siberian, or at least +northern, forms, and not Australian birds.</p> + +<p>Many members of this group undergo a seasonal change of +plumage when breeding time comes. As they spend this season +in the Northern Hemisphere, we do not see them in their brilliant +colors, but in quiet, mottled browns and grays.</p> + +<p>Some are "accidental" visitors to Australia. Possibly they find +their way here by getting mixed with a company of allied birds +on their annual journey south. Thus the Common (British) +Sandpiper is a very rare bird here, though it retains its British +name—Common Sandpiper. Similarly, other European and +American birds have been recorded, and the number of these +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page46q" id="page46q"></a></span> +far-wandering birds recorded from Australia is likely to be +still further increased. The stout, short-legged Turnstone is the +most cosmopolitan of birds. Breeding in Siberia, so widely does +it roam, that it has visited almost every shore in the world, where, +true to name, it turns the stones in search of sandhoppers.</p> + +<p>The two "Oyster-catchers"—"Redbills"—are representatives of +similar birds found almost the world over. Their deepened, flat +bill is said to serve as a pick-axe to force open oysters and mussels. +We found one or two pairs on almost every shore we visited +about Bass Strait, on Eyre Peninsula, and on the Barrier Reef.</p> + +<p>The two common Plovers—the Spurwing and Black-breasted—do +not migrate, so we see them in brighter colors. Still, though +bright when noticed, they are yet wonderfully protected, as they +stand quite still. I felt great astonishment on finding that I +had driven, near Lake Tyrrell, into the midst of a company of +over a thousand Black-breasted Plovers, not noticed until the eye +picked out one and then another. It recalled to mind the scene +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47q" id="page47q"></a></span> +in the <i>Lady of the Lake</i>, when Fitz James found the hillside alive +with Roderick Dhu's warriors.</p> + +<p>The White-headed Stilt, or Long-legged Plover, is one of five +species spread throughout the world. Some people have pretended +to pity the Stilt for being one of Nature's misfits, but +surely they never saw the bird in a state of nature enjoying life, +and gaining an easy living on shallow tidal flats, its long legs +being a beautiful adaptation to the environment in which it lives.</p> + +<p>The Banded Stilt is a purely Australian bird, and has no representative +in other countries. These and some other shore-birds +live about tidal flats, and get their food in the soft mud. Their +long bill is often flexible, and the tip is sometimes well supplied +with nerves, so that it is sensitive. The bird can thus detect, in +the soft mud, any animal that would serve for food. It can then +open its bill enough to catch the animal without trouble. The +Avocet's bill is sharply curved upwards, and is one of the most +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page48q" id="page48q"></a></span> +remarkable of such organs. The Australian Avocet is one +species of a cosmopolitan genus.</p> + +<p>Some of the Dottrels live on the dry, open plains of the interior; +others frequent the beaches and shores.</p> + +<p>When a bird of prey appears, these plain-living birds squat quite +flat, placing even the head flat on the ground. They thus escape +detection, for the protective coloring of these birds and of their +eggs is marvellous. The story of how a photograph of a Dottrel's +nest was obtained is of value to teachers, for it will remind us that +it is not well to neglect the three R's, and that Nature-study alone +will not give a complete education. Three bird-lovers spent some +time trying to find this nest, while the parent birds flew noisily +around. Suspecting at last that the birds' knowledge of numbers +was probably deficient, the three hid behind a log. Two +then walked away. The birds immediately returned to the nest, +and a valuable photograph was the result. A training in Nature-study, +valuable as it undoubtedly is, is thus not all of our work.</p> + +<p>The Painted Snipe breeds in Australia, but the Australian Snipe +breeds in Japan, so it, properly speaking, is not an Australian +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page49q" id="page49q"></a></span> +bird. Think of the journey twice a year! Six of these wading-birds +even visit New Zealand each year. How do they find their +way there, across a gap of over 1000 miles, without any land whatever? +Inherited memory is strong, but how did the first batches +find their way? Their annual journey supports the geographer +in his surmise that Australia at no very distant date extended +very much farther to the east. Indeed, these birds almost certainly +follow the old coast of the Australian continent.</p> + +<p>Snipe, some Plovers, Dottrels, Curlews (Sea), Whimbrels, Godwits, +&c., thus go to the North each year to partake of the abundant +banquet of fruits, &c., preserved in the great ice chamber of +the North. Numberless flocks of birds follow up the melting ice, and +so nest unmolested on the great tundras and plains of Siberia. +They wear their bright wedding dress in the far North, and are +known here only in the quiet mottled browns and grays. In +autumn these birds depart. They travel mostly at night, to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page50q" id="page50q"></a></span> +avoid Birds of Prey, and so are seldom seen, though they may be +heard calling as they pass high overhead. They are occasionally +seen with the aid of telescopes as they pass across the face of the +moon.</p> + +<p>The Pratincole, or Swallow-Plover, is a representative of an +Old-World family. Its long wings and long legs denote a rapid +runner and a rapid flyer, so that it has little trouble in catching +its insect food, either in the air or on the ground.</p> + +<p>Our inland Stone-Curlew has a call very similar to that of the +sea (true) Curlew, but it has a short, straight bill, instead of a +long, arched bill. The proper name of the land Curlew is the +Southern Stone-Curlew or Stone-Plover. It is the only Australian +bird that seems to have the power of varying the color of its +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51q" id="page51q"></a></span> +eggs. If the eggs are laid in grass, they are greenish; if amongst +ironstone, the eggs are reddish-brown; if on sand, the eggs are +tawny; and so on. Other ground-laying birds seem to pick out +the soil that matches the color of their eggs, and lay there only. +Possibly local races of the Southern Stone-Curlew keep to the +one class of country. However, the eggs do match the surroundings, +and the birds nest on different kinds of soil and rock.</p> + +<p>In Family 42, the only Australian bird is the Australian Bustard, +our representative of a widely-spread family, a member of +which formerly bred in Great Britain. It is the well-known "Wild +Turkey." As it is a good table bird, it is generally shot on sight. +This is a mistake, as it is (as Mr. C. French, Government Entomologist, +has pointed out) worth many times its table value as an +insect destroyer. None of the family has spread to America. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52q" id="page52q"></a></span> +As no Bustard occurs in the regions between Australia and India, +this bird supplies a good example of what is known to zoo-geographers +as "discontinuous distribution." "Discontinuous +distribution," as applied to land animals, <i>e.g.</i>, marsupials found +in America and Australia, ratite birds in South America, South +Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, or the tapir, found in Central +America and Malaysia, implies a land connexion (not necessarily +complete at any one period) to allow of the gradual spread +of the animals. Of course, as flying birds can pass easily from +one region to another, "discontinuous distribution," as applied to +them, cannot have so much importance attached to it as indicating +previous land connexions.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>42</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i046-1000.png"><img src="images/i046-560.png" width="560" height="442" alt="76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER X.—CHARADRIIFORMES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 34. <i>Chionididae</i>, Sheathbills, Kelp-Pigeons, 3 sp.—2(2)E. +1(1)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 35. <i>Thinocorythidae</i>, Seed-Snipe, Seed-Plover, 5 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 36. CHARADRIIDAE (44), Waders, Plover-like Birds, +202 sp.—68(29)A., 75(5)O., 84(2)P., 70(24)E., +65(3)Nc., 74(28)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>76 Turnstone</b>, Sea-Dottrel, Calico (Beach) Bird, <i>Arenaria +interpres</i>, cos.<br /> +[~76 <i>Morinella interpres.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>shore</i> 8</p> + +<p>Winter plumage, mottled brown, black; summer plumage +in far north; black and white conspicuous; short bill +black; legs, feet, orange; f., duller. Sand-hoppers, +shellfish.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" id="page43"></a>43</span> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +13</p> + +<p><b>77 Pied Oyster-catcher</b> (White-breasted, Black and white), +Seapie, Olive, Redbill, Torea, <i>Haematopus longirostris</i>, +Mol., N.G., A., T., N.Z., Chatham Is. =vt. Eur. +Oyster-catcher.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shores</i> 19.5</p> + +<p>Black; abdomen, rump, base tail above, below white; +eyes, bill, legs red; bill 3.75in.; f., sim. Sand-hoppers, +shellfish, worms.</p> + +<p><b>78 Black Oyster-catcher</b> (Sooty), Redbill, Toreo-pango, +<i>H. fuliginosus</i>, A., T., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shores</i> 18</p> + +<p>Sooty-black; bill, feet, eye red; f., sim. Shellfish, worms.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>79 Red-kneed Dottrel</b>, Sandpiper (e), <i>Erythrogonys cinctus</i>, +A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>muddy river banks</i> 7.5</p> + +<p>Head, upper-neck, chest, black; throat, sides of neck, abdomen, +under base tail white; back olive-brown; middle +tail feathers olive, rest white; thigh, knee pink-red; f., +sim. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>80 Spurwing Plover</b> (Wattled), Alarm-Bird, <i>Lobivanellus +lobatus</i>, A., T.<br /> +[~80 <i>Lobibyx novae hollandiae.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>plains</i>, <i>swamps</i> 14</p> + +<p>"One of most beautiful of plovers;" crown black; face, +hind-neck, rump, under white; upper brown; tail white +tipped black; wattle on face lemon-yellow; spur on +shoulder; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>81<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Black-breasted Plover</b> (Stubble, Flock, Plain), <i>Zonifer +tricolor</i>, A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>plains</i> 10.5</p> + +<p>Upper brown; crown, line on face down to broad band on +chest, wing-quills black; line through eye, throat, abdomen +white; tail white barred black; spot at base of +upper-bill blood-red; f., spot lighter-red. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>82 Gray Plover</b> (Black-bellied), Gray Sandpiper (e), Maycock, +<i>Squatarola helvetica</i>, cos.<br /> +[~82 <i>Squatarola squatarola.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>muddy shores</i>, <i>rivers</i> 12</p> + +<p>Crown, upper, wings, olive-brown mottled white; wing-quills +blackish-brown; rump white; tail white barred +light olive; face, under white, breast tinged buff; bill, +feet blackish; small hind toe; brighter in far North; +f., sim. Insects, worms.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>44</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i048-1000.png"><img src="images/i048-560.png" width="560" height="358" alt="83, 84, 85, 86, 87 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>83 Lesser Golden Plover</b> (Pacific, American, Australian, +Eastern), <i>Charadrius dominicus</i>, almost cos.<br /> +[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. flocks, r. <i>plains near sea</i>, <i>rivers</i> 9</p> + +<p>Upper, tail dark-brown marked whitish; under mottled +buff, brown, white; line over eye, throat whitish; no +hind toe; brighter in far north; f., sim. Insects, worms.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +8</p> + +<p><b>84 Double-banded Dottrel</b> (Banded), Pohowera, <i>Ochthodromus +bicinctus</i>, A., T., Norfolk Is., Lord Howe Is., +N.Z.<br /> +[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>shores</i>, <i>grass</i> 6.5</p> + +<p>Upper brownish-gray; under white; black band on chest; +chestnut band on abdomen; forehead white; black line +through eye; eyelash scarlet; no hind toe; f., duller. +Insects, worms.</p> + +<p><b>85 Oriental Dottrel</b> (Eastern, Asiatic, Mongolian), <i>O. +veredus</i>, Mongolia, China to A.<br /> +[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>sandy coasts</i> 9.5</p> + +<p>Indistinct mottled plumage; upper brown and buff; throat +lighter; abdomen white; slender bill dark-brown; legs +long, slender; no hind toe; f., sim. Insects, worms.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +19</p> + +<p><b>86 Red-capped Dottrel</b>, Red-necked Plover, Sandlark, +<i>Ægialitis ruficapilla</i>, China to A., T., N.Z.<br /> +[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shores</i> 6</p> + +<p>Crown, hind-neck rust-red; upper, wings pale-brown; wing-quills +blackish-brown; centre tail dark-brown, rest +white; under, forehead white; f., duller. Shellfish.</p> + +<p><b>87<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Black-fronted Dottrel</b>, <i>Æ. melanops</i>, A.<br /> +[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>rivers</i>, <i>pools</i>, <i>lakes</i> 6</p> + +<p>Forehead, broad band on chest black; throat, abdomen, +stripe over eye, round hind-neck white; eyelash bright-red; +"active, elegant bird;" f., sim. Insects, worms.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" id="page45"></a>45</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i049-1000.png"><img src="images/i049-560.png" width="560" height="361" alt="88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>88 Hooded Dottrel</b>, <i>Æ. cucullata</i>, A., T.<br /> +[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shore</i> 8.3</p> + +<p>Head, throat, upper-back black; hind-neck, under white; +lower-back light brownish-gray; middle tail feathers +black, rest tipped white; scarlet ring round eye; f., +crown mottled black, white. Sand-hoppers, worms.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>89 Australian Dottrel</b>, <i>Peltohyas australis</i>, A. =vt. Eur. +Common Dottrel.<br /> +[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>plains (interior)</i> 8</p> + +<p>Upper sandy-buff mottled with dark-brown; black band +across top of head from eye to eye; black collar on +hind-neck continued as a narrow V across chest; forehead, +throat white; m., duller. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +7</p> + +<p><b>90 White-headed Stilt</b> (Pied), Longshanks, Stilt-bird, +Long-legged Plover, <i>Himantopus leucocephalus</i>, Great +Sunda Is., Mol., N.G., A. =vt. Eur. Stilt.<br /> +[~90 <i>Hypsibates</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>swamps</i>, <i>lakes</i> 15</p> + +<p>White; hind-neck, back, wings black; long legs pink; f., +smaller. Insects, pond-snails.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>91 Banded Stilt</b>, Rottnest Snipe (e), <i>Cladorhynchus +leucocephalus</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>shallow lakes</i> 13.5</p> + +<p>White; broad chestnut band on breast; wings, centre of +abdomen black; long bill black. Plaintive whistle.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>92 Red-necked Avocet</b>, Cobbler, Cobbler's Awl, Painted +Lady, Scooper, <i>Recurvirostra novae-hollandiae</i>, A., T., +N.Z. =vt. cos. bird.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>lakes</i>, <i>tidal bays</i> 15.5</p> + +<p>White; head, neck chestnut; wings black; f., sim. Shellfish, +insects.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +9</p> + +<p><b>93 Australian Curlew</b>, Sea-Curlew, <i>Numenius cyanopus</i>, +E. Sib., Japan to A. =vt. Eur. Common Curlew.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>tidal shores</i> m., 21; f., 24</p> + +<p>Arched bill 7in.; mottled brown; f., larger. Crabs, worms.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>46</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i050-1000.png"><img src="images/i050-560.png" width="560" height="441" alt="94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>94 Oriental Whimbrel</b> (Australian), Jack-Curlew, Mayfowl, +<i>N. variegatus</i>, E. Sib., Japan to A., T. =vt. Eur. +Whimbrel.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>river</i>, <i>swamp</i> 15</p> + +<p>Brown mottled; chin, abdomen white; tail barred brown, +white; arched bill 3in.; f., sim. Crabs, shellfish, +worms.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>95 Little Whimbrel</b>, <i>Mesoscolopax minutus</i>, E. Sib., Mongolia, +Japan to A.<br /> +[~95 <i>Numenius minutus.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>swamps</i> 12</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>47</span> + +<p>Upper blackish-brown much marked and spotted buff; +under, line past eye buff; arched bill 1.7in. Insects, +worms.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>96 Barred-rumped Godwit</b> (Pacific), Kuaka, <i>Limosa, +novae-zealandiae</i> (<i>lapponica</i>, Am.O.U.), Alaska, California; +E. Sib. to A., T., N.Z., Oceania =vt. Eur. +Barred-tailed Godwit.<br /> +[~96 <i>Limosa baueri.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>shores</i> 15</p> + +<p>Upper brownish-gray marked whitish; rump, tail barred +brown, white; abdomen white; legs brownish-black; +broad, indistinct whitish eyebrow; bill long, slightly upturned; +f., larger. Shellfish, worms, sand-hoppers.</p> + +<p><b>97 Black-tailed Godwit</b>, <i>L. limosa</i>, Br. Eur., N. Afr., India, +E. Sib., Japan to A., Greenland (acc.), may be a distinct +species than called <i>L. melanuroides</i>.<br /> +[~97 <i>L. melanuroides.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>shallow lakes</i> 16</p> + +<p>Upper grayish-brown; wing white band flying; lower-back +blackish-brown; upper base tail white; tail black, white +at side at base; neck, breast, flanks grayish-brown; +abdomen white; bill long, slightly upturned; f., larger. +Insects, pond snails, worms.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>98 Common Sandpiper</b>, Summer Snipe, <i>Tringoides hypoleucus</i>, +Eur. (Br.), N. Asia, Afr., Ind., to A. (acc.).<br /> +[~98 <i>Tringa hypoleuca.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. u. <i>shores</i>, <i>lakes</i> 8</p> + +<p>Upper pale-brown marked darker; wing-quills slightly +tipped white; centre tail feathers glossy-brown, side +feathers white barred brown; under white; chest +marked pale-brown; indistinct pale eyebrow; tail constantly +jerked; f., sim. Water-insects, shellfish.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>99 Greenshank</b>, <i>Glottis nebularius</i>, Br., Eastern hemisphere, +Florida (acc.).<br /> +[~99 <i>T. nebularia.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>shores</i>, <i>lakes</i> 14</p> + +<p>Face, under, tail white; sides of breast streaked brown; +edge of tail barred freckled brown; crown, hind-neck +gray; wings dark-brown; upper light-brown; legs deep +olive-green; f., sim. Shellfish, worms.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" id="page48"></a>48</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i052-1000.png"><img src="images/i052-560.png" width="560" height="435" alt="100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>100 Sanderling</b>, <i>Calidris arenaria</i> (<i>leucophoea</i>, Am.O.U.), +cos. exc. Pacific Is.<br /> +[~100 <i>Arenaria leucophaea.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>sandy shores</i>, <i>swamps</i> 7.5</p> + +<p>Crown, back gray; white band on wing; sides, lower-back +white; eyebrow, forehead, face, under white; no hind +toe; brighter in far north; f., sim. Sand-hoppers, +insects. "Wick."</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>49</span> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>101 Eastern Little Stint</b> (Little), Red-necked Sandpiper, +Land-snipe, Little Dunlin, <i>Pisobia ruficollis</i>, E. Sib., +Jap., China to A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Little Stint.<br /> +[~101 <i>Erolia ruficollis.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. flocks c. <i>shores</i> 6.2</p> + +<p>Upper ashy-brown mottled darker; wing-quills blackish-brown; +centre tail feathers blackish-brown; rest whitish; +forehead, under white; faint chestnut band on +chest; bill, legs black; brighter in far north; f., sim. +Insects, shellfish.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>102<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Sharp-tailed Sandpiper</b> (Siberian-, Asiatic-Pectoral), +Sharp-tailed Stint, Marsh Sandpiper, Marsh Tringa, +<i>Heteropygia aurita</i>, (<i>P. aurita</i>, Am.O.U.), Alaska, E. +Sib., Japan, Ind, to A., T., N.Z.<br /> +[~102 <i>E. aurita.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>coast</i> 8.5</p> + +<p>Upper dark-brown marked gray; crown faint rufous; wing-quills +dark-brown; face, under whitish, breast brownish; +f., smaller. Small water-animals.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>103 Curlew-Sandpiper</b>, Pygmy Curlew, Curlew-Stint, <i>Ancylochilus +subarquatus</i> (<i>Erolia ferruginea</i>, Am.O.U.), +A., T., N.Z., almost cos. exc. Pac. Is.<br /> +[~103 <i>E. ferruginea.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. flocks r. <i>shore</i> 8.5</p> + +<p>Upper grayish-brown; eyebrow, rump, under white, chest +tinged brown; bill 1.5 in., black, arched; brighter in far +north; f., sim. Insects, worms.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>104 Knot</b>, Knot-Snipe, <i>Tringa canutus</i>, almost cos., A., T., +N.Z.<br /> +[~104 <i>Canutus canutus.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>tidal mud flats</i> 9</p> + +<p>Upper grayish-brown; under white; flanks, breast barred +grayish-brown; upper base tail white barred black; +brighter in far north; f., sim. Insects, worms.</p> + +<p><b>105 Eastern Knot</b> (Japanese), Great Sandpiper, <i>T. crassirostris</i>, +E. Sib., Jap., Ind. to A.<br /> +[~105 <i>C. magnus.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>shore</i> 11.5</p> + +<p>Crown, neck, brownish-gray; back, wings brown; rump +white; tail brownish-gray; breast dark-brown marked +white; abdomen white; bill olive, 1¾ in.; brighter in +far north; f., sim. Insects, worms.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>50</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i054-1000.png"><img src="images/i054-560.png" width="560" height="442" alt="106, 107, 108, 109, 110 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>106<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Australian Snipe</b> (Japanese, Latham), Jack Snipe, +Bleater, Long-bill, <i>Gallinago australis</i>, Jap., Formosa, +to A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Snipe.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>swamps</i> 9.5</p> + +<p>Richly mottled; crown blackish with buff line along centre; +face, chin buff; breast, washed reddish-brown; brown +bars on flanks; back mottled brownish-black; under +wings finely barred black, white; chestnut band on +tail; two black lines on face; bill 2.7 in.; f., sim. +Insects, worms.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>107<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Australian-Painted Snipe</b>, Australian Rhynchaea, <i>Rostratula +australis</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>grassy</i>, <i>bush</i> 9.5</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>51</span> + +<p>Beautiful mottled dotted; crown dark-brown, with buff +line; throat, chest dark, chin lighter; wing brown, +spotted black, white, buff; abdomen white; long +straight bill 1.7 in.; m., duller, smaller. Insects, +worms.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 37. PARRIDAE (1), PARRA, Jacana, Water-Pheasant, 11 +sp.—2(1)A., 3(2)O., 3(3)E., 1(0)Nc., 4(3)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 38. <i>Cursoriidae</i>, Coursers, 15 sp.—3(2)O., 1(0)P., 13(12)E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 39. GLAREOLIDAE (2), PRATINCOLES, Swallow-Plovers, +10 sp.—2(0)A., 4(1)O., 3(0)P., 7(5)E.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>108 Australian Pratincole</b>, Swallow-Plover, <i>Stiltia isabella</i>, +Borneo, Java to A., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Pratincole.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>(interior) rivers</i>, <i>marshes</i> 9.5</p> + +<p>Upper, wings, breast light-rufous, throat whitish; abdomen +chestnut; base tail above, below white; centre tail +black, rest white; bill red, tipped black, swallow-like +flight; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 40. <i>Dromadidae</i>, Crab-Plover, 1 sp.—1(0)O., 1(0)E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 41. ŒDICNEMIDAE (2), STONE-CURLEWS, Stone-Plovers, +Thick-Knees, 13 sp.—2(1)A., 3(1)O., +1(0)P., 7(6)E., 3(3) Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>109<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Southern Stone-Curlew</b> (-Plover) Willaroo, Scrub +Curlew, <i>Burhinus grallarius</i>, A., T. (acc.).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>sandy plains</i>, <i>timber</i> 20.5</p> + +<p>Crown, upper dark-gray, marked black; round eye white; +throat buff; chest, abdomen whitish, streaked blackish; +white patch on wing; legs long; bill short, black; f., +sim. Insects, berries. "Wee-lo."</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 42. OTIDIDAE (1), BUSTARDS, 33 sp.—1(1)A., 7(2)O., +7(2)P., 23(21)E</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>110 Australian Bustard</b>, Wild Turkey (e), <i>Eupodotis australis</i>, +A.<br /> +[~110 <i>Choriotis australis.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>plains</i> 48</p> + +<p>Crown black; face, neck grayish-white; upper, wings +brown; wings spotted black-white; black band on +chest; abdomen white; f., smaller. Seeds, grass, +lizards, insects.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52qz" id="page52qz"></a></span> + +<p>Australia, fortunately, has one representative of Order XI.—Cranes. +This is the Native Companion, the only true Crane found +in Australia. These are interesting birds, with their "quadrille +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page53q" id="page53q"></a></span> +parties," "corroborees," and dances. They live chiefly on vermin—insects, +lizards, &c. The great Gould said: "Its presence adds +greatly to the interest of the scenery." Would that more Australians +thought so!</p> + +<p>Cranes are amongst the best of flyers. They are said to fly +sometimes at a height of from three and a half to five miles, and +have been seen to cross lofty mountains in Central Asia without +increasing their altitude. Perhaps because of its inappropriate +name—Native Companion—some have proposed to regard this +bird as the typical Australian bird, but it is not so. In fact, it +is our one representative of an almost world-wide group.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>52</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i056-1000.png"><img src="images/i056-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="111, 112, 113, 114, 115 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER XI.—GRUIFORMES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 43. GRUIDAE (1), CRANES, 19 sp.—1(1)A., 8(2)O., +9(1)P., 7(5)E., 3(0)Nc., 2(0)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>111 Australian Crane</b>, Native Companion, Brolga, <i>Antigone +australasiana</i>, A.<br /> +[~111 <i>Mathewsia rubicunda.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>plains</i> 42</p> + +<p>Deep silvery-gray; wing-quills black; naked red patch +about face, throat; legs, feet black; f., smaller. Insects, +lizards, bulbous roots, seeds.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 44. <i>Aramidae</i>, Courlans, Limpkin, 2 sp.—1(0)Nc.,</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 45. <i>Rhinochetidae</i>, Kagu, 1 sp. A. (N. Cal.).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 46. <i>Mesoenatidae</i>, 1 sp. E. (Madagascar).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 47. <i>Eurypygidae</i>, Sun-bitterns, 2 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 48. <i>Psophiidae</i>, Trumpeters, 7 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 49. <i>Cariamidae</i>, Seriema, Saria, 2 sp. Nl.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page53qz" id="page53qz"></a></span> + +<p>In Order XII. Australia has representatives of the Ibises, +Spoonbills, Storks, Herons, Egrets, Night Herons, and Bitterns, so +well known in every part of the world.</p> + +<p>Amongst the world's birds, few are better known than the Ibis. +This bird was so highly prized by the ancient Egyptians as to be +considered sacred, and they thought enough of it to embalm it. +As Egypt depended on the overflow of the Nile for food supply, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page54q" id="page54q"></a></span> +and as this overflow was heralded by the arrival of the migratory +Ibis from the South, it was natural for the Egyptians to connect +the rise of the river with this bird, and thus look for its approach. +Again, the Ibis is an insect destroyer, and, as Egypt was subject +to plagues of grasshoppers, it undoubtedly rendered as valuable +service there as it does here. This is another reason that +has been assigned for the esteem in which this valuable bird was +held. However, it is now almost unknown in Egypt.</p> + +<p>In Australia we have three Ibises. One, the Sacred Ibis, or +White Ibis, is practically identical with the Sacred Ibis of Egypt. +Our second Ibis is the even more valuable Straw-necked Ibis, +which extends its labors to plains and pastures, while the Sacred +Ibis is rarely seen except on swampy lands. The Straw-necked +Ibis is restricted to Australia. It seems to be increasing in +numbers, for I have seen small and large flocks in many parts of +the Eastern States recently. It has an insatiable appetite for +grasshoppers and other insects. This bird is a valuable asset to +Australia, and yet thoughtless farmers used to shoot it. Mr. Le +Souëf and Dr. C. Ryan came upon a flock of Ibises breeding in +Riverina. They estimated the flock to contain 240,000 birds. +They found that each bird shot contained on the average +2000 young grasshoppers. Think of it; 480,000,000 grasshoppers +a day! Where are those birds now, when needed to stem a locust +plague? We have to pay the price of our folly in destroying +valuable birds. A third Ibis is identical with the little Glossy +Ibis of Europe.</p> + +<p>The six Spoonbills are found throughout the world except in +New Zealand and the northern parts of North America. They +used to breed in England before man's selfishness and stupidity +destroyed them and their nesting-places. They breed at present +in the Murray swamps.</p> + +<p>The Australian Stork—the Jabiru—does not come to the +Southern parts of Australia, but breeds on the Queensland coast. +It is a quaint-shaped, though beautifully-colored, bird. Its large, +awkward-looking bill has a slight curve upwards.</p> + +<p>Now come those beautiful birds, the Egrets. Man's cupidity +and selfishness, and woman's desire for ornament, seem to have +doomed these birds to total extermination, for the plume trade, +which is responsible for some of the "most abominable cruelty +practised in the animal world," is a war of extermination. Egrets +are shy, and are approachable only in the breeding season. At +that time they are, in obedience to parental instincts, brave in +defence of their young. It is just then that the plume-hunters +visit the rookeries and shoot the parents, leaving the helpless, +almost fully-fledged, young to die in the nest, so high overhead. +And all for what? Could anyone who has seen the devastated +nests, with the famished bodies of the fledglings rotting in the +sun, ever take pleasure in Egret plumes decking the head of a +sister or wife? Women of refinement and tender heart will +refuse to wear the proceeds of human cruelty. Those engaged +in the trade resort to the mean trick of calling the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page59q" id="page59q"></a></span> +plumes "Osprey plumes." Now, the Osprey is a Fish-Hawk, and +so possibly of little use to the land-dweller, but these plumes grow +on the back and neck of a valuable insect destroyer. The extent +of this trade is appalling. At one plume sale, held in London +on 4th August, 1909, the breeding plumes of 24,000 birds were +offered for sale. Think of it! The slow starvation of 40,000 +nestlings, the death of 64,000 birds, to provide the plumes for one +day's sale. No, ladies, if you consider you are in need of ornament, +wear ostrich plumes and pheasants' feathers, for these do +not involve the death of a bird, but rather the reverse, for the +greater the demand for these feathers, the more birds will be +bred; but spare the Egret.</p> + +<p>The Reef Heron is found on beaches from the Bay of Bengal +to New Zealand. It has given scientists much trouble, for it +has a pure-white form and a dark slaty-gray form. We +found and photographed the nests on Mast Head and Heron +Islands. This was a prize, for no photograph of a Reef Heron's +nest had been published previously. As soon as the falling tide +exposed the reef round the island, Reef Herons, Gulls, Plovers, +Dottrels, and Terns, went out to have their next meal.</p> + +<p>The "Blue Crane" of the country dwellers is the "White-fronted +Heron" of the bird-lover. "Fronted" in a bird name refers only +to the forehead. Herons are valuable birds to the grazier, +farmer, and irrigationist, for, in addition to insects and snails, +they eat yabbies (fresh-water crayfish), which bore into the banks +and bed of irrigation channels, and so cause much loss of water +by soakage.</p> + +<p>Distinguished from these birds mainly by its nocturnal habit is +the interesting Nankeen Night Heron, our one representative of +a practically cosmopolitan genus. Our one Night Heron hides +on a leafy bough asleep during the daytime. About dusk he sets +off to a swamp.</p> + +<p>The Australian Bittern, also our one representative of a cosmopolitan +genus, skulks in a bed of reeds. Hence it is seldom +seen. Its loud, dismal, booming note probably assisted in the +formation of the Bunyip legends of the blacks. I saw more Bitterns +in a recent trip down the Brisbane than I ever saw before.</p> + +<p>At breeding time these birds assemble in very large companies, +and their nesting-places are called heronries or rookeries. +The chief rookeries here are in the Riverina, where the great +annual overflow of that fine river, the Murray, converts the country +into a great series of lakes and swamps. Here water animals +live in large numbers, and thousands of birds take advantage of +this abundant food supply to nest there in the enormous redgums.</p> + +<p>Each bird is the close relative of a similar bird in Europe, so +that what is read concerning Herons and Egrets there, applies +equally to our members of this widely-distributed family. Eating +grasshoppers and other insects in great numbers, they are friends +of the farmer and grazier. Destroying yabbies and other burrowing +water animals, they are valuable allies of the irrigationist, +and it is decidedly bad policy to shoot one.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>53</span> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER XII.—ARDEIFORMES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 50. IBIDIDAE (3), IBISES, 27 sp.—4(2)A., 6(2)O., +3(0)P., 10(8)E., 4(0)Nc., 11(7)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>112 Australian White Ibis</b> (Black-necked), Sickle-Bill, +<i>Ibis molucca</i>, Mol., N.G., A. =vt. Sacred Ibis of +Egypt.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. flocks, r. <i>lagoons</i> 30</p> + +<p> +White; head, upper-neck bare black; back of head and +neck barred rose-pink; black bill arched; f., smaller. +Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>113 Straw-necked Ibis</b>, Dryweather (Letter) Bird, Farmer's +Friend, <i>Carphibis spinicollis</i>, A. T.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. flocks, c. <i>grassy</i> 28</p> + +<p>"This beautiful ibis;" head, fore-neck naked black; black +bill arched; pointed, straw-colored plumes on neck; +breast, upper greenish-purple barred black; abdomen, +flanks, tail white; f., smaller. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>114 Glossy Ibis</b>, Black Curlew (e), <i>Plegadis falcinellus</i>, +A., T., N.Z., almost cos. exc. S. Am., Arctic, and Pac. +Is.<br /> +[~114 <i>Egatheus falcinellus.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. flocks, v.r. <i>swampy</i> 25</p> + +<p>Head, neck, breast, back, under rich reddish-chestnut; +lower-back, tail dark bronze-green; winter; head, neck +streaked white; f., sim. Insects, worms.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 51. PLATALEIDAE (2), SPOONBILLS, 6 sp.—2(2)A., +2(0)O., 2(0)P., 2(1)E., 1(0)Nc., 1(0)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>115 Black-billed Spoonbill</b> (Royal), <i>Platalea regia</i>, A., +N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>marshy</i> 29</p> + +<p>White; bill, legs, feet black; f., sim. Shellfish, frogs.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>55</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i059-800.png"><img src="images/i059t-300.png" width="300" height="506" alt="128, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>128</b> Cape Barren Goose<br /> + <b>129</b> Maned Goose<br /> + <b>131</b> Plumed Whistling Duck</td> + <td><b>133</b> Black Duck<br /> + <b>134</b> Australian Teal<br /> + <b>135</b> Gray Teal</td> + <td><b>136</b> Australian Shoveller<br /> + <b>137</b> Pink-eared Duck<br /> + <b>139</b> White-eyed Duck</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>56</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>57</span><br /> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i061-800.png"><img src="images/i061t-300.png" width="300" height="503" alt="152, 155, 157, 158, 165, 167, 170, 172, 173 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>152</b> Allied Harrier<br /> + <b>155</b> Australian Goshawk<br /> + <b>157</b> Collared Sparrowhawk</td> + <td><b>158</b> Wedge-tailed Eagle<br /> + <b>165</b> Black-shouldered Kite<br /> + <b>167</b> Black-cheeked Falcon</td> + <td><b>170</b> Little Falcon<br /> + <b>172</b> Brown Hawk<br /> + <b>173</b> Nankeen Kestrel</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>58</span><br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>60</span><br /> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i064-1000.jpg"><img src="images/i064-560.jpg" width="560" height="358" alt="116, 117, 118, 121, 122 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>116 Yellow-billed Spoonbill</b>, <i>Platibis flavipes</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>swamps</i> 28</p> + +<p>White; bill, legs, feet yellow; f., sim. Shellfish, frogs,</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 52. CICONIIDAE (1), STORK (JABIRU), 19 sp.—2(0)A., +10(6)O., 4(1)P., 8(4)E., 2(0)Nc., 3(1)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 53. <i>Scopidae</i>, Hammer-Head, 1 sp. E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 54. <i>Balaenicipitidae</i>, Shoe-bird, Shoebill, Whaleheaded +Stork, 1 sp. E. (Upper White Nile).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 55. ARDEIDAE (16), HERONS, 107 sp.—32(16)A., +27(4)O., 21(1)P., 25(14)E., 17(4)Nc., 33(20)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>117 Plumed Egret</b>, <i>Mesophoyx plumifera</i>, Cel., Mol., N.G., +A.<br /> +[~117 <i>Egretta plumifera.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>swamps</i> 24</p> + +<p>White; bill yellow; feet, lower legs black, above "knee" +yellow; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>118 Australian White Egret</b> (Great), White Crane (e), +<i>Herodias timoriensis</i>, Jap., China, Philippines to A., +T., N.Z.<br /> +[~118 <i>E. timoriensis.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>lagoons</i> 30</p> + +<p>"This noble species;" white; bill beautiful orange; legs +above "knee" and line down centre of inner shin dull +yellow; rest of shin, feet black; naked space about eye +greenish-yellow; f., sim. Fish, frogs, insects.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>119<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> White-fronted Heron</b>, Blue-Crane (e), Matuku, <i>Notophoyx +novae-hollandiae</i>, Cel., Mol., N.G., A., T., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. v.c. <i>about water</i> 24</p> + +<p>Face, throat white; upper, wings dark-gray; under gray +tinged rufous; f., sim. Insects, crabs, yabbies.</p> + +<p><b>120 White-necked Heron</b> (Pacific), White-necked Crane +(e), <i>N. pacifica</i>, A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>swamps</i> 30</p> + +<p>Head, neck, breast, shoulder white; under, wings, tail upper +blackish; f., smaller. Frogs, insects.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>61</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i065-1000.png"><img src="images/i065-560.png" width="560" height="353" alt="119, 120, 123, 124, 125 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>121 Lesser Egret</b> (Little, Spotless), <i>Garzetta nigripes</i>, +Malay to N.G., A.<br /> +[~121 <i>E. nigripes.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>swamps</i> 22</p> + +<p>White; 2 long plumes from nape; feet, legs totally black; +bill black; f., sim. Frogs, insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>122 Reef Heron</b> (White, Blue, Sacred), <i>Demiegretta sacra</i>, +Jap., Ind. to A., T., N.Z.<br /> +[~122 <i>Demigretta sacra.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>coast</i> 23</p> + +<p>Dark slaty-gray; bill yellowish-green; some birds are +white; f., sim. Crabs, shellfish.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +8</p> + +<p><b>123<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Nankeen Night Heron</b>, Nankeen Crane (e), <i>Nycticorax +caledonicus</i>, Cel., N.G., A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. +Night Heron. Frogs, insects, yabbies.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>swamps</i> 19</p> + +<p>Nocturnal; crown, nape black; long white plumes from +nape; upper rich chestnut; abdomen white; neck, chest +reddish-chestnut; f., sim.; young mottled brown, buff.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +10</p> + +<p><b>124 Minute Bittern</b>, Kaoriki, <i>Ardetta pusilla</i>, A., N.Z., +=vt. Eur. Little Bittern.<br /> +[~124 <i>Ixobrychus pusillus.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>swamps</i> 10</p> + +<p>Crown, back, tail greenish-black; under pale-buff; hind-neck, +shoulder deep-chestnut; bill, feet yellow; dark +line from chin to lower breast; f., smaller; upper brown +streaked chestnut; tail black; under white streaked +brown. Water-animals.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>125<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Australian Bittern</b> (Black-backed), Boomer, Bull-Bird. +Matuku-Lurepo, <i>Botaurus poeciloptilus</i>, A. +T., N. Cal., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Bittern.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>reeds</i> 24</p> + +<p>Head, hind-neck, back dark-brown; wings brown marked +buff; throat, under creamy-buff streaked dark-brown; +bill yellow; f., smaller. Fish, frogs, yabbies, insects.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 56. <i>Palamedeidae</i>, Screamers, Unicorn-Bird, 3 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 57. <i>Phoenicopteridae</i>, Flamingoes, 6 sp.—2(0)O., 1(0)P., +2(0)E., 1(0)Nc., 4(3)Nl.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page62q" id="page62q"></a></span> + +<p>Swans, Geese, and Ducks, the Swimming Birds grouped in +Order XIII., are all classified in one family, though there are +many sub-families.</p> + +<p>At the head of the Australian birds is the Black Swan—that +<i>rara avis</i> which, possibly, has done more to advertize Australia +than any other Australian animal or plant. A "black" swan +was an "impossibility," so this bird was one of the strongest +factors in establishing Australia's reputation as a land of paradoxes +and contradictions.</p> + +<p>The Black Swan is well known outside Australia, as it is common +in every park and garden in Europe. Gould feared that it +would be exterminated here, but fortunately Australians are now +learning to appreciate their own land, and there is no danger of +such a calamity.</p> + +<p>Eight species of Swans are known to occur all over the world +with the exception of New Zealand and Africa.</p> + +<p>In the next sub-family there is but one bird—the Semipalmated +Goose of Australia. This bird, better known as the Magpie Goose, +has its feet but half-webbed, hence its specific name, <i>semipalmata</i>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page63q" id="page63q"></a></span> +It is getting rare, though I heard of six near Colac recently.</p> + +<p>Again, the only living representative of the next sub-family is +the Cape Barren Goose, which is common in city gardens in +Adelaide. It is also becoming rare. It is found only in Tasmania, +the Bass Strait Islands, and Southern Australia. We +visited its nesting place near Flinders Island. It is a very pugnacious +bird, so it is difficult to keep with other birds.</p> + +<p>After the Goose sub-family comes the group which includes our +"Wood Duck," or, as it is called, the Maned Goose, for its bill is +goose-like. It is a common bird in Australia. Two allied +genera are found in South America and North-east Africa +respectively.</p> + +<p>In the next sub-family come the domestic Ducks and most of the +wild Ducks of Australia. This group is often referred to as the +"Freshwater or River Ducks."</p> + +<p>First come two kinds of Whistling Ducks—so called on account +of their whistling note uttered while flying. These are rare +Ducks, one of which is found as far as India; the other is +occasionally seen in New Zealand, as well as in Australia. The +Sheldrake, or Shieldrake (Mountain Duck) is the largest Australian +Duck, and one of the most handsome of the sub-family. It +is nowhere very plentiful, though one or more pairs appear in +most suitable localities. As it is unfit for the table, it should be +spared as an ornament to the landscape.</p> + +<p>The Black Duck is very similar to the common wild Duck (Mallard) +of England. Our Black Duck does not change color with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page64q" id="page64q"></a></span> +the season, nor is the male different in color from the female.</p> + +<p>The Australian Teal is closely similar to the Teal of Europe. +It is a grass feeder, and is a good table bird. The female is very +different from the male. It is impossible to distinguish the male +Gray Teal from the female Teal when in the free state. Mr. +Keartland (ex-President of the Field Naturalist Club, and ornithologist +to the Horn and Calvert exploring expeditions) has shown +that there is a big difference in weight. The male of the +smaller Gray Teal is not brightly colored like the male Chestnut-breasted +Teal.</p> + +<p>The remarkable Shoveller comes next. It is closely similar to +the English Shoveller. Strange that this name was first used +for the Spoonbill. The Shovellers are found the world over. +The males are very brightly colored in the nesting season.</p> + +<p>Unlike most other birds, Swans and Ducks lose the whole of +their wing feathers at once when moulting, so that for a short +time they cannot fly. As a protection, the gaudy ones acquire a +quiet, inconspicuous coloration for a time, so that the male is said +to get an "eclipse plumage." Many other birds get a bright dress +for the breeding season only, but the male Duck wears his bright +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page65q" id="page65q"></a></span> +dress for the whole year, except in the moulting period. It is then +"eclipsed," with the corresponding advantage that he is protected +from his many enemies at a time when he is most helpless.</p> + +<p>The remarkable Pink-eared Duck has no close relative. It has +a small pink spot between the eye and ear, and so is called pink-eyed +or pink-eared. It is found only in Australia. The female +is similar in color to the male. The name Wigeon, or Widgeon, +sometimes applied to this Duck, properly belongs to another of the +fresh-water Ducks which is not found in Australia. Hence, this +name should not be used for our bird.</p> + +<p>Another peculiar Australian Duck is the Freckled Duck. It +is a very rare bird. One taken on the ornithologists' excursion +to Eyre Peninsula was considered a prize. So far as is known, +it does not change color with the season, nor has the male or +female the usual bright metallic patch seen on the wing of a Duck.</p> + +<p>The "Salt-water Ducks" form the next sub-family. These +Ducks, though, are not always true to name, for they are not confined +to the salt water. The Victorian representative is the well-known +White-eyed Duck, or Hardhead. This Duck was common +on the Botanic Gardens Lake, Melbourne, until it was emptied +some time ago. Thus, our one "Salt-water Duck" was often seen +on fresh water. In the same sub-family come the Eider-Ducks +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66q" id="page66q"></a></span> +of Iceland and the Logger-head, Racehorse, or Steamer Duck, of +Magellan Straits, which is said to lose the power of flight on reaching +maturity after the first moult. Thus the life-history tells +us that this bird is a degenerate form, and not a primitive flightless +form, for it has evidently descended from flying ancestors. +It uses its wings to row itself along at great speed.</p> + +<p>The ninth sub-family of this group of swimming birds contains +two native Ducks. The Blue-billed Duck, the first of these, is +"especially adapted for immersion and for obtaining its food +from the bottom of the water rather than on its surface." It +was thought by Gould to be confined to the coastal lagoons of +Western Australia, but it has since been recorded from inland in +Victoria, and four specimens have been taken in Tasmania. It +remains under the water for a considerable time, and, if hunted, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67q" id="page67q"></a></span> +flaps along the surface with its short wings, but hesitates to exercise +its "feeble grebe-like flight."</p> + +<p>Some writers declare that the large Musk Duck is the most +remarkable of the many remarkable birds of Australia. It is the +only known species of the genus, and is "singularly different from +every other member of the Duck family," as Gould points out. +Gould further says that "this extraordinary bird reminds one of +the Cormorants. Like many other of these antipodean forms, it +must be regarded as an anomaly." The male has a lengthened, +stiff, and leather-like appendage under the bill. The female is +without this pouch, and is but half the size of the male. A pair +is often to be seen on a sheltered bay or on an inland dam, and +yet this bird has very feeble powers of flight. It is difficult +to cause one to take to flight. Mr. A. J. Campbell summed up +an instructive discussion on this point in the columns of <i>The +Australasian</i> by concluding that Musk Ducks can fly, though they +do so almost entirely at night.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>62</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i066-1000.png"><img src="images/i066-560.png" width="560" height="437" alt="126, 127, 128, 129, 130 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER XIII.—ANSERIFORMES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 58. ANATIDAE (21), SWANS, GEESE, 206 sp.—39(30)A., +50(9)O., 68(10)P., 41(21)E., 56(11)Nc., 70(39)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>126 Black Swan</b>, <i>Chenopsis atrata</i>, A., T.<br /> +[~126 <i>Chenopis atrata.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lakes</i> 40</p> + +<p>Black; white on wing; very long neck; f., sim. Plants.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" id="page63"></a>63</span> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>127 Pied Goose</b> (Magpie, Black and White, Semipalmated), +<i>Anseranas semipalmata</i>, A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>water</i> 32</p> + +<p>Head, neck, wings, lower-back, tail, thighs black; rest +white; feet half-webbed; f., sim. Grass.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>128<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Cape Barren Goose</b>, <i>Cereopsis novae-hollandiae</i>, V., +S.A., W.A., T., Bass St. Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>grass</i>, <i>coast</i> 3</p> + +<p>Brownish-gray; dark spots on wing; bill black; naked skin +round bill lemon-yellow; legs pinkish; toes, webs, +streak up front of leg black; pugnacious; f., sim. +Grass.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>129<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Maned Goose</b>, Wood-Duck (e), <i>Chenonetta jubata</i>, +A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>water</i> 20</p> + +<p>Crown deep-brown; tail, lower-back black; metallic green +on wing; breast gray spotted black; hind-neck short +black plumes; white patch on wing; bill olive-brown, +high, goose-like; f., smaller; duller; breast spotted +white. Grass, snails, insects.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +9</p> + +<p><b>130 Whistling Duck</b> (Tree), <i>Dendrocygna arcuata</i>, Ind., +Malay to Cel., Mol., N.G., A., Oceania.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>water</i> 17</p> + +<p>Crown, upper brownish-black marked lighter; chin whitish; +breast deep-buff, spotted black; abdomen chestnut; +under base tail white; whistles when flying; f., sim. +Water-plants, fish.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" id="page64"></a>64</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i068-1000.png"><img src="images/i068-560.png" width="560" height="436" alt="131, 132, 133, 134, 135 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>131<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Plumed Whistling Duck</b> (Eyton Tree), <i>D. eytoni</i>, A., +T., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>lagoons</i> 16</p> + +<p>Upper grayish-brown; rump, tail blackish-brown; lower-breast, +flanks chestnut barred black; white, black +plumes on flanks; under base tail white; whistles when +flying; f., sim. Water-plants, fish.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id="page65"></a>65</span> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>132 Australian Sheldrake</b>, Chestnut-colored Shieldrake, +Mountain Duck, <i>Casarca tadornoides</i>, N.S.W., V., T., +S.A., W.A., N.W.A. =vt. Eur. Sheldrake.<br /> +[~132 <i>Tadorna tadornoides.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>lagoons</i> 27</p> + +<p>Head, neck shining-green; chest, upper-back pale rust-red; +white band between green and rust-red; upper, under +blackish; tail black; white, green, chestnut on wing; f., +smaller, duller. Small fish, shellfish.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +16</p> + +<p><b>133<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Black Duck</b> (Australian Wild, Gray, Brown), Parera, +<i>Anas superciliosa</i>, =vt. Eur. Mallard. Sunda Is. +to N.G., A., T., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>water</i> 24</p> + +<p>Head dark-brown; line above eye, line below eye, throat +light-buff; upper, under brown marked lighter; glossy-green +patch on wing; bill bluish lead-color; f., sim. +Grass, insects, pond-snails.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +15</p> + +<p><b>134<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Australian Teal</b> (Chestnut-breasted, Black, Mountain), +Tete, <i>Nettium castaneum</i>, Java, Cel., A., T., N.Z. +=vt. Eur. Teal.<br /> +[~134 <i>Nettion castaneum.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i> 18.5</p> + +<p>Head, neck dark bronze-green; upper rich brown; under +chestnut; flanks spotted black; white, green patch on +expanded wing; quills black; 1 lb. 9 oz.; f., head, neck +brown and buffy-white; breast gray, spotted black; 1 lb. +8 oz. Grass.</p> + +<p><b>135<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Gray Teal</b>, Wood-Teal, <i>N. gibberifrons</i>, Sunda Is., Cel., +N.G., A., T., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i> 16</p> + +<p>Like female of 134, but smaller; neck white; 1 lb. 2 oz.; +f., smaller; 1 lb. 1 oz.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>66</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i070-1000.png"><img src="images/i070-560.png" width="560" height="437" alt="136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>136<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Australian Shoveller</b>, Bluewing, Spoonbill-Duck, Stinker, +Kuruwhengi, <i>Spatula rhynchotis</i>, A., T., N.Z., +=vt. Eur. Shoveller.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>freshwater</i> 21.5</p> + +<p>Crown brownish-black; white line before eye, side of +neck; head, neck gray tinged green; under chestnut-brown +mottled black; flanks chestnut banded black; +back-feathers blackish edged grayish; blue, white, +green on wing; throat black; quills dark-brown; under-wing +white; f., duller; head, neck buff marked brown; +under mottled brown, buff. Water-plants, shellfish, +insects.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>67</span> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>137<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Pink-eared Duck</b> (Pink-eyed, Zebra), Widgeon (e), +<i>Malacorhynchus membranaceus</i>, A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>fresh water</i> 17</p> + +<p>Under barred brown, white; face, chin white; black round +eye; behind eye a spot of rose-pink; back, wings brown; +upper base tail whitish; tail dark-brown slightly tipped +white; f., smaller. Water-animals.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>138 Freckled Duck</b> (Monkey), <i>Stictonetta naevosa</i>, V., +S.A., W.A., T., N.S.W.</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>water</i> 17</p> + +<p>Dark-brown freckled whitish, under lighter. Small fish, +pond-snails.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +8</p> + +<p><b>139<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> White-eyed Duck</b> (Purple-headed, White-winged), +Hardhead, Brownhead, Barwing, Karakahia, <i>Aythya +australis</i>, N.G., A., T., N.Z., =vt. Canvas-back of N. +Am.<br /> +[~139 <i>Nyroca australis.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>bays</i> 20</p> + +<p>Chestnut-brown; white patch on wing; upper abdomen +whitish; under tail white; eye white; f., smaller, +duller. Pond-snails, insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +7</p> + +<p><b>140 Blue-billed Duck</b> (Spiny-tailed, Stiff-tailed, Diving), +<i>Erismatura australis</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., T.<br /> +[~140 <i>Oxyura australis.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>reedbeds</i> 16</p> + +<p>Head, neck black; chest, back, flanks chestnut; tail blackish; +bill light-blue; f., bill olive-green; freckled gray-brown; +under lighter. Insects, pond-snails, fish.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>141 Musk Duck</b> (Must), Mould Goose (e), <i>Biziura lobata</i>, +S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>bays</i> 26</p> + +<p>Blackish freckled buffy-white; wings small; long stiff tail-feathers; +bill, lobe beneath chin greenish-black; dives; +f., half-size; duller; no lobe. Frogs, shellfish, shrimps.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67qz" id="page67qz"></a></span> + +<p>There are six families of birds included in Order XIV.—the +Totally-webbed Swimmers. All four toes are joined by a web. +Ducks have three toes only joined by the web, the hind toe +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68q" id="page68q"></a></span> +being free. Representatives of the six families are found in Australia. +These birds are fishers <i>par excellence</i>.</p> + +<p>In the first family come the well-known Cormorants or Shags, +birds found in almost every country in the world. Forty-two +species are known, of which five occur in Australia.</p> + +<p>The large Black Cormorant is the common Black Cormorant of +Britain. It has a very extensive range over North America, +Greenland, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia.</p> + +<p>The little Black Cormorant is found in Australia, from the +Moluccas to Borneo, and in New Zealand. Indeed, New Zealand +is the stronghold of Cormorants, as it possesses many species.</p> + +<p>The White-breasted and Pied Cormorants are so closely similar +that possibly they will yet prove to be one species. Each is +glistening white below, and jet black above. The bill is said +to be longer in the Pied Cormorant, and the patch of naked skin +near the eye is yellow, whereas, in the White-breasted Cormorant, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69q" id="page69q"></a></span> +this patch is said to be blackish or purplish. The Little Cormorant +is also black and white. Its throat and upper chest are +yellow.</p> + +<p>Mr. Mattingley, C.M.Z.S., and others claim that the Cormorant, +by feeding its young on yabbies, which, they say, prey on +fish eggs, saves many more fish in the young stage than it ever +eats in the adult stage, and hence it is really "a friend" of the +anglers and fish. One thing is certain—fish were formerly much +more abundant, and so were Cormorants. Anglers, collect evidence, +and balance good with evil. Cormorants have a long, narrow +bill, with a strongly-hooked tip. They are such expert fishers +that in China they are much used to catch fish. Some will probably +be surprised to learn that this custom formerly held in +England, for the "Master of the Cormorants" was once one of the +officers of the Royal household.</p> + +<p>Some Cormorants nest in company in the Murray swamps, while +others retire to a rocky island, such as Storehouse Island, east of +Flinders Island, to breed.</p> + +<p>These birds are expert swimmers and divers, so that one of the +common names for them is "Diver," but the true Divers, as +already pointed out, are Northern Hemisphere birds, and are +placed in Family 25.</p> + +<p>The Darter, or Snake Bird, is practically identical with the +Water-Turkey of the United States. Sometimes, when alarmed, +it submerges its body, leaving the head and neck exposed. It +swims rapidly in this position. Four of these birds are known, +and they are spread over America, Africa, Madagascar, Southern +Asia, New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand. The Darter was +frequently seen on a recent trip to Enoggera Reservoir, the storage +basin for Brisbane. The long, stiletto-like bill is used to impale +its prey, while the flexible neck assists the spearing operation.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page70q" id="page70q"></a></span> + +<p>The next family contains the famous "Boobies" of sailors—the +stupid Gannets, or Solan Geese, that were too stupid to escape +from danger. Gould says our Gannet out-boobies the Booby, for +he landed on a flat rock and secured five specimens by hand before +the rest shuffled over the edge of the cliff and took flight. The +Australian bird can scarcely be distinguished from its British +cousin. It is common in Australian seas, where it can be seen +diving for fish or flying swiftly round looking for prey. There +is a large Gannet rookery on Cat Island, east of Flinders Island, +where probably 4000 pairs of these fine birds nest each year. +This was visited by a party of ornithologists in the <i>Manawatu</i> in +1908.</p> + +<p>The famous Frigate-Bird we read of in the old school readers +was twice taken in Port Phillip Bay. It is the best of flyers, as +it can "breakfast on the Senegal (Africa), and dine on the +Amazon." The two Frigate-Birds are common in Australian +tropical seas. As already mentioned we met the Frigate Bird on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71q" id="page71q"></a></span> +Mast Head Island. Its wings are long, the forked tail also is +long, but the legs and feet are very small. It is a creature of +the air, and gets its living by compelling hard-working sea-birds +to disgorge their prey.</p> + +<p>The last bird in this varied Order is the Pelican. Our Australian +Pelican is one of the largest of its tribe. Its enormous +pouch distinguishes it at once. The ten Pelicans are practically +world-wide in their distribution. On the trip of the <i>Manawatu</i> +last year round the islands of Bass Strait, we visited the Pelicans' +nesting-place on Penguin Island. This bird is practically +identical with the "Pelican of the wilderness" mentioned in Holy +Writ. The Pelican enjoys a reputation for maternal care of her +offspring; indeed, she was said to feed the young with her own +blood. This was probably due to the fact that one species of +Pelican has a blood-red tip to the bill. Young Pelicans have not +the long bill or the pouch. Thus this bird illustrates the truth of +the statement that each animal in its development climbs its own +ancestral tree, or, to say it in another form, each animal in its +development recapitulates the life-history of the race. The Pelican +has evidently descended from birds that possessed a short bill.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>68</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i072-1000.png"><img src="images/i072-560.png" width="560" height="441" alt="142, 143, 144, 145, 146 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER XIV.—PELICANIFORMES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 59. PHALACROCORACIDAE (5), CORMORANTS, 42 sp.—16(14)A., +6(2)O., 7(3)P., 6(5)E., 10(4)Nc., +9(6)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">5<br /> +42</p> + +<p><b>142 Cormorant</b> (Black), Black Shag, <i>Phalacrocorax carbo</i>., +A., T., N.Z., cos. exc. S. Am.<br /> +[~142-146 <i>Genus, Carbo.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>sea</i> 35</p> + +<p>Glossy blackish-green; side of neck, face buffy white; +white on thighs; f., sim. Fish.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>69</span> + +<p><b>143 Little Black Cormorant</b>, Shag, <i>P. sulcirostris</i>, Borneo +to N.G., A., T., N.Z.<br /> +[~142-146 <i>Genus, Carbo.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>rivers</i> 25</p> + +<p>Glossy greenish-black, about eye and side of neck lighter; +f., sim. Fish, frogs.</p> + +<p><b>144 White-breasted Cormorant</b>, Black and White Shag, +Diver (e), <i>P. gouldi</i>, Louisiade Is., A., T.<br /> +[~142-146 <i>Genus, Carbo.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shores</i>, <i>rivers</i> 30</p> + +<p>Upper greenish-black, under glistening-white; naked skin +about eye purple; hooked bill 2in.; f., sim. Fish.</p> + +<p><b>145 Pied Cormorant</b>, Black and White Shag, Diver (e), +<i>P. hypoleucus</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.<br /> +[~142-146 <i>Genus, Carbo.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>bays</i> 30</p> + +<p>Like 144, but bare space in front of eye orange, bill 2.7in.; +f., sim. Fish.</p> + +<p><b>146 Little Cormorant</b>, Frilled Shag, <i>P. melanoleucus</i>, +Sunda Is., Mol., N.G., A., T., N.Z.<br /> +[~142-146 <i>Genus, Carbo.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. pairs, r. <i>inlets</i>, <i>rivers</i> 23</p> + +<p>Upper black; under white; upper breast chestnut; f., sim. +Fish, water-insects.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id="page70"></a>70</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i074-1000.png"><img src="images/i074-560.png" width="560" height="438" alt="147 148, 148A, 149, 150 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 60. PLOTIDAE (1), DARTERS, Water-Turkey, 4 sp.—2(1)A., +1(0)O., 2(0)P., 1(0)E., 1(0)Nc., 1(0)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>147 Australian Darter</b>, Snake-bird, Diver (e), Shag (e), +<i>Plotus (Anhinga) novae-hollandiae</i>, N.G., A., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>bays</i> 36</p> + +<p>Head, long thin neck, upper, under greenish-black; white +patch side of neck; wings spotted whitish; bill straight, +sharp; tail long; f., light-brown neck, breast. Fish.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>71</span> + +<p class="spacer">F. 61. SULIDAE (4), GANNETS, Booby, Solan Goose, 11 sp.—4(1)A., +3(0)O., 1(0)P., 3(1)E., 6(l)Nc., 5(2)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +11</p> + +<p><b>148 Australian Gannet</b>, Takupu, <i>Sula serrator</i>, A., T., +N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>bays</i> 32</p> + +<p>White; wing-quills black; head, hind-neck buff; f., sim.; +young brown spotted. Fish.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 62. FREGATIDAE (2), FRIGATE BIRDS, Man-o'-war-bird, +2 sp.—2(0)A., 2(0)O., 1(0)P., 2(0)E., +1(0)Nc., 2(0)Nl. (Tropical Seas).</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>149 Frigate-Bird</b>, Man-o'-war-Bird, <i>Fregata aquila</i>.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>ocean</i> 40</p> + +<p>Brownish-black; about eyes, pouch on throat deep red; +variable in size, color; bill long, hooked; tail forked; +wings very long; legs very short; f., browner; breast, +flanks whitish. Stolen fish, young turtles.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 63. PHAËTHONTIDAE(2), TROPIC BIRDS, Boatswain-Bird, +Straw-Tails, 7 sp.—4(1)A., 4(1)O., 4(0)E., +3(0)Nc., 4(0)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 64. PELECANIDAE (1), PELICANS, 10 sp.—1(1)A., +4(1)O., 3(0)P., 3(1)E., 3(0)Nc., 4(1)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +10</p> + +<p><b>150 Australian Pelican</b>, <i>Pelecanus conspicillatus</i>, N.G., A., +T., N.Z. =vt. cos. bird.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>bays</i> 60</p> + +<p>White; wings, tail black; bill pink, pouch yellowish; f., +sim. Fish, insects.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 65. <i>Cathartidae</i>, Condor, Turkey (American, New World) +Vultures, 9 sp.—3(1)Nc., 8(6)Nl. The largest of +flying birds.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71qz" id="page71qz"></a></span> + +<p>The well-known Birds of Prey, so keen of eye, so rapid of flight, +so fearless in courage, and so matchless in fight, have spread over +almost the whole known world. The Eagles of one land are, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page72q" id="page72q"></a></span> +therefore, much like the Eagles of another. The Harriers of England +are practically identical with the Harriers of Australia and +New Zealand, and, in fact, of almost any other land. The Falcon, +so famous in mediæval times, is practically identical with the +Falcon of Australia and Tasmania. The Australian Fish Hawk +is the universal Fish Hawk or Osprey, for there is probably but +one Osprey, having an almost world-wide range. The naming of +these birds, though, has been a stumbling-block to us. To Australians +they are all Hawks—even our gigantic and glorious Eagle +has been reduced to the ignominious level of an "Eaglehawk," +though our male Eagle is the largest male Eagle known, outrivalling, +as it does, both the Bald Eagle of America and the Golden +Eagle of Europe. A source of confusion, too, has arisen from +the introduction of so many of our popular names from America, +Thus, the Gum-tree (Eucalypt) is not a Gum, the 'Possum is not +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73q" id="page73q"></a></span> +the carnivorous Opossum of America, the Goanna is not the +equivalent of the vegetarian American Iguana; the "Wild Cat" is +not a Cat, nor is the "Native Bear" a Bear, nor even remotely +related to one, nor is the Kestrel a Sparrowhawk. It is an +American error in popular naming, which has given us the Kestrel +as the equivalent of the American Sparrowhawk, while the +Sparrowhawk of the ornithologist is the equivalent of the Sparrowhawk +of Britain.</p> + +<p>In one respect, we are unfortunate in this new land. No mass +of association and tradition has yet had time to crystallize about +our native animals and plants. Our poets have not been able to +sing of our birds for want of names and knowledge. Little has +been done beyond the giving and frequent altering of scientific +names, and the misapplication of names of animals and plants +living in other lands to often totally different animals and plants +here, so that confusion has reigned supreme. However, in bird +matters, at least, we are on a better footing, for the bird-lovers +have provided a common, and in most cases an appropriate, name +for each bird.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page74q" id="page74q"></a></span> + +<p>The American Bobolink and Chickadee are famous birds, +chiefly on account of an appropriate name; so is the British +Cuckoo, while its even more noisy, more common, and practically +identical Australian cousin is still unknown, or rather was until +recently. The introduction of Bird Day has already produced +gratifying results. We need good descriptive names for our +varied and beautiful birds—more children's and poets' names, and +less of the deadly formal "Yellow-vented Parrakeet," "Blue-bellied +Lorikeet," and "Warty-faced Honeyeater" for some of the most +glorious of the world's birds.</p> + +<p>The old Order <i>Raptores</i>—birds of prey—included Hawks and +Eagles, and Owls. These are now placed in two orders as +"Diurnal Birds of Prey"—Hawks, and "Nocturnal Birds of +Prey"—Owls. They all seize prey with the very well-developed +talons, and not with the bill. Hence they were called <i>Raptores</i>—seizing +birds. They use these talons when flying, and do not +catch prey in scrub, or very close to the ground, unless in a clear +space.</p> + +<p>The two Harriers are typically Ground Hawks. The name is +said to be derived from the habit these birds are said to possess +of <i>harrying</i> birds. They are generally called "Swamp Hawks," +and may frequently be seen flying low over bushes, to beat +birds out.</p> + +<p>The Goshawks—<i>i.e.</i>, Goosehawks—possibly received their name +by confusion, as possibly a Falcon to hunt Geese was kept in +olden days, but probably it was not this bird. Three of these +birds are rare. The White Goshawk is a fine bird, and is +confined to Australia and Tasmania. The Australian Goshawk +is said to be the only troublesome Hawk to the poultry +farmer, and he bears a bad name generally. The Lesser Goshawk +is a casual visitor in the Eastern States.</p> + +<p>The Sparrowhawk of the ornithologist is much feared by small +birds. He lurks in ambush, suddenly flashes out upon his prey, +and is away with it instantly. The male is one of the +smallest of Hawks. It is an almost universal rule in this order +of birds that the females are larger, often much larger, than the +males, and that there are several changes of plumage before the +adult plumage is finally donned, so it is often a matter of difficulty +to determine exactly the name of one of these birds.</p> + +<p>Eagles are found the world over except in New Zealand. Our +Eagle has the honor of being, as already stated, the largest Eagle +in the world. It is also of undoubted courage, as its specific +name, <i>audax</i> (bold) would lead one to suppose. It is, further, +Gould says, of a "far more pleasing and elegant contour" than the +Golden Eagle, the "pride and pest of the parish." Whoever heard +of an Australian who was proud of his Eagle, though it is something +to be proud of? Let our noble bird appear near a house, +and there is a rush for a gun. On Eyre Peninsula we found the +Eagles fed their young on rabbits, a serious pest in Australia.</p> + +<p>The equivalent of our Sea Eagle is the White-headed or Bald +Eagle of America, the female of which is the same length as the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page79q" id="page79q"></a></span> +male of our Eagle, 38 inches. Many of these glorious Sea Eagles +were floating, with their peculiar butterfly-like flight, over the +Brisbane River, and added much to our enjoyment of a recent bird +excursion there. We found one nest on each island in the Capricorn +Group. On Mast Head Island the nest was in a tree about +60 feet high. On tiny Erskine Island, where there were no big +trees, it was built on the ground, though it had been added to +until it is now over 6 feet high. The fully-feathered dark-brown +young bird sat on the edge of the nest, and formed a good photographic +subject. Eagles were ruthlessly slaughtered in the +British Isles. There is a shadow of an excuse there, perhaps, +with their game preserves, where rabbits and birds are bred +for sporting purposes. These reasons do not exist here. But it +is pleasing to find on record that, even there, "Lord Breadalbane, +who died in 1862, thought that the spectacle of a soaring Eagle +was a fitting adjunct to the grandeur of the Argyllshire mountain +scenery, and a good equivalent for the occasional loss of a lamb."</p> + +<p>Though the Sea Eagle lives mainly on fish and refuse cast up +by the sea, it is pitiful to read that, though this interesting, picturesque, +and valuable bird was once common, not one is left on +the mainland of Scotland. Could blind, unreasoning slaughter +do more? Why kill a harmless bird? But it is not only harmless; +it is of distinct value in its sphere in Nature. Hawks altogether +are misunderstood and misjudged. It is doubtful if it +pays a farmer, aye, even a poultry farmer, to shoot Hawks. They +might steal a few chickens, but they do not live on them. They +live mainly on rabbits, mice, rats, and insects.</p> + +<p>The Whistling Eagle whistles while flying about in the fine +large flight-houses of the Adelaide Zoological Gardens. One fine +specimen accompanied the Federal trawler <i>Endeavour</i> down Gladstone +Harbor, but not far from shore, for it returned when we +headed for the open ocean and the fairyland of the Great Barrier +Reef.</p> + +<p>Kites used to be excessively common about many English +towns, where they acted as scavengers. The introduction of the +shot-gun has exterminated them. They are world-wide in distribution, +so what you read about European Kites will fit Australian +Kites. They are, perhaps, the most graceful of flyers, +gliding, soaring, hovering, and performing all sorts of aërial +evolutions. The toy kites of our childhood were suggested by the +flight of these once common birds. Now, alas! they are very +rarely seen. Being mainly insectivorous, they are invaluable +birds, and we can ill spare them in this country, where insect life +is so abnormally prolific.</p> + +<p>The Black-breasted Buzzard is the third largest of our Diurnal +Birds of Prey. It is a rare visitor in Southern Australia, but in +seasons of drought it comes down from Central Australia.</p> + +<p>The Falcon, which our ancestors trained for hawking, is almost +identical with our Falcon, while our Little Falcon is, for its size, the +"boldest and swiftest of all birds of prey," for it has been observed +to decapitate a flying Duck with a blow of the edge of its wing. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page80q" id="page80q"></a></span> +In Brisbane we had the pleasure of spending an interesting afternoon +with Mr. J. Bell, who formerly practised falconry with +trained Australian Falcons.</p> + +<p>The Kestrel of Australia is almost identical with the Kestrel +of Europe. You must have noticed with interest its habit of +hovering. One incident of the 1909 Ornithologists' Congress +will show that, even in the midst of a crowded city like Adelaide, +it is possible for scientific work in ornithology to be done. While +the Director of Education, Mr. A. Williams, Mr. Le Souëf (ex-Pres., +A.O.U.), Mr. A. J. Campbell (Pres., A.O.U.), Mr. Robert +Hall (Vice-Pres., A.O.U.), and myself were walking from the +Education Office to Grote Street School, a Kestrel was seen on the +grass in a small square. The members of the party were astonished +to see the Kestrel rise carrying a bird, possibly a Sparrow, +in its talons. Now, the interest of this observation is that most +of our ornithologists were prepared to state that the Kestrel is +entirely insectivorous, and never touches small birds. However, +an observation in the heart of Adelaide is of value in this matter +of scientific interest. This bird, unfortunately, is generally +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page81q" id="page81q"></a></span> +called the Sparrowhawk, a name which belongs to a much bolder +Australian bird of prey (No. 157), which does eat small birds.</p> + +<p>Kestrels are very fond of mice, and would, if allowed, spend +time protecting the farmer's haystacks, but if a Kestrel comes +near the farmhouse the gun is at once produced, and so the farmer +loses the services of one of his best friends.</p> + +<p>Jeffries and other Nature-lovers have written on the marvellous +powers of hovering possessed by these birds. In fact, the Kestrel +is frequently called the Windhover. In Australia Kestrels frequently +nest in a hollow tree, but do not lay the usual white egg.</p> + +<p>The Osprey is another example of bad naming. The word is +said to be a corruption of Ossifrage, the "bone-breaker." As it +feeds on fish, it has no big bones to break. It is spread from +"Alaska to Brazil, Lapland to Natal, Japan to Tasmania, and +even out to the Pacific Isles," and it may be the same bird +throughout, though Dr. Sharpe has allowed three species in the +"<i>Handlist of Birds</i>." "<i>The A.O.U. Check-list of North American +Birds</i>, 1910," however, recognizes the North American bird as a +sub-species only, so it is possible the Australian bird will be also +listed as a sub-species when the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' +Union adopts its check-list in Sydney this year. These +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84q" id="page84q"></a></span> +birds eat living fish, which they catch by plunging into the sea. +Occasionally they drive their talons into too big a fish, and, not +being able to withdraw them, are drowned.</p> + +<p>Flinders, in his journal, wrote about the enormous nests he +met on rocky points, and considered they were built by a great +"Dinornis."</p> + +<p>The Osprey and the White-bellied Sea Eagle, however, build on +rocky points if no trees are available, and add to the nest each +year. It is interesting to read in the Western Australian Year +Book article on birds that the Government has placed an Osprey's +nest in the cave district, "under the protection of the Cave Warden." +A pleasing interest is growing in Australian nature in its +many forms.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" id="page72"></a>72</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i076-1000.png"><img src="images/i076-560.png" width="560" height="441" alt="151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER XV.—ACCIPITRIFORMES, DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 66. <i>Serpentariidae</i>, Secretary-Bird, 2 sp. E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 67. <i>Vulturidae</i>, Vultures, 17 sp.—8(5)O., 6(0)P., 9(5)E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 68. FALCONIDAE (29), HARRIERS, GOSHAWKS, +EAGLES, FALCON, etc., 485 sp.—99 (86) A., +106(58)O., 70(19)P., 118(91)E., 53(17)Nc., +144(112)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +18</p> + +<p><b>151 Spotted Harrier</b> (Jardine), Spotted Swamp-Hawk, +<i>Circus assimilis</i>, Cel. to A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>plains</i> 22</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id="page73"></a>73</span> + +<p>Facial disc, hind-neck, back, chest dark-gray; crown rust-red +streaked black; shoulders, rest of under rich-chestnut +spotted white; tail barred dark-brown, gray; +legs long, yellow; m., smaller, duller. Lizards, mice, +small snakes, birds.</p> + +<p><b>152<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Allied Harrier</b> (Gould), Swamp-Hawk, Kahu, <i>C. +gouldi</i>, A., T., N. Cal., Norfolk Is., Lord Howe Is., +N.Z., Fiji =vt. Eur. Marsh-Harrier.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>swampy</i> 20</p> + +<p>Upper, head dark-brown; facial disc indistinct brown; +under buffy-white streaked and tinged red-brown; +upper base tail white; rest tail brownish-gray; f., +larger. Reptiles, mice, birds.</p> + +<p class="left">5<br /> +63</p> + +<p><b>153 Gray Goshawk</b> (New Holland, Gray-backed), <i>Astur +clarus (cinereus)</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>dense brushes</i> 16.5</p> + +<p>Upper gray; throat, under white finely barred gray; feet +yellow, claws black; f., larger. Reptiles, mice, birds.</p> + +<p><b>154 White Goshawk</b>, <i>A. novae-hollandiae</i>, E.A., S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>timber</i> 16.5</p> + +<p>Pure white; m., much smaller. Food as 153.</p> + +<p><b>155<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Australian Goshawk</b>, Chicken-Hawk, <i>A. fasciatus +(approximans)</i>, A., T., Norfolk Is., N. Cal. =vt. +Eur. Goshawk.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>, f., 20; m., 15</p> + +<p>Upper dark-brown; shoulder thigh rust-red; tail dark-brown +barred black; throat buff; under buff barred +brown; f., larger. Food as 153.</p> + +<p><b>156 Lesser Goshawk</b> (Western, Chestnut-colored), <i>A. +cruentus</i>, V. (acc.), W.A., N.W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 17</p> + +<p>Back, wings, tail slaty-brown; chestnut-red, indistinct collar; +under barred brown white; chin buffy-white; f., +upper brown. Birds, mice, lizards.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>75</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>76</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i080-800.png"><img src="images/i080t-300.png" width="300" height="514" alt="184, 185, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>184</b> Blue Mountain Lorikeet<br /> + <b>185</b> Musk Lorikeet<br /> + <b>191</b> Gang-gang Cockatoo</td> + <td><b>193</b> Pink Cockatoo<br /> + <b>194</b> Rose-breasted Cockatoo<br /> + <b>196</b> Cockatoo-Parrot</td> + <td><b>197</b> Superb Parrot<br /> + <b>198</b> Black-tailed Parrot<br /> + <b>199</b> King Parrot</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" id="page77"></a>77</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>78</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i082-800.png"><img src="images/i082t-300.png" width="300" height="499" alt="200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 213, 214 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>200</b> Crimson Parrot<br /> + <b>202</b> Rosella<br /> + <b>203</b> Mallee Parrot</td> + <td><b>204</b> Blue Bonnet<br /> + <b>205</b> Many-colored Parrot<br /> + <b>206</b> Red-backed Parrot</td> + <td><b>209</b> Grass Parrot<br /> + <b>213</b> Swift Parrot<br /> + <b>214</b> Warbling Grass-Parrot</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>80</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i084-1000.png"><img src="images/i084-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +42</p> + +<p><b>157<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Collared Sparrow-Hawk</b>, <i>Accipiter cirrhocephalus</i>, +N.G., A., T. =vt. Eur. Sparrow-Hawk.<br /> +[~157 <i>Astur cirrhocephalus.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i>, f., 14; m., 12</p> + +Head, upper brownish-gray; tail barred deep-brown; obscure +collar reddish-brown; throat, under, thighs +rufous barred white; f., much larger. Mice, birds. + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>81</span> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>158<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Wedge-tailed Eagle</b>, Eaglehawk (e), <i>Uroaëtus audax</i>, +A., T. =vt. Eur. Golden Eagle (32in.).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>, <i>plains</i> 38</p> + +<p>"Noble bird;" largest eagle known; upper, under blackish-brown; +feathers edged pale-brown; hind-neck golden-brown; +f., larger. Rabbits, rats, carrion.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>159 Little Eagle</b>, <i>Eutolmaëtus morphnoides</i>, N.G., A.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>timber</i> 22</p> + +<p>Back of head, under rufous striped black; back, rump, +wings brown; tail grayish-brown, barred blackish-brown. +Carrion, rats, mice.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +10</p> + +<p><b>160 White-bellied Sea Eagle</b>, <i>Haliaëtus leucogaster</i>, Ind. +Malay to A., T., Oceania =vt. American Bald Eagle.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>shores</i> 30</p> + +<p>"Noble species;" white; wing-quills, base-tail blackish-brown; +f., larger; young; head buff; upper wings chocolate-brown; +under buffy-brown. Dead fish, shellfish. +"Floats like a great butterfly."</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>161 Whistling-Eagle</b> (-Hawk), <i>Haliastur sphenurus</i>, A., +N. Cal.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>swamps</i>, <i>shores</i> 24</p> + +<p>Under light sandy-brown streaked white; back, wings +brown marked lighter, spotted white; tail ashy-brown; +head, neck sandy streaked lighter; f., larger. Caterpillars, +mice, rats, floating food.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +6</p> + +<p><b>162 Allied Kite</b>, <i>Milvus affinis</i>, Sunda Is., Cel. to A. =vt. +Eur. Black Kite.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>open country</i> 20</p> + +<p>Upper glossy brown; wing-quills black; slightly-forked tail +brown; under rufous-brown; chest dark lines; f., sim. +Scavenger, birds.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>82</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i086-1000.png"><img src="images/i086-560.png" width="560" height="356" alt="163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>163 Square-tailed Kite</b>, <i>Lophoictinia isura</i>, A. =vt. Eur. +Common Kite.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>timber</i>, <i>plains</i> 19</p> + +<p>Neck, shoulders, under reddish-orange; chest marked +black; head streaked black; abdomen, flanks barred +lighter; upper blackish-brown; square tail brownish-gray; +f., larger. Caterpillars, birds.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>164 Black-breasted Buzzard</b>, <i>Gypoictinia melanosternum</i>, +A. (interior).</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>timber</i>, <i>plains</i> 23</p> + +<p>"Fine species;" crown, face, chest, abdomen black; flanks +chestnut; hind-neck light-brown; upper brownish-black; +wing-quills white base, rest black; this white patch +gives appearance of window in wing when flying; f., +larger. Animals.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>165<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Australian Black-shouldered Kite</b>, <i>Elanus axillaris</i>, +A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>open plains</i> 12.5</p> + +<p>Upper delicate-gray; head, under white; jet black shoulder, +patch under wing; tail grayish-white; f., sim. Insects, +reptiles.</p> + +<p><b>166 Letter-winged Kite</b>, White-breasted Sparrow Hawk +(e), <i>E. scriptus</i>, E.A., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>plains (interior)</i> 12.5</p> + +<p>Like 165, but more black on under angle of wing gives +letter W when wings expanded; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +37</p> + +<p><b>167<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Black-cheeked Falcon</b>, <i>Falco melanogenys</i>, A., T. +=vt. Eur. Peregrine Falcon.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>plains</i>, <i>coast</i>, <i>rocky</i> 15</p> + +<p>Crown, side of head black; upper-breast creamy spotted +black; rest of under barred black, reddish-gray; +upper, wings, tail dark-gray; tail barred brown, gray; +f., larger. Birds.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>83</span> + +</div> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i087-1000.png"><img src="images/i087-560.png" width="560" height="356" alt="169, 170, 171, 172, 173 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>168 Gray Falcon</b>, Blue (Smoke) Hawk, <i>F. hypoleucus</i>, A. +=vt. Eur. Gyrfalcon.</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>timber</i>, <i>plains</i> f., 17; m., 12</p> + +<p>"Rare beautiful falcon;" bluish-white below; grey +above; tail barred gray, brown. Birds.</p> + +<p><b>169 Black Falcon</b>, <i>F. subniger</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>plains (inland)</i> 17</p> + +<p>Dark, sooty-brown, paler below; chin whitish; f., larger.</p> + +<p><b>170<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Little Falcon</b> (White-fronted), Duck Hawk (e), Australian +Hobby, <i>F. lunulatus</i>, A., T., =vt. Eur. +Hobby.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>plains</i> f., 13.5; m., 11.5</p> + +<p>Forehead white; upper grayish-black; cheeks black; tail +barred gray, chestnut; throat buff; chest reddish-buff, +striped dark-brown; under, thighs reddish; incomplete +whitish collar; f., larger. Birds, insects.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>171 Striped Brown Hawk</b> (Western, Orange-speckled), +<i>Hieracidea berigora</i>, A.<br /> +[~171 <i>Ieracidea berigora.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">v.c. <i>swampy</i>, <i>plains</i> 17</p> + +<p>Upper dark-brown; wings spotted reddish; incomplete collar, +under buff-white striped dark-brown; throat whitish; +naked skin round bill yellow; tail barred dark-brown, +gray; f., larger. Caterpillars, insects, birds.</p> + +<p><b>172<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Brown Hawk</b>, <i>H. orientalis</i>, A., T.<br /> +[~172 <i>I. orientalis.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i> 17</p> + +<p>Head, upper dark-brown; line over eye, throat buff; +under buff spotted rust-brown; tail brown barred rust-red; +Skin round bill bluish; f., larger. Food as 171.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +28</p> + +<p><b>173<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Nankeen Kestrel</b>, Windhover, Mosquito Hawk, Sparrowhawk +(e), <i>Cerchneis cenchroides</i>, A., T., N.Z. +=vt. Eur. Kestrel.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat, v.c. <i>timber</i>, <i>plains</i> 11.5</p> + +<p>Upper cinnamon-red, spotted black; tail rufous, faintly +banded black above, tipped white, then black bar; +side neck, throat, abdomen, under tail white; chest +buff striped black; f., larger. Insects, mice.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>84</span> + +<p class="spacer">F. 69. PANDIONIDAE (1), OSPREYS, 6 sp.—3(0)A., +5(1)O., 1(0)P., 1(0)E., 1(0)Nc, 1(0)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>174 White-headed Osprey</b>, Fish Hawk, <i>Pandion leucocephalus</i>, +Mol., N.G., A., T. =vt. cos. bird.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>shores</i> 23</p> + +<p>Crown, hind-neck, throat, abdomen, under tail white; +upper dark-brown; chest mottled brown; side-neck dark-brown, +marked white; wing-quills black; dives; f., +sim. Fish.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i088-1000.png"><img src="images/i088-560.png" width="560" height="434" alt="174, 175, 176, 177, 178 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84qz" id="page84qz"></a></span> + +<p>Just as the Diurnal Birds of Prey (e.g., Hawks) are closely +related to those of the Northern Hemisphere, so are the Nocturnal +Birds of Prey (Owls) very closely related to those of the Old +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page85q" id="page85q"></a></span> +World. The different kinds of Owls are so closely similar that +there are many disputes as to their classification, and it is not +likely that we shall ever be able to recognize in the living, free +state all the species recognized by scientists.</p> + +<p>Indeed, I was much interested at the Adelaide Museum to see +our leading ornithologists fail to pick out the skins of two English +Barn Owls when they were placed with three Australian +Lesser Masked Owls, and yet ornithologists give our birds +such widely-different names that literature is useless to us. +These names have seriously hampered the popularization of bird-study +in Australia. If ornithologists, with skins in hand, cannot +separate them, what is the use of manufacturing species?</p> + +<p>As Owls are active late in the afternoon or at night, there has +always been a certain amount of mystery regarding them, and, +speaking generally, the ordinary observer knows little of them. +Two of the Australian birds have forced themselves on our notice +to some extent. The Powerful Owl, the largest of our Owls, has +alarmed many by means of its blood-curdling screeches heard in +quiet forest gullies.</p> + +<p>The Boobook Owl, though not often seen, calls "Mopoke," which +sounded like "Boobook" to the aboriginal ear, but became +"Cuckoo"—the best-loved bird-call of their far-distant home to the +ears of the homesick first white residents. And was it not, they +asked, what one might expect in a country where Christmas came +at the wrong time of the year, where the trees were always green, +and shed their bark instead of their leaves—where the leaves +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page86q" id="page86q"></a></span> +grew vertically, instead of horizontally, and so gave no shade—was +it not natural that the Cuckoo, a day bird in England, should +become a night bird in this land of paradoxes and contradictions? +Thus Australia's reputation was added to even by the Boobook +Owl.</p> + +<p>Confusion was caused, for, when daylight came, and the Frogmouth +was seen sitting in the tree, the Frogmouth was supposed +to be responsible for the frequent calls of the previous night. +However, some reliable observers, notably Mr. C. H. McLennan, +"Mallee Bird," and Mr. T. H. Tregellas, claim that the Frogmouth +does call "Mopoke'" occasionally, but the Boobook Owl is +the bird that is responsible for the frequent "Mopoke" on calm +evenings.</p> + +<p>The Owls are divided into two families. The members of the +first family—the Owls Proper, or Hawk-Owls—have the facial +disc almost absent, while in the second family the facial disc is +complete. In each, the eyes are directly obliquely forward, and, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page87q" id="page87q"></a></span> +since they are not capable of much movement, the bird turns its +head from side to side. Though mainly nocturnal, Owls are +sometimes seen hunting for their prey by day. As they feed +mostly on mice, rats, and insects, they are very valuable birds. +The feathers are very soft, with a weak central axis, so that no +sound is made when flying. They are thus able to approach +their prey without giving warning. The Powerful Owl well +deserves its name, as it possesses great strength, and is a formidable +enemy if wounded. However, Owls are, fortunately, +seldom shot at.</p> + +<p>Like Hawks, Owls catch their prey with and carry it in their +feet, unless the feet are required for climbing. One peculiarity +of the feet is that the bird can reverse one toe, so that it can have +three toes in front and one behind, like most birds, or two in +front and two behind, like Parrots and Cuckoos.</p> + +<p>Although not so strong of flight as the Diurnal Birds of Prey +(<i>e.g.</i>, Hawks), Owls have managed to spread throughout the +world, so that they are found even in New Zealand. The different +kinds are not easily separated, so most people are satisfied +when they have classed a bird as an Owl, though you will +probably want to divide them into two groups—the Owls +Proper and the Barn Owls.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>85</span> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER XVI—STRIGIFORMES, NOCTURNAL BIRDS OF PREY, OWLS.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 70. BUBONIDAE (11) HAWK OWLS, 280 sp.—47(44)A., +88(74)O., 33(17)P., 48(42)E., 34(16)Nc, 75(61)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">11<br /> +44</p> + +<p><b>175 Boobook Owl</b> (Cuckoo), <i>Ninox boobook</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i> 16</p> + +<p>Head, upper, wings, tail reddish-brown; under rufous +blotched white; facial disc indistinct, grayish-white +edged black; f., larger. Insects, mice, birds.</p> + +<p><b>176 Spotted Owl</b>, <i>N. maculata</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T., +King Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i> 13</p> + +<p>Head, upper brown spotted white; under brown blotched +tawny and white; disc indistinct; f., slightly larger. +Insects, birds.</p> + +<p><b>177 Winking Owl</b> (Western), <i>N. connivens</i>, A., exc. N.W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>brushes</i>, <i>wooded gullies</i> 16</p> + +<p>Upper dark-brown spotted white; tail dark-brown barred +grayish-white; under mottled brown, white; disc indistinct; +f., larger. Insects, birds.</p> + +<p><b>178 Powerful Owl</b> (Eagle), <i>N. strenua</i>, N. Ter., E.A., +S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>dense gullies</i> 24</p> + +<p>Crown, upper brown marked whitish; face, throat, chest +whitish streaked brown; rest of under whitish barred +brown; f., sim. Birds, quadrupeds.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>86</span> + +</div> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i090-1000.png"><img src="images/i090-560.png" width="560" height="437" alt="179, 180, 181, 182, 183 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 71. STRIGIDAE (5), BARN OWLS, 26 sp.—13(11)A., +3(1)O., 1(0)P., 4(3)E., 1(1)Nc., 7(7)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">5<br /> +26</p> + +<p><b>179 Australian Barn Owl</b> (Lesser Masked, Delicate, +Screech), <i>Strix delicatula</i>, N.G., A.<br /> +[~179-183 <i>Genus, Tyto.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 14</p> + +<p>Upper beautiful soft light grayish-brown tinged yellow, +finely spotted blackish-brown and white; under white, +few small brownish spots; disc white edged buff; f., +sim. Mice, rats.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>87</span> + +<p><b>180 Masked Owl</b>, <i>S. novae-hollandiae</i>, A.<br /> +[~179-183 <i>Genus, Tyto.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>forests</i>, <i>rocky</i> 14</p> + +<p>Pale buff; head, back wings marked dark-brown, few +white spots; under paler, few brown spots; disc purplish-white, +edged with deep-brown spots; f., larger. +Mice, rats.</p> + +<p><b>181 Chestnut-faced Owl</b>, <i>S. castanops</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., +T.<br /> +[~179-183 <i>Genus, Tyto.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>brushes</i>, <i>swamps</i>; f., 17; m., 14.5</p> + +<p>Disc deep-chestnut edged black; upper rufous-brown +marked dark-brown; few small spots on head, shoulders; +under deep sandy-brown with blackish spots; f., +larger. Mice, rats.</p> + +<p><b>182 Sooty Owl</b>, Dusky Barn Owl, <i>S. tenebricosa</i>, N.G., E.A.<br /> +[~179-183 <i>Genus, Tyto.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dense brushes</i>; f., 16; m., 13.5</p> + +<p>Disc sooty-gray deeper round eyes; upper brownish-black +finely spotted white; under brownish-black washed +buff, fainter spots; legs mottled brown, white; f., +larger. Mice, rats.</p> + +<p><b>183 Grass Owl</b>, <i>S. candida</i>, India, Formosa, China, Philippines +to E.A.<br /> +[~179-183 <i>Genus, Tyto.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>grass</i> 14</p> + +<p>Disc white or tinged pale-pink; brownish spot before eye; +edge disc dark-brown above, buff below; upper dark-brown +finely spotted white; under white tinged orange-buff +with scattered brown spots; tail whitish barred +brown; legs long; f., sim.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page87qz" id="page87qz"></a></span> +<p>While Australia possesses representatives of nearly all the +important widely-spread families of birds this favored land also +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page88q" id="page88q"></a></span> +contains many birds that are unknown elsewhere. In addition, +there are some groups which are found in other continents, but +which reach their highest development here. Conspicuous +amongst these are Parrots and Cockatoos. Australians are so +accustomed to see these beautiful birds on every country road, +and in cages outside their houses, that they do not appreciate +their beauty or their interest, for "familiarity breeds contempt," +even with bird life.</p> + +<p>When one reflects that no figure of a Parrot is found in ancient +Egyptian art, and that no Parrot is mentioned in the Bible, then +one begins to understand the interest of Europeans in these +"spoilt children" of the animal world, the "monkeys of the bird +world," and "the cream of the Australian avifauna."</p> + +<p>Their tameness, their affection, their entertaining habits, and +their remarkable powers of speech, all help to render Parrots the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page89q" id="page89q"></a></span> +favorites amongst birds. The brilliance of their plumage, their +intelligence, and their longevity excite wonder, for Parrots have +been known to live 100 years in captivity. Presumably, they +would live even longer in a state of nature. Humboldt recorded, +as quoted in Newton's "Dictionary of Birds," "that in South +America he met with a venerable bird, which remained the sole +possessor of a literally dead language, the whole tribe of Indians, +Atures by name, who spoke it, having become extinct."</p> + +<p>Australians will perhaps be surprised to learn that there are +no Parrots or Cockatoos in Europe, and none in Asia, excepting +India, none in Africa north of the Tropic of Cancer, and only two +in North America, and that one of these is rapidly becoming +extinct, and that Africa and India are poor in Parrots. Thus +South America and Australasia alone are left as the lands that +contain these interesting birds in any number. While South +America contains the largest Parrots—the Macaws—all the South +American species belong to one family. In the Australian region +six families of Parrots are represented. Four of them are confined +to the region, while but one species of the fifth family +(Cockatoos) is found outside the region.</p> + +<p>The Brush-tongued Parrots, or "Lorikeets," are a purely Australian +family. Some of these are very common at times in +flowering eucalypts, even in the public gardens and streets. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page90q" id="page90q"></a></span> +Blue Mountain Parrot, very common at times, is a giant of the +family. It has been described as a "noble bird, gorgeously +apparelled." Its vernacular name of Blue-bellied Lorikeet has +been altered to Blue Mountain Lorikeet. We found these birds +nesting in the big sugar-gums bordering Warunda Creek, Eyre +Peninsula. They keenly and noisily resented our curiosity, and +screeched much as we tried to discover them amongst the green +foliage. Though so gaudy, they were picked out with difficulty. +This bird was very troublesome in my garden at Bengworden, near +the Gippsland Lakes, where, when the apples were about the size +of marbles, they tore them to pieces to get the developing +"pips." In common with the other members of the family, they +have a swift, direct flight, and screech much when flying. The +"Green Keets," generally called "Green Leeks," which are so very +numerous at times, are often accompanied by two other Lorikeets, +the Little and Purple-crowned Lorikeets. These green birds +hang, head down, among the eucalyptus leaves, and brush up the +honey from the flowers with their brush tongue. They follow the +flowering of the eucalypts from district to district, and since the +eucalypts flower at irregular intervals, these birds are not so +regular in their movements as Swifts, Snipe, Curlews, Cuckoos, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page91q" id="page91q"></a></span> +and other migratory birds. For this reason the birds may be +absent from a district for some years, and then suddenly appear +again in great numbers.</p> + +<p>Cockatoos are almost confined to the Australian region. This +includes the islands north-west of Australia out to Wallace's line, +passing between Celebes and the Philippine Islands, Celebes and +Borneo, and between the small islands of Lombok and Bali, east +of Java. These islands, though but fifteen miles apart, "differ +far more from each other in their birds and quadrupeds than do +England and Japan. The birds of the one are extremely unlike +those of the other." Another authority says that the faunas of +Bali and Lombok are more unlike than those of South America +and Africa. Bali has Woodpeckers, Barbets, Bulbuls, and Black +and White Magpie-Robins, none of which is found in Lombok, +where we find Screaming Cockatoos, Friar-birds, and other Honey-eaters, +and the strange mound-building Megapodes and numerous +other remarkable birds. This narrow strait is over 1000 fathoms +in depth, and is probably one of the most ancient and most permanent +dividing lines in the world. Instead of being united to +Asia, it is probable that Australia has been more recently joined +to New Zealand, South America, and South Africa. Only one +Cockatoo transgresses Wallace's line to the west, and that is +found in the Philippine Islands; evidently it has spread there +from the adjacent part of the Australian region.</p> + +<p>The sombre, slow-flying Black Cockatoo is the largest of all +Cockatoos. It is seen fairly often in small companies, especially +on wattles and eucalypts, the wood of which it tears to pieces +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page92q" id="page92q"></a></span> +with its powerful bill to get the insect larvæ feeding there. It +is a valuable forest-saving bird.</p> + +<p>The Glossy or Leach Black Cockatoo is named after Dr. Leach, +who did a great amount of work on Australian animals about 100 +years ago. It is a rare bird, and may readily be distinguished +by its smaller size and more glossy plumage.</p> + +<p>The peculiar gray Gang-gang Cockatoos are common in parts of +the forest country. The male is easily recognized by his red head +and crest. I occasionally see these interesting birds in the big +eucalypt forests of Gippsland. I was surprised to discover that, +in South Gippsland, it is generally called the Galah, a name which +belongs to quite a different bird (194).</p> + +<p>The screeching, fussy White Cockatoo, with its delicate sulphur +crest, is well known. Many country dwellers enjoy the privilege +of often seeing these snowy-white birds almost covering +a dead tree. They are favorites as pets, and live to a good old +age. They render good service at times by digging up and eating +grasshoppers' eggs, though they do damage to maize and other +crops. As they post sentinels, they are difficult birds to approach.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93q" id="page93q"></a></span> + +<p>The Pink Cockatoo (Major Mitchell) is unfortunately becoming +rare. It was fairly common when I taught in a Mallee school, +near where Hopetoun now is. It has been described as "quite +the most beautiful of all the Cockatoos, being a harmony of delicate +rose-pink and white, with a handsome crest of acuminate +feathers barred in crimson, yellow, and white." It does not take +kindly to captivity. It nested in the smaller "spouts" of the +green "box-trees" in the "box-flats" and swamps about the Goyura +School, south of Lake Corrong.</p> + +<p>What is more glorious than a mob of Rose-breasted Cockatoos +(Galahs), 500 strong, airing their beauties and graces as they +take a constitutional before retiring for the night? Probably no +other kind of bird shows better company-flying than Galahs; now +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page94q" id="page94q"></a></span> +one sheet of a delicate gray lavender, and the next instant a flash +of brilliant salmon-pink, as the whole company turns and wheels, +obedient to some command or signal unperceived by us; again, +the sun lights up the pale-pink crests and gray backs, as they turn +once more and wheel, screeching, to continue their evolutions further +afield. It is a sight that lingers in the memory. They are +charming pets, and some talk well. Their beauty adds charm to +our almost perfectly level great inland plains.</p> + +<p>The delicately-colored and friendly Cockatoo Parrot, with its +immovable crest, takes a sub-family to itself. It migrates from +the North, and, in a dry year, may even reach the South +Coast. In 1908 some of these birds reached Colac, in Southern +Victoria. They are favorite aviary birds, and thousands have +been exported.</p> + +<p>In the true Parrot family, Australia is strongly represented by +many beautiful birds. The first is the Barraband Parrakeet of +Gould, and the Green Leek of some ornithologists. As the name +Green Leek is practically in universal use for the Musk Lorikeet +(Green Keet) of the ornithologist, it seems desirable to sink an +inappropriate name into a synonym, and use the earlier name, +Superb Parrot, for it is a beautiful bird. Sad to say, it has +become exceedingly rare, though Mr. A. W. Milligan informed +me, a few days ago, that he saw six fly into some pines at Black +Rock one day this month (January, 1911).</p> + +<p>The Rock Pebble, or Smoker, of the country dweller, formally +called the Black-tailed Parrot, is a fine bird. His tail, however, +is not really black, but is strongly iridescent. He nested in numbers, +at the beginning of the nineties, in the dead box-trees in +Lake Corrong. After an early tea, we frequently went over to +the lake and watched the birds feeding their young. No longer +do they inhabit that district, which has been completely cleared +and placed under cultivation.</p> + +<p>The big King Parrot is a "showy, noble species," and is still +common in parts, especially the moist forest districts.</p> + +<p>The members of the next group form a sub-family—the Broad-tails—confined +to Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the +Pacific Islands. Judging by their names, they must be amongst +the most beautiful of birds. The best known is the common +Rosella, often quoted in European books as one of the most beautiful +of birds. Its scientific name is eximius, which means excellent. +Indeed, the scientific names of Australian parrots give +a good indication of their place amongst the glories of the bird +world. The cousin of the Rosella—the large blue-winged and +blue-cheeked Crimson Parrot—is well named elegans; a grass +parrot is also elegans, then follow splendidus, splendida, and +pulchella, while that great ornithologist, Gould, has conferred +the honor of pulcherrimus on another Australian parrot. +These names, given by scientists, will show Australians in what +high esteem these birds, so common with us, are held by observers +from other lands.</p> + +<p>The Crimson Parrot, previously mentioned, is, I think, becoming +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page99q" id="page99q"></a></span> +common, for I have lately seen it flying about in towns, +notably in the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, the Zoological Gardens, +Melbourne, and the school yard at Wangaratta.</p> + +<p>The Yellow Parrakeet, with its blue cheeks, is a "harmony in +blue and canary yellow, and is an exceedingly lovely bird." It +is unfortunately rare.</p> + +<p>The next bird is one of our well-known cage pets—the beautiful +Ringneck—the Mallee Parrot. It flies ahead of one along +the half-chain strip of scrub left on mallee roads, and is a feature +of interest.</p> + +<p>The next group contains some inland parrots. The "Bulloak," +or "Blue Bonnet," is a beautiful bird, and is common on +inland plains. It has a brownish-olive back and a gray +chest. The bright, blue cheeks, forehead, and shoulder, +red abdomen, and light yellow base to tail present a striking appearance. +Its vernacular name—Yellow-vented Parrakeet—has +now been altered to Blue Bonnet Parrot.</p> + +<p>The Many-colored Parrot, with its large yellow shoulder +patch, is a glory. It is, indeed, difficult to imagine a more beautiful +bird as it flies about in the bright Mallee sunshine. The +Red-backed Parrot is the common "Grass Parrot" of country +dwellers. Large flocks of these birds are to be seen on the +inland plains. The female is much plainer than her gaudy mate. +This is unusual amongst parrots; for, as the work of sitting on +the eggs is done in a hollow tree under good shelter, there is +apparently no reason why the female should be plainer than +the male, and in most parrots she is equally pretty.</p> + +<p>The brownish female offers a strong contrast to her more +brightly coloured mate, which is immediately distinguished by +the large red patch on the back. (The Many-colored Parrot +has a much smaller red patch on the back, near the base of the +tail.)</p> + +<p>The seven small Grass-Parrots (<i>Neophemas</i>) are amongst the +most beautiful of parrots. These birds have become so rare that +the South Australian Government has wisely placed them on the +totally-protected list. Bird trappers formerly exported numbers +to Europe each year. These rare Parrots are said to be worth +about £7 each as cage birds.</p> + +<p>We found the rare Rock Parrot nesting in the edges and hollows +of a tiny travertine-limestone island (Goat Island) in an inlet at +the eastern end of the Great Australian Bight. The eggs were +laid on the bare earth, often within two or three feet of high-tide +mark. The whole island was less than an acre in extent, +and at no point was ten feet above high-tide level. Many similar +islands on the Australian coast have not yet been explored +ornithologically, so we do not know what matters of interest are +awaiting us.</p> + +<p>The next bird, the Swift-flying Lorikeet, is a honey feeder, like +the first four Parrots (Lorikeets) mentioned. It is often found +with them, and was common all the winter, and is common now +in a clump of flowering gums outside the Melbourne Cricket +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100q" id="page100q"></a></span> +Ground. It has given scientists much trouble as to its correct +name and position. It can be distinguished from the "Green +Keets" by having scarlet under the wings.</p> + +<p>The beautiful and affectionate little Budgerigar (Warbling +Grass Parrot), or Love Bird, has many names. It is migratory, +and sometimes appears in thousands, though it may not be seen +again for years. It is a favorite cage bird, and breeds as +freely as caged canaries, so it is well-known in Europe.</p> + +<p>The last two Parrots are ground birds, which never perch or +climb. It was feared that the Ground Parrot was extinct, +but it is seen occasionally in the National Park at Wilson's Promontory. +The Night Parrot is better called the Western Ground +Parrot. It is found amongst the Spinifex (<i>Triodia</i>) scrub of the +interior.</p> + +<p>Though Parrots are essentially "climbers," having the suitable +arrangement of two toes in front and two behind, it is interesting +to learn of these two Australian Parrots which cannot +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page101q" id="page101q"></a></span> +perch or climb. The Parrot's foot is of interest, further, in so +far as it is used as a hand, and the food is held in it while being +eaten. The powerful bill not only serves to reduce its food to +powder, but also assists in climbing. It is sometimes amusing +to note the "absurd caution," and great deliberation with which +a parrot climbs down in his cage to pick up some dainty.</p> + +<p>Possessing no less than 76 kinds of Parrots and Cockatoos, Australians +should be alive to their privileges as contrasted with +the dwellers of northern lands, where Parrots do not live. They +should insist on the proper protection of these beautiful and wonderful +birds.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>88</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i092-1000.png"><img src="images/i092-560.png" width="560" height="393" alt="184, 185, 186, 187, 188 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER XVII.—PSITTACIFORMES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 72. <i>Nestoridae</i>, Nestor, Kaka, Kea, 4 sp. A. (N.Z.).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 73. LORIIDAE (9), BRUSH-TONGUED PARROTS, +LORIES, LORIKEETS, 87 sp. A.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +16</p> + +<p><b>184<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Blue Mountain Lorikeet</b> (-Parrot), Rainbow Lory, +Blue—bellied (Swainson) Lorikeet, <i>Trichoglossus +novae-hollandiae</i>, N.A., E.A., S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. flocks c. <i>eucalypts</i> 14</p> + +<p>Head, throat, abdomen blue; chest blood-red tinged yellow; +back green; bill blood-red; f., sim. Honey. +Screech.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page89" id="page89"></a>89</span> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>185<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Musk Lorikeet</b>, Green Keet, Green Leek (e), <i>Glossopsittacus +concinnus</i>, E.A., S.A., T.<br /> +[~185-187 <i>Genus, Glossopsitta.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. v.c. <i>flowering eucalypts</i> 8.5</p> + +<p>Green; forehead, behind ear red; bill black tipped red; f., +sim. Honey. Screech.</p> + +<p><b>186 Purple-crowned Lorikeet</b>, <i>G. porphyrocephalus</i>, N.S.W. +V., S.A., W.A.<br /> +[~185-187 <i>Genus, Glossopsitta.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. flocks with 185. r. <i>eucalypts</i> 6.5</p> + +<p>Green; forehead red, yellow; behind ear fainter red, yellow; +crown purple; behind head yellowish-green; +shoulder light-blue; under wing crimson; under +greenish-gray; flanks, under-tail golden-green; bill +black; f., sim. Honey. Screech.</p> + +<p><b>187 Little Lorikeet</b>, Jerryang, <i>G. pusillus</i>, E.A., S.A., T.<br /> +[~185-187 <i>Genus, Glossopsitta.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. flocks with 185. c. <i>eucalypts</i> 6.5</p> + +<p>Green; face deep-red; hind-neck brown; wings black +edged green; tail feathers grass-green, inner webs red +at base, yellowish at tip; f., smaller. Honey. Screech.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 74. CYCLOPSITTACIDAE (2), Fig-Parrots, 23 sp. A.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 75. CACATUIDAE (17), COCKATOOS, 29 sp.—28(28)A., +1(1)O. (Philippine Is.).</p> + +<p class="left">7<br /> +7</p> + +<p><b>188 Black Cockatoo</b>, Funereal Black Cockatoo, <i>Calyptorhynchus +funereus</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T., +King Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Small flocks, r. <i>timber</i> 26</p> + +<p>Black; ear-patch, under tail yellow; f., sim. Wood-boring +larvae. Seeds. "Wy-la."</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>90</span> + +</div> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i094-1000.png"><img src="images/i094-560.png" width="560" height="438" alt="189, 190, 191, 192, 193 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>189 Banksian Cockatoo</b>, Banksian Black Cockatoo, C. +<i>banksi</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>timber</i> 24</p> + +<p>Glossy greenish-black; vermilion-red band on tail; f., yellow +side of head, neck. Caterpillars, seeds.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>91</span> + +<p><b>190 Glossy Cockatoo</b> (Leach Black), <i>C. viridis</i>, E.A., +S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Small flocks, r. <i>timber</i> 19.5</p> + +<p>Glossy greenish-black; deep vermilion-red on tail; f., no +vermilion on tail. Sheoak (<i>Casuarina</i>) seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>191<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Gang-gang Cockatoo</b> (Red-crowned), Red-crowned +Parrot (e), Galah (e), <i>Callocephalum galeatum</i>, +S.Q., N.S.W., V., T., King Is.<br /> +[~191 <i>Genus, Callocephalon.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>forest</i> 13.5</p> + +<p>Head, crest fine scarlet; rest slate-gray barred grayish-green; +wings tinged green; under tinged red; f., head, +crest gray. Eucalypt seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">5<br /> +17</p> + +<p><b>192 White Cockatoo</b> (Sulphur-crested), <i>Cacatua galerita</i>, +A., T., King Is.<br /> +[~192-194 <i>Genus, Cacatöes.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. Flocks, v.c. <i>timber</i>, <i>open plains</i> 20</p> + +<p>White; crest, under wing, portion of tail sulphur-yellow; +f., sim. Seeds, grain, native bread, bulbous roots, +grasshoppers' eggs. Screech.</p> + +<p><b>193<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Pink Cockatoo</b> (Leadbeater), Major Mitchell, <i>C. leadbeateri</i>, +Int. A.<br /> +[~192-194 <i>Genus, Cacatöes.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>lofty gums</i> 16</p> + +<p>"Most beautiful and elegant" cockatoo; white; forehead, +neck, under wing, middle abdomen, base of tail salmon +pink becoming deeper under wing; crest crimson, +yellow, white; eyes black; f., yellow in crest brighter; +eyes reddish-brown. Plaintive cry.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>92</span> + +</div> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i096-1000.png"><img src="images/i096-560.png" width="560" height="434" alt="194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>194<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Rose-breasted Cockatoo</b>, Galah, Willie-willock, Willock, +<i>C. roseicapilla</i>, A., T. (acc).<br /> +[~192-194 <i>Genus, Cacatöes.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. large flocks, c. <i>plains</i> 14</p> + +<p>Upper gray; under deep rose pink; head pinky-white; "the +second most beautiful of cockatoos;" f., sim. Seeds, +salt-bush.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id="page93"></a>93</span> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>195 Long-billed Cockatoo</b>, Corella, <i>Licmetis nasica</i>, N. +Ter., N.S.W., V., S.A.<br /> +[~195 <i>Licmetis tenuirostris.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Flocks r. <i>ground</i> 17</p> + +<p>White; under wing pale-yellow; under tail bright-yellow; +forehead, face scarlet; neck, breast tinged scarlet; +naked blue skin round eye; long bill, 1⅝ in.; f., sim. +Bulbous roots.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>196<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Cockatoo-Parrot</b>, Cockatiel, Quarrion, <i>Calopsittacus +novae-hollandiae</i>, A.<br /> +[~196 <i>Calopsitta novae-hollandiae.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. flocks, c. <i>plains</i>, <i>timber</i> 12</p> + +<p>Forehead, crest lemon-yellow; ear-patch rich reddish-orange +in a patch yellow above white below; upper, +under gray; white on wings, chest; f., face, crest dull +olive-yellow; tail barred brown. Seeds.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 76. PSITTACIDAE (47), PARROTS, Macaws, 433 sp.—144(144)A., +49(49)O., 42(42)E., 2(l)Nc., +197(196)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>197<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Superb Parrot</b> (Scarlet-breasted), Green Leek, Barraband +Parrakeet, <i>Polytelis barrabandi</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., +V., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>timber</i> 16</p> + +<p>Green; forehead, cheeks, throat rich gamboge-yellow; crescent +of scarlet next to yellow on chest; bill yellow; +sometimes red on thigh; f., green tinged dull rose on +chest; thigh red. Seeds.</p> + +<p><b>198<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Black-tailed Parrot</b>, Rock-Pebbler, Rock-Pebble, Smoker, +<i>P. melanura</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A. (interior).<br /> +[~198 <i>Polytelis anthopeplus.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>Box flats</i>, <i>timber</i> 16</p> + +<p>Head, neck, greenish-yellow; shoulders, under yellow; +upper-back olive; wing-quills, tail iridescent black; +some pink on wing; bill scarlet; f., duller. Seeds, honey.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +9</p> + +<p><b>199<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> King Parrot</b> (Scarlet and Green, Spud), Blood Rosella, +King Lory (e), <i>Aprosmictus cyanopygius</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>forest</i> 16</p> + +<p>"Showy, noble species;" head, neck, under scarlet; back, +wings green; rump, base tail rich dark blue; band +bright green on wing; bill scarlet; f., head, upper +green; throat, chest green tinged red; abdomen scarlet; +young male like female for two years. Bulbous roots, +seeds.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id="page95"></a>95</span> + +</div> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i099-800.png"><img src="images/i099t-300.png" width="300" height="497" alt="219, 220, 221 223, 224, 227, 229, 230, 235 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>219</b> Australian Roller<br /> + <b>220</b> Blue Kingfisher<br /> + <b>221</b> Laughing Kingfisher</td> + <td><b>223</b> Sacred Kingfisher<br /> + <b>224</b> Australian Bee-eater<br /> + <b>227</b> Spine-tailed Swift</td> + <td><b>229</b> Pallid Cuckoo<br /> + <b>230</b> Fan-tailed Cuckoo<br /> + <b>235</b> Bronze Cuckoo</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>96</span><br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>97</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i101-800.png"><img src="images/i101t-300.png" width="300" height="501" alt="238 240, 242, 244, 244A, 245A, 248, 248A - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>238</b> Welcome Swallow<br /> + <b>240</b> Tree Martin<br /> + <b>242</b> Brown Flycatcher</td> + <td><b>244</b> Scarlet-breasted Robin<br /> + <b>244<span class="sc">a</span></b> Scarlet-breasted Robin (Female)<br /> + <b>245</b> Flame-breasted Robin</td> + <td><b>245<span class="sc">a</span></b> Flame-breasted Robin (Female)<br /> + <b>248</b> Red Capped Robin<br /> + <b>248<span class="sc">a</span></b> Red Capped Robin (Female)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>98</span><br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>100</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i104-1000.png"><img src="images/i104-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">16<br /> +16</p> + +<p><b>200<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Crimson Parrot</b>, Crimson Rosella, Pennant Parrakeet, +Red Lory (e), Mountain Lowry (e), <i>Platycercus +elegans</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i>, <i>open</i> 13.5</p> + +<p>Head, neck, under, rump rich deep crimson; feathers of +back black, edged crimson; cheeks, shoulders blue; tail +tipped pale-blue; f., sim.; young all green at first. +Grass, seeds, insects, caterpillars.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>101</span> + +<p><b>201 Yellow Parrot</b>, Yellow Rosella, Murray Smoker (e), +Swamp Lory (e), Yellow-rumped Parrakeet, <i>P. +flaveolus</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A. (interior).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>lofty river gums</i> 13.5</p> + +<p>"Exceedingly lovely bird, a harmony in blue and canary +yellow;" upper under canary-yellow; back feathers +black edged pale-yellow; wing blue; tip quills dark-brown; +tail tipped light blue and white; forehead crimson; +cheeks blue; f., duller. Seeds.</p> + +<p><b>202<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Rosella</b>, Rosehill Parrakeet, Nonpareil Parrot, <i>P. +eximius</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>open timber</i> 12.5</p> + +<p>Crown, hind-neck, chest, under base tail scarlet; cheeks +white; back feathers black edged rich yellow; rump, +upper base tail, lower abdomen pale-green; centre-abdomen +yellow; shoulders blue; tail tipped pale blue; +f., young sim.</p> + +<p class="left">5<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>203<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Mallee Parrot</b> (Scrub), Barnard Parrakeet, Ring-neck, +Bulla-Bulla, <i>Barnardius barnardi</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., +S.A. (interior).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>mallee scrub</i>, <i>water courses</i> 13</p> + +<p>Crown, chest, abdomen, rump rich-green; yellow band on +hind-neck; forehead red; back bluish-gray; centre-abdomen +orange; wing-quills black; shoulder blue; centre +tail feathers green becoming deep iridescent blue at +tip; side tail deep blue at base becoming bluish white +at tip; bill horn color; f., sim. Seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">8<br /> +8</p> + +<p><b>204<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Blue-Bonnet</b>, Bulloak Parrot, Yellow-vented Parrakeet, +<i>Psephotus zanthorrhous</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A. +(inland).</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>mallee-scrub</i>, <i>plains</i> 12.5</p> + +<p>Forehead, face blue; crown, upper, chest yellowish-gray; +rump, under base tail, abdomen deep yellow, about legs +scarlet; edge shoulder, patch on wing blue; wing-quills +blackish-brown; f., duller. Seeds.</p> + +<p><b>205<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Many-colored Parrot</b> (Varied, Mulga), <i>P. multicolor</i>, +N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A. (inland).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>plains</i> 12</p> + +<p>Head, neck, chest, back green; rump little red; abdomen, +thighs scarlet; forehead, shoulder, under base tail yellow; +f., brick red patch on shoulder, duller. Grass-seeds.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>102</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i106-1000.png"><img src="images/i106-560.png" width="560" height="359" alt="206, 207, 208, 209, 210 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>206<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Red-backed Parrot</b> (Grass, Red-rumped, Ground), <i>P. +haematonotus</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Large flocks, v.c. <i>grass</i> 11</p> + +<p>Green; lower-back scarlet; tip-shoulder outer wing-quills +blue; centre-shoulder, abdomen yellow; f., brownish-olive +upper. Seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">7<br /> +7</p> + +<p><b>207 Bourke Grass-Parrot</b> (Night, Pink-bellied), <i>Neophema +bourkei</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A. (interior).</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>plains</i> 8.5</p> + +<p>Upper olive-brown; under delicate brown tinged pink; forehead, +shoulder, flanks, under tail blue; f., forehead not +blue. Seeds.</p> + +<p><b>208 Blue-winged Grass-Parrot</b> (Blue-banded), <i>N. venusta</i>, +N.S.W., V., S.A., T., King Is.<br /> +[~208 <i>Neophema chrysostoma.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>open timber</i> 9</p> + +<p>Forehead, large patch shoulder deep-blue; crown, neck, +back, breast green; face, abdomen light-yellow; tail +tipped fine yellow; f., sim. Grass seeds.</p> + +<p><b>209<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Grass-Parrot</b> (Elegant Grass), <i>N. elegans</i>, S.Q., +N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>grass</i> 9</p> + +<p>Forehead, patch shoulder, first set off again, and so on. "With their wing-quills blue; about eye rich-yellow; +back golden-green; chest green; abdomen, side +of tail yellow; f., duller. Seeds. Musical whistle.</p> + +<p><b>210 Orange-breasted Grass-Parrot</b> (Orange-bellied), <i>N. +chrysogastra</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>grass</i> 9</p> + +<p>Crown, upper grass-green; forehead blue; cheeks, breast +yellowish-green; shoulder, patch on wing deep-blue; +abdomen, under base tail yellow; lower abdomen much +orange; f., less orange. Seeds. Sharp snapping note.</p> + +<p><b>211 Red-Shouldered Grass-Parrot</b> (Chestnut-shouldered, +Beautiful), <i>N. pulchella</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>timber</i> 8</p> + +<p>Cheeks, shoulders rich metallic-blue; crown, hind-neck, +upper, flanks bright olive-green; bright patch chestnut-red +at insertion of wing; under rich-yellow, tail green +tipped yellow; f., sim. Seeds.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" id="page103"></a>103</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i107-1000.png"><img src="images/i107-560.png" width="560" height="360" alt="211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>212 Scarlet-chested Grass-Parrot</b> (Orange-throated, Splendid), +<i>N. splendida</i>, N.S.W., V., S., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>scrub</i> 8</p> + +<p>Head, neck beautiful deep-blue; shoulder blue; breast +scarlet; abdomen light-yellow; upper green; f., duller, +breast green. Seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>213<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Swift Parrot</b> (Red-shouldered), Swift-flying Lorikeet +(e), <i>Euphema discolor</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.<br /> +[~213 <i>Lathamus discolor.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>flowering eucalypts</i> 9.5</p> + +<p>Green; forehead, throat, tip-shoulder, base tail above +below, under-wing red; crown, edge wing blue; f., +smaller, duller. Honey.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>214<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Warbling Grass-Parrot</b> (Shell-, Canary-, Zebra-), Betcherrygah, +Budgerigar, Love-Bird (Flight-), <i>Melopsittacus +undulatus</i>, A. (int.).</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. flocks c. <i>timber</i> 7.5</p> + +<p>Head, throat yellow; under, rump green; upper green +finely barred black; several dark spots on throat; f., +smaller. Grass-seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>215 Ground Parrot</b> (Swamp), <i>Pezoporus terrestris</i>, V., +S.A. W.A., T., Bass St. Is.</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. u. <i>sandy</i>, <i>swampy</i> 13</p> + +<p>Green uniformly barred black yellow; forehead scarlet; tail +long; never perches; f., sim. Seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>216 Night Parrot</b> (Spinifex), Western Ground Parrakeet, +<i>Geopsittacus occidentalis</i>, V., S.A., C.A., W.A., +N.W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. u. <i>swampy</i> 10</p> + +<p>Like 215, but forehead not red; under base short tail yellow.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 77. <i>Stringopidae</i>, Owl-Parrot, 2 sp. A. (N.Z.).</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104q" id="page104q"></a></span> + +<p>Australia is well represented in Order XVIII.—Picarian Birds. +The Tawny Frogmouth is one of "the most peculiar," and is the +"ugliest of birds." On account of its wide mouth, it is called the +Frogmouth, and on account of the confusion connecting it with +the Boobook Owl, which calls "Mopoke," this bird is also called +the "Mopoke" (see p. 85). It so closely mimics a broken branch +during the day that it is seldom seen, though it is fairly common.</p> + +<p>Gould bears eloquent testimony to the value of Australian birds +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105q" id="page105q"></a></span> +in general, and the <i>Podargus</i> in particular, when he says: "In +no other country is there a greater proportion of insectivorous +birds, and certainly none in which nocturnal species such as the +Podargi are more numerous."</p> + +<p>The Australian Roller (Dollar-Bird) has the family beauty, and +has a white circular patch on each wing, which shows clearly +when the wing is expanded during flight. At the Tallangatta +excursion a pair was working even after dusk near the schoolground. +Flying from the topmost dead branch, one bird suddenly +closed its wings, and cut queer antics in the air. After +flying a considerable distance, it returned to its former perch, and +the mate set off. On the return of the mate the first set off +again, and so on. With their disagreeable, rough "treek treek," +and peculiar antics, they are conspicuous birds. It is our one +representative of a family most strongly developed in Africa.</p> + +<p>While Kingfishers are cosmopolitan (world-wide in distribution), +yet the Australian region contains far more of these beautiful +birds than any other region. They are famous in legend +and story, and we owe to them the expression, "halcyon days" (Gr. +<i>alkuon</i>, a Kingfisher).</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106q" id="page106q"></a></span> + +<p>The great terrestrial Kingfishers, of which Australia has three +species—the fourth being confined to New Guinea—are amongst +the avine curiosities of Australia. Few birds are more famous +than the Laughing Kingfisher (Jackass), first, on account of his +gigantic size—hence his specific name, <i>gigas</i>—and, secondly, +because of his laugh, which brightens many a gloomy, misty day +in lonely country districts. Homesick travellers from foreign +lands could only hear evil spirits laughing at their trials and +loneliness, but, just as mountains, once thought ugly, are now considered +beautiful, so other thoughts are now associated with the +laugh of our remarkable Australian Kingfisher.</p> + +<p>True to the law of representatives, Australia presents us with +a beautiful representative of the Old World family of Bee-eaters. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107q" id="page107q"></a></span> +A writer has well said that there are "few so beautiful, and none +so graceful." Its scientific name, <i>ornatus</i>, shows that our bird +stands well amongst its fellows. One kind occasionally visits +England (about thirty records in the last hundred years).</p> + +<p>In the same order come the Goatsuckers, or Nightjars, wide-mouthed, +swift-flying, insectivorous birds, which have an almost +cosmopolitan range, being absent only from New Zealand and +the Polynesian Islands. These Owl-like birds have very long +wings, thus indicating their rapid flight. They are very valuable +insect destroyers, though they are sometimes called "Night +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page108q" id="page108q"></a></span> +Hawks," and are shot by people who foolishly shoot hawks. +Many destructive insects fly only at night, and these night-flying +birds are a necessity to maintain the balance of Nature.</p> + +<p>Swifts are cosmopolitan birds. One Swiftlet is world-famous +on account of its saliva-built nest, which is the edible swallows' +nest we used to read about. This bird occasionally visits +Queensland. Two of the Australian birds breed in Japan. +They are essentially creatures of the air; their long, pointed +wings, shown much longer than the tail, indicate great speed. +Gould said that a Swift might be hawking for insects over Victoria +one hour, and over Tasmania the next hour; that is, it +can cross Bass Strait in an hour. The spines at the end of the +short tail feathers are thought to assist as a prop when the bird +settles on a wall or a cliff face. In some Swifts the four toes +point forward; this helps also in cliff clinging. Though so common +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109q" id="page109q"></a></span> +in the upper air, Swifts have not, in Victoria, been recorded +as having been seen to alight.</p> + +<p>Most birds have hollow bones which are filled with air. It +was claimed by those who like to find a use for everything that +this was an obvious adaptation for purposes of flight, but when +one reflects that, in some of the Ostrich and Emu group, the +members of which never fly, the bones are strongly "pneumatic," +while in Terns and Swifts, and some other flying birds, the bones +are solid, one must hesitate before generalizing even about such +an apparently obvious matter. Swifts are in no way related to +Swallows, but are close to Humming Birds, which are born with +a wide, Swift-like mouth.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>104</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i108-1000.png"><img src="images/i108-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER XVIII.—CORACIIFORMES, PICARIAN BIRDS.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 78. <i>Steatornithidae</i>, Oil-Bird, Guacharo, 1 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 79. PODARGIDAE (6), FROGMOUTHS, 32 sp.—20(20)A., +12(12)O.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +7</p> + +<p><b>217 Tawny Frogmouth</b> (Tawny-shouldered), Mopoke (e), +<i>Podargus strigoides</i>, A.T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open forest</i> 18</p> + +<p>Upper brown freckled grayish-white and darker-brown; +wings lighter, spotted black and buff; tawny patch on +wing; tail tawny-brown barred blackish-brown; wide +bill brown; nocturnal; f., sim. Insects. "Oom, oom."</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +13</p> + +<p><b>218 Owlet Nightjar</b> (Little), Banded Goatsucker (e), +Moth Owl (e), <i>Ægotheles novae-hollandiae</i>, A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i> 8.5</p> + +<p>Blackish-gray; tail faintly banded; obscure collar; short, +wide bill; bristles round bill; nocturnal; f., sim. Insects, +mosquitoes, moths.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 80. <i>Leptosomatidae</i>, Kirombos, Madagascar Rollers, 2 sp. E.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>105</span> + +<p class="spacer">F. 81. CORACIIDAE (1), ROLLERS, 32 sp.—5(5)A., 6(3)O., +3(0)P., 22(21)E.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +11</p> + +<p><b>219<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Australian Roller</b>, Dollar (Star) Bird, <i>Eurystomus +pacificus</i>, Cel., Mol., A. exc. S.A., W.A., Lord Howe +Is., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>timber</i> 12</p> + +<p>Head, upper dark-brown; inner-wing bluish, outer-wing +dark-blue with a silvery-blue patch (dollar); throat +dark-blue; eyelash, wide curved bill, feet red; many +shades of blue and green; abdomen light-green; f., sim. +Insects.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 82. ALCEDINIDAE (14), KINGFISHERS, 200 sp.—112(105)A., +52(44)O., 5(0)P., 31(30)E., 3(0)Nc., +11(8)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +7</p> + +<p><b>220<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Blue Kingfisher</b> (Azure, Water, River), <i>Alcyone +azurea</i>, E.A., S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>water</i> 8</p> + +<p>Upper ultramarine-blue; behind ear yellowish-white patch; +wings black; throat whitish; under rusty-orange; bill +black; f., sim. Fish, insects.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>221<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Laughing Kingfisher</b> (Great Brown, Giant), Laughing +Jackass, Bushman's (Settler's) Clock, Kookaburra, +<i>Dacelo gigas</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i> 17.5</p> + +<p>Upper, line from bill past eye brown; side-head, under +whitish; blue, white spots on wing; tail barred brown, +black, tipped white; f., sim. Lizards, insects, snakes.</p> + +<p class="left">6<br /> +71</p> + +<p><b>222 Red-backed Kingfisher</b> (Golden), <i>Halcyon pyrrhopygius</i>, +A. (interior).</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>open country</i> 8</p> + +<p>Back, rump reddish-brown; collar, under white; crown +dull-green streaked white; dark band from bill through +eye round back of head; wings, tail bluish; f., sim. +Fish, insects.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>106</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i110-1000.png"><img src="images/i110-560.png" width="560" height="443" alt="223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>223<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Sacred Kingfisher</b> (Wood, Forest, Tree), <i>H. sanctus</i>, +Cel., Java to A., T., N. Heb.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>timber</i>, <i>near water</i> 8</p> + +<p>Head, upper greenish-blue; whitish collar; buffy-white +under; bill long black; f., sim. Insects, ants, lizards, +fish.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 83. <i>Bucerotidae</i>, Hornbills, 71 sp.—4(4)A., 33(33)O., +34(34)E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 84. <i>Upupidae</i>, Hoopoes, 6 sp.—2(1)O., 2(0)P., 4(3)E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 85. <i>Irrisoridae</i>, Wood-Hoopoes, 12 sp. E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 86. MEROPIDAE (1), BEE-EATERS, 41 sp.—5(4)A., +10(6)O., 2(0)P., 30(27)E.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>107</span> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +21</p> + +<p><b>224<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Australian Bee-eater</b>, Rainbow Bird, Sandpiper (e), +Kingfisher (e), Spinetail, Pintail, <i>Merops ornatus</i>, +Cel., Lesser Sunda Is., Mol., A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>open forests</i> 10</p> + +<p>Crown, back, inner-wing brownish-green; wing-quills +orange-brown, tipped black; band on throat blackish; +line below eye, lower-back blue; throat orange; tail +black; two tail feathers longer; curved bill black: f., +sim. Insects, very rarely bees.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 87. <i>Momotidae</i>, Motmots, 24 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 88. <i>Todidae</i>, Todies, 7 sp. Nl. (West Indies).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 89. CAPRIMULGIDAE (3), NIGHTJARS, GOATSUCKERS, +124 sp.—11(8)A., 22(17)O., 10(4)P., +30(26)E., 11(5)Nc., 57(51)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>225 White-throated Nightjar</b>, Night Hawk (e), Moth +(Fern) Owl, <i>Eurostopus albigularis</i>, N.G., E.A., +S.A.<br /> +[~225 <i>Eurostopodus albigularis.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>open forest</i> 13</p> + +<p>Upper mottled, striped gray, brown; head darker; wings +dark-brown marked gray, spotted buff, with white patch +(see figure); white patch side of throat; under buff +marked dark-brown; f., sim. Insects. Valuable nocturnal +birds.</p> + +<p><b>226 Spotted Nightjar</b>, <i>E. argus</i>., Aru Is., New Ireland, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>open forest</i> 12</p> + +<p>Like 225, but uniform rusty-brown abdomen and under +base tail; f., sim. Insects. Valuable, nocturnal.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 90. <i>Macropterygidae</i>, Tree-Swifts, 7 sp.—3(3)A., 4(4)O.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 91. CYPSELIDAE (4), SWIFTS, 103 sp.—11(7)A., +33(24)O., 9(1)P., 28(22)E., 4(0)Nc., 30(26)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +34</p> + +<p><b>227<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Spine-tailed Swift</b>, <i>Chaetura caudacuta</i>, Sib., Jap., +China, to A., T., N.Z.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>upper air</i> 7.5</p> + +<p>Throat, forehead, back edge wing, flanks, under base tail +white; wings, tail deep shining-green; under, back grayish-brown; +short tail ends in spines; f. smaller. Flying +insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +25</p> + +<p><b>228 White-rumped Swift</b> (Australian), <i>Cypselus pacificus</i>, +E. Sib., Jap., Indo-China to A., T., N.Z.<br /> +[~228 <i>Apus pacificus.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>upper air</i> 7</p> + +<p>Upper brownish-black; rump, throat white; under brown; +long forked tail; indistinct collar; f., sim. Flying +insects.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109qz" id="page109qz"></a></span> + +<p>Few birds have attracted more notice, or have been more written +about, than Cuckoos. To dwellers in lands with a dreary +winter, the Cuckoo heralds the spring, so its call is most welcome. +Then, too, the mysteries connected with its upbringing +have proved of interest to all Nature and bird +lovers. Its call, "Cuckoo," aptly described as the "most imitable +of bird calls," has also assisted in making the bird a favorite.</p> + +<p>The Pallid Cuckoo belongs to the same genus as the well-known +Cuckoo of England. It also resembles that bird in appearance. +Its note, however, is quite different. At times it seems to be +endeavoring to run up a chromatic scale, so, in some districts, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page110q" id="page110q"></a></span> +it is called the Scale Bird. At other times, after three running +notes, it repeats one note strongly. So persistent is it in calling +that it is called in places the Brain-fever Bird. Last September, +in Castlemaine, it called all night in the street trees. Few, +however, seemed to notice it, and fewer still knew what was +uttering the persistent call.</p> + +<p>Possibly other birds recognize the Cuckoo as an enemy, or possibly +its remarkable superficial resemblance to a Hawk causes +birds to chase it. However, in some cases, possibly, the male +Cuckoo does not object to being chased. He draws the birds +away, while the female Cuckoo quietly places an egg in a convenient +nest, and retires unmolested.</p> + +<p>The Fan-tailed or Ash-colored Cuckoo is not so conspicuous, +as it keeps to more secluded places, and is a solitary bird. Its +flight is heavy and labored. It also has a habit of elevating +and lowering its tail several times both before and after flight. +Its frequent, plaintive, trilling note often reveals its presence, +which would otherwise be overlooked.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page111q" id="page111q"></a></span> + +<p>The Brush Cuckoo is rare. In fact, considerable difficulty was +experienced in obtaining a specimen for the photograph above, as +there was no named specimen in the National Museum. Thanks +to Messrs. Kershaw and French, the difficulty was at last overcome.</p> + +<p>The Bronze Cuckoos are very similar. They will be immediately +recognized by the under-surface barred brown and white, +and the golden-green or bronze lustre of the dark back. The +New Zealand Bronze-Cuckoo migrates from N.E. Australia and +New Guinea. Apparently it sometimes migrates down the East +Coast, instead of to New Zealand.</p> + +<p>The Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo has a narrower bill, and the +centre tail feathers are brownish-chestnut at the base. While +the birds are so similar, their eggs are quite unlike. The Bronze +Cuckoo lays a bronze egg, generally in dome-shaped or covered +nests. It is sometimes found in Tits' nests. The Narrow-billed +Bronze Cuckoo has a red-speckled egg, which is placed often in +an open or cup-shaped nest.</p> + +<p>The last Cuckoo—the Channel-bill—is one of the largest of +Cuckoos. It is a northern bird, which very rarely reaches the +southern part of the continent. Its large bill is characteristic. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112q" id="page112q"></a></span> +Its tail is large, and often spread out fanwise, thus giving a +majestic appearance to the bird. Its call is not pleasing, as it is +described by Gould as a "frightful scream," and again as consisting +of "awful notes." It lays its eggs sometimes in the nest +of a Sparrowhawk (not Kestrel), or in the nest of a Magpie, Bell-Magpie +(<i>Strepera</i>), or even of a Crow. It appears with the +first flood-waters, and follows the rivers from the Gulf of Carpentaria +watershed down to Cooper's Creek and Lake Eyre.</p> + +<p>One large Australian Cuckoo builds its own nest, and rears its +own young. This bird, however, does not visit Southern Australia.</p> + +<p>In addition to the interest of their habits and life history, +Cuckoos are amongst the most valuable of insectivorous birds. +Few birds will eat the vine caterpillar or hairy caterpillar. The +Cuckoos, however, are very fond of these, and so should be +encouraged. They do no harm to anything we need.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>108</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i112-1000.png"><img src="images/i112-560.png" width="560" height="443" alt="229, 230, 231, 232 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 92. <i>Trochilidae</i>, Humming-Birds, 581 sp.—18 (5) Nc., +576(563)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 93. <i>Coliidae</i>, Mouse-Birds, 14 sp. E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 94. <i>Trogonidae</i>, Trogons, 54 sp.—16(16)O., 4(4)E., +1(0)Nc., 34(33)Nl.</p> + +<h3>ORDER XIX.—COCCYGES.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 95. <i>Musophagidae</i>, Plantain-eaters, Touracos, 35 sp. E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 96. CUCULIDAE (14), CUCKOOS (Cuckows), 202 sp.—61(50)A., +57(42)O., 8(0)P., 55(51)E., 8(0)Nc., +43(35)Nl.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" id="page109"></a>109</span> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +11</p> + +<p><b>229<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Pallid Cuckoo</b> (Unadorned), Harbinger-of-Spring, +Scale (Semitone, Brain-fever, Storm) Bird, Mosquito +(Grasshopper) Hawk, <i>Cuculus inornatus</i>, A., +T. =vt Eur. Cuckoo.<br /> +[~229 <i>Cuculus pallidus.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.c. <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i> 12</p> + +<p>Upper brown; under gray; tail barred white, brown; eyelash +yellow; white at edge wing; wing spotted, +marked lighter; f., upper mottled whitish, rufous. +Caterpillars, insects. Runs up scale, calls frequently +at night.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +13</p> + +<p><b>230<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Fan-tailed Cuckoo</b>, Ash-colored, <i>Cacomantis rufulus +(flabelliformis)</i>, Aru Is., A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i> 10</p> + +<p>Head, upper dark slate-gray; under rust-red; throat gray; +tail dark toothed with white; white edge of wing; eyelash +citron-yellow; f., smaller. Caterpillars, insects. +Sad trill often repeated.</p> + +<p><b>231 Square-tailed Cuckoo</b> (Brush), <i>C. flabelliformis (variolosus)</i>, +Mol., Timor, N.G., A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>open timber</i> 9.2</p> + +<p>Like 230, but smaller; tail feathers toothed with white on +inner web only; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>232 Black-eared Cuckoo</b>, <i>Mesocalius palliolatus</i>, Mol., Aru +Is., A.<br /> +[~232 <i>Misocalius palliolatus.</i>]</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>scrub</i> 7.5</p> + +<p>Head, upper, wings glossy olive-brown; shoulder darker; +tail olive-brown tipped white; side tail feather five +white bars; behind ear a narrow black streak; above +this a lighter patch; under pale-brown; f., duller. Insects. +Feeble plaintive note.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>110</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i114-1000.png"><img src="images/i114-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="233, 234, 235, 236 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">5<br /> +15</p> + +<p><b>233 Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo</b>, <i>Chalcococcyx basalis</i>, +Mal. Pen., Java, Cel., to A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i> 6.2</p> + +<p>Upper beautiful bronze-green; under barred brown, white; +like 234 but bill narrower; lighter brown head; paler +back; outer tail feathers strongly barred blackish-brown, +white; centre abdomen not barred; base tail +much chestnut; f., duller. Insects, caterpillars.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>111</span> + +<p><b>234 Broad-billed Bronze Cuckoo</b> (New Zealand, Shining), +Pipiwharauroa, <i>C. lucidus</i>, E.A., T., N.Z., Chatham +Is., Macquarie Is. (acc).</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i> 6.2</p> + +<p>Like 233, but outer tail feathers barred white; next feathers +barred rufous; forehead freckled with white; +crown, hind-neck shining-green; bill broader; f., duller. +Insects.</p> + +<p><b>235<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Bronze Cuckoo</b>, <i>C. plagosus</i>, A., T., Pac. Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i> 6.2</p> + +<p>Like 233, 234; crown, hind-neck dark violet-brown; very +little rufous on tail; f., duller. Insects, caterpillars.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>236 Channel-bill</b>, Giant Cuckoo, Storm (Flood, Rain) +Bird, Toucan (e), Hornbill (e), <i>Scythrops novae-hollandiae</i>, +Cel., Flores, Mol., A., T. (once).</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>plains</i> 24</p> + +<p>Gray; tail banded black; tipped white barred black, white +below; bill very large, light horn-color; red about eye; +f., smaller. Insects, berries.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 97. <i>Indicatoridae</i>, Honey-Guides, 18 sp.—2(2)O., 16(16)E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 98. <i>Capitonidae</i>, Barbets, 140 sp.—40(40)O., 82(82)E., +18(18)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 99. <i>Rhamphastidae</i>, Toucans, 60 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 100. <i>Galbulidae</i>, Jacamars, 22 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 101. <i>Bucconidae</i>, Puff Birds, 45 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 102. <i>Picidae</i>, Woodpeckers, Piculets, Wrynecks, Flickers, +440 sp.—6(5)A., 124(117)O., 41(33)P., 54(53)E., +44(32)Nc., 197(181)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 103. <i>Eurylaemidae</i>, Broadbills, 16 sp. O. The only family +of birds restricted to the Oriental Region.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112qz" id="page112qz"></a></span> + +<p>One of the most interesting birds in the world is the Lyre Bird, +whose beautiful tail, alas, often brings early death to its rightful +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page113q" id="page113q"></a></span> +owner. There are three species of these birds, found only in the +mountainous parts of South-eastern Australia, and as far as +Wide Bay, in Southern Queensland. Two of the species are +found in New South Wales and Southern Queensland, while the +third is found in Victoria. Though these beautiful birds are +supposed to be protected, hundreds of their tails are sold annually +in London.</p> + +<p>The Lyre Bird is responsible for the statement that Australia +possesses "Wrens as large as peacocks," whereas most Wrens +are very small. However, the Lyre Bird is not now classed with +Wrens. In all its ways, the Lyre Bird is of interest. Its dancing +mounds, its large domed nest, containing but one egg, and its +remarkable mimicking powers have frequently been written about. +Dr. Sharpe has lately placed the Lyre Birds in an Order by themselves—Order +XX.</p> + +<p>Gould considered the Lyre Bird the most shy of birds, for he +spent days in the forest gullies surrounded by them, but though +he was entertained by their many and varied calls, he caught no +sight of a bird. The wonderful tail is not attained until the male +bird is four years old. It is unique, and is the most beautiful +tail ornament worn by any bird. Dr. Newton hoped that "so +remarkable a form as the Lyre Bird, the nearly sole survivor, +apparently, of a very ancient race of beings, will not be allowed +to become extinct—its almost certain fate, so far as can be +judged—without many more observations of its manners being +made, and fuller details of them placed on record." Australians +please note. You alone can assist by collecting facts and recording +reliable observations. Bird-lovers hope that the Lyre Bird +will be successfully established in the National Park, Wilson's +Promontory, where some have already been placed, and so be +preserved for future generations. Its large, domed nest is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page114q" id="page114q"></a></span> +usually placed on the ground, and the large single egg (or the +young one) is often taken by the fox. Further, its natural +haunts—dense forest scrubs—are being rapidly cleared, so that +the bird is doomed, except in special sanctuaries.</p> + +<p>The Lyre Bird is now generally acknowledged to be the prince +of mocking birds. It mimics clearly all bush noises, the chopping +of trees, sawing of logs, barking of dogs, clucking of hens, +the singing of native birds. Its dancing mounds are interesting. +Near one of these mounds, on the Upper Snowy River, in the +wild cherry scrub, we observed a nest at a height of about thirty +feet from the ground.</p> + +<p>Australians! you owe it to mankind in general to see that the +protection supposed to be given to the Lyre Bird is a reality. +Recently, after passing a lady much bedecked with Bird of Paradise +plumes, I thought it was fortunate the Lyre Bird's tail was +too large for a lady's hat. Imagine my surprise when, at the +next street corner (Collins and Spring Streets), I met a lady with +a Lyre Bird's tail stuck through her head-dress. However, I +have seen no other tail used for such a purpose.</p> + +<p>In America the Audubon Society has done splendid work by +disseminating knowledge about American birds, and arousing +public interest in the value of birds. There, also, thorough scientific +investigation has been made of the value of insect-eating and +seed-eating birds. It has been stated, as the result of full +research, that one wild pigeon, in whose crop over 7000 weed +seeds were found, was as efficacious in destroying weeds as two +farm laborers.</p> + +<p>It is to be noted that no less an agricultural authority than +Professor Gilruth, of the Veterinary School, Melbourne University, +has given it as his deliberate opinion that the Australian farmer +would find life impossible without the aid of the detested Sparrow +as a weed destroyer. This is the judgment of a man whose +opinion is worthy of serious consideration.</p> + +<p>It is open to serious doubt if it pays commercially to kill indiscriminately +any kind of bird found on this continent. It may, +of course, happen that one individual bird has learnt where to get +an easy food supply at the expense of a farmer or orchardist. +Such a bird could be kept away. To kill birds at all times, +because of the damage done by a few at a particular time, is +foolish.</p> + +<p>On the lines of the American Audubon Society, the Gould +League of Bird Lovers has recently been established. Just as +Audubon was the great father of American ornithology, so "John +Gould, the bird man," was the father of Australian ornithology. +Hence his name has been associated with this movement to save +our birds. The movement is progressing by leaps and bounds.</p> + +<p>The Victorian branch has a very large body of members, about +40,000 certificates having already been issued to adults and +children. Tasmania has a branch in full operation. In South +Australia bird clubs are doing excellent work, especially amongst +the young people, and Queensland and New South Wales bird-lovers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119q" id="page119q"></a></span> +have taken active steps to develop the movement in their +States. A Bird Day, by order of the Minister of Education, Hon. +A. A. Billson, and the Director, Mr. F. Tate, was observed in +Victorian schools in 1909 and 1910, with gratifying results. Bird-nesting, +for the collection of eggs, has practically wholly disappeared +from our schools, while at most country schools native +birds can be seen nesting on the school grounds, the children +keeping observation notes of nesting and feeding habits of the +birds as part of their work in Nature-study. What study is of +greater economic importance to this wealthy, though occasionally +insect-troubled, land?</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>112</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i116-800.png"><img src="images/i116-420.png" width="420" height="477" alt="237 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER XX.—MENURIFORMES, LYRE-BIRDS.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 104. MENURIDAE (3), LYRE-BIRDS, 3 sp. A. (South-Eastern A.).</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>237 Victoria Lyre-Bird</b>, Pheasant (e), <i>Menura victoriae</i>, +V.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>dense scrubs</i>, m., 36; f., 27</p> + +<p>Beautiful lyre tail; f., sooty-brown; all tail feathers fully +webbed. Insects, centipedes, snails.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119qz" id="page119qz"></a></span> + +<p>Order XXI.—Perching-Birds—contains 11,500 species, more than +three-fifths of the world's 19,000 birds. As Perching-Birds +(<i>Passeres</i>) are still undergoing evolution, connecting links still +live, so that it is very difficult to divide the Perching Birds +into well-defined families. Sharpe has divided them into sixty-one +families, but, for several of these, no exact characters that +exclude other birds can be assigned, so that some of these, at least, +are "not worthy of family rank." However, Sharpe's classification +represents the latest thought of scientists on this difficult +matter, so it must be adopted here.</p> + +<p>This large order of birds is divided into two sub-orders:—</p> + +<p>1. Songless Perching-Birds, made up mainly of South American +birds, though two families are included that are represented +in the Australian region—<i>viz.</i>, Pittas (<i>Pittidae</i>) and New Zealand +Wrens (<i>Xenicidae</i>).</p> + +<p>2. Song-Birds.</p> + +<p>Birds of the second division are again divided into two:—A.: +Abnormal Song-Birds. B.: Normal Song-Birds.</p> + +<p>The first group, Abnormal Song-Birds, comprises only the two +remarkable Scrub-Birds (<i>Atrichornithidae</i>) of Australia. One +of these inhabits West Australian scrubs only, while the other +inhabits East Australian (Richmond River) scrubs only.</p> + +<p>The breast bone and the muscles of the voice apparatus are +unusual. These birds are about the size of a thrush, and form +"one of the most curious ornithological types of the many furnished +by that country" (Australia).</p> + +<p>So far, no female bird has been examined, and little is known +about these remarkable, noisy, scrub-haunting birds.</p> + +<p>The remaining forty-eight "families" of birds belong to the +Normal Song-Birds. It is interesting to note that Australia contains +representatives of twenty-nine families of Song-Birds. +Representatives of but nineteen families have been recorded from +Britain. The Indian Empire, including Burmah and Ceylon, +contains representatives of twenty-two families, North America, +also, of twenty-two families, while in South America twenty-three +families are represented in this highest division of birds.</p> + +<p>Again, while only 89 Song-Birds have been recorded as permanent +residents of, or regular visitors to, Britain, almost 500 species +of Song-Birds have, so far, been recorded from Australia and Tasmania. +Of these, 157 have been recorded from Victoria, and are +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120q" id="page120q"></a></span> +illustrated in this volume. And yet, we are told, this is a land +of songless birds.</p> + +<p>Swallows have always attracted much notice, perhaps, because +of their airy play when enjoying themselves after their long +migration flight. It is very difficult to realize that Cuvier and +most scientists of one hundred years ago believed that Swallows +hibernated by burying themselves in the mud in the bottom of +lakes and pools. It is interesting to note, in Gilbert White's +<i>Natural History of Selborne</i>, the growing doubt concerning this +belief; but, as it was supported by apparently good authority, he +is cautious. Fuller observation shows that there are well-marked +lines of migration, so that the European Swallow migrates sometimes +even as far as South Africa, and the Swallows of North +Asia are said to migrate even to Australia. However, in our +winterless clime, migration is not complete, and this year (1910) +there was probably little migration of Swallows. As Swallows +are such rapid fliers, and spend much of their time on the wing, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121q" id="page121q"></a></span> +it is not a matter of surprise to find that they have spread the +world over, except to New Zealand, though Tree Swallows are +said to reach even that distant land occasionally.</p> + +<p>The Australian members of the Swallow family present very +different nesting habits. While the Welcome Swallow builds the +well-known cup-like mud nest, the rare White-backed Swallow +drills a two-inch hole into a bank for two or three feet, and there +builds its nest. The Tree Martin (Swallow), on the other hand, +makes no nest, but lays its eggs on leaves placed on the rotten +wood in the hollow of a tree. The Fairy Martin builds a long, +bottle-shaped mud flask, under a bridge, or a ledge, and so is +sometimes called the Bottle or Retort Swallow. Wood-Swallows +and Swifts do not belong to the Swallow family.</p> + +<p>The Flycatcher family is a large one, nearly 700 species being +accepted by Dr. Sharpe. More than half of these are restricted +to the Australian region.</p> + +<p>The Brown Flycatcher is almost as common as the Willie Wagtail +(Black and White Fantail). The white feather on each side +of the tail is a valuable guide, though the Groundlark also has +this. So often does it sit on fence posts looking at the passer-by +that it has been called the "Post-Sitter." Its Sydney name, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page122q" id="page122q"></a></span> +Jacky Winter, is less formal than Brown Flycatcher—a name +which is already in use for another bird.</p> + +<p>The Robin Redbreast of Britain is regarded with affection by +all English children. That feeling has been transferred to the +externally slightly similar "Robin Redbreasts" of this country, +though they are not at all related to the British Robins. Redbreast +is really the name of the English bird, and Robin is perhaps +a term of endearment added to the name Redbreast. While +the British bird has a rufous breast, the Australian birds have +a scarlet breast, and are much handsomer birds. The British +Robin is now placed in the Thrush family.</p> + +<p>Once given to members of this family, the name Robin has been +adopted for related birds that have no red—<i>e.g.</i>, the black +and white Hooded Robin, and the Tasmanian Dusky Robin. The +Shrike Robins belong to the Shrike family, so they need not +be mentioned here. The Scrub Robin of the inland dry scrubs +belongs to the same family as the Coachwhip Bird and the Babbler.</p> + +<p>The Fantails and some, at least, of the Flycatchers proper are +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page123q" id="page123q"></a></span> +known to all. Who does not know and admire the plucky, +though fussy Black and White Fantail (Willie Wagtail), as it +drives a cat or a dog away from the vicinity of its nest, or as it +waits impatiently about the mouth of a grazing cow or horse, or +as it expresses its opinion of itself in the melodious "sweet, pretty +creature," heard even late on moonlight nights? The friendly +White-shafted Fantail is almost as well known, as it flits about a +camp or catches flies near some water-course.</p> + +<p>At the Summer School, a Fantail spent some time each day +in the dining-tent. The beautiful Rufous Fantail is just as tame, +but is not quite so common. The nests of the White-shafted and +Rufous Fantails are things of beauty. The long wine-glass stem +is said by some to serve to drain the water away down from the +nest, or as a means of carrying the eye down from the nest itself, +so that it is seldom seen, or as a balance, so that the nest is not +tilted too far in windy weather.</p> + +<p>The Scissors Grinder, or Restless Flycatcher, is very much like +a Black and White Fantail, but the throat is white, while that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126q" id="page126q"></a></span> +of the Fantail is black. The Grinder is often mentioned in popular +books on bird-life, on account of its peculiar scissors-grinding +note uttered while hovering in search of insects.</p> + +<p class="center">(continued below)</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>113</span> + +<div class="tab"> + +<h3>ORDER XXI.—PASSERIFORMES, PERCHING BIRDS.</h3> + +<p class="spacer">F. 105. <i>Pteroptochidae</i>, Tapaculos, Tilt-birds, 31 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 106. <i>Conophagidae</i>, Antwrens, 16 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 107. <i>Formicariidae</i>, Ant-thrushes, 348 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 108. <i>Dendrocolaptidae</i>, Wood-hewers, Spinetails, 405 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 109. <i>Tyrannidae</i>, Tyrant-birds, American Flycatchers, +Kingbird, Phoebe, 560 sp.—41(9)Nc., 551(519)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 110. <i>Oxyrhamphidae</i>, 3 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 111. <i>Pipridae</i>, Mannikins, 84 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 112. <i>Cotingidae</i>, Cotingas, Chatterers, 145 sp.—1(0)Nc., +145(144)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 113. <i>Phytotomidae</i>, Plant-cutters, 4 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 114. PITTIDAE (4), ANT-THRUSHES, 63 sp.—32(32)A., +30(30)O., 1(1)E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 115. <i>Philepittidae</i>, Wattled Ant-thrushes, 2 sp. E. (Madagascar).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 116. <i>Xenicidae</i>, New Zealand Wrens, 4 sp. A. (N.Z.).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 117. ATRICHORNITHIDAE (2), SCRUB-BIRDS, 2 sp. +A.(N.S.W., W.A.).</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>115</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id="page116"></a>116</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i120-800.png"><img src="images/i120t-300.png" width="300" height="496" alt="251, 254, 255, 256, 259, 262, 265, 265A, 266 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>251</b> White-throated Flyeater<br /> + <b>254</b> White-shafted Fantail<br /> + <b>255</b> Rufous Fantail</td> + <td><b>256</b> Black and White Fantail<br /> + <b>259</b> Restless Flycatcher<br /> + <b>262</b> Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike</td> + <td><b>265</b> White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater<br /> + <b>265<span class="sc">a</span></b> White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater (F.)<br /> + <b>266</b> Spotted Ground-Bird</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>117</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>118</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i122-800.png"><img src="images/i122t-300.png" width="300" height="514" alt="272, 273, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281, 281A, 282 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>272</b> Coachwhip Bird<br /> + <b>273</b> Gray-crowned Babbler<br /> + <b>276</b> White browed Field-Wren</td> + <td><b>278</b> Brown Song Lark<br /> + <b>279</b> Rufous Song Lark<br /> + <b>280</b> Mountain Thrush</td> + <td><b>281</b> White-fronted Chat<br /> + <b>281<span class="sc">a</span></b> White-fronted Chat (Female)<br /> + <b>282</b> Crimson-breasted Chat</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" id="page120"></a>120</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i124-1000.png"><img src="images/i124-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 118. HIRUNDINIDAE (6), SWALLOWS, MARTINS, 116 +sp.—9(6)A., 25(7)O., 16(2)P., 54(50)E., 10(1)Nc., +34(27)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +40</p> + +<p><b>238<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> Welcome Swallow</b> (House), <i>Chelidon (Hirundo) +neoxena</i>, A., T. =vt. Eur. House Swallow.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>houses</i> 6.6</p> + +<p>Breast, throat, forehead rust-red; abdomen whitish; head, +back, rump black; tail forked, a band of whitish spots; +f., duller. Flying insects.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121" id="page121"></a>121</span> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>239 White-backed Swallow</b> (Black and White, White-breasted, +White-capped), <i>Cheramoeca leucosternum</i>, +A., exc. N. Ter. =vt. Eur. Sand-Martin.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>inland</i> 5.8</p> + +<p>Back, throat, chest white; wings, tail, rump, abdomen +black; no rust-red; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +10</p> + +<p><b>240<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> Tree Martin</b>, Tree Swallow, <i>Petrochelidon nigricans</i>, +Mol., N.G., A., T., Bass St. Is., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Tree +Swallow.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. flocks, v.c. <i>timber</i> 5.1</p> + +<p>Head, back black; under, rump whitish-gray; indistinct +whitish collar; rust-red forehead; f., sim. Flying +insects.</p> + +<p><b>241 Fairy Martin</b>, Bottle (Land, Cliff, Retort) Swallow, <i>P. +ariel</i>, E.A., S.A., T. (occ).</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>cliffs</i>, <i>banks</i> 4.7</p> + +<p>Head rust-red; black back; rump, under white; tail +slightly forked; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 119. MUSCICAPIDAE (71), FLYCATCHERS, 690 sp.—354(346)A., +164(148)O., 14(1)P., 155(151)E., +5(2)Nc., 20(17)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +11</p> + +<p><b>242<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> Australian Brown Flycatcher</b>, Jacky Winter, Postboy, +Post-sitter, White-tail, Stump-Bird, Spinks, +Peter-Peter, <i>Microeca fascinans</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open</i>, <i>forest</i> 5.2</p> + +<p>Upper pale-brown; side tail white; under lighter; chin, +abdomen white; swings tail sideways; f., sim. Insects. +Songster.</p> + +<p><b>243 Allied Flycatcher</b> (Lesser Brown), <i>M. assimilis</i>, N.A., +V. (acc), W.A. Insects.</p> + +<p>Stat. c. <i>open</i>, <i>forest</i> 4.6</p> + +<p>Like 242, but smaller; outer tail feathers brown at base.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id="page122"></a>122</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i126-1000.png"><img src="images/i126-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">11<br /> +17</p> + +<p><b>244<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> Scarlet-breasted Robin</b>, <i>Petroica leggei</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., +V., S.A., W.A., T.</p> + +<p>Mig. c. (winter) <i>open</i>, (summer) <i>forest gullies</i> 5.2</p> + +<p>Head, throat, upper black; cap white; white bands on +wing; breast scarlet; lower-abdomen dull-white; outer-tail +white; bill, feet black; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> upper, under brown; +breast tinged red; white marks on wing. Insects.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" id="page123"></a>123</span> + +<b>245<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> Flame-breasted Robin</b>, <i>P. phoenicea</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., +V., S.A., T., Bass St. Is. + +<p class="right">Mig. c. (winter) <i>open</i>, (summer) <i>mt.-gullies</i> 5.3</p> + +<p>Crown, upper sooty-gray; small white forehead; white on +wing; outer-tail white; chin sooty-gray; under scarlet; +under base tail white; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> under brown; outer-tail +white; under reddish-gray. Insects.</p> + +<p><b>246 Pink-breasted Robin</b>, <i>P. rhodinogaster</i>, V., S.A., T., +Bass St. Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>deep forest</i>, <i>gullies</i> 5.2</p> + +<p>Head, neck, back sooty-black; white spot on forehead; +breast, abdomen rose-pink; under base tail white; f., +upper brown; buff marks on wing; under gray; under +base tail white. Insects. "Tick-tick-tick;" like snapping +dead twig.</p> + +<p><b>247 Rose-breasted Robin</b>, <i>P. rosea</i>, E.A. +Insects.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>dense brushes</i>, <i>gullies</i> 4.5</p> + +<p>Crown, throat, upper dark slate-gray; narrow white forehead; +chest rich rose-red; under base tail white; outer-tail +white; f., forehead buff; upper grayish-brown.</p> + +<p><b>248<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> Red-capped Robin</b>, Redhead (e), <i>P. goodenovii</i>, S.Q., +N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>open inland scrubs</i> 4.7</p> + +<p>Crown, breast scarlet; upper, neck black; white stripe on +wing; abdomen, under tail white; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> dark-brown +upper; forehead tinged reddish; throat, breast faintly +tinged red. Insects.</p> + +<p><b>249 Hooded Robin</b> (Black and White, Black, Pied), <i>P. +bicolor</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>open</i>, <i>forest</i> 6.5</p> + +<p>Head, upper, throat black; patch on wing, abdomen, +under base tail, outer-tail white; f., brownish-gray instead +of black. Insects.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" id="page124"></a>124</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i128-1000.png"><img src="images/i128-560.png" width="560" height="360" alt="250, 251, 252, 253, 254 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>250 Short-billed Tree-Tit</b> (Sombre), Scrub-Tit, <i>Smicrornis +brevirostris</i>, E.A., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>treetops</i> 3.5</p> + +<p>Crown brownish-gray; back olive; behind eye reddish-brown; +throat, chest whitish; abdomen citron-yellow; +tail brown at base, banded blackish, spotted white at +tip; short bill brown; f., sim. Insects. Clear whistle.</p> + +<p class="left">16<br /> +62</p> + +<p><b>251<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> White-throated Flyeater</b>, Native Canary (e), Bush-Warbler, +<i>Gerygone albigularis</i>, N.A., E.A., N.W.A. +Insects. Musician.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>tree-tops</i> 4.3</p> + +<p>Upper ashy-brown; throat, face white; chest, abdomen +greenish-yellow; tail blackish band, white tip; f., sim.</p> + +<p><b>252 Southern Flyeater</b> (Western), White-tailed Bush-Warbler, +<i>G. (Pseudogerygone) culicivora</i>, E.A., S.A., +C.A., W.A. f. sim. Insects.</p> + +<p class="right">v.r. <i>forests</i>, <i>scrubs</i> 4.2</p> + +<p>Upper olive-brown; throat, chest light-gray; abdomen +white; tail white base; black band, tip spotted white.</p> + +<p><b>253 Brown Flyeater</b>, Brown Bush-Warbler, <i>G. fusca</i>, E.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>forest</i>, <i>scrubs</i> 3.8</p> + +<p>Back, sides reddish-brown; forehead, eyebrow, throat, +chest gray; tail black band, tip spotted white; f., sim. +Insects. Feeble "What is it? What is it?"</p> + +<p class="left">10<br /> +99</p> + +<p><b>254<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> White-shafted Fantail</b> (-Flycatcher, -Flysnapper), +Cranky Fan, Devil-Bird, Land-Wagtail (e), <i>Rhipidura +albiscapa</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open forest</i> 6</p> + +<p>Upper, band across chest sooty-black; under buff; stripe +over eye, mark behind eye, throat, bars on wing, +shafts of tail feathers (except 2 centre feathers) white; +outer-tail, tip white; f., sim. Insects. Musical song.</p> + +<p><b>255<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> Rufous Fantail</b> (-Flycatcher), <i>R. rufifrons</i>, E.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Part.-Mig. (winter) <i>open</i>, (summer) <i>gullies</i>, <i>brushes</i> 6.2</p> + +<p>Crown, hind-neck brown; forehead, lower-back, base +tail rust-red; throat, centre-abdomen white; chest black; +flanks, under base tail light fawn; f., smaller. Insects.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" id="page125"></a>125</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i129-1000.png"><img src="images/i129-560.png" width="560" height="360" alt="255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>256<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> Black and White Fantail</b> (-Flycatcher), Shepherd's +Companion, Willie Wagtail, Wagtail (e), Frog (Morning) +Bird, <i>R. motacilloides (tricolor)</i>, Mol., N.G., +A. "Sweet pretty little creature."</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>open forest</i> 7.5</p> + +<p>Upper, throat, breast black; eyebrow, rest under white; +long fan-tail; f., sim. Insects. Often sings at night.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +29</p> + +<p><b>257 Leaden Flycatcher</b> (-Flysnapper), Frog-Bird, <i>Myiagra +rubecula</i>, N.G., A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>coast scrubs</i>, <i>gullies</i> 6.5</p> + +<p>Upper, wings, tail, breast leaden-gray glossed with green; +abdomen, under base tail white; f., throat, breast rust-red. +Insects. Squeaking note.</p> + +<p><b>258 Satin Flycatcher</b> (Shining), Satin Sparrow (e), <i>M. +nitida</i>, Louisiade Is., E.A., S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>gullies</i> 6.5</p> + +<p>Upper, breast blackish metallic-green; abdomen, under +base tail white; f., upper duller; throat, breast rust-red. +Insects. Loud piping whistle.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>259<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> Restless Flycatcher</b>, Scissors Grinder, Grinder, Willie +Wagtail (e), Dishwasher (e), Who-are-you? <i>Seisura +inquieta</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open</i>, <i>scrub</i> 8</p> + +<p>Upper shining black; under white; like 256 but throat +white; hovers; f., throat, breast buff. Insects. Harsh +grinding, "Tu-whee, tu-whee."</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +8</p> + +<p><b>260 Black-faced Flycatcher</b> (Carinated), <i>Monarcha melanopsis</i>, +Timor, N.G., N. Ter., E.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>brushes</i> 6.7</p> + +<p>Forehead, face, throat black; upper gray; wings, tail +brown; chest gray; abdomen rufous; f., sim. Insects. +Loud whistle, "Why-yew, witch-yew."</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126qz" id="page126qz"></a></span> + +<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3> + +<p>More than half the species of birds making up the family of +Caterpillar-eaters are restricted to the Australian region.</p> + +<p>The common Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike has many names. +Leatherhead, Blue Pigeon, and Blue Jay are amongst the most +common, and all are wrong. The Leatherhead is a Honey-eater, +and is better known as the Friar-Bird. The Cuckoo-Shrike is not a +Pigeon, but is a perching bird; nor is it a Jay, which is a Northern +Hemisphere bird, a member of the Crow family.</p> + +<p>The Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike is partly migratory, being stationary +in the northern parts of its range, but migratory in the +south. It occasionally reaches New Zealand. These birds +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page127q" id="page127q"></a></span> +undergo many changes of plumage before assuming the adult +dress. The Little Cuckoo-Shrike, in particular, has several +plumage phases, the throat and neck being black in the young, +but gray in the adult. Its Cuckoo-like flight undoubtedly suggested +part of the name. When young males are unlike the +adult males, they usually resemble the female. Here, however, +the adults of both sexes are similar.</p> + +<p>The male White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater resembles a +Hooded Robin (249). It is supposed to be shy, but at the Tallangatta +excursion, two pairs were attending to domestic duties in +the school ground and surprised all by their fine musical performances. +The male called "Peter, Peter," or some syllabize it +"Pretty Joey," and then broke into a trilling song that fully +equalled any canary performance I have heard. This was repeated +frequently during the day. The female seemed to have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128q" id="page128q"></a></span> +a creak in her note, which, however, was musical. The bill is +slender in this species.</p> + +<p>The Jardine Caterpillar-eater is rare and very shy. It keeps +to the topmost branches of lofty trees. The male is dark blue-gray +and black, and has a strong bill. The brown female is quite +dissimilar, her whitish under surface being crossed with numerous +brown arrow-head markings.</p> + +<p>The Cuckoo-Shrikes and Caterpillar-eaters are, like the +Cuckoos, very fond of caterpillars, and so should receive all the +protection we can give them.</p> + +<p class="center">(continued below)</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id="page126"></a>126</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i130-1000.png"><img src="images/i130-560.png" width="560" height="441" alt="261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 265A - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 120. CAMPOPHAGIDAE (10), CUCKOO-SHRIKES, Caterpillar-eaters, +186 sp.—104(103)A., 63(61)O., +2(1)P., 19(19)E.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>261 Ground Cuckoo-Shrike</b>, Ground Graucalus, Ground +(Long-tailed) Jay (e), <i>Pteropodocys phasianella</i>, Q., +N.S.W., V., C.A., W.A. (interior).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>plains</i> 13</p> + +<p>Head, neck, chest, back delicate-gray; abdomen, rump +white, many narrow black bars; under base tail white; +wings, tail black; side tail tipped white; f., sim. +Insects, larvae. Shrill note.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page127" id="page127"></a>127</span> + +<p class="left">5<br /> +34</p> + +<p><b>262<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike</b>, Leatherhead (e), Cherry-Hawk +(e), Lapwing (e), Summer (Blue) Bird, Blue +(Gray) Jay (e), Blue (Mountain) Pigeon (e), +Australian Shrike (N.Z.), <i>Coracina robusta (Graucalus +melanops)</i>, Cel., Mol., N.G., A., N.Z. (acc.).</p> + +<p class="right">Part.-Mig. v.c. <i>plains</i>, <i>timber</i> 13</p> + +<p>Delicate gray; forehead, face, throat black; wing-quills +black edged gray; tail gray base, black centre, tip +white; lifts wings after settling; f., sim. Caterpillars, +insects, fruit. Purring note.</p> + +<p><b>263 Little Cuckoo-Shrike</b>, Varied Graucalus, Lesser Blue-Jay +(e), <i>C. mentalis</i>, E.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>forest</i> 10.5</p> + +<p>Upper dark slate-gray; wing-quills black; tail black tipped +white; about eye black; throat, breast gray (adult), +under wing, under base tail white; young many +changes of color; head, neck black; f., sim. Caterpillars, +insects, berries. Soft rolling note.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +35</p> + +<p><b>264 Jardine Caterpillar-eater</b> (-Campophaga), <i>Edolisoma +tenuirostre</i>, N. Ter., E.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>treetops</i> 10.6</p> + +<p>Face black: upper, under, centre-tail deep blue-gray; +wing-quills, outer-tail black; f., smaller; upper, wings, +tail feathers brown, edged lighter; under creamy-buff +with many blackish bars; line over eye buff. Insect +larvae. "Kree-kree."</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +25</p> + +<p><b>265<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater</b> (-Campophaga), +Peewee-Lark (e), <i>Lalage tricolor</i>, N.G., A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>thick timber</i> 6.5</p> + +<p>Crown, hind-neck, upper-back black; shoulders, line on +wing white; rest wing black; lower-back gray; tail +black outer tipped white; under white; somewhat like +248 but throat white; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> upper brown; wing marked +light lines; under whitish. Insects. Fine musician, +canary-like song.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 121. <i>Pycnonotidae</i>, Bulbuls, 257 sp.—7(6)A., 148(145)O., +6(4)P., 99(99)E.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128qz" id="page128qz"></a></span> + +<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3> + +<p>The family <i>Timeliidae</i> is an ill-defined one, the members of +which are mostly ground birds, or, at least, spend a good deal of +time on the ground.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page129q" id="page129q"></a></span> + +<p>The Spotted and Chestnut-backed Ground-Birds are rare +and are very quiet and shy as they run back under the shade of +a bush. Thus, they are seldom seen, though they are very beautiful +in their richly-spotted plumage. Driving along mallee +roads, one sometimes sees these birds make a short, quick run +to cover. A good name is required for them. Ground-Bird +is not very definite.</p> + +<p>The rich brown Pilot Bird rarely flies, but keeps low down +in the dense tangles and undergrowths in country like that about +Ferntree Gully. It must be patiently waited for, as it is very +shy. It, apparently, values its services highly, for it often calls +"A-guinea-a-week."</p> + +<p>The larger Scrub-Robin which lives only in the interior flies +little, but, as shown in the figure, it has long legs, suitable for running. +Its color is not the dark-brown suitable for dark scrubs, +but is the light-brown which matches the dead mallee twigs lying +so thickly on the ground under the scrub. We met the Scrub-Robin +on Eyre Peninsula, but it was difficult to get a second look +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page130q" id="page130q"></a></span> +at it. Almost as rare are the closely-similar Chestnut-rumped +and Red-rumped Ground-Wrens. Few will see these birds, as +they live only in the drier parts.</p> + +<p>That interesting bird—the Coachwhip Bird—is far more often +heard than seen. Along the densely-scrubbed creeks of Eastern +Australia, the interesting whip-crack of this bird is very often +heard. An exact representative lives in West Australian scrubs. +I was surprised to hear, in several places lately, the Rufous-breasted +Whistler (Thickhead) called the Coachwhip Bird. It +has been found that both birds take part in the peculiar call +which has a loud crack very like that of a whip. This bird +dwells in the dense eastern scrubs, and uses its short wings but +little for flight. It was seen, however, recently at Sandringham, +a few miles from Melbourne.</p> + +<p>The Australian Babblers are of interest from all points of view. +Their habits are peculiar; their calls are varied and usually +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page131q" id="page131q"></a></span> +pleasant, and their large domed stick nests are common objects +along a country road. Usually seen in companies of from four +to a dozen, these birds work energetically and systematically. +They are entirely insectivorous, and so are of great value economically. +They are tame, as I have watched a flock at work in +the gardens in the middle of a town such as Dunolly. They +occasionally visit orchards and attack the codlin moth pupae. They +are said never to squabble, and so are called "Happy Family" or +"Happy Jacks." Their names, however, are many. The commonest +is, perhaps, "Catbird." There is a "Catbird," a Bower-Bird, +in Queensland, so the use of that name should be discouraged. +Babblers sometimes make six or seven nests, laying only in +one. The others are said to be shelter nests, or possibly play +nests.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page132q" id="page132q"></a></span> + +<p>That pleasing songster—the White-browed Field-Wren—is uniformly +streaked with black both above and below. It is fairly +common, but is not often seen unless looked for. Dogs will follow +the scent of this bird, as they do that of a quail; so it is +sometimes called the Stink-Bird by sportsmen.</p> + +<p>Now we come to two of the four native Skylarks. Who has +not, while lying on his back on the grass enjoying a rest in the +warm sunshine, felt pleasure at the beautiful song of the Rufous +Song-Lark as it soars singing away so high overhead? The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page133q" id="page133q"></a></span> +British Skylark often receives the credit for the harmony of +our four Skylarks. Two belong to this family, and two come +later with the Larks and Pipits. One is larger and darker on +the breast, hence the name Black-breasted Song-Lark. I saw +many of these birds, when examining the glacial deposits at Hallet's +Cove, near Adelaide. As there was a continuous chorus +of these fine songsters above the crops, the reason for the name +Harvest Birds was apparent.</p> + +<p>The Thrush family (<i>Turdidae</i>) includes the British Song-Thrush, +Blackbird, Nightingale, and many other famous songsters, +The Australian Mountain-Thrush is larger and more prettily +marked, but is not such a good songster as its European cousin—the +Song-Thrush. It, however, has one of its calls closely similar +to one of the calls of its more famous relative. It is a quiet, +shy bird, though I walked within five feet of one this morning as +it was busy digging up worms on the lawn in the Melbourne +Botanic Gardens. I left it at work pleased that my presence +had caused no feeling of fear in so beautiful and so shy a bird. +Its beautiful moss-covered nest is built even so early as July. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page134q" id="page134q"></a></span> +It flies little, preferring to keep near the dark scrubs, especially +the tea-tree scrub along the coast.</p> + +<p>The Song-Thrush and Blackbird have been successfully introduced, +and they are common in suburban gardens. Their delightful +song makes richer the lives of busy city dwellers, though +their attentions to soft fruits are not always appreciated. For +sweetness and fulness of notes, however, these introduced birds +cannot compare with our Harmonious Shrike-Thrush (315), deservedly +named <i>harmonica</i> by Latham, a British ornithologist. +The call of the latter bird, however, is not so continuous as that of +the introduced birds.</p> + +<p>The four Australian birds known as Chats take the next sub-family +to themselves. The common Chat is known as a "Tang," +"Nun," and "Tin-tac." While the White-fronted Chat is very +common in the South, the beautiful Crimson-breasted Chat, with +its crimson cap and pure white throat, and the Orange-fronted +Chat, are found mostly in the dry interior, where they are known +as Salt-bush Canaries. A good common name is urgently required +for this Australian sub-family of birds. North calls them +Nuns; but that name is preoccupied, and is suitable only +for one of them. I was much interested last week (January, +1911) to see a male White-fronted Chat feeding a fully-fledged +young Bronze Cuckoo. Two female Sparrows were also in attendance, +one of which fed the Cuckoo three times while I was +observing it. A female Bronze Cuckoo sat for some time by the +young one, but did not interfere, or offer to feed it. The Chat +returned the fifth time for the purpose of feeding the young +Cuckoo, when the passing of a motor-car broke up the party. +The young Cuckoo flew across the road and some distance on to +a bush, where it resumed its constant wheezing whine. It is +unusual to find birds so far apart as a Finch, like the Sparrow and +a member of the Thrush family, like the Chat, feeding the one +young Cuckoo.</p> + +<p class="center">(continued below)</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id="page128"></a>128</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i132-1000.png"><img src="images/i132-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 122. TIMELIIDAE (27), BABBLERS, BABBLING-THRUSHES, +590 sp.—65(65)A., 447(443)O., +7(3)P., 75(75)E. (an ill-defined family).</p> + +<p class="left">6<br /> +6</p> + +<p><b>266<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> Spotted Ground-Bird</b> (-Thrush, -Dove), Babbling-Thrush, +<i>Cinclosoma punctatum</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., +S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>scrubby</i> 10.7</p> + +<p>Crown, back rufous-brown; back striped black; shoulders +steel-black spotted white; throat, narrow chest band +steel-black; eyebrow, patches on throat white; breast +gray; tail tipped white; f., upper lighter; throat white, +rufous patch at side. Insects. Rise with a whirr-r-r. +Low piping whistle.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page129" id="page129"></a>129</span> + +<p><b>267 Chestnut-backed Ground-Bird</b> (-Thrush), <i>C. castano-notum</i>, +W.N.S.W., W.V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>plains</i> 9</p> + +<p>Upper chestnut-brown; eyebrow, side-throat white; throat, +chest black; shoulder black spotted white; tail tipped +white; f., duller; throat, chest gray. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>268 Pilot Bird</b>, <i>Pycnoptilus floccosus</i>, E.N.S.W., E.V.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dense scrubby gullies</i> 6.7</p> + +<p>Rich dark-brown; throat rufous mottled dusky; f., sim. +Insects. "Guinea-a-week."</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>269 Scrub-Robin</b>, <i>Drymodes brunneipygius</i>, N.S.W., V., +S.A. (interior).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>mallee</i>, <i>scrub</i> 8</p> + +<p>Upper brown; wings brown barred white; tail brown, +slightly tipped white; under grayish-brown; long legs; +shy, runs; f., smaller. Insects. Monotonous whistle.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>270 Chestnut-rumped Ground-Wren</b>, Red-rumped Scrub-Warbler, +<i>Hylacola pyrrhopygia</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dry scrubs</i> 5.3</p> + +<p>Upper brown; base tail chestnut-red, tip white; eyebrow +white; under streaked black, white; f., sim. Agreeable +song.</p> + +<p><b>271 Shy Ground-Wren</b> (Red-rumped, Cautious, Rufous-rumped), +Shy Scrub-Warbler, <i>H. cauta</i>, V., S.A., +W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dry scrubs</i> 5.7</p> + +<p>Like 270, but small white patch near outer edge of wing; +shier; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>272<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> Coachwhip Bird</b> (Whip, Stockwhip), <i>Psophodes +crepitans</i>, E.S.Q., E.N.S.W., E.V.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>dense scrubs</i> 10</p> + +<p>Dark olive-green; black crest, breast; white side of throat, +centre of abdomen, tip-tail; f., smaller, duller. Insects. +Loud full note ends in a whip crack.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page130" id="page130"></a>130</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i134-1000.png"><img src="images/i134-560.png" width="560" height="434" alt="273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +34</p> + +<p><b>273<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> Gray-crowned Babbler</b>, Chatterer (e), Cackler, Barker, +Pine (Cat (e), Dog) Bird, Codlin-Moth-eater, +Hopper, Jumper (e), Yahoo, Happy Family, Happy +Jack, Twelve Apostles (e), Apostle-Bird (e), <i>Pomatorhinus +frivolus (temporalis)</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. flocks, c. <i>open timber</i> 11</p> + +<p>Dark brown; crown light-gray; brow white; throat, breast +white; tail tipped white; bill long black, curved; runs; +f., sim. Insects. Many peculiar notes, noisy.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page131" id="page131"></a>131</span> + +<p><b>274 White-browed Babbler</b>, Go-aways, Stick-Birds, <i>P. +superciliosus</i>, A. inland (exc. N. Ter., N.Q.).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. flocks, c. <i>open timber</i> 8</p> + +<p>Like 273, but smaller; crown dark-brown; f., sim. Insects. +"Most noisy bird I ever observed." (G.) Many notes.</p> + +<p><b>275 Chestnut-crowned Babbler</b>, <i>P. ruficeps</i>, N.S.W., V., +S.A. (interior). Insects. Noisy.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 8.5</p> + +<p>Like 273, 274, but crown, hind-neck chestnut; f., sim.</p> + +<p class="left">7<br /> +7</p> + +<p><b>276<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> White-browed Field-Wren</b>, White-lored Reed-Lark, +Rush Warbler (e), Stink-Bird, <i>Calamanthus albiloris</i>, +N.S.W., V., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>grass</i>, <i>heath</i> 5</p> + +<p>Greenish-brown streaked black; face, brow white; throat +whitish streaked black; erect tail; shy; f., sim. Insects. +Pretty song on bush-top.</p> + +<p><b>277 Field-Wren</b>, Field Reed-Lark, <i>C. campestris</i>, V., S.A., +N.W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>open plains</i> 4.6</p> + +<p>Upper ashy-brown streaked dark-brown; upper base tail +rufous-brown; side tail tipped white, banded black; +forehead rufous streaked dark-brown; eyebrow white; +under whitish streaked dark-brown; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>278<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> Brown Song-Lark</b> (Black-breasted), Australian Skylark, +Harvest-Bird, Singing-Lark, Corn-Crake (e), +<i>Cincloramphus cruralis</i>, A. exc. C.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>crops</i> 9</p> + +<p>Dark-brown, upper feathers edged lighter; abdomen blackish; +f., much smaller; paler; eyebrow, under whitish. +Insects. "Fine songster, ranks with the Skylark;" +sings flying like Skylark.</p> + +<p><b>279<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> Rufous Song-Lark</b> (Rufous-tinted), Rufous-rumped +Singing-Lark, Skylark, <i>C. rufescens</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>grass</i>, <i>crops</i> 7.5</p> + +<p>Upper brown, feathers edged lighter; upper base tail +rufous; brow, throat whitish; under brownish-gray; +side face darker; f., smaller; face not dark. Insects. +"Amongst the richest and sweetest of Australian bird +songs." Sings flying like Skylark.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page132" id="page132"></a>132</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i136-1000.png"><img src="images/i136-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="279A, 280, 280A, 281, 282, 283 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 123. <i>Troglodytidae</i>, Wrens, 255 sp.—2(1)A., 18(17)O., +10(10)P., 43(32)Nc., 194(183)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 124. <i>Cinclidae</i>, Dippers, Water-Ouzels, 19 sp.—5(2)O., +11(8)P., 1(0)Nc., 6(5)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 125. <i>Mimidae</i>, Mocking-Birds, Thrashers, 71 sp.—17(10)Nc., +61(54)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 126. TURDIDAE (8), THRUSHES (Blackbird (Br.), Nightingale, +Robin (Br.), Wheatear, Bluebird (Am.), +Redstart, Hedge-Sparrow), 588 sp.—48(44)A., +167(117)O., 124(53)P., 192(163)E., 29(14)Nc., +132(118)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +114</p> + +<p><b>279<span class="sc">a</span> Blackbird</b>, <i>Turdus merula</i>, Eur., N. Afr., Egypt, +Syria, Persia, Azores, A. (introduced).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 10</p> + +<p>Black; bill yellow; f., dark-brown; breast reddish-brown +marked darker. Insects, snails, fruit. Songster.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page133" id="page133"></a>133</span> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +13</p> + +<p><b>280<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> Australian Mountain Thrush</b> (Ground), King Thrush, +<i>Turdus (Oreocichla) lunulata</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>coastal scrubs</i>, <i>mt. gullies</i> 10.5</p> + +<p>Upper brown marked with black half-moons; under white +stained buff on breast, flanks, marked with black half-moons; +f., sim. Snails, insects, worms.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +24</p> + +<p><b>280<span class="sc">a</span> Song Thrush</b>, <i>T. musicus</i>, Eur., W. Asia, India, A. +(introduced).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>gardens</i> 9</p> + +<p>Upper brown; breast yellowish spotted brown; throat, +abdomen white; f., sim. Snails, insects, worms. +Famous singer.</p> + +<p class="left">5<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>281<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> White-fronted Chat</b>, Banded Tintac, Tang, Ringlet +(e), Clipper, Nun, Dottrel (e), Jenny-Wren (e), +Ballyhead, Gar, Ringneck (e), <i>Epthianura albifrons</i>, +Bass St. Is., T., A. exc. N. Ter. +Insects. Dull metallic "tang."</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.c. <i>grass</i> 4.5</p> + +<p>Forehead, face, under, tip tail white; back gray; band on +chest, wings, tail black; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> duller, faint band on chest.</p> + +<p><b>282<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> Crimson-breasted Chat</b> (Tricolored), Saltbush Canary +(e), <i>E. tricolor</i>, A. exc. N. Ter.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>timber</i> 4.3</p> + +<p>Crown, base tail, breast, abdomen scarlet; face, back of +head, back dark-brown; tip-tail spotted white; throat, +under base tail white; f., duller. Insects.</p> + +<p><b>283 Orange-fronted Chat</b>, Saltbush Canary, <i>E. aurifrons</i>, +A. exc. N. Ter.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>open plains</i> 4.3</p> + +<p>Head, upper base tail, under golden-orange; back brown; +tip tail spotted white; chin black; f., duller. Grasshoppers, +other insects.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page134qz" id="page134qz"></a></span> + +<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3> + +<p>The Warbler family, <i>Sylviidae</i>, is a large one, found all through +the Eastern Hemisphere. One migratory species crosses Behring +Strait each year to summer in Alaska.</p> + +<p>As no less than 79 Australian small birds have been grouped +in this family, it is of considerable importance to our bird lovers. +At the head of the family, we have an exact representative of the +Reed-Warbler of Europe in the delightful plain-brown songster +which charms all who frequent river sides. Its song is "louder +and more melodious than that of any of its European relations +except" the Reed-Warbler. It is a welcome spring visitor, and +can be heard on any spring or summer day in the Botanic Gardens, +or in any reed bed by stream or lake.</p> + +<p>The next bird is the Australian representative of the Fantail-Warblers +(<i>Cisticola</i>). These birds are related to the Tailor-Bird.</p> + +<p>Much has been written of the Tailor-Bird of India which so +cleverly sews leaves together to enclose its nest, but few know +we have a bird that does similar work when building its nest. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page141q" id="page141q"></a></span> +Dr. Sharpe has decided that our bird is identical with an Indian +species, so we must take the Indian name—Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler. +This bird moults twice a year. At the autumn moult, +it obtains a long tail and a streaked crown. The four Australian +species described by Gould are now known to be but different +forms of the one species which undergoes seasonal change.</p> + +<p>Speckled Jack, the Speckled Warbler (Little Field-Wren), is +a tame little bird with a pleasing song. Its chocolate-colored +egg used to be much valued in the days when schoolboys collected +eggs. It walks instead of hopping.</p> + +<p>The Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler (<i>Acanthiza</i>) is a member of an +Australian genus, which has been split up into 27 species, all of +which, except a New Guinea form, are restricted to Australia. +Some are pleasing songsters. The two-storied nest of the Yellow-tail +is well known and is peculiar. What is the use of the +upper nest—for the male to rest in, to delude the cuckoo, or what?</p> + +<p>These birds are not Tits (<i>Paridae</i>). They have been called +Thornbills by Mr. A. J. North. The name Tit-Warbler has been +adopted by the "names" sub-committee of the Royal Australasian +Ornithologists' Union, pending the completion of the Australian +Check-List. The common White-browed Scrub-Wren is not a +Wren, but is a Warbler. He is the best known of the genus, +though even he is seldom seen. His dark-brown color leads +one to suspect a dark scrub as his dwelling place. Though common +in places, he is seldom noticed, but if you sit down in a quiet +scrubby corner, his inquisitiveness will often impel him to run +almost over your feet. Some light spots on the shoulder and the +white eyebrow will assist you in identifying him. His mouse-like +run further assists in identification.</p> + +<p>Amongst the glories of the bird world, the Superb-Warbler +stands high. His beautiful enamel-blue and black costume, and his +cheery, fussy song justify his name. He is generally accompanied +by four or five plain-colored mates, and is said to lose his beautiful +coat of blue each autumn, but the balance of evidence now +seems to be with Mr. Keartland and Dr. Horne, who claim that +he gets the permanent beautiful coat late in life (that is, when +three or four years old), and does not lose it afterwards, except +for a few days at moulting time. But, being so conspicuous, he +soon falls a prey to one of his numerous enemies, of whom the +small boy with a pea-rifle is probably the worst. I, too frequently, +hear of these enemies of their country being caught with +three or four of these lovely little birds in their possession. +However, Bird Day in the schools did much good, and the next +generation of boy will probably have less of the savage in him.</p> + +<p>The Emu-Wren, which has tail feathers like Emu feathers, is +easily recognized if seen. It is difficult to cause it to fly out +of the rushes round a swamp. The Bristle-Birds are Australian, +and are fairly common in some dense scrubs.</p> + +<p>Grass-Wrens are not Wrens, but are placed in the Warbler +family. They are Central Australian birds. They seldom fly, +but "progress like a rubber ball" with great swiftness. They +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page146q" id="page146q"></a></span> +are of the light tawny color that so well matches desert sands. +It is very difficult to get a second look at one, as it hides in the +grass and scrub, and almost refuses to be flushed. Sometimes it +nearly allows itself to be walked upon.</p> + +<p>Fourteen of the 17 members of the Wood-Swallow family +are confined to the Australian region. The White-rumped +Wood-Swallow extends from Australia through the islands to the +Andaman Islands; another kind is found in India, Ceylon, and +Burma. Some kinds are migratory. They appear suddenly in great +companies, build a flimsy, careless nest in any spot high or low, +and soon have the young on the wing. They are the "Blue-Birds," +"Summer-Birds," or "Martins" of our youth. Some of these +birds have the remarkable habit of hanging in a cluster similar +to a great swarm of bees. Like Honey-eaters, they take honey +from the flowering eucalypts. The street trees of Bendigo were +alive with these birds in May, 1909. The Sordid Wood-Swallow +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page147q" id="page147q"></a></span> +is partly migratory, and lives in small companies. Most towns +in Southern Australia have a company of these birds in the +neighborhood. One such company lives in the Domain, near the +entrance to the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.</p> + +<p>These tame woodland birds, admirable in their graceful wheeling +and floating flight, destroy numbers of destructive insects. +Occasionally, a company has discovered that a good food supply +can easily be obtained close to a beehive. Thus rarely they do +a slight amount of harm, but the balance is overwhelmingly in +their favor.</p> + +<p class="center">(continued below)</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page135" id="page135"></a>135</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i139-800.png"><img src="images/i139t-300.png" width="300" height="498" alt="284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 293, 297 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>284</b> Aust. Reed-Warbler<br /> + <b>285</b> Aust. Fantail-Warbler<br /> + <b>286</b> Grass-Bird</td> + <td><b>287</b> Speckled Warbler<br /> + <b>288</b> Little Tit-Warbler<br /> + <b>289</b> Brown Tit-Warbler</td> + <td><b>291</b> Striated Tit-Warbler<br /> + <b>293</b> Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler<br /> + <b>297</b> White-browed Scrub-Wren</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page136" id="page136"></a>136</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page137" id="page137"></a>137</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i141-800.png"><img src="images/i141t-300.png" width="300" height="505" alt="300, 300A, 302, 304, 306, 311, 312, 313, 315 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>300</b> Superb-Warbler<br /> + <b>300<span class="sc">a</span></b> Superb-Warbler (Female)<br /> + <b>302</b> White-winged Superb-Warbler</td> + <td><b>304</b> Emu Wren<br /> + <b>306</b> Bristle Bird<br /> + <b>311</b> White-browed Wood-Swallow</td> + <td><b>312</b> Masked Wood-Swallow<br /> + <b>313</b> Wood-Swallow<br /> + <b>315</b> Gray Shrike-Thrush</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page138" id="page138"></a>138</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page139" id="page139"></a>139</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i143-800.png"><img src="images/i143t-300.png" width="300" height="513" alt="319 320, 321, 322, 322A, 323, 323A, 326, 327 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>319</b> Australian Butcher-Bird<br /> + <b>320</b> Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit<br /> + <b>321</b> Crested Bell-Bird</td> + <td><b>322</b> Golden-breasted Whistler<br /> + <b>322<span class="sc">a</span></b> Golden-breasted Whistler (Female)<br /> + <b>323</b> Rufous-breasted Whistler</td> + <td><b>323<span class="sc">a</span></b> Rufous-breasted Whistler (F.)<br /> + <b>326</b> Shrike-Robin<br /> + <b>327</b> Whiteface</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page140" id="page140"></a>140</span><br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page142" id="page142"></a>142</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i146-1000.png"><img src="images/i146-560.png" width="560" height="321" alt="284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 127. SYLVIIDAE (79), WARBLERS (Whitethroat, Blackcap +(Br.), Chiffchaff), 525 sp.—107(102)A., +137(84)O., 108(22)P., 267(228)E., 1(0)Nc.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +29</p> + +<p><b>284<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Australian Reed-Warbler</b>, Reed-Bird, (Nightingale), +Water-Sparrow (e), <i>Acrocephalus australis</i>, Lombok, +E.A., S.A., T. =vt. Eur. Reed-Warbler.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>reeds</i> 6.2</p> + +<p>Brown; head darker; under lighter; throat whitish; bill +long, pointed; f., sim. Insects. Rich melodious song.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +51</p> + +<p><b>285<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler</b>, Grass-Warbler (Exiled), +Corn (Barley) Bird, <i>Cisticola exilis</i>, Ind., Formosa +to A. (exc. C.A.), King Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>grass</i>, <i>crops</i> 3.6</p> + +<p>Golden-buff; upper streaked blackish; tail 1.2in., blackish, +edged buff; f., crown streaked black. Winter<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> crown +streaked black; throat whitish; tail 1.9in.; f., sim.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +10</p> + +<p><b>286<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Grass-Bird</b> (Little Reed), Marsh-Warbler, <i>Megalurus +gramineus</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>tussocks</i> 5.2</p> + +<p>Upper brown streaked, lined blackish; throat, chest gray +faintly streaked black; tail reddish-brown; f., sim. +Insects. "Four or five plaintive notes."</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>287<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Speckled Warbler</b>, Little Field-Lark (-Wren), Speckled +Jack, Blood Tit (e), Jenny-Wren (e), <i>Chthonicola +sagittata</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>grass</i> 5</p> + +<p>Under whitish boldly streaked black; head brown faintly +streaked white; back brown, feathers edged lighter; +tip-tail spotted white; f., sim. Insects. Singer.</p> + +<p class="left">26<br /> +27</p> + +<p><b>288<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Little Tit-Warbler</b> (Yellow), Yellow-breasted Thornbill, +Tomtit, Little Tit, <i>Acanthiza nana</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., +V., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>trees</i> 3.5</p> + +<p>Upper dull olive-green; under yellow; tail grayish-brown, +black band; f., sim. Insects. "Tiz, tiz, tiz."</p> + +<p><b>289<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Brown Tit-Warbler</b> (Tit), Scrub Thornbill, Dwarf +Warbler, <i>A. pusilla</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>scrub</i> 3.7</p> + +<p>Upper, wings brown; tail brown, banded black, slightly +tipped white; throat, chest spotted black and white; +flanks, abdomen buff; f., sim. Insects. Singer.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page143" id="page143"></a>143</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i147-1000.png"><img src="images/i147-560.png" width="560" height="320" alt="290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>290 Red-rumped Tit-Warbler</b> (Tit), Rufous-rumped +Thornbill, <i>A. pyrrhopygia</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A. (interior).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>mallee</i>, <i>scrubs</i> 4</p> + +<p>Upper pale olive-brown; forehead blackish-brown, feathers +tipped white; throat, chest mottled gray, white; +abdomen whitish; upper base tail rufous; tail olive, +black band, white tip; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<p><b>291<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Striated Tit-Warbler</b>, Striped Tit, Striped-crowned +Thornbill, <i>A. lineata</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 3.7</p> + +<p>Throat, chest whitish streaked black; head brown streaked +whitish; back olive-brown; flanks, abdomen yellowish; +tail black band; f., sim. Insects. Songster.</p> + +<p><b>292 Chestnut-rumped Tit-Warbler</b> (Thornbill), <i>A. uropygialis</i>, +A. exc. C.A., N. Ter.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>scrubs</i>, <i>forests</i> 3.6</p> + +<p>Upper brown; upper base tail rich reddish-chestnut; tail +brownish-black tipped white; under whitish; f., sim.</p> + +<p><b>293<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler</b>, Yellow-rumped Thornbill +(-Tit), Yellow-tail, Geobasileus, <i>A. chrysorrhoa</i>, E.A., +S.A., W.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>gardens</i>, <i>timber</i> 3.8</p> + +<p>Upper olive-brown; base tail bright-yellow; under yellowish-white; +forehead black spotted white; cheeks, throat, +line over eye grayish-white; f., sim. Insects. Singer.</p> + +<p><b>294 Buff-tailed Tit-Warbler</b>, Buff-rumped Thornbill (Tit), +<i>A. reguloides</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open timber</i> 4.3</p> + +<p>Upper olive-brown; upper base tail pale yellow; throat, +chest white slightly marked brown; forehead feathers +tipped lighter; f., sim. Insects. Song.</p> + +<p class="left">10<br /> +16</p> + +<p><b>295 Redthroat</b>, Red-throated Scrub-Wren, <i>Sericornis +brunnea</i>, N.S.W., V., S., C., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>scrubs</i> 4.5</p> + +<p>Upper dark-brown; tail brownish-black tipped white; +throat rufous; under brownish-gray; f., sim. Insects. +"Fine song equal to that of any small bird."</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page144" id="page144"></a>144</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i148-1000.png"><img src="images/i148-560.png" width="560" height="321" alt="296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>296 Yellow-throated Scrub-Wren</b>, Devil Bird, <i>S. barbata</i>, +E.Q., E.N.S.W., E.V.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>coastal scrubs</i> 5.5</p> + +<p>Crown, upper brown tinged yellow; side of face, round +eye, ear black; white line over eye; throat yellow; +chest, flanks olive-brown; centre abdomen white; f., +smaller; duller. Insects. Pleasing rich note.</p> + +<p><b>297<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> White-browed Scrub-Wren</b> (White-fronted), <i>S. frontalis</i>, +E.A., S.A., Kent Group.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>undergrowth</i> 4.5</p> + +<p>Upper dark-brown; throat white streaked dusky; brow +white; chest, abdomen light-yellow; flanks olive-brown; +small distinct white marks on shoulder; f., duller, +throat not streaked. Insects. Inward warble.</p> + +<p><b>298 Large-billed Scrub-Wren</b>, <i>S. magnirostris</i>, E.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>tree-tops</i>, <i>coast</i>, <i>gully scrubs</i> 4.7</p> + +<p>Brown; rump rufous; about bill tawny; eye, long bill +black; legs flesh-color; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<p><b>299 Spotted Scrub-Wren</b> (Striated), <i>S. maculata</i>, V., +S.A., Kangaroo Is., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>scrubby</i> 4.5</p> + +<p>Upper brown; tail black band tipped white; forehead, side +of face black; stripe above, very small patch below eye, +marks on edge of wing white; under grayish-white, +sometimes washed yellow; throat, chest grayish-white +spotted (striated) black; f., duller. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">23<br /> +23</p> + +<p><b>300<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> Superb-Warbler</b>, Blue-Wren (-Bonnet, -Tit, -Cap, +-Head), Mormon-Wren, Cocktail, <i>Malurus cyanochlamys</i>, +E.A., S.A., Kangaroo Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>gardens</i> 5</p> + +<p>Crown, behind ear, upper-back enamel-blue; throat, chest, +hind-neck, lower-back black; tail deep-blue; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> brown; +round eye reddish-brown; under lighter; bill reddish-brown. +Insects. "Animated song." "Lovely bird."</p> + +<p><b>301 Black-backed Superb-Warbler</b> (Wren), <i>M. melanonotus</i>, +E.A., C.S.A. (inland).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>scrubs</i> 4.7</p> + +<p>Crown, under, upper-back, upper and under base tail beautiful +metallic blue; behind ear verditer-blue; side of +face, band on back, faint band across chest black; wing +green; tail greenish-blue; f., side of face, round eye +reddish-brown; upper brown; under whitish; wings +brown; tail green. Insects.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page145" id="page145"></a>145</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i149-1000.png"><img src="images/i149-560.png" width="560" height="320" alt="302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>302<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> White-winged Superb-Warbler</b> (Wren), <i>M. cyanotus +(leucopterus)</i>, A. (exc. N. Ter.).</p> + +<p class="right">r. <i>saltbush</i>, <i>plains</i> 4.8</p> + +<p>Above, below deep cobalt-blue; wings white; quills brown; +tail dark-blue; f., upper brown, under white tinged +brown. Insects.</p> + +<p><b>303 Purple-backed Superb Warbler</b> (Wren), <i>M. assimilis</i>, +A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>scrubs</i> 5</p> + +<p>Crown, side of head, back purplish-blue; throat, chest, band +on upper back, rump black; chestnut-red patch inner +wing; rest wing brown; abdomen white; tail dark-blue +tipped white; f., brown; about eye rich chestnut; +under whitish; tail greenish-blue. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>304<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> Emu-Wren</b>, Stick-tail, <i>Stipiturus malachurus</i>, S.A., +E.A., W.A., f., throat brown. Insects.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>tussocks</i> 7</p> + +<p>Upper brown streaked rufous; tail feathers long loosely +webbed, erect; throat blue; abdomen brown; runs.</p> + +<p><b>305 Mallee Emu-Wren</b>, <i>S. mallee</i>, N.W.V.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>Spinifex (Triodia)</i> 5</p> + +<p>Like 304, but forehead chestnut; throat, chest light purplish-blue; +abdomen grayish-brown.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>306<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> Bristle-Bird</b>, <i>Sphenura brachyptera</i>, N.S.W., E.V., +Insects. Rich, varied notes.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>undergrowth</i> 8.8</p> + +<p>Brown; throat, centre-breast lighter; shy; runs; f., sim.</p> + +<p><b>307 Rufous Bristle-Bird</b> (Rufous-headed), <i>S. broadbenti</i>, +W.V., S.A. (Otway Ranges to Mt. Lofty).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dense scrub</i> 10.5</p> + +<p>Rufous-brown; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page146" id="page146"></a>146</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i150-1000.png"><img src="images/i150-560.png" width="560" height="444" alt="308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">10<br /> +10</p> + +<p><b>308 Grass-Wren</b>, <i>Amytornis textilis</i>, V., C.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>plains</i>, <i>dense scrubs</i> 6.2</p> + +<p>Upper dark-brown striped white; under paler; flanks rust-red; +seldom flies; progresses like a rubber ball; tail +erect; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<p><b>309 Striated Grass-Wren</b> (Black-cheeked), <i>A. striatus</i>, +N.S.W., V., C.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dense scrubs</i> 6.8</p> + +<p>Like 308, but black stripe on cheek; plumage strongly +rufous; runs, seldom flies; f., sim. Insects.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page147" id="page147"></a>147</span> + +<p class="spacer">F. 128. <i>Vireonidae</i>, Vireos, Greenlets, 112 sp.—24(7)Nc., +105(88)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 129. <i>Ampelidae</i>, Waxwings, Cedar-Bird, 10 sp.—1(0)O., +2(0)P., 3(0)Nc., 7(5)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 130. ARTAMIDAE (12), WOOD-SWALLOWS, Swallow-Shrikes, +17 sp.—15(14)A., 2(1)O., 1(1)E.</p> + +<p class="left">9<br /> +16</p> + +<p><b>310 White-rumped Wood-Swallow</b> (Swallow-Shrike), +<i>Artamus leucogaster</i>, Andaman Is., Mal. Arch., +Papuan Is., A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>timber</i> 7.4</p> + +<p>Head, neck grayish-black; back brown; tail, wing-quills +black; rump, breast, abdomen white; f., sim. Insects. +Plaintive note.</p> + +<p><b>311<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> White-browed Wood-Swallow</b>, Summer-Bird, Martin +(e), <i>A. superciliosus</i>, E.A., S.A., N.W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.c. <i>timber</i> 8</p> + +<p>Slaty-gray; white eyebrow; abdomen rich chestnut; tail +tipped white; f., faint white eyebrow. Insects, honey. +"Sweet, clear whistling note."</p> + +<p><b>312<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> Masked Wood-Swallow</b>, Bush (Blue) Martin (e), <i>A. +personatus</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>timber</i> 8</p> + +<p>Dark-gray upper; pure white edge to jet-black throat +patch; under gray; tail tipped white; f., duller. Insects.</p> + +<p><b>313<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> Wood-Swallow</b> (Sordid, Dusky), Jacky-Martin, Martin +(e), <i>A. tenebrosus</i>, A., T., Bass St. Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Part-Mig. v.c. <i>timber</i> 7.3</p> + +<p>Smoky vinous-gray; wing-quills black; white line in edge +of wing; tail tipped white; bill blue tipped black; f., +sim. Insects.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 131. <i>Vangidae</i>, 12 sp. E. (Madagascar).</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page147qz" id="page147qz"></a></span> + +<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3> + +<p>Family 132—Wood-Shrikes—contains two of the best known of +Australian birds, for they are to be found about almost every +town and city, as well as in the country. The well-known Magpie-Lark +has but one close cousin in the world, a New Guinea bird. +Its mud nest is familiar to country boys. It is notable that, excepting +Swallows, only two other Australian birds build a mud +nest. These birds, the Apostle-Bird and the White-winged +Chough, are mentioned later. Its dainty, well-kept plumage renders +the Magpie-Lark one of the most graceful of birds. Its +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page148q" id="page148q"></a></span> +flight is "unlike that of any bird known to me." (Gould.) "It +flies in a straight line, with a heavy, flapping motion of the +wings." Its loud call is responsible for the name of Pee-wee, +a common name for a European Plover; its black and white coloring +for the vernacular name—Magpie-Lark.</p> + +<p>This bird is of great value, as it consumes large quantities of +pond snails, the necessary host of the early stages of the liver +fluke. Exterminate the pond snails, and immediately the liver +fluke is completely destroyed, and all future loss from its ravages +is saved to the pastoralists. In 1846, fluke caused a loss of +£10,000,000 in England alone, so it is a serious pest, and may yet +prove a very expensive one to Australia.</p> + +<p>This bird's scientific position is disputed. It has been classed +with Crows and with Thrushes. Gould placed it by itself. Dr. +Sharpe has, however, placed it in the family <i>Prionopidae</i>. Its +vocal organs are anomalous, and it may be that its position is not +finally settled yet.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page149q" id="page149q"></a></span> + +<p>Placed by Sharpe in the same family are the Shrike-Thrushes, +strictly Australian birds. The glorious "powerful swelling +notes" of our common bird caused Latham to bestow the well-deserved +name <i>harmonica</i> on it. Yet there are some who talk +of Australia as a land of songless birds. This falsehood seems +to have had its origin in a note written by Caley, who, about +1825, collected near Sydney, for the Linnean Society of London. +As quoted by North, he said, "They (Superb-Warblers) are good +songsters, and, I may say, almost the only ones in the colony." +Fortunately, the Harmonious Shrike-Thrush is becoming common +and tame about school grounds and most towns. It is +occasionally to be heard in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens.</p> + +<p>Family 134 contains the famous Shrikes, those birds which are +said to keep a butcher's shop. Not being "birds of prey," they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page150q" id="page150q"></a></span> +do not hold their prey in their feet, so they fasten it in the fork +of a tree, or on a thorn. Then they proceed to eat it, or leave it +until they are hungry. Our Shrike or Butcher-Bird has the same +habit.</p> + +<p>The Australian Butcher-Bird has a rich, mellow, flute-like note, +which is more frequently heard in autumn. Some consider his +one of the best of bird-notes. His strongly-hooked bill renders +him a terror to small birds, including caged Canaries.</p> + +<p>That glorious songster, the Australian Magpie, is placed in this +family. These Australian songsters are now divided into five +closely-similar species, all possessing the same rich carol. The +Tasmanian bird was formerly called the "Organ-Bird." This Australian +musician is responsible for the European epigram of +"white Crows that sing." These birds are not Crows, nor are +they white, but they <i>sing</i>, so that Alfred Russel Wallace has declared +that no European songbird can equal them. Gould +found it impossible to describe their "carol," and regretted that +"his readers could not," as he had done, "listen to the birds in their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page151q" id="page151q"></a></span> +native wilds." Their early morning carol lives in the memory. +The Australian Magpie is not related to the European Magpie, +which is a member of the Crow family (164), but is a glorified +Butcher-Bird. However, it would be a difficult matter to displace +the name magpie for the Australian bird.</p> + +<p>In the same family, though in the next sub-family, are some +peculiar Australian birds. The two Shrike-Tits are found one in +Eastern Australia and the other in Western Australia. Gould +said feelingly—he was nipped by one—that "no bird of its size +has stronger mandibles." It is to be seen in the Melbourne +Botanic Gardens, tearing off bark as it seeks for insects.</p> + +<p>The Crested Bell-Bird is restricted to Australia. Being a perfect +ventriloquist, it is very difficult to locate it. Some of its +notes are bell-like, and have misled those seeking horses. I met +it frequently in the Mallee and in the Maryborough and Ararat +districts. It often hopped out on to the road on frosty mornings. +It is one of Australia's singular and interesting birds.</p> + +<p>Those badly-named, but often attractive, songsters—the Thickheads +(now called Whistlers)—are placed next. Eighty-eight of +these birds are known from the Australian region, though but +twenty occur in Australia itself and Tasmania. On account of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page152q" id="page152q"></a></span> +the difficulty of skinning these birds, they were given the +name <i>Pachycephala</i>. It is unfortunate that the literal translation—thick +head—was the name used by bird people for these +beautiful singers. It is now proposed to change the name to +Whistler. Strange to say, we have not heard a good local name +for these attractive and often gorgeous birds.</p> + +<p>To complete this interesting sub-family, we have the Yellow-breasted +Shrike-Robin—a confiding favorite, found in most dark +scrubs. Its single, often-repeated, piping note is responsible for +its name, <i>Eopsaltria</i>, "Psalm of the Dawn." This delightful +forest-dweller frequently perches sideways on a sapling. Six kinds +are known from Australia, and two more from adjacent islands.</p> + +<p class="center">(continued below)</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page148" id="page148"></a>148</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i152-1000.png"><img src="images/i152-560.png" width="560" height="436" alt="314, 314A, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 132. PRIONOPIDAE (11), WOOD-SHRIKES, 95 sp.—55(55)A., +15(15)O., 25(25)E.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>314 Magpie-Lark</b>, Murray (Little) Magpie (e), Mudlark +(e), Soldiers, Peewee (e), Peewit (e), Pugwall, +<i>Grallina picata</i>, A., T. (acc).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. (near water) <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i> 10.5</p> + +<p>Black and white; slender stilt-like legs; throat white (f.), +black (m.); mud nest. Insects, pond-snails. "Pee-wee."</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page149" id="page149"></a>149</span> + +<p class="left">10<br /> +10</p> + +<p><b>315<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> Gray Shrike-Thrush</b> (Harmonious), Gray (Native) +Thrush, Pluff, Mourner, <i>Colluricincla harmonica</i>, +E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 9.5</p> + +<p>Gray; back umber-brown; face whitish; under lighter: +f., throat streaked dusky. Insects. Powerful swelling +harmonious note.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 133. <i>Aerocharidae</i>, 1 sp. E. (Madagascar).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 134. LANIIDAE (42), SHRIKES, 313 sp.—134(132)A., +36(22)O., 33(10)P., 140(127)E., 6(6)Nc., 1(1)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">5<br /> +5</p> + +<p><b>316 Black-backed Magpie</b>, Piping Crow-Shrike (Varied), +Organ (Flute) Bird, Singing White Crow (e), <i>Gymnorhina +tibicen</i>, E.A., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat, v.c. <i>open</i> 17</p> + +<p>Black; hind-neck, upper under base tail, patch on wing +white; f., grayish instead of white. Insects. "To +describe the note of this bird is beyond the power of +my pen." (Gould.) "Wonderfully modulated whistle +... unequalled among European birds." (Alfred +Russel Wallace).</p> + +<p><b>317 White-backed Magpie</b> (Crow-Shrike), <i>G. leuconota</i>, +N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>open</i> 18</p> + +<p>Upper white, except head, tip-tail, wing-quills black; under +black; f., back gray. Insects. Glorious carol, see 316.</p> + +<p class="left">8<br /> +11</p> + +<p><b>318 Black-throated Butcher-Bird</b> (Crow-Shrike), <i>Cracticus +nigrigularis</i>, A. exc. N. Ter.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>timber</i> 13.5</p> + +<p>Head, neck, chest black; hind-neck, centre-wing, rump, +under white; tail black, side tipped white; f., sim. +Insects, mice. One of the best of songsters, rich notes.</p> + +<p><b>319<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Australian Butcher-Bird</b> (Shrike), Collared Crow-Shrike, +Derwent (Tasmanian, Whistling) Jackass, +Durbaner, <i>C. destructor</i>, E.A., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i> 11.2</p> + +<p>Head, neck black; back gray; side hind-neck, upper base +tail, patch on wing white; under grayish-white; f., +duller. Insects, mice, birds. Fine song (autumn); +rich notes.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page150" id="page150"></a>150</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i154-1000.png"><img src="images/i154-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="320, 321, 322, 323, 324 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>320<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit</b> (Yellow-bellied, Frontal, +Crested), Falcon-Shrike, <i>Falcunculus frontatus</i>, E.A., +S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i> 7.5</p> + +<p>Upper green; crest, throat, line through eye black; patch +above eye, patch below eye white; under bright-yellow; +strong hooked bill; f., throat green. Insects. Musical +notes.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page151" id="page151"></a>151</span> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>321<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Crested Bell-Bird</b>, <i>Oreoica cristata</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 9</p> + +<p>Upper brown; top of head black, side-head gray; white on +face, throat; black from eye to black chest band; +abdomen white tinged sandy-buff; f., duller. Caterpillars, +insects. Bell notes, ventriloquist.</p> + +<p class="left">20<br /> +88</p> + +<p><b>322<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Golden-breasted Whistler</b>, White-throated Thickhead, +Thunder-Bird, Cutthroat, Coachwhip-Bird (e), +<i>Pachycephala pectoralis (gutturalis</i>), E.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 7</p> + +<p>Throat white; black head, band on chest; outside black +band, under golden-yellow; back olive green; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> +brown; throat whitish faintly streaked dusky. Caterpillars, +insects. Fine songster, many melodious calls; +whip-like smack ends one of notes.</p> + +<p><b>323<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Rufous-breasted Whistler</b> (Thickhead), Little Thrush, +Ring Coachman, Coachwhip-Bird (e), <i>P. rufiventris</i>, +E.A., S.A., C.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 6.7</p> + +<p>Upper gray; throat white; head blackish; black side of +neck, band on chest; rest under light rufous-brown; +f.,<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> upper brownish-gray; throat white streaked blackish-brown; +rest under buff; breast, sides streaked +blackish-brown. Insects, caterpillars, wild berries. +Famous songster; whip-like smack at end of one of its +calls.</p> + +<p><b>324 Red-throated Whistler</b>, Gilbert Thickhead, <i>P. gilberti</i>, +N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>timber</i> 7.2</p> + +<p>Dark-gray; black before eye; throat dull rust-red; under +gray; f., no black on face; throat gray. Insects. +Clear whistling note.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page152" id="page152"></a>152</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i156-1000.png"><img src="images/i156-560.png" width="560" height="441" alt="325, 326, 327, 328, 329 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>325 Olive Whistler</b>, Olivaceous Thickhead, <i>P. olivacea</i>, +N.S.W., V., T., Bass St. Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>humid scrubs</i> 8</p> + +<p>Olive brown; head dark-gray; throat whitish marked +brown; faint gray band across chest; under reddish-brown; +f., no band on chest. Insects. "Liquid, +whistling note."</p> + +<p class="left">6<br /> +8</p> + +<p><b>326<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin</b>, Yellow Robin (e), +Wild Canary (e), <i>Eopsaltria australis</i>. N.S.W., V.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 5.3</p> + +<p>Dark-gray; upper base tail olive-yellow; throat grayish-white; +under bright yellow. Tame, perches on side of +sapling; f., sim. Insects. Piping note often repeated.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page152qz" id="page152qz"></a></span> + +<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3> + +<p>In Family 135—Titmice or Tits—Australia has but five representatives—the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page153q" id="page153q"></a></span> +peculiar Wedgebill, "Kitty-lin-tof," and the four +Australian "Whitefaces." The Whiteface is "lively, with sweet +chirping notes." Its former scientific name (<i>Xerophila</i>) means +"dry lover," for it is found mainly in the drier parts.</p> + +<p>The European Tits belong to this family, so it is not desirable +to use the name "Tit" for the Australian birds of the genus +<i>Acanthiza</i>, for they belong to the Warbler family (<i>Sylviidae</i>), and +not to the Tit family (<i>Paridae</i>).</p> + +<p>The Nuthatches of the Old World and America are represented +by closely-related birds, with somewhat similar habits, in Australia. +These run spirally down a tree-trunk, searching every +crack or piece of bark. Eight of these birds occur in Australia. +Latham called them Nuthatches. It is now proposed to return +to this name, as it is used for the British, Indian, and North +American birds of this family (<i>Sittidae</i>).</p> + +<p>The male Black-capped Nuthatch (Tree-runner) is true to +name, but the female has the head and hind-neck black, instead +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page154q" id="page154q"></a></span> +of a black cap only. Nuthatches are not found in Tasmania. +Possibly Bass Strait was formed before they reached Southern +Victoria. Thus bird-study supports the geographer and ethnologist +when they declare that Bass Strait is of comparatively remote +formation. As the Tasmanian blacks were ignorant of boats, +they evidently reached Tasmania before Bass Strait was formed. +They are a more primitive type than the Australian blacks, who +were improved by later influxes of more highly-developed +Caucasians.</p> + +<p>Many country dwellers will not admit that there is no Woodpecker +in Australia, but it is a fact, nevertheless. Our so-called +"Woodpecker" is the Tree-Creeper. It never chisels mortice-holes +in a tree to get out a grub, as the true Woodpecker does. These +birds occur all over the continent, and are often to be seen alighting +on the side of a tree or fence post and then running up +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page155q" id="page155q"></a></span> +spirally to the top. They soon fly off to another tree, alighting +lower than the place they started from. The bright-brown band +on the wing is conspicuous as they fly. Their lively notes +brighten a country drive.</p> + +<p>The White-eye is one of a large genus, for no less than 157 +species have been accepted by Dr. Sharpe. However, one of the +rarest of these was a Victorian species. It was based on one +specimen, a female, taken at Marong, near Bendigo. It was said +to be slightly different from the common White-eye. Hence Dr. +Horne, of Clifton Hill, one of our most enthusiastic bird-lovers, +created a new species, and named it in honor of his niece, Miss +Bowie, who is a favorite with all the birds in Dr. Horne's extensive +aviaries. White-eyes are found from Africa and Madagascar +to India and Japan, and from Australia out past New Zealand.</p> + +<p>Our common White-eye is one of the interesting birds of the +world at the present time, for it is showing that man is not the +only animal with a colonizing instinct. It was unknown in New +Zealand until, in 1856, it was first recorded. The Maoris, keen +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page156q" id="page156q"></a></span> +Nature-students, who have a name for every native animal and +plant, called it the "Stranger." Its presence has been accounted +for by some authorities as being due to the fierce winds that +accompanied Black Thursday having blown it over from Australia. +However, not satisfied with spreading throughout New +Zealand until it is said to be the commonest bird there, it has +spread out to Chatham Island, and a flock was reported recently +a considerable distance from the coast, apparently looking for +fresh fields, or rather islands, to colonize. It is a well-known +city dweller. Though it destroys grapes and other soft fruits, +it also so completely destroys aphides that it is appropriately +called the Blight-Bird. Again, the balance is strongly in its +favor, for it is probably but taking fair toll of that which will +probably not have reached maturity but for its labors, and the +laborer, even if a bird, is worthy of his hire.</p> + +<p>A bird's color usually affords it protection from its natural +enemies. These are mainly birds of prey flying overhead. +Thus, speaking generally, protective coloration applies only to the +upper surface, so that a white throat or under surface does not +necessarily render a bird conspicuous to its natural enemies.</p> + +<p>Again, a bird may be very conspicuous when seen away from +its natural surroundings, but the concealment may be perfect +under natural conditions. It has been already mentioned that +the gorgeous Blue Mountain Lorikeet was very difficult to discern +in its native sugar-gums. A tiger is said to be invisible at a +distance of ten yards in a jungle; the black stripes being similar +to the shadows of the bamboos, and the light bands to the +sunlight between the vegetation.</p> + +<p>The White-eye and Tree-Creepers just noticed may be considered +protectively colored, for they are difficult to see in a tree. Still, +the brown patch on the wing of the Tree-Creeper is conspicuous +as it flies. Alfred Russel Wallace, the great evolutionist, supplied +a good explanation, when he regarded bright wing bands, +white rump, and white-tipped tail, as "warning colors." An +enemy is, perchance, perceived by a bird. This individual flies +away quietly; others see the bright wing patch disappear, +and they seek shelter as quickly and quietly as possible. This is +often a great advantage, for, in many cases, all reach safety, possibly, +before the enemy has seen one of them. If the first bird +had given an alarming call, it would have warned the enemy too.</p> + +<p>It is noteworthy that these bright markings on the upper surface +are, usually, not visible when the bird is at rest. The white +wing patch folds in, the white rump is covered, while, in a white-tipped +tail, it is usual for the two centre feathers to be plain +throughout (see illustrations of species 313 and 329). The tail +is folded, and the white tips are covered by the two non-white +centre feathers. The introduced Indian Turtle-Dove, common +about nearly every city in Australia, shows the spread-out, white-tipped +tail splendidly when flying. The bird itself is barely +visible if it settles in the shade or on the soil. The Indian Myna, +a city bird, has both white wing-patch and white-tipped tail.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page165q" id="page165q"></a></span> + +<p>This explanation is also applied to other wild animals; thus +many Deer have the white patch on the hind quarters. Other +Deer, seeing this warning signal displayed in flight, immediately +make for safety. Similarly, Wallace has explained the +white tail of a Rabbit.</p> + +<p>The Skunk also has this white patch on the hind quarters, but +here a different explanation is required, for the Skunk does not +trouble to run away when a possible enemy appears. The bright +color is here regarded as an "advertizing color." The Skunk has +other means of protection, and he is labelled dangerous or objectionable, +just as our one poisonous Spider is plainly labelled +dangerous by means of a red stripe. An inexperienced enemy +may rush at the Skunk, but the means of protection enjoyed +by it effectively protects it, and the enemy retires.</p> + +<p>It is a rule recognized by collectors that conspicuous animals +have generally some effective means of protection, and they are +best left alone, or at least taken with caution. This is readily +understood when it is considered that a young, inexperienced +chicken will rush at a brightly-colored caterpillar. He then +retires, endeavoring to get rid of the objectionable taste. +For the future, he avoids brightly-colored animals. Thus the +bright color is an obvious advantage to its possessor, as it saves +a dangerous peck. It is also an advantage to its enemies, for it +saves them an unpleasant experience. We are told the Parrot +is the only bird with a sense of taste, but it seems that the chicken +possesses one also.</p> + +<p>Still another phase of color is shown by Diamond-Birds, where +three species have a yellow spot, a red spot, or an orange spot +respectively on the wing. It is also shown by the Red-breasted +Robins. One has a white forehead, one a white cap, and the +third a red cap. These colored patches are considered to be +recognition marks, so that a bird can recognize its mate, or a +bird of its own kind, readily and with certainty.</p> + +<p>That rarely-seen, but beautiful, bird, the Mistletoe-Swallow, is +fairly common. From several points of view, it is of great +interest. Ranging from India, through Malaysia, to Australia, +it did not reach Tasmania. Possibly Bass Strait was formed +before this bird reached Southern Victoria. Interesting, also, is +the fact that no mistletoe is found in Tasmania. This bird is +closely associated with the mistletoe, for, wherever you find it, +you find the mistletoe. It furnishes another example of those +interesting partnerships between animals and plants. It is not +related to Swallows, but while it sits on a bough, its external +form somewhat resembles that of a Swallow. Its nest is one of +the most beautiful of all nests—a finely-felted, domed structure, +often suspended in a clump of mistletoe. This bird has a +long-continued, pretty, animated song, which is seldom heard, for +it is low, and, as the bird is high in the tree-tops, it might be +inaudible; but the main reason is probably that our ears are not +attuned to pick out these fine songs. It is said that Tyndall +found the insects on the Alps almost deafening, while his companions +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page166q" id="page166q"></a></span> +heard nothing. So it is with the high-pitched call of a +Bat. Have you heard one? Few have.</p> + +<p>The Mistletoe-Swallow should be called the Australian Flower-Pecker, +for it is our one representative of a large genus, best +developed in the Indian Region.</p> + +<p>Placed at present in Family 141 with the little Mistletoe-Bird +are the Diamond-Birds of Australia, the plumage of our common +kind of which is "so variegated and beautiful as to render +description impossible."</p> + +<p>The Diamond-Birds are restricted to Australia. Though they +are found mainly in high tree-tops, whence they prettily and continuously +call "wit-e-chu" and "wit-loo," some usually nest in a +bank of earth. The bank of a dam, the side of a creek, and the +earth suspended on the roots of a fallen tree are favorite places. +Some people find the continuous, musical note annoying, and have +named the Diamond-Bird the Headache-Bird. Others find it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page167q" id="page167q"></a></span> +entertaining, and syllabize it as "Sweet Dick," or "Sleep, Baby."</p> + +<p>Three of these birds are recognized by a small, bright spot on +the side of the wing. In one this spot is said to be red, in +another it is orange, and in the third yellow. However, Gould +said the young of the Red-tipped had the orange tip, and later +investigation seems to be supporting his view, for the Orange-tipped +is possibly not a different species, but only a phase of +the Red-tipped. One of our bird observers, Mr. F. Wilson, has +lately recorded finding the nest of a pair of Pardalotes, of which +one was red-tipped and the other orange-tipped. The Yellow-tipped +is said to be the commonest bird in Tasmania. These +birds are plentifully spotted, "spotted like the pard," hence the +name Pardalote, Panther-Bird, or Diamond-Bird.</p> + +<p class="center">(continued below)</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page153" id="page153"></a>153</span> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 135. PARIDAE (5), TITMICE, Tits, 206 sp.—5(5)A., +55(48)O., 88(78)P., 32(32)E., 34(28)Nc., 8(5)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>327<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Whiteface</b>, White-faced Titmouse (Squeaker), +<i>Aphelocephala (Xerophila) leucopsis</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., +V., S.A., C.A., W.A. (interior).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. small flocks, c. <i>plains</i> 4</p> + +<p>Upper olive-brown; forehead, face white; under pale-buff; +tail tipped white; f., sim. Small seeds. Sweet +chirping notes.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 136. <i>Chamaeidae</i>, Wren-Tits, 3 sp. Nc. (W.U.S.). The +only family of birds restricted to the Nearctic Region.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 137. <i>Regulidae</i>, Gold-crested Wren, Fire-crested Wren, +Kinglet, 20 sp.—6(5)O., 9(7)P., 1(0)E., 4(2)Nc. +4(2)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 138. SITTIDAE (8), NUTHATCHES, 60 sp.—12(11)A., +21(18)O., 18(16)P., 1(1)E., 10(7)Nc., 3(1)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">8<br /> +10</p> + +<p><b>328<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> Orange-winged Nuthatch</b> (Tree-runner, Bark-pecker), +Woodpecker (e), <i>Neositta (Sittella) chrysoptera</i>, +E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>open forest</i> 4.5</p> + +<p>Head brown; upper gray streaked black; wing dark-brown +with rich rufous band; upper base tail white; +tail black tipped white; under gray; under base +tail white barred brown; bill sharp slightly upturned; +f., head darker. Insects. "Chip-chip."</p> + +<p><b>329 Black-capped Nuthatch</b> (Tree-runner, Bark-pecker), +Woodpecker (e), <i>N. pileata</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., +W.A., N.W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>open timber</i> 4.7</p> + +<p>Grayish-brown; upper base tail white; cap black; quills +blackish-brown with rich rufous band; tail black tipped +white; forehead, stripe over eye, under white; thighs +blackish-brown; f., head, face, hind-neck black. Insects.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page154" id="page154"></a>154</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i158-1000.png"><img src="images/i158-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 139. CERTHIIDAE (8), CREEPERS, 39 sp.—10(10)A., +13(12)O., 9(8)P., 1(1)E., 5(4)Nc., 3(2)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">9<br /> +10</p> + +<p><b>330<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> Brown Tree-Creeper</b>, Woodpecker (e), <i>Climacteris +picumna</i>, E.A., S.A. =vt. Eur. Creeper.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open timber</i> 7.2</p> + +<p>Crown blackish-brown; line over eye buff; throat buff with +few blackish spots; upper brown; wings banded buff; +under grayish-brown; flanks striped white; f., throat +chestnut spots. Insects. Sharp piercing cry. Creep +<i>up</i> a tree.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page155" id="page155"></a>155</span> + +<p><b>331<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> White-throated Tree-Creeper</b>, Woodpecker (e), <i>C. +scandens</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>forest</i> 6.5</p> + +<p>Crown sooty-black; back olive-brown; buff band on wing; +throat, centre-abdomen white; flanks brownish-black +striped white; f., orange spot below ear. Insects. +Shrill piping cry. Creeps <i>up</i>.</p> + +<p><b>332 Red-browed Tree-Creeper</b>, <i>C. erythrops</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., +V., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>rough barked trees</i> 6</p> + +<p>Back brown; head blackish-brown; forehead marked dusky-gray; +rump, tail gray; buff band on wing; face, stripe +above eye rust-red; throat white; under grayish-brown +striped white; f., face brighter; throat rust-red, striped +white. Insects. Creeps up.</p> + +<p><b>333 White-browed Tree-Creeper</b>, <i>C. superciliosa</i>, Q., +N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>timber</i> 5.7</p> + +<p>Upper brown; wings rich fawn band; broad white stripe +over eye; under grayish-brown; abdomen striped +white; f., narrow line rust-red above the white eyebrow; +tail washed with gray. Insects. Creeps up.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 140. ZOSTEROPIDAE (14), WHITE-EYES, Silver-eyes, +171 sp.—83(80)A., 38(34)O., 4(3)P., 50(50)E.</p> + +<p class="left">13<br /> +157</p> + +<p><b>334<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> White-eye</b> (Silver, Ring, Glass-), Blight-Bird (Spectacled-), +Grape-eater, Silve, Tauhou, <i>Zosterops coerulescens</i>, +E.A., S.A., T., N.Z., Chatham Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>open gardens</i> 4.5</p> + +<p>Crown, wings, tail olive; back dark-gray; white ring round +eye; throat, centre-abdomen, under base tail whitish; +flanks chestnut-brown; sometimes throat, side-head yellow; +f., sim. Insects, fruit. Pretty lively song.</p> + +<p><b>335 Gray White-eye</b>, <i>Z. bowiae</i>, V. (Marong). One specimen +only. Mathews now says it is 334.</p> + +<p>Like 334, but gray instead of olive, abdomen darker.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page157" id="page157"></a>157</span><br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page158" id="page158"></a>158</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i162-800.png"><img src="images/i162t-300.png" width="300" height="528" alt="328, 330, 331, 334, 336A, 337, 340, 341 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>328</b> Orange-winged Nuthatch<br /> + <b>330</b> Brown Tree-Creeper<br /> + <b>331</b> White-throated Tree-Creeper</td> + <td><b>334</b> White-eye<br /> + <b>336</b> Flower-Pecker<br /> + <b>336<span class="sc">a</span></b> Flower-Pecker (Female)</td> + <td><b>337</b> Red-tipped Diamond-Bird<br /> + <b>340</b> Spotted Diamond-Bird<br /> + <b>341</b> Golden-rumped Diamond-Bird</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page159" id="page159"></a>159</span><br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page160" id="page160"></a>160</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i164-800.png"><img src="images/i164t-300.png" width="300" height="517" alt="342, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 353 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>342</b> White-naped Honey-eater<br /> + <b>345</b> Striped Honey-eater<br /> + <b>346</b> Sanguineous Honey-eater</td> + <td><b>347</b> Black Honey-eater<br /> + <b>348</b> Spinebill<br /> + <b>351</b> Painted Honey-eater</td> + <td><b>349</b> Tawny-crowned Honey-eater<br /> + <b>350</b> White-fronted Honey-eater<br /> + <b>353</b> Regent Honey-eater</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page161" id="page161"></a>161</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page162" id="page162"></a>162</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i166-800.png"><img src="images/i166t-300.png" width="300" height="507" alt="355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 362, 363, 364, 365 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>355</b> Yellow-eared Honey-eater<br /> + <b>356</b> Singing Honey-eater<br /> + <b>357</b> Yellow-faced Honey-eater</td> + <td><b>358</b> White-eared Honey-eater<br /> + <b>359</b> Yellow-tufted Honey-eater<br /> + <b>362</b> Yellow-plumed Honey-eater</td> + <td><b>363</b> White-plumed Honey-eater<br /> + <b>364</b> Crescent Honey-eater<br /> + <b>365</b> White-bearded Honey-eater</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page163" id="page163"></a>163</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page164" id="page164"></a>164</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i168-800.png"><img src="images/i168t-300.png" width="300" height="504" alt="360, 366, 367, 368, 370, 372, 373, 374 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>360</b> Helmeted Honey-eater<br /> + <b>366</b> White-cheeked Honey-eater<br /> + <b>367</b> Bell-Miner</td> + <td><b>368</b> Noisy Miner<br /> + <b>370</b> Wattle-Bird</td> + <td><b>372</b> Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater<br /> + <b>373</b> Blue-faced Honey-eater<br /> + <b>374</b> Friar-Bird + </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page166" id="page166"></a>166</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i170-1000.png"><img src="images/i170-560.png" width="560" height="438" alt="336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 141. DICAEIDAE (11), FLOWER-PECKERS, 113 sp.—57(57)A., +56(56)O.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +74</p> + +<p><b>336<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> Australian Flower-Pecker</b>, Mistletoe-Bird (-Swallow), +<i>Dicaeum hirundinaceum</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>treetops</i> 3.5</p> + +<p>Black glossed steel-blue; throat, breast, under base tail +scarlet; abdomen white, black patch down centre; +flanks dusky; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> throat, centre-abdomen buff; under +base tail pale scarlet. Honey, pollen, fruits, insects. +Pretty, feeble song.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page167" id="page167"></a>167</span> + +<p class="left">10<br /> +10</p> + +<p><b>337<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> Red-tipped Diamond-Bird</b> (Striated, -Pardalote), Wittychu, +Pickwick, Chuck-e-chuc, <i>Pardalotus ornatus</i>, +S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>treetops</i>, <i>scrub</i> 4.2</p> + +<p>Crown, wings, tail black spotted, lined white; back gray; +rump brown; throat yellow; red spots side of wing, +yellow stripe from bill above eye joins white stripe to +nape; centre-abdomen white; flanks pale-brown, tinged +yellow; f., sim. Insects. "Wit-e-chu."</p> + +<p><b>338 Orange-tipped Diamond-Bird</b> (Ramsay, -Pardalote), <i>P. +assimilis</i>, E.A., C.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>treetops</i>, <i>timber</i> 4.3</p> + +<p>Like 337, but upper paler; orange spots on wing; as a rule +only one feather in the wing edged with white; Gould +thought it the young of 337; f., sim. Insects. "Wit-e-chu."</p> + +<p><b>339 Yellow-tipped Diamond-Bird</b>, Allied Pardalote, <i>P. affinis</i>, +E.A., S.A., T., Bass St. Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 4.3</p> + +<p>Like 337, 338, but yellow spot on side of wing; head black, +striped white; yellow stripe from bill joins white stripe +above eye; back grayish-brown; upper base tail olive-brown; +tail black, tip spotted white; throat yellow; +centre abdomen white; flanks buffy-brown; wings black, +tipped white, a few feathers lined white; f., sim. Insects. +"Witloo." "Sleep, Baby."</p> + +<p><b>340<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> Spotted Diamond-Bird</b> (Pardalote), Diamond Dyke +(Ground), Ground-Diamond, Diamond Sparrow (e), +<i>P. punctatus</i>, T., A. (exc. N.A., C.A.).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i> 3.3</p> + +<p>Head, wings, tail black, spotted white; white stripe above +eye; back grayish-brown, marked buff and black; upper +base tail crimson; throat, under base tail rich yellow; +abdomen fawn; f., duller; head yellow spots; throat +whitish. Insects. "Sleep, Baby," "Sweet Dick."</p> + +<p><b>341<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> Golden-rumped Diamond-Bird</b>, Yellow-rumped Pardalote, +<i>P. xanthopygius</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A. +f., duller. Insects.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i> 3.5</p> + +<p>Like 340, but upper base tail golden-yellow; throat, under +base tail golden-yellow; rest under buffy-white.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page167qz" id="page167qz"></a></span> + +<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3> + +<p>The most characteristic family of birds of the Australian region +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page168q" id="page168q"></a></span> +is the Honey-eaters. Flowering eucalypts and other myrtaceous +plants, with their honey-bearing flowers and usually inedible +fruits, are the characteristic Australian trees; so are these birds, +depending so largely on the honey of these brilliant flowers and +the insects which visit them, the characteristic Australian birds. +The Honey-eaters form a very large family, and are found +throughout the Australian region as far as New Zealand and +away to the Sandwich Islands, which, zoologically, belong to Australia. +Strange it is that only one species should have spread to +the west across Wallace's line to the island of Bali. These birds +are provided with a brush tongue, which is used in brushing up +honey from the flowers. They have usually a long, slender, curved +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page169q" id="page169q"></a></span> +bill, suitable for exploring flowers. Their feet are well developed +and strong, for they are used while hanging in all sorts of +positions as the flowers are explored. No less than eighty-eight +Honey-eaters are found in Australia, but they are often restricted +to very limited areas, so that no district would contain many +kinds of these birds. Many are well known, though not by the +name Honey-eater. Who does not know the harsh note of the +Wattle-Bird (Wattled Honey-eater)? Again, who does not often +meet the Noisy Miner (Garrulous Honey-eater), a bird that makes +such a fuss when a snake appears that he is sometimes called the +Snake-Bird? Is there a city boy who does not know the Greenie +(White-plumed Honey-eater)? Some of the Honey-eaters are +amongst the most beautiful of birds.</p> + +<p>The Regent (Warty-faced) Honey-eater is a glory, and is often +figured in British books as one of the world's beautiful birds.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page174q" id="page174q"></a></span> + +<p>The Helmeted Honey-eater is very rare, and is probably confined +to the deep forests of Gippsland. It is one of the most +splendid of Honey-eaters.</p> + +<p>That active city-dweller, the Greenie, is found in almost every +large eucalypt that happens to be in flower. It is pugnacious. As +it busily brushes honey from the flowers, or catches an insect on +the wing, the white ear plume can be seen. Otherwise, it has not +conspicuous colors. Its lively call of "chick-oo-wee" adds something +to life for the busy city toiler.</p> + +<p>Now come the Miners. The Noisy Miner is known to nearly +everyone. It is a common visitor to school grounds at lunch +time, and is a noisy bird that is little loved by sportsmen, for it +persists in alarming all game within reach. A second Miner is +famous as the Bell-Bird, better Bell-Miner. The tinkling notes, +"like silver bells from a distant shrine," must be heard in a deep +fern gully to be appreciated fully. The green birds are seldom +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page175q" id="page175q"></a></span> +seen. Kendall has immortalized this bird in his beautiful poem, +"Bell-Birds."</p> + +<p>The Wattle-Bird is known to all. It is a pugnacious bird, and +has a rough, disagreeable note. It has a small wattle of naked +red flesh hanging at the side of the neck, hence the name. The +bold, pugnacious Brush Wattle-Bird is not so well known, though +its notes are even more remarkable. Both birds to-day are common +in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens on the flowering plants in +the "Australian" section.</p> + +<p>The Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater is said to be a rare bird, but +there is probably not a park about Melbourne but has some of +these at present, as well as all through the winter. It is somewhat +similar in build and habits to the Wattle-Birds, but is an +elegant and attractive bird, with many peculiar notes.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page176q" id="page176q"></a></span> + +<p>The Blue-eye (Blue-faced Honey-eater) is a conspicuous bird +in country districts. He is noisy, and is handsomely attired. +His nesting habits are peculiar, for he often builds in the deserted +nest of a Babbler.</p> + +<p>The remarkable Friar-Bird has a naked, dark-blue head, and is +an "impudent and daring" bird, that does not hesitate to steal +fruit. Its loud call has been variously interpreted as "Four +o'clock," "Pimlico," or "Tobacco-box." This bird has a hump on +its long curved bill. The Yellow-throated Friar-Bird, when +young, has yellow on the end of the throat feathers, and has no +hump on the bill. It is a summer visitor to Southern Australia.</p> + +<p>The well-known Ground-Lark, or Australian Pipit, is the Australian +representative of the cosmopolitan family (147) of Pipits. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page177q" id="page177q"></a></span> +Even New Zealand has its representative of this family. The +Wagtails of Britain and North America belong to this family, +whereas the so-called Australian Wagtail is a flycatcher. Like +the other members of its family, our Ground-Lark, or Pipit, sometimes +sings beautifully as it soars.</p> + +<p>The Skylark of Britain comes in the next family (the +<i>Alaudidae</i>), which is almost cosmopolitan. This beautiful songster, +singing at Heaven's gate, pours forth a flood of melody. The +man who has these delightful songsters on open land near his +home is indeed fortunate. Australia has its representative of +this family—the Bush-Lark, a bird so remarkably like the Australian +Pipit in external appearance that it is well-nigh impossible +to distinguish them in the field. The Bush-Lark, however, +is "shorter, plumper, and has a stouter bill." It further has a +peculiar, greatly undulating flight. It mounts up, then sinks, +then mounts, and so on alternately, "singing all the time very +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page178q" id="page178q"></a></span> +melodiously, but with a weaker strain than that favorite bird" +(the British Skylark).</p> + +<p>Four introduced Finches have succeeded in establishing themselves +in Southern Australia. The Greenfinch is spreading, +though slowly. A specimen was recently sent in from Horsham, +in Western Victoria. The Goldfinch, "one of the prettiest birds +in Britain," is spreading rapidly. It is often to be seen on +thistles, for it destroys their seeds.</p> + +<p>The Tree-Sparrow is rare as yet, but the House-Sparrow is +already a serious pest, though probably he has not been valued +highly enough as a weed destroyer. However, it was a pity early +colonists did not take notice of Gould's protests and warnings, for +possibly the greatest harm introduced birds do is the displacing +of native birds.</p> + +<p class="center">(continued below)</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page168" id="page168"></a>168</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i172-1000.png"><img src="images/i172-560.png" width="560" height="441" alt="342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 142. NECTARINIIDAE (1), SUN-BIRDS, 234 sp.—36(33)A., +77(74)O., 2(1)P., 123(122)E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 143. <i>Promeropidae</i>, Promerops, 2 sp. E. (S. Afr.)</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 144. MELIPHAGIDAE (88), HONEY-EATERS, Honey-Suckers +(-Birds), 251 sp.—250(250)A., 1(1)O.</p> + +<p class="left">11<br /> +11</p> + +<p><b>342<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> White-naped Honey-eater</b> (Lunulated), Blackcap, +<i>Melithreptus atricapillus</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., Kent +Group.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i> 5.5</p> + +<p>Upper yellowish-olive; quills brown; head, hind-neck +black; narrow white band on nape; under white; naked +patch about eye orange-scarlet; f., sim.; young no black +cap. Tame. Honey, pollen, insects. Peevish, half-whistling +note.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page169" id="page169"></a>169</span> + +<p><b>343 Black-chinned Honey-eater</b> (Black-throated), <i>M. gularis</i>, +E.A., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i> 6.7</p> + +<p>Upper olive-yellow; head, nape black; whitish band on +nape joins white band up to eye; sides of throat white, +centre blackish; chest grayish; sides creamy; centre-abdomen +white; naked skin about eye turquoise-blue; +f., sim. Honey, insects, seeds. Sweet song.</p> + +<p><b>344 Brown-headed Honey-eater</b> (Short-billed), <i>M. brevirostris</i>, +E.A., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i> 5.7</p> + +<p>Greenish-olive upper; quills brown; head, nape dark-brown; +whitish band on nape continued as brownish-white +band on head; under creamy; bare skin about +eye greenish-blue in winter, dull yellow (delicate flesh-tint) +in summer; f., sim. Honey, insects. Rough, +rattle-like note.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>345<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Striped Honey-eater</b> (Lanceolated), <i>Plectoramphus +lanceolatus</i>, E.A., S.A., W.A. (inland).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i> 8.8</p> + +<p>Upper grayish-brown, striped blackish-brown; wing-quills +brown, edged lighter; throat white; under, upper base +tail white; black marks side of neck, flanks. Honey, +insects. Cheerful, loud whistle, "Chirp, chirp, cherry, +cherry."</p> + +<p class="left">6<br /> +52</p> + +<p><b>346<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Sanguineous Honey-eater</b> (Blood), Humming-Bird +(e), Blood-Bird, <i>Myzomela sanguinolenta</i>, E.A. +(coastal).</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>thick bushes</i>, <i>heath</i> 4.3</p> + +<p>Head, neck, breast, back, upper base tail rich shining +scarlet; side-face, wings, tail black, wings lined +lighter; abdomen buff; f., light brown, lighter below. +Pollen, honey, insects. Beautiful song.</p> + +<p><b>347<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Black Honey-eater</b>, <i>M. nigra</i>, A. exc. N. Ter. (interior).</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>plains</i> 4.4</p> + +<p>Black; side abdomen, under base tail white; f., brown; +under dull-white; breast marked dark-brown; under +base tail white. Insects. Plaintive song.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page170" id="page170"></a>170</span> + +</div> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i174-1000.png"><img src="images/i174-560.png" width="560" height="321" alt="348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>348<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Spinebill</b>, Spinebill Honey-eater, Humming-Bird (e), +Cobbler's Awl, <i>Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris</i>, E.A., +S.A., T., Bass St. Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>Banksias</i>, <i>heath</i> 6.5</p> + +<p>Crown, line to crescent on side of chest, wings, tail black; +chest white, chestnut-brown patch on throat; back +brown; abdomen light chestnut-brown; outer tail +tipped white; eye scarlet; f., duller. Insects, honey. +Monotonous strong call.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +12</p> + +<p><b>349<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Tawny-crowned Honey-eater</b> (Fulvous-fronted), <i>Gliciphila +melanops (fulvifrons)</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., +W.A., T., Bass St. Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>sandy</i>, <i>heathy</i> 7</p> + +<p>Upper ashy-brown; crown tawny, blackish line from bill +past eye down side of breast; buff spot behind ear; +throat, abdomen white. Insects, honey. Plaintive notes.</p> + +<p><b>350<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> White-fronted Honey-eater</b>, <i>G. albifrons</i>, N.S.W., V., +S.A., W.A., T. (inland).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>dry scrubs</i> 5.7</p> + +<p>Upper grayish-brown; crown, throat black; forehead, behind +ear white; abdomen white, streaked dark-brown. +Insects, honey. "Tink-tink."</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>351<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Painted Honey-eater</b>, <i>Entomophila picta</i>, N.S.W., V., +S.A. (inland).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>plains</i> 5.5</p> + +<p>Upper black; band on wings, side tail yellow; tip tail +white; abdomen white, faintly streaked brown; f., +smaller. Insects.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>352 Pied Honey-eater</b>, <i>Certhionyx variegatus</i>, N.S.W., V., +S.A., C.A., W.A., N.W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dry scrubs</i> 6.5</p> + +<p>Black and white; head, throat, back, wings, tip-tail black; +rest white; f., light-brown upper; under whitish, throat +buffy, streaked dark-brown. Pollen, honey, berries.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>353<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Regent Honey-eater</b> (Warty-faced), Turkey-Bird +(Mock Regent), Flying Coachman, <i>Meliphaga phrygia</i>. +S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. flocks r. <i>eucalypts</i> 9.2</p> + +<p>One of the most beautiful of birds; see colored plate; +richly contrasted black and yellow; warty patch about +eye; pugnacious; f., sim. Ringing "Clink-clank."</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page171" id="page171"></a>171</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i175-1000.png"><img src="images/i175-560.png" width="560" height="321" alt="354, 355, 356, 357, 358 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">27<br /> +53</p> + +<p><b>354 Fuscous Honey-eater</b>, <i>Ptilotis fusca</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., +(exc. dry parts).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open forest</i> 6.2</p> + +<p>Grayish-brown, quills dark-brown, edged yellow; a circle +blackish feathers round eye; pale yellow ear tufts; +under whitish, chest faintly streaked brownish; f., +smaller. Insects, honey.</p> + +<p><b>355<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> Yellow-eared Honey-eater</b> (Lewin), <i>P. chrysotis</i>, E.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>humid scrubs</i> 9</p> + +<p>Upper olive-green, under lighter; large bright yellow +ear tufts; gape straw-white; about eye blackish. Insects, +honey. Quavering whistling notes.</p> + +<p><b>356<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> Singing Honey-eater</b> (Large-striped), <i>P. sonora</i>, A. +exc. extreme N.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>forest</i>, <i>scrub</i> 7.5</p> + +<p>Upper brown; black stripe through eye to side of neck; +faint yellow band below black stripe; bright yellow ear +patch, behind this a small white patch; throat whitish; +under gray, faintly streaked blackish; f., sim. Insects, +berries. Loud calls.</p> + +<p><b>357<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> Yellow-faced Honey-eater</b> (Yellow-gaped), Chick-up, +Love-Bird (e), <i>P. chrysops</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>scrub</i> 6.8</p> + +<p>Ashy-brown; two black lines along side of face, bright +yellow band between these to ear tufts; spot of white +behind ear; throat grayish-white; chest ashy-brown; +f., sim. Insects, honey. Strong musical call.</p> + +<p><b>358<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> White-eared Honey-eater</b>, <i>P. leucotis</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., +V., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>scrub</i>, <i>timber</i> 8</p> + +<p>Fine, showy bird; upper, abdomen yellowish-olive; head +dark-gray; throat, chest black; ear patch pure white: +f., smaller. Insects. Loud ringing note.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page172" id="page172"></a>172</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i176-1000.png"><img src="images/i176-560.png" width="560" height="323" alt="359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<b>359<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> Yellow-tufted Honey-eater</b> (Golden-tufted, Black-faced, +Spectacled), Yellow-Whiskers, <i>P. melanops (auricomis)</i>, +S.Q., N.S.W., V. + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>eucalypts</i> 7.8</p> + +<p>"One of the most beautiful of birds," crown olive-yellow; +throat, about ear bright yellow; black from bill, round +eye above ear; upper dark-brown; under yellow; f., +smaller. Insects, honey. Varied, high-pitched notes.</p> + +<p><b>360<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Helmeted Honey-eater</b>, <i>P. cassidix</i>, V.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>forest</i> 8.5</p> + +<p>"This splendid" Honey-eater; greenish-black; head black; +crown, ears, under yellow; tail tipped white; about eye +black; f., smaller, paler. Insects.</p> + +<p><b>361 Wattled-cheeked Honey-eater</b>, <i>P. cratitia</i>, V., S.A., +W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>eucalypts</i> 7</p> + +<p>Crown gray; upper olive-green; tail, wings brown; about +eye, ear black; narrow yellow line below black; from +bill to side of neck naked lilac skin; under olive yellow; +f., smaller. Pollen, honey.</p> + +<p><b>362<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> Yellow-plumed Honey-eater</b> (Graceful), <i>P. novae-hollandiae +(ornata)</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">c. <i>scrub</i> 6.5</p> + +<p>"Elegant bird;" upper olive-brown; under grayish-white, +streaked brown; yellow ear-tuft; f., sim. Honey, insects. +Loud ringing note.</p> + +<p><b>363<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> White-plumed Honey-eater</b>, Greenie, Linnet (e), +Chickoowee; Ringeye (e), Ringneck (e), Australian +Canary (e), <i>P. penicillata</i>, E.A., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>gardens</i> 6.7</p> + +<p>Grayish-brown, tinged olive; under light yellowish-brown; +long white ear plumes, sometimes not seen until the +head is moved; f., smaller. Insects, pollen, honey. Loud ringing +notes; "Chick-oo-wee."</p> + +<p class="left">5<br /> +6</p> + +<p><b>364<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> Crescent Honey-eater</b> (Horseshoe, Tasmanian), Egypt, +<i>Meliornis pyrrhoptera (australasiana)</i>, N.S.W., V., +S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>forest</i>, <i>heath</i> 6.2</p> + +<p>Upper dusky black; black bar each side of breast; under +white; flanks dusky; wings, tail marked golden-yellow; +side-tail spotted white; f., dusky-brown, faint yellow +on wings and tail. Loud varied calls, "Egypt."</p> + + </div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page173" id="page173"></a>173</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i177-1000.png"><img src="images/i177-560.png" width="560" height="321" alt="365, 366, 367, 368, 369 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>365<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> White-bearded Honey-eater</b> (New Holland), Yellow +Wings, <i>M. novae-hollandiae</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., SA., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>scrubby</i>, <i>Banksias</i> 7.2</p> + +<p>Blackish-brown, marked white; much yellow on wings; +tail black, margined yellow, tipped white; line side of +nape, cheeks, behind ear white; f., sim. Insects, honey.</p> + +<p><b>366<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> White-cheeked Honey-eater</b>, <i>M. nigra (sericea)</i>, S.Q., +N.S.W., V., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>scrub</i>, <i>undergrowth</i> 7</p> + +<p>Like 365, but forehead white; large tuft of white plumes +on side of head; tail not tipped white; f., smaller. Insects, +honey. Clear double whistling note.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>367<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Bell-Miner</b>, Bell-Bird, <i>Manorina melanophrys</i>, E.A. +f., sim. Insects. Bell note, "Tink."</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>dense gullies</i> 7</p> + +<p>Olive-green; bright yellow patch between eye and bill; +small red patch behind eye; forehead, about eye black.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>368<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Noisy Miner</b>, Garrulous Honeyeater, Snake-Bird, Cherry-eater, +Soldier, Micky, Squeaker, <i>Myzantha garrula</i>, +E.A., S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>open forest</i> 10</p> + +<p>Gray; marked whitish on hind-neck, marked dusky-gray +chest; crown, about eye, ear, chin black; wing tinged +yellow; tail tipped white; legs, bill, skin behind eye +bright yellow; f., smaller. Insects, fruit, honey. Noisy.</p> + +<p><b>369 Yellow-throated Miner</b>, <i>M. flavigula</i>, E.A., S.A., C.A. +W.A. (inland).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i> 10</p> + +<p>Gray; hind-neck marked whitish, chest marked brown; +rump, tip tail white; naked space behind eye; forehead, +throat, bill, legs yellow; a little olive-yellow on wing, +base-tail; f., smaller. Insects, honey.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page174" id="page174"></a>174</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i178-1000.png"><img src="images/i178-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>370<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Wattle-Bird</b>, Red Wattle-Bird, Gill-Bird, Wattled +Honey-eater, Mutton-Bird (e), <i>Acanthcchaera carunculata</i>, +S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 14.5</p> + +<p>Brown streaked, lined white; red wattle ¼in.; whitish +below eye, between shoulder and gill; wing quills and +tail tipped white; centre abdomen yellow; f., smaller. +Insects, honey. "Kwock, kwock;" "Up with the rag." +Many curious guttural notes.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page175" id="page175"></a>175</span> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>371 Brush Wattle-Bird</b>, Mocking-Bird, Mocker, Cookaycock, +<i>Anellobia chrysoptera (mellivora)</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., +V., S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 12</p> + +<p>Brown, lined white; quills lined, tipped white; tail tipped +white; throat whitish; no wattle; f., smaller. Showy, +pugnacious, many curious notes.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>372<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater</b>, <i>Acanthagenys rufigularis</i>, +A.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>timber</i>, <i>scrub</i> 10</p> + +<p>Upper dusky-brown; white spiny feathers, below eye to ear; +throat, chest rufous; abdomen whitish, streaked dusky-brown; +tail tipped white; f., sim. Insects, honey. +Many peculiar loud notes, a plaintive trill.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>373<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Blue-faced Honey-eater</b>, Banana-Bird, Blue-eye, <i>Entomyzon +cyanotis</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i> 12</p> + +<p>Attractive, beautiful; upper golden olive-green; head, +hind-neck black; throat dusky; line on hind-neck, side +throat, under white; about eye blue; f., sim. Insects, +honey. Loud monotonous call.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +8</p> + +<p><b>374<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Friar-Bird</b>, Monk, Leatherhead, Four-o'-clock, Pimlico, +Poor Soldier, <i>Tropidorhynchus corniculatus</i>, +E.A., S.A. Insects.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>open forest</i>, <i>orchard</i> 13.2</p> + +<p>Head naked, ink-black; knob on bill; brown; tail tipped +white; silver-white lanceolate feathers on throat; f., +sim. Noisy, "Tobacco-box," "four-o'-clock." Fruit.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +12</p> + +<p><b>375<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Yellow-throated Friar-Bird</b>, Little Leatherhead, <i>Philemon +citreigularis</i>, N. Ter., E.A., S.A., N.W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>timber</i> 10</p> + +<p>Upper brown; under pale brown; throat yellow (young), +white (adult); the colored plate shows a young bird; +the adult loses yellow on throat, black on face, grayish +marks on back, and becomes "one of the plainest of +birds"; f., similar to adult male. Insects, berries, +honey. "Five-o'-clock."</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 145. <i>Mniotiltidae</i>, American Warblers, 231 sp.—2(0)P., +80(12)Nc., 219(151)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 146. <i>Drepanididae</i>, Sandwich Island Honeyeaters, 40 sp. A.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page176" id="page176"></a>176</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i180-1000.png"><img src="images/i180-560.png" width="560" height="442" alt="376, 376^A, 377, 377^A, 377^B, 377^C - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 147. MOTACILLIDAE (2), Pipits, Wagtails, 107 sp.—11(6)A., +32(6)O., 53(12)P., 49(32)E., 7(1)Nc., +11(9)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +55</p> + +<p><b>376<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Australian Pipit</b>, Ground-Lark, <i>Anthus australis</i>, A., +T. =vt. Eur. Pipit.</p> + +<p class="right">Part-Mig. v.c. <i>grass</i> 7</p> + +<p>Upper dark-brown, feathers edged lighter; buff stripe +above eye; under white streaked dark-brown; most +streaked on chest; outer-tail white; f., sim. Insects, +small seeds. Sometimes soars singing melodiously.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 148. ALAUDIDAE (4), Larks, Skylark, Horned-Larks, +Shore-Larks, 224 sp.—6(6)A., 45(29)O., +69(48)P., 108(99)E., 18(10)Nc., 11(4)Nl.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page177" id="page177"></a>177</span> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +12</p> + +<p><b>376<span class="sc">a</span> Skylark</b>, <i>Alauda arvensis</i>, Eur., N. Afr., V. (introduced).</p> + +<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>grass</i> 7</p> + +<p>Upper warm-brown mottled, streaked darker; stripe over +eye lighter; throat, chest brownish-buff, streaked +brown; abdomen yellowish-white; f., smaller. Insects, +seeds. Sings soaring; famous songster.</p> + +<p class="left">4<br /> +45</p> + +<p><b>377<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Bush-Lark</b>, Horsfield Bush-Lark, Skylark (e), <i>Mirafra +horsfieldi</i>, E.A., W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>grass</i> 5.3</p> + +<p>Like 376, but plumper, shorter; bill stouter, almost finch-like; +f., sim. Insects, small seeds. Sings melodiously +soaring, also on moonlight nights; "one of our +most pleasing songsters."</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 149. <i>Catamblyrhynchidae</i>, 2 sp. Nl. (Peru).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 150. <i>Fringillidae</i>, Finches, Grosbeak, Bullfinch, Bunting, +Cardinal (Am.), Crossbill, Chaffinch, Linnet, Redpoll, +Canary, 1087 sp.—129(83)O., 202(138)P., +107(96)E., 191(125)Nc., 529(474)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +10</p> + +<p><b>377<span class="sc">a</span> Greenfinch</b>, Green Linnet, <i>Ligurinus chloris</i>, Europe to +Persia, V. (introduced).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>fields</i>, <i>gardens</i> 6</p> + +<p>Upper olive-green; golden-yellow eyestripe; tail yellow +base, black tip; wing dark-brown, lined bright yellow; +under greenish-yellow, darker on flanks; f., much duller. +Seeds. "One of the prettiest of British songsters."</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +11</p> + +<p><b>377<span class="sc">b</span> Goldfinch</b>, Thistle-Finch, <i>Carduelis carduelis</i>, Europe, +Canary Is. to Egypt, to Persia, Siberia, V. (introduced).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>fields</i> 5</p> + +<p>Crown black; face, chin red; behind eye, throat, under, +upper base tail white; bright yellow on wings; f., sim. +Thistle seeds, insects. Loud, sweet song; "twit-it."</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +56</p> + +<p><b>377<span class="sc">c</span> Tree-Sparrow</b> (Mountain-), <i>Passer montanus</i>, Eur., +N. Asia, A. (introduced).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>trees</i> 5.6</p> + +<p>Like 377<span class="sc">d</span>, but head, nape chestnut; black ear patch in +centre of a large white patch; two white bars on side +of wing; shier; f., sim. Seeds, insects. Chirps.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page178" id="page178"></a>178</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i182-1000.png"><img src="images/i182-560.png" width="560" height="438" alt="377D, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p><b>377<span class="sc">d</span> House-Sparrow</b>, <i>P. domesticus</i>, Eur., Siberia, A. +(introduced).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>houses</i> 5</p> + +<p>Crown, nape bluish-gray; behind eye, side neck broad +chestnut band; upper brown; one white bar on wing; +cheeks, throat black; under whitish; f., duller; darker +below; no black throat. Seeds, insects. Chirps.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 151. <i>Coerebidae</i>, Honey-Creepers, 93 sp.—1(0)Nc., 93(92)Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 152. <i>Procniatidae</i>, 1 sp. Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 153. <i>Tanagridae</i>, Tanagers, 424 sp.—6(0)Nc., 424(418)Nl.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page179q" id="page179q"></a></span> + +<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3> + +<p>Gould placed the Australian Finches in the same family as the +Sparrow—the <i>Fringillidae</i>—which includes also the Linnet and +the cage Canary. Most writers now put them in with the +Weaver-Birds or Weaver Finches (family <i>Ploceidae</i>). Twenty-three +Finches have been recorded from Australia. All have the +well-known Finch bill, adapted for shelling seeds, and all are +seed-eaters, though some occasionally take insects in addition.</p> + +<p>The Spotted-sided Finch is true to name, as a glance at the +illustration shows. The rare Fire-tail is beautifully and closely +banded below, while the Chestnut-eared Finch is banded on the +throat and chest. The Plum-headed Finch has a deep crimson +forehead, and is banded below.</p> + +<p>The Red-browed Finch is often called the "Firetail," for it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page180q" id="page180q"></a></span> +has the red rump as well as the red brow and bill, but the under +surface is not banded. These birds usually build a very large +nest, which has been compared to a "stocking hung by the toe, +while the eggs are laid in the heel, and entrance is gained through +the leg."</p> + +<p>The introduced Starling has firmly established itself, and is +extending its range rapidly. Incredible numbers gather at +lagoon-sides to roost in the reed-beds.</p> + +<p>This bird is a favorite with farmers and graziers, but orchardists +view its rapid increase with alarm. It is possible, as Mr. +C. French, Government Entomologist, has pointed out, that the +Starling will yet prove a more expensive pest than the Rabbit.</p> + +<p>Starlings, at least, upset the balance of nature, for, by occupying +all available nesting sites, early and late, they displace the native +birds. Kingfishers, Parrots, and other birds that nest in hollows +are thus being driven away from their old haunts.</p> + +<p>The Australian Oriole is a member of the family of true Orioles. +The Fig-Birds of Queensland towns are closely related. The +members of this family are restricted to the Eastern Hemisphere. +Our Oriole is an interesting migrant which visits even +cities. Its beautiful hanging, cup-shaped nest woven amongst +the twigs at the end of a leafy bough is a clever piece of work. +Its note is melodious and varied. It often calls "o-ree-ee-o-ole." +It is also fond of mimicking other birds.</p> + +<p>The Baltimore Oriole, or Golden Robin, is properly not an +Oriole, but comes in a related family—the <i>Icteridae</i>—which contains +American birds somewhat similar to Orioles. The Australian +bird, as shown by the colored illustration, has not the +conspicuous golden and black plumage of the European bird.</p> + +<p>The Spangled Drongo is the Australian representative of a +family of birds spread from Africa, Madagascar, and India up +to Japan, and through the islands to Australia. They are a +characteristic feature of Indian ornithology, for they are found +everywhere in that country. The one Australian bird is a +migrant, and seldom reaches Southern Australia. Like other +Drongos, it is a glossy black, has a long, forked tail, is a good +mimic of other birds' calls, and is also a vicious fighter. It is +exceedingly active, and has a disagreeably harsh, cackling, and +creaking whistle. It will drive away even hawks and crows.</p> + +<p>After the Shining Starlings of Queensland, come the marvellously-beautiful +Birds of Paradise—"God's Birds."</p> + +<p>These unique birds are found only in New Guinea, Papuan +Islands, Molucca Islands, and the rich, tropical coast scrubs of +Eastern Australia. One, the Riflebird, is found even down to +North-Eastern New South Wales.</p> + +<p>The Federal and State Governments are doing excellent work +in protecting our beautiful birds, and are giving what seems +to be a really efficient protection, so that some of our birds which +possess the fatal gift of beauty in an extreme degree will probably +survive for some time yet. Collectors as well as plume-hunters +should be compelled to keep hands off our exquisite birds.</p> + +<p class="center">(continued below)</p> + +<div class="tab"> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page179" id="page179"></a>179</span> + +<p class="spacer">F. 154. PLOCEIDAE (23), WEAVER-FINCHES, 487 sp.—59(56)A., +41(37)O., 1(0)P., 391(391)E.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>378<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Spotted-sided Finch</b>, Diamond-Sparrow (e), Java-Sparrow +(e), <i>Stagonopleura guttata</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., +V., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>grass</i> 4.6</p> + +<p>"Showy, attractive;" crown gray; back, wings brown; +rump, bill, eye red; sides, chest-band, tail black; sides +spotted white; throat, centre abdomen white; f., sim. +Grass-seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>379<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Firetailed Finch</b>, Firetail, <i>Zonaeginthus bellus</i>, S.Q., +N.S.W., V., S.A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>grass</i> 4.6</p> + +<p>Upper olive-brown, finely-barred black; under gray, finely-barred +black; rump, bill scarlet; about eye black; f., +sim. Seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>380<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Chestnut-eared Finch</b> (Zebra), <i>Taeniopygia castanotis</i>, +A. (interior).</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. small flocks, v.r. <i>plains</i> 4.2</p> + +<p>Upper brown; rump white; upper base tail black, with +three white spots; cheeks chestnut; throat, chest gray, +barred black; black band on chest; abdomen white; +flanks chestnut, spotted white; feet, bill orange; f., +throat, chest gray, fringed brown; abdomen yellowish-brown. +Grass-seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +4</p> + +<p><b>381<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Plum-headed Finch</b> (Diadem, Plain-colored), <i>Aidemosyne +modesta</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. small flocks, r. <i>grass</i> 4.6</p> + +<p>Crown deep purple; bill, between eye and bill, spot on +chin black; upper brown; wings spotted white; side-tail +tipped white; under white barred brown; f., no +black on chin. Seeds.</p> + +<p class="left">2<br /> +2</p> + +<p><b>382<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Red-browed Finch</b> (Temporal), Redhead, Redbill +(e), Sydney Waxbill, <i>Ægintha temporalis</i>, E.A., S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. small flocks, r. <i>grass</i> 4.5</p> + +<p>Bill, patch over eye, rump crimson; crown gray; upper +olive-brown; under lighter; f., sim. Seeds.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 155. <i>Icteridae</i>, Bobolink, Cowbird, Blackbirds (Am.), +Oriole (Am.), Redwing (Am.), 185 sp.—35(15)Nc., +170(150) Nl.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 156. <i>Sturnidae</i>, Starlings, Grackles, 60 sp.—2(1)A., +42(28)O., 29(14)P., 2(1)E.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page181" id="page181"></a>181</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i185-800.png"><img src="images/i185t-300.png" width="300" height="509" alt="375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>375</b> Yellow-throated Friar-Bird<br /> + <b>376</b> Australian Pipit<br /> + <b>377</b> Bush-Lark</td> + <td><b>378</b> Spotted-Sided Finch<br /> + <b>379</b> Firetailed Finch<br /> + <b>380</b> Chestnut-eared Finch</td> + <td><b>381</b> Plum-headed Finch<br /> + <b>382</b> Red-browed Finch<br /> + <b>383</b> Olive-backed Oriole</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page182" id="page182"></a>182</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page183" id="page183"></a>183</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i187-800.png"><img src="images/i187t-300.png" width="300" height="510" alt="384, 385, 385A, 386, 390, 391, 392, 394 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div> + +<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><b>384</b> Spangled Drongo<br /> + <b>385</b> Satin Bower-Bird<br /> + <b>385</b><span class="sc">a</span> Satin Bower-Bird (Female)</td> + <td><b>386</b> Spotted Bower-Bird<br /> + <b>390</b> Apostle-Bird<br /> + <b>391</b> White-winged Chough</td> + <td><b>392</b> Pied Bell-Magpie<br /> + <b>394</b> Gray Bell-Magpie + </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page184" id="page184"></a>184</span><br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page186" id="page186"></a>186</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i190-1000.png"><img src="images/i190-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="382A, 382B, 383, 384, 385, 385A - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +23</p> + +<p><b>382<span class="sc">a</span> Starling</b>, <i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>, Eur., N. Afr., Asia, A. +(introduced).</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. v.c. <i>open</i> 8.5</p> + +<p>Glossy-black, with metallic reflections; upper feathers +tipped buff, under tipped white; light tips lost in summer; +bill lemon-yellow summer, blackish winter; f., +sim. Insects, caterpillars, fruit. Wheezing, whining +notes. Mimic.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page187a" id="page187a"></a>187a</span> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +3</p> + +<p><b>382<span class="sc">b</span> Common Myna</b> (Indian, Calcutta), <i>Acridotheres +tristis</i>, India, Afghanistan, V. (Introduced).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>houses</i> 10</p> + +<p>Head, neck black; upper brown; under rich vinous-brown; +tip-tail, large patch on wing white; about eye, bill, legs +yellow; f., sim. Insects, fruit. Many notes.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 157. EULABETIDAE (2), SHINING STARLINGS, 139 sp.—51(51)A., +20(20)O., 1(1)P., 67(67)E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 158. <i>Paramythidae</i>, 1 sp. A. (N.G.).</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 159. <i>Buphagidae</i>, Oxpecker, Rhinoceros-Bird, 2 sp. E.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 160. ORIOLIDAE (4), ORIOLES, Fig-Birds, 70 sp.—27(27)A., +29(26)O., 3(0)P., 15(14)E.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +12</p> + +<p><b>383<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Olive-backed Oriole</b>, Green Thrush (e), <i>Mimetes sagittata +(Oriolus viridis)</i>, E.A., N.W.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>open forest</i> 11.5</p> + +<p>Upper yellowish olive-green; wings, tail brown, tipped +white; under whitish, streaked black; bill flesh-red; +eyes scarlet; variable in color; f., sim. Insects, fruit. +"Or-ree-ee-oale." Mimic.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 161. DICRURIDAE (1), DRONGOS, 73 sp.—24(23)A., +39(38)O., 11(11)E.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +29</p> + +<p><b>384<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> Spangled Drongo</b>, Drongo-Shrike, King-Crow, <i>Dicruropsis +(Chibia, Dicrurus) bracteata</i>, N.G., N. Ter., +E.A., N.W.A., T. (acc.).</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>timber</i> 12.2</p> + +<p>Black glossed, spotted green; spotted white under wing; +f., sim. Insects. Noisy, harsh peculiar notes.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 162. PARADISEIDAE (4), BIRDS OF PARADISE, Rifle-Bird, +70 sp. A.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page185q" id="page185q"></a></span> + +<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3> + +<p>Mr. A. J. North, C.M.B.O.U., the ornithologist of the Australian +Museum, Sydney, and one of the greatest of living Australian +ornithologists, has declared that "without exception, the +bower-building birds of Australia are the most extraordinary and +interesting group of birds found in the world."</p> + +<p>These wonderful birds construct, apart from their nests, play-houses—structures +that "are perfectly anomalous in the architecture +of birds." Gould considered the accounts of the "extraordinary +habits" of the Bower Birds "as some of the valuable and +interesting portions" of his work. Though the bird was known +before Gould's time, its "extraordinary habits had never been +brought before the scientific world until I (Gould) had the gratification +of publishing an account of them after my return from +Australia."</p> + +<p>This month I had the gratification of seeing the Satin Bower +Birds playing about a perfect bower within one chain of a country +school, and within one yard of a busy roadside. The birds have +quite made friends with the school children. They have helped +themselves to the blue flowers from the school garden, pieces of +blue paper, and even a blue hair ribbon, besides blue parrot's +feathers. These are used to decorate this very interesting playhouse.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately, Satin Bower Birds are mainly fruit-eaters, and +so will possibly do some damage, but they are amongst the +wonders of the world, and it is hoped all will hesitate to shoot +them, "for their highly-decorated halls of assembly must be regarded +as the most wonderful instances of bird-architecture yet +discovered." The male gets his beautiful blue-black coat after +he is seven years old.</p> + +<p>Many of the schools of South Gippsland can show Satin Bower-Birds +regularly in attendance at lunch-time to gather the crusts. +We have destroyed their native fruits, and should submit to some +slight loss to enable young Australians to become familiar with +the "most interesting group of birds" in the world.</p> + +<p class="center">(continued below)</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page187b" id="page187b"></a>187b</span> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="spacer">F. 163. PTILONORHYNCHIDAE (11), BOWER-BIRDS, Regent-Bird, +Cat (Gardener) Bird, 37 sp. A.</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>385<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> Satin Bower-Bird</b>, Satin Bird, <i>Ptilonorhynchus violaceus</i>, +E.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>coast-scrubs</i>, <i>mt.-gullies</i> 12.5</p> + +<p>Lustrous blue-black, with black centres to feathers; +f.,<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> upper grayish-green; quills dark-brown; tail +golden-brown; under yellow, washed bluish-green, +marked blackish-brown; young male up to 3 years sim. +to f. Gets fully adult blue-black after 7 years of +age. Fruits, berries, insects. Many notes, mimics.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page188a" id="page188a"></a>188a</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i192-1000.png"><img src="images/i192-560.png" width="560" height="361" alt="386, 387, 388, 389, 390 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">5<br /> +6</p> + +<p><b>386<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> Spotted Bower-Bird</b>, Cabbage-Bird, <i>Chlamydera maculata</i>, +E.A, S.A. (inland).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dry scrubs</i> 12</p> + +<p>Upper dark-brown spotted buff; rose-lilac opalescent +plumes on nape; tail tipped buff, white; abdomen pale +creamy-buff, flanks barred dusky brown; f., no rose-lilac +plumes. Varied, harsh, plaintive notes, mimics.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page185qz" id="page185qz"></a></span> + +<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3> + +<p>The members of the Crow Family—the <i>Corvidae</i>—were considered +the most highly-developed of birds—the most highly +organized, so far as structure was concerned, and the most intelligent. +However, Sharpe has erected the seven Australian Bell-Magpies +(<i>Streperas</i>) into a family which, in his <i>Hand-List of +Birds</i> is placed at the top of the bird tree.</p> + +<p>In the Crow Family many well-known birds are placed. The +Jays, Magpie, Daws, Rooks, and Nutcrackers of Europe are not +represented in Australia. The Crows and the Raven, however, +are represented by closely-related birds.</p> + +<p>It is important to tell the difference between the Australian +Crow and the Australian Raven, for, we are told, the Crow is +all that is good, while the Raven is the reverse.</p> + +<p>The ornithologists say it is easy to tell the difference. Just +examine the down, say, on the neck. It is white in the Crow, +but dusky in the Raven. Unfortunately, the birds will not +always wait to permit an examination of the down.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page186q" id="page186q"></a></span> + +<p>The eye is often mentioned, but hazel-eyed birds have become +white-eyed. However, the Raven has lanceolate feathers on the +neck, and a rougher, unmusical voice.</p> + +<p>The Raven seems the more common bird, though most people +will tell you there are no Ravens in their district.</p> + +<p>The Apostle-Bird (Gray Jumper), and the White-winged Chough +are two of Australia's "anomalous birds." Both go in flocks, +so each has been called the "Twelve Apostles." However, the +name has become attached to the Gray Jumper.</p> + +<p>The White-winged Chough has no close relative in the world; +possibly, the Chough that nests in the cliffs of Cornwall is nearest +to it.</p> + +<p>The Bell-Magpies (<i>Streperas</i>), perhaps better known as Black +or Gray Magpies, are now receiving much notice, because of their +position at the head of the bird-world. They are restricted to +Australia, Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island. A good name is +required for these birds, for, of course, they are not Magpies, +though they have a white-tipped tail, and there is usually white +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page187q" id="page187q"></a></span> +in the wing, and about the base of the tail. They are fine, large +birds, with a variety of notes.</p> + +<p class="center">(continued below)</p> + +<div class="tab"> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page188b" id="page188b"></a>188b</span> + +<p class="spacer">F. 164. CORVIDAE (5), CROWS, Rook, Raven, Jackdaw, +Magpie (Br.), Jay, Nutcracker, Chough, 274 sp.—27(25)A., +73(58)O., 69(53)P., 15(9)E., 43(35)Nc., +73(65)Nl.</p> + +<p class="left">3<br /> +63</p> + +<p><b>387 Hazel-eyed Crow</b>, <i>Corvus coronoides</i>, A.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i> 20</p> + +<p>Black glossed with purple; white down; hazel eyes; f., +smaller. Insects, carrion, fruit, not lambs.</p> + +<p><b>388 Small-billed Crow</b>, <i>C. bennetti</i>, W.N.S.W., V., S.A. +Like 387, but smaller; bill small; eye white; f., sim. +Insects, carrion. "Car" repeated.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>plains</i> 18.5</p> + +<p><b>389 Australian Raven</b>, Crow (e), <i>C. marianae (Corone australis)</i>, +A., T.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. v.c. <i>plains</i>, <i>timber</i> 20</p> + +<p>Black glossed purple; throat feathers lanceolate, tinged +green; down dusky-gray; eyes white; f., smaller, +lanceolate feathers not so well developed. Locusts, +caterpillars, omnivorous, destructive. "Loud, deep +Gwar-gwar, varied with shrill, high-sounding Korr-Korr" +(North).</p> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>390<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> Apostle-Bird</b>, Gray Jumper, Twelve Apostles, <i>Struthidea +cinerea</i>, N. Ter., E.A., S.A. (inland).</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. small flocks, r. <i>open timber</i> 13</p> + +<p>Gray; wings brown; bill, legs black; eye white; f., sim. +Mud nest. Insects. Incessant chattering.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page189" id="page189"></a>189</span> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i193-1000.png"><img src="images/i193-560.png" width="560" height="361" alt="391, 392, 393, 394, 395 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div> + +<div class="tab"> + +<p class="left">1<br /> +1</p> + +<p><b>391<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> White-winged Chough</b>, Black Magpie (e), Jay (e), +Apostle-Bird (e), <i>Corcorax melanorhamphus</i>, E.A., +S.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. small flocks, c. <i>timber</i> 16</p> + +<p>Sooty black, white on wing only; eyes red; f., sim. Mud +nest. Insects, fruits, seeds. Low, mournful whistle.</p> + +<p class="spacer">F. 165. STREPERIDAE (7), BELL-MAGPIES, Streperas, +Crow-Shrikes, 7 sp. A.</p> + +<p class="left">7<br /> +7</p> + +<p><b>392<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> Pied Bell-Magpie</b> (Crow-Shrike), Currawong. Mutton-Bird +(e), <i>Strepera graculina</i>, E.A., Lord Howe Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>timber</i> 18.5</p> + +<p>Black; white patch on wing, upper base tail, under base +tail, tip tail; eye yellow; f., smaller. Berries, fruit, +insects.</p> + +<p><b>393 Black-winged Bell-Magpie</b> (Crow-Shrike), <i>S. melanoptera</i>, +V., S.A., Kangaroo Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>scrub</i> 19</p> + +<p>Black, white tip tail, under base tail; f., smaller. Insects.</p> + +<p><b>394<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> Gray Bell-Magpie</b> (Crow-Shrike), Gray Magpie, Rain-Bird, +Squeaker, <i>S. versicolor (cuneicaudata)</i>, E.A.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i>, <i>orchard</i> 19</p> + +<p>Gray; white on wing, tip tail, under base tail; eye orange; +f., sim. Insects, fruit. Loud, ringing notes. "It's-going-to-rain." +"Two and two are four." Cree-e-ling, +cree-e-ling.</p> + +<p><b>395 Sooty Bell-Magpie</b> (Crow-Shrike), Black Magpie (e), +<i>S. fuliginosa</i>, E.A., S.A., T., Bass St. Is.</p> + +<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i> 18</p> + +<p>Sooty black; white in wing, tip tail; eye yellow; big bill +black; f., sim. Insects, fruit.</p> + +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page187qz" id="page187qz"></a></span> + +<p>This concludes a necessarily brief outline of the classification +of the Birds of Australia, and, incidentally, of the birds of the +world, for, while the Emu is one of the most primitive of birds +placed right at the foot, the Bell-Magpies (<i>Streperas</i>) are placed +at the very summit of the avine tree.</p> + +<p>Australians! Realize that you live in a land favored far beyond +most as regards birds, and that you have a duty to perform in +preserving as many as possible of these unique, interesting, and +valuable forms for posterity. Teachers! Your influence is more +potent than all the legislation. Bird lovers already freely +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page190q" id="page190q"></a></span> +acknowledge the fundamental change that has come over the +schoolboy since the introduction of nature-study, and they look +to you with confidence to extend greatly the good work of +cultivating an interest and a pride in things Australian, for this +interest will eradicate the once almost-universal, but now rapidly-disappearing, +desire for slaughter of anything wearing a feather.</p> + +<p>If women could be persuaded to come in line with the once +destructive schoolboy in this respect, the bird lover and the well-wisher +of his country would have further cause for gratification, +and our beautiful birds a further enjoyment of a useful, indeed, +often a necessary life, one necessary to the welfare of the agriculturist +and the pastoralist, as well as of all dwellers in this +fair, sunny land of ours.</p> + +<p>Australians! Your wonderful Lyre-Birds, your marvellous +Bower-Birds, your gorgeous Birds of Paradise, your Mound-Builders, +your flute-noted Magpies, your charming Whistlers, your +beautiful and intelligent Cockatoos, your glorious Parrots—the +pets of the bird world—your Superb-Warblers, your +varied, valuable, and attractive Honey-eaters, and your giant +Laughing-Kingfisher are here for your enjoyment and appreciation. +No other people has your privilege of knowing these birds +in their native state. On the other hand, you enjoy most of the +privileges of dwellers in other lands, in addition to your own, for +"every widely-spread family of birds but two is found in Australia. +The only notable absentees are Vultures and Woodpeckers." Be +proud of your heritage, and pass it on uninjured. Though that, +alas! is not possible, yet you may pass on at least the remnant +that still survives the "blessings and advance of civilization."</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>NOTE.</h3> + +<p>Having obtained the approximate length of a bird, look for it on the +following pages. Compare the bird before you with the half-tone and +colored illustrations, and, if necessary, the written description:—</p> + +<table summary="lengths of birds"> +<tr> + <td class="right">3-5 inches... </td> + <td><span class="sc">Pages</span></td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page124">124</a>, + <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a>-145, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>, + <a href="#page166">166</a>, <a href="#page167">167</a>, <a href="#page169">169</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">5-7 inches... </td> + <td> "</td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>, + <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page44">44</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>, + <a href="#page120">120</a>-125, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a>, + <a href="#page144">144</a>-146, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page168">168</a>-172, + <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page178">178</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">7-9 inches... </td> + <td> "</td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page18b">18</a>, <a href="#page27">27</a>, + <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page42">42</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>-49, + <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page102">102</a>-107, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page129">129</a>, + <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a>, <a href="#page150">150</a>-152, <a href="#page154">154</a>, + <a href="#page169">169</a>-173, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page186">186</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">9-11 inches... </td> + <td> "</td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page18b">18</a>, <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25a">25</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a>, + <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page44">44</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>-51, <a href="#page61">61</a>, + <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a>-129, + <a href="#page131">131</a>-133, <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a>, + <a href="#page170">170</a>, <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page187a">187</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">11-13 inches... </td> + <td> "</td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page28">28</a>-30, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>, + <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page83">83,</a> <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>, + <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>, + <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page187a">187a</a>, <a href="#page187b">187b</a>, <a href="#page188a">188a</a>, <a href="#page188b">188b</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">13-15 inches... </td> + <td> "</td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page18a">18</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page25b">25</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, + <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page80">80</a>, + <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a>-88, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page92">92</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a>, + <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page127">127,</a> + <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page174">174</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page188b">188</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">15-17 inches... </td> + <td> "</td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page18a">18</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>-47, + <a href="#page64">64</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a>, + <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">17-20 inches...</td> + <td> "</td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page25b">25</a>, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, + <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page63">63</a>, + <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page91">91</a>, + <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, + <a href="#page189">189</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">20-23 inches... </td> + <td> "</td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>, + <a href="#page63">63</a>, <a href="#page66">66</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, + <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page188b">188</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">23-25 inches... </td> + <td> "</td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page25a">25</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>, + <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>, + <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page90">90</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">25-30 inches... </td> + <td> "</td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page25b">25</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>, + <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">30-35 inches... </td> + <td> "</td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>, + <a href="#page63">63</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">Over 35 inches...</td> + <td> "</td> + <td class="left"><a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a>, + <a href="#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page68">68</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page191" id="page191"></a>191</span> + +<h3>INDEX (Colored Plates).</h3> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table class="index" summary="index of colored plates" border="0"> + <tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#frontis">Frontispiece</a>.</th></tr> + <tr><td class="right1"><b>2</b></td><td>Mallee-Fowl</td></tr> + <tr><td class="right1"><b>3</b></td><td>Stubble Quail</td></tr> + <tr><td class="right1"><b>4</b></td><td>Brown Quail</td></tr> + <tr><td class="right1"><b>6</b></td><td>King Quail</td></tr> + <tr><td class="right1"><b>8</b></td><td>Painted Quail</td></tr> + <tr><td class="right1"><b>11</b></td><td>Plain Wanderer</td></tr> + <tr><td class="right1"><b>14</b></td><td>Diamond Dove</td></tr> + <tr><td class="right1"><b>16</b></td><td>Bronzewing Pigeon</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page19">Page 19</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>21</b></td><td>Pectoral Rail</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>22</b></td><td>Australian Spotted Crake</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>26</b></td><td>Black Moor-Hen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>27</b></td><td>Bald Coot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>30</b></td><td>Hoary-headed Grebe</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>67</b></td><td>Crested Tern</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>71</b></td><td>White-faced Ternlet</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>72</b></td><td>Silver Gull</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>73</b></td><td>Pacific Gull</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page38">Page 38</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>81</b></td><td>Black-breasted Plover</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>87</b></td><td>Black-fronted Dottrel</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>102</b></td><td>Sharp-tailed Sandpiper</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>106</b></td><td>Australian Snipe</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>107</b></td><td>Australian Painted Snipe</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>109</b></td><td>Southern Stone-Curlew</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>119</b></td><td>White-fronted Heron</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>123</b></td><td>Nankeen Night Heron</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>125</b></td><td>Australian Bittern</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page55">Page 55</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>128</b></td><td>Cape Barren Goose</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>129</b></td><td>Maned Goose</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>131</b></td><td>Plumed Whistling Duck</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>133</b></td><td>Black Duck</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>134</b></td><td>Australian Teal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>135</b></td><td>Gray Teal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>136</b></td><td>Australian Shoveller</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>137</b></td><td>Pink-eared Duck</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>139</b></td><td>White-eyed Duck</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page57">Page 57</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>152</b></td><td>Allied Harrier</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>155</b></td><td>Australian Goshawk</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>157</b></td><td>Collared Sparrowhawk</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>158</b></td><td>Wedge-tailed Eagle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>165</b></td><td>Black-shouldered Kite</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>167</b></td><td>Black-cheeked Falcon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>170</b></td><td>Little Falcon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>172</b></td><td>Brown Hawk</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>173</b></td><td>Nankeen Kestrel</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page76">Page 76</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>184</b></td><td>Blue Mountain Lorikeet</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>185</b></td><td>Musk Lorikeet</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>191</b></td><td>Gang-gang Cockatoo</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>193</b></td><td>Pink Cockatoo</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>194</b></td><td>Rose-breasted Cockatoo</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>196</b></td><td>Cockatoo-Parrot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>197</b></td><td>Superb Parrot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>198</b></td><td>Black-tailed Parrot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>199</b></td><td>King Parrot</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page78">Page 78</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>200</b></td><td>Crimson Parrot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>202</b></td><td>Rosella</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>203</b></td><td>Mallee Parrot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>204</b></td><td>Blue Bonnet</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>205</b></td><td>Many-colored Parrot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>206</b></td><td>Red-backed Parrot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>209</b></td><td>Grass-Parrot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>213</b></td><td>Swift Parrot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>214</b></td><td>Warbling Grass-Parrot</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page95">Page 95</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>219</b></td><td>Australian Roller</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>220</b></td><td>Blue Kingfisher</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>221</b></td><td>Laughing Kingfisher</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>223</b></td><td>Sacred Kingfisher</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>224</b></td><td>Australian Bee-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>227</b></td><td>Spine-tailed Swift</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>229</b></td><td>Pallid Cuckoo</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>230</b></td><td>Fan-tailed Cuckoo</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>235</b></td><td>Bronze Cuckoo</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page97">Page 97</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>238</b></td><td>Welcome Swallow</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>240</b></td><td>Tree Martin</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>242</b></td><td>Brown Flycatcher</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>244</b></td><td>Scarlet-breasted Robin</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>244<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Scarlet-breasted Robin (Female)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>245</b></td><td>Flame-breasted Robin</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>245<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Flame-breasted Robin (Female)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>248</b></td><td>Red Capped Robin</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>248<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Red Capped Robin (Female)</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page116">Page 116</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>251</b></td><td>White-throated Flyeater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>254</b></td><td>White-shafted Fantail</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>255</b></td><td>Rufous Fantail</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>256</b></td><td>Black and White Fantail</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>259</b></td><td>Restless Flycatcher</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>262</b></td><td>Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>265</b></td><td>White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>265<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater (Female)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>266</b></td><td>Spotted Ground-Bird</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page118">Page 118</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>272</b></td><td>Coachwhip Bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>273</b></td><td>Gray-crowned Babbler</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>276</b></td><td>White-browed Field-Wren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>278</b></td><td>Brown Song-Lark</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>279</b></td><td>Rufous Song-Lark</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>280</b></td><td>Mountain Thrush</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>281</b></td><td>White-fronted Chat</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>281<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>White-fronted Chat (Female)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>282</b></td><td>Crimson-breasted Chat</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page135">Page 135</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>284</b></td><td>Australian Reed-Warbler</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>285</b></td><td>Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>286</b></td><td>Grass-Bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>287</b></td><td>Speckled Warbler</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>288</b></td><td>Little Tit-Warbler</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>289</b></td><td>Brown Tit-Warbler</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>291</b></td><td>Striated Tit-Warbler</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>293</b></td><td>Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>297</b></td><td>White-browed Scrub-Wren</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page137">Page 137</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>300</b></td><td>Superb-Warbler</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>300<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Superb-Warbler (Female)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>302</b></td><td>White-winged Superb-Warbler</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>304</b></td><td>Emu Wren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>306</b></td><td>Bristle-Bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>311</b></td><td>White-browed Wood-Swallow</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>312</b></td><td>Masked Wood-Swallow</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>313</b></td><td>Wood-Swallow</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>315</b></td><td>Gray Shrike-Thrush</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page139">Page 139</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>319</b></td><td>Australian Butcher-Bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>320</b></td><td>Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>321</b></td><td>Crested Bell-Bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>322</b></td><td>Golden-breasted Whistler</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>322<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Golden-breasted Whistler (Female)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>323</b></td><td>Rufous-breasted Whistler</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>323<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Rufous-breasted Whistler (Female)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>326</b></td><td>Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>327</b></td><td>Whiteface</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page158">Page 158</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>328</b></td><td>Orange-winged Nuthatch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>330</b></td><td>Brown Tree-Creeper</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>331</b></td><td>White-throated Tree-Creeper</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>334</b></td><td>White-eye</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>336</b></td><td>Australian Flower-Pecker</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>336<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Australian Flower-Pecker (Female)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>337</b></td><td>Red-tipped Diamond Bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>340</b></td><td>Spotted Diamond Bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>341</b></td><td>Golden-rumped Diamond Bird</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page160">Page 160</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>342</b></td><td>White-naped Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>345</b></td><td>Striped Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>346</b></td><td>Sanguineous Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>347</b></td><td>Black Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>348</b></td><td>Spinebill</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>349</b></td><td>Tawny-crowned Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>350</b></td><td>White-fronted Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>351</b></td><td>Painted Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>353</b></td><td>Regent Honey-eater</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page162">Page 162</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>355</b></td><td>Yellow-eared Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>356</b></td><td>Singing Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>357</b></td><td>Yellow-faced Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>358</b></td><td>White-eared Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>359</b></td><td>Yellow-tufted Honey-eater<span class="pagenum"><a name="page192" id="page192"></a>192</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>362</b></td><td>Yellow-plumed Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>363</b></td><td>White-plumed Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>364</b></td><td>Crescent Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>365</b></td><td>White-bearded Honey-eater</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page164">Page 164</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>360</b></td><td>Helmeted Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>366</b></td><td>White-cheeked Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>367</b></td><td>Bell-Miner</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>368</b></td><td>Noisy Miner</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>370</b></td><td>Wattle-Bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>372</b></td><td>Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>373</b></td><td>Blue-faced Honey-eater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>374</b></td><td>Friar-Bird</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page181">Page 181</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>375</b></td><td>Yellow-throated Friar-Bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>376</b></td><td>Australian Pipit</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>377</b></td><td>Bush-Lark</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>378</b></td><td>Spotted-Sided Finch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>379</b></td><td>Firetailed Finch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>380</b></td><td>Chestnut-eared Finch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>381</b></td><td>Plum-headed Finch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>382</b></td><td>Red-browed Finch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>383</b></td><td>Olive-backed Oriole</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page183">Page 183</a></th></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>384</b></td><td>Spangled Drongo</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>385</b></td><td>Satin Bower-Bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>385<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Satin Bower-Bird (Female)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>386</b></td><td>Spotted Bower-Bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>390</b></td><td>Apostle-Bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>391</b></td><td>White-winged Chough</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>392</b></td><td>Pied Bell-Magpie</td></tr> +<tr><td class="right1"><b>394</b></td><td>Gray Bell-Magpie</td></tr> +</table> + +<h3>INDEX (General).</h3> + +<p>The Ordinary Figures (175) refer to tabular matter and the +Italic Figures (<i>141</i>) refer to the lecture.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<a href="#A">A</a> | <a href="#B">B</a> | <a href="#C">C</a> | <a href="#D">D</a> | +<a href="#E">E</a> | <a href="#F">F</a> | <a href="#G">G</a> | <a href="#H">H</a> | +<a href="#I">I</a> | <a href="#J">J</a> | <a href="#K">K</a> | <a href="#La">L</a> | +<a href="#M">M</a> | <a href="#N">N</a> |<a href="#O">O</a> | <a href="#P">P</a> | +<a href="#Q">Q</a> | <a href="#R">R</a> | <a href="#S">S</a> | <a href="#T">T</a> | +<a href="#U">U</a> | <a href="#V">V</a> | <a href="#W">W</a> | <a href="#X">X</a> | +<a href="#Y">Y</a> | <a href="#Z">Z</a><br /><br /></p> + +<a name="A" id="A"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li><i>Acanthagenys</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li><i>Acanthiza</i>, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li> +<li><i>Acanthochaera</i>, <a href="#page174">174</a></li> +<li><i>Acanthorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Accipiter</i>, <a href="#page80">80</a></li> +<li><i>Acridotheres</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li><i>Acrocephalus</i>, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Ægialitis</i>, <a href="#page44">44</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Ægintha</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> +<li><i>Ægotheles</i>, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> +<li><i>Aerocharidae</i>, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> +<li><i>Æstrelata</i>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a></li> +<li><i>Aidemosyne</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> +<li>Alarm-Bird, <a href="#page43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Alauda</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li><i>Alaudidae</i>, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page177q"><i>177</i></a></li> +<li>Albatross, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page33q"><i>33</i></a>, <a href="#page34q"><i>34</i></a></li> +<li><i>Alcedinidae</i>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> +<li><i>Alcidae</i>, <a href="#page33">33</a></li> +<li><i>Alcyone</i>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> +<li><i>Ampelidae</i>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Amytornis</i>, <a href="#page146">146</a></li> +<li><i>Anas</i>, <a href="#page65">65</a></li> +<li><i>Anatidae</i>, <a href="#page62">62</a></li> +<li><i>Ancylochilus</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li><i>Anellobia</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li><i>Anhinga</i>, <a href="#page70">70</a></li> +<li><i>Anseranas</i>, <a href="#page63">63</a></li> +<li>Anteater, Spiny, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a></li> +<li><i>Anthus</i>, <a href="#page176">176</a></li> +<li><i>Antigone</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li>Ant-thrushes, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li>Antwrens, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li><i>Aphelocephala</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> +<li>Apostle-Bird, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page147qz"><i>147</i></a>, +<a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a></li> +<li><i>Aprosmictus</i>, <a href="#page93">93</a></li> +<li><i>Apterygidae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li> +<li><i>Apteryx</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a></li> +<li><i>Aramidae</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li><i>Ardeidae</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li><i>Ardetta</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Arenaria</i>, <a href="#page42">42</a></li> +<li><i>Artamidae</i>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Artamus</i>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Astur</i>, <a href="#page73">73</a></li> +<li>Atlantic O., <a href="#page26q"><i>26</i></a>, <a href="#page33q"><i>33</i></a></li> +<li><i>Atrichornithidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li> +<li>Audubon Society, <a href="#page114q"><i>114</i></a></li> +<li>Auk, <a href="#page33">33</a></li> +<li><i>Aves</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li> +<li>Avocet, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page47q"><i>47</i></a></li> +<li><i>Aythya</i>, <a href="#page67">67</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="B" id="B"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Babbler, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page130q"><i>130</i></a>, <a href="#page176q"><i>176</i></a></li> +<li>Babbling-Thrush, <a href="#page128">128</a></li> +<li><i>Balaenicipitidae</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li>Bald-Coot, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li>Bali, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a>, <a href="#page168q"><i>168</i></a></li> +<li>Ballyhead, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> +<li>Banana-Bird, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li>Barbet, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a></li> +<li>Barker, <a href="#page130">130</a></li> +<li>Bark-pecker, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> +<li>Barley-Bird, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Barnardius</i>, <a href="#page101">101</a></li> +<li>Barn Owl, <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page87">87</a>, <a href="#page85q"><i>85</i></a></li> +<li>Barwing, <a href="#page67">67</a></li> +<li>Bass St., <a href="#page154q"><i>154</i></a>, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li> +<li>Bat, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page166q"><i>166</i></a></li> +<li>Beach-Bird, <a href="#page42">42</a></li> +<li>Bee-eater, <a href="#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page106q"><i>106</i></a></li> +<li>Bell-Bird, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page151q"><i>151</i></a>, <a href="#page174q"><i>174</i></a></li> +<li>Bell-Magpie, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page12q"><i>12</i></a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a>, +<a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a>, <a href="#page187qz"><i>187</i></a></li> +<li>Bell-Miner, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page174q"><i>174</i></a></li> +<li>Bird Day, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page119q"><i>119</i></a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li> +<li>Birds of Paradise, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page12q"><i>12</i></a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a>, <a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li> +<li>Birds of Prey, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page71qz"><i>71</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a>, +<a href="#page84q"><i>84</i></a>, <a href="#page87q"><i>87</i></a></li> +<li>Bittern, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li> +<li><i>Biziura</i>, <a href="#page67">67</a></li> +<li>Blackbird, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li> +<li>Blackcap, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page168">168</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page193" id="page193"></a>193</span></li> +<li>Bleater, <a href="#page50">50</a></li> +<li>Blight-Bird, <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li> +<li>Blood-Bird, <a href="#page169">169</a></li> +<li>Blood Tit (e), <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li>Blue-Bird, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page146q"><i>146</i></a></li> +<li>Blue-Bonnet, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a>, <a href="#page99q"><i>99</i></a></li> +<li>Bluecap, <a href="#page144">144</a></li> +<li>Blue-eye, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page176q"><i>176</i></a></li> +<li>Blue-Head, <a href="#page144">144</a></li> +<li>Blue Mountain, <a href="#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page90q"><i>90</i></a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li> +<li>Blue-Tit, <a href="#page144">144</a></li> +<li>Bluewing, <a href="#page66">66</a></li> +<li>Blue-Wren, <a href="#page144">144</a></li> +<li>Boatswain-Bird, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li>Bobolink, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li> +<li>Bob-White, <a href="#page14">14</a></li> +<li>Boobook Owl, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page85q"><i>85</i></a>, <a href="#page104q"><i>104</i></a></li> +<li>Booby, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page70q"><i>70</i></a></li> +<li>Boomer, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Botaurus</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +<li>Bower-Birds, <a href="#page187b">187</a>, <a href="#page188a">188</a>, <a href="#page12q"><i>12</i></a>, <a href="#page185q"><i>185</i></a>, +<a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li> +<li>Brain-fever Bird, <a href="#page108">109</a>, <a href="#page110q"><i>110</i></a></li> +<li>Bristle Bird, <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li> +<li>Broadbill, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li>Broad-tails, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li> +<li>Brolga, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li>Brownhead, <a href="#page67">67</a></li> +<li>Brush-Turkey, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a></li> +<li><i>Bubonidae</i>, <a href="#page85">85</a></li> +<li><i>Bucconidae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li><i>Bucerotidae</i>, <a href="#page106">106</a></li> +<li>Budgerigar, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page100q"><i>100</i></a></li> +<li>Bulbul, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a></li> +<li>Bulla-Bulla, <a href="#page101">101</a></li> +<li>Bull-Bird, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +<li>Bullfinch, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li>Bully, <a href="#page28">28</a></li> +<li>Bunting, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li>Bunyip, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li> +<li><i>Buphagidae</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li><i>Burhinus</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li>Bush-Lark, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page177q"><i>177</i></a></li> +<li>Bushman's Clock, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> +<li>Bush-Warbler, <a href="#page124">124</a></li> +<li>Bustard, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page51q"><i>51</i></a>, <a href="#page52q"><i>52</i></a></li> +<li>Bustard Quail, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page17qz"><i>17</i></a>, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a></li> +<li>Butcher-Bird, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page150q"><i>150</i></a></li> +<li>Button Quail, <a href="#page15">15</a></li> +<li>Buzzard, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="C" id="C"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Cabbage-Bird, <a href="#page188a">188</a></li> +<li><i>Cacatua</i>, <a href="#page91">91</a></li> +<li><i>Cacatuidae</i>, <a href="#page89">89</a></li> +<li>Cackler, <a href="#page130">130</a></li> +<li><i>Cacomantis</i>, <a href="#page109">109</a></li> +<li><i>Calamanthus</i>, <a href="#page131">131</a></li> +<li>Caley, <a href="#page149q"><i>149q</i></a></li> +<li>Calico-Bird, <a href="#page42">42</a></li> +<li><i>Calidris</i>, <a href="#page48">48</a></li> +<li><i>Callocephalum</i>, <a href="#page91">91</a></li> +<li><i>Calopsittacus</i>, <a href="#page93">93</a></li> +<li><i>Calyptorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page89">89</a></li> +<li>Campophaga, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> +<li><i>Campophagidae</i>, <a href="#page126">126</a></li> +<li>Canary, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a>, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li> +<li>Cape Barren Is., <a href="#page32q"><i>32</i></a></li> +<li>Cape Petrel, <a href="#page29">29</a></li> +<li>Cape Pigeon, <a href="#page29">29</a></li> +<li>Capercailly, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li>Cape Sheep, <a href="#page31">31</a></li> +<li><i>Capitonidae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li><i>Caprimulgidae</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li>Cardinal, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li><i>Carduelis</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li><i>Cariamidae</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li><i>Carinatae</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a>, <a href="#page14q"><i>14</i></a></li> +<li><i>Carphibis</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> +<li>Carr Goose, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li> +<li><i>Casarca</i>, <a href="#page65">65</a></li> +<li>Cassowary, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a></li> +<li><i>Casuariidae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li> +<li><i>Catamblyrhynchidae</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li><i>Catarrhactes</i>, <a href="#page25b">25</a></li> +<li>Catbird, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page187b">187</a>, <a href="#page131q"><i>131</i></a></li> +<li>Caterpillar-eater, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page127q"><i>127</i></a>, +<a href="#page128q"><i>128</i></a></li> +<li><i>Cathartidae</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li><i>Cerchneis</i>, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> +<li><i>Cereopsis</i>, <a href="#page63">63</a></li> +<li><i>Certhiidae</i>, <a href="#page154">154</a></li> +<li><i>Certhionyx</i>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Chaetura</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li>Chaffinch, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li><i>Chalcococcyx</i>, <a href="#page110">110</a></li> +<li><i>Chalcophaps</i>, <a href="#page17">17</a></li> +<li><i>Chamaeidae</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> +<li>Channel-bill, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page111q"><i>111</i></a></li> +<li><i>Charadriidae</i>, <a href="#page42">42</a></li> +<li><i>Charadrius</i>, <a href="#page44">44</a></li> +<li>Chat, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li> +<li>Chatterer, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a></li> +<li><i>Chelidon</i>, <a href="#page120">120</a></li> +<li><i>Chenonetta</i>, <a href="#page63">63</a></li> +<li><i>Chenopsis</i>, <a href="#page62">62</a></li> +<li><i>Cheramoeca</i>, <a href="#page121">121</a></li> +<li>Cherry-eater, <a href="#page173">173</a></li> +<li>Cherry-Hawk, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> +<li><i>Chibia</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li>Chickadee, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li> +<li>Chicken-Hawk, <a href="#page73">73</a></li> +<li>Chickoowee, <a href="#page172">172</a></li> +<li>Chick-up, <a href="#page171">171</a></li> +<li>Chiffchaff, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Chionididae</i>, <a href="#page42">42</a></li> +<li><i>Chlamydera</i>, <a href="#page188a">188</a></li> +<li>Chough, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page147qz"><i>147</i></a>, <a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a></li> +<li> " (Br.), <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a></li> +<li><i>Chthonicola</i>, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li>Chuck-e-chuc, <a href="#page167">167</a></li> +<li><i>Ciconiidae</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li><i>Cinclidae</i>, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Cincloramphus</i>, <a href="#page131">131</a></li> +<li><i>Cinclosoma</i>, <a href="#page128">128</a></li> +<li><i>Circus</i>, <a href="#page72">72</a></li> +<li><i>Cisticola</i>, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page134qz"><i>134</i></a></li> +<li><i>Cladorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Climacteris</i>, <a href="#page154">154</a></li> +<li>Clipper, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> +<li>Coachwhip-Bird, <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page130q"><i>130</i></a></li> +<li>Cobbler, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> +<li>Cobbler's Awl, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Coccyges</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> +<li>Cockatiel, <a href="#page93">93</a></li> +<li>Cockatoo, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page88q"><i>88</i></a>, <a href="#page89q"><i>89</i></a>, +<a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a>, +</li> +<li>Cockatoo-Parrot, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li> +<li>Cocktail, <a href="#page144">144</a></li> +<li>Codlin-Moth-eater, <a href="#page130">130</a></li> +<li><i>Coerebidae</i>, <a href="#page178">178</a></li> +<li><i>Coliidae</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> +<li><i>Colluricincla</i>, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> +<li>Coloration—<span class="pagenum"><a name="page194" id="page194"></a>194</span> + <ul class="index1"><li>Advertizing, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li> + <li>Protective, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li> + <li>Recognition, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li> + <li>Warning, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li></ul></li> +<li><i>Columbidae</i>, <a href="#page17">17</a></li> +<li><i>Colymbidae</i>, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li> +<li>Condor, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li><i>Conophagidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li>Cooers, <a href="#page21qz"><i>21</i></a>, <a href="#page24qz"><i>24</i></a></li> +<li>Cookaycock, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li>Coot, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li> +<li><i>Coraciidae</i>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> +<li><i>Coracina</i>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> +<li><i>Corcorax</i>, <a href="#page189">189</a></li> +<li>Corella, <a href="#page93">93</a></li> +<li>Cormorant, <a href="#page68">68</a>, <a href="#page68q"><i>68</i></a></li> +<li>Corn-Bird, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li>Corn-Crake, <a href="#page18b">18</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li> +<li><i>Corone</i>, <a href="#page188b">188</a></li> +<li><i>Corvidae</i>, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li> +<li><i>Corvus</i>, <a href="#page188b">188</a></li> +<li>Cotingas, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li><i>Cotingidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li><i>Coturnix</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li>Courlan, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li>Courser, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li>Cowbird, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> +<li>Crab-Plover, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li><i>Cracidae</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li><i>Cracticus</i>, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> +<li>Crake, <a href="#page18b">18</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li> +<li>Crane, <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page52qz"><i>52</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li> +<li>Cranky Fan, <a href="#page124">124</a></li> +<li>Creeper, <a href="#page154">154</a>, <a href="#page154q"><i>154</i></a></li> +<li>Crossbill, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li>Crow, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page12q"><i>12</i></a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li> +<li> " White, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page150q"><i>150</i></a></li> +<li>Crow-Shrike, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a></li> +<li>Cuckoo, <a href="#page108">108</a>-111, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page85q"><i>85</i></a>, <a href="#page87q"><i>87</i></a>, +<a href="#page109qz"><i>109</i></a>, <a href="#page112q"><i>112</i></a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li> +<li>Cuckoo-Shrike, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page126qz"><i>126</i></a></li> +<li><i>Cuculidae</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> +<li><i>Cuculus</i>, <a href="#page109">109</a></li> +<li>Curassow, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li>Curlew, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page49q"><i>49</i></a>, <a href="#page50q"><i>50</i></a></li> +<li>Curlew, Black, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> +<li> " Pygmy, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li> " -Sandpiper, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li> " -Stint, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li> " Stone, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page50q"><i>50</i></a></li> +<li>Currawong, <a href="#page189">189</a></li> +<li><i>Cursoriidae</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li>Cutthroat, <a href="#page151">151</a></li> +<li><i>Cyclopsittacidae</i>, <a href="#page89">89</a></li> +<li><i>Cymodroma</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a></li> +<li><i>Cypselidae</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Cypselus</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="D" id="D"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Dabchick, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li> +<li><i>Dacelo</i>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> +<li><i>Daption</i>, <a href="#page29">29</a></li> +<li>Darter, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page69q"><i>69</i></a></li> +<li>Daw, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li> +<li>Deer, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li> +<li><i>Demiegretta</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Dendrocolaptidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li><i>Dendrocygna</i>, <a href="#page63">63</a></li> +<li>Devil-Bird, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a></li> +<li>Diamond-Bird, <a href="#page167">167</a>, <a href="#page166q"><i>166</i></a></li> +<li>Diamond Dyke, <a href="#page167">167</a></li> +<li><i>Dicaeidae</i>, <a href="#page166">166</a></li> +<li><i>Dicaeum</i>, <a href="#page166">166</a></li> +<li><i>Dicruridae</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li><i>Dicruropsis</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li><i>Dicrurus</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li><i>Didunculidae</i>, <a href="#page18a">18</a></li> +<li>Dimorphism, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li>Dinornis, <a href="#page84q"><i>84</i></a></li> +<li><i>Diomedea</i>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li> +<li><i>Diomedeidae</i>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li> +<li>Dipper, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> +<li>Dishwasher (e), <a href="#page125">125</a></li> +<li>Diver, <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25a">25</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page24qz"><i>24</i></a>, +<a href="#page69q"><i>69</i></a></li> +<li>Diving-Petrel, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page32q"><i>32</i></a></li> +<li>Dog-Bird, <a href="#page130">130</a></li> +<li>Dollar Bird, <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page105q"><i>105</i></a></li> +<li>Dottrel, <a href="#page42">42</a>-45, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page48q"><i>48</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li> +<li>Dove, <a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page21qz"><i>21</i></a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a></li> +<li>Dove-Petrel, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page27q"><i>27</i></a></li> +<li><i>Drepanididae</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li><i>Dromadidae</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li><i>Dromaeidae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li> +<li><i>Dromaius</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li> +<li>Drongo, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li> +<li><i>Drymodes</i>, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> +<li>Dryweather-Bird, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> +<li>Duck, <a href="#page63">63</a>-67, <a href="#page62q"><i>62</i></a><i>-67</i></li> +<li>Dunlin, Little, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li>Durbaner, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="E" id="E"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Eagle, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a></li> +<li> " Bald (Amer.), <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page26q"><i>26</i></a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, +<a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li> +<li> " Golden, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, +<a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a></li> +<li> " Sea, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, +<a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a>, <a href="#page84q"><i>84</i></a></li> +<li>Eaglehawk (e), <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a></li> +<li><i>Echidna</i>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a></li> +<li><i>Edolisoma</i>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> +<li>Egg (size), <a href="#page16q"><i>16</i></a></li> +<li>Egg-Bird, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page36q"><i>36</i></a></li> +<li>Egret, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page54q"><i>54</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li> +<li>Egypt, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href="#page53qz"><i>53</i></a></li> +<li>Eider Duck, <a href="#page65q"><i>65</i></a></li> +<li><i>Elanus</i>, <a href="#page82">82</a></li> +<li>Emu, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a>, <a href="#page15q"><i>15</i></a>, +<a href="#page109q"><i>109</i></a>, <a href="#page187qz"><i>187</i></a></li> +<li>Emu-Wren, <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li> +<li><i>Entomophila</i>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Entomyzon</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li><i>Eopsaltria</i>, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page152q"><i>152</i></a></li> +<li><i>Epthianura</i>, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Erismatura</i>, <a href="#page67">67</a></li> +<li><i>Erolia</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li><i>Erythrogonys</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Eudyptula</i>, <a href="#page25b">25</a></li> +<li><i>Eulabetidae</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li><i>Euphema</i>, <a href="#page103">103</a></li> +<li><i>Eupodotis</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li><i>Eurostopus</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Eurylaemidae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li><i>Eurypygidae</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li><i>Eurystomus</i>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> +<li><i>Eutolmaëtus</i>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li> +<li><i>Excalfactoria</i>, <a href="#page14">14</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="F" id="F"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li><i>Falco</i>, <a href="#page82">82</a></li> +<li>Falcon, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a></li> +<li><i>Falconidae</i>, <a href="#page72">72</a></li> +<li>Falcon-Shrike, <a href="#page150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Falcunculus</i>, <a href="#page150">150</a></li> +<li>Fantail, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page123q"><i>123</i></a></li> +<li>Fantail-Warbler, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page134qz"><i>134</i></a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li> +<li>Farmer's Friend, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> +<li>Fern-Owl, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li>Field-Lark, Little, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li>Field-Wren, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page132q"><i>132</i></a></li> +<li>Fig-Bird, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li> +<li>Fig-Parrot, <a href="#page89">89</a></li> +<li>Finch, <a href="#page177">177</a>-179, <a href="#page178q"><i>178</i></a><i>-180</i>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page195" id="page195"></a>195</span></li> +<li>Finfoot, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li>Firetail, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li> +<li>Fish Hawk, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a></li> +<li>Flamingoes, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +<li>Flickers, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li>Flight-Bird, <a href="#page103">103</a></li> +<li>Flood-Bird, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li>Flower-Pecker, <a href="#page166">166</a></li> +<li>Fluke, <a href="#page148q"><i>148</i></a></li> +<li>Flute-Bird, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> +<li>Flycatcher, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page121">121</a>-125, <a href="#page121q"><i>121</i></a><i>-123</i></li> +<li>Flyeater, <a href="#page124">124</a></li> +<li>Flying Coachman, <a href="#page170">170</a></li> +<li>Flying Phalanger, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a></li> +<li>Flysnapper, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page125">125</a></li> +<li><i>Formicariidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li>Four-o'clock, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li>Fowl, Domestic, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a></li> +<li><i>Fregata</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li><i>Fregatidae</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li><i>Fregetta</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a></li> +<li>Friar-Bird, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a>, <a href="#page176q"><i>176</i></a></li> +<li>Frigate Bird, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page70q"><i>70</i></a></li> +<li><i>Fringillidae</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li> +<li>Frog-Bird, <a href="#page125">125</a></li> +<li>Frogmouth, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page86q"><i>86</i></a>, <a href="#page104q"><i>104</i></a></li> +<li>Fruit-Pigeon, <a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href="#page21qz"><i>21</i></a></li> +<li><i>Fulica</i>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li>Fulmar, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page27q"><i>27</i></a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="G" id="G"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li><i>Gabianus</i>, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li>Galah, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page92">92</a>, <a href="#page92q"><i>92</i></a>, <a href="#page93q"><i>93</i></a></li> +<li><i>Galbulidae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li><i>Gallinago</i>, <a href="#page50">50</a></li> +<li><i>Gallinula</i>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li>Gallinule, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li> " Purple, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li> +<li>Gang-gang, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page92q"><i>92</i></a></li> +<li>Gannet, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page70q"><i>70</i></a></li> +<li>Gar, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> +<li>Gardener-Bird, <a href="#page187b">187</a></li> +<li>Garefowl, <a href="#page33">33</a></li> +<li><i>Garrodia</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a></li> +<li><i>Garzetta</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +<li>Gaunt, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li> +<li><i>Gaviidae</i>, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li> +<li><i>Gelochelidon</i>, <a href="#page35">35</a></li> +<li><i>Geobasileus</i>, <a href="#page143">143</a></li> +<li><i>Geopelia</i>, <a href="#page17">17</a></li> +<li><i>Geopsittacus</i>, <a href="#page103">103</a></li> +<li><i>Gerygone</i>, <a href="#page124">124</a></li> +<li>Gill-Bird, <a href="#page174">174</a></li> +<li><i>Glareolidae</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li>Glass-eye, <a href="#page155">155</a></li> +<li><i>Gliciphila</i>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Glossopsittacus</i>, <a href="#page89">89</a></li> +<li><i>Glottis</i>, <a href="#page47">47</a></li> +<li>Glutton, <a href="#page29">29</a></li> +<li>Goatsucker, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page107q"><i>107</i></a></li> +<li>Goaway, <a href="#page131">131</a></li> +<li>Godwit, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page49q"><i>49</i></a></li> +<li>Golden Robin, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li> +<li>Goldfinch, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page178q"><i>178</i></a></li> +<li>Goose, <a href="#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page63">63</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page62q"><i>62</i></a></li> +<li>Goshawk, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li> +<li>Gould League, <a href="#page114q"><i>114</i></a></li> +<li><i>Gouridae</i>, <a href="#page18a">18</a></li> +<li>Grackle, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> +<li><i>Grallina</i>, <a href="#page148">148</a></li> +<li>Grape-eater, <a href="#page155">155</a></li> +<li>Grass-Bird, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li>Grasshopper-Hawk, <a href="#page109">109</a></li> +<li>Grass-Warbler, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li>Grass-Wren, <a href="#page146">146</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li> +<li>Graucalus, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> +<li><i>Graucalus</i>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> +<li>Grebe, <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25a">25</a>, <a href="#page24qz"><i>24</i></a></li> +<li>Greenfinch, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page178q"><i>178</i></a></li> +<li>Greenie, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href="#page169q"><i>169</i></a>, <a href="#page174q"><i>174</i></a></li> +<li>Green Keet, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page90q"><i>90</i></a>, <a href="#page100q"><i>100</i></a></li> +<li>Green Leek, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page90q"><i>90</i></a>, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li> +<li>Green Leek (e), <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li> +<li>Greenlet, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> +<li>Greenshank, <a href="#page47">47</a></li> +<li>Grinder, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page126q"><i>126</i></a></li> +<li>Grosbeak, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li>Ground-Bird, <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page129q"><i>129</i></a></li> +<li>Ground-Diamond, <a href="#page167">167</a></li> +<li>Ground-Dove, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page128">128</a></li> +<li>Ground-Lark, <a href="#page176">176</a> <a href="#page176q"><i>176</i></a></li> +<li>Ground-Pigeon, <a href="#page17">17</a></li> +<li>Ground-Thrush, <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> +<li>Ground-Wren, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> +<li>Grouse, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li><i>Gruidae</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li>Guacharo, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> +<li>Guan, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li>Guillemot, <a href="#page33">33</a></li> +<li>Guinea-a-week, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> +<li>Guinea-Fowl, <a href="#page14">14</a></li> +<li>Gull, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page35qz"><i>35</i></a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, +<a href="#page40q"><i>40</i></a>, <a href="#page41q"><i>41</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li> +<li><i>Gymnorhina</i>, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> +<li><i>Gypoictinia</i>, <a href="#page82">82</a></li> +<li>Gyrfalcon, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="H" id="H"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li><i>Haematopus</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a></li> +<li>Hakoakoa, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li><i>Halcyon</i>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> +<li><i>Haliaëtus</i>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li> +<li><i>Haliastur</i>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li> +<li><i>Halobaena</i>, <a href="#page29">29</a></li> +<li>Hammer-Head, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li>Happy-Family, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page131q"><i>131</i></a></li> +<li>Happy Jack, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page131q"><i>131</i></a></li> +<li>Harbinger of Spring, <a href="#page109">109</a></li> +<li>Hardhead, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page65q"><i>65</i></a></li> +<li>Harrier, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li> +<li>Harvest-Bird, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a></li> +<li>Hawk, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, +<a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a>, <a href="#page87q"><i>87</i></a></li> +<li>Hawk Owl, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page86q"><i>86</i></a></li> +<li>Headache-Bird, <a href="#page166q"><i>166</i></a></li> +<li>Hedge-Sparrow, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Heliornithidae</i>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li>Hemipode, <a href="#page15">15</a></li> +<li><i>Herodias</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li>Heron, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page53qz"><i>53</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li> +<li><i>Heteropygia</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li><i>Hieracidea</i>, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> +<li><i>Himantopus</i>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Hirundinidae</i>, <a href="#page120">120</a></li> +<li><i>Hirundo</i>, <a href="#page120">120</a></li> +<li>Hoactzin, <a href="#page18a">18</a></li> +<li>Hobby, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> +<li>Honey-Bird, <a href="#page168">168</a></li> +<li>Honey-Creeper, <a href="#page178">178</a></li> +<li>Honey-eater, <a href="#page168">168</a>-175, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a>, <a href="#page126qz"><i>126</i></a>, +<a href="#page168q"><i>168</i></a><i>-176</i>, <a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li> +<li>Honey-guide, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li>Honey-sucker, <a href="#page168">168</a></li> +<li>Hoopoe, <a href="#page106">106</a></li> +<li>Hopper, <a href="#page130">130</a></li> +<li>Houtman Abrolhos, <a href="#page36q"><i>36</i></a></li> +<li>Humming-Birds, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page169">169</a>, <a href="#page170">170</a>, <a href="#page109q"><i>109</i></a></li> +<li><i>Hydrochelidon</i>, <a href="#page34">34</a></li> +<li><i>Hydroprogne</i>, <a href="#page35">35</a></li> +<li><i>Hylacola</i>, <a href="#page129">129</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page196" id="page196"></a>196</span></li> +<li><i>Hypotaenidia</i>, <a href="#page18b">18</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="I" id="I"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li><i>Ibididae</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> +<li><i>Ibis</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page53qz"><i>53</i></a>, <a href="#page54q"><i>54</i></a></li> +<li><i>Icteridae</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li> +<li><i>Indicatoridae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li><i>Irrisoridae</i>, <a href="#page106">106</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="J" id="J"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Jabiru, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page54q"><i>54</i></a></li> +<li>Jacamar, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li>Jacana, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li>Jackass, <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page106q"><i>106</i></a></li> +<li>Jackdaw, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li> +<li>Jacky Martin, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> +<li>Jacky Winter, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page122q"><i>122</i></a></li> +<li>Jaeger, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li>Jay, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page126qz"><i>126</i></a>, +<a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li> +<li>Jenny-Wren, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li>Jerryang, <a href="#page89">89</a></li> +<li>Jumper, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="K" id="K"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Kagu, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li>Kahu, <a href="#page73">73</a></li> +<li>Kaka, <a href="#page88">88</a></li> +<li>Kaoriki, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +<li>Karakahia, <a href="#page67">67</a></li> +<li>Kea, <a href="#page88">88</a></li> +<li>Kelp-Pigeon, <a href="#page42">42</a></li> +<li>Kestrel, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page73q"><i>73</i></a>, <a href="#page80q"><i>80</i></a>, <a href="#page81q"><i>81</i></a></li> +<li>Kingbird, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li>King-Crow, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li>Kingfisher, <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, +<a href="#page105q"><i>105</i></a>, <a href="#page106q"><i>106</i></a>, <a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li> +<li>Kinglet, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> +<li>Kirombo, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> +<li>Kite, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a></li> +<li>Kiwi, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a></li> +<li>Knot, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li>Knot-Snipe, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li>Kookaburra, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> +<li>Kuaka, <a href="#page47">47</a></li> +<li>Kuia, <a href="#page28">28</a></li> +<li>Kuruwhengi, <a href="#page66">66</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="La" id="La"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li><i>Lalage</i>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> +<li>Landrail, <a href="#page18b">18</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li> +<li>Land-Snipe, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li>Land-Wagtail, <a href="#page124">124</a></li> +<li><i>Laniidae</i>, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> +<li>Lapwing (e), <a href="#page127">127</a></li> +<li><i>Laridae</i>, <a href="#page34">34</a></li> +<li>Lark, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a></li> +<li><i>Larus</i>, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li>Leatherhead, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li><i>Leipoa</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li><i>Leptosomatidae</i>, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> +<li>Letter-Bird, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> +<li><i>Leucosarcia</i>, <a href="#page18a">18</a>, <a href="#page21qz"><i>21</i></a></li> +<li><i>Licmetis</i>, <a href="#page93">93</a></li> +<li><i>Ligurinus</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li><i>Limosa</i>, <a href="#page47">47</a></li> +<li>Limpkin, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li>Linnet, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li> +<li><i>Lipoa</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li><i>Lobivanellus</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a></li> +<li>Logger-Head, <a href="#page66q"><i>66</i></a></li> +<li>Lombok, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a></li> +<li>Longbill, <a href="#page50">50</a></li> +<li>Longshanks, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> +<li>Loon, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li> +<li><i>Lophaethyia</i>, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li> +<li><i>Lophoictinia</i>, <a href="#page82">82</a></li> +<li><i>Lopholaimus</i>, <a href="#page16">16</a></li> +<li><i>Loriidae</i>, <a href="#page88">88</a></li> +<li>Lorikeet, <a href="#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page89q"><i>89</i></a>, +<a href="#page90q"><i>90</i></a>, <a href="#page99q"><i>99</i></a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li> +<li>Lory, <a href="#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a></li> +<li>Love-Bird, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page100q"><i>100</i></a></li> +<li>Lowan, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li>Lowry, <a href="#page100">100</a></li> +<li>Lyrebird, <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page112qz"><i>112</i></a>, <a href="#page113q"><i>113</i></a>, +<a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="M" id="M"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Macaw, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page89q"><i>89</i></a></li> +<li>Macquarie-Hen, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li><i>Macronectes</i>, <a href="#page29">29</a></li> +<li><i>Macropterygidae</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li>Magpie, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page150q"><i>150</i></a>, <a href="#page151q"><i>151</i></a>, +<a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li> +<li> " Br., <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page151q"><i>151</i></a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li> +<li>Magpie-Lark, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page147qz"><i>147</i></a></li> +<li><i>Majaqueus</i>, <a href="#page28">28</a></li> +<li>Major Mitchell, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page93q"><i>93</i></a></li> +<li><i>Malacorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page67">67</a></li> +<li>Mallard, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page63q"><i>63</i></a></li> +<li>Mallee-Fowl, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a></li> +<li>Mannikin, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li>Man-of-war-bird, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li><i>Manorina</i>, <a href="#page173">173</a></li> +<li>Marsh-Tringa, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li>Marsh-Warbler, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li>Martin, <a href="#page120">120</a>, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a>, <a href="#page121q"><i>121</i></a>, +<a href="#page146q"><i>146</i></a></li> +<li>Matuku, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li>Maycock, <a href="#page43">43</a></li> +<li>Mayfowl, <a href="#page46">46</a></li> +<li><i>Megalestris</i>, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li><i>Megalurus</i>, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li>Megapode, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a></li> +<li><i>Megapodiidae</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li><i>Meleagridae</i>, <a href="#page14">14</a></li> +<li><i>Meliornis</i>, <a href="#page172">172</a></li> +<li><i>Meliphaga</i>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Meliphagidae</i>, <a href="#page168">168</a></li> +<li><i>Melithreptus</i>, <a href="#page168">168</a></li> +<li><i>Melopsittacus</i>, <a href="#page103">103</a></li> +<li><i>Menura</i>, <a href="#page112">112</a></li> +<li><i>Menuridae</i>, <a href="#page112">112</a></li> +<li><i>Meropidae</i>, <a href="#page106">106</a></li> +<li><i>Merops</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Merula</i>, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Mesocalius</i>, <a href="#page109">109</a></li> +<li><i>Mesoenatidae</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li><i>Mesophoyx</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li><i>Mesoscolopax</i>, <a href="#page46">46</a></li> +<li>Micky, <a href="#page173">173</a></li> +<li><i>Microeca</i>, <a href="#page121">121</a></li> +<li><i>Microtribonyx</i> see <i>Tribonyx</i>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li><i>Milvus</i>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li> +<li><i>Mimetes</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li><i>Mimidae</i>, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> +<li>Miner, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page169q"><i>169</i></a>, <a href="#page174q"><i>174</i></a></li> +<li><i>Mirafra</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li>Mistletoe-Bird, <a href="#page166">166</a></li> +<li>Mistletoe-Swallow, <a href="#page166">166</a>, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li> +<li><i>Mniotiltidae</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li>Mocker, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li>Mocking-Bird, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page114q"><i>114</i></a></li> +<li>Mock Regent Bird, <a href="#page170">170</a></li> +<li>Mollymawk, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a></li> +<li><i>Momotidae</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Monarcha</i>, <a href="#page125">125</a></li> +<li>Monk, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li>Monotremata, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a></li> +<li>Moor-Hen, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li> +<li>Mopoke, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page85q"><i>85</i></a>, <a href="#page86q"><i>86</i></a>, <a href="#page104q"><i>104</i></a></li> +<li>Mormon-Wren, <a href="#page144">144</a></li> +<li>Morning-Bird, <a href="#page125">125</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page197" id="page197"></a>197</span></li> +<li><i>Motacillidae</i>, <a href="#page176">176</a></li> +<li>Mother Carey's Chicken, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page30q"><i>30</i></a></li> +<li>Mother Carey's Goose, <a href="#page29">29</a></li> +<li>Moth-Owl, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li>Motmot, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li>Mound-builders, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a>, <a href="#page16q"><i>16</i></a>, +<a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li> +<li>Mourner, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> +<li>Mouse-Bird, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> +<li>Mud Island, <a href="#page30q"><i>30</i></a>, <a href="#page36q"><i>36</i></a></li> +<li>Mudlark, <a href="#page148">148</a></li> +<li>Murre, <a href="#page33">33</a></li> +<li><i>Muscicapidae</i>, <a href="#page121">121</a></li> +<li><i>Musophagidae</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> +<li>Mutton Bird, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page32q"><i>32</i></a></li> +<li> " (e), <a href="#page174">174</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a></li> +<li><i>Myiagra</i>, <a href="#page125">125</a></li> +<li>Myna, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li> +<li><i>Myzantha</i>, <a href="#page173">173</a></li> +<li><i>Myzomela</i>, <a href="#page169">169</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="N" id="N"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Native Bear, <a href="#page73q"><i>73</i></a></li> +<li>Native Companion, <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page52qz"><i>52</i></a>, <a href="#page53q"><i>53</i></a></li> +<li>Native-Hen, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li> +<li>Native Pheasant, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li>Nature-study, <a href="#page48q"><i>48</i></a>, <a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li> +<li><i>Nectariniidae</i>, <a href="#page168">168</a></li> +<li>Nelly, <a href="#page29">29</a></li> +<li><i>Neognathae</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page14q"><i>14</i></a></li> +<li><i>Neophema</i>, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href="#page99q"><i>99</i></a></li> +<li><i>Neositta</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> +<li>Nestor, <a href="#page88">88</a></li> +<li><i>Nestoridae</i>, <a href="#page88">88</a></li> +<li><i>Nettium</i>,<a href="#page65"> 65</a></li> +<li>Night Hawk (e), <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page107q"><i>107</i></a>, <a href="#page108q"><i>108</i></a></li> +<li>Night Heron, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page53qz"><i>53</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li> +<li>Nightingale, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a></li> +<li>Nightjar, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page107q"><i>107</i></a></li> +<li><i>Ninox</i>, <a href="#page85">85</a></li> +<li>Noddy, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page35qz"><i>35</i></a>, <a href="#page36q"><i>36</i></a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, +<a href="#page40q"><i>40</i></a></li> +<li>North Pole, <a href="#page26q"><i>26</i></a></li> +<li><i>Notophoyx</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li><i>Numenius</i>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Numididae</i>, <a href="#page14">14</a></li> +<li>Nun, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li> +<li>Nutcracker, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li> +<li>Nuthatch, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li> +<li><i>Nycticorax</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="O" id="O"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li><i>Oceanites</i>, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page31q"><i>31</i></a></li> +<li><i>Ochthodromus</i>, <a href="#page44">44</a></li> +<li><i>Ocyphaps</i>, <a href="#page18a">18</a></li> +<li><i>Odontophoridae</i>, <a href="#page14">14</a></li> +<li><i>Œdicnemidae</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li><i>Œstrelata (Æstrelata)</i></li> +<li>Oil-Bird, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> +<li>Olive, <a href="#page43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Opisthocomidae</i>, <a href="#page18a">18</a></li> +<li><i>Oreocichla</i>, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Oreoica</i>, <a href="#page151">151</a></li> +<li>Organ-Bird, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page150q"><i>150</i></a></li> +<li>Oriole, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li> +<li><i>Oriolidae</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li><i>Ornithorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a></li> +<li>Osprey, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page81q"><i>81</i></a>, +<a href="#page84q"><i>84</i></a></li> +<li>Ostrich, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a>, <a href="#page109q"><i>109</i></a></li> +<li><i>Otididae</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li>Owl, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page84qz"><i>84</i></a>, <a href="#page87q"><i>87</i></a></li> +<li>Owlet Nightjar, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> +<li>Owl-Parrot, <a href="#page103">103</a></li> +<li>Oxpecker, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li><i>Oxyrhamphidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li>Oyster-catcher, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page46q"><i>46</i></a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="P" id="P"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li><i>Pachycephala</i>, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page152q"><i>152</i></a></li> +<li>Pacific O., <a href="#page26q"><i>26</i></a>, <a href="#page33q"><i>33</i></a></li> +<li>Painted Lady, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Palaeognathae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page14q"><i>14</i></a></li> +<li><i>Palamedeidae</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Pandion</i>, <a href="#page84">84</a></li> +<li><i>Pandionidae</i>, <a href="#page84">84</a></li> +<li>Panther-Bird, <a href="#page167q"><i>167</i></a></li> +<li><i>Paradiseidae</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li><i>Paramythidae</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li>Pardalote, <a href="#page167">167</a>, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a>, <a href="#page167q"><i>167</i></a></li> +<li><i>Pardalotus</i>, <a href="#page167">167</a></li> +<li>Parera, <a href="#page65">65</a></li> +<li><i>Paridae</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li> +<li>Parra, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li>Parrakeet, see Parrot</li> +<li><i>Parridae</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li>Parrot, <a href="#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>-103, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page88q"><i>88</i></a><i>-101</i>, +<a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li> +<li>Partridge, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a></li> +<li><i>Passer</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li><i>Passeres</i>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li> +<li>Peafowl, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a></li> +<li>Peary, <a href="#page26q"><i>26</i></a></li> +<li><i>Pedionomus</i>, <a href="#page15">15</a></li> +<li>Pee-wee, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page148q"><i>148</i></a></li> +<li>Peewee Lark, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> +<li>Peewit, <a href="#page149">148</a></li> +<li><i>Pelagodroma</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page30q"><i>30</i></a></li> +<li><i>Pelecanidae</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li><i>Pelecanoides</i>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li> +<li><i>Pelecanoididae</i>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li> +<li><i>Pelecanus</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li>Pelican, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page71q"><i>71</i></a></li> +<li><i>Peltohyas</i>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> +<li>Penguins, <a href="#page25b">25</a>, <a href="#page25qz"><i>25</i></a>, <a href="#page26q"><i>26</i></a></li> +<li><i>Penguinus</i>, <a href="#page25b">25</a></li> +<li>Perching Birds, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li> +<li><i>Peristeridae</i>, <a href="#page17">17</a></li> +<li>Peter-Peter, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page127q"><i>127</i></a></li> +<li>Petrel, <a href="#page27">27</a>-31, <a href="#page27q"><i>27</i></a>, <a href="#page30q"><i>30</i></a><i>-39</i></li> +<li><i>Petrochelidon</i>, <a href="#page121">121</a></li> +<li><i>Petroica</i>, <a href="#page122">122</a></li> +<li><i>Pezoporus</i>, <a href="#page103">103</a></li> +<li><i>Phaëthontidae</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li><i>Phalacrocoracidae</i>, <a href="#page68">68</a></li> +<li><i>Phalacrocorax</i>, <a href="#page68">68</a></li> +<li><i>Phaps</i>, <a href="#page17">17</a></li> +<li><i>Phasianidae</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li>Pheasant, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a></li> +<li><i>Philemon</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li><i>Philepittidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li>Phoebe, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li><i>Phoebetria</i>, <a href="#page33">33</a></li> +<li><i>Phoenicopteridae</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Phytotomidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li>Picarian Birds, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page104q"><i>104</i></a></li> +<li><i>Picidae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li>Pickwick, <a href="#page167">167</a></li> +<li>Piculets, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li>Pigeon, <a href="#page16">16</a>-18, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a>, <a href="#page126q"><i>126</i></a>, +<a href="#page127q"><i>127</i></a></li> +<li>Pilot-Bird, <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page120q"><i>129</i></a></li> +<li>Pimlico, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li>Pine-Bird, <a href="#page130">130</a></li> +<li>Pintado, <a href="#page29">29</a></li> +<li>Pintail, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li>Pipit, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a>, <a href="#page176q"><i>176</i></a></li> +<li>Pipiwharauroa, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li><i>Pipridae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li><i>Pisobia</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li><i>Pitta</i>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li> +<li><i>Pittidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li> +<li>Plantain-eater, <a href="#page108">108</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page198" id="page198"></a>198</span></li> +<li>Plant-cutters, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li><i>Platalea</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> +<li><i>Plataleidae</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> +<li><i>Platibis</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li><i>Platycercus</i>, <a href="#page100">100</a></li> +<li>Platypus, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a></li> +<li><i>Plectoramphus</i>, <a href="#page169">169</a></li> +<li><i>Plegadis</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> +<li><i>Ploceidae</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li> +<li><i>Plotidae</i>, <a href="#page70">70</a></li> +<li><i>Plotus</i>, <a href="#page70">70</a></li> +<li>Plover, <a href="#page43">43</a>-45, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page42qz"><i>42</i></a>, <a href="#page46q"><i>46</i></a>, +<a href="#page49q"><i>49</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a>, <a href="#page148q"><i>148</i></a></li> +<li>Pluff, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> +<li>Plumage, Eclipse, <a href="#page64q"><i>64</i></a></li> +<li> " Phase, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li><i>Podargidae</i>, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> +<li><i>Podargus</i>, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page105q"><i>105</i></a></li> +<li><i>Podiceps</i>, <a href="#page24">24</a></li> +<li><i>Podicipedidae</i>, <a href="#page24">24</a></li> +<li>Pohowera, <a href="#page44">44</a></li> +<li><i>Polytelis</i>, <a href="#page93">93</a></li> +<li><i>Pomatorhinus</i>, <a href="#page130">130</a></li> +<li>Poor Soldier, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li><i>Porphyrio</i>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li>Port Egmont Hen, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li><i>Porzana</i>, <a href="#page18b">18</a></li> +<li>Postboy, <a href="#page121">121</a></li> +<li>Post-sitter, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page121q"><i>121</i></a></li> +<li>Prairie-Fowl, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li>Pratincole, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page50q"><i>50</i></a></li> +<li>Pretty Joey, <a href="#page127q"><i>127</i></a></li> +<li>Priocella, <a href="#page28">28</a></li> +<li><i>Priofinus</i>, <a href="#page28">28</a></li> +<li>Prion, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li> +<li><i>Prion</i>, <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li> +<li><i>Prionopidae</i>, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page148q"><i>148</i></a></li> +<li><i>Procellaria</i>, <a href="#page28">28</a></li> +<li><i>Procellariidae</i>, <a href="#page26">26</a></li> +<li><i>Procniatidae</i>, <a href="#page178">178</a></li> +<li><i>Promeropidae</i>, <a href="#page168">168</a></li> +<li>Promerops, <a href="#page168">168</a></li> +<li><i>Psephotus</i>, <a href="#page101">101</a></li> +<li><i>Pseudogerygone</i>, <a href="#page124">124</a></li> +<li><i>Psittacidae</i>, <a href="#page93">93</a></li> +<li><i>Psophiidae</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li><i>Psophodes</i>, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> +<li>Ptarmigan, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li><i>Pteroclididae</i>, <a href="#page15">15</a></li> +<li><i>Pteropodocys</i>, <a href="#page126">126</a></li> +<li><i>Pteroptochidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li><i>Ptilonorhynchidae</i>, <a href="#page187b">187</a></li> +<li><i>Ptilonorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page187b">187</a></li> +<li><i>Ptilotis</i>, <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a></li> +<li>Puff-Birds, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li>Puffin, <a href="#page33">33</a></li> +<li><i>Puffinidae</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a></li> +<li><i>Puffinus</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a></li> +<li>Pugwall, <a href="#page148">148</a></li> +<li>Pukeko, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li>Putoto, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li><i>Pycnonotidae</i>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> +<li><i>Pycnoptilus</i>, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="Q" id="Q"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Quail, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a>, <a href="#page17q"><i>17</i></a>, +<a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a></li> +<li>Quarrion, <a href="#page93">93</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="R" id="R"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Rabbit, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li> +<li>Racehorse, <a href="#page66q"><i>66</i></a></li> +<li>Rail, <a href="#page18b">18</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li>Rain-Bird, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a></li> +<li>Rainbow Bird, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Rallidae</i>, <a href="#page18b">18</a></li> +<li><i>Raptores</i>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li> +<li><i>Ratitae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a></li> +<li>Ratite, <a href="#page52q"><i>52</i></a></li> +<li>Raven, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a>, <a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a></li> +<li>Razorbill, <a href="#page33">33</a></li> +<li><i>Recurvirostra</i>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> +<li>Redbill, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page46q"><i>46</i></a></li> +<li>Redbreast, <a href="#page122q"><i>122</i></a></li> +<li>Redhead, <a href="#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> +<li>Redpoll, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> +<li>Redstart, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> +<li>Redthroat, <a href="#page143">143</a></li> +<li>Redwing, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> +<li>Reed-Bird, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li> " -Lark, <a href="#page131">131</a></li> +<li> " -Nightingale, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li> " Warbler, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page134qz"><i>134</i></a></li> +<li>Reef Heron, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li> +<li>Regent-Bird, <a href="#page187b">187</a></li> +<li><i>Regulidae</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> +<li><i>Rhamphastidae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li>Rhea, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a></li> +<li><i>Rheidae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li> +<li>Rhinoceros-Bird, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li> +<li><i>Rhinochetidae</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> +<li><i>Rhipidura</i>, <a href="#page124">124</a></li> +<li><i>Rhynchaea</i>, <a href="#page50">50</a></li> +<li>Riflebird, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li> +<li>Ring Coachman, <a href="#page151">151</a></li> +<li>Ringeye, <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a></li> +<li>Ringlet, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> +<li>Ringneck, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href="#page99q"><i>99</i></a></li> +<li>Robin, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page122q"><i>122</i></a>, <a href="#page129q"><i>129</i></a></li> +<li> " (Br.), <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page122q"><i>122</i></a></li> +<li> " (Scrub), <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page129q"><i>129</i></a></li> +<li> " (Shrike), <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page152q"><i>152</i></a></li> +<li>Rock-Dove, <a href="#page17">17</a></li> +<li>Rock-Pebbler, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li> +<li>Rock-Pigeon, <a href="#page15">15</a></li> +<li>Roller, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> +<li> " Madagascar, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> +<li>Rook, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li> +<li>Rosella, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li> +<li>Rostratula, <a href="#page50">50</a></li> +<li>Rush-Warbler, <a href="#page131">131</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="S" id="S"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Saltbush Canary, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li> +<li>Sanderling, <a href="#page48">48</a></li> +<li>Sand-Grouse, <a href="#page15">15</a></li> +<li>Sandlark, <a href="#page44">44</a></li> +<li>Sand-Martin, <a href="#page121">121</a></li> +<li>Sandpiper, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, +<a href="#page43q"><i>43</i></a></li> +<li>Sandwich Is. Honey-eaters, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li>Saria, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li>Satin-Bird, <a href="#page187b">187</a></li> +<li>Scale-Bird, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page110q"><i>110</i></a></li> +<li>Scissors Grinder, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page123q"><i>123</i></a>, <a href="#page126q"><i>126</i></a></li> +<li>Scooper, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Scopidae</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li>Scratcher, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a>, <a href="#page24qz"><i>24</i></a></li> +<li>Screamer, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +<li>Scrub-Birds, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li> +<li>Scrub-Curlew, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li>Scrub-Fowl, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li>Scrub-Tit, <a href="#page124">124</a></li> +<li>Scrub-Warbler, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> +<li>Scrub-Wren, <a href="#page143">143</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li> +<li><i>Scythrops</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li>Seagull (see Gull)</li> +<li>Sea-Hawk, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li>Seal-Bird, <a href="#page28">28</a></li> +<li>Seapie, <a href="#page43">43</a></li> +<li>Sea-Pigeon, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li>Sea-Pirate, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page40q"><i>40</i></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page199" id="page199"></a>199</span></li> +<li>Sea-Swallow, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page35qz"><i>35</i></a></li> +<li>Secretary-Bird, <a href="#page72">72</a></li> +<li>Seed-Plover, <a href="#page42">42</a></li> +<li>Seed-Snipe, <a href="#page42">42</a></li> +<li><i>Seisura</i>, <a href="#page125">125</a></li> +<li>Semitone-Bird, <a href="#page109">109</a></li> +<li><i>Sericornis</i>, <a href="#page143">143</a></li> +<li>Seriema, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li><i>Serpentariidae</i>, <a href="#page72">72</a></li> +<li>Settler's Clock, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> +<li>Sexual Selection, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a></li> +<li>Shag, <a href="#page68">68</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page68q"><i>68</i></a></li> +<li>Shearwater, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page27q"><i>27</i></a></li> +<li>Sheathbill, <a href="#page42">42</a></li> +<li>Sheldrake, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page63q"><i>63</i></a></li> +<li>Shepherd's Companion, <a href="#page125">125</a></li> +<li>Shieldrake, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page63q"><i>63</i></a></li> +<li>Shoebill, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li>Shoebird, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li>Shoveller, <a href="#page66">66</a>, <a href="#page64q"><i>64</i></a></li> +<li>Shrike, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page149q"><i>149</i></a></li> +<li>Shrike-Tit, <a href="#page150">150</a>, <a href="#page151q"><i>151</i></a></li> +<li>Sickle-bill, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> +<li>Silve, <a href="#page155">155</a></li> +<li>Silver-eye, <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a></li> +<li>Singing-Lark, <a href="#page131">131</a></li> +<li><i>Sittella</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> +<li><i>Sittidae</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li> +<li>Skimmers, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page35qz"><i>35</i></a></li> +<li>Skua, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page35qz"><i>35</i></a>, <a href="#page40q"><i>40</i></a>, <a href="#page41q"><i>41</i></a></li> +<li>Skunk, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li> +<li>Skylark, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page132q"><i>132</i></a>, +<a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a>, <a href="#page177q"><i>177</i></a></li> +<li><i>Smicrornis</i>, <a href="#page124">124</a></li> +<li>Smoker, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li> +<li>Snake-Bird, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page69q"><i>69</i></a></li> +<li>Snipe, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page48q"><i>48</i></a>, +<a href="#page49q"><i>49</i></a>, <a href="#page90q"><i>90</i></a></li> +<li>Snow-Bird, <a href="#page31">31</a></li> +<li>Solan Goose, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page70q"><i>70</i></a></li> +<li>Soldier, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a></li> +<li>Song Birds, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li> +<li>Song-Lark, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a></li> +<li>Song Thrush, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li> +<li>Sparrow, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page167">167</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page178">178</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page114q"><i>114</i></a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a>, <a href="#page178q"><i>178</i></a></li> +<li>Sparrowhawk, <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page73q"><i>73</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, +<a href="#page81q"><i>81</i></a>, <a href="#page112q"><i>112</i></a></li> +<li><i>Spatula</i>, <a href="#page66">66</a></li> +<li>Speckled Jack, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li> +<li>Spectacled-Bird, <a href="#page155">155</a></li> +<li><i>Spheniscidae</i>, <a href="#page25b">25</a></li> +<li><i>Sphenura</i>, <a href="#page145">145</a></li> +<li>Spider, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li> +<li>Spinebill, <a href="#page170">170</a></li> +<li>Spinetail, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li>Spinks, <a href="#page121">121</a></li> +<li>Spoonbill, <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page53qz"><i>53</i></a>, <a href="#page54q"><i>54</i></a></li> +<li><i>Squatarola</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a></li> +<li>Squeaker, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a></li> +<li><i>Stagonopleura</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> +<li>Star-Bird, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> +<li>Starling, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page186">186</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li> +<li> " Shining, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li> +<li>Steamer Duck, <a href="#page65q"><i>65</i></a></li> +<li><i>Steatornithidae</i>, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> +<li><i>Stercorariidae</i>, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li><i>Stercorarius</i>, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li><i>Sterna</i>, <a href="#page35">35</a></li> +<li>Stick-Bird, <a href="#page131">131</a></li> +<li>Stick-tail, <a href="#page145">145</a></li> +<li><i>Stictonetta</i>, <a href="#page67">67</a></li> +<li>Stilt, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page47q"><i>47</i></a></li> +<li><i>Stiltia</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li>Stink-Bird, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page132q"><i>132</i></a></li> +<li>Stinker, <a href="#page66">66</a></li> +<li>Stinkpot, <a href="#page29">29</a></li> +<li>Stint, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li><i>Stipiturus</i>, <a href="#page145">145</a></li> +<li>Stockwhip-Bird, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> +<li>Stone-Plover, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page50q"><i>50</i></a>, <a href="#page51q"><i>51</i></a></li> +<li>Stork, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page54q"><i>54</i></a></li> +<li> " Whaleheaded, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li>Storm-Bird, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li>Storm-Petrel, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page27q"><i>27</i></a>, <a href="#page30q"><i>30</i></a>, <a href="#page31q"><i>31</i></a></li> +<li>Straw-Tails, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li><i>Strepera</i>, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page112q"><i>112</i></a>, +<a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a>, <a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a>, <a href="#page187qz"><i>187</i></a></li> +<li><i>Streperidae</i>, <a href="#page189">189</a></li> +<li><i>Strigidae</i>, <a href="#page86">86</a></li> +<li><i>Stringopidae</i>, <a href="#page103">103</a></li> +<li><i>Strix</i>, <a href="#page86">86</a></li> +<li><i>Struthidea</i>, <a href="#page188b">188</a></li> +<li><i>Struthionidae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li> +<li>Stump-Bird, <a href="#page121">121</a></li> +<li><i>Sturnidae</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> +<li><i>Sturnus</i>, <a href="#page186">186</a></li> +<li><i>Sula</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li><i>Sulidae</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li>Summer-Bird, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page146q"><i>146</i></a></li> +<li>Sun-Bird, <a href="#page168">168</a></li> +<li>Sun-Bittern, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> +<li>Superb-Warbler, <a href="#page144">144</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a>, <a href="#page149q"><i>149</i></a>, +<a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li> +<li>Swallow, <a href="#page120">120</a>, <a href="#page109q"><i>109</i></a>, <a href="#page120q"><i>120</i></a>, <a href="#page147q"><i>147</i></a></li> +<li>Swallow-Plover, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page50q"><i>50</i></a></li> +<li>Swallow-Shrike, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> +<li>Swamp-Hawk, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li> +<li>Swamp-Hen, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li>Swamp-Rail, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li>Swan, <a href="#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page62q"><i>62</i></a></li> +<li>Swift, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page90q"><i>90</i></a>, <a href="#page108q"><i>108</i></a>, <a href="#page121q"><i>121</i></a></li> +<li><i>Sylviidae</i>, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page134qz"><i>134</i></a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li> +<li><i>Synoicus</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="T" id="T"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li><i>Taeniopygia</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> +<li>Tailor Bird, <a href="#page134qz"><i>134</i></a></li> +<li>Takupu, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li>Tanager, <a href="#page178">178</a></li> +<li><i>Tanagridae</i>, <a href="#page178">178</a></li> +<li>Tang, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li> +<li>Taonui, <a href="#page28">28</a></li> +<li>Tapaculo, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li>Tapir, <a href="#page52q"><i>52</i></a></li> +<li>Taraiti, <a href="#page40">40</a></li> +<li>Taranui, <a href="#page35">35</a></li> +<li>Tauhou, <a href="#page155">155</a></li> +<li>Teal, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page64q"><i>64</i></a></li> +<li>Teaser, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> +<li>Tee-tee, <a href="#page31">31</a></li> +<li>Tern, <a href="#page34">34</a>-40, <a href="#page35qz"><i>35</i></a><i>-39</i>,<a href="#page59q"> <i>59</i></a>, <a href="#page109q"><i>109</i></a></li> +<li>Ternlet, <a href="#page40">40</a></li> +<li><i>Tetraonidae</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li> +<li><i>Thalassogeron</i>, <a href="#page33">33</a></li> +<li>Thickhead, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a>, <a href="#page130q"><i>130</i></a>, +<a href="#page151q"><i>151</i></a></li> +<li>Thick-Knee, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li><i>Thinocorythidae</i>, <a href="#page42">42</a></li> +<li>Thornbill, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li> +<li>Thrasher, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> +<li>Thrush, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, +<a href="#page131q"><i>133</i></a>, <a href="#page148q"><i>148</i></a>, <a href="#page149q"><i>149</i></a></li> +<li> " Shrike, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li> +<li>Thunder-Bird, <a href="#page151">151</a></li> +<li>Tilt-Birds, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li><i>Timeliidae</i>, <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page128qz"><i>128</i></a></li> +<li><i>Tinamidae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13">13</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page200" id="page200"></a>200</span></li> +<li>Tinamous, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page14q"><i>14</i></a></li> +<li>Tintac, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li> +<li>Tit (<i>Acanthiza</i>) see Tit-Warbler</li> +<li>Tit (<i>Paridae</i>), <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a>, <a href="#page152qz"><i>152</i></a></li> +<li>Titmouse, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page152qz"><i>152</i></a></li> +<li>Tit-Warbler, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li> +<li><i>Todidae</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li>Todies, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li>Tom Pudding, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li> +<li>Tomtit, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li>Torea, <a href="#page43">43</a></li> +<li>Toreo-pango, <a href="#page43">43</a></li> +<li>Toroa, <a href="#page31">31</a></li> +<li>Toucan, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +<li>Touraco, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> +<li>Tree-Creeper, <a href="#page154">154</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page154q"><i>154</i></a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li> +<li>Tree-runner, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li> +<li>Tree-Swifts, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> +<li>Tree-Tit, <a href="#page124">124</a></li> +<li><i>Treronidae</i>, <a href="#page16">16</a></li> +<li><i>Tribonyx</i>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li><i>Trichoglossus</i>, <a href="#page88">88</a></li> +<li><i>Tringa</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> +<li><i>Tringoides</i>, <a href="#page47">47</a></li> +<li><i>Trochilidae</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> +<li><i>Troglodytidae</i>, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Trogonidae</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> +<li>Trogons, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> +<li>Tropic-Bird, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +<li><i>Tropidorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li> +<li>Trumpeters, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> +<li>Tube-nosed Swimmers, <a href="#page26">26</a></li> +<li><i>Tubinares</i>, <a href="#page26">26</a></li> +<li><i>Turdidae</i>, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a></li> +<li><i>Turdus</i>, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> +<li>Turkey, <a href="#page15">15</a></li> +<li>Turkey-Bird, <a href="#page170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Turnicidae</i>, <a href="#page15">15</a></li> +<li><i>Turnix</i>, <a href="#page15">15</a></li> +<li>Turnstone, <a href="#page42">42</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page46q"><i>46</i></a></li> +<li>Turtle-Dove, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li> +<li><i>Turtur</i>, <a href="#page17">17</a></li> +<li><i>Tyrannidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li>Tyrant-Bird, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="U" id="U"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Unicorn-Bird, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Upupidae</i>, <a href="#page106">106</a></li> +<li><i>Uroaëtus</i>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="V" id="V"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li><i>Vangidae</i>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> +<li>Village Blacksmith, <a href="#page35">35</a></li> +<li><i>Vireonidae</i>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> +<li>Vireos, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> +<li>Vulture, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li> +<li> " of the Seas, <a href="#page29">29</a></li> +<li><i>Vulturidae</i>, <a href="#page72">72</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="W" id="W"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Waders, <a href="#page42">42</a>, <a href="#page42qz"><i>42</i></a></li> +<li>Wagtail, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page176">176</a></li> +<li>Wallace's Line, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page17q"><i>17</i></a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a>, <a href="#page168q"><i>168</i></a></li> +<li>Wanderer, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page17qz"><i>17</i></a>, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a></li> +<li>Warbler, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a>-146, <a href="#page175">175</a>, +<a href="#page134qz"><i>134</i></a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li> +<li>Water-Hen, <a href="#page23">23</a></li> +<li>Water-Ouzel, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> +<li>Water-Pheasant, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li>Water-Sparrow, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li>Water-Turkey, <a href="#page69q"><i>69</i></a></li> +<li>Wattle-Bird, <a href="#page174">174</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page169q"><i>169</i></a>, <a href="#page175q"><i>175</i></a></li> +<li>Waxbill, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> +<li>Waxwing, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> +<li>Weaver-Birds, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li> +<li>Weaver-Finches, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li> +<li>Wedgebill, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li> +<li>Whale-Bird, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li> +<li>Wheatear, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> +<li>Whimbrel, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href="#page49q"><i>49</i></a></li> +<li>Whip-Bird, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> +<li>Whiroia, <a href="#page31">31</a></li> +<li>Whistler, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a>, <a href="#page130q"><i>130</i></a>, +<a href="#page151q"><i>151</i></a>, <a href="#page152q"><i>152</i></a></li> +<li>White-eye, <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page155q"><i>155</i></a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li> +<li>Whiteface, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li> +<li>White-tail, <a href="#page121">121</a></li> +<li>Whitethroat, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> +<li>White-tipped tail, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li> +<li>Who-are-you, <a href="#page125">125</a></li> +<li>Wide-Awake, <a href="#page40">40</a></li> +<li>Wide-Awake Fair, <a href="#page36q"><i>36</i></a></li> +<li>Widgeon, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page65q"><i>65</i></a></li> +<li>Wild-Canary, <a href="#page152">152</a></li> +<li>Wild-Cat, <a href="#page73q"><i>73</i></a></li> +<li>Wild Turkey, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page51q"><i>51</i></a></li> +<li>Willaroo, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> +<li>Willie-Wagtail, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page121q"><i>121</i></a>, <a href="#page123q"><i>123</i></a></li> +<li>Willie-Willock, <a href="#page92">92</a></li> +<li>Windhover, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page81q"><i>81</i></a></li> +<li>Wittychu, <a href="#page167">167</a></li> +<li>Wood-hewer, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> +<li>Wood Hoopoe, <a href="#page106">106</a></li> +<li>Woodpecker, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page154">154</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>, +<a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a>, <a href="#page154q"><i>154</i></a>, <a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li> +<li>Wood-Pigeon, <a href="#page17">17</a></li> +<li>Wood-Shrike, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page147qz"><i>147</i></a></li> +<li>Wood-Swallow, <a href="#page147">147</a>, <a href="#page146q"><i>146</i></a></li> +<li>Wren, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a>, </li> +<li> " Tits, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> +<li>Wrynecks, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="X" id="X"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li><i>Xenicidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li> +<li><i>Xerophila</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="Y" id="Y"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li>Yabbie, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a>, <a href="#page69q"><i>69</i></a></li> +<li>Yahoo, <a href="#page130">130</a></li> +<li>Yellow-tail, <a href="#page143">143</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li> +<li>Yellow-Whiskers, <a href="#page172">172</a></li> +<li>Yellow Wings, <a href="#page173">173</a></li> +</ul> + +<a name="Z" id="Z"></a> +<ul class="index"> +<li><i>Zonaeginthus</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> +<li><i>Zonifer</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Zosteropidae</i>, <a href="#page155">155</a></li> +<li><i>Zosterops</i>, <a href="#page155">155</a></li> +</ul> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's An Australian Bird Book, by John Albert Leach + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN AUSTRALIAN BIRD BOOK *** + +***** This file should be named 34781-h.htm or 34781-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/7/8/34781/ + +Produced by Lesley Halamek, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, +Mark Orton (for the Formatting Template), and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + 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