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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Australian Bird Book, by John Albert Leach
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: An Australian Bird Book
+       A Pocket Book for Field Use
+
+Author: John Albert Leach
+
+Illustrator: C. C. Brittlebank
+
+Release Date: December 29, 2010 [EBook #34781]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN AUSTRALIAN BIRD BOOK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Lesley Halamek, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper,
+Mark Orton (for the Formatting Template), and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note.
+
+^ indicates a superscript.
+
+_text_ indicates italic type.
+
+=text= indicates bold type.
+
+A missing line on Page 25 (_in italics_)
+
+(Their wings are paddles, being flattened and devoid of quills.
+_The wings are not folded, but are carried hanging awkwardly at_
+the side.)
+
+  was restored from a different Edition on Google Books
+(http:// books.google.com/books?id=Rn3uthhODo8C&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25).
+
+Sundry damaged or missing punctuation has been repaired, and a few
+index entries have been amended.
+
+
+The use of hyphens was not necessarily consistent throughout this book.
+In some instances there are subtle differences in meaning.
+
+Some Australian/British spellings (e.g. coloured, defence, draught,
+grey, learnt, lustre, etc.) have been retained, though color/colored
+and gray are more prevalent. The Author has used various resources.
+
+
+
+
+From Wikipedia:
+
+"DR JOHN ALBERT LEACH (19 March 1870 - 3 October 1929) was an
+ornithologist, teacher and headmaster in the state of Victoria,
+Australia.
+
+Leach was born in Ballarat, Victoria and educated at Creswick Grammar
+School (where he was dux), Melbourne Training College (1890) and the
+University of Melbourne, where he graduated B.Sc. in 1904, M.Sc. in
+1906 and in 1912 obtained his doctorate for research in ornithology.
+
+Leach was a regular writer and broadcaster on natural history subjects
+and introduced it into the school curriculum. He was President of the
+Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) 1922-1924 and Editor of
+its journal The Emu 1914-1924 and 1928-1929. He was a member of the
+British Ornithologists Union and a corresponding fellow of the
+American Ornithologists Union. Leach was also member of the Field
+Naturalists Club of Victoria. He was instrumental in founding the
+Gould League of Bird Lovers in 1909 with Jessie McMichael. He is best
+known as the author of An Australian Bird Book, the first edition of
+which was published in 1911, and of Australian Nature Studies in 1922.
+He also part-authored a series of Federal Geography books, and worked
+on the Official Checklist of the Birds of Australia second and revised
+edition, published by the RAOU in September 1926.
+
+Leach had been preparing two books before his death, one of these was
+a collection of weekly radio broadcasts he made on 3LO in the mid
+1920s....
+
+Among his contributions to ornithology was the relationship between
+the Australian Magpie, butcherbirds and currawongs in the family
+Cracticidae, now sunk as a subfamily into Artamidae."
+
+
+
+
+This book is a field guide. The pages were divided vertically, with
+the tabular matter on the top half, and the Lecture on the bottom half
+of the page.
+
+The ebook has been re-arranged so that the separate parts have a
+smoother flow. The top parts of the pages have been left intact, but
+the bottom parts have been collected together and moved, so that the
+Lecture text for each ORDER precedes the tabular listing and
+descriptions for that ORDER.
+
+The only exception is for ORDER XXI.
+
+ORDER XXI.--Perching-Birds--contains 11,500 species, more than
+three-fifths of the world's 19,000 birds. It has been arranged into
+sets of suitable groups of FAMILIES, to make it easier to access.
+
+==== has been used to separate the Lecture from the Tabular matter.
+
+
+From "PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.":
+
+"In response to requests from beginners, a table has been added on
+page 190. This table shows the page on which a bird of a certain size
+may be found."
+
+
+As the page numbers are an integral part of the field guide, and
+necessary for the identification of birds seen in the field, in flight,
+or found dead, they have been inserted into the tabular section, as
+[Page xx].
+
+Sometimes a page has contained the end entries of one ORDER, or one
+Family, and the beginning entries of the next. In these few instances
+(e.g. [Page 18a] and [Page 18b]; [Page 188a] and [Page 188b]), it may
+be necessary for the reader to search both sections of the page.
+
+For birds mentioned in the Lecture, it would be necessary to search by
+bird name.
+
+
+NAMES RECENTLY AMENDED (located after the INTRODUCTION).
+
+It seems important to have these new names available, so they have
+been added to (e.g.)
+
+=20 Slate-breasted Rail= ....
+
+as [~20 _Rallus pectoralis._]
+
+so:
+
+=20 Slate-breasted Rail= (Short-toed), Lewin Water-Rail,
+    _Eulabeornis (Hypotaenidia) brachypus_, A., T., Auckland Is.
+    =vt. Eur. Water-Rail.
+    [~20 _Rallus pectoralis._]
+
+
+See also the explanatory notes in the PREFACE, and in the PREFACE TO
+THE SECOND EDITION.
+
+"The number at the right side of the page is the length of the bird in
+inches (from the tip of bill to the tip of tail)." ...
+
+so:
+
+1
+1
+
+    =2* Mallee-Fowl=, Lowan, Native Pheasant, Pheasant (e),
+    _Leipoa ocellata_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _mallee scrubs_      24
+
+    Like a small turkey; neck light fawn-gray; back, wings spotted
+    white, black, brown; f., smaller. Seeds, ants.
+
+This means there is one genus of Mallee-Fowl in the world, and it is
+found only in Australia. It is listed in this book as Bird number 2,
+which has a colored illustration, indicated by the asterisk, *.
+
+It is stationary (not migratory), rarely seen, lives in mallee scrubs,
+and is 24" long.
+
+It resembles a small turkey; its neck is light fawn-gray; its back
+and wings are spotted white, black, and brown; the female is smaller;
+and it feeds on seeds and ants.
+
+Note (From NOTE following "PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION."):
+
+    A.--Australian Region (from Wallace's Line to Sandwich Islands
+        and New Zealand, see map p. 10).
+
+'Sandwich Islands' is an old name for Fiji.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: [2] [3] [4] [6] [8] [11] [14] [16]]
+
+   =2= Mallee-Fowl
+   =3= Stubble Quail
+   =4= Brown Quail
+   =6= King Quail
+   =8= Painted Quail
+  =11= Plain Wanderer
+  =14= Diamond Dove
+  =16= Bronzewing Pigeon
+
+
+
+
+AN AUSTRALIAN BIRD BOOK
+
+
+A Pocket Book for Field Use
+
+
+BY
+
+J. A. LEACH, M.Sc.
+
+_First-class Honorman and University Exhibitioner and Scholar in
+Biology; Organizing Inspector of Nature Study, Education Department,
+Victoria; Member of the Council of the Royal Australasian
+Ornithologists' Union; Vice-President of the Field Naturalists' Club
+of Victoria; &c._
+
+With Introduction by
+FRANK TATE, M.A., I.S.O.
+
+_Director of Education, Victoria._
+
+_Published by arrangement with the Education Department
+of Victoria._
+
+SECOND EDITION
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MELBOURNE
+Christchurch, Wellington, Dunedin, N.Z., and London.
+WHITCOMBE & TOMBS LIMITED
+1912
+
+[Illustration: _The Queen City Printers_]
+
+_Illustrations from Specimens (318) in the National Museum, Melbourne;
+the balance mostly from Specimens in the Entomological Museum, C.
+French (59), and in the collections of A. Coles, Taxidermist, (36),
+C. F. Cole, and D. Le Souëf. Twenty-two birds were photographed from
+Gould's "Birds of Australia," five from drawings specially prepared by
+C. C. Brittlebank, the well-known naturalist-artist, and one from the
+Report of the Horn Expedition._
+
+_Photos by Ralph L. Miller._
+
+_Engravings by Patterson Shugg & Co., from Paintings by Miss Ethel M.
+Paterson._
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Nature-study in our schools is fast producing a generation of
+Australians trained to look upon the characteristic beauties of our
+Australian skies, our trees, our flowers, our birds with a passionate
+appreciation almost unknown to our pioneering fathers and mothers.
+It was natural that newcomers from the Old World should have been
+impressed, and often unfavorably impressed, by the oddness of things
+here. Rural sights to them had hitherto been sights of trim meadows
+bordered by neat hedgerows, of well-cultivated fields and comfortable
+farmsteads, or of stately homes set in fair gardens and far-reaching
+parks of magnificently-spreading trees. What wonder, then, that they
+were at first almost repelled by the strangeness and unfamiliarity
+of their new surroundings! How could eyes accustomed to the decided
+greens and to the somewhat monotonous shapeliness of the trees in
+an English summer landscape find beauty all at once in the delicate,
+elusive tints of the gum trees, or in the wonderfully decorative lines
+of their scanty boughs and light foliage shown clear against a bright
+sky? And so a land which is eminently a land of color, where
+the ever-present eucalypts give in their leaves every shade from
+blue-grays to darkest greens; where the tender shoots show brilliantly
+in bright crimson, or duller russets, or bright coppery-gold;
+and where tall, slender stems change slowly through a harmony of
+salmon-pinks and pearl-grays, has been called a drab-colored land.
+Even now, the beauty of the gum tree is not sufficiently appreciated
+by Australians, and we see all too few specimens in our suburban
+gardens. For an appreciation of the decorative effect of our young
+blue gums, we must go to the Riviera or to English conservatories.
+
+Australia has suffered greatly from phrase-makers. There is still much
+popular belief that our trees are shadeless, our rivers are waterless,
+our flowers are scentless, our birds are songless. Oddities in our
+flora and fauna have attracted the notice of superficial observers,
+and a preference for epigrammatic perfection, rather than for
+truthful generalization, has produced an abundance of neatly-expressed
+half-truths, which have been copied into popular literature, and even
+into school books. Our English-bred poet, Gordon, writes of lands--
+
+  "Where bright blossoms are scentless,
+  And songless, bright birds."
+
+and these lines are remembered better than his description in the same
+poem of Spring--
+
+  "When the wattle gold trembles
+    'Twixt shadow and shine,
+  When each dew-laden air draught resembles
+    A long draught of wine."
+
+It is true that we have scentless, bright blossoms; but Australia
+is the home of the richly-perfumed wattle, and the boronia, with
+its never-cloying fragrance; while there is, perhaps, no forest more
+odorous than a forest of eucalypts. It is true, too, that we have
+bright birds that have no excellence in song; but it is also true
+that, in this favored land, there is a far greater proportion than
+usual of fine song-birds.
+
+The first generations of Australians were not taught to love
+Australian things. We "learned from our wistful mothers to call Old
+England home." Our school books and our story books were made in Great
+Britain for British boys and girls, and naturally they stressed what
+was of interest to these boys and girls. We read much about the beauty
+of the songs of the Lark, and the Thrush, and the Nightingale, but we
+found no printed authority for the belief that our Magpie is one of
+the great song-birds of the world; we read of the wonderful powers
+of the American Mocking-Bird, and did not know that our beautiful
+Lyrebird is a finer mimic; we learned by heart Barry Cornwall's
+well-known poem on "The Storm Petrel," and did not know that one of
+the most interesting of Petrel rookeries is near the harbor gate
+of Melbourne; and I remember well a lesson I heard as a boy on the
+migration of birds, in which the teacher took all of his illustrations
+from his boyish experiences in the South of England, and gave us no
+idea that the annual migration of our familiar Australian birds to
+far-off Siberia is a much more wonderful thing.
+
+But all this is being rapidly changed. In the elementary schools
+Nature-study is steadily improving, and children are being given an
+eye for, and an interest in, the world of Nature around them. Our
+school books are now written from the Australian standpoint, and more
+use can, therefore, be made of the child's everyday experience. Field
+Naturalists' clubs are doing much to extend the area of specialized
+Nature-study, and their members are giving valuable assistance to the
+schools by taking part in the programs for Arbor Day, Bird Day, and
+the like. The growing interest in the Australian fauna and flora
+is further evidenced by the frequent reservations by Government of
+desirable areas as national parks and sanctuaries for the preservation
+of Australian types. Last, but not least, is the production by capable
+Nature students of special books on some form of Nature-study, such as
+this Bird Book by Mr. Leach.
+
+To our parents, Australia was a stranger land, and they were
+sojourners here. Though they lived here, they did not get close enough
+to it to appreciate fully its natural beauty and its charm. To us,
+and especially to our children, children of Australian-born parents,
+children whose bones were made in Australia, the place is home. To
+them Nature makes a direct appeal, strengthened by those most powerful
+of all associations, those gathered in childhood, when the foundations
+of their minds were laid. The English boy, out on a breezy down, may
+feel an exaltation of soul on hearing a Skylark raining down a flood
+of delicious melody from far up at heaven's gate, but his joy is no
+whit greater than his who hears, in the dewy freshness of the early
+morning, the carol of the Magpie ringing out over an Australian plain.
+To those who live in countries where the winter is long and bitter,
+any sign that the genial time of flowers is at hand is very welcome.
+All over the countryside the first call of the Cuckoo, spring's
+harbinger, arouses the keenest delight in expectant listeners. This
+delight is, however, more than mere delight in the bird's song. And to
+those brought up with it year by year there comes a time when the call
+of the Cuckoo stirs something deep down below the surface of ordinary
+emotion. It is the resultant of multitudes of childhood experiences
+and of associations with song and story. I first heard the Cuckoo in
+Epping Forest one delicious May evening four years ago. It charmed me,
+but my delight was almost wholly that of association. All the English
+poetry I knew was at the back of the bird's song. Here in Australia
+we have no sharply-defined seasons, yet I find myself every spring
+listening eagerly for the first plaintive, insistent call of the
+Pallid Cuckoo. For me his song marks another milestone passed.
+
+Marcus Clarke wrote of the Laughing Jackasses as bursting into
+"horrible peals of semi-human laughter." But then Marcus Clarke was
+English-bred, and did not come to Australia till he was eighteen years
+old. It makes all the difference in our appreciation of bird or tree
+or flower to have known it as a boy. I venture to think no latter-day
+Australian who has grown up with our Kookaburra can have any but
+the kindliest of feelings for this feathered comedian. For myself, I
+confess that I find his laughter infectious, and innumerable times he
+has provoked me into an outburst as hearty and as mirthful as his own.
+More than half of our pleasure is due to the fact that the bird is
+
+  "The same that in my schoolboy days I listened to."
+
+and to such a one we can say--
+
+  "I can listen to thee yet,
+    Can lie upon the plain
+  And listen, till I do beget
+    That golden time again."
+
+It is time that we Australians fought against the generally received
+opinion that the dominant note of our scenery is weird melancholy.
+This is the note sounded mainly by those who were bred elsewhere, who
+came to us with other associations and other traditions, and sojourned
+among us. It will not be the opinion of the native-born when they find
+appropriate speech.
+
+  "Whence doth the mournful keynote start?
+  From the pure depths of Nature's heart?
+  Or, from the heart of him who sings,
+  And deems his hand upon the strings,
+      Is Nature's own?"
+
+This little book should do much to popularize bird-study and to spread
+a knowledge of our common birds among our people. I hope devoutly that
+an effort will be made to give them suitable names. We should give
+them names a poet or a child can use. A Chaucer poring lovingly over
+his favorite flower, the daisy, could call it by a name which is
+itself full of poetry. Even the unimaginative clown, Nick Bottom,
+could sing of
+
+  "The Ouzel Cock, so black of hue,
+    With orange-tawny bill,
+  The Throstle with his note so true,
+    The Wren with little quill,
+  The Finch, the Sparrow, and the Lark,
+    The plain-song Cuckoo gray."
+
+And a Burns can invoke the Throstle in lines as musical as the song of
+the bird itself--"And thou mellow mavis, that hails the night-fa'."
+
+But how shall an Australian bard sing of "The Red-rumped Acanthiza,"
+or of that delightful songster, "The Rufous-breasted Thickhead"?
+Australian Nature-poetry will be handicapped until our children give
+names like "Bobolink," and "Chickadee," and "Whip-poor-will," and
+"Jacky Winter," to our birds.
+
+"Oriel," in the _Argus_, some time ago, showed how hard it is to write
+of love's young dream in Australian verse.
+
+  "Sweetheart, we watched the evening sky grow pale,
+    And drowsy sweetness stole away our senses,
+  While ran adown the swamp the Pectoral Rail,
+    The shy Hypotaenidia philippinensis.
+
+  "How sweet a thing is love! Sweet as the rose,
+    Fragrant as flowers, fair as the sunlight beaming!
+  Only the Sooty Oyster-Catcher knows
+    How sweet to us, as there we lingered dreaming.
+
+  "Dear, all the secret's ours. The Sharp-tailed Stint
+    Spied, but he will not tell--though you and I
+  Paid Cupid's debts from Love's own golden mint,
+    While Yellow-Bellied Shrike-Tits fluttered nigh.
+
+  "The Honey-eaters heard; the Fuscous--yea,
+    The Warty-faced, the Lunulated, too;
+  But this kind feathered tribe will never say
+    What words you said to me, or I to you.
+
+  "The golden bloom was glorious in the furze,
+    And gentle twittering came from out the copses;
+  It was the Carinated Flycatchers,
+    Or else the black Monarcha melanopsis.
+
+  "That day our troth we plighted--blissful hour,
+    Beginning of a joy a whole life long!
+  And while the wide world seemed to be in flower,
+    The Chestnut-rumped Ground-Wren burst forth in song."
+
+It surely would not be amiss if the Bird Observers' Clubs throughout
+Australia, and the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union, enlisted
+the aid of the State Education Departments, and endeavored to find out
+what names the children use for the birds of their district. Executive
+committees upon bird names are good; but a good name is not evoked by
+arguments in committee. It ofttimes comes from the happy inspiration
+of some child who loves the bird. At present the names given by
+classifiers are often an offence. A few evenings ago I was charmed
+with an unaccustomed song coming from out a big pittosporum tree in
+my garden at Kew. I took careful note of the little warbler, and then
+consulted Mr. Leach's _Descriptive List_. Judge of my satisfaction
+when I found that my little friend was "The Striated Field Wren or
+Stink Bird"!
+
+The Australian boy is responding splendidly to the Nature-study
+movement. Bird observers tell me that shy native birds, formerly
+unknown near the haunts of men, are making their appearance,
+feeling safer now from molestation. Nest hunting for the sake of egg
+spoliation is happily becoming rarer, although children are developing
+keener eyes for nests. To-day every country school has its nests
+under loving observation for the purposes of bird-study and of
+bird-protection. Walt Whitman might have been describing many a
+Victorian school boy when he wrote--
+
+  "And every day the he-bird, to and fro, near at hand,
+  And every day the she-bird, crouched on her nest, silent, with bright eyes,
+  And every day, I, a curious boy, never too close, never disturbing them,
+  Cautiously peering, absorbing, translating."
+
+This loving study must bear good fruit. If we believe the scientific
+men, Australia is, _par excellence_, the land of birds, song-birds,
+plumage-birds, and birds of wonderful interest, such as the Satin
+Bower Bird. The collection of Australian birds in our National Museum
+at Melbourne is certainly one of the finest sights of the city, and it
+should be studied by all who wish to know how favored this continent
+is in bird distribution. But we must get to know and to love our
+feathered friends. Mr. Leach in his lecture has dwelt sufficiently on
+the economic and scientific value of bird-study. Let me enter a plea
+for bird-study as a source of æsthetic pleasure. Before our Australian
+birds can be to us what the Thrush and the Blackbird and the Linnet
+and the Lark and the Nightingale are to the British boy, we must have
+a wealth of association around them from song and story. And this
+association must grow up with us from childhood if it is to make
+the strongest appeal to us. It can rarely be acquired in later life.
+British birds owe much to the poets for the charm that surrounds them.
+When I heard the Nightingale in England, although I had no association
+with it gathered from my boyhood's days, I heard more than the bird's
+song. I was listening to Keats and Wordsworth and Shakespeare as well.
+There is something very fine in the thought that such bird songs go on
+for ever, that these immortal birds are "not made for death," that
+
+  "The voice I hear this passing night was heard
+  In ancient days by emperor and clown:
+  Perhaps the self-same song that found a path
+  Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,
+  She stood in tears amid the alien corn."
+
+The Nightingale's song, as a bird song, I thought disappointing.
+I remember having the same feeling with regard to the Thrush and
+Blackbird. The charm of their songs is largely in the associations
+they evoke. Our city children are now growing up in familiarity with
+these two birds, which are becoming as common in our gardens as in
+England. And wherever they go they carry so much that is fine in
+literature with them. But there has not yet been time for our native
+birds to endear themselves to us. And so we hear only their song. Wise
+Shakespeare says--
+
+  "How many things by season seasoned are
+  To their right praise and true perfection."
+
+ *      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+  "The Nightingale, if she should sing by day,
+  When every goose is cackling, would be thought
+  No better a musician than the Wren."
+
+He knows that to the song of the bird must be its appropriate setting,
+and that when Nature has done her part there is still much to be
+supplied by ourselves.
+
+The outlook is, however, a hopeful one. Nature-study is bringing our
+boys and girls into kindlier relationships with our birds; suitable
+popular names will be forthcoming for them; our poets will sing of
+them; our nursery rhymes and our children's tales will tell of them;
+and the time will come when even the birds now trying so hard to
+sing their way into our hearts, while cursed with the names of
+"Rufous-breasted Thickhead" and "Striated Field Wren or Stink Bird,"
+will mean to an Australian what "the Throstle with his note so true"
+and "the Wren with little quill" do to an Englishman.
+
+Mr. Leach's valuable little book is a powerful contribution to this
+much-to-be-desired result.
+
+  FRANK TATE.
+
+
+
+
+NAMES RECENTLY AMENDED
+
+By Gregory Mathews.
+
+_The following were not included in the text._
+
+The numbers 70, 74, and so on refer to the numbers of the birds.
+
+   20 _Rallus pectoralis._
+   65-66 _Genus Thalasseus._
+   70 _Sterna fuscata._
+   74 _Catharacta._
+   75 _Catharacta parasitica._
+   76 _Morinella interpres._
+   80 _Lobibyx novae hollandiae._
+   82 _Squatarola squatarola._
+   83-89 _Genus Charadrius._
+   90 _Hypsibates_
+   95 _Numenius minutus._
+   96 _Limosa baueri._
+   97 _Limosa melanuroides._
+   98 _Tringa hypoleuca._
+   99 _Tringa nebularia._
+  100 _Arenaria leucophaea._
+  101 _Erolia ruficollis._
+  102 _Erolia aurita._
+  103 _Erolia ferruginea._
+  104 _Canutus canutus._
+  105 _Canutus magnus._
+  110 _Choriotis australis._
+  111 _Mathewsia rubicunda._
+  114 _Egatheus falcinellus._
+  117 _Egretta plumifera._
+  118 _Egretta timoriensis._
+  121 _Egretta nigripes._
+  122 _Demigretta sacra._
+  124 _Ixobrychus pusillus._
+  126 _Chenopis atrata._
+  132 _Tadorna tadornoides._
+  134 _Nettion castaneum._
+  139 _Nyroca australis._
+  140 _Oxyura australis._
+  142-146 _Genus, Carbo._
+  157 _Astur cirrhocephalus._
+  171 _Ieracidea berigora._
+  172 _Ieracidea orientalis._
+  179-183 _Genus, Tyto._
+  185-187 _Genus, Glossopsitta._
+  191 _Genus, Callocephalon._
+  192-194 _Genus, Cacatöes._
+  195 _Licmetis tenuirostris._
+  196 _Calopsitta novae-hollandiae._
+  198 _Polytelis anthopeplus._
+  208 _Neophema chrysostoma._
+  213 _Lathamus discolor._
+  225 _Eurostopodus albigularis._
+  228 _Apus pacificus._
+  229 _Cuculus pallidus._
+  232 _Misocalius palliolatus._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+This little volume is intended as a pocket book for field use, so
+that the many teachers, nature-students, nature-lovers, schoolboys,
+schoolgirls, and boy scouts, who like to "_see_ what they _look at_,"
+may be able to name the birds they meet.
+
+The first step towards knowing the birds is a _desire_ to know them;
+this will grow if a person is interested; so our first business, as
+in all nature-study work, is to arouse _interest_. Interest follows at
+once, as we have often found, if a person realizes that what is about
+him or her is worthy of study.
+
+To arouse this necessary interest, a lecture on Australian birds is
+given in such a form that it may be repeated, if desired.
+
+The second requisite is a handy descriptive list of the birds that are
+likely to be seen. This has been written in simple language, so that
+the schoolboy and non-expert can use it.
+
+Thus, our aims are two:--
+
+    1. To show that Australian birds are of interest.
+
+    2. To supply, in a convenient form, a list of the birds which
+    are likely to be seen, and the marks by means of which they
+    may be identified.
+
+This little book contains illustrations and descriptions of--
+
+  100% of the birds found in Victoria.
+  92.5% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Australia.
+  87.3% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tasmania.
+  82.5% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New South Wales.
+  78.16%.. .. .. .. .. .. .. W. Australia (S. and C.).
+  78.15%.. .. .. .. .. .. .. Queensland.
+
+The balance of those found in each of the other States is made up
+mainly of birds closely related to those of which illustrations are
+given, or of very rare birds restricted to a small area.
+
+The families of the birds of the world have been included, so that the
+observer can see where the bird he is observing is placed amongst the
+world's birds. He will also be enabled to place near its Australian
+relatives birds he reads about. The Australian birds only are grouped
+in orders.
+
+Mr. H. Wilson, Nature-study Lecturer, Training College, superintended
+the painting of the birds, and saw the book through the press.
+
+_A Hand-List of Birds_: Dr. Sharpe; and _A Hand-List of the Birds
+of Australasia_: Gregory M. Mathews, have been followed for
+classification and distribution.
+
+But for the interest of the Minister of Education, the Hon. A. A.
+Billson, and the Director, Mr. F. Tate, M.A., I.S.O., this little
+book would not have been possible. Further, Mr. Billson suggested the
+colored illustrations, while Mr. Tate has written the introduction,
+read the proof-sheets and assisted at all stages.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
+
+
+In response to requests from beginners, a table has been added on page
+190. This table shows the page on which a bird of a certain size may
+be found.
+
+Pending the completion by the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union
+of its official _Check-list of the Birds of Australia_, the scientific
+names have been left as in the first edition.
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+Where one number is placed over another at the left side of the page,
+the lower number denotes the number of species of that genus found in
+the world; the upper denotes the number of species found in Australia
+and Tasmania.
+
+The number at the right side of the page is the length of the bird in
+inches (from the tip of bill to the tip of tail).
+
+The families of birds known are numbered consecutively, thus, F. 11,
+F. 12, and so on. The number after a family name denotes the number of
+species recorded from Australia and Tasmania. The distribution of
+the species of each family amongst the six zoogeographical regions is
+shown thus:
+
+    F. 17. COLUMBIDAE (2), WOOD PIGEONS, Passenger-Pigeon, Rock-Dove,
+    119 sp.--41(40)A., 25(17)O., 18(10)P., 19(17)E., 4(0)Nc., 24(20)Nl.
+
+This should read: Family number 17 of the world's birds, COLUMBIDAE
+(two of which are found in Australia and Tasmania) contains the Wood
+Pigeons, including the Passenger-Pigeon (of North America) and the
+Rock-Dove (of Europe). It comprises 119 species, of which 41 are found
+in the Australian Region, 40 of them being confined to this region;
+25 are found in the Oriental Region, 17 being confined to it; 18 are
+found in the Palaearctic Region, 10 of which are not found outside
+the region; 19 have been recorded from the Ethiopian Region, 17
+being peculiar to that region; 4 have been recorded from the Nearctic
+Region, none of which is restricted to the region; 24 have been
+recorded from the Neotropical Region, 20 being peculiar to it.
+
+The name in black type is the name accepted by the Australasian
+Association for the Advancement of Science in 1898, and amended by the
+"names" sub-committee of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union,
+1911. This name should be used to denote the bird. Many local names
+are given, so that a person knowing a bird by one of these may
+discover its proper name.
+
+    A.--Australian Region (from Wallace's Line to Sandwich Islands
+    and New Zealand, see map p. 10).
+
+    O.--Oriental (Indian) Region (India to Wallace's Line).
+
+    P.--Palaearctic Region (Europe, N.W. Africa, and Northern and
+    Western Asia, except Arabia).
+
+    E.--Ethiopian Region (Arabia and Africa, except N.W.).
+
+    Nc.--Nearctic Region. ("_The A.O.U. Check-List of North
+    American Birds, 1910_" has been followed in making this North
+    America, less Mexico).
+
+    Nl.--Neotropical Region (South America, with Mexico).
+
+    A.O.U.--American Ornithologists' Union; R.A.O.U--Royal
+    Australasian Ornithologists' Union.
+
+
+    A. denotes found throughout Australia; E.A. denotes found
+    in Queensland, N.S.W., and Victoria; S.A. denotes South
+    Australia; C.A. denotes Central Australia; W.A.
+    denotes Western Australia; N. Ter.--Northern Territory;
+    Mal.--Malaysia; Mol.--Molucca Is.; N. Cal.--New Caledonia;
+    N. Heb.--New Hebrides; N.G.--New Guinea; N.Z.--New Zealand;
+    Br.--British; T.--Tasmania.
+
+    Nom.--Nomadic; Mig.--Migratory; Part. Mig.--Partly Migratory;
+    Stat.--Stationary; exc.--except; acc.--accidental.
+
+    C.--common; v.c.--very common; r.--rare; v.r.--very rare;
+    u.--unlikely that the ordinary observer will see it.
+
+    * means see colored illustration.
+
+    f.--female; m.--male; f., sim.--f. is similar in color and
+    size.
+
+    =vt. Eur. denotes that the Australian bird is closely similar
+    in form, habits, &c., to the corresponding European bird.
+
+    =vt. cos. denotes that it is the equivalent or representative
+    of a cosmopolitan group of birds.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =6* King Quail= (Chestnut-bellied, Least, Dwarf), reads "No. 6
+    (see colored illustration) is the King Quail, called also the
+    Chestnut-bellied Quail, Least Quail, and Dwarf Quail. Four of
+    this genus are known in the world, of which one is found in
+    Australia."
+
+(e) denotes that a name is used in error.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler is about 4 in. long; a White-eye, 4.5 in.;
+a Sparrow, 5 in.; a House-Swallow, 6.5 in.; a Sordid Wood-Swallow,
+7 in.; a Black and White Fantail, 7.5 in.; a Starling, 8.5 in.;
+a Harmonious Shrike-Thrush, 9.5 in.; a Noisy Miner, 10 in.; a
+Magpie-Lark, 10.5 in.; a Butcher-Bird, 11 in.; a Pallid Cuckoo, 12in.;
+a Rosella, 12.5 in.; a Galah, 14 in.; a Wattle-Bird, 14.5 in.;
+a Laughing Kingfisher, 17.5 in.; a White-backed Magpie, 18 in.; and a
+Crow, 20 in. (measured from the tip of tail to the tip of bill).
+
+Don't try to judge a bird's length in inches.
+
+Note one or two prominent markings, and the size of a bird; say,
+larger than a Starling, but smaller than a Magpie-Lark. Then get the
+length of these birds from the table above (8-1/2 in. and 10-1/2 in.
+respectively), and compare the description of each bird that comes
+between these lengths with the illustrations and the bird before you.
+The birds are approximately relative size on each block.
+
+Use the index to find the page of a bird, then use the number, if
+asterisked, to find the bird in the colored plate index.
+
+[Illustration: THE WORLD Showing REGIONS]
+
+
+
+
+=An Australian Bird Book.=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A LECTURE.
+
+
+Australia is the wonderland of the scientist and of the Nature-lover.
+It is a great living "museum," stocked with marvels of many kinds,
+including so-called "living fossils," the sole survivors of otherwise
+extinct groups of animals.
+
+Competent authorities have proposed to divide the world, biologically,
+into two parts--Australia and the rest of the world, and they have
+considered Australia the more important part.
+
+This division was based mainly on the study of mammals--animals which
+suckle their young--for Australia is the home of the two surviving
+members of the lowest group of mammals--Monotremata, the egg-laying
+Platypus (_Ornithorhynchus_), and the Spiny Ant-eater (_Echidna_).
+Further, marsupials, except for two kinds found in America, are
+confined to this long-isolated southern land.
+
+Here, shut off from the severe competition experienced by the animals
+of northern lands, marsupials were modified so that they were adapted
+for life in almost every realm utilized by the higher mammals of other
+countries. Thus there are herbivorous, carnivorous, and insectivorous
+marsupials. Owing, probably, to the advent of Bats--true flying
+mammals--at, possibly, a comparatively early time, the marsupial was
+beaten in the air, and so a true flying form was not evolved, though
+the so-called "Flying Phalanger" is some distance on the way.
+
+As regards the other group of flying animals--birds--Australia is even
+of greater interest, for here are found unique archaic forms of life,
+such as the Emu, Cassowary, Mound-Builders, and Lyre-Birds, and
+"every widely-spread family of birds but two is represented; the only
+widely-spread families of birds totally absent from Australia
+are Woodpeckers and Vultures." Woodpeckers, however, have crossed
+Wallace's line into Celebes and adjacent islands, and may yet reach
+Australia naturally.
+
+Further, many well-known birds, such as Pigeons, Parrots, and
+Kingfishers, reach their highest development in the Australian region,
+and, more important still, the whole bird world seems to reach its
+culminating point in this wonderland. It is a factor adding to the
+interest of Australia's fauna that three of the four families placed
+at the head of the bird world in the natural system of classification
+adopted by ornithologists, and used by Dr. Sharpe in his just recently
+completed _Hand-List of Birds_, should be absolutely confined to the
+Australian Continent and adjacent islands. Thus Australia can justly
+claim to be the most highly developed of regions, so far as birds
+are concerned, for Bower-Birds, Birds of Paradise, and Bell-Magpies
+(_Streperas_) are peculiar, while the penultimate family--the Crow
+family--is shared with the other regions of the world.
+
+Thus, with regard to birds, the term "fossil continent" applied to
+Australia is not appropriate, as it is but partly true.
+
+Since the birds native to Australia are so interesting in themselves,
+and are so varied in kind, Australians should know, love, and
+jealously protect these beautiful creatures. Strict regulations should
+be framed to prevent the exploitation of Nature's gifts by those who
+destroy useful or precious and rare birds for the sake of gain. Even
+collectors, who, under the guise of scientific work, collect eggs, and
+kill birds to trade in their skins, should be supervized.
+
+Let us now consider the different groups of birds. Living birds were
+formerly divided into two sub-classes--(1) _Ratitae_ (Lat., _ratis_, a
+raft), and (2) _Carinatae_ (Lat., _carina_, a keel). The first is
+the small group of flightless, running birds, made up of five living
+birds, all inhabiting southern lands. These are the Emu and Cassowary
+of Australia, the Ostrich of South Africa, the Rhea or South American
+Ostrich, and the Kiwi or Apteryx of New Zealand. Taken together with
+other evidence, all pointing in the same way, these birds have led
+scientists to think of a great southern land mass connecting the
+southern lands, for the Emu did not fly here, nor did the Rhea fly
+to South America, but they must have reached their present home by a
+land-bridge not necessarily complete at any one time. As these birds
+do not fly, they have no big wing-muscles, and so do not need the
+ridge of bone down the breast. Thus they belong to the sub-class, the
+members of which have a raft-like breast bone. The other living birds
+were placed in the sub-class the members of which have a keel on the
+breast bone for the attachment of the wing-muscles.
+
+Recently, however, Pycraft, a leading ornithologist, has proposed to
+base the division into sub-classes on the characters of the bones of
+the palate instead of those of the breast-bone. Thus, he places the
+sixth family of birds--the Tinamous, of South America--with the ratite
+birds, to form his primitive group--_Palaeognathae_ ("old jaw"), while
+the members of the old sub-class _Carinatae_, minus the Tinamous,
+constitute his second division, the _Neognathae_ ("new jaw").
+
+Mr. Gregory Mathews, the first part of whose projected great work
+on Australian Birds has just come to hand, has followed Dr. Bowdler
+Sharpe in accepting this classification, so we must follow too, as
+Mathews' work will probably be our standard for years to come. The
+large number of Australian birds belonging to this second sub-class is
+now divided into 20 orders, which with the Emu order, make a total of
+21 orders of birds represented in Australia.
+
+Now, let us consider the birds in each order. The best-known member
+of the first Australian order is the Emu, a bird well known to all,
+though, unfortunately, becoming very rare, so that few persons in the
+settled districts now enjoy the privilege of seeing an Emu in a wild
+state.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 12]
+
+  [Illustration: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]]
+
+    CLASS.--AVES.--BIRDS.
+
+    Sub-Class I.--Palaeognathae.
+
+    Ratitae and Tinamidae.
+
+    F. 1. _Rheidae_, Rhea, 3 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 2. _Struthionidae_, Ostrich, 4 sp.--4(3)E., 1(0)P. (S.
+    Palestine).
+
+    ORDER I.--CASUARIIFORMES.
+
+    F. 3. DROMAEIDAE (1), EMU, 1 sp. A.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =1 Emu=, _Dromaius novae-hollandiae_, A.
+
+          Stat. r. plains      78
+
+    See diagram, second largest living bird; f., smaller. Fruits,
+    grass.
+
+    F. 4. CASUARIIDAE (1), CASSOWARY, 17 sp. A.
+
+    F. 5. _Apterygidae_, Apteryx, Kiwi, 6 sp. A. (N.Z.).
+
+    F. 6. _Tinamidae_, Tinamous, 69 sp. Nl.
+
+    Sub-Class II.--Neognathae.
+
+    Carinatae, minus Tinamidae.
+
+====
+
+The birds of the second order are well known as "scratchers." They
+include the domestic fowl, which has been derived from the wild jungle
+fowl of India, and other fowl, such as the peafowl. Quail are also
+included here; so are Pheasants. The absence of Pheasants from
+Australia is more than compensated for by the presence of the
+Mound-Builders. These marvellous birds, Brush Turkeys and Mallee-Fowl,
+retain the reptilian characteristic of not sitting on their eggs. Thus
+the young have never known their parents. The eggs are laid in a huge
+mound of sand and earth, which contains rotting vegetation. The
+heat of decomposition in this remarkable natural incubator, is quite
+sufficient to hatch the eggs. The young are born fully feathered, able
+to run at once, and able to fly the day they leave the mound. Contrast
+their stage of development with that of a pigeon born naked, blind,
+and helpless, and that of a chick born clothed with down and able to
+run about. There is an interesting connexion between the size of
+an egg and the state of development of the young bird at birth. The
+pigeon lays a relatively small egg, so the young pigeon does not
+develop far in the egg, and requires much maternal care. The hen's egg
+is larger, and the chick is more fully developed. The Mallee-Hen's egg
+is enormous, and so the young can develop much further before birth.
+This bird, unfortunately, is doomed to early extinction, for the
+fox has discovered the rich store of food in the eggs, and country
+dwellers have also discovered that they are delicate in flavor, and
+are good food. It is hoped that the scrubby western end of Kangaroo
+Island, where foxes are unknown, will prove a suitable sanctuary
+for them. These birds, which rank among Nature's wonders, are almost
+confined to the Australian region. One is found in Borneo and the
+Philippines, while a second is confined to the distant Nicobar
+Islands. Twenty-six live in Australia and its neighboring islands. One
+of these has spread across Wallace's line to the small Kangean Island,
+near Java. The Stubble Quail, a member of the Pheasant family, is
+nearly identical with the British Quail. Mathews and Campbell make the
+King Quail a sub-species of the Chinese Quail.
+
+Quail are favorite sporting birds, but when one considers that they
+are worth about 9d. each as table or game birds, and that sportsmen
+found at Birregurra, that the crops of Quail were full of crickets,
+and at Kerang the Quail contained numbers of a species of weevil, it
+is doubtful if it is wise policy to shoot this insect-eating bird.
+Although it may be worth a few pence as a table bird; it is worth many
+shillings as a pest destroyer.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 13]
+
+    ORDER II.--GALLIFORMES.
+
+    F. 7. MEGAPODIIDAE (4), Mound-Builders, Scrub-Fowl, Brush
+    Turkey, Megapode, 28 sp.--27(25)A., 3(1)O.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =2* Mallee-Fowl=, Lowan, Native Pheasant, Pheasant (e),
+    _Leipoa ocellata_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _mallee scrubs_      24
+
+    Like a small turkey; neck light fawn-gray; back, wings spotted
+    white, black, brown; f., smaller. Seeds, ants.
+
+    F. 8. _Cracidae_, Curassows, Guans, 59 sp.--1(0)Nc., 59(58)Nl.
+
+    F. 9. _Tetraonidae_, Grouse, Capercailly, Ptarmigan,
+    Prairie-Fowl, 45 sp.--1(0)O., 19(16)P., 28(26)Nc.
+
+    F. 10. PHASIANIDAE (6), Pheasants, Partridges, Peafowl,
+    Domestic Fowls, 242 sp.--12(10)A., 137(119)O., 47(31)P.,
+    64(58)E.
+
+1
+6
+
+    =3* Stubble Quail= (Pectoral), _Coturnix pectoralis_, A., T.
+    =vt. Eur. Quail.
+
+          Nom. c. _stubble_, _grass_      6.7
+
+    Brown lined white, black; throat dull reddish; breast streaked
+    black; f., less distinctly marked with black. Weed-seeds,
+    insects. Rises with a burr-r-r.
+
+3
+7
+
+    =4* Brown Quail= (Swamp, Partridge), _Synoicus australis_,
+    N.G., A., T. =vt. Eur. Partridge.
+
+          Nom. c. _grassy flats_      6.5
+
+    Upper finely-barred gray, black, chestnut; under buffy-gray
+    with zigzag black bars; bill blue, tipped black; eyes orange;
+    f., sim. Seeds, insects. "Bee'e quick."
+
+    =5 Tasmanian Quail= (Silver, Greater-Brown), _S. diemenensis_,
+    V., T. Like 4, but larger.
+
+          Nom. r. occ. _thick grass_      8.5
+
+  [Page 14]
+
+  [Illustration: [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]]
+
+1
+4
+
+    =6* King Quail= (Chestnut-bellied, Least, Dwarf, Swamp),
+    _Excalfactoria chinensis lineata_, Philippines, Sumatra to A.
+    exc. W.A.; sub-species of Chinese Quail.
+
+          Nom. r. _swamps_      4.5
+
+    Back dark-brown; breast blue-gray; abdomen chestnut; throat
+    black, white bands conspicuous; 1-1/4 oz.; f., dark-brown,
+    spotted black; throat whitish; under barred black. Weed-seeds,
+    insects.
+
+    F. 11. _Numididae_, Guinea-Fowls, 23 sp. E.
+
+    F. 12. _Meleagridae_, Turkeys, 5 sp.--4(2)Nc., 3(1)Nl.
+
+    F. 13. _Odontophoridae_, American Quails, Bob-Whites, 72
+    sp.--18(10)Nc., 62(54)Nl.
+
+====
+
+Order III. comprises the 26 Bustard Quail and the peculiar Australian
+Plain Wanderer. Only the last species of this Bustard Quail family,
+the Australian Plain Wanderer has the hind toe. The females of this
+order of birds do the fighting.
+
+In Quail, the rule often observed amongst birds that the male is
+larger and more beautiful than the female may be reversed, for here
+the female is sometimes larger and the more conspicuously colored. In
+association with this reversal of color and size, the domestic habits
+are changed, for, in some species at least, the female sits on
+the eggs but a very short time; the male then finishes the task of
+incubating, and brings up and educates the young family. Meantime, the
+female has found another mate and another clutch of eggs is left to
+the care of the male.
+
+In birds having both sexes the same color each bird usually does its
+share of domestic work, sitting on the eggs, feeding the young, etc.
+Where the male is more brightly colored, he, as a rule, does not
+sit on the eggs, for he would be visible to a bird of prey sailing
+overhead, and so would probably be killed and the eggs taken. The
+great naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, thus regards the quiet
+coloration of most female birds as a protection during the nesting
+season. The gaudy coloration of many male birds has been explained by
+Darwin as being due to sexual selection, the female choosing as a mate
+the most gaily colored or most attractive bird.
+
+Though the sitting bird is usually protectively colored, it was our
+good fortune, on a Summer School excursion, attended by His Excellency
+the Governor (Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmichael), a keen Nature-lover,
+and the Director of Education (Mr. F. Tate), to find the
+gorgeously-colored male Golden-breasted Whistler (Thickhead) sitting
+on the eggs in full daylight. It was noted, however, that the open
+nest was unusually well protected by an overhead bushy branch.
+
+====
+
+[Page 15]
+
+    ORDER III.--TURNICIFORMES, HEMIPODES.
+
+    F. 14. TURNICIDAE (8), Button (Bustard) Quail, 27
+    sp.--14(14)A., 9(6)O., 3(0)P., 4(4)E.
+
+7
+26
+
+    =7 Red-Backed Quail= (Black-backed, Orange-breasted), _Turnix
+    maculosa_, Cel., N.G., N.A., E.A., S.A.
+
+          Nom. r. _marshy_      7
+
+    Back brown; crown blackish; sides, breast large black spots;
+    abdomen lighter; no hind toe; f., larger. Weed-seeds, insects.
+
+    =8* Painted Quail= (Speckled, Butterfly), Varied Turnix, New
+    Holland Partridge (e), _T. varia_, A., T.
+
+          Nom. r. _sandy_      8
+
+    Upper rufous-brown with buff, black lines; breast, face
+    spotted; no hind toe; f., larger. Weed-seeds, insects.
+
+    =9 Red-chested Quail= (Chestnut-breasted, Yellow), _T.
+    pyrrhothorax_, A. exc. W.A.
+
+          Nom. v.r. _marshy_      6
+
+    Upper dark-brown with buff, black lines; breast sandy-red;
+    abdomen whitish; no hind toe; f., much larger, brighter.
+    Weed-seeds, insects.
+
+    =10 Little Quail= (Dottrel, Swift-flying, Button), _T. velox_, A.
+
+          Nom. c. _open plains_      5.5
+
+    Upper rufous with chestnut, black lines; breast rufous;
+    abdomen white; no hind toe; f., much larger. Weed-seeds,
+    insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =11* Plain Wanderer=, Turkey Quail, _Pedionomus torquatus_, A.
+    exc. W.A.
+
+          Mig. r. _grass_, m.,  4.8; f.,  6.3
+
+    Brown; broad black, white spotted collar; light band on wing;
+    breast chestnut; hind toe; m., smaller, paler, faint collar.
+    Weed-seeds, insects.
+
+    F. 15. _Pteroclididae_, Sand-Grouse, Rock-Pigeons (e), 17
+    sp.--7(2)O., 8(1)P., 12(7)E.
+
+====
+
+In Order IV. come those well-known birds--the "Cooers," Pigeons and
+Doves. The Australian region is the great stronghold of these often
+beautiful birds. It is only in this region that members of each of the
+five families of living Pigeons are found. Two of the five families
+are peculiar to the region, and nearly half the kinds of Pigeons known
+are found here. The finest and largest of all Pigeons are the large
+Crowned Pigeons of New Guinea. Unfortunately, the heads of these
+Pigeons are much in demand for millinery. Would that fashionable women
+knew the cruelty and devastation wrought by such fashions!
+
+Amongst the most beautiful of Pigeons are, as Dr. Newton remarked,
+the common Bronzewing Pigeons of Australia and Tasmania. The lovely
+Fruit-Pigeons of East Australian scrubs are, perhaps, the most
+beautiful of all, so it will readily be seen how fortunate we are with
+regard to these birds.
+
+The fine large Wonga-Wonga Pigeon is becoming rare. Its flesh is
+white, so Gould named it _Leucosarcia_ (white flesh). It has been
+proposed to introduce this bird into Europe to breed for table
+purposes.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 16]
+
+  [Illustration: [12] [12^A] [13] [14] [15] [16]]
+
+    ORDER IV.--COLUMBIFORMES, PIGEONS, DOVES.
+
+    F. 16. TRERONIDAE (8), FRUIT-PIGEONS, 228 sp--159(155)A.,
+    60(56)O., 1(1)P., 12(12)E.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =12 Topknot Pigeon=, _Lopholaimus antarcticus_, E.A., T.
+    (acc.) "Quook-quook."
+
+          Stat. c. _thick brushes_      17
+
+    "This noble pigeon;" under silvery-gray; upper dark-gray;
+    crest rust-red; eyes orange; f., sim. Native fruits.
+
+  [Page 17]
+
+    F. 17. COLUMBIDAE (2), WOOD-PIGEONS, Passenger-Pigeon,
+    Rock-Dove, 119 sp.--41(40)A., 25(17)O., 18(10)P., 19(17)E.,
+    4(0)Nc., 24(20)Nl.
+
+    F. 18. PERISTERIDAE (15), GROUND-PIGEONS, Turtle-Doves, 198
+    sp.--61(55)A., 21(8)O., 10(1)P., 32(30)E., 10(0)Nc., 86(76)Nl.
+
+1
+6
+
+    =12^A Indian Turtle-Dove=, _Turtur ferrago_, Siberia to Ceylon,
+    introduced A.
+
+          Mig. c. _gardens_, _cities_      13
+
+    Back brown; head gray; broad patch side and back of neck black
+    spotted white; breast cinnamon; centre tail feathers blackish,
+    rest tipped white; f., sim. Seeds.
+
+3
+5
+
+    =13 Ground Dove= (Peaceful), Doo-doo, _Geopelia placida_, A.
+    (interior).
+
+          Stat. r. _grassy_      8.7
+
+    Upper ashy-brown, barred black; chest, hind-neck gray with black
+    lines; abdomen fawn; side tail feathers tipped white; f., sim.
+    Small seeds. "Doo-doo."
+
+    =14* Diamond Dove= (Little, Turtle), _G. cuneata_, A. (interior).
+
+          Stat. r. _grass_      8.2
+
+    Upper light-brown; crown gray; under light-gray; white spots
+    on wing; side tail tipped white; eye red; f., neck, chest pale
+    brown. Seeds.
+
+1
+6
+
+    =15 Little Green Pigeon=, _Chalcophaps chrysochlora_, Mol.,
+    N. Heb., N. Cal., Lord Howe Is., A. exc. S.A., W.A. Melancholy
+    bellowing note.
+
+          v.r. _dense scrubs_      9.5
+
+    Rich brown; head, short tail darker; wings much green;
+    shoulder white; f., less brilliant. Fallen berries.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =16* Bronzewing Pigeon= (Scrub), _Phaps chalcoptera_, A., T.
+
+          Nom. c. _open_, _forest_      13.5
+
+    Upper brown marked lighter; cap whitish; line below eye,
+    throat white; breast, back of head vinous; bronze wing; legs
+    red; f., head gray. Seeds, fruits.
+
+  [Page 18a]
+
+  [Illustration: [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]]
+
+    =17 Brush Bronzewing Pigeon= (Little Bronze), _P. elegans_, A., T.
+
+          Nom. r. _sandy_      13
+
+    Upper chestnut-brown; breast blue-gray; throat, crown chestnut;
+    bronze wings; f., crown gray. Seeds.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =18 Crested Pigeon= (Topknot (e), Crested Bronzewing),
+    _Ocyphaps lophotes_, A. Seeds.
+
+          Nom. r. _inland plains_      13
+
+    Upper fawn; crown, under gray; crest black; black bars on wings;
+    tail tipped white; eyes orange; f., sim.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =19 Wonga-Wonga Pigeon=, _Leucosarcia melanoleuca_, E.A. Seeds,
+    fallen fruits.
+
+          Stat. r. _coast-_, (_hillside-_) _brushes_      15
+
+    Back, breast slaty-gray; wings brown; crown, throat, abdomen white;
+    sides spotted black; f., sim.
+
+    F. 19. _Gouridae_, Crowned Pigeons, 8 sp. A. (N.G.).
+
+    F. 20. _Didunculidae_, Tooth-billed Pigeons, 1 sp. A. (Samoa).
+
+    F. 21. _Opisthocomidae_, Hoactzin, 1 sp. Nl.
+
+====
+
+The birds of Order V. are amongst the successes in the struggle
+for existence, for they are found the world over.
+
+The Landrailor Corn-Crake, the Little Crake, Spotted Crake, Moor-Hen,
+Purple Gallinule, and the lobed-toed Coot, of other countries, are
+represented by similar birds here.
+
+They are largely swamp-dwellers, and conditions about swamps
+apparently do not vary much from continent to continent. There is a
+full supply of vegetable and animal food, and there is good shelter
+in the thick reed-beds. The smaller members of the family are seldom
+seen, for they skulk amongst the reeds, and seldom show themselves.
+
+Many of these birds are long-toed, and are beautifully adapted for
+life about the soft mud and floating vegetation of lagoons and swamps.
+Though the feet are not webbed, several of these swamp-dwellers swim
+well. Thus the Little Crake is an expert swimmer and diver.
+
+There is one Australian bird not represented in other countries.
+This is the handsome, bantam-like Black-tailed Native-Hen. At long
+intervals the birds appear in thousands, and, being largely vegetable
+feeders, they have sometimes done considerable damage to crops.
+
+During one such irruption in 1846, the birds invaded the streets of
+Adelaide. Others invaded the Geraldton district, and even reached
+Perth in 1886. Northern Victoria was visited in 1909.
+
+Some of the members of this group are known to all; indeed, when you
+have finished reading this lecture, I expect to have created in your
+mind an idea that bird study is very simple--that you know at least
+one of each of the groups of birds. One further advantage of bird
+study is that so few birds are found in any district. Thus, only 880
+birds have ever been recorded from Australia, whereas there are over
+9,000 kinds of native flowering plants, not to mention non-flowering
+plants. In very few districts could a list of 100 different kinds of
+birds be compiled in one year.
+
+Again, while it is impossible to talk popularly of native plants,
+because they have no common names, that does not apply to birds, for
+bird-lovers have given a simple name to each bird. Even children,
+therefore, can talk definitely and exactly about the different kinds.
+This is a great advantage. Again, as birds are living, moving, loving,
+and beautiful animals, they have always been favorite objects of
+study, and so we know more about them than about any other division of
+the animal kingdom. Thus you will, I hope, find that you know far more
+about the subject than you at first thought.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 18b]
+
+    ORDER V.--RALLIFORMES.
+
+    F. 22. RALLIDAE (16), RAILS, 204 sp.--68(60)A., 37(18)O., 18(0)P.,
+    37(24)E., 17(7)Nc., 72(65)Nl.
+
+4
+17
+
+    =20 Slate-breasted Rail= (Short-toed), Lewin Water-Rail,
+    _Eulabeornis (Hypotaenidia) brachypus_, A., T., Auckland Is.
+    =vt. Eur. Water-Rail.
+    [~20 _Rallus pectoralis._]
+
+          Stat. r. _rivers_, _lagoons_      8.5
+
+    Upper blackish striped olive; wings, flanks, abdomen barred
+    black, white; throat, breast, slate-gray; f., duller.
+
+    =21* Pectoral Rail=, Landrail, _E. philippinensis_, Malay Arch.
+    to A., N.Z., Pac. Is. =vt. Eur. Corn-Crake (Landrail);
+    f., young sim. Insects, grass.
+
+          Mig. c. _grassy_      10.5
+
+    Upper brown spotted white; under finely-barred black; white;
+    sandy-buff bar on chest; light stripe above eye.
+
+4
+17
+
+    =22* Australian Spotted Crake=, Water-Crake, _Porzana fluminea_, A.
+    =vt. Eur. Spotted Crake.
+
+          Stat. r. _rivers_      7
+
+    Upper dark-brown, spotted white; abdomen, flanks blackish barred
+    white; breast gray; swims; f., sim. Insects.
+
+  [Illustration: [21] [22] [26] [27] [30] [67] [71] [72] [73]]
+
+  =21= Pectoral Rail
+  =22= Australian Spotted Crake
+  =26= Black Moor-Hen
+  =27= Bald Coot
+  =30= Hoary-headed Grebe
+  =67= Crested Tern
+  =71= White-faced Ternlet
+  =72= Silver Gull
+  =73= Pacific Gull
+
+  [Page 22]
+
+  [Illustration: [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28]]
+
+    =23 Australian Little Crake=, _P. palustris_, A. =vt. Eur.
+    Little Crake.
+
+          Stat. r. _river_, _reed-beds_      6
+
+    Upper rusty-brown; throat, breast gray; crown blackish; flanks,
+    lower-abdomen barred black, white; swims, dives; f., sim.
+    Water-animals.
+
+  [Page 23]
+
+    =24 Spotless Crake= (Leaden, Tabuan), Swamp-Rail, Little Swamp-Hen,
+    Putoto, _P. plumbea_, Philippines to A., N. Heb., N. Cal., Fiji,
+    Samoa, Tonga, N.Z., Chatham Is.
+
+          Stat. c. _reed-beds_      6.3
+
+    Upper reddish-brown; under dark slate-gray; throat whitish;
+    eyes pink; f., young sim. Water-animals.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =25 Black-tailed Native-Hen=, Gallinule (e), _Tribonyx ventralis_, A.
+
+          Mig. flocks, occ. r. _lagoons_, _rivers_      15
+
+    Upper brown; under bluish-gray; white marks conspicuous on flanks;
+    upper-bill light-green; lower red at base; legs brick-red;
+    runs, seldom flies; f., sim. Water-animals, seeds.
+
+1
+8
+
+    =26* Black Moor-Hen= (-Gallinule), _Gallinula tenebrosa_, N.G., A.
+    =vt. cos. Gallinule.
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_, _rivers_      15
+
+    Grayish-black; back deep-brown; under tail white at sides; scarlet
+    garter above knee; base bill, plate on forehead blood-red;
+    no white on flanks; jerks tail; f., smaller. Water-animals, plants.
+
+2
+16
+
+    =27* Bald-Coot=, Purple Gallinule, Black-backed Water (Swamp,
+    Macquarie) Hen, Pukeko, Redbill (e), _Porphyrio melanonotus_,
+    N.G., A., T., Norfolk Is., Lord Howe Is., N.Z. =vt. cos. bird.
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_, _rivers_      17.5
+
+    Hind-neck, breast, flanks indigo-blue; back, wings, tail black;
+    under tail white; eyes orange-red; bill, legs red; jerks tail;
+    f., smaller. Insects, vegetable food.
+
+1
+13
+
+    =28 Australian Coot=, Dabchick (e), _Fulica australis_, A., T.,
+    =vt. cos. bird.
+
+          Stat. c. _lakes_, _bays_      14
+
+    Sooty-black; bill bluish-gray; eyes red; lobed feet; f., sim.
+    Water-insects, snails.
+
+    F. 23. _Heliornithidae_. Finfoot, 5 sp.--1(1)O., 3(3)E.,
+    1(1)Nl.
+
+====
+
+In the next Order, the Sixth, there are three Australian birds.
+They are called Grebes. Bird names often reflect some habit, e.g.,
+Scratchers, Cooers. So Grebes are often called Divers. But the Divers
+of the ornithologist are Northern Hemisphere birds, placed in the next
+family (25).
+
+There is a widespread tradition to the effect that Grebes wait for the
+flash of the cap, and then dive before the bullet can reach them. They
+are, indeed, remarkably active in the water, but are absurd on land.
+Their legs are set so far back that it is almost impossible for them
+to walk. Their toes are not webbed, but are broadly lobed.
+
+The Great Crested Grebe is identical with the British bird, for it is
+found all through the Eastern Hemisphere.
+
+This is a remarkable distribution, when we consider that the bird,
+by reason of its very small wings, is a poor flyer, and is almost
+helpless on land. Such a wide distribution of a creature possessing
+poor means of locomotion indicates that the animal must have existed
+for a long time, so that it has been able to gradually extend its
+range. Thus we conclude it is an ancient form.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 24]
+
+  [Illustration: [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34]]
+
+    ORDER VI.--PODICIPEDIDIFORMES.
+
+    F. 24. PODICIPEDIDAE (3), GREBES, 25 sp.--5(2)A., 8(2)O., 6(0)P.,
+    5(1)E., 6(0)Nc., 11(7)Nl.
+
+2
+15
+
+    =29 Black-throated Grebe= (Little), Dabchick (e),
+    White-bellied Diver (e), _Podiceps novae-hollandiae_, Java,
+    N.G., A., N. Cal., =vt. Eur. Little Grebe.
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_      9.5
+
+    Upper blackish-brown; white patch on wing; under silvery-gray;
+    throat, side-face black (summer), brown (winter); beautiful
+    fur-like plumage; lobed toes; f., sim. Small fish, snails, insects.
+
+  [Page 25a]
+
+    =30* Hoary-headed Grebe=, Dabchick (e), "Tom Pudding," P.
+    _poliocephalus_, A., T.
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_, _river_      9.5
+
+    Upper brown; wings white patch; under silvery-gray; head short
+    white hair-like plumes (summer); head brown, throat buff (winter);
+    fur-like plumage; lobed toes; f., sim. Small fish, snails, insects.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =31 Great Crested Grebe= (Tippet), Loon, Gaunt, Carr Goose,
+    _P. cristatus_ (_Lophaethyia cristata_, Mathews' Handlist),
+    Eur., N. Asia, Japan, Africa, India to A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. r. _lakes_, _rivers_      24
+
+    Upper brown; under glistening-white; crown black; neck-frill
+    chestnut edged black (summer); face, neck whitish (winter);
+    fur-like plumage; lobed toes; f., sim. Small fish, snails, insects.
+
+    F. 25. _Colymbidae (Gaviidae)_, True Divers, Loons, 5 sp.--1(0)O.,
+    5(0)P., 2(0)E., 5(0)Nc.
+
+====
+
+In the next order come those remarkable birds, Penguins. As so much
+has been said about Penguins by Lieutenant Shackleton's party, they
+have caught the popular fancy, and people are much interested in them.
+Many Australians do not know that three Penguins are found on their
+own coast. It was one of the sights of the 1910 Summer School at
+Portsea to sit on the balcony and watch the Penguins chasing their
+prey in the clear waters in front. Their wings are paddles, being
+flattened and devoid of quills. The wings are not folded, but are
+carried hanging awkwardly at the side.
+
+During the interest aroused by Peary's expedition to the North Pole,
+an illustrated weekly paper published a cartoon, which showed the
+American Eagle sitting on the North Pole and reading a proclamation to
+an audience of Penguins. One thing is unfortunate about this--Penguins
+are unknown in the Northern Hemisphere. Indeed, they support the
+geographer in his contention that, while the Pacific Ocean is very
+ancient, the Atlantic Ocean has been formed much more recently, for
+Penguins are found up the Pacific even to the Galapagos Is. on the
+Equator, but have not spread into the Atlantic Ocean beyond Tristan da
+Cunha, at the extreme South.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 25b]
+
+    ORDER VII.--SPHENISCIFORMES.
+
+    F. 26. SPHENISCIDAE (3), PENGUINS, 17 sp.--11(7)A., 6(1)E., 9(4)Nl.
+
+1
+5
+
+    =32 Crested Penguin= (Tufted, Jackass, Victoria), _Penguinus
+    (Catarrhactes) chrysocome_, Southern Ocean (circumpolar), V.,
+    T., N.Z.
+
+          Occ. r. _coasts_      27
+
+    Wing a paddle; upper black; under silvery-white; crest yellow;
+    f., yellow crest feathers shorter. Sea-animals.
+
+2
+3
+
+    =33 Little Penguin= (Little Blue), _Eudyptula minor_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. c. _coasts_      18
+
+    Upper light-blue; under glistening-white; wing a paddle; f., sim.
+    Sea-animals, plants.
+
+    =34 Fairy Penguin=, _E. undina_, V., T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. c. _coast_      13.5
+
+    Like 33, but smaller.
+
+====
+
+Order VIII. includes the true ocean birds--those wanderers seen far
+from any land by ocean travellers. Indeed, many of them do not go near
+land except to breed. Then they usually repair to small lonely islands
+often with bold precipitous shores.
+
+Ocean birds are readily divisible into four families. The first
+is made up of the 25 Storm-Petrels; the second of the 75 Petrels,
+Shearwaters, Fulmars, and Dove-Petrels; the third family comprises
+only the three small southern Diving-Petrels; while the fourth
+contains the nineteen noble Albatrosses.
+
+Though Storm-Petrels and Petrels of various kinds may be seen in the
+Northern Hemisphere, yet the Southern Hemisphere, with its enormous
+expanse of water, is the headquarters of these birds.
+
+The dainty, tiny Storm-Petrels, fearlessly tripping over the mountain
+billows in times of great danger to the sailor, were considered birds
+of ill-omen. Their peculiar flight possibly helped this idea. Gould
+closely studied them and other ocean birds during his voyages on
+sailing ships. He describes them as "fluttering over the glassy
+surface of the ocean during calms with an easy butterfly-like motion
+of the wings, and buffeting and breasting with equal vigor the crests
+of the loftiest waves of the storm; at one moment descending into
+their deep troughs, and, at the next, rising with the utmost alertness
+to their highest point, apparently from an impulse communicated as
+much by striking the surface of the water with its webbed feet as by
+the action of the wings."
+
+This habit of "walking" on the sea is said to be responsible for the
+name "Petrel," which is associated with Saint Peter, who, of old,
+walked on the waters. Sailors call them Mother Carey's Chickens.
+
+The largest Australian Storm-Petrel is the Whitefaced Storm-Petrel,
+whose scientific name, _Pelagodroma_, means "open sea wanderer."
+It has been recorded even from the North Atlantic and Britain. Many
+thousands of these birds still nest on Mud Island, a sandbank just
+inside Port Phillip Heads. The presence there of a true ocean wanderer
+is a valuable piece of evidence to support the geographer in his claim
+that Port Phillip Bay once had a wide opening, which has been almost
+closed by the drift of sand across its mouth. The Storm-Petrels have
+probably nested there for many, many centuries. Long may they continue
+to do so! They hurt no one, and they are a feature of interest to all
+interested in the flora and fauna of Australia, and to natural history
+students and Nature-lovers in general.
+
+The Shackleton expedition met the Wilson (Yellow-webbed) Storm-Petrel,
+in considerable numbers, far south. Two specimens were presented by
+Lieutenant Shackleton to the National Museum, Melbourne. However,
+recently our Museum received, through the agency of two schoolboys,
+a specimen that is valued even more highly, for it is Australian.
+
+The boys, on their way to the Marshaltown State School (Mr. H. B.
+Williamson, H.T.), found a bird near a fence about nine miles inland.
+It had evidently been killed by flying into the fence in the dark.
+Using the _Bird-List_, the boys discovered that it was a Yellow-webbed
+Storm-Petrel, a truly pelagic bird, as its name, _Oceanites oceanicus_
+indicates. Mr. Williamson, to show that the _List_ was of assistance,
+even to boys, in identifying birds they had never heard of before,
+left the bird at the Continuation School, Geelong. Here it was
+recognized as a valuable specimen, and was at once sent to Mr.
+Kershaw, curator of the National Museum. It is now in the Australian
+collection.
+
+The true Petrels are very numerous in kinds and individuals. Darwin
+thought that the most numerous of birds was a Petrel. One of great
+interest is the "Mutton-Bird," or Short-tailed Petrel. This romantic
+bird breeds by the million on Cape Woolamai and other places about
+Bass Strait.
+
+Just as the mallee farmer is dependent on his annual wheat harvest,
+so the remarkable colony of people living on Cape Barren Island is
+entirely dependent on the annual Mutton-Bird harvest. They claim
+to take about a million and a half birds each year. The number is
+probably much exaggerated, for Littler, in his valuable _Birds of
+Tasmania_, gives the number as 555,000 for 1909, valued at about
+£4000. Bass and Flinders were glad to replenish their stores with
+young Mutton-Birds. Flinders calculated that one flock of these birds
+he met in Bass Strait contained 132,000,000 birds. They lay but one
+egg, so one would expect the Petrel to be long-lived. We found a
+closely-similar bird nesting on Mast Head Island, Capricorn Group.
+
+The three southern Diving Petrels, forming the next family, are much
+smaller than the common Petrels. They are expert divers, and are
+found mainly in the far South.
+
+The mighty Albatross, with its enormous wing-span of possibly up to
+14 feet, is also largely a southern bird. That this bird has spread to
+the North Pacific Ocean, but has not yet penetrated any distance into
+the Atlantic, is another piece of evidence as to the age of these two
+oceans. The Pacific Ocean is a very ancient depression, while the
+Atlantic is much younger, and has been formed since the lands which
+border its shores. The Black-browed Albatross, however, was once seen
+in England. Probably this bird might have been carried north on board
+ship, and then set free again. Fossil bones of Albatrosses have been
+found in France and England. Their remarkable power of wheeling round
+and round a vessel, with no perceptible movement of the wing, has
+excited much interest and controversy.
+
+Mr. Froude, in his _Oceana_, has given a vivid description of this
+flight. The Albatross "wheels in circles round and round and for ever
+round the ship--now far behind, now sweeping past in a long, rapid
+curve, like a perfect skater on an untouched field of ice. There is no
+effort; watch as closely as you will, you rarely or never see a stroke
+of the mighty pinion. The flight is generally near the water, often
+close to it. You lose sight of the bird as he disappears in the hollow
+between the waves, and catch him again as he rises over the crest; but
+how he rises, and whence comes the propelling force, are to the
+eye inexplicable; he alters merely the angle at which the wings are
+inclined...."
+
+Gould considered that many of these birds circumnavigate the globe
+many times. They follow ships for days together.
+
+Albatrosses are sometimes caught by those on board ship. One means
+of protection employed by these birds is to discharge a considerable
+quantity of oily matter at an intruder. This has led sailors to
+declare that the bird is "seasick." Some claim that this is not done
+for protection, but is due to fright.
+
+The members of the Australasian Ornithologists' Union, when on a trip
+in the _Manawatu_ to the Bass Strait Islands found it tantalizing
+to see the beautiful Shy Albatrosses sitting on their nests on the
+precipitous granite Albatross Rock, and be unable to land owing to the
+rough sea that was running. We waited a second and a third day, in the
+shelter of Chimney Corner, Three Hummocks Island, but finally had to
+depart with but a distant acquaintance with this fine bird. When they
+return to nest the succeeding year, the parents drive last year's
+brood off the island. Does the young live on its fat all through the
+cold, rough winter, or do the parents return at intervals to feed it?
+Some recent records by a French party on one of these lonely nesting
+islands show that in some cases, at least, the parents do feed the
+young at night during their long wait. The sitting bird is fed by
+her mate. He opens his mouth, and she inserts her bill, and chooses a
+dainty for herself.
+
+_A Monograph of the Petrels_, by F. Du Cane Godman, F.R.S., Pres.
+British Ornithologists' Union, was consulted for Order VIII.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 26]
+
+  [Illustration: [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]]
+
+    ORDER VIII.--PROCELLARIIFORMES, TUBINARES, TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS.
+
+    F. 27. PROCELLARIIDAE (5), STORM-PETRELS, MOTHER CAREY'S CHICKENS,
+    25 sp--10(3)A., 2(0)O., 10(0)P., 7(0)E., 13(4)Nc., 13(3)Nl.
+
+2
+3
+
+    =35 Wilson Storm-Petrel= (Yellow-webbed, Flat-clawed),
+    _Oceanites oceanica_, S. Polar regions N. to British Is.
+    (acc), Labrador (acc.), India, A., N.Z.
+
+          c. _ocean_      6.8
+
+    Blackish; base tail above below white; legs black; webs yellow;
+    f., sim. Shellfish, small fish, greasy.
+
+  [Page 27]
+
+    =36 Gray-backed Storm-Petrel=, _O. (Garrodia) nereis_, S. Oceans,
+    A., T., N.Z.
+
+          r. _ocean_      6.7
+
+    Sooty; abdomen, under base tail whitish; bill, feet black; f., sim.
+    Oily substances, shellfish.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =37 White-breasted Storm-Petrel= (White-faced), Frigate Petrel,
+    Mother Carey's Chicken, _Pelagodroma marina_, S. Oceans, N. to
+    Canary Is., U.S. (acc.)
+
+          c. Mud. Is. _ocean_      8
+
+    Upper brownish-gray; crown, line under eye, edge of wing, tail
+    black; under, face, throat, line above eye white; bill, feet black;
+    webs yellow; f., sim. Shellfish, oily matters.
+
+2
+4
+
+    =38 Black-bellied Storm-Petrel=, _Cymodroma (Fregetta) melanogaster_,
+    S. Oceans, to N. Atl., A., T.
+
+          r. _ocean_      7.5
+
+    Sooty-black; under base tail, flanks white; bill, feet black; f.,
+    sim. Sea-animals, oily.
+
+    =39 White-bellied Storm-Petrel=, _C. grallaria_, S. Oceans to B. of
+    Bengal, Atl. to Cancer, Florida (acc).
+
+          r. _ocean_      7.2
+
+    Upper, neck, chest black; under, rump white; bill, feet black;
+    f., sim. Sea-animals, oily.
+
+    F. 28. PUFFINIDAE (29), PETRELS, Shearwaters, Fulmars, Prions,
+    75 sp.--47(16)A., 7(0)O., 24(0)P., 30(2)E., 22(4)Nc., 37(7)Nl.
+
+7
+25
+
+    =40 Wedge-tailed Petrel= (Shearwater), _Puffinus sphenurus_,
+    A. seas.
+
+          v.r. _ocean_      17.5
+
+    Sooty-brown; wing blackish; tail black; throat ashy-gray; under
+    dull ashy-brown; bill lead color; legs, feet livid flesh color,
+    dusky on inner side of leg and toe. Like 42, but tail longer;
+    f., sim. Food as for 41.
+
+  [Page 28]
+
+  [Illustration: [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]]
+
+    =41 Allied Petrel=, Gould Shearwater (Little Dusky), _P. assimilis_,
+    A. and N.Z. Seas, Atl. O. to Madiera Is., Nova Scotia (acc.).
+
+          Flocks v.r. _ocean_      11
+
+    Upper, crown, wings, tail sooty-black; side face, under white;
+    side-chest dusky; bill dark horn-colour; legs greenish-yellow;
+    f., sim. Shrimps, shellfish, seaweed.
+
+    =42 Short-tailed Petrel= (Sooty, Bonaparte), Slender-billed
+    Shearwater (U.S.), Seal-Bird, Mutton-Bird (V.), _P. brevicaudus
+    (tenuirostris)_, A., Bass St., T., N.Z. Migrates to Alaska, Japan.
+
+          Flocks, c. _ocean_      14
+
+    Sooty-brown; under paler; bill blackish-brown; legs, feet
+    light-grey, black down outer side. Food as 41.
+
+3
+3
+
+    =43 Brown Petrel= (Great-Gray), Black-tailed Shearwater (U.S.),
+    Night Hawk (e), Bully, Kuia, _Procellaria (Priofinus) cinereus_,
+    S.O., California (once).
+
+          r. _ocean_      19.5
+
+    Crown, upper dark brownish-gray; under white; under base tail
+    ashy-brown; tail black; feet grayish-flesh color; outer toe
+    brownish-black; dives; f., sim.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =44 Silver-gray Petrel= (Fulmar), Slender-billed Fulmar (U.S.),
+    _Priocella glacialoides_, Bass St., A., T., N.Z., S. Oceans,
+    Pacific to Japan, Alaska.
+
+          c. _ocean_      18
+
+    Pearly-gray; tip-wing black; face, under silky-white; f., sim.
+    Dead animals, oil, cuttlefish.
+
+3
+3
+
+    =45 Black Petrel= (Fulmar), Taonui, _Procellaria (Majaqueus)
+    parkinsoni_, A. and N.Z. Seas.
+
+          r. _ocean_      18
+
+    Sooty black; f., sim. Food see 41.
+
+9
+32
+
+    =46 Great-winged Petrel= (Long-winged, Gray-faced), _Æstrelata
+    macroptera_, A., N.Z., S. Oceans.
+
+          v.r. _ocean_      15
+
+    Dark brown; about bill, throat gray; wing-quills, tail black;
+    bill, feet black; f., sim. Food see 41.
+
+  [Page 29]
+
+  [Illustration: [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51]]
+
+    =47 Brown-headed Petrel=, Solander Fulmar, _Æ. solandri_, 1 specimen
+    only, Gould, Bass St.
+
+          u. _ocean_      16
+
+    Head, wings, tail dark-brown; back slaty-gray, marked dark-brown;
+    bill, legs black.
+
+    =48 White-winged Petrel=, _Æ. leucoptera_, A., N.Z. to C. Horn,
+    Fiji.
+
+          r. _ocean_      13
+
+    Upper dark slaty-gray; forehead, face, under, under wing white;
+    wings blackish-brown; eyes, bill black; legs, half toes and webs
+    fleshy-white; tip toes and webs black; f., sim.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =49 Giant Petrel= (Fulmar), Mother Carey's Goose, Nelly, Glutton,
+    Stinkpot, Vulture of the Seas, _Macronectes gigantea_, S. Oceans
+    up to 30° S. Lat. Oregon (acc).
+
+          c. _ocean_      33
+
+    Dark chocolate-brown; bill horn-color; has also a white phase;
+    f., sim. Scavenger, omnivorous.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =50 Cape-Petrel= (Pintado, Black and White, Spotted, Pied),
+    Cape-Pigeon (-Fulmar), _Daption capensis_, A., N.Z., S. Oceans
+    to Brazil, Ceylon, Peru, acc. to California, Maine, England.
+
+          Large flocks c. _ocean_      16.5
+
+    Head, hind-neck, upper-back, edge of wing, quills, chin sooty-brown;
+    inner-wing, back white, broadly spotted sooty-brown; under white;
+    bill, feet blackish-brown; f., sim. Food as 41.
+
+5
+5
+
+    =51 Blue Petrel=, _Prion (Halobaena) coerulea_, S. Oceans, A., T.,
+    N.Z. to Icepack, Fiji.
+
+          c. _ocean_      11
+
+    Forehead, cheeks, throat, centre-chest, under white; upper
+    grayish-blue; outer wing-quills black; tail square, tipped white;
+    bill blackish-brown; f., sim. Cuttlefish, shellfish.
+
+  [Page 30]
+
+  [Illustration: [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]]
+
+    =52 Broad-billed Dove-Petrel= (Blue-), Whale-Bird, Prion, _P.
+    vittatus_, S. Oceans.
+
+          c. _ocean_      11.5
+
+    Upper delicate blue-gray; head darker than back; edge shoulder,
+    wing, tip-tail black; under, line over eye, white; flanks blue;
+    broad bill blue tipped black; feet light-blue; f., sim. Cuttlefish.
+
+  [Page 31]
+
+    =53 Banks Dove-Petrel= (Blue-), Prion, Whiroia, _P. banksi_,
+    S. Oceans, A., T., N.Z.
+
+          r. _ocean_      10
+
+    Like 52, but bill narrower and paler blue-gray; expanded wings show
+    black marks like letter W. Food as 54.
+
+    =54 Dove-Petrel=, Dove-like-Petrel (-Prion), Whale-Bird
+    (Snow-), _P. desolatus_, S. Oceans.
+
+          c. _ocean_      10.5
+
+    Like 52, 53, but more delicate; blackish below eye; white
+    stripe above eye; head same as back; bill straighter, more
+    slender; f., smaller. Shellfish, oily substances.
+
+    =55 Fairy Dove-Petrel= (-Prion), Short-billed (Gould)
+    Blue-Petrel, _P. brevirostris (ariel)_, S. Indian O., A.,
+    Bass St., Madeira, S. Africa.
+
+          v.r. _ocean_      9.5
+
+    Like 52, 53, 54, but bill shorter, stouter; head same as back;
+    white face.
+
+    F. 29. PELECANOIDIDAE (1), DIVING PETRELS, 3 sp.--2(0)A.,
+    1(0)E., 3(1)Nl.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =56 Diving-Petrel=, Smaller Diving Petrel, Tee-tee,
+    _Pelecanoides urinatrix_, A., N.Z., Str. of Magellan.
+
+          r. _sheltered bays_      8
+
+    Upper black; under white; legs, feet blue; dives; f., sim.
+    Shellfish.
+
+    F. 30. DIOMEDEIDAE (10), ALBATROSSES, Mollymawks, 19
+    sp.--13(3)A., 2(0)O., 5(0)P., 5(1)E., 5(0)Nc., 9(3)Nl.
+
+7
+17
+
+    =57 Wandering Albatross=, Man-of-War-Bird, Cape Sheep, Toroa,
+    _Diomedea exulans_, S. Oceans up to Lat. 30° S.
+
+          c. _ocean_      44
+
+    Upper white with fine zigzag brown lines; wing-quills black;
+    tail short, black above; side face, under white; zigzag lines
+    on side of breast; bill whitish; color varies with age; span
+    up to 14 ft.; f., sim. Jelly-fish, shrimps, shellfish.
+
+  [Page 32]
+
+  [Illustration: [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63]]
+
+    =58 Royal Albatross=, _D. regia_, A., T., N.Z. Seas.
+
+          c. _ocean_      44
+
+    Lately separated from 57, because young have white down
+    instead of gray; adult has no zigzag lines; f., sim. Food see
+    57.
+
+    =59 Black-browed Albatross= (Mollymawk), _D. melanophrys_, S.
+    Oceans, England (once).
+
+          v.c. _ocean_      32
+
+    Head, neck, under, upper base tail white; blackish-gray
+    streak through eye; wings dark brown; back slaty-black; tail
+    dark-gray; bill buff-yellow; f., young sim. Fish.
+
+  [Page 33]
+
+    =60 White-capped Albatross=, shy Mollymawk, _D.
+    (Thalassageron) cauta_, A. Seas, Bass St.
+
+          c. _ocean_      31
+
+    Back slaty-gray; rump white; wings dark-gray; tail slaty-gray;
+    head, neck, under white; blackish streak through eye; bill
+    horn-color; f., smaller. Fish, barnacles, shrimps.
+
+    =61 Flat-billed Albatross=, (Yellow-nosed (e),
+    Gray-headed), Gould Yellow-nosed Mollymawk, _D. chrysostoma
+    (culminata)_, A., Indian O., Pacific O., Oregon
+    (cas.) G. of St. Lawrence (cas.).
+
+          r. _ocean_      28
+
+    Back, wings, tail dark grayish-black; head, neck gray; faint
+    blackish streak through eye; under, rump white; bill black,
+    tip, crest, lower-edge yellow, f., sim. Food see 60.
+
+    =62 Yellow-nosed Albatross= _D. chlororhynchus_, S. Atl. O.,
+    S. Ind. O., A., T.
+
+          c. _ocean_      30
+
+    Under, head, neck, rump white; back, wings brownish-black,
+    tail brownish; bill black, crest bright orange-yellow, tip
+    blood-orange; faint dark streak through eye; f., sim. Food see
+    60.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =63 Sooty Albatross=, _Phoebetria palpebrata (fuliginosa)_, S.
+    Oceans, Oregon (cas.), A., N.Z.
+
+          c. _oceans_      29.5
+
+    Sooty-brown; white ring almost round eye; bill black; f., sim.
+    Food as 60.
+
+    F. 31. _Alcidae_, Auk, Garefowl, Puffin, Razorbill, Guillemot,
+    Murre, 28 sp.--22(1)P., 27(6)Nc.
+
+====
+
+The birds of Order IX. are mainly shore birds. There are four chief
+kinds of these--Terns (Sea-Swallows), including Noddy Terns, Gulls,
+the remarkable northern Skimmers, which skim along the surface with
+the lengthened end of the lower mandible in the water, and the bold
+sea-pirates, Skuas. Fifty-seven Terns and Noddies are found throughout
+the world. Of these, twenty-one have been recorded from Australian
+waters.
+
+Being powerful flyers, it is not surprising to find that several of
+the Australian Terns are really Old-World, and even New-World, forms
+too. Thus the Whiskered (Marsh) Tern is also British. The Caspian,
+Gull-billed, and Bridled (Brown-winged) Terns are British and
+American, while the Sooty Tern is found in all tropical and
+sub-tropical seas. It is one of the famous birds of the world, for
+it is the "egg bird" of sailors. It retires in large companies to
+low scrubby islands to breed. Here it lays a single egg on the bare
+ground. Sailors, tired of ship's fare, often visit these "rookeries."
+Gould quotes a record of one party which took 1500 dozen eggs on
+one small island in Torres Strait. Spanish eggers from Havanah take
+cargoes, which are disposed of at 25 cents per gallon.
+
+The Wide-Awake Fair, of Ascension Island, is a famous annual event
+in natural history. A similar scene has been described by Mr. A. W.
+Milligan, the well-known West Australian ornithologist, on the Houtman
+Abrolhos Island, west of Western Australia. Here acres of the ground
+were covered by birds sitting on their nests. The question is, does
+each find its own nest when it returns to sit? Mr. Milligan settled
+this in the affirmative by tying a piece of string to a sitting bird
+and then letting it take flight. It found its own egg, and resumed its
+work. It is noteworthy that no two of the million eggs are similarly
+marked, and this puzzling variation in marking probably assists each
+bird to recognize its own egg.
+
+One of the daintiest of these birds is the Fairy Tern, which was
+common on Mud Island while the 1909 Summer School was being held.
+Obedient to the call of the mother bird, which hovered threateningly
+overhead, the mottled and striped young one squatted on the shelly
+sand beach while bird-lovers hunted around for the material for a
+photograph. At length the dark eye revealed the beautifully-protected
+young bird.
+
+As the camera was being fixed, a different call from the mother caused
+the young one to run away. Three or four naturalists tried to catch
+the active little bird, which stopped for a moment and disgorged two
+whole small fish, with which its mother had evidently but recently fed
+it. Eventually a good picture was obtained. These Terns nest singly,
+though others nest in large companies. They obtain fish by diving into
+the sea. It was interesting, on a Nature-study excursion, to watch the
+Crested Terns diving frequently into the sea above a shoal of small
+fish at Sandringham.
+
+We found the Noddies breeding in thousands on Mast Head Island, in the
+Capricorn Group. They built a small platform of leaves, or seaweed,
+high or low, on every possible nesting site on the great _Pisonia_
+trees. In fact, there is an interesting kind of partnership between
+the bird and the tree. The fruits of the _Pisonia_ have bands of
+sticky glands, which adhere to the plumage of the birds. After a
+time the fruits fall off, possibly on another island, and so this
+interesting tree is spread throughout these small coral sandbanks
+and islets. The birds are sometimes so loaded and clogged with these
+fruits that they are incapable of flight. Surely here is a wonderful
+partnership between the tree-frequenting Noddy and the forest tree
+that provides shelter and nesting places for it. It is, indeed, a
+marvellous method of seed dispersal.
+
+The number of ocean birds breeding on these tiny island-paradises
+is amazing. Minute Mast Head Island is a place free of all pests--no
+flies, no mosquitoes, no ticks, no snakes, nor prickly plants, but
+a deep shady forest of giant _Pisonia_ trees, sometimes covered with
+creepers and lianas, and fringed with pretty flowering shrubs, fig
+trees, and long green grass, and surrounded, above spring-tide level,
+by a fringe of graceful Horse-tail Sheoaks (Casuarinas). We calculated
+that over 100,000 birds bred annually on this 100-acre sandbank, no
+point of which rose 10 feet above spring-tide level. The graceful
+White-capped Noddies already mentioned nested high and low on the
+trees and shrubs. Petrels in thousands burrowed in the sand under the
+giant _Pisonias_, which are so thickly foliaged that not enough
+light penetrates to enable undergrowth to flourish, so the sand was
+practically bare in the centre of the island. Reef Herons nested
+low on spreading branches or interlacing roots. Silver Gulls and
+Oyster-catchers nested on the ground, within about a yard of the
+spring-tide mark; Doves, Silver-eyes, Bell-Magpies (_Streperas_),
+Caterpillar-eaters, Kingfishers, and other land birds nested in the
+trees, while the White-bellied Sea-Eagle (almost a fac-simile of the
+Bald Eagle of America) had his nest overlooking all, on the highest
+tree on the island. The Frigate Birds were not nesting on Mast Head
+Island, but they roosted each night in the tall Sheoaks at the water's
+edge. It was a treat, in the late afternoon, to see these glorious
+birds winding up their invisible staircase into the vast void of upper
+air. Gloriously and calmly they sailed up and up, until the merest
+speck only could be seen. Of corals, turtles, and other marvels we may
+not speak here. The migrating wading-birds had just reached the island
+after their long journey from Siberian Tundras. Some were so poor
+that we caught Sandpipers by hand. Flocks of Turnstone, Golden Plover,
+Godwits, Curlew, and other wading-birds were there, possibly only
+resting before continuing their journey to the South. It was indeed
+a privilege to live on such a spot for nine days and to see Nature in
+some of her most interesting phases.
+
+The two Australian Seagulls illustrate the "law of representatives" so
+often referred to by Gould. It is strange how often a closely similar
+representative of a Northern bird is found in Australia. Thus the big
+Pacific Gull is the representative of the large Gull of Europe, though
+its peculiar deepened and orange-colored bill is distinctive. It does
+not gain its beautiful white and black plumage until it is three or
+more years old, being brown in the first year, and brown and white in
+the second year.
+
+The Silver Gull is known to all. Though a dainty-looking bird, it has
+a bad character. It is worse than any bird of prey for stealing eggs
+and young birds, for let a gannet or other nesting bird but leave the
+nest for a moment, and Gulls quickly rob it of its contents. They are
+scavengers, and eagerly follow a steamer at lunch-time to gather the
+scraps. An interesting sight of Currie Harbor, King Island, is to see
+the large company of Seagulls nesting undisturbed on a tiny, bare,
+rocky islet close to the pier.
+
+It was noted that, whenever the Noddies were disturbed, and rose,
+protesting loudly, the Gulls immediately gathered and hovered over
+the trees containing Noddies' nests. Evidently they were looking for
+unprotected eggs.
+
+Placed in the next family are the seven robber Gulls or sea
+pirates--Skuas. We read of these birds in the old _Royal Readers_,
+but few recognized them when they followed us to the Summer School
+of 1910. They also followed our afternoon-tea cruise to South Channel
+fort, and played their usual game of compelling the Seagulls to give
+up the scraps they had gathered. The Robber Gull, or Skua, of Victoria
+is, strange to say, identical with the Skua of England. The one that
+followed the s.s. _Lady Loch_ to the Summer School is better known in
+England as the Arctic Gull or Richardson Skua. It breeds in the far
+North, so it is a great traveller.
+
+One interesting fact about these birds is that they show two sets of
+plumage. Thus, while each bird, as it gets older, usually changes its
+immature and almost uniform dusky plumage for a white under-surface,
+an incomplete white collar, and a blackish cap, yet some retain the
+dusky plumage throughout life. This is a good example of "dimorphism,"
+as it is termed. Usually, instead of picking up their own prey, they
+watch until some other bird has captured a meal, and then they rapidly
+pursue it and cause it to disgorge. They do not skim over the waves
+like Petrels, but show a heavy, labored flight, varied by a short
+soar. As the two centre tail feathers project beyond the rest, the
+birds can be readily identified as they follow a steamer for tit-bits.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 34]
+
+  [Illustration: [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69]]
+
+    ORDER IX.--LARIFORMES.
+
+    F. 32. LARIDAE (21), TERNS, NODDIES, GULLS, Skimmers, 125
+    sp.--32(13)A., 35(3)O., 45(1)P., 42(6)E., 43(5)Nc., 46(19)Nl.
+
+2
+4
+
+    =64 Whiskered Tern= (Marsh), _Hydrochelidon fluviatilis
+    (hybrida)_, Eur. (Br.) to China, Malay, Afr. to A.
+
+          r. _swamps (inland)_      11
+
+    Head black; upper, wings, tail light-gray; face, throat, tail
+    white; chest dark-gray; abdomen black; bill blood-red; winter,
+    head grayish-white; f., sim. Water-insects, small fish.
+
+  [Page 35]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =65 Gull-billed Tern= (Long-legged), _Gelochelidon macrotarsa
+    (anglica)_, cos.
+    [~65-66 _Genus Thalasseus._]
+
+          r. _rivers_, _swamps inland_      17
+
+    White; crown, hind-neck black; upper, wing-quills
+    silvery-gray; bill long, stout, black; long legs and feet
+    black; winter head white streaked black; f., sim. Small fish,
+    insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =66 Caspian Tern=, Taranui, _Sterna (Hydroprogne) caspia_,
+    cos. exc. S. Amer.
+    [~65-66 _Genus Thalasseus._]
+
+          c. _shore_      20.5
+
+    Head, hind-neck black; back, wings, tail pale-gray; dark-gray
+    wing-quills; under white; bill scarlet; dives; f., smaller.
+    Fish.
+
+10
+37
+
+    =67* Crested Tern= (Swift, Rüppell, Bass-St., Torres-St.),
+    Village Blacksmith, _Sterna bergii_, Red S., Indian O., to
+    Japan to A., Pac. Is.
+
+          v.c. _ocean_      17
+
+    Crown, crest black; forehead, sides and back of neck, under,
+    white; back, wings, tail dark-gray; bill yellow; legs, feet
+    black; f., sim. Fish.
+
+    =68 White-fronted Tern= (Southern), _S. striata (frontalis)_,
+    E.A., T., N.Z.
+
+          c. _shore_      13
+
+    Upper delicate-gray; wing-quills grayish-black; forehead,
+    side-neck, under white; bill, about eye, hind-neck black; f.,
+    sim. Small fish.
+
+    =69 Bridled Tern= (Brown-winged, Panayan, Smaller-Sooty), _S.
+    anaestheta_, tropical, sub-tropical seas.
+
+          v.c. _shore_      14.5
+
+    Upper light sooty-brown; forehead, line over eye, throat,
+    under white; crown, nape, line from bill past eye black; bill,
+    legs, feet black; like 70, but smaller; back, wings brown; f.,
+    sim. Fish.
+
+  [Page 38]
+
+  [Illustration: [81] [87] [102] [106] [107] [109] [119] [123] [125]]
+
+   =81= Black-breasted Plover
+   =87= Black-fronted Dottrel
+  =102= Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
+  =106= Australian Snipe
+  =107= Australian Painted Snipe
+  =109= Southern Stone-Curlew
+  =119= White-fronted Heron
+  =123= Nankeen Night Heron
+  =125= Australian Bittern
+
+  [Page 40]
+
+  [Illustration: [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75]]
+
+    =70 Sooty Tern=, Wide-awake, Egg-bird, _S. fuliginosa_ (_S.
+    fuscata_, A.O.U.), tropical, sub-tropical seas, Br. (acc).
+    [~70 _Sterna fuscata._]
+
+          v.c. _shores_      17
+
+    Upper, crown, wings, line from bill past eye, tail black;
+    forehead, under white; bill, feet black; like 69, but larger,
+    blacker above; f., sim. Fish, squid. "Oo-ee."
+
+    =71* White-faced Ternlet=, Sea-swallow, Little (Fairy) Tern,
+    Taraiti, _S. nereis_, A., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Little Tern.
+
+          c. _shore_      10.5
+
+    Upper silvery-gray; under, rump, tall, forehead white; crown,
+    hind-neck black; bill, feet orange-yellow; f., sim. Small
+    fish.
+
+  [Page 41]
+
+1
+45
+
+    =72* Silver Gull= (Jameson), Seagull, Sea Pigeon, _Larus
+    novae-hollandiae_, A., T., N. Cal., N.Z. (acc).
+
+          Stat. c. _shore_, _inland_      17.5
+
+    Head, neck, under, rump, tail white; back, wings
+    delicate-gray; wing-tips white and black bars; bill, legs,
+    feet blood-red; eye white; f., sim. Scraps, eggs, omnivorous.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =73* Pacific Gull= (Larger), _Gabianus pacificus_. A., T. =vt.
+    Eur. Greater Black-backed Gull.
+
+          Stat. c. _shore_      25
+
+    "This fine gull;" head, neck, under white; tail white barred
+    black; back, wings slaty-black; eye white; legs yellow;
+    deepened bill orange tipped red; f., smaller; young up to 4
+    years mottled-brown, becoming more like adult each year. Fish,
+    crabs, carrion.
+
+    F. 33. STERCORARIIDAE (4), SKUAS, Robber Gulls, Sea Pirates, 7
+    sp.--4(0)A., 1(0)O., 4(0)P., 3(0)E., 4(0)Nc., 4(1)Nl.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =74 Great Southern Skua=, Robber Gull, Port-Egmont-Hen,
+    Sea-Hawk, Hakoakoa, _Megalestris antarctica_, S. Oceans, A.,
+    N.Z. =vt. Eur. Great Skua.
+    [~74 _Catharacta._]
+
+          Mig. r. _shores_      23
+
+    Upper blackish-brown; under chocolate-brown; wing white patch;
+    centre tail feathers project 1/2in.; f., sim. Stolen fish,
+    carrion.
+
+2
+3
+
+    =75 Richardson Skua= (Arctic), Arctic (Parasite) Gull,
+    Long-tailed Jaeger, Sea-Pirate, Boatswain-Bird, Teaser,
+    _Stercorarius crepidatus_, cos.
+    [~75 _Catharacta parasitica._]
+
+          Mig. r. _shores_      20
+
+    Dimorphic (two phases)--1. Dusky upper; blackish cap; narrow
+    whitish collar; under white; brown band on chest; brown band
+    on wing; centre tail feathers project 3ins.; strong bill,
+    claws. 2. Under mottled and barred brown and whitish; follow
+    bay steamers; f., sim. Stolen fish.
+
+====
+
+The fifty Australian birds included in the important order of Waders
+are remarkably like such birds found inhabiting other regions of the
+globe, shore conditions apparently being somewhat similar the world
+over. It is interesting to note that thirteen of the forty-four
+Australian members of this family of Plover-like birds are also found
+in Britain, and that most of the others are direct representatives
+of closely-related birds found in other Countries. No less than
+twenty-eight of these birds are merely visitors here, for they breed
+away in the far North. Many even nest within the Arctic Circle, in
+Siberia, for it is a rule that a migrating bird nests in the colder
+of the two countries visited. Strictly, these twenty-eight species are
+Siberian, or at least northern, forms, and not Australian birds.
+
+Many members of this group undergo a seasonal change of plumage
+when breeding time comes. As they spend this season in the Northern
+Hemisphere, we do not see them in their brilliant colors, but in
+quiet, mottled browns and grays.
+
+Some are "accidental" visitors to Australia. Possibly they find their
+way here by getting mixed with a company of allied birds on their
+annual journey south. Thus the Common (British) Sandpiper is a very
+rare bird here, though it retains its British name--Common Sandpiper.
+Similarly, other European and American birds have been recorded, and
+the number of these far-wandering birds recorded from Australia
+is likely to be still further increased. The stout, short-legged
+Turnstone is the most cosmopolitan of birds. Breeding in Siberia, so
+widely does it roam, that it has visited almost every shore in
+the world, where, true to name, it turns the stones in search of
+sandhoppers.
+
+The two "Oyster-catchers"--"Redbills"--are representatives of similar
+birds found almost the world over. Their deepened, flat bill is said
+to serve as a pick-axe to force open oysters and mussels. We found one
+or two pairs on almost every shore we visited about Bass Strait, on
+Eyre Peninsula, and on the Barrier Reef.
+
+The two common Plovers--the Spurwing and Black-breasted--do not
+migrate, so we see them in brighter colors. Still, though bright
+when noticed, they are yet wonderfully protected, as they stand quite
+still. I felt great astonishment on finding that I had driven,
+near Lake Tyrrell, into the midst of a company of over a thousand
+Black-breasted Plovers, not noticed until the eye picked out one and
+then another. It recalled to mind the scene in the _Lady of the Lake_,
+when Fitz James found the hillside alive with Roderick Dhu's warriors.
+
+The White-headed Stilt, or Long-legged Plover, is one of five species
+spread throughout the world. Some people have pretended to pity the
+Stilt for being one of Nature's misfits, but surely they never saw the
+bird in a state of nature enjoying life, and gaining an easy living on
+shallow tidal flats, its long legs being a beautiful adaptation to the
+environment in which it lives.
+
+The Banded Stilt is a purely Australian bird, and has no
+representative in other countries. These and some other shore-birds
+live about tidal flats, and get their food in the soft mud. Their long
+bill is often flexible, and the tip is sometimes well supplied with
+nerves, so that it is sensitive. The bird can thus detect, in the soft
+mud, any animal that would serve for food. It can then open its bill
+enough to catch the animal without trouble. The Avocet's bill is
+sharply curved upwards, and is one of the most remarkable of such
+organs. The Australian Avocet is one species of a cosmopolitan genus.
+
+Some of the Dottrels live on the dry, open plains of the interior;
+others frequent the beaches and shores.
+
+When a bird of prey appears, these plain-living birds squat quite
+flat, placing even the head flat on the ground. They thus escape
+detection, for the protective coloring of these birds and of their
+eggs is marvellous. The story of how a photograph of a Dottrel's nest
+was obtained is of value to teachers, for it will remind us that it
+is not well to neglect the three R's, and that Nature-study alone
+will not give a complete education. Three bird-lovers spent some time
+trying to find this nest, while the parent birds flew noisily around.
+Suspecting at last that the birds' knowledge of numbers was probably
+deficient, the three hid behind a log. Two then walked away. The birds
+immediately returned to the nest, and a valuable photograph was the
+result. A training in Nature-study, valuable as it undoubtedly is, is
+thus not all of our work.
+
+The Painted Snipe breeds in Australia, but the Australian Snipe breeds
+in Japan, so it, properly speaking, is not an Australian bird. Think
+of the journey twice a year! Six of these wading-birds even visit New
+Zealand each year. How do they find their way there, across a gap
+of over 1000 miles, without any land whatever? Inherited memory is
+strong, but how did the first batches find their way? Their annual
+journey supports the geographer in his surmise that Australia at no
+very distant date extended very much farther to the east. Indeed,
+these birds almost certainly follow the old coast of the Australian
+continent.
+
+Snipe, some Plovers, Dottrels, Curlews (Sea), Whimbrels, Godwits, &c.,
+thus go to the North each year to partake of the abundant banquet
+of fruits, &c., preserved in the great ice chamber of the North.
+Numberless flocks of birds follow up the melting ice, and so nest
+unmolested on the great tundras and plains of Siberia. They wear their
+bright wedding dress in the far North, and are known here only in the
+quiet mottled browns and grays. In autumn these birds depart. They
+travel mostly at night, to avoid Birds of Prey, and so are seldom
+seen, though they may be heard calling as they pass high overhead.
+They are occasionally seen with the aid of telescopes as they pass
+across the face of the moon.
+
+The Pratincole, or Swallow-Plover, is a representative of an Old-World
+family. Its long wings and long legs denote a rapid runner and a rapid
+flyer, so that it has little trouble in catching its insect food,
+either in the air or on the ground.
+
+Our inland Stone-Curlew has a call very similar to that of the sea
+(true) Curlew, but it has a short, straight bill, instead of a long,
+arched bill. The proper name of the land Curlew is the Southern
+Stone-Curlew or Stone-Plover. It is the only Australian bird that
+seems to have the power of varying the color of its eggs. If the eggs
+are laid in grass, they are greenish; if amongst ironstone, the eggs
+are reddish-brown; if on sand, the eggs are tawny; and so on. Other
+ground-laying birds seem to pick out the soil that matches the
+color of their eggs, and lay there only. Possibly local races of the
+Southern Stone-Curlew keep to the one class of country. However, the
+eggs do match the surroundings, and the birds nest on different kinds
+of soil and rock.
+
+In Family 42, the only Australian bird is the Australian Bustard, our
+representative of a widely-spread family, a member of which formerly
+bred in Great Britain. It is the well-known "Wild Turkey." As it is a
+good table bird, it is generally shot on sight. This is a mistake,
+as it is (as Mr. C. French, Government Entomologist, has pointed out)
+worth many times its table value as an insect destroyer. None of the
+family has spread to America. As no Bustard occurs in the regions
+between Australia and India, this bird supplies a good example of
+what is known to zoo-geographers as "discontinuous distribution."
+"Discontinuous distribution," as applied to land animals, _e.g._,
+marsupials found in America and Australia, ratite birds in South
+America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, or the tapir,
+found in Central America and Malaysia, implies a land connexion (not
+necessarily complete at any one period) to allow of the gradual spread
+of the animals. Of course, as flying birds can pass easily from one
+region to another, "discontinuous distribution," as applied to them,
+cannot have so much importance attached to it as indicating previous
+land connexions.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 42]
+
+  [Illustration: [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82]]
+
+    ORDER X.--CHARADRIIFORMES.
+
+    F. 34. _Chionididae_, Sheathbills, Kelp-Pigeons, 3 sp.--2(2)E.
+    1(1)Nl.
+
+    F. 35. _Thinocorythidae_, Seed-Snipe, Seed-Plover, 5 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 36. CHARADRIIDAE (44), Waders, Plover-like Birds, 202
+    sp.--68(29)A., 75(5)O., 84(2)P., 70(24)E., 65(3)Nc., 74(28)Nl.
+
+1
+2
+
+    =76 Turnstone=, Sea-Dottrel, Calico (beach) Bird, _Arenaria
+    interpres_, cos.
+    [~76 _Morinella interpres._]
+
+          Mig. c. _shore_      8
+
+    Winter plumage, mottled brown, black; summer plumage in far
+    north; black and white conspicuous; short bill black; legs,
+    feet, orange; f., duller. Sand-hoppers, shellfish.
+
+  [Page 43]
+
+2
+13
+
+    =77 Pied Oyster-catcher= (White-breasted, Black and white),
+    Seapie, Olive, Redbill, Torea, _Haematopus longirostris_,
+    Mol., N.G., A., T., N.Z., Chatham Is. =vt. Eur.
+    Oyster-catcher.
+
+          Stat. c. _shores_      19.5
+
+    Black; abdomen, rump, base tail above, below white; eyes,
+    bill, legs red; bill 3.75in.; f., sim. Sand-hoppers,
+    shellfish, worms.
+
+    =78 Black Oyster-catcher= (Sooty), Redbill, Toreo-pango, _H.
+    fuliginosus_, A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. c. _shores_      18
+
+    Sooty-black; bill, feet, eye red; f., sim. Shellfish, worms.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =79 Red-kneed Dottrel=, Sandpiper (e), _Erythrogonys cinctus_, A.
+
+          Mig. r. _muddy river banks_      7.5
+
+    Head, upper-neck, chest, black; throat, sides of neck,
+    abdomen, under base tail white; back olive-brown; middle tail
+    feathers olive, rest white; thigh, knee pink-red; f., sim.
+    Insects.
+
+2
+4
+
+    =80 Spurwing Plover= (Wattled), Alarm-Bird, _Lobivanellus
+    lobatus_, A., T.
+    [~80 _Lobibyx novae hollandiae._]
+
+          Stat. c. _plains_, _swamps_      14
+
+    "One of most beautiful of plovers;" crown black; face,
+    hind-neck, rump, under white; upper brown; tail white tipped
+    black; wattle on face lemon-yellow; spur on shoulder; f., sim.
+    Insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =81* Black-breasted Plover= (Stubble, Flock, Plain), _Zonifer
+    tricolor_, A., T.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _plains_      10.5
+
+    Upper brown; crown, line on face down to broad band on chest,
+    wing-quills black; line through eye, throat, abdomen white;
+    tail white barred black; spot at base of upper-bill blood-red;
+    f., spot lighter-red. Insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =82 Gray Plover= (Black-bellied), Gray Sandpiper (e), Maycock,
+    _Squatarola helvetica_, cos. 82
+    [~_Squatarola squatarola._]
+
+          Mig. r. _muddy shores_, _rivers_      12
+
+    Crown, upper, wings, olive-brown mottled white; wing-quills
+    blackish-brown; rump white; tail white barred light olive;
+    face, under white, breast tinged buff; bill, feet blackish;
+    small hind toe; brighter in far North; f., sim. Insects,
+    worms.
+
+  [Page 44]
+
+  [Illustration: [83] [84] [85] [86] [87]]
+
+1
+2
+
+    =83 Lesser Golden Plover= (Pacific, American, Australian,
+    Eastern), _Charadrius dominicus_, almost cos.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Mig. flocks, r. _plains near sea_, _rivers_      9
+
+    Upper, tail dark-brown marked whitish; under mottled buff,
+    brown, white; line over eye, throat whitish; no hind toe;
+    brighter in far north; f., sim. Insects, worms.
+
+4
+8
+
+    =84 Double-banded Dottrel= (Banded), Pohowera, _Ochthodromus
+    bicinctus_, A., T., Norfolk Is., Lord Howe Is., N.Z.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Mig. c. _shores_, _grass_      6.5
+
+    Upper brownish-gray; under white; black band on chest;
+    chestnut band on abdomen; forehead white; black line through
+    eye; eyelash scarlet; no hind toe; f., duller. Insects, worms.
+
+    =85 Oriental Dottrel= (Eastern, Asiatic, Mongolian), _O.
+    veredus_, Mongolia, China to A.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _sandy coasts_      9.5
+
+    Indistinct mottled plumage; upper brown and buff; throat
+    lighter; abdomen white; slender bill dark-brown; legs long,
+    slender; no hind toe; f., sim. Insects, worms.
+
+4
+19
+
+    =86 Red-capped Dottrel=, Red-necked Plover, Sandlark,
+    _Ægialitis ruficapilla_, China to A., T., N.Z.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Stat. c. _shores_      6
+
+    Crown, hind-neck rust-red; upper, wings pale-brown;
+    wing-quills blackish-brown; centre tail dark-brown, rest
+    white; under, forehead white; f., duller. Shellfish.
+
+    =87* Black-fronted Dottrel=, _Æ. melanops_, A.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Stat. r. _rivers_, _pools_, _lakes_      6
+
+    Forehead, broad band on chest black; throat, abdomen, stripe
+    over eye, round hind-neck white; eyelash bright-red; "active,
+    elegant bird;" f., sim. Insects, worms.
+
+  [Page 45]
+
+  [Illustration: [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93]]
+
+    =88 Hooded Dottrel=, _Æ. cucullata_, A., T.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Stat. c. _shore_      8.3
+
+    Head, throat, upper-back black; hind-neck, under white;
+    lower-back light brownish-gray; middle tail feathers black,
+    rest tipped white; scarlet ring round eye; f., crown mottled
+    black, white. Sand-hoppers, worms.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =89 Australian Dottrel=, _Peltohyas australis_, A. =vt. Eur.
+    Common Dottrel.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _plains (interior)_      8
+
+    Upper sandy-buff mottled with dark-brown; black band across
+    top of head from eye to eye; black collar on hind-neck
+    continued as a narrow V across chest; forehead, throat white;
+    m., duller. Insects.
+
+1
+7
+
+    =90 White-headed Stilt= (Pied), Longshanks, Stilt-bird,
+    Long-legged Plover, _Himantopus leucocephalus_, Great Sunda
+    Is., Mol., N.G., A. =vt. Eur. Stilt.
+    [~90 _Hypsibates_]
+
+          Nom. r. _swamps_, _lakes_      15
+
+    White; hind-neck, back, wings black; long legs pink; f.,
+    smaller. Insects, pond-snails.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =91 Banded Stilt=, Rottnest Snipe (e), _Cladorhynchus
+    leucocephalus_, A.
+
+          Nom. v.r. _shallow lakes_      13.5
+
+    White; broad chestnut band on breast; wings, centre of abdomen
+    black; long bill black. Plaintive whistle.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =92 Red-necked Avocet=, Cobbler, Cobbler's Awl, Painted Lady,
+    Scooper, _Recurvirostra novae-hollandiae_, A., T., N.Z. =vt.
+    cos. bird.
+
+          Nom. r. _lakes_, _tidal bays_      15.5
+
+    White; head, neck chestnut; wings black; f., sim. Shellfish,
+    insects.
+
+2
+9
+
+    =93 Australian Curlew=, Sea-Curlew, _Numenius cyanopus_, E.
+    Sib., Japan to A. =vt. Eur. Common Curlew.
+
+          Mig. c. _tidal shores_      m., 21; f., 24
+
+    Arched bill 7in.; mottled brown; f., larger. Crabs, worms.
+
+  [Page 46]
+
+  [Illustration: [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99]]
+
+    =94 Oriental Whimbrel= (Australian), Jack-Curlew, Mayfowl, _N.
+    variegatus_, E. Sib., Japan to A., T. =vt. Eur. Whimbrel.
+
+          Mig. r. _river_, _swamp_      15
+
+    Brown mottled; chin, abdomen white; tail barred brown, white;
+    arched bill 3in.; f., sim. Crabs, shellfish, worms.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =95 Little Whimbrel=, _Mesoscolopax minutus_, E. Sib.,
+    Mongolia, Japan to A.
+    [~95 _Numenius minutus._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _swamps_      12
+
+    Upper blackish-brown much marked and spotted buff; under, line
+    past eye buff; arched bill 1.7in. Insects, worms.
+
+  [Page 47]
+
+2
+5
+
+    =96 Barred-rumped Godwit= (Pacific), Kuaka, _Limosa,
+    novae-zealandiae_ (_lapponica_, Am.O.U.), Alaska, California;
+    E. Sib. to A., T., N.Z., Oceania =vt. Eur. Barred-tailed
+    Godwit.
+    [~96 _Limosa baueri._]
+
+          Mig. c. _shores_      15
+
+    Upper brownish-gray marked whitish; rump, tail barred brown,
+    white; abdomen white; legs brownish-black; broad, indistinct
+    whitish eyebrow; bill long, slightly upturned; f., larger.
+    Shellfish, worms, sand-hoppers.
+
+    =97 Black-tailed Godwit=, _L. limosa_, Br. Eur., N. Afr.,
+    India, E. Sib., Japan to A., Greenland (acc.), may be a
+    distinct species than called _L. melanuroides_.
+    [~97 _Limosa melanuroides._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _shallow lakes_      16
+
+    Upper grayish-brown; wing white band flying; lower-back
+    blackish-brown; upper base tail white; tail black, white at
+    side at base; neck, breast, flanks grayish-brown; abdomen
+    white; bill long, slightly upturned; f., larger. Insects, pond
+    snails, worms.
+
+1
+2
+
+    =98 Common Sandpiper=, Summer Snipe, _Tringoides hypoleucus_,
+    Eur. (Br.), N. Asia, Afr., Ind., to A. (acc.).
+    [~98 _Tringa hypoleuca._]
+
+          Mig. u. _shores_, _lakes_      8
+
+    Upper pale-brown marked darker; wing-quills slightly tipped
+    white; centre tail feathers glossy-brown, side feathers white
+    barred brown; under white; chest marked pale-brown; indistinct
+    pale eyebrow; tail constantly jerked; f., sim. Water-insects,
+    shellfish.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =99 Greenshank=, _Glottis nebularius_, Br., Eastern
+    hemisphere, Florida (acc.).
+    [~99 _Tringa nebularia._]
+
+          Mig. r. _shores_, _lakes_      14
+
+    Face, under, tail white; sides of breast streaked brown; edge
+    of tail barred freckled brown; crown, hind-neck gray; wings
+    dark-brown; upper light-brown; legs deep olive-green; f., sim.
+    Shellfish, worms.
+
+  [Page 48]
+
+  [Illustration: [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105]]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =100 Sanderling=, _Calidris arenaria_ (_leucophoea_, Am.O.U.),
+    cos. exc. Pacific Is.
+    [~100 _Arenaria leucophaea._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _sandy shores_, _swamps_      7.5
+
+    Crown, back gray; white band on wing; sides, lower-back white;
+    eyebrow, forehead, face, under white; no hind toe; brighter in
+    far north; f., sim. Sand-hoppers, insects. "Wick."
+
+  [Page 49]
+
+2
+5
+
+    =101 Eastern Little Stint= (Little), Red-necked Sandpiper,
+    Land-snipe, Little Dunlin, _Pisobia ruficollis_, E. Sib.,
+    Jap., China to A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Little Stint.
+    [~101 _Erolia ruficollis._]
+
+          Mig. flocks c. _shores_      6.2
+
+    Upper ashy-brown mottled darker; wing-quills blackish-brown;
+    centre tail feathers blackish-brown; rest whitish; forehead,
+    under white; faint chestnut band on chest; bill, legs black;
+    brighter in far north; f., sim. Insects, shellfish.
+
+1
+5
+
+    =102* Sharp-tailed Sandpiper= (Siberian-, Asiatic-Pectoral),
+    Sharp-tailed Stint, Marsh Sandpiper, Marsh Tringa,
+    _Heteropygia aurita_, (_P. aurita_, Am.O.U.), Alaska, E. Sib.,
+    Japan, Ind, to A., T., N.Z.
+    [~102 _Erolia aurita._]
+
+          Mig. r. _coast_      8.5
+
+    Upper dark-brown marked gray; crown faint rufous; wing-quills
+    dark-brown; face, under whitish, breast brownish; f., smaller.
+    Small water-animals.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =103 Curlew-Sandpiper=, Pygmy Curlew, Curlew-Stint,
+    _Ancylochilus subarquatus_ (_Erolia ferruginea_, Am.O.U.), A.,
+    T., N.Z., almost cos. exc. Pac. Is.
+    [~103 _Erolia ferruginea._]
+
+          Mig. flocks r. _shore_      8.5
+
+    Upper grayish-brown; eyebrow, rump, under white, chest tinged
+    brown; bill 1.5 in., black, arched; brighter in far north; f.,
+    sim. Insects, worms.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =104 Knot=, Knot-Snipe, _Tringa canutus_, almost cos., A., T., N.Z.
+    [~104 _Canutus canutus._]
+
+          Mig. r. _tidal mud flats_      9
+
+    Upper grayish-brown; under white; flanks, breast barred
+    grayish-brown; upper base tail white barred black; brighter in
+    far north; f., sim. Insects, worms.
+
+    =105 Eastern Knot= (Japanese), Great Sandpiper, _T.
+    crassirostris_, E. Sib., Jap., Ind. to A.
+    [~105 _Canutus magnus._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _shore_      11.5
+
+    Crown, neck, brownish-gray; back, wings brown; rump white;
+    tail brownish-gray; breast dark-brown marked white; abdomen
+    white; bill olive, 1-3/4 in.; brighter in far north; f., sim.
+    Insects, worms.
+
+  [Page 50]
+
+  [Illustration: [106] [107] [108] [109] [110]]
+
+1
+23
+
+    =106* Australian Snipe= (Japanese, Latham), Jack Snipe,
+    Bleater, Long-bill, _Gallinago australis_, Jap., Formosa, to
+    A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Snipe.
+
+          Mig. c. _swamps_      9.5
+
+    Richly mottled; crown blackish with buff line along centre;
+    face, chin buff; breast, washed reddish-brown; brown bars on
+    flanks; back mottled brownish-black; under wings finely barred
+    black, white; chestnut band on tail; two black lines on face;
+    bill 2.7 in.; f., sim. Insects, worms.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =107* Australian-Painted Snipe=, Australian Rhynchaea,
+    _Rostratula australis_, A.
+
+          Mig. v.r. _grassy_, _bush_      9.5
+
+    Beautiful mottled dotted; crown dark-brown, with buff line;
+    throat, chest dark, chin lighter; wing brown, spotted black,
+    white, buff; abdomen white; long straight bill 1.7 in.; m.,
+    duller, smaller. Insects, worms.
+
+  [Page 51]
+
+    F. 37. PARRIDAE (1), PARRA, Jacana, Water-Pheasant, 11
+    sp.--2(1)A., 3(2)O., 3(3)E., 1(0)Nc., 4(3)Nl.
+
+    F. 38. _Cursoriidae_, Coursers, 15 sp.--3(2)O., 1(0)P.,
+    13(12)E.
+
+    F. 39. GLAREOLIDAE (2), PRATINCOLES, Swallow-Plovers, 10
+    sp.--2(0)A., 4(1)O., 3(0)P., 7(5)E.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =108 Australian Pratincole=, Swallow-Plover, _Stiltia
+    isabella_, Borneo, Java to A., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Pratincole.
+
+          Mig. v.r. _(interior) rivers_, _marshes_      9.5
+
+    Upper, wings, breast light-rufous, throat whitish; abdomen
+    chestnut; base tail above, below white; centre tail black,
+    rest white; bill red, tipped black, swallow-like flight; f.,
+    sim. Insects.
+
+    F. 40. _Dromadidae_, Crab-Plover, 1 sp.--1(0)O., 1(0)E.
+
+    F. 41. OEDICNEMIDAE (2), STONE-CURLEWS, Stone-Plovers,
+    Thick-Knees, 13 sp.--2(1)A., 3(1)O., 1(0)P., 7(6)E., 3(3) Nl.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =109* Southern Stone-Curlew= (-Plover) Willaroo, Scrub Curlew,
+    _Burhinus grallarius_, A., T. (acc.).
+
+          Stat. c. _sandy plains_, _timber_      20.5
+
+    Crown, upper dark-gray, marked black; round eye white; throat
+    buff; chest, abdomen whitish, streaked blackish; white patch
+    on wing; legs long; bill short, black; f., sim. Insects,
+    berries. "Wee-lo."
+
+    F. 42. OTIDIDAE (1), BUSTARDS, 33 sp.--1(1)A., 7(2)O., 7(2)P.,
+    23(21)E
+
+1
+5
+
+    =110 Australian Bustard=, Wild Turkey (e), _Eupodotis
+    australis_, A.
+    [~110 _Choriotis australis._]
+
+          Mig. r. _plains_      48
+
+    Crown black; face, neck grayish-white; upper, wings brown;
+    wings spotted black-white; black band on chest; abdomen white;
+    f., smaller. Seeds, grass, lizards, insects.
+
+====
+
+Australia, fortunately, has one representative of Order XI.--Cranes.
+This is the Native Companion, the only true Crane found in Australia.
+These are interesting birds, with their "quadrille parties,"
+"corroborees," and dances. They live chiefly on vermin--insects,
+lizards, &c. The great Gould said: "Its presence adds greatly to the
+interest of the scenery." Would that more Australians thought so!
+
+Cranes are amongst the best of flyers. They are said to fly sometimes
+at a height of from three and a half to five miles, and have been
+seen to cross lofty mountains in Central Asia without increasing
+their altitude. Perhaps because of its inappropriate name--Native
+Companion--some have proposed to regard this bird as the typical
+Australian bird, but it is not so. In fact, it is our one
+representative of an almost world-wide group.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 52]
+
+  [Illustration: [111] [112] [113] [114] [115]]
+
+    ORDER XI.--GRUIFORMES.
+
+    F. 43. GRUIDAE (1), CRANES, 19 sp.--1(1)A., 8(2)O., 9(1)P.,
+    7(5)E., 3(0)Nc., 2(0)Nl.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =111 Australian Crane=, Native Companion, Brolga, _Antigone
+    australasiana_, A.
+    [~111 _Mathewsia rubicunda._]
+
+          Nom. r. _plains_      42
+
+    Deep silvery-gray; wing-quills black; naked red patch about
+    face, throat; legs, feet black; f., smaller. Insects, lizards,
+    bulbous roots, seeds.
+
+    F. 44. _Aramidae_, Courlans, Limpkin, 2 sp.--1(0)Nc., 2(1)Nl.
+
+    F. 45. _Rhinochetidae_, Kagu, 1 sp. A. (N. Cal.).
+
+    F. 46. _Mesoenatidae_, 1 sp. E. (Madagascar).
+
+    F. 47. _Eurypygidae_, Sun-bitterns, 2 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 48. _Psophiidae_, Trumpeters, 7 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 49. _Cariamidae_, Seriema, Saria, 2 sp. Nl.
+
+====
+
+In Order XII. Australia has representatives of the Ibises, Spoonbills,
+Storks, Herons, Egrets, Night Herons, and Bitterns, so well known in
+every part of the world.
+
+Amongst the world's birds, few are better known than the Ibis. This
+bird was so highly prized by the ancient Egyptians as to be considered
+sacred, and they thought enough of it to embalm it. As Egypt depended
+on the overflow of the Nile for food supply, and as this overflow was
+heralded by the arrival of the migratory Ibis from the South, it was
+natural for the Egyptians to connect the rise of the river with this
+bird, and thus look for its approach. Again, the Ibis is an insect
+destroyer, and, as Egypt was subject to plagues of grasshoppers, it
+undoubtedly rendered as valuable service there as it does here. This
+is another reason that has been assigned for the esteem in which this
+valuable bird was held. However, it is now almost unknown in Egypt.
+
+In Australia we have three Ibises. One, the Sacred Ibis, or White
+Ibis, is practically identical with the Sacred Ibis of Egypt. Our
+second Ibis is the even more valuable Straw-necked Ibis, which extends
+its labors to plains and pastures, while the Sacred Ibis is rarely
+seen except on swampy lands. The Straw-necked Ibis is restricted to
+Australia. It seems to be increasing in numbers, for I have seen small
+and large flocks in many parts of the Eastern States recently. It has
+an insatiable appetite for grasshoppers and other insects. This bird
+is a valuable asset to Australia, and yet thoughtless farmers used
+to shoot it. Mr. Le Souëf and Dr. C. Ryan came upon a flock of Ibises
+breeding in Riverina. They estimated the flock to contain 240,000
+birds. They found that each bird shot contained on the average 2000
+young grasshoppers. Think of it; 480,000,000 grasshoppers a day! Where
+are those birds now, when needed to stem a locust plague? We have to
+pay the price of our folly in destroying valuable birds. A third Ibis
+is identical with the little Glossy Ibis of Europe.
+
+The six Spoonbills are found throughout the world except in New
+Zealand and the northern parts of North America. They used to breed
+in England before man's selfishness and stupidity destroyed them and
+their nesting-places. They breed at present in the Murray swamps.
+
+The Australian Stork--the Jabiru--does not come to the Southern
+parts of Australia, but breeds on the Queensland coast. It is
+a quaint-shaped, though beautifully-colored, bird. Its large,
+awkward-looking bill has a slight curve upwards.
+
+Now come those beautiful birds, the Egrets. Man's cupidity and
+selfishness, and woman's desire for ornament, seem to have doomed
+these birds to total extermination, for the plume trade, which is
+responsible for some of the "most abominable cruelty practised in
+the animal world," is a war of extermination. Egrets are shy, and are
+approachable only in the breeding season. At that time they are, in
+obedience to parental instincts, brave in defence of their young. It
+is just then that the plume-hunters visit the rookeries and shoot the
+parents, leaving the helpless, almost fully-fledged, young to die in
+the nest, so high overhead. And all for what? Could anyone who has
+seen the devastated nests, with the famished bodies of the fledglings
+rotting in the sun, ever take pleasure in Egret plumes decking the
+head of a sister or wife? Women of refinement and tender heart will
+refuse to wear the proceeds of human cruelty. Those engaged in the
+trade resort to the mean trick of calling the plumes "Osprey plumes."
+Now, the Osprey is a Fish-Hawk, and so possibly of little use to the
+land-dweller, but these plumes grow on the back and neck of a valuable
+insect destroyer. The extent of this trade is appalling. At one plume
+sale, held in London on 4th August, 1909, the breeding plumes of
+24,000 birds were offered for sale. Think of it! The slow starvation
+of 40,000 nestlings, the death of 64,000 birds, to provide the plumes
+for one day's sale. No, ladies, if you consider you are in need of
+ornament, wear ostrich plumes and pheasants' feathers, for these
+do not involve the death of a bird, but rather the reverse, for the
+greater the demand for these feathers, the more birds will be bred;
+but spare the Egret.
+
+The Reef Heron is found on beaches from the Bay of Bengal to New
+Zealand. It has given scientists much trouble, for it has a pure-white
+form and a dark slaty-gray form. We found and photographed the nests
+on Mast Head and Heron Islands. This was a prize, for no photograph
+of a Reef Heron's nest had been published previously. As soon as the
+falling tide exposed the reef round the island, Reef Herons, Gulls,
+Plovers, Dottrels, and Terns, went out to have their next meal.
+
+The "Blue Crane" of the country dwellers is the "White-fronted
+Heron" of the bird-lover. "Fronted" in a bird name refers only to
+the forehead. Herons are valuable birds to the grazier, farmer,
+and irrigationist, for, in addition to insects and snails, they eat
+yabbies (fresh-water crayfish), which bore into the banks and bed of
+irrigation channels, and so cause much loss of water by soakage.
+
+Distinguished from these birds mainly by its nocturnal habit is
+the interesting Nankeen Night Heron, our one representative of a
+practically cosmopolitan genus. Our one Night Heron hides on a leafy
+bough asleep during the daytime. About dusk he sets off to a swamp.
+
+The Australian Bittern, also our one representative of a cosmopolitan
+genus, skulks in a bed of reeds. Hence it is seldom seen. Its loud,
+dismal, booming note probably assisted in the formation of the Bunyip
+legends of the blacks. I saw more Bitterns in a recent trip down the
+Brisbane than I ever saw before.
+
+At breeding time these birds assemble in very large companies, and
+their nesting-places are called heronries or rookeries. The chief
+rookeries here are in the Riverina, where the great annual overflow of
+that fine river, the Murray, converts the country into a great series
+of lakes and swamps. Here water animals live in large numbers, and
+thousands of birds take advantage of this abundant food supply to nest
+there in the enormous redgums.
+
+Each bird is the close relative of a similar bird in Europe, so that
+what is read concerning Herons and Egrets there, applies equally to
+our members of this widely-distributed family. Eating grasshoppers
+and other insects in great numbers, they are friends of the farmer and
+grazier. Destroying yabbies and other burrowing water animals, they
+are valuable allies of the irrigationist, and it is decidedly bad
+policy to shoot one.
+
+
+====
+
+  [Page 53]
+
+    ORDER XII.--ARDEIFORMES.
+
+    F. 50. IBIDIDAE (3), IBISES, 27 sp.--4(2)A., 6(2)O., 3(0)P.,
+    10(8)E., 4(0)Nc., 11(7)Nl.
+
+1
+5
+
+    =112 Australian White Ibis= (Black-necked), Sickle-Bill, _Ibis
+    molucca_, Mol., N.G., A. =vt. Sacred Ibis of Egypt.
+
+          Nom. flocks, r. _lagoons_      30
+
+    White; head, upper-neck bare black; back of head and neck
+    barred rose-pink; black bill arched; f., smaller. Insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =113 Straw-necked Ibis=, Dryweather (Letter) Bird, Farmer's
+    Friend, _Carphibis spinicollis_, A. T.
+
+          Nom. flocks, c. _grassy_      28
+
+    "This beautiful ibis;" head, fore-neck naked black; black bill
+    arched; pointed, straw-colored plumes on neck; breast, upper
+    greenish-purple barred black; abdomen, flanks, tail white; f.,
+    smaller. Insects.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =114 Glossy Ibis=, Black Curlew (e), _Plegadis falcinellus_,
+    A., T., N.Z., almost cos. exc. S. Am., Arctic, and Pac. Is.
+    [~114 _Egatheus falcinellus._]
+
+          Nom. flocks, v.r. _swampy_      25
+
+    Head, neck, breast, back, under rich reddish-chestnut;
+    lower-back, tail dark bronze-green; winter; head, neck
+    streaked white; f., sim. Insects, worms.
+
+    F. 51. PLATALEIDAE (2), SPOONBILLS, 6 sp.--2(2)A., 2(0)O.,
+    2(0)P., 2(1)E., 1(0)Nc., 1(0)Nl.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =115 Black-billed Spoonbill= (Royal), _Platalea regia_, A.,
+    N.Z.
+
+          Nom. r. _marshy_      29
+
+    White; bill, legs, feet black; f., sim. Shellfish, frogs.
+
+  [Page 55]
+
+  [Illustration: [128] [129] [131] [133] [134] [135] [136] [137] [139]]
+
+  =128= Cape Barren Goose
+  =129= Maned Goose
+  =131= Plumed Whistling Duck
+  =133= Black Duck
+  =134= Australian Teal
+  =135= Gray Teal
+  =136= Australian Shoveller
+  =137= Pink-eared Duck
+  =139= White-eyed Duck
+
+  [Page 57]
+
+  [Illustration: [152] [155] [157] [158] [165] [167] [170] [172] [173]]
+
+  =152= Allied Harrier
+  =155= Australian Goshawk
+  =157= Collared Sparrowhawk
+  =158= Wedge-tailed Eagle
+  =165= Black-shouldered Kite
+  =167= Black-cheeked Falcon
+  =170= Little Falcon
+  =172= Brown Hawk
+  =173= Nankeen Kestrel
+
+  [Page 60]
+
+  [Illustration: [116] [117] [118] [121] [122]]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =116 Yellow-billed Spoonbill=, _Platibis flavipes_, A.
+
+          Nom. r. _swamps_      28
+
+    White; bill, legs, feet yellow; f., sim. Shellfish, frogs,
+
+    F. 52. CICONIIDAE (1), STORK (JABIRU), 19 sp.--2(0)A.,
+    10(6)O., 4(1)P., 8(4)E., 2(0)Nc., 3(1)Nl.
+
+    F. 53. _Scopidae_, Hammer-Head, 1 sp. E.
+
+    F. 54. _Balaenicipitidae_, Shoe-bird, Shoebill, Whaleheaded
+    Stork, 1 sp. E. (Upper White Nile).
+
+    F. 55. ARDEIDAE (16), HERONS, 107 sp.--32(16)A., 27(4)O.,
+    21(1)P., 25(14)E., 17(4)Nc., 33(20)Nl.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =117 Plumed Egret=, _Mesophoyx plumifera_, Cel., Mol., N.G., A.
+    [~117 _Egretta plumifera._]
+
+          Nom. v.r. _swamps_      24
+
+    White; bill yellow; feet, lower legs black, above "knee"
+    yellow; f., sim. Insects.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =118 Australian White Egret= (Great), White Crane (e),
+    _Herodias timoriensis_, Jap., China, Philippines to A., T., N.Z.
+    [~118 _Egretta timoriensis._]
+
+          Nom. v.r. _lagoons_      30
+
+    "This noble species;" white; bill beautiful orange; legs above
+    "knee" and line down centre of inner shin dull yellow; rest of
+    shin, feet black; naked space about eye greenish-yellow; f.,
+    sim. Fish, frogs, insects.
+
+2
+4
+
+    =119* White-fronted Heron=, Blue-Crane (e), Matuku, _Notophoyx
+    novae-hollandiae_, Cel., Mol., N.G., A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Nom. v.c. _about water_      24
+
+    Face, throat white; upper, wings dark-gray; under gray tinged
+    rufous; f., sim. Insects, crabs, yabbies.
+
+    =120 White-necked Heron= (Pacific), White-necked Crane (e),
+    _N. pacifica_, A., T.
+
+          Stat. r. _swamps_      30
+
+    Head, neck, breast, shoulder white; under, wings, tail upper
+    blackish; f., smaller. Frogs, insects.
+
+  [Page 61]
+
+  [Illustration: [119] [120] [123] [124] [125]]
+
+1
+2
+
+    =121 Lesser Egret= (Little, Spotless), _Garzetta nigripes_,
+    Malay to N.G., A.
+    [~121 _Egretta nigripes._]
+
+          Nom. r. _swamps_      22
+
+    White; 2 long plumes from nape; feet, legs totally black; bill
+    black; f., sim. Frogs, insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =122 Reef Heron= (White, Blue, Sacred), _Demiegretta sacra_,
+    Jap., Ind. to A., T., N.Z.
+    [~122 _Demigretta sacra._]
+
+          Stat. r. _coast_      23
+
+    Dark slaty-gray; bill yellowish-green; some birds are white;
+    f., sim. Crabs, shellfish.
+
+1
+8
+
+    =123* Nankeen Night Heron=, Nankeen Crane (e), _Nycticorax
+    caledonicus_, Cel., N.G., A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Night Heron.
+    Frogs, insects, yabbies.
+
+          Mig. c. _swamps_      19
+
+    Nocturnal; crown, nape black; long white plumes from
+    nape; upper rich chestnut; abdomen white; neck, chest
+    reddish-chestnut; f., sim.; young mottled brown, buff.
+
+2
+10
+
+    =124 Minute Bittern=, Kaoriki, _Ardetta pusilla_, A., N.Z.,
+    =vt. Eur. Little Bittern.
+    [~124 _Ixobrychus pusillus._]
+
+          Stat. v.r. _swamps_      10
+
+    Crown, back, tail greenish-black; under pale-buff; hind-neck,
+    shoulder deep-chestnut; bill, feet yellow; dark line from chin
+    to lower breast; f., smaller; upper brown streaked chestnut;
+    tail black; under white streaked brown. Water-animals.
+
+1
+5
+
+    =125* Australian Bittern= (Black-backed), Boomer, Bull-Bird.
+    Matuku-Lurepo, _Botaurus poeciloptilus_, A. T., N. Cal., N.Z.
+    =vt. Eur. Bittern.
+
+          Stat. r. _reeds_      24
+
+    Head, hind-neck, back dark-brown; wings brown marked buff;
+    throat, under creamy-buff streaked dark-brown; bill yellow;
+    f., smaller. Fish, frogs, yabbies, insects.
+
+    F. 56. _Palamedeidae_, Screamers, Unicorn-Bird, 3 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 57. _Phoenicopteridae_, Flamingoes, 6 sp.--2(0)O., 1(0)P.,
+    2(0)E., 1(0)Nc., 4(3)Nl.
+
+====
+
+Swans, Geese, and Ducks, the Swimming Birds grouped in Order XIII.,
+are all classified in one family, though there are many sub-families.
+
+At the head of the Australian birds is the Black Swan--that _rara
+avis_ which, possibly, has done more to advertize Australia than
+any other Australian animal or plant. A "black" swan was an
+"impossibility," so this bird was one of the strongest factors
+in establishing Australia's reputation as a land of paradoxes and
+contradictions.
+
+The Black Swan is well known outside Australia, as it is common
+in every park and garden in Europe. Gould feared that it would be
+exterminated here, but fortunately Australians are now learning to
+appreciate their own land, and there is no danger of such a calamity.
+
+Eight species of Swans are known to occur all over the world with the
+exception of New Zealand and Africa.
+
+In the next sub-family there is but one bird--the Semipalmated Goose
+of Australia. This bird, better known as the Magpie Goose, has its
+feet but half-webbed, hence its specific name, _semipalmata_. It is
+getting rare, though I heard of six near Colac recently.
+
+Again, the only living representative of the next sub-family is the
+Cape Barren Goose, which is common in city gardens in Adelaide. It
+is also becoming rare. It is found only in Tasmania, the Bass Strait
+Islands, and Southern Australia. We visited its nesting place near
+Flinders Island. It is a very pugnacious bird, so it is difficult to
+keep with other birds.
+
+After the Goose sub-family comes the group which includes our
+"Wood Duck," or, as it is called, the Maned Goose, for its bill is
+goose-like. It is a common bird in Australia. Two allied genera are
+found in South America and North-east Africa respectively.
+
+In the next sub-family come the domestic Ducks and most of the wild
+Ducks of Australia. This group is often referred to as the "Freshwater
+or River Ducks."
+
+First come two kinds of Whistling Ducks--so called on account of their
+whistling note uttered while flying. These are rare Ducks, one of
+which is found as far as India; the other is occasionally seen in
+New Zealand, as well as in Australia. The Sheldrake, or Shieldrake
+(Mountain Duck) is the largest Australian Duck, and one of the most
+handsome of the sub-family. It is nowhere very plentiful, though one
+or more pairs appear in most suitable localities. As it is unfit for
+the table, it should be spared as an ornament to the landscape.
+
+The Black Duck is very similar to the common wild Duck (Mallard) of
+England. Our Black Duck does not change color with the season, nor is
+the male different in color from the female.
+
+The Australian Teal is closely similar to the Teal of Europe. It is a
+grass feeder, and is a good table bird. The female is very different
+from the male. It is impossible to distinguish the male Gray Teal from
+the female Teal when in the free state. Mr. Keartland (ex-President of
+the Field Naturalist Club, and ornithologist to the Horn and Calvert
+exploring expeditions) has shown that there is a big difference in
+weight. The male of the smaller Gray Teal is not brightly colored like
+the male Chestnut-breasted Teal.
+
+The remarkable Shoveller comes next. It is closely similar to the
+English Shoveller. Strange that this name was first used for the
+Spoonbill. The Shovellers are found the world over. The males are very
+brightly colored in the nesting season.
+
+Unlike most other birds, Swans and Ducks lose the whole of their wing
+feathers at once when moulting, so that for a short time they cannot
+fly. As a protection, the gaudy ones acquire a quiet, inconspicuous
+coloration for a time, so that the male is said to get an "eclipse
+plumage." Many other birds get a bright dress for the breeding season
+only, but the male Duck wears his bright dress for the whole year,
+except in the moulting period. It is then "eclipsed," with the
+corresponding advantage that he is protected from his many enemies at
+a time when he is most helpless.
+
+The remarkable Pink-eared Duck has no close relative. It has a small
+pink spot between the eye and ear, and so is called pink-eyed or
+pink-eared. It is found only in Australia. The female is similar in
+color to the male. The name Wigeon, or Widgeon, sometimes applied to
+this Duck, properly belongs to another of the fresh-water Ducks which
+is not found in Australia. Hence, this name should not be used for our
+bird.
+
+Another peculiar Australian Duck is the Freckled Duck. It is a
+very rare bird. One taken on the ornithologists' excursion to Eyre
+Peninsula was considered a prize. So far as is known, it does not
+change color with the season, nor has the male or female the usual
+bright metallic patch seen on the wing of a Duck.
+
+The "Salt-water Ducks" form the next sub-family. These Ducks, though,
+are not always true to name, for they are not confined to the salt
+water. The Victorian representative is the well-known White-eyed
+Duck, or Hardhead. This Duck was common on the Botanic Gardens
+Lake, Melbourne, until it was emptied some time ago. Thus, our
+one "Salt-water Duck" was often seen on fresh water. In the same
+sub-family come the Eider-Ducks of Iceland and the Logger-head,
+Racehorse, or Steamer Duck, of Magellan Straits, which is said to lose
+the power of flight on reaching maturity after the first moult. Thus
+the life-history tells us that this bird is a degenerate form, and
+not a primitive flightless form, for it has evidently descended from
+flying ancestors. It uses its wings to row itself along at great
+speed.
+
+The ninth sub-family of this group of swimming birds contains two
+native Ducks. The Blue-billed Duck, the first of these, is "especially
+adapted for immersion and for obtaining its food from the bottom of
+the water rather than on its surface." It was thought by Gould to be
+confined to the coastal lagoons of Western Australia, but it has since
+been recorded from inland in Victoria, and four specimens have been
+taken in Tasmania. It remains under the water for a considerable time,
+and, if hunted, flaps along the surface with its short wings, but
+hesitates to exercise its "feeble grebe-like flight."
+
+Some writers declare that the large Musk Duck is the most remarkable
+of the many remarkable birds of Australia. It is the only known
+species of the genus, and is "singularly different from every other
+member of the Duck family," as Gould points out. Gould further says
+that "this extraordinary bird reminds one of the Cormorants. Like many
+other of these antipodean forms, it must be regarded as an anomaly."
+The male has a lengthened, stiff, and leather-like appendage under the
+bill. The female is without this pouch, and is but half the size
+of the male. A pair is often to be seen on a sheltered bay or on an
+inland dam, and yet this bird has very feeble powers of flight. It is
+difficult to cause one to take to flight. Mr. A. J. Campbell summed
+up an instructive discussion on this point in the columns of _The
+Australasian_ by concluding that Musk Ducks can fly, though they do so
+almost entirely at night.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 62]
+
+  [Illustration: [126] [127] [128] [129] [130]]
+
+    ORDER XIII.--ANSERIFORMES.
+
+    F. 58. ANATIDAE (21), SWANS, GEESE, 206 sp.--39(30)A.,
+    50(9)O., 68(10)P., 41(21)E., 56(11)Nc., 70(39)Nl.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =126 Black Swan=, _Chenopsis atrata_, A., T.
+    [~126 _Chenopis atrata._]
+
+          Stat. c. _lakes_      40
+
+    Black; white on wing; very long neck; f., sim. Plants.
+
+  [Page 63]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =127 Pied Goose= (Magpie, Black and White, Semipalmated),
+    _Anseranas semipalmata_, A., T.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _water_      32
+
+    Head, neck, wings, lower-back, tail, thighs black; rest white;
+    feet half-webbed; f., sim. Grass.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =128* Cape Barren Goose=, _Cereopsis novae-hollandiae_, V.,
+    S.A., W.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _grass_, _coast_      33
+
+    Brownish-gray; dark spots on wing; bill black; naked skin
+    round bill lemon-yellow; legs pinkish; toes, webs, streak up
+    front of leg black; pugnacious; f., sim. Grass.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =129* Maned Goose=, Wood-Duck (e), _Chenonetta jubata_, A., T.
+
+          Stat. c. _water_      20
+
+    Crown deep-brown; tail, lower-back black; metallic green on
+    wing; breast gray spotted black; hind-neck short black plumes;
+    white patch on wing; bill olive-brown, high, goose-like; f.,
+    smaller; duller; breast spotted white. Grass, snails, insects.
+
+2
+9
+
+    =130 Whistling Duck= (Tree), _Dendrocygna arcuata_, Ind.,
+    Malay to Cel., Mol., N.G., A., Oceania.
+
+          Stat. r. _water_      17
+
+    Crown, upper brownish-black marked lighter; chin whitish;
+    breast deep-buff, spotted black; abdomen chestnut; under base
+    tail white; whistles when flying; f., sim. Water-plants, fish.
+
+  [Page 64]
+
+  [Illustration: [131] [132] [133] [134] [135]]
+
+    =131* Plumed Whistling Duck= (Eyton Tree), _D. eytoni_, A.,
+    T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. r. _lagoons_      16
+
+    Upper grayish-brown; rump, tail blackish-brown; lower-breast,
+    flanks chestnut barred black; white, black plumes on flanks;
+    under base tail white; whistles when flying; f., sim.
+    Water-plants, fish.
+
+  [Page 65]
+
+2
+5
+
+    =132 Australian Sheldrake=, Chestnut-colored Shieldrake,
+    Mountain Duck, _Casarca tadornoides_, N.S.W., V., T., S.A.,
+    W.A., N.W.A. =vt. Eur. Sheldrake.
+    [~132 _Tadorna tadornoides._]
+
+          Stat. r. _lagoons_      27
+
+    Head, neck shining-green; chest, upper-back pale rust-red;
+    white band between green and rust-red; upper, under blackish;
+    tail black; white, green, chestnut on wing; f., smaller,
+    duller. Small fish, shellfish.
+
+1
+16
+
+    =133* Black Duck= (Australian Wild, Gray, Brown), Parera,
+    _Anas superciliosa_, =vt. Eur. Mallard. Sunda Is. to N.G., A.,
+    T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _water_      24
+
+    Head dark-brown; line above eye, line below eye, throat
+    light-buff; upper, under brown marked lighter; glossy-green
+    patch on wing; bill bluish lead-color; f., sim. Grass,
+    insects, pond-snails.
+
+3
+15
+
+    =134* Australian Teal= (Chestnut-breasted, Black, Mountain),
+    Tete, _Nettium castaneum_, Java, Cel., A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Teal.
+    [~134 _Nettion castaneum._]
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_      18.5
+
+    Head, neck dark bronze-green; upper rich brown; under
+    chestnut; flanks spotted black; white, green patch on expanded
+    wing; quills black; 1 lb. 9 oz.; f., head, neck brown and
+    buffy-white; breast gray, spotted black; 1 lb. 8 oz. Grass.
+
+    =135* Gray Teal=, Wood-Teal, _N. gibberifrons_, Sunda Is.,
+    Cel., N.G., A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_      16
+
+    Like female of 134, but smaller; neck white; 1 lb. 2 oz.; f.,
+    smaller; 1 lb. 1 oz.
+
+  [Page 66]
+
+  [Illustration: [136] [137] [138] [139] [140] [141]]
+
+2
+4
+
+    =136* Australian Shoveller=, Bluewing, Spoonbill-Duck,
+    Stinker, Kuruwhengi, _Spatula rhynchotis_, A., T., N.Z., =vt.
+    Eur. Shoveller.
+
+          Nom. v.r. _freshwater_      21.5
+    Crown brownish-black; white line before eye, side of neck;
+    head, neck gray tinged green; under chestnut-brown mottled
+    black; flanks chestnut banded black; back-feathers blackish
+    edged grayish; blue, white, green on wing; throat black;
+    quills dark-brown; under-wing white; f., duller; head, neck
+    buff marked brown; under mottled brown, buff. Water-plants,
+    shellfish, insects.
+
+  [Page 67]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =137* Pink-eared Duck= (Pink-eyed, Zebra), Widgeon (e),
+    _Malacorhynchus membranaceus_, A., T.
+
+          Nom. v.r. _fresh water_      17
+
+    Under barred brown, white; face, chin white; black round eye;
+    behind eye a spot of rose-pink; back, wings brown; upper
+    base tail whitish; tail dark-brown slightly tipped white; f.,
+    smaller. Water-animals.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =138 Freckled Duck= (Monkey), _Stictonetta naevosa_, V., S.A.,
+    W.A., T., N.S.W.
+
+          v.r. _water_      17
+
+    Dark-brown freckled whitish, under lighter. Small fish,
+    pond-snails.
+
+1
+8
+
+    =139* White-eyed Duck= (Purple-headed, White-winged),
+    Hardhead, Brownhead, Barwing, Karakahia, _Aythya australis_,
+    N.G., A., T., N.Z., =vt. Canvas-back of N. Am.
+    [~139 _Nyroca australis._]
+
+          c. _lagoons_, _bays_      20
+
+    Chestnut-brown; white patch on wing; upper abdomen whitish;
+    under tail white; eye white; f., smaller, duller. Pond-snails,
+    insects.
+
+1
+7
+
+    =140 Blue-billed Duck= (Spiny-tailed, Stiff-tailed, Diving),
+    _Erismatura australis_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., T.
+    [~140 _Oxyura australis._]
+
+          v.r. _reedbeds_      16
+
+    Head, neck black; chest, back, flanks chestnut; tail blackish;
+    bill light-blue; f., bill olive-green; freckled gray-brown;
+    under lighter. Insects, pond-snails, fish.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =141 Musk Duck= (Must), Mould Goose (e), _Biziura lobata_,
+    S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., T.
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_, _bays_      26
+
+    Blackish freckled buffy-white; wings small; long stiff
+    tail-feathers; bill, lobe beneath chin greenish-black; dives;
+    f., half-size; duller; no lobe. Frogs, shellfish, shrimps.
+
+====
+
+There are six families of birds included in Order XIV.--the
+Totally-webbed Swimmers. All four toes are joined by a web. Ducks
+have three toes only joined by the web, the hind toe being free.
+Representatives of the six families are found in Australia. These
+birds are fishers _par excellence_.
+
+In the first family come the well-known Cormorants or Shags, birds
+found in almost every country in the world. Forty-two species are
+known, of which five occur in Australia.
+
+The large Black Cormorant is the common Black Cormorant of Britain.
+It has a very extensive range over North America, Greenland, Europe,
+Africa, Asia, and Australia.
+
+The little Black Cormorant is found in Australia, from the Moluccas to
+Borneo, and in New Zealand. Indeed, New Zealand is the stronghold of
+Cormorants, as it possesses many species.
+
+The White-breasted and Pied Cormorants are so closely similar that
+possibly they will yet prove to be one species. Each is glistening
+white below, and jet black above. The bill is said to be longer in the
+Pied Cormorant, and the patch of naked skin near the eye is yellow,
+whereas, in the White-breasted Cormorant, this patch is said to be
+blackish or purplish. The Little Cormorant is also black and white.
+Its throat and upper chest are yellow.
+
+Mr. Mattingley, C.M.Z.S., and others claim that the Cormorant, by
+feeding its young on yabbies, which, they say, prey on fish eggs,
+saves many more fish in the young stage than it ever eats in the adult
+stage, and hence it is really "a friend" of the anglers and fish. One
+thing is certain--fish were formerly much more abundant, and so were
+Cormorants. Anglers, collect evidence, and balance good with evil.
+Cormorants have a long, narrow bill, with a strongly-hooked tip. They
+are such expert fishers that in China they are much used to catch
+fish. Some will probably be surprised to learn that this custom
+formerly held in England, for the "Master of the Cormorants" was once
+one of the officers of the Royal household.
+
+Some Cormorants nest in company in the Murray swamps, while others
+retire to a rocky island, such as Storehouse Island, east of Flinders
+Island, to breed.
+
+These birds are expert swimmers and divers, so that one of the common
+names for them is "Diver," but the true Divers, as already pointed
+out, are Northern Hemisphere birds, and are placed in Family 25.
+
+The Darter, or Snake Bird, is practically identical with the
+Water-Turkey of the United States. Sometimes, when alarmed, it
+submerges its body, leaving the head and neck exposed. It swims
+rapidly in this position. Four of these birds are known, and they are
+spread over America, Africa, Madagascar, Southern Asia, New Guinea,
+Australia, and New Zealand. The Darter was frequently seen on a recent
+trip to Enoggera Reservoir, the storage basin for Brisbane. The long,
+stiletto-like bill is used to impale its prey, while the flexible neck
+assists the spearing operation.
+
+The next family contains the famous "Boobies" of sailors--the stupid
+Gannets, or Solan Geese, that were too stupid to escape from danger.
+Gould says our Gannet out-boobies the Booby, for he landed on a flat
+rock and secured five specimens by hand before the rest shuffled over
+the edge of the cliff and took flight. The Australian bird can scarcely
+be distinguished from its British cousin. It is common in Australian
+seas, where it can be seen diving for fish or flying swiftly round
+looking for prey. There is a large Gannet rookery on Cat Island, east
+of Flinders Island, where probably 4000 pairs of these fine birds nest
+each year. This was visited by a party of ornithologists in the
+_Manawatu_ in 1908.
+
+The famous Frigate-Bird we read of in the old school readers was
+twice taken in Port Phillip Bay. It is the best of flyers, as it can
+"breakfast on the Senegal (Africa), and dine on the Amazon." The
+two Frigate-Birds are common in Australian tropical seas. As already
+mentioned we met the Frigate Bird on Mast Head Island. Its wings are
+long, the forked tail also is long, but the legs and feet are very
+small. It is a creature of the air, and gets its living by compelling
+hard-working sea-birds to disgorge their prey.
+
+The last bird in this varied Order is the Pelican. Our Australian
+Pelican is one of the largest of its tribe. Its enormous pouch
+distinguishes it at once. The ten Pelicans are practically world-wide
+in their distribution. On the trip of the _Manawatu_ last year round
+the islands of Bass Strait, we visited the Pelicans' nesting-place on
+Penguin Island. This bird is practically identical with the "Pelican
+of the wilderness" mentioned in Holy Writ. The Pelican enjoys a
+reputation for maternal care of her offspring; indeed, she was said to
+feed the young with her own blood. This was probably due to the fact
+that one species of Pelican has a blood-red tip to the bill.
+Young Pelicans have not the long bill or the pouch. Thus this bird
+illustrates the truth of the statement that each animal in its
+development climbs its own ancestral tree, or, to say it in another
+form, each animal in its development recapitulates the life-history
+of the race. The Pelican has evidently descended from birds that
+possessed a short bill.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 68]
+
+  [Illustration: [142] [143] [144] [145] [146]]
+
+    ORDER XIV.--PELICANIFORMES.
+
+    F. 59. PHALACROCORACIDAE (5), CORMORANTS, 42 sp.--16(14)A.,
+    6(2)O., 7(3)P., 6(5)E., 10(4)Nc., 9(6)Nl.
+
+5
+42
+
+    =142 Cormorant= (Black), Black Shag, _Phalacrocorax carbo_.,
+    A., T., N.Z., cos. exc. S. Am.
+    [~142-146 _Genus, Carbo._]
+
+          c. _lagoons_, _sea_      35
+    Glossy blackish-green; side of neck, face buffy white; white
+    on thighs; f., sim. Fish.
+
+  [Page 69]
+
+    =143 Little Black Cormorant=, Shag, _P. sulcirostris_, Borneo
+    to N.G., A., T., N.Z.
+    [~142-146 _Genus, Carbo._]
+
+          c. _lagoons_, _rivers_      25
+
+    Glossy greenish-black, about eye and side of neck lighter; f.,
+    sim. Fish, frogs.
+
+    =144 White-breasted Cormorant=, Black and White Shag, Diver
+    (e), _P. gouldi_, Louisiade Is., A., T.
+    [~142-146 _Genus, Carbo._]
+
+          Stat. c. _shores_, _rivers_      30
+
+    Upper greenish-black, under glistening-white; naked skin about
+    eye purple; hooked bill 2in.; f., sim. Fish.
+
+    =145 Pied Cormorant=, Black and White Shag, Diver (e), _P.
+    hypoleucus_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.
+    [~142-146 _Genus, Carbo._]
+
+          Stat. v.c. _bays_      30
+
+    Like 144, but bare space in front of eye orange, bill 2.7in.;
+    f., sim. Fish.
+
+    =146 Little Cormorant=, Frilled Shag, _P. melanoleucus_, Sunda
+    Is., Mol., N.G., A., T., N.Z.
+    [~142-146 _Genus, Carbo._]
+
+          Stat. pairs, r. _inlets_, _rivers_      23
+
+    Upper black; under white; upper breast chestnut; f., sim.
+    Fish, water-insects.
+
+  [Page 70]
+
+  [Illustration: [147] [148] [148^A] [149] [150]]
+
+    F. 60. PLOTIDAE (1), DARTERS, Water-Turkey, 4 sp.--2(1)A.,
+    1(0)O., 2(0)P., 1(0)E., 1(0)Nc., 1(0)Nl.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =147 Australian Darter=, Snake-bird, Diver (e), Shag (e),
+    _Plotus (Anhinga) novae-hollandiae_, N.G., A., N.Z.
+
+          r. _lagoons_, _bays_      36
+
+    Head, long thin neck, upper, under greenish-black; white patch
+    side of neck; wings spotted whitish; bill straight, sharp;
+    tail long; f., light-brown neck, breast. Fish.
+
+  [Page 71]
+
+    F. 61. SULIDAE (4), GANNETS, Booby, Solan Goose, 11
+    sp.--4(1)A., 3(0)O., 1(0)P., 3(1)E., 6(1)Nc., 5(2)Nl.
+
+4
+11
+
+    =148 Australian Gannet=, Takupu, _Sula serrator_, A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. c. _bays_      32
+
+    White; wing-quills black; head, hind-neck buff; f., sim.;
+    young brown spotted. Fish.
+
+    F. 62. FREGATIDAE (2), FRIGATE BIRDS, Man-o'-war-bird,
+    2 sp.--2(0)A., 2(0)O., 1(0)P., 2(0)E., 1(0)Nc., 2(0)Nl.
+    (Tropical Seas).
+
+2
+2
+
+    =149 Frigate-Bird=, Man-o'-war-Bird, _Fregata aquila_.
+
+          Stat. r. _ocean_      40
+
+    Brownish-black; about eyes, pouch on throat deep red; variable
+    in size, color; bill long, hooked; tail forked; wings very
+    long; legs very short; f., browner; breast, flanks whitish.
+    Stolen fish, young turtles.
+
+    F. 63. PHAËTHONTIDAE(2), TROPIC BIRDS, Boatswain-Bird,
+    Straw-Tails, 7 sp.--4(1)A., 4(1)O., 4(0)E., 3(0)Nc., 4(0)Nl.
+
+    F. 64. PELECANIDAE (1), PELICANS, 10 sp.--1(1)A., 4(1)O.,
+    3(0)P., 3(1)E., 3(0)Nc., 4(1)Nl.
+
+1
+10
+
+    =150 Australian Pelican=, _Pelecanus conspicillatus_, N.G.,
+    A., T., N.Z. =vt. cos. bird.
+
+          c. _lagoons_, _bays_      60
+
+    White; wings, tail black; bill pink, pouch yellowish; f., sim.
+    Fish, insects.
+
+    F. 65. _Cathartidae_, Condor, Turkey (American, New World)
+    Vultures, 9 sp.--3(1)Nc., 8(6)Nl. The largest of flying birds.
+
+====
+
+The well-known Birds of Prey, so keen of eye, so rapid of flight,
+so fearless in courage, and so matchless in fight, have spread over
+almost the whole known world. The Eagles of one land are, therefore,
+much like the Eagles of another. The Harriers of England are
+practically identical with the Harriers of Australia and New Zealand,
+and, in fact, of almost any other land. The Falcon, so famous in
+mediæval times, is practically identical with the Falcon of Australia
+and Tasmania. The Australian Fish Hawk is the universal Fish Hawk
+or Osprey, for there is probably but one Osprey, having an almost
+world-wide range. The naming of these birds, though, has been a
+stumbling-block to us. To Australians they are all Hawks--even our
+gigantic and glorious Eagle has been reduced to the ignominious level
+of an "Eaglehawk," though our male Eagle is the largest male Eagle
+known, outrivalling, as it does, both the Bald Eagle of America and
+the Golden Eagle of Europe. A source of confusion, too, has arisen
+from the introduction of so many of our popular names from America,
+Thus, the Gum-tree (Eucalypt) is not a Gum, the 'Possum is not the
+carnivorous Opossum of America, the Goanna is not the equivalent of
+the vegetarian American Iguana; the "Wild Cat" is not a Cat, nor is
+the "Native Bear" a Bear, nor even remotely related to one, nor is
+the Kestrel a Sparrowhawk. It is an American error in popular naming,
+which has given us the Kestrel as the equivalent of the American
+Sparrowhawk, while the Sparrowhawk of the ornithologist is the
+equivalent of the Sparrowhawk of Britain.
+
+In one respect, we are unfortunate in this new land. No mass of
+association and tradition has yet had time to crystallize about our
+native animals and plants. Our poets have not been able to sing of our
+birds for want of names and knowledge. Little has been done beyond
+the giving and frequent altering of scientific names, and the
+misapplication of names of animals and plants living in other lands to
+often totally different animals and plants here, so that confusion
+has reigned supreme. However, in bird matters, at least, we are on
+a better footing, for the bird-lovers have provided a common, and in
+most cases an appropriate, name for each bird.
+
+The American Bobolink and Chickadee are famous birds, chiefly on
+account of an appropriate name; so is the British Cuckoo, while its
+even more noisy, more common, and practically identical Australian
+cousin is still unknown, or rather was until recently. The
+introduction of Bird Day has already produced gratifying results. We
+need good descriptive names for our varied and beautiful birds--more
+children's and poets' names, and less of the deadly formal
+"Yellow-vented Parrakeet," "Blue-bellied Lorikeet," and "Warty-faced
+Honeyeater" for some of the most glorious of the world's birds.
+
+The old Order _Raptores_--birds of prey--included Hawks and Eagles,
+and Owls. These are now placed in two orders as "Diurnal Birds of
+Prey"--Hawks, and "Nocturnal Birds of Prey"--Owls. They all seize prey
+with the very well-developed talons, and not with the bill. Hence
+they were called _Raptores_--seizing birds. They use these talons when
+flying, and do not catch prey in scrub, or very close to the ground,
+unless in a clear space.
+
+The two Harriers are typically Ground Hawks. The name is said to be
+derived from the habit these birds are said to possess of _harrying_
+birds. They are generally called "Swamp Hawks," and may frequently be
+seen flying low over bushes, to beat birds out.
+
+The Goshawks--_i.e._, Goosehawks--possibly received their name by
+confusion, as possibly a Falcon to hunt Geese was kept in olden days,
+but probably it was not this bird. Three of these birds are rare.
+The White Goshawk is a fine bird, and is confined to Australia and
+Tasmania. The Australian Goshawk is said to be the only troublesome
+Hawk to the poultry farmer, and he bears a bad name generally. The
+Lesser Goshawk is a casual visitor in the Eastern States.
+
+The Sparrowhawk of the ornithologist is much feared by small birds. He
+lurks in ambush, suddenly flashes out upon his prey, and is away
+with it instantly. The male is one of the smallest of Hawks. It is
+an almost universal rule in this order of birds that the females are
+larger, often much larger, than the males, and that there are several
+changes of plumage before the adult plumage is finally donned, so it
+is often a matter of difficulty to determine exactly the name of one
+of these birds.
+
+Eagles are found the world over except in New Zealand. Our Eagle has
+the honor of being, as already stated, the largest Eagle in the world.
+It is also of undoubted courage, as its specific name, _audax_ (bold)
+would lead one to suppose. It is, further, Gould says, of a "far more
+pleasing and elegant contour" than the Golden Eagle, the "pride and
+pest of the parish." Whoever heard of an Australian who was proud of
+his Eagle, though it is something to be proud of? Let our noble bird
+appear near a house, and there is a rush for a gun. On Eyre Peninsula
+we found the Eagles fed their young on rabbits, a serious pest in
+Australia.
+
+The equivalent of our Sea Eagle is the White-headed or Bald Eagle of
+America, the female of which is the same length as the male of our
+Eagle, 38 inches. Many of these glorious Sea Eagles were floating,
+with their peculiar butterfly-like flight, over the Brisbane River,
+and added much to our enjoyment of a recent bird excursion there. We
+found one nest on each island in the Capricorn Group. On Mast Head
+Island the nest was in a tree about 60 feet high. On tiny Erskine
+Island, where there were no big trees, it was built on the ground,
+though it had been added to until it is now over 6 feet high. The
+fully-feathered dark-brown young bird sat on the edge of the nest, and
+formed a good photographic subject. Eagles were ruthlessly slaughtered
+in the British Isles. There is a shadow of an excuse there, perhaps,
+with their game preserves, where rabbits and birds are bred for
+sporting purposes. These reasons do not exist here. But it is pleasing
+to find on record that, even there, "Lord Breadalbane, who died in
+1862, thought that the spectacle of a soaring Eagle was a fitting
+adjunct to the grandeur of the Argyllshire mountain scenery, and a
+good equivalent for the occasional loss of a lamb."
+
+Though the Sea Eagle lives mainly on fish and refuse cast up by the
+sea, it is pitiful to read that, though this interesting, picturesque,
+and valuable bird was once common, not one is left on the mainland
+of Scotland. Could blind, unreasoning slaughter do more? Why kill a
+harmless bird? But it is not only harmless; it is of distinct value
+in its sphere in Nature. Hawks altogether are misunderstood and
+misjudged. It is doubtful if it pays a farmer, aye, even a poultry
+farmer, to shoot Hawks. They might steal a few chickens, but they
+do not live on them. They live mainly on rabbits, mice, rats, and
+insects.
+
+The Whistling Eagle whistles while flying about in the fine large
+flight-houses of the Adelaide Zoological Gardens. One fine specimen
+accompanied the Federal trawler _Endeavour_ down Gladstone Harbor, but
+not far from shore, for it returned when we headed for the open ocean
+and the fairyland of the Great Barrier Reef.
+
+Kites used to be excessively common about many English towns, where
+they acted as scavengers. The introduction of the shot-gun has
+exterminated them. They are world-wide in distribution, so what
+you read about European Kites will fit Australian Kites. They are,
+perhaps, the most graceful of flyers, gliding, soaring, hovering,
+and performing all sorts of aërial evolutions. The toy kites of our
+childhood were suggested by the flight of these once common birds.
+Now, alas! they are very rarely seen. Being mainly insectivorous, they
+are invaluable birds, and we can ill spare them in this country, where
+insect life is so abnormally prolific.
+
+The Black-breasted Buzzard is the third largest of our Diurnal Birds
+of Prey. It is a rare visitor in Southern Australia, but in seasons of
+drought it comes down from Central Australia.
+
+The Falcon, which our ancestors trained for hawking, is almost
+identical with our Falcon, while our Little Falcon is, for its size,
+the "boldest and swiftest of all birds of prey," for it has been
+observed to decapitate a flying Duck with a blow of the edge of its
+wing. In Brisbane we had the pleasure of spending an interesting
+afternoon with Mr. J. Bell, who formerly practised falconry with
+trained Australian Falcons.
+
+The Kestrel of Australia is almost identical with the Kestrel of
+Europe. You must have noticed with interest its habit of hovering. One
+incident of the 1909 Ornithologists' Congress will show that, even
+in the midst of a crowded city like Adelaide, it is possible for
+scientific work in ornithology to be done. While the Director of
+Education, Mr. A. Williams, Mr. Le Souëf (ex-Pres., A.O.U.), Mr. A.
+J. Campbell (Pres., A.O.U.), Mr. Robert Hall (Vice-Pres., A.O.U.), and
+myself were walking from the Education Office to Grote Street School,
+a Kestrel was seen on the grass in a small square. The members of
+the party were astonished to see the Kestrel rise carrying a
+bird, possibly a Sparrow, in its talons. Now, the interest of this
+observation is that most of our ornithologists were prepared to state
+that the Kestrel is entirely insectivorous, and never touches small
+birds. However, an observation in the heart of Adelaide is of value
+in this matter of scientific interest. This bird, unfortunately,
+is generally called the Sparrowhawk, a name which belongs to a much
+bolder Australian bird of prey (No. 157), which does eat small birds.
+
+Kestrels are very fond of mice, and would, if allowed, spend time
+protecting the farmer's haystacks, but if a Kestrel comes near the
+farmhouse the gun is at once produced, and so the farmer loses the
+services of one of his best friends.
+
+Jeffries and other Nature-lovers have written on the marvellous
+powers of hovering possessed by these birds. In fact, the Kestrel is
+frequently called the Windhover. In Australia Kestrels frequently nest
+in a hollow tree, but do not lay the usual white egg.
+
+The Osprey is another example of bad naming. The word is said to be a
+corruption of Ossifrage, the "bone-breaker." As it feeds on fish,
+it has no big bones to break. It is spread from "Alaska to Brazil,
+Lapland to Natal, Japan to Tasmania, and even out to the Pacific
+Isles," and it may be the same bird throughout, though Dr. Sharpe
+has allowed three species in the "_Handlist of Birds_." "_The A.O.U.
+Check-list of North American Birds_, 1910," however, recognizes the
+North American bird as a sub-species only, so it is possible the
+Australian bird will be also listed as a sub-species when the Royal
+Australasian Ornithologists' Union adopts its check-list in Sydney
+this year. These birds eat living fish, which they catch by plunging
+into the sea. Occasionally they drive their talons into too big a
+fish, and, not being able to withdraw them, are drowned.
+
+Flinders, in his journal, wrote about the enormous nests he met on
+rocky points, and considered they were built by a great "Dinornis."
+
+The Osprey and the White-bellied Sea Eagle, however, build on rocky
+points if no trees are available, and add to the nest each year. It
+is interesting to read in the Western Australian Year Book article
+on birds that the Government has placed an Osprey's nest in the
+cave district, "under the protection of the Cave Warden." A pleasing
+interest is growing in Australian nature in its many forms.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 72]
+
+  [Illustration: [151] [152] [153] [154] [155] [156]]
+
+    ORDER XV.--ACCIPITRIFORMES, DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY.
+
+    F. 66. _Serpentariidae_, Secretary-Bird, 2 sp. E.
+
+    F. 67. _Vulturidae_, Vultures, 17 sp.--8(5)O., 6(0)P., 9(5)E.
+
+    F. 68. FALCONIDAE (29), HARRIERS, GOSHAWKS, EAGLES, FALCON,
+    etc., 485 sp.--99 (86) A., 106(58)O., 70(19)P., 118(91)E.,
+    53(17)Nc., 144(112)Nl.
+
+2
+18
+
+    =151 Spotted Harrier= (Jardine), Spotted Swamp-Hawk, _Circus
+    assimilis_, Cel. to A., T.
+
+          Stat. c. _plains_      22
+
+    Facial disc, hind-neck, back, chest dark-gray; crown rust-red
+    streaked black; shoulders, rest of under rich-chestnut spotted
+    white; tail barred dark-brown, gray; legs long, yellow; m.,
+    smaller, duller. Lizards, mice, small snakes, birds.
+
+  [Page 73]
+
+    =152* Allied Harrier= (Gould), Swamp-Hawk, Kahu, _C. gouldi_,
+    A., T., N. Cal., Norfolk Is., Lord Howe Is., N.Z., Fiji =vt.
+    Eur. Marsh-Harrier.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _swampy_      20
+
+    Upper, head dark-brown; facial disc indistinct brown; under
+    buffy-white streaked and tinged red-brown; upper base tail
+    white; rest tail brownish-gray; f., larger. Reptiles, mice,
+    birds.
+
+5
+63
+
+    =153 Gray Goshawk= (New Holland, Gray-backed), _Astur clarus
+    (cinereus)_, A.
+
+          v.r. _dense brushes_      16.5
+
+    Upper gray; throat, under white finely barred gray; feet
+    yellow, claws black; f., larger. Reptiles, mice, birds.
+
+    =154 White Goshawk=, _A. novae-hollandiae_, E.A., S.A., T.
+
+          r. _timber_      16.5
+
+    Pure white; m., much smaller. Food as 153.
+
+    =155* Australian Goshawk=, Chicken-Hawk, _A. fasciatus
+    (approximans)_, A., T., Norfolk Is., N. Cal. =vt. Eur.
+    Goshawk.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_,      f., 20; m., 15
+
+    Upper dark-brown; shoulder thigh rust-red; tail dark-brown
+    barred black; throat buff; under buff barred brown; f.,
+    larger. Food as 153.
+
+    =156 Lesser Goshawk= (Western, Chestnut-colored), _A.
+    cruentus_, V. (acc.), W.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      17
+
+    Back, wings, tail slaty-brown; chestnut-red, indistinct
+    collar; under barred brown white; chin buffy-white; f., upper
+    brown. Birds, mice, lizards.
+
+  [Page 76]
+
+  [Illustration: [184] [185] [191] [193] [194] [196] [197] [198] [199]]
+
+  =184= Blue Mountain Lorikeet
+  =185= Musk Lorikeet
+  =191= Gang-gang Cockatoo
+  =193= Pink Cockatoo
+  =194= Rose-breasted Cockatoo
+  =196= Cockatoo-Parrot
+  =197= Superb Parrot
+  =198= Black-tailed Parrot
+  =199= King Parrot
+
+  [Page 78]
+
+  [Illustration: [200] [202] [203] [204] [205] [206] [209] [213] [214]]
+
+  =200= Crimson Parrot
+  =202= Rosella
+  =203= Mallee Parrot
+  =204= Blue Bonnet
+  =205= Many-colored Parrot
+  =206= Red-backed Parrot
+  =209= Grass Parrot
+  =213= Swift Parrot
+  =214= Warbling Grass-Parrot
+
+  [Page 80]
+
+  [Illustration: [157] [158] [159] [160] [161] [162]]
+
+1
+42
+
+    =157* Collared Sparrow-Hawk=, _Accipiter cirrhocephalus_,
+    N.G., A., T. =vt. Eur. Sparrow-Hawk.
+    [~157 _Astur cirrhocephalus._]
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_,      f., 14; m., 12
+
+    Head, upper brownish-gray; tail barred deep-brown; obscure
+    collar reddish-brown; throat, under, thighs rufous barred
+    white; f., much larger. Mice, birds.
+
+  [Page 81]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =158* Wedge-tailed Eagle=, Eaglehawk (e), _Uroaëtus audax_,
+    A., T. =vt. Eur. Golden Eagle (32in.).
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_, _plains_      38
+
+    "Noble bird;" largest eagle known; upper, under
+    blackish-brown; feathers edged pale-brown; hind-neck
+    golden-brown; f., larger. Rabbits, rats, carrion.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =159 Little Eagle=, _Eutolmaëtus morphnoides_, N.G., A.
+
+          r. _timber_      22
+
+    Back of head, under rufous striped black; back, rump, wings
+    brown; tail grayish-brown, barred blackish-brown. Carrion,
+    rats, mice.
+
+1
+10
+
+    =160 White-bellied Sea Eagle=, _Haliaëtus leucogaster_, Ind.
+    Malay to A., T., Oceania =vt. American Bald Eagle.
+
+          r. _shores_      30
+
+    "Noble species;" white; wing-quills, base-tail blackish-brown;
+    f., larger; young; head buff; upper wings chocolate-brown;
+    under buffy-brown. Dead fish, shellfish. "Floats like a great
+    butterfly."
+
+2
+4
+
+    =161 Whistling-Eagle= (-Hawk), _Haliastur sphenurus_, A., N.
+    Cal.
+
+          Nom. c. _swamps_, _shores_      24
+
+    Under light sandy-brown streaked white; back, wings brown
+    marked lighter, spotted white; tail ashy-brown; head, neck
+    sandy streaked lighter; f., larger. Caterpillars, mice, rats,
+    floating food.
+
+1
+6
+
+    =162 Allied Kite=, _Milvus affinis_, Sunda Is., Cel. to A.
+    =vt. Eur. Black Kite.
+
+          Nom. c. _open country_      20
+
+    Upper glossy brown; wing-quills black; slightly-forked
+    tail brown; under rufous-brown; chest dark lines; f., sim.
+    Scavenger, birds.
+
+  [Page 82]
+
+  [Illustration: [163] [164] [165] [166] [167] [168]]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =163 Square-tailed Kite=, _Lophoictinia isura_, A. =vt. Eur.
+    Common Kite.
+
+          r. _timber_, _plains_      19
+
+    Neck, shoulders, under reddish-orange; chest marked black;
+    head streaked black; abdomen, flanks barred lighter; upper
+    blackish-brown; square tail brownish-gray; f., larger.
+    Caterpillars, birds.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =164 Black-breasted Buzzard=, _Gypoictinia melanosternum_, A.
+    (interior).
+
+          v.r. _timber_, _plains_      23
+
+    "Fine species;" crown, face, chest, abdomen black; flanks
+    chestnut; hind-neck light-brown; upper brownish-black;
+    wing-quills white base, rest black; this white patch gives
+    appearance of window in wing when flying; f., larger. Animals.
+
+2
+5
+
+    =165* Australian Black-shouldered Kite=, _Elanus axillaris_,
+    A.
+
+          Mig. r. _open plains_      12.5
+
+    Upper delicate-gray; head, under white; jet black shoulder,
+    patch under wing; tail grayish-white; f., sim. Insects,
+    reptiles.
+
+    =166 Letter-winged Kite=, White-breasted Sparrow Hawk (e), _E.
+    scriptus_, E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          r. _plains (interior)_      12.5
+
+    Like 165, but more black on under angle of wing gives letter W
+    when wings expanded; f., sim. Insects.
+
+4
+37
+
+    =167* Black-cheeked Falcon=, _Falco melanogenys_, A., T. =vt.
+    Eur. Peregrine Falcon.
+
+          Stat. c. _plains_, _coast_, _rocky_      15
+
+    Crown, side of head black; upper-breast creamy spotted black;
+    rest of under barred black, reddish-gray; upper, wings, tail
+    dark-gray; tail barred brown, gray; f., larger. Birds.
+
+  [Page 83]
+
+  [Illustration: [169] [170] [171] [172] [173]]
+
+    =168 Gray Falcon=, Blue (Smoke) Hawk, _F. hypoleucus_, A. =vt.
+    Eur. Gyrfalcon.
+
+          v.r. _timber_, _plains_      f., 17; m., 12
+
+    "Rare beautiful falcon;" bluish-white below; grey above; tail
+    barred gray, brown. Birds.
+
+    =169 Black Falcon=, _F. subniger_, A.
+
+          v.r. _plains (inland)_      17
+
+    Dark, sooty-brown, paler below; chin whitish; f., larger.
+
+    =170* Little Falcon= (White-fronted), Duck Hawk (e),
+    Australian Hobby, _F. lunulatus_, A., T., =vt. Eur. Hobby.
+
+          Stat. c. _plains_      f., 13.5; m., 11.5
+
+    Forehead white; upper grayish-black; cheeks black; tail barred
+    gray, chestnut; throat buff; chest reddish-buff, striped
+    dark-brown; under, thighs reddish; incomplete whitish collar;
+    f., larger. Birds, insects.
+
+2
+3
+
+    =171 Striped Brown Hawk= (Western, Orange-speckled),
+    _Hieracidea berigora_, A.
+    [~171 _Ieracidea berigora._]
+
+          v.c. _swampy_, _plains_      17
+
+    Upper dark-brown; wings spotted reddish; incomplete collar,
+    under buff-white striped dark-brown; throat whitish; naked
+    skin round bill yellow; tail barred dark-brown, gray; f.,
+    larger. Caterpillars, insects, birds.
+
+    =172* Brown Hawk=, _H. orientalis_, A., T.
+    [~172 _Ieracidea orientalis._]
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_      17
+
+    Head, upper dark-brown; line over eye, throat buff; under buff
+    spotted rust-brown; tail brown barred rust-red; Skin round
+    bill bluish; f., larger. Food as 171.
+
+1
+28
+
+    =173* Nankeen Kestrel=, Windhover, Mosquito Hawk, Sparrowhawk
+    (e), _Cerchneis cenchroides_, A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Kestrel.
+
+          Stat, v.c. _timber_, _plains_      11.5
+
+    Upper cinnamon-red, spotted black; tail rufous, faintly banded
+    black above, tipped white, then black bar; side neck, throat,
+    abdomen, under tail white; chest buff striped black; f.,
+    larger. Insects, mice.
+
+    F. 69. PANDIONIDAE (1), OSPREYS, 6 sp.--3(0)A., 5(1)O.,
+    1(0)P., 1(0)E., 1(0)Nc, 1(0)Nl.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =174 White-headed Osprey=, Fish Hawk, _Pandion leucocephalus_,
+    Mol., N.G., A., T. =vt. cos. bird.
+
+          Stat. r. _shores_      23
+
+    Crown, hind-neck, throat, abdomen, under tail white; upper
+    dark-brown; chest mottled brown; side-neck dark-brown, marked
+    white; wing-quills black; dives; f., sim. Fish.
+
+====
+[Page 84]
+
+  [Illustration: [174] [175] [176] [177] [178]]
+
+Just as the Diurnal Birds of Prey (e.g., Hawks) are closely related to
+those of the Northern Hemisphere, so are the Nocturnal Birds of Prey
+(Owls) very closely related to those of the Old World. The different
+kinds of Owls are so closely similar that there are many disputes as
+to their classification, and it is not likely that we shall ever be
+able to recognize in the living, free state all the species recognized
+by scientists.
+
+Indeed, I was much interested at the Adelaide Museum to see our
+leading ornithologists fail to pick out the skins of two English Barn
+Owls when they were placed with three Australian Lesser Masked Owls,
+and yet ornithologists give our birds such widely-different names that
+literature is useless to us. These names have seriously hampered the
+popularization of bird-study in Australia. If ornithologists, with
+skins in hand, cannot separate them, what is the use of manufacturing
+species?
+
+As Owls are active late in the afternoon or at night, there has
+always been a certain amount of mystery regarding them, and, speaking
+generally, the ordinary observer knows little of them. Two of the
+Australian birds have forced themselves on our notice to some extent.
+The Powerful Owl, the largest of our Owls, has alarmed many by means
+of its blood-curdling screeches heard in quiet forest gullies.
+
+The Boobook Owl, though not often seen, calls "Mopoke," which sounded
+like "Boobook" to the aboriginal ear, but became "Cuckoo"--the
+best-loved bird-call of their far-distant home to the ears of the
+homesick first white residents. And was it not, they asked, what one
+might expect in a country where Christmas came at the wrong time
+of the year, where the trees were always green, and shed their bark
+instead of their leaves--where the leaves grew vertically, instead
+of horizontally, and so gave no shade--was it not natural that the
+Cuckoo, a day bird in England, should become a night bird in this land
+of paradoxes and contradictions? Thus Australia's reputation was added
+to even by the Boobook Owl.
+
+Confusion was caused, for, when daylight came, and the Frogmouth was
+seen sitting in the tree, the Frogmouth was supposed to be responsible
+for the frequent calls of the previous night. However, some reliable
+observers, notably Mr. C. H. McLennan, "Mallee Bird," and Mr. T. H.
+Tregellas, claim that the Frogmouth does call "Mopoke'" occasionally,
+but the Boobook Owl is the bird that is responsible for the frequent
+"Mopoke" on calm evenings.
+
+The Owls are divided into two families. The members of the first
+family--the Owls Proper, or Hawk-Owls--have the facial disc almost
+absent, while in the second family the facial disc is complete. In
+each, the eyes are directly obliquely forward, and, since they are not
+capable of much movement, the bird turns its head from side to side.
+Though mainly nocturnal, Owls are sometimes seen hunting for their
+prey by day. As they feed mostly on mice, rats, and insects, they are
+very valuable birds. The feathers are very soft, with a weak central
+axis, so that no sound is made when flying. They are thus able to
+approach their prey without giving warning. The Powerful Owl well
+deserves its name, as it possesses great strength, and is a formidable
+enemy if wounded. However, Owls are, fortunately, seldom shot at.
+
+Like Hawks, Owls catch their prey with and carry it in their feet,
+unless the feet are required for climbing. One peculiarity of the feet
+is that the bird can reverse one toe, so that it can have three toes
+in front and one behind, like most birds, or two in front and two
+behind, like Parrots and Cuckoos.
+
+Although not so strong of flight as the Diurnal Birds of Prey (_e.g._,
+Hawks), Owls have managed to spread throughout the world, so that
+they are found even in New Zealand. The different kinds are not easily
+separated, so most people are satisfied when they have classed a
+bird as an Owl, though you will probably want to divide them into two
+groups--the Owls Proper and the Barn Owls.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 85]
+
+    ORDER XVI--STRIGIFORMES, NOCTURNAL BIRDS OF PREY, OWLS.
+
+    F. 70. BUBONIDAE (11) HAWK OWLS, 280 sp.--47(44)A., 88(74)O.,
+    33(17)P., 48(42)E., 34(16)Nc, 75(61)Nl.
+
+11
+44
+
+    =175 Boobook Owl= (Cuckoo), _Ninox boobook_, A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_      16
+
+    Head, upper, wings, tail reddish-brown; under rufous blotched
+    white; facial disc indistinct, grayish-white edged black; f.,
+    larger. Insects, mice, birds.
+
+    =176 Spotted Owl=, _N. maculata_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.,
+    King Is.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      13
+
+    Head, upper brown spotted white; under brown blotched tawny
+    and white; disc indistinct; f., slightly larger. Insects,
+    birds.
+
+    =177 Winking Owl= (Western), _N. connivens_, A., exc. N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _brushes_, _wooded gullies_      16
+
+    Upper dark-brown spotted white; tail dark-brown barred
+    grayish-white; under mottled brown, white; disc indistinct;
+    f., larger. Insects, birds.
+
+    =178 Powerful Owl= (Eagle), _N. strenua_, N. Ter., E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _dense gullies_      24
+
+    Crown, upper brown marked whitish; face, throat, chest whitish
+    streaked brown; rest of under whitish barred brown; f., sim.
+    Birds, quadrupeds.
+
+  [Page 86]
+
+  [Illustration: [179] [180] [181] [182] [183]]
+
+    F. 71. STRIGIDAE (5), BARN OWLS, 26 sp.--13(11)A., 3(1)O.,
+    1(0)P., 4(3)E., 1(1)Nc., 7(7)Nl.
+
+5
+26
+
+    =179 Australian Barn Owl= (Lesser Masked, Delicate, Screech),
+    _Strix delicatula_, N.G., A.
+    [~179-183 _Genus, Tyto._]
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      14
+
+    Upper beautiful soft light grayish-brown tinged yellow, finely
+    spotted blackish-brown and white; under white, few small
+    brownish spots; disc white edged buff; f., sim. Mice, rats.
+
+  [Page 87]
+
+    =180 Masked Owl=, _S. novae-hollandiae_, A.
+    [~179-183 _Genus, Tyto._]
+
+          Stat. r. _forests_, _rocky_      14
+
+    Pale buff; head, back wings marked dark-brown, few white
+    spots; under paler, few brown spots; disc purplish-white,
+    edged with deep-brown spots; f., larger. Mice, rats.
+
+    =181 Chestnut-faced Owl=, _S. castanops_, N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+    [~179-183 _Genus, Tyto._]
+
+          Stat. c. _brushes_, _swamps_;      f., 17; m., 14.5
+
+    Disc deep-chestnut edged black; upper rufous-brown marked
+    dark-brown; few small spots on head, shoulders; under deep
+    sandy-brown with blackish spots; f., larger. Mice, rats.
+
+    =182 Sooty Owl=, Dusky Barn Owl, _S. tenebricosa_, N.G., E.A.
+    [~179-183 _Genus, Tyto._]
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dense brushes_;      f., 16; m., 13.5
+
+    Disc sooty-gray deeper round eyes; upper brownish-black finely
+    spotted white; under brownish-black washed buff, fainter
+    spots; legs mottled brown, white; f., larger. Mice, rats.
+
+    =183 Grass Owl=, _S. candida_, India, Formosa, China,
+    Philippines to E.A.
+    [~179-183 _Genus, Tyto._]
+
+          Stat. v.r. _grass_      14
+
+    Disc white or tinged pale-pink; brownish spot before eye; edge
+    disc dark-brown above, buff below; upper dark-brown finely
+    spotted white; under white tinged orange-buff with scattered
+    brown spots; tail whitish barred brown; legs long; f., sim.
+
+====
+
+While Australia possesses representatives of nearly all the important
+widely-spread families of birds this favored land also contains many
+birds that are unknown elsewhere. In addition, there are some groups
+which are found in other continents, but which reach their highest
+development here. Conspicuous amongst these are Parrots and Cockatoos.
+Australians are so accustomed to see these beautiful birds on every
+country road, and in cages outside their houses, that they do not
+appreciate their beauty or their interest, for "familiarity breeds
+contempt," even with bird life.
+
+When one reflects that no figure of a Parrot is found in ancient
+Egyptian art, and that no Parrot is mentioned in the Bible, then
+one begins to understand the interest of Europeans in these "spoilt
+children" of the animal world, the "monkeys of the bird world," and
+"the cream of the Australian avifauna."
+
+Their tameness, their affection, their entertaining habits, and their
+remarkable powers of speech, all help to render Parrots the favorites
+amongst birds. The brilliance of their plumage, their intelligence,
+and their longevity excite wonder, for Parrots have been known to live
+100 years in captivity. Presumably, they would live even longer in a
+state of nature. Humboldt recorded, as quoted in Newton's "Dictionary
+of Birds," "that in South America he met with a venerable bird, which
+remained the sole possessor of a literally dead language, the
+whole tribe of Indians, Atures by name, who spoke it, having become
+extinct."
+
+Australians will perhaps be surprised to learn that there are no
+Parrots or Cockatoos in Europe, and none in Asia, excepting India,
+none in Africa north of the Tropic of Cancer, and only two in North
+America, and that one of these is rapidly becoming extinct, and
+that Africa and India are poor in Parrots. Thus South America and
+Australasia alone are left as the lands that contain these interesting
+birds in any number. While South America contains the largest
+Parrots--the Macaws--all the South American species belong to
+one family. In the Australian region six families of Parrots are
+represented. Four of them are confined to the region, while but one
+species of the fifth family (Cockatoos) is found outside the region.
+
+The Brush-tongued Parrots, or "Lorikeets," are a purely Australian
+family. Some of these are very common at times in flowering eucalypts,
+even in the public gardens and streets. The Blue Mountain Parrot, very
+common at times, is a giant of the family. It has been described as
+a "noble bird, gorgeously apparelled." Its vernacular name of
+Blue-bellied Lorikeet has been altered to Blue Mountain Lorikeet.
+We found these birds nesting in the big sugar-gums bordering Warunda
+Creek, Eyre Peninsula. They keenly and noisily resented our curiosity,
+and screeched much as we tried to discover them amongst the green
+foliage. Though so gaudy, they were picked out with difficulty.
+This bird was very troublesome in my garden at Bengworden, near
+the Gippsland Lakes, where, when the apples were about the size of
+marbles, they tore them to pieces to get the developing "pips." In
+common with the other members of the family, they have a swift, direct
+flight, and screech much when flying. The "Green Keets," generally
+called "Green Leeks," which are so very numerous at times, are often
+accompanied by two other Lorikeets, the Little and Purple-crowned
+Lorikeets. These green birds hang, head down, among the eucalyptus
+leaves, and brush up the honey from the flowers with their brush
+tongue. They follow the flowering of the eucalypts from district to
+district, and since the eucalypts flower at irregular intervals, these
+birds are not so regular in their movements as Swifts, Snipe, Curlews,
+Cuckoos, and other migratory birds. For this reason the birds may be
+absent from a district for some years, and then suddenly appear again
+in great numbers.
+
+Cockatoos are almost confined to the Australian region. This includes
+the islands north-west of Australia out to Wallace's line, passing
+between Celebes and the Philippine Islands, Celebes and Borneo, and
+between the small islands of Lombok and Bali, east of Java. These
+islands, though but fifteen miles apart, "differ far more from each
+other in their birds and quadrupeds than do England and Japan. The
+birds of the one are extremely unlike those of the other." Another
+authority says that the faunas of Bali and Lombok are more unlike
+than those of South America and Africa. Bali has Woodpeckers, Barbets,
+Bulbuls, and Black and White Magpie-Robins, none of which is found
+in Lombok, where we find Screaming Cockatoos, Friar-birds, and other
+Honey-eaters, and the strange mound-building Megapodes and numerous
+other remarkable birds. This narrow strait is over 1000 fathoms in
+depth, and is probably one of the most ancient and most permanent
+dividing lines in the world. Instead of being united to Asia, it is
+probable that Australia has been more recently joined to New Zealand,
+South America, and South Africa. Only one Cockatoo transgresses
+Wallace's line to the west, and that is found in the Philippine
+Islands; evidently it has spread there from the adjacent part of the
+Australian region.
+
+The sombre, slow-flying Black Cockatoo is the largest of all
+Cockatoos. It is seen fairly often in small companies, especially on
+wattles and eucalypts, the wood of which it tears to pieces with its
+powerful bill to get the insect larvæ feeding there. It is a valuable
+forest-saving bird.
+
+The Glossy or Leach Black Cockatoo is named after Dr. Leach, who did a
+great amount of work on Australian animals about 100 years ago. It is
+a rare bird, and may readily be distinguished by its smaller size and
+more glossy plumage.
+
+The peculiar gray Gang-gang Cockatoos are common in parts of the
+forest country. The male is easily recognized by his red head and
+crest. I occasionally see these interesting birds in the big eucalypt
+forests of Gippsland. I was surprised to discover that, in South
+Gippsland, it is generally called the Galah, a name which belongs to
+quite a different bird (194).
+
+The screeching, fussy White Cockatoo, with its delicate sulphur crest,
+is well known. Many country dwellers enjoy the privilege of often
+seeing these snowy-white birds almost covering a dead tree. They
+are favorites as pets, and live to a good old age. They render good
+service at times by digging up and eating grasshoppers' eggs, though
+they do damage to maize and other crops. As they post sentinels, they
+are difficult birds to approach.
+
+The Pink Cockatoo (Major Mitchell) is unfortunately becoming rare. It
+was fairly common when I taught in a Mallee school, near where Hopetoun
+now is. It has been described as "quite the most beautiful of all the
+Cockatoos, being a harmony of delicate rose-pink and white, with a
+handsome crest of acuminate feathers barred in crimson, yellow, and
+white." It does not take kindly to captivity. It nested in the smaller
+"spouts" of the green "box-trees" in the "box-flats" and swamps about
+the Goyura School, south of Lake Corrong.
+
+What is more glorious than a mob of Rose-breasted Cockatoos
+(Galahs), 500 strong, airing their beauties and graces as they take a
+constitutional before retiring for the night? Probably no other kind
+of bird shows better company-flying than Galahs; now one sheet of
+a delicate gray lavender, and the next instant a flash of brilliant
+salmon-pink, as the whole company turns and wheels, obedient to some
+command or signal unperceived by us; again, the sun lights up the
+pale-pink crests and gray backs, as they turn once more and wheel,
+screeching, to continue their evolutions further afield. It is a sight
+that lingers in the memory. They are charming pets, and some talk
+well. Their beauty adds charm to our almost perfectly level great
+inland plains.
+
+The delicately-colored and friendly Cockatoo Parrot, with its
+immovable crest, takes a sub-family to itself. It migrates from the
+North, and, in a dry year, may even reach the South Coast. In 1908
+some of these birds reached Colac, in Southern Victoria. They are
+favorite aviary birds, and thousands have been exported.
+
+In the true Parrot family, Australia is strongly represented by many
+beautiful birds. The first is the Barraband Parrakeet of Gould, and
+the Green Leek of some ornithologists. As the name Green Leek is
+practically in universal use for the Musk Lorikeet (Green Keet) of the
+ornithologist, it seems desirable to sink an inappropriate name into
+a synonym, and use the earlier name, Superb Parrot, for it is a
+beautiful bird. Sad to say, it has become exceedingly rare, though Mr.
+A. W. Milligan informed me, a few days ago, that he saw six fly into
+some pines at Black Rock one day this month (January, 1911).
+
+The Rock Pebble, or Smoker, of the country dweller, formally called
+the Black-tailed Parrot, is a fine bird. His tail, however, is not
+really black, but is strongly iridescent. He nested in numbers, at
+the beginning of the nineties, in the dead box-trees in Lake Corrong.
+After an early tea, we frequently went over to the lake and watched
+the birds feeding their young. No longer do they inhabit that
+district, which has been completely cleared and placed under
+cultivation.
+
+The big King Parrot is a "showy, noble species," and is still common
+in parts, especially the moist forest districts.
+
+The members of the next group form a sub-family--the
+Broad-tails--confined to Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the
+Pacific Islands. Judging by their names, they must be amongst the most
+beautiful of birds. The best known is the common Rosella, often
+quoted in European books as one of the most beautiful of birds.
+Its scientific name is eximius, which means excellent. Indeed, the
+scientific names of Australian parrots give a good indication of
+their place amongst the glories of the bird world. The cousin of the
+Rosella--the large blue-winged and blue-cheeked Crimson Parrot--is
+well named elegans; a grass parrot is also elegans, then follow
+splendidus, splendida, and pulchella, while that great ornithologist,
+Gould, has conferred the honor of pulcherrimus on another Australian
+parrot. These names, given by scientists, will show Australians in
+what high esteem these birds, so common with us, are held by observers
+from other lands.
+
+The Crimson Parrot, previously mentioned, is, I think, becoming
+common, for I have lately seen it flying about in towns, notably in
+the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, the Zoological Gardens, Melbourne, and
+the school yard at Wangaratta.
+
+The Yellow Parrakeet, with its blue cheeks, is a "harmony in blue and
+canary yellow, and is an exceedingly lovely bird." It is unfortunately
+rare.
+
+The next bird is one of our well-known cage pets--the beautiful
+Ringneck--the Mallee Parrot. It flies ahead of one along the
+half-chain strip of scrub left on mallee roads, and is a feature of
+interest.
+
+The next group contains some inland parrots. The "Bulloak," or "Blue
+Bonnet," is a beautiful bird, and is common on inland plains. It has
+a brownish-olive back and a gray chest. The bright, blue cheeks,
+forehead, and shoulder, red abdomen, and light yellow base to tail
+present a striking appearance. Its vernacular name--Yellow-vented
+Parrakeet--has now been altered to Blue Bonnet Parrot.
+
+The Many-colored Parrot, with its large yellow shoulder patch, is a
+glory. It is, indeed, difficult to imagine a more beautiful bird as
+it flies about in the bright Mallee sunshine. The Red-backed Parrot is
+the common "Grass Parrot" of country dwellers. Large flocks of these
+birds are to be seen on the inland plains. The female is much plainer
+than her gaudy mate. This is unusual amongst parrots; for, as the work
+of sitting on the eggs is done in a hollow tree under good shelter,
+there is apparently no reason why the female should be plainer than
+the male, and in most parrots she is equally pretty.
+
+The brownish female offers a strong contrast to her more brightly
+coloured mate, which is immediately distinguished by the large red
+patch on the back. (The Many-colored Parrot has a much smaller red
+patch on the back, near the base of the tail.)
+
+The seven small Grass-Parrots (_Neophemas_) are amongst the most
+beautiful of parrots. These birds have become so rare that the South
+Australian Government has wisely placed them on the totally-protected
+list. Bird trappers formerly exported numbers to Europe each year.
+These rare Parrots are said to be worth about £7 each as cage birds.
+
+We found the rare Rock Parrot nesting in the edges and hollows of
+a tiny travertine-limestone island (Goat Island) in an inlet at the
+eastern end of the Great Australian Bight. The eggs were laid on the
+bare earth, often within two or three feet of high-tide mark. The
+whole island was less than an acre in extent, and at no point was ten
+feet above high-tide level. Many similar islands on the Australian
+coast have not yet been explored ornithologically, so we do not know
+what matters of interest are awaiting us.
+
+The next bird, the Swift-flying Lorikeet, is a honey feeder, like the
+first four Parrots (Lorikeets) mentioned. It is often found with
+them, and was common all the winter, and is common now in a clump
+of flowering gums outside the Melbourne Cricket Ground. It has given
+scientists much trouble as to its correct name and position. It can
+be distinguished from the "Green Keets" by having scarlet under the
+wings.
+
+The beautiful and affectionate little Budgerigar (Warbling Grass
+Parrot), or Love Bird, has many names. It is migratory, and sometimes
+appears in thousands, though it may not be seen again for years. It is
+a favorite cage bird, and breeds as freely as caged canaries, so it is
+well-known in Europe.
+
+The last two Parrots are ground birds, which never perch or climb.
+It was feared that the Ground Parrot was extinct, but it is seen
+occasionally in the National Park at Wilson's Promontory. The Night
+Parrot is better called the Western Ground Parrot. It is found amongst
+the Spinifex (_Triodia_) scrub of the interior.
+
+Though Parrots are essentially "climbers," having the suitable
+arrangement of two toes in front and two behind, it is interesting to
+learn of these two Australian Parrots which cannot perch or climb. The
+Parrot's foot is of interest, further, in so far as it is used as a
+hand, and the food is held in it while being eaten. The powerful bill
+not only serves to reduce its food to powder, but also assists in
+climbing. It is sometimes amusing to note the "absurd caution," and
+great deliberation with which a parrot climbs down in his cage to pick
+up some dainty.
+
+Possessing no less than 76 kinds of Parrots and Cockatoos, Australians
+should be alive to their privileges as contrasted with the dwellers of
+northern lands, where Parrots do not live. They should insist on the
+proper protection of these beautiful and wonderful birds.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 88]
+
+  [Illustration: [184] [185] [186] [187] [188]]
+
+    ORDER XVII.--PSITTACIFORMES.
+
+    F. 72. _Nestoridae_, Nestor, Kaka, Kea, 4 sp. A. (N.Z.).
+
+    F. 73. LORIIDAE (9), BRUSH-TONGUED PARROTS, LORIES, LORIKEETS,
+    87 sp. A.
+
+3
+16
+
+    =184* Blue Mountain Lorikeet= (-Parrot), Rainbow Lory,
+    Blue--bellied (Swainson) Lorikeet, _Trichoglossus
+    novae-hollandiae_, N.A., E.A., S.A., T.
+
+          Nom. flocks c. _eucalypts_      14
+
+    Head, throat, abdomen blue; chest blood-red tinged yellow;
+    back green; bill blood-red; f., sim. Honey. Screech.
+
+  [Page 89]
+
+3
+5
+
+    =185* Musk Lorikeet=, Green Keet, Green Leek (e),
+    _Glossopsittacus concinnus_, E.A., S.A., T.
+    [~185-187 _Genus, Glossopsitta._]
+
+          Nom. v.c. _flowering eucalypts_      8.5
+
+    Green; forehead, behind ear red; bill black tipped red; f.,
+    sim. Honey. Screech.
+
+    =186 Purple-crowned Lorikeet=, _G. porphyrocephalus_, N.S.W.
+    V., S.A., W.A.
+    [~185-187 _Genus, Glossopsitta._]
+
+          Nom. flocks with 185. r. _eucalypts_      6.5
+
+    Green; forehead red, yellow; behind ear fainter red,
+    yellow; crown purple; behind head yellowish-green; shoulder
+    light-blue; under wing crimson; under greenish-gray; flanks,
+    under-tail golden-green; bill black; f., sim. Honey. Screech.
+
+    =187 Little Lorikeet=, Jerryang, _G. pusillus_, E.A., S.A., T.
+    [~185-187 _Genus, Glossopsitta._]
+
+          Nom. flocks with 185. c. _eucalypts_      6.5
+
+    Green; face deep-red; hind-neck brown; wings black edged
+    green; tail feathers grass-green, inner webs red at base,
+    yellowish at tip; f., smaller. Honey. Screech.
+
+    F. 74. CYCLOPSITTACIDAE (2), Fig-Parrots, 23 sp. A.
+
+    F. 75. CACATUIDAE (17), COCKATOOS, 29 sp.--28(28)A., 1(1)O.
+    (Philippine Is.).
+
+7
+7
+
+    =188 Black Cockatoo=, Funereal Black Cockatoo,
+    _Calyptorhynchus funereus_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T., King
+    Is.
+
+          Small flocks, r. _timber_      26
+
+    Black; ear-patch, under tail yellow; f., sim. Wood-boring
+    larvae. Seeds. "Wy-la."
+
+  [Page 90]
+
+  [Illustration: [189] [190] [191] [192] [193]]
+
+    =189 Banksian Cockatoo=, Banksian Black Cockatoo, C. _banksi_,
+    E.A., S.A.
+
+          r. _timber_      24
+
+    Glossy greenish-black; vermilion-red band on tail; f., yellow
+    side of head, neck. Caterpillars, seeds.
+
+  [Page 91]
+
+    =190 Glossy Cockatoo= (Leach Black), _C. viridis_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Small flocks, r. _timber_      19.5
+
+    Glossy greenish-black; deep vermilion-red on tail; f., no
+    vermilion on tail. Sheoak (_Casuarina_) seeds.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =191* Gang-gang Cockatoo= (Red-crowned), Red-crowned Parrot (e),
+    Galah (e), _Callocephalum galeatum_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., T., King Is.
+    [~191 _Genus, Callocephalon._
+
+          v.r. _forest_      13.5
+
+    Head, crest fine scarlet; rest slate-gray barred
+    grayish-green; wings tinged green; under tinged red; f., head,
+    crest gray. Eucalypt seeds.
+
+5
+17
+
+    =192 White Cockatoo= (Sulphur-crested), _Cacatua galerita_,
+    A., T., King Is.
+    [~192-194 _Genus, Cacatöes._]
+
+          Nom. Flocks, v.c. _timber_, _open plains_      20
+
+    White; crest, under wing, portion of tail sulphur-yellow; f.,
+    sim. Seeds, grain, native bread, bulbous roots, grasshoppers'
+    eggs. Screech.
+
+    =193* Pink Cockatoo= (Leadbeater), Major Mitchell, _C.
+    leadbeateri_, Int. A.
+    [~192-194 _Genus, Cacatöes._]
+
+          Nom. r. _lofty gums_      16
+
+    "Most beautiful and elegant" cockatoo; white; forehead, neck,
+    under wing, middle abdomen, base of tail salmon pink becoming
+    deeper under wing; crest crimson, yellow, white; eyes black;
+    f., yellow in crest brighter; eyes reddish-brown. Plaintive
+    cry.
+
+  [Page 92]
+
+  [Illustration: [194] [195] [196] [197] [198] [199]]
+
+    =194* Rose-breasted Cockatoo=, Galah, Willie-willock, Willock,
+    _C. roseicapilla_, A., T. (acc).
+    [~192-194 _Genus, Cacatöes._]
+
+          Nom. large flocks, c. _plains_      14
+
+    Upper gray; under deep rose pink; head pinky-white; "the
+    second most beautiful of cockatoos;" f., sim. Seeds,
+    salt-bush.
+
+  [Page 93]
+
+2
+2
+
+    =195 Long-billed Cockatoo=, Corella, _Licmetis nasica_, N.
+    Ter., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+    [~195 _Licmetis tenuirostris._]
+
+          Flocks r. _ground_      17
+
+    White; under wing pale-yellow; under tail bright-yellow;
+    forehead, face scarlet; neck, breast tinged scarlet; naked
+    blue skin round eye; long bill, 1-5/8 in.; f., sim. Bulbous
+    roots.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =196* Cockatoo-Parrot=, Cockatiel, Quarrion, _Calopsittacus
+    novae-hollandiae_, A.
+    [~196 _Calopsitta novae-hollandiae._]
+
+          Mig. flocks, c. _plains_, _timber_      12
+
+    Forehead, crest lemon-yellow; ear-patch rich reddish-orange in
+    a patch yellow above white below; upper, under gray; white on
+    wings, chest; f., face, crest dull olive-yellow; tail barred
+    brown. Seeds.
+
+    F. 76. PSITTACIDAE (47), PARROTS, Macaws, 433 sp.--144(144)A.,
+    49(49)O., 42(42)E., 2(1)Nc., 197(196)Nl.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =197* Superb Parrot= (Scarlet-breasted), Green Leek, Barraband
+    Parrakeet, _Polytelis barrabandi_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _timber_      16
+
+    Green; forehead, cheeks, throat rich gamboge-yellow; crescent
+    of scarlet next to yellow on chest; bill yellow; sometimes
+    red on thigh; f., green tinged dull rose on chest; thigh red.
+    Seeds.
+
+    =198* Black-tailed Parrot=, Rock-Pebbler, Rock-Pebble, Smoker,
+    _P. melanura_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A. (interior).
+    [~198 _Polytelis anthopeplus._]
+
+          Nom. v.r. _Box flats_, _timber_      16
+
+    Head, neck, greenish-yellow; shoulders, under yellow;
+    upper-back olive; wing-quills, tail iridescent black; some
+    pink on wing; bill scarlet; f., duller. Seeds, honey.
+
+1
+9
+
+    =199* King Parrot= (Scarlet and Green, Spud), Blood Rosella,
+    King Lory (e), _Aprosmictus cyanopygius_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _forest_      16
+
+    "Showy, noble species;" head, neck, under scarlet; back, wings
+    green; rump, base tail rich dark blue; band bright green on
+    wing; bill scarlet; f., head, upper green; throat, chest green
+    tinged red; abdomen scarlet; young male like female for two
+    years. Bulbous roots, seeds.
+
+  [Page 95]
+
+  [Illustration: [219] [220] [221] [223] [224] [227] [229] [230] [235]]
+
+  =219= Australian Roller
+  =220= Blue Kingfisher
+  =221= Laughing Kingfisher
+  =223= Sacred Kingfisher
+  =224= Australian Bee-eater
+  =227= Spine-tailed Swift
+  =229= Pallid Cuckoo
+  =230= Fan-tailed Cuckoo
+  =235= Bronze Cuckoo
+
+  [Page 97]
+
+  [Illustration: [238] [240] [242] [244] [244^A] [245^A] [248] [248^A]]
+
+  =238= Welcome Swallow
+  =240= Tree Martin
+  =242= Brown Flycatcher
+  =244= Scarlet-breasted Robin
+  =244^A= Scarlet-breasted Robin (Female)
+  =245= Flame-breasted Robin
+  =245^A= Ditto (Female)
+  =248= Red Capped Robin
+  =248^A= Red Capped Robin (Female)
+
+  [Page 100]
+
+  [Illustration: [200] [201] [202] [203] [204] [205]]
+
+16
+16
+
+    =200* Crimson Parrot=, Crimson Rosella, Pennant Parrakeet,
+    Red Lory (e), Mountain Lowry (e), _Platycercus elegans_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_, _open_      13.5
+
+    Head, neck, under, rump rich deep crimson; feathers of back
+    black, edged crimson; cheeks, shoulders blue; tail tipped
+    pale-blue; f., sim.; young all green at first. Grass, seeds,
+    insects, caterpillars.
+
+  [Page 101]
+
+    =201 Yellow Parrot=, Yellow Rosella, Murray Smoker (e), Swamp
+    Lory (e), Yellow-rumped Parrakeet, _P. flaveolus_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A. (interior).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _lofty river gums_      13.5
+
+    "Exceedingly lovely bird, a harmony in blue and canary
+    yellow;" upper under canary-yellow; back feathers black edged
+    pale-yellow; wing blue; tip quills dark-brown; tail tipped
+    light blue and white; forehead crimson; cheeks blue; f.,
+    duller. Seeds.
+
+    =202* Rosella=, Rosehill Parrakeet, Nonpareil Parrot, _P.
+    eximius_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _open timber_      12.5
+
+    Crown, hind-neck, chest, under base tail scarlet; cheeks
+    white; back feathers black edged rich yellow; rump, upper
+    base tail, lower abdomen pale-green; centre-abdomen yellow;
+    shoulders blue; tail tipped pale blue; f., young sim.
+
+5
+5
+
+    =203* Mallee Parrot= (Scrub), Barnard Parrakeet, Ring-neck,
+    Bulla-Bulla, _Barnardius barnardi_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+    (interior).
+
+          Stat. c. _mallee scrub_, _water courses_      13
+
+    Crown, chest, abdomen, rump rich-green; yellow band on
+    hind-neck; forehead red; back bluish-gray; centre-abdomen
+    orange; wing-quills black; shoulder blue; centre tail feathers
+    green becoming deep iridescent blue at tip; side tail deep
+    blue at base becoming bluish white at tip; bill horn color;
+    f., sim. Seeds.
+
+8
+8
+
+    =204* Blue-Bonnet=, Bulloak Parrot, Yellow-vented Parrakeet,
+    _Psephotus zanthorrhous_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A. (inland).
+
+          c. _mallee-scrub_, _plains_      12.5
+
+    Forehead, face blue; crown, upper, chest yellowish-gray; rump,
+    under base tail, abdomen deep yellow, about legs scarlet; edge
+    shoulder, patch on wing blue; wing-quills blackish-brown; f.,
+    duller. Seeds.
+
+    =205* Many-colored Parrot= (Varied, Mulga), _P. multicolor_,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. c. _plains_      12
+
+    Head, neck, chest, back green; rump little red; abdomen,
+    thighs scarlet; forehead, shoulder, under base tail yellow;
+    f., brick red patch on shoulder, duller. Grass-seeds.
+
+  [Page 102]
+
+  [Illustration: [206] [207] [208] [209] [210]]
+
+    =206* Red-backed Parrot= (Grass, Red-rumped, Ground), _P.
+    haematonotus_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Large flocks, v.c. _grass_      11
+
+    Green; lower-back scarlet; tip-shoulder outer wing-quills
+    blue; centre-shoulder, abdomen yellow; f., brownish-olive
+    upper. Seeds.
+
+7
+7
+
+    =207 Bourke Grass-Parrot= (Night, Pink-bellied), _Neophema
+    bourkei_, N.S.W., V., S.A. (interior).
+
+          v.r. _plains_      8.5
+
+    Upper olive-brown; under delicate brown tinged pink; forehead,
+    shoulder, flanks, under tail blue; f., forehead not blue.
+    Seeds.
+
+    =208 Blue-winged Grass-Parrot= (Blue-banded), _N. venusta_,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., T., King Is.
+    [~208 _Neophema chrysostoma._]
+
+          Mig. r. _open timber_      9
+
+    Forehead, large patch shoulder deep-blue; crown, neck, back,
+    breast green; face, abdomen light-yellow; tail tipped fine
+    yellow; f., sim. Grass seeds.
+
+    =209* Grass-Parrot= (Elegant Grass), _N. elegans_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Mig. r. _grass_      9
+
+    Forehead, patch shoulder, wing-quills blue; about eye
+    rich-yellow; back golden-green; chest green; abdomen, side of
+    tail yellow; f., duller. Seeds. Musical whistle.
+
+    =210 Orange-breasted Grass-Parrot= (Orange-bellied), _N.
+    chrysogastra_, N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Mig. r. _grass_      9
+
+    Crown, upper grass-green; forehead blue; cheeks, breast
+    yellowish-green; shoulder, patch on wing deep-blue; abdomen,
+    under base tail yellow; lower abdomen much orange; f., less
+    orange. Seeds. Sharp snapping note.
+
+    =211 Red-Shouldered Grass-Parrot= (Chestnut-shouldered,
+    Beautiful), _N. pulchella_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Mig. c. _timber_      8
+
+    Cheeks, shoulders rich metallic-blue; crown, hind-neck,
+    upper, flanks bright olive-green; bright patch chestnut-red
+    at insertion of wing; under rich-yellow, tail green tipped
+    yellow; f., sim. Seeds.
+
+  [Page 103]
+
+  [Illustration: [211] [212] [213] [214] [215] [216]]
+
+    =212 Scarlet-chested Grass-Parrot= (Orange-throated,
+    Splendid), _N. splendida_, N.S.W., V., S., W.A.
+
+          v.r. _scrub_      8
+
+    Head, neck beautiful deep-blue; shoulder blue; breast scarlet;
+    abdomen light-yellow; upper green; f., duller, breast green.
+    Seeds.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =213* Swift Parrot= (Red-shouldered), Swift-flying Lorikeet
+    (e), _Euphema discolor_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+    [~213 _Lathamus discolor._]
+
+          Mig. r. _flowering eucalypts_      9.5
+
+    Green; forehead, throat, tip-shoulder, base tail above below,
+    under-wing red; crown, edge wing blue; f., smaller, duller.
+    Honey.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =214* Warbling Grass-Parrot= (Shell-, Canary-, Zebra-),
+    Betcherrygah, Budgerigar, Love-Bird (Flight-), _Melopsittacus
+    undulatus_, A. (int.).
+
+          Mig. flocks c. _timber_      7.5
+
+    Head, throat yellow; under, rump green; upper green finely
+    barred black; several dark spots on throat; f., smaller.
+    Grass-seeds.
+
+1
+2
+
+    =215 Ground Parrot= (Swamp), _Pezoporus terrestris_, V., S.A.
+    W.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          v.r. u. _sandy_, _swampy_      13
+
+    Green uniformly barred black yellow; forehead scarlet; tail
+    long; never perches; f., sim. Seeds.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =216 Night Parrot= (Spinifex), Western Ground Parrakeet,
+    _Geopsittacus occidentalis_, V., S.A., C.A., W.A., N.W.A.
+
+          v.r. u. _swampy_      10
+
+    Like 215, but forehead not red; under base short tail yellow.
+
+    F. 77. _Stringopidae_, Owl-Parrot, 2 sp. A. (N.Z.).
+
+====
+
+Australia is well represented in Order XVIII.--Picarian Birds. The
+Tawny Frogmouth is one of "the most peculiar," and is the "ugliest of
+birds." On account of its wide mouth, it is called the Frogmouth, and
+on account of the confusion connecting it with the Boobook Owl, which
+calls "Mopoke," this bird is also called the "Mopoke" (see p. 85).
+It so closely mimics a broken branch during the day that it is seldom
+seen, though it is fairly common.
+
+Gould bears eloquent testimony to the value of Australian birds in
+general, and the _Podargus_ in particular, when he says: "In no other
+country is there a greater proportion of insectivorous birds, and
+certainly none in which nocturnal species such as the Podargi are more
+numerous."
+
+The Australian Roller (Dollar-Bird) has the family beauty, and has a
+white circular patch on each wing, which shows clearly when the wing
+is expanded during flight. At the Tallangatta excursion a pair was
+working even after dusk near the schoolground. Flying from the topmost
+dead branch, one bird suddenly closed its wings, and cut queer antics
+in the air. After flying a considerable distance, it returned to its
+former perch, and the mate set off. On the return of the mate the
+first set off again, and so on. With their disagreeable, rough "treek
+treek," and peculiar antics, they are conspicuous birds. It is our one
+representative of a family most strongly developed in Africa.
+
+While Kingfishers are cosmopolitan (world-wide in distribution), yet
+the Australian region contains far more of these beautiful birds than
+any other region. They are famous in legend and story, and we owe to
+them the expression, "halcyon days" (Gr. _alkuon_, a Kingfisher).
+
+The great terrestrial Kingfishers, of which Australia has three
+species--the fourth being confined to New Guinea--are amongst the
+avine curiosities of Australia. Few birds are more famous than the
+Laughing Kingfisher (Jackass), first, on account of his gigantic
+size--hence his specific name, _gigas_--and, secondly, because of
+his laugh, which brightens many a gloomy, misty day in lonely country
+districts. Homesick travellers from foreign lands could only hear
+evil spirits laughing at their trials and loneliness, but, just as
+mountains, once thought ugly, are now considered beautiful, so
+other thoughts are now associated with the laugh of our remarkable
+Australian Kingfisher.
+
+True to the law of representatives, Australia presents us with a
+beautiful representative of the Old World family of Bee-eaters. A
+writer has well said that there are "few so beautiful, and none so
+graceful." Its scientific name, _ornatus_, shows that our bird stands
+well amongst its fellows. One kind occasionally visits England (about
+thirty records in the last hundred years).
+
+In the same order come the Goatsuckers, or Nightjars, wide-mouthed,
+swift-flying, insectivorous birds, which have an almost cosmopolitan
+range, being absent only from New Zealand and the Polynesian Islands.
+These Owl-like birds have very long wings, thus indicating their rapid
+flight. They are very valuable insect destroyers, though they are
+sometimes called "Night Hawks," and are shot by people who foolishly
+shoot hawks. Many destructive insects fly only at night, and these
+night-flying birds are a necessity to maintain the balance of Nature.
+
+Swifts are cosmopolitan birds. One Swiftlet is world-famous on account
+of its saliva-built nest, which is the edible swallows' nest we used
+to read about. This bird occasionally visits Queensland. Two of the
+Australian birds breed in Japan. They are essentially creatures of
+the air; their long, pointed wings, shown much longer than the tail,
+indicate great speed. Gould said that a Swift might be hawking for
+insects over Victoria one hour, and over Tasmania the next hour; that
+is, it can cross Bass Strait in an hour. The spines at the end of
+the short tail feathers are thought to assist as a prop when the bird
+settles on a wall or a cliff face. In some Swifts the four toes point
+forward; this helps also in cliff clinging. Though so common in the
+upper air, Swifts have not, in Victoria, been recorded as having been
+seen to alight.
+
+Most birds have hollow bones which are filled with air. It was claimed
+by those who like to find a use for everything that this was an
+obvious adaptation for purposes of flight, but when one reflects that,
+in some of the Ostrich and Emu group, the members of which never fly,
+the bones are strongly "pneumatic," while in Terns and Swifts, and
+some other flying birds, the bones are solid, one must hesitate before
+generalizing even about such an apparently obvious matter. Swifts are
+in no way related to Swallows, but are close to Humming Birds, which
+are born with a wide, Swift-like mouth.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 104]
+
+  [Illustration: [217] [218] [219] [220] [221] [222]]
+
+    ORDER XVIII.--CORACIIFORMES, PICARIAN BIRDS.
+
+    F. 78. _Steatornithidae_, Oil-Bird, Guacharo, 1 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 79. PODARGIDAE (6), FROGMOUTHS, 32 sp.--20(20)A., 12(12)O.
+
+4
+7
+
+    =217 Tawny Frogmouth= (Tawny-shouldered), Mopoke (e),
+    _Podargus strigoides_, A.T.
+
+          Stat. c. _open forest_      18
+
+    Upper brown freckled grayish-white and darker-brown; wings
+    lighter, spotted black and buff; tawny patch on wing; tail
+    tawny-brown barred blackish-brown; wide bill brown; nocturnal;
+    f., sim. Insects. "Oom, oom."
+
+2
+13
+
+    =218 Owlet Nightjar= (Little), Banded Goatsucker (e), Moth Owl
+    (e), _Ægotheles novae-hollandiae_, A., T.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      8.5
+
+    Blackish-gray; tail faintly banded; obscure collar; short,
+    wide bill; bristles round bill; nocturnal; f., sim. Insects,
+    mosquitoes, moths.
+
+    F. 80. _Leptosomatidae_, Kirombos, Madagascar Rollers, 2 sp.
+    E.
+
+  [Page 105]
+
+    F. 81. CORACIIDAE (1), ROLLERS, 32 sp.--5(5)A., 6(3)O.,
+    3(0)P., 22(21)E.
+
+1
+11
+
+    =219* Australian Roller=, Dollar (Star) Bird, _Eurystomus
+    pacificus_, Cel., Mol., A. exc. S.A., W.A., Lord Howe Is.,
+    N.Z.
+
+          Mig. r. _timber_      12
+
+    Head, upper dark-brown; inner-wing bluish, outer-wing
+    dark-blue with a silvery-blue patch (dollar); throat
+    dark-blue; eyelash, wide curved bill, feet red; many shades of
+    blue and green; abdomen light-green; f., sim. Insects.
+
+    F. 82. ALCEDINIDAE (14), KINGFISHERS, 200 sp.--112(105)A.,
+    52(44)O., 5(0)P., 31(30)E., 3(0)Nc., 11(8)Nl.
+
+3
+7
+
+    =220* Blue Kingfisher= (Azure, Water, River), _Alcyone
+    azurea_, E.A., S.A., T.
+
+          Mig. r. _water_      8
+
+    Upper ultramarine-blue; behind ear yellowish-white patch;
+    wings black; throat whitish; under rusty-orange; bill black;
+    f., sim. Fish, insects.
+
+3
+4
+
+    =221* Laughing Kingfisher= (Great Brown, Giant), Laughing
+    Jackass, Bushman's (Settler's) Clock, Kookaburra, _Dacelo
+    gigas_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_      17.5
+
+    Upper, line from bill past eye brown; side-head, under
+    whitish; blue, white spots on wing; tail barred brown, black,
+    tipped white; f., sim. Lizards, insects, snakes.
+
+6
+71
+
+    =222 Red-backed Kingfisher= (Golden), _Halcyon pyrrhopygius_,
+    A. (interior).
+
+          r. _open country_      8
+
+    Back, rump reddish-brown; collar, under white; crown
+    dull-green streaked white; dark band from bill through
+    eye round back of head; wings, tail bluish; f., sim. Fish,
+    insects.
+
+  [Page 106]
+
+  [Illustration: [223] [224] [225] [226] [227] [228]]
+
+    =223* Sacred Kingfisher= (Wood, Forest, Tree), _H. sanctus_,
+    Cel., Java to A., T., N. Heb.
+
+          Mig. c. _timber_, _near water_      8
+
+    Head, upper greenish-blue; whitish collar; buffy-white under;
+    bill long black; f., sim. Insects, ants, lizards, fish.
+
+    F. 83. _Bucerotidae_, Hornbills, 71 sp.--4(4)A., 33(33)O.,
+    34(34)E.
+
+    F. 84. _Upupidae_, Hoopoes, 6 sp.--2(1)O., 2(0)P., 4(3)E.
+
+    F. 85. _Irrisoridae_, Wood-Hoopoes, 12 sp. E.
+
+    F. 86. MEROPIDAE (1), BEE-EATERS, 41 sp.--5(4)A., 10(6)O.,
+    2(0)P., 30(27)E.
+
+  [Page 107]
+
+1
+21
+
+    =224* Australian Bee-eater=, Rainbow Bird, Sandpiper (e),
+    Kingfisher (e), Spinetail, Pintail, _Merops ornatus_, Cel.,
+    Lesser Sunda Is., Mol., A.
+
+          Mig. c. _open forests_      10
+
+    Crown, back, inner-wing brownish-green; wing-quills
+    orange-brown, tipped black; band on throat blackish; line
+    below eye, lower-back blue; throat orange; tail black; two
+    tail feathers longer; curved bill black: f., sim. Insects,
+    very rarely bees.
+
+    F. 87. _Momotidae_, Motmots, 24 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 88. _Todidae_, Todies, 7 sp. Nl. (West Indies).
+
+    F. 89. CAPRIMULGIDAE (3), NIGHTJARS, GOATSUCKERS, 124
+    sp.--11(8)A., 22(17)O., 10(4)P., 30(26)E., 11(5)Nc., 57(51)Nl.
+
+2
+3
+
+    =225 White-throated Nightjar=, Night Hawk (e), Moth (Fern)
+    Owl, _Eurostopus albigularis_, N.G., E.A., S.A.
+    [~225 _Eurostopodus albigularis._]
+
+          Stat. r. _open forest_      13
+
+    Upper mottled, striped gray, brown; head darker; wings
+    dark-brown marked gray, spotted buff, with white patch
+    (see figure); white patch side of throat; under buff marked
+    dark-brown; f., sim. Insects. Valuable nocturnal birds.
+
+    =226 Spotted Nightjar=, _E. argus_., Aru Is., New Ireland, A.
+
+          Stat. r. _open forest_      12
+
+    Like 225, but uniform rusty-brown abdomen and under base tail;
+    f., sim. Insects. Valuable, nocturnal.
+
+    F. 90. _Macropterygidae_, Tree-Swifts, 7 sp.--3(3)A., 4(4)O.
+
+    F. 91. CYPSELIDAE (4), SWIFTS, 103 sp.--11(7)A., 33(24)O.,
+    9(1)P., 28(22)E., 4(0)Nc., 30(26)Nl.
+
+1
+34
+
+    =227* Spine-tailed Swift=, _Chactura caudacuta_, Sib., Jap.,
+    China, to A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Mig. c. _upper air_      7.5
+
+    Throat, forehead, back edge wing, flanks, under base
+    tail white; wings, tail deep shining-green; under, back
+    grayish-brown; short tail ends in spines; f. smaller. Flying
+    insects.
+
+1
+25
+
+    =228 White-rumped Swift= (Australian), _Cypselus pacificus_,
+    E. Sib., Jap., Indo-China to A., T., N.Z.
+    [~228 _Apus pacificus._]
+
+          Mig. r. _upper air_      7
+
+    Upper brownish-black; rump, throat white; under brown; long
+    forked tail; indistinct collar; f., sim. Flying insects.
+
+    F. 92. _Trochilidae_, Humming-Birds, 581 sp.--18 (5) Nc.,
+    576(563)Nl.
+
+    F. 93. _Coliidae_, Mouse-Birds, 14 sp. E.
+
+    F. 94. _Trogonidae_, Trogons, 54 sp.--16(16)O., 4(4)E.,
+    1(0)Nc., 34(33)Nl.
+
+====
+
+Few birds have attracted more notice, or have been more written about,
+than Cuckoos. To dwellers in lands with a dreary winter, the Cuckoo
+heralds the spring, so its call is most welcome. Then, too, the
+mysteries connected with its upbringing have proved of interest to
+all Nature and bird lovers. Its call, "Cuckoo," aptly described as the
+"most imitable of bird calls," has also assisted in making the bird a
+favorite.
+
+The Pallid Cuckoo belongs to the same genus as the well-known Cuckoo
+of England. It also resembles that bird in appearance. Its note,
+however, is quite different. At times it seems to be endeavoring to
+run up a chromatic scale, so, in some districts, it is called the
+Scale Bird. At other times, after three running notes, it repeats one
+note strongly. So persistent is it in calling that it is called in
+places the Brain-fever Bird. Last September, in Castlemaine, it called
+all night in the street trees. Few, however, seemed to notice it, and
+fewer still knew what was uttering the persistent call.
+
+Possibly other birds recognize the Cuckoo as an enemy, or possibly its
+remarkable superficial resemblance to a Hawk causes birds to chase it.
+However, in some cases, possibly, the male Cuckoo does not object to
+being chased. He draws the birds away, while the female Cuckoo quietly
+places an egg in a convenient nest, and retires unmolested.
+
+The Fan-tailed or Ash-colored Cuckoo is not so conspicuous, as it
+keeps to more secluded places, and is a solitary bird. Its flight is
+heavy and labored. It also has a habit of elevating and lowering
+its tail several times both before and after flight. Its frequent,
+plaintive, trilling note often reveals its presence, which would
+otherwise be overlooked.
+
+The Brush Cuckoo is rare. In fact, considerable difficulty was
+experienced in obtaining a specimen for the photograph above, as
+there was no named specimen in the National Museum. Thanks to Messrs.
+Kershaw and French, the difficulty was at last overcome.
+
+The Bronze Cuckoos are very similar. They will be immediately
+recognized by the under-surface barred brown and white, and the
+golden-green or bronze lustre of the dark back. The New Zealand
+Bronze-Cuckoo migrates from N.E. Australia and New Guinea. Apparently
+it sometimes migrates down the East Coast, instead of to New Zealand.
+
+The Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo has a narrower bill, and the centre
+tail feathers are brownish-chestnut at the base. While the birds are
+so similar, their eggs are quite unlike. The Bronze Cuckoo lays a
+bronze egg, generally in dome-shaped or covered nests. It is
+sometimes found in Tits' nests. The Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo has a
+red-speckled egg, which is placed often in an open or cup-shaped nest.
+
+The last Cuckoo--the Channel-bill--is one of the largest of Cuckoos.
+It is a northern bird, which very rarely reaches the southern part of
+the continent. Its large bill is characteristic. Its tail is large,
+and often spread out fanwise, thus giving a majestic appearance to
+the bird. Its call is not pleasing, as it is described by Gould as a
+"frightful scream," and again as consisting of "awful notes." It lays
+its eggs sometimes in the nest of a Sparrowhawk (not Kestrel), or in
+the nest of a Magpie, Bell-Magpie (_Strepera_), or even of a Crow. It
+appears with the first flood-waters, and follows the rivers from the
+Gulf of Carpentaria watershed down to Cooper's Creek and Lake Eyre.
+
+One large Australian Cuckoo builds its own nest, and rears its own
+young. This bird, however, does not visit Southern Australia.
+
+In addition to the interest of their habits and life history, Cuckoos
+are amongst the most valuable of insectivorous birds. Few birds will
+eat the vine caterpillar or hairy caterpillar. The Cuckoos, however,
+are very fond of these, and so should be encouraged. They do no harm
+to anything we need.
+
+    ====
+
+  [Page 108]
+
+  [Illustration: [229] [230] [231] [232]]
+
+    ORDER XIX.--COCCYGES.
+
+    F. 95. _Musophagidae_, Plantain-eaters, Touracos, 35 sp. E.
+
+    F. 96. CUCULIDAE (14), CUCKOOS (Cuckows), 202 sp.--61(50)A.,
+    57(42)O., 8(0)P., 55(51)E., 8(0)Nc., 43(35)Nl.
+
+  [Page 109]
+
+2
+11
+
+    =229* Pallid Cuckoo= (Unadorned), Harbinger-of-Spring, Scale
+    (Semitone, Brain-fever, Storm) Bird, Mosquito (Grasshopper)
+    Hawk, _Cuculus inornatus_, A., T. =vt Eur. Cuckoo.
+    [~229 _Cuculus pallidus._]
+
+          Mig. v.c. _open_, _timber_      12
+
+    Upper brown; under gray; tail barred white, brown; eyelash
+    yellow; white at edge wing; wing spotted, marked lighter; f.,
+    upper mottled whitish, rufous. Caterpillars, insects. Runs up
+    scale, calls frequently at night.
+
+3
+13
+
+    =230* Fan-tailed Cuckoo=, Ash-colored, _Cacomantis rufulus
+    (flabelliformis)_, Aru Is., A., T.
+
+          Mig. c. _open_, _timber_      10
+
+    Head, upper dark slate-gray; under rust-red; throat gray;
+    tail dark toothed with white; white edge of wing; eyelash
+    citron-yellow; f., smaller. Caterpillars, insects. Sad trill
+    often repeated.
+
+    =231 Square-tailed Cuckoo= (Brush), _C. flabelliformis
+    (variolosus)_, Mol., Timor, N.G., A.
+
+          Mig. v.r. _open timber_      9.2
+
+    Like 230, but smaller; tail feathers toothed with white on
+    inner web only; f., sim. Insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =232 Black-eared Cuckoo=, _Mesocalius palliolatus_, Mol., Aru
+    Is., A.
+    [~232 _Misocalius palliolatus._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _scrub_      7.5
+
+    Head, upper, wings glossy olive-brown; shoulder darker; tail
+    olive-brown tipped white; side tail feather five white bars;
+    behind ear a narrow black streak; above this a lighter patch;
+    under pale-brown; f., duller. Insects. Feeble plaintive note.
+
+  [Page 110]
+
+  [Illustration: [233] [234] [235] [236]]
+
+5
+15
+
+    =233 Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo=, _Chalcococcyx basalis_,
+    Mal. Pen., Java, Cel., to A., T.
+
+          Mig. c. _open_, _timber_      6.2
+
+    Upper beautiful bronze-green; under barred brown, white; like
+    234 but bill narrower; lighter brown head; paler back; outer
+    tail feathers strongly barred blackish-brown, white; centre
+    abdomen not barred; base tail much chestnut; f., duller.
+    Insects, caterpillars.
+
+  [Page 111]
+
+    =234 Broad-billed Bronze Cuckoo= (New Zealand, Shining),
+    Pipiwharauroa, _C. lucidus_, E.A., T., N.Z., Chatham Is.,
+    Macquarie Is. (acc).
+
+          Mig. v.r. _open_, _timber_      6.2
+
+    Like 233, but outer tail feathers barred white; next feathers
+    barred rufous; forehead freckled with white; crown, hind-neck
+    shining-green; bill broader; f., duller. Insects.
+
+    =235* Bronze Cuckoo=, _C. plagosus_, A., T., Pac. Is.
+
+          Mig. c. _open_, _timber_      6.2
+
+    Like 233, 234; crown, hind-neck dark violet-brown; very little
+    rufous on tail; f., duller. Insects, caterpillars.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =236 Channel-bill=, Giant Cuckoo, Storm (Flood, Rain) Bird,
+    Toucan (e), Hornbill (e), _Scythrops novae-hollandiae_, Cel.,
+    Flores, Mol., A., T. (once).
+
+          Mig. r. _plains_      24
+
+    Gray; tail banded black; tipped white barred black, white
+    below; bill very large, light horn-color; red about eye; f.,
+    smaller. Insects, berries.
+
+    F. 97. _Indicatoridae_, Honey-Guides, 18 sp.--2(2)O., 16(16)E.
+
+    F. 98. _Capitonidae_, Barbets, 140 sp.--40(40)O., 82(82)E.,
+    18(18)Nl.
+
+    F. 99. _Rhamphastidae_, Toucans, 60 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 100. _Galbulidae_, Jacamars, 22 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 101. _Bucconidae_, Puff Birds, 45 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 102. _Picidae_, Woodpeckers, Piculets, Wrynecks, Flickers,
+    440 sp.--6(5)A., 124(117)O., 41(33)P., 54(53)E., 44(32)Nc.,
+    197(181)Nl.
+
+    F. 103. _Eurylaemidae_, Broadbills, 16 sp. O. The only family
+    of birds restricted to the Oriental Region.
+
+====
+
+One of the most interesting birds in the world is the Lyre Bird, whose
+beautiful tail, alas, often brings early death to its rightful owner.
+There are three species of these birds, found only in the mountainous
+parts of South-eastern Australia, and as far as Wide Bay, in Southern
+Queensland. Two of the species are found in New South Wales and
+Southern Queensland, while the third is found in Victoria. Though
+these beautiful birds are supposed to be protected, hundreds of their
+tails are sold annually in London.
+
+The Lyre Bird is responsible for the statement that Australia
+possesses "Wrens as large as peacocks," whereas most Wrens are very
+small. However, the Lyre Bird is not now classed with Wrens. In all
+its ways, the Lyre Bird is of interest. Its dancing mounds, its large
+domed nest, containing but one egg, and its remarkable mimicking
+powers have frequently been written about. Dr. Sharpe has lately
+placed the Lyre Birds in an Order by themselves--Order XX.
+
+Gould considered the Lyre Bird the most shy of birds, for he spent
+days in the forest gullies surrounded by them, but though he was
+entertained by their many and varied calls, he caught no sight of a
+bird. The wonderful tail is not attained until the male bird is four
+years old. It is unique, and is the most beautiful tail ornament worn
+by any bird. Dr. Newton hoped that "so remarkable a form as the Lyre
+Bird, the nearly sole survivor, apparently, of a very ancient race
+of beings, will not be allowed to become extinct--its almost certain
+fate, so far as can be judged--without many more observations of its
+manners being made, and fuller details of them placed on record."
+Australians please note. You alone can assist by collecting facts and
+recording reliable observations. Bird-lovers hope that the Lyre
+Bird will be successfully established in the National Park, Wilson's
+Promontory, where some have already been placed, and so be preserved
+for future generations. Its large, domed nest is usually placed on the
+ground, and the large single egg (or the young one) is often taken by
+the fox. Further, its natural haunts--dense forest scrubs--are
+being rapidly cleared, so that the bird is doomed, except in special
+sanctuaries.
+
+The Lyre Bird is now generally acknowledged to be the prince of
+mocking birds. It mimics clearly all bush noises, the chopping of
+trees, sawing of logs, barking of dogs, clucking of hens, the singing
+of native birds. Its dancing mounds are interesting. Near one of
+these mounds, on the Upper Snowy River, in the wild cherry scrub, we
+observed a nest at a height of about thirty feet from the ground.
+
+Australians! you owe it to mankind in general to see that the
+protection supposed to be given to the Lyre Bird is a reality.
+Recently, after passing a lady much bedecked with Bird of Paradise
+plumes, I thought it was fortunate the Lyre Bird's tail was too large
+for a lady's hat. Imagine my surprise when, at the next street corner
+(Collins and Spring Streets), I met a lady with a Lyre Bird's tail
+stuck through her head-dress. However, I have seen no other tail used
+for such a purpose.
+
+In America the Audubon Society has done splendid work by disseminating
+knowledge about American birds, and arousing public interest in the
+value of birds. There, also, thorough scientific investigation has
+been made of the value of insect-eating and seed-eating birds. It has
+been stated, as the result of full research, that one wild pigeon,
+in whose crop over 7000 weed seeds were found, was as efficacious in
+destroying weeds as two farm laborers.
+
+It is to be noted that no less an agricultural authority than
+Professor Gilruth, of the Veterinary School, Melbourne University, has
+given it as his deliberate opinion that the Australian farmer would
+find life impossible without the aid of the detested Sparrow as a weed
+destroyer. This is the judgment of a man whose opinion is worthy of
+serious consideration.
+
+It is open to serious doubt if it pays commercially to kill
+indiscriminately any kind of bird found on this continent. It may,
+of course, happen that one individual bird has learnt where to get an
+easy food supply at the expense of a farmer or orchardist. Such a bird
+could be kept away. To kill birds at all times, because of the damage
+done by a few at a particular time, is foolish.
+
+On the lines of the American Audubon Society, the Gould League of Bird
+Lovers has recently been established. Just as Audubon was the great
+father of American ornithology, so "John Gould, the bird man," was the
+father of Australian ornithology. Hence his name has been associated
+with this movement to save our birds. The movement is progressing by
+leaps and bounds.
+
+The Victorian branch has a very large body of members, about 40,000
+certificates having already been issued to adults and children.
+Tasmania has a branch in full operation. In South Australia bird clubs
+are doing excellent work, especially amongst the young people, and
+Queensland and New South Wales bird-lovers have taken active steps
+to develop the movement in their States. A Bird Day, by order of the
+Minister of Education, Hon. A. A. Billson, and the Director, Mr.
+F. Tate, was observed in Victorian schools in 1909 and 1910, with
+gratifying results. Bird-nesting, for the collection of eggs, has
+practically wholly disappeared from our schools, while at most country
+schools native birds can be seen nesting on the school grounds, the
+children keeping observation notes of nesting and feeding habits of
+the birds as part of their work in Nature-study. What study is of
+greater economic importance to this wealthy, though occasionally
+insect-troubled, land?
+
+====
+
+  [Page 112]
+
+  [Illustration: [237]]
+
+
+    ORDER XX.--MENURIFORMES, LYRE-BIRDS.
+
+    F. 104. MENURIDAE (3), LYRE-BIRDS, 3 sp. A. (South-Eastern
+    A.).
+
+3
+3
+
+    =237 Victoria Lyre-Bird=, Pheasant (e), _Menura victoriae_, V.
+
+          Stat. r. _dense scrubs_,      m., 36; f., 27
+
+    Beautiful lyre tail; f., sooty-brown; all tail feathers fully
+    webbed. Insects, centipedes, snails.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI.--Perching-Birds--contains 11,500 species, more than
+three-fifths of the world's 19,000 birds. As Perching-Birds
+(_Passeres_) are still undergoing evolution, connecting links still
+live, so that it is very difficult to divide the Perching Birds
+into well-defined families. Sharpe has divided them into sixty-one
+families, but, for several of these, no exact characters that exclude
+other birds can be assigned, so that some of these, at least, are "not
+worthy of family rank." However, Sharpe's classification represents
+the latest thought of scientists on this difficult matter, so it must
+be adopted here.
+
+This large order of birds is divided into two sub-orders:--
+
+1. Songless Perching-Birds, made up mainly of South American
+birds, though two families are included that are represented in the
+Australian region--_viz._, Pittas (_Pittidae_) and New Zealand Wrens
+(_Xenicidae_).
+
+2. Song-Birds.
+
+Birds of the second division are again divided into two:--A.: Abnormal
+Song-Birds. B.: Normal Song-Birds.
+
+The first group, Abnormal Song-Birds, comprises only the two
+remarkable Scrub-Birds (_Atrichornithidae_) of Australia. One of these
+inhabits West Australian scrubs only, while the other inhabits East
+Australian (Richmond River) scrubs only.
+
+The breast bone and the muscles of the voice apparatus are unusual.
+These birds are about the size of a thrush, and form "one of the most
+curious ornithological types of the many furnished by that country"
+(Australia).
+
+So far, no female bird has been examined, and little is known about
+these remarkable, noisy, scrub-haunting birds.
+
+The remaining forty-eight "families" of birds belong to the Normal
+Song-Birds. It is interesting to note that Australia contains
+representatives of twenty-nine families of Song-Birds. Representatives
+of but nineteen families have been recorded from Britain. The Indian
+Empire, including Burmah and Ceylon, contains representatives of
+twenty-two families, North America, also, of twenty-two families,
+while in South America twenty-three families are represented in this
+highest division of birds.
+
+Again, while only 89 Song-Birds have been recorded as permanent
+residents of, or regular visitors to, Britain, almost 500 species of
+Song-Birds have, so far, been recorded from Australia and Tasmania.
+Of these, 157 have been recorded from Victoria, and are illustrated in
+this volume. And yet, we are told, this is a land of songless birds.
+
+Swallows have always attracted much notice, perhaps, because of their
+airy play when enjoying themselves after their long migration flight.
+It is very difficult to realize that Cuvier and most scientists of
+one hundred years ago believed that Swallows hibernated by burying
+themselves in the mud in the bottom of lakes and pools. It is
+interesting to note, in Gilbert White's _Natural History of Selborne_,
+the growing doubt concerning this belief; but, as it was supported by
+apparently good authority, he is cautious. Fuller observation shows
+that there are well-marked lines of migration, so that the European
+Swallow migrates sometimes even as far as South Africa, and the
+Swallows of North Asia are said to migrate even to Australia. However,
+in our winterless clime, migration is not complete, and this year
+(1910) there was probably little migration of Swallows. As Swallows
+are such rapid fliers, and spend much of their time on the wing, it is
+not a matter of surprise to find that they have spread the world over,
+except to New Zealand, though Tree Swallows are said to reach even
+that distant land occasionally.
+
+The Australian members of the Swallow family present very different
+nesting habits. While the Welcome Swallow builds the well-known
+cup-like mud nest, the rare White-backed Swallow drills a two-inch
+hole into a bank for two or three feet, and there builds its nest. The
+Tree Martin (Swallow), on the other hand, makes no nest, but lays its
+eggs on leaves placed on the rotten wood in the hollow of a tree. The
+Fairy Martin builds a long, bottle-shaped mud flask, under a bridge,
+or a ledge, and so is sometimes called the Bottle or Retort Swallow.
+Wood-Swallows and Swifts do not belong to the Swallow family.
+
+The Flycatcher family is a large one, nearly 700 species being
+accepted by Dr. Sharpe. More than half of these are restricted to the
+Australian region.
+
+The Brown Flycatcher is almost as common as the Willie Wagtail (Black
+and White Fantail). The white feather on each side of the tail is a
+valuable guide, though the Groundlark also has this. So often does it
+sit on fence posts looking at the passer-by that it has been called
+the "Post-Sitter." Its Sydney name, Jacky Winter, is less formal than
+Brown Flycatcher--a name which is already in use for another bird.
+
+The Robin Redbreast of Britain is regarded with affection by all
+English children. That feeling has been transferred to the externally
+slightly similar "Robin Redbreasts" of this country, though they are
+not at all related to the British Robins. Redbreast is really the name
+of the English bird, and Robin is perhaps a term of endearment added
+to the name Redbreast. While the British bird has a rufous breast, the
+Australian birds have a scarlet breast, and are much handsomer birds.
+The British Robin is now placed in the Thrush family.
+
+Once given to members of this family, the name Robin has been adopted
+for related birds that have no red--_e.g._, the black and white Hooded
+Robin, and the Tasmanian Dusky Robin. The Shrike Robins belong to the
+Shrike family, so they need not be mentioned here. The Scrub Robin of
+the inland dry scrubs belongs to the same family as the Coachwhip Bird
+and the Babbler.
+
+The Fantails and some, at least, of the Flycatchers proper are known
+to all. Who does not know and admire the plucky, though fussy Black
+and White Fantail (Willie Wagtail), as it drives a cat or a dog away
+from the vicinity of its nest, or as it waits impatiently about the
+mouth of a grazing cow or horse, or as it expresses its opinion of
+itself in the melodious "sweet, pretty creature," heard even late on
+moonlight nights? The friendly White-shafted Fantail is almost as
+well known, as it flits about a camp or catches flies near some
+water-course.
+
+At the Summer School, a Fantail spent some time each day in the
+dining-tent. The beautiful Rufous Fantail is just as tame, but is not
+quite so common. The nests of the White-shafted and Rufous Fantails
+are things of beauty. The long wine-glass stem is said by some to
+serve to drain the water away down from the nest, or as a means of
+carrying the eye down from the nest itself, so that it is seldom
+seen, or as a balance, so that the nest is not tilted too far in windy
+weather.
+
+The Scissors Grinder, or Restless Flycatcher, is very much like a
+Black and White Fantail, but the throat is white, while that of the
+Fantail is black. The Grinder is often mentioned in popular books on
+bird-life, on account of its peculiar scissors-grinding note uttered
+while hovering in search of insects.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 113]
+
+    ORDER XXI.--PASSERIFORMES, PERCHING BIRDS.
+
+    F. 105. _Pteroptochidae_, Tapaculos, Tilt-birds, 31 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 106. _Conophagidae_, Antwrens, 16 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 107. _Formicariidae_, Ant-thrushes, 348 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 108. _Dendrocolaptidae_, Wood-hewers, Spinetails, 405 sp.
+    Nl.
+
+    F. 109. _Tyrannidae_, Tyrant-birds, American Flycatchers,
+    Kingbird, Phoebe, 560 sp.--41(9)Nc., 551(519)Nl.
+
+    F. 110. _Oxyrhamphidae_, 3 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 111. _Pipridae_, Mannikins, 84 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 112. _Cotingidae_, Cotingas, Chatterers, 145 sp.--1(0)Nc.,
+    145(144)Nl.
+
+    F. 113. _Phytotomidae_, Plant-cutters, 4 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 114. PITTIDAE (4), ANT-THRUSHES, 63 sp.--32(32)A.,
+    30(30)O., 1(1)E.
+
+    F. 115. _Philepittidae_, Wattled Ant-thrushes, 2 sp. E.
+    (Madagascar).
+
+    F. 116. _Xenicidae_, New Zealand Wrens, 4 sp. A. (N.Z.).
+
+    F. 117. ATRICHORNITHIDAE (2), SCRUB-BIRDS, 2 sp. A.(N.S.W., W.A.).
+
+  [Page 116]
+
+  [Illustration: [251] [254] [255] [256] [259] [262] [265] [265^A] [266]]
+
+  =251= White-throated Flyeater
+  =254= White-shafted Fantail
+  =255= Rufous Fantail
+  =256= Black and White Fantail
+  =259= Restless Flycatcher
+  =262= Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike
+  =265= White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater
+  =265^A= White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater (F.)
+  =266= Spotted Ground-Bird
+
+  [Page 118]
+
+  [Illustration: [272] [273] [276] [278] [279] [280] [281] [281^A] [282]]
+
+  =272= Coachwhip Bird
+  =273= Gray-crowned Babbler
+  =276= White browed Field-Wren
+  =278= Brown Song Lark
+  =279= Rufous Song Lark
+  =280= Mountain Thrush
+  =281= White-fronted Chat
+  =281^A= White-fronted Chat (Female)
+  =282= Crimson-breasted Chat
+
+  [Page 120]
+
+  [Illustration: [238] [239] [240] [241] [242] [243]]
+
+    F. 118. HIRUNDINIDAE (6), SWALLOWS, MARTINS, 116 sp.--9(6)A.,
+    25(7)O., 16(2)P., 54(50)E., 10(1)Nc., 34(27)Nl.
+
+3
+40
+
+    =238* Welcome Swallow= (House), _Chelidon (Hirundo) neoxena_,
+    A., T. =vt. Eur. House Swallow.
+
+          Mig. c. _houses_      6.6
+
+    Breast, throat, forehead rust-red; abdomen whitish; head,
+    back, rump black; tail forked, a band of whitish spots; f.,
+    duller. Flying insects.
+
+  [Page 121]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =239 White-backed Swallow= (Black and White, White-breasted,
+    White-capped), _Cheramoeca leucosternum_, A., exc. N. Ter.
+    =vt. Eur. Sand-Martin.
+
+          Stat. r. _inland_      5.8
+
+    Back, throat, chest white; wings, tail, rump, abdomen black;
+    no rust-red; f., sim. Insects.
+
+2
+10
+
+    =240* Tree Martin=, Tree Swallow, _Petrochelidon nigricans_,
+    Mol., N.G., A., T., Bass St. Is., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Tree Swallow.
+
+          Mig. flocks, v.c. _timber_      5.1
+
+    Head, back black; under, rump whitish-gray; indistinct whitish
+    collar; rust-red forehead; f., sim. Flying insects.
+
+    =241 Fairy Martin=, Bottle (Land, Cliff, Retort) Swallow, _P.
+    ariel_, E.A., S.A., T. (occ).
+
+          Mig. c. _cliffs_, _banks_      4.7
+
+    Head rust-red; black back; rump, under white; tail slightly
+    forked; f., sim. Insects.
+
+    F. 119. MUSCICAPIDAE (71), FLYCATCHERS, 690 sp.--354(346)A.,
+    164(148)O., 14(1)P., 155(151)E., 5(2)Nc., 20(17)Nl.
+
+4
+11
+
+    =242* Australian Brown Flycatcher=, Jacky Winter, Postboy,
+    Post-sitter, White-tail, Stump-Bird, Spinks, Peter-Peter,
+    _Microeca fascinans_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _open_, _forest_      5.2
+
+    Upper pale-brown; side tail white; under lighter; chin,
+    abdomen white; swings tail sideways; f., sim. Insects.
+    Songster.
+
+    =243 Allied Flycatcher= (Lesser Brown), _M. assimilis_, N.A.,
+    V. (acc), W.A. Insects.
+
+          Stat. c. _open_, _forest_      4.6
+
+    Like 242, but smaller; outer tail feathers brown at base.
+
+  [Page 122]
+
+  [Illustration: [244] [245] [246] [247] [248] [249]]
+
+11
+17
+
+    =244* Scarlet-breasted Robin=, _Petroica leggei_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., T.
+
+          Mig. c. (winter) _open_, (summer) _forest gullies_      5.2
+
+    Head, throat, upper black; cap white; white bands on wing;
+    breast scarlet; lower-abdomen dull-white; outer-tail white;
+    bill, feet black; f.,* upper, under brown; breast tinged red;
+    white marks on wing. Insects.
+
+  [Page 123]
+
+    =245* Flame-breasted Robin=, _P. phoenicea_, S.Q., N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Mig. c. (winter) _open_, (summer) _mt.-gullies_      5.3
+
+    Crown, upper sooty-gray; small white forehead; white on wing;
+    outer-tail white; chin sooty-gray; under scarlet; under
+    base tail white; f.,* under brown; outer-tail white; under
+    reddish-gray. Insects.
+
+    =246 Pink-breasted Robin=, _P. rhodinogaster_, V., S.A., T.,
+    Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _deep forest_, _gullies_      5.2
+
+    Head, neck, back sooty-black; white spot on forehead; breast,
+    abdomen rose-pink; under base tail white; f., upper brown;
+    buff marks on wing; under gray; under base tail white.
+    Insects. "Tick-tick-tick;" like snapping dead twig.
+
+    =247 Rose-breasted Robin=, _P. rosea_, E.A. Insects.
+
+          Stat. r. _dense brushes_, _gullies_      4.5
+
+    Crown, throat, upper dark slate-gray; narrow white forehead;
+    chest rich rose-red; under base tail white; outer-tail white;
+    f., forehead buff; upper grayish-brown.
+
+    =248* Red-capped Robin=, Redhead (e), _P. goodenovii_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.
+
+          Nom. r. _open inland scrubs_      4.7
+
+    Crown, breast scarlet; upper, neck black; white stripe on
+    wing; abdomen, under tail white; f.,* dark-brown upper;
+    forehead tinged reddish; throat, breast faintly tinged red.
+    Insects.
+
+    =249 Hooded Robin= (Black and White, Black, Pied), _P.
+    bicolor_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _open_, _forest_      6.5
+
+    Head, upper, throat black; patch on wing, abdomen, under base
+    tail, outer-tail white; f., brownish-gray instead of black.
+    Insects.
+
+  [Page 124]
+
+  [Illustration: [250] [251] [252] [253] [254]]
+
+2
+2
+
+    =250 Short-billed Tree-Tit= (Sombre), Scrub-Tit, _Smicrornis
+    brevirostris_, E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _treetops_      3.5
+
+    Crown brownish-gray; back olive; behind eye reddish-brown;
+    throat, chest whitish; abdomen citron-yellow; tail brown at
+    base, banded blackish, spotted white at tip; short bill brown;
+    f., sim. Insects. Clear whistle.
+
+16
+62
+
+    =251* White-throated Flyeater=, Native Canary (e),
+    Bush-Warbler, _Gerygone albigularis_, N.A., E.A., N.W.A.
+    Insects. Musician.
+
+          Mig. c. _tree-tops_      4.3
+
+    Upper ashy-brown; throat, face white; chest, abdomen
+    greenish-yellow; tail blackish band, white tip; f., sim.
+
+    =252 Southern Flyeater= (Western), White-tailed Bush-Warbler,
+    _G. (Pseudogerygone) culicivora_, E.A., S.A., C.A., W.A. f.
+    sim. Insects.
+
+          v.r. _forests_, _scrubs_      4.2
+
+    Upper olive-brown; throat, chest light-gray; abdomen white;
+    tail white base; black band, tip spotted white.
+
+    =253 Brown Flyeater=, Brown Bush-Warbler, _G. fusca_, E.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _forest_, _scrubs_      3.8
+
+    Back, sides reddish-brown; forehead, eyebrow, throat, chest
+    gray; tail black band, tip spotted white; f., sim. Insects.
+    Feeble "What is it? What is it?"
+
+10
+99
+
+    =254* White-shafted Fantail= (-Flycatcher, -Flysnapper),
+    Cranky Fan, Devil-Bird, Land-Wagtail (e), _Rhipidura
+    albiscapa_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _open forest_      6
+
+    Upper, band across chest sooty-black; under buff; stripe over
+    eye, mark behind eye, throat, bars on wing, shafts of tail
+    feathers (except 2 centre feathers) white; outer-tail, tip
+    white; f., sim. Insects. Musical song.
+
+    =255* Rufous Fantail= (-Flycatcher), _R. rufifrons_, E.A.
+
+          Part.-Mig. (winter) _open_, (summer) _gullies_,
+          _brushes_      6.2
+
+    Crown, hind-neck brown; forehead, lower-back, base tail
+    rust-red; throat, centre-abdomen white; chest black; flanks,
+    under base tail light fawn; f., smaller. Insects.
+
+  [Page 125]
+
+  [Illustration: [255] [256] [257] [258] [259] [260]]
+
+    =256* Black and White Fantail= (-Flycatcher), Shepherd's
+    Companion, Willie Wagtail, Wagtail (e), Frog (Morning) Bird,
+    _R. motacilloides (tricolor)_, Mol., N.G., A. "Sweet pretty
+    little creature."
+
+          Stat. v.c. _open forest_      7.5
+
+    Upper, throat, breast black; eyebrow, rest under white; long
+    fan-tail; f., sim. Insects. Often sings at night.
+
+4
+29
+
+    =257 Leaden Flycatcher= (-Flysnapper), Frog-Bird, _Myiagra
+    rubecula_, N.G., A., T.
+
+          Mig. r. _coast scrubs_, _gullies_      6.5
+
+    Upper, wings, tail, breast leaden-gray glossed with green;
+    abdomen, under base tail white; f., throat, breast rust-red.
+    Insects. Squeaking note.
+
+    =258 Satin Flycatcher= (Shining), Satin Sparrow (e), _M.
+    nitida_, Louisiade Is., E.A., S.A., T.
+
+          Mig. r. _gullies_      6.5
+
+    Upper, breast blackish metallic-green; abdomen, under base
+    tail white; f., upper duller; throat, breast rust-red.
+    Insects. Loud piping whistle.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =259* Restless Flycatcher=, Scissors Grinder, Grinder, Willie
+    Wagtail (e), Dishwasher (e), Who-are-you? _Seisura inquieta_,
+    A.
+
+          Stat. c. _open_, _scrub_      8
+
+    Upper shining black; under white; like 256 but throat white;
+    hovers; f., throat, breast buff. Insects. Harsh grinding,
+    "Tu-whee, tu-whee."
+
+2
+8
+
+    =260 Black-faced Flycatcher= (Carinated), _Monarcha
+    melanopsis_, Timor, N.G., N. Ter., E.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _brushes_      6.7
+
+    Forehead, face, throat black; upper gray; wings, tail brown;
+    chest gray; abdomen rufous; f., sim. Insects. Loud whistle,
+    "Why-yew, witch-yew."
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+More than half the species of birds making up the family of
+Caterpillar-eaters are restricted to the Australian region.
+
+The common Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike has many names. Leatherhead, Blue
+Pigeon, and Blue Jay are amongst the most common, and all are
+wrong. The Leatherhead is a Honey-eater, and is better known as the
+Friar-Bird. The Cuckoo-Shrike is not a Pigeon, but is a perching bird;
+nor is it a Jay, which is a Northern Hemisphere bird, a member of the
+Crow family.
+
+The Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike is partly migratory, being stationary
+in the northern parts of its range, but migratory in the south. It
+occasionally reaches New Zealand. These birds undergo many changes of
+plumage before assuming the adult dress. The Little Cuckoo-Shrike,
+in particular, has several plumage phases, the throat and neck being
+black in the young, but gray in the adult. Its Cuckoo-like flight
+undoubtedly suggested part of the name. When young males are unlike
+the adult males, they usually resemble the female. Here, however, the
+adults of both sexes are similar.
+
+The male White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater resembles a Hooded Robin
+(249). It is supposed to be shy, but at the Tallangatta excursion,
+two pairs were attending to domestic duties in the school ground and
+surprised all by their fine musical performances. The male called
+"Peter, Peter," or some syllabize it "Pretty Joey," and then broke
+into a trilling song that fully equalled any canary performance I have
+heard. This was repeated frequently during the day. The female seemed
+to have a creak in her note, which, however, was musical. The bill is
+slender in this species.
+
+The Jardine Caterpillar-eater is rare and very shy. It keeps to the
+topmost branches of lofty trees. The male is dark blue-gray and black,
+and has a strong bill. The brown female is quite dissimilar, her
+whitish under surface being crossed with numerous brown arrow-head
+markings.
+
+The Cuckoo-Shrikes and Caterpillar-eaters are, like the Cuckoos, very
+fond of caterpillars, and so should receive all the protection we can
+give them.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 126]
+
+  [Illustration: [261] [262] [263] [264] [265] [265^A]]
+
+    F. 120. CAMPOPHAGIDAE (10), CUCKOO-SHRIKES,
+    Caterpillar-eaters, 186 sp.--104(103)A., 63(61)O., 2(1)P.,
+    19(19)E.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =261 Ground Cuckoo-Shrike=, Ground Graucalus, Ground
+    (Long-tailed) Jay (e), _Pteropodocys phasianella_, Q., N.S.W.,
+    V., C.A., W.A. (interior).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _plains_      13
+
+    Head, neck, chest, back delicate-gray; abdomen, rump white,
+    many narrow black bars; under base tail white; wings, tail
+    black; side tail tipped white; f., sim. Insects, larvae.
+    Shrill note.
+
+  [Page 127]
+
+5
+34
+
+    =262* Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike=, Leatherhead (e), Cherry-Hawk
+    (e), Lapwing (e), Summer (Blue) Bird, Blue (Gray) Jay
+    (e), Blue (Mountain) Pigeon (e), Australian Shrike (N.Z.),
+    _Coracina robusta (Graucalus melanops)_, Cel., Mol., N.G., A.,
+    N.Z. (acc.).
+
+          Part.-Mig. v.c. _plains_, _timber_      13
+
+    Delicate gray; forehead, face, throat black; wing-quills black
+    edged gray; tail gray base, black centre, tip white; lifts
+    wings after settling; f., sim. Caterpillars, insects, fruit.
+    Purring note.
+
+    =263 Little Cuckoo-Shrike=, Varied Graucalus, Lesser Blue-Jay
+    (e), _C. mentalis_, E.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _forest_      10.5
+
+    Upper dark slate-gray; wing-quills black; tail black tipped
+    white; about eye black; throat, breast gray (adult), under
+    wing, under base tail white; young many changes of color;
+    head, neck black; f., sim. Caterpillars, insects, berries.
+    Soft rolling note.
+
+1
+35
+
+    =264 Jardine Caterpillar-eater= (-Campophaga), _Edolisoma
+    tenuirostre_, N. Ter., E.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _treetops_      10.6
+
+    Face black: upper, under, centre-tail deep blue-gray;
+    wing-quills, outer-tail black; f., smaller; upper, wings, tail
+    feathers brown, edged lighter; under creamy-buff with many
+    blackish bars; line over eye buff. Insect larvae. "Kree-kree."
+
+2
+25
+
+    =265* White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater= (-Campophaga),
+    Peewee-Lark (e), _Lalage tricolor_, N.G., A., T.
+
+          Mig. c. _thick timber_      6.5
+
+    Crown, hind-neck, upper-back black; shoulders, line on wing
+    white; rest wing black; lower-back gray; tail black outer
+    tipped white; under white; somewhat like 248 but throat white;
+    f.,* upper brown; wing marked light lines; under whitish.
+    Insects. Fine musician, canary-like song.
+
+    F. 121. _Pycnonotidae_, Bulbuls, 257 sp.--7(6)A., 148(145)O.,
+    6(4)P., 99(99)E.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+The family _Timeliidae_ is an ill-defined one, the members of which
+are mostly ground birds, or, at least, spend a good deal of time on
+the ground.
+
+The Spotted and Chestnut-backed Ground-Birds are rare and are very
+quiet and shy as they run back under the shade of a bush. Thus,
+they are seldom seen, though they are very beautiful in their
+richly-spotted plumage. Driving along mallee roads, one sometimes sees
+these birds make a short, quick run to cover. A good name is required
+for them. Ground-Bird is not very definite.
+
+The rich brown Pilot Bird rarely flies, but keeps low down in the
+dense tangles and undergrowths in country like that about Ferntree
+Gully. It must be patiently waited for, as it is very shy.
+It, apparently, values its services highly, for it often calls
+"A-guinea-a-week."
+
+The larger Scrub-Robin which lives only in the interior flies little,
+but, as shown in the figure, it has long legs, suitable for running.
+Its color is not the dark-brown suitable for dark scrubs, but is the
+light-brown which matches the dead mallee twigs lying so thickly on
+the ground under the scrub. We met the Scrub-Robin on Eyre Peninsula,
+but it was difficult to get a second look at it. Almost as rare are
+the closely-similar Chestnut-rumped and Red-rumped Ground-Wrens. Few
+will see these birds, as they live only in the drier parts.
+
+That interesting bird--the Coachwhip Bird--is far more often heard
+than seen. Along the densely-scrubbed creeks of Eastern Australia,
+the interesting whip-crack of this bird is very often heard. An exact
+representative lives in West Australian scrubs. I was surprised
+to hear, in several places lately, the Rufous-breasted Whistler
+(Thickhead) called the Coachwhip Bird. It has been found that both
+birds take part in the peculiar call which has a loud crack very like
+that of a whip. This bird dwells in the dense eastern scrubs, and uses
+its short wings but little for flight. It was seen, however, recently
+at Sandringham, a few miles from Melbourne.
+
+The Australian Babblers are of interest from all points of view. Their
+habits are peculiar; their calls are varied and usually pleasant, and
+their large domed stick nests are common objects along a country road.
+Usually seen in companies of from four to a dozen, these birds work
+energetically and systematically. They are entirely insectivorous, and
+so are of great value economically. They are tame, as I have watched a
+flock at work in the gardens in the middle of a town such as Dunolly.
+They occasionally visit orchards and attack the codlin moth pupae.
+They are said never to squabble, and so are called "Happy Family"
+or "Happy Jacks." Their names, however, are many. The commonest is,
+perhaps, "Catbird." There is a "Catbird," a Bower-Bird, in Queensland,
+so the use of that name should be discouraged. Babblers sometimes
+make six or seven nests, laying only in one. The others are said to
+be shelter nests, or possibly play nests.
+
+That pleasing songster--the White-browed Field-Wren--is uniformly
+streaked with black both above and below. It is fairly common, but is
+not often seen unless looked for. Dogs will follow the scent of this
+bird, as they do that of a quail; so it is sometimes called the
+Stink-Bird by sportsmen.
+
+Now we come to two of the four native Skylarks. Who has not, while
+lying on his back on the grass enjoying a rest in the warm sunshine,
+felt pleasure at the beautiful song of the Rufous Song-Lark as
+it soars singing away so high overhead? The British Skylark often
+receives the credit for the harmony of our four Skylarks. Two belong
+to this family, and two come later with the Larks and Pipits. One
+is larger and darker on the breast, hence the name Black-breasted
+Song-Lark. I saw many of these birds, when examining the glacial
+deposits at Hallet's Cove, near Adelaide. As there was a continuous
+chorus of these fine songsters above the crops, the reason for the
+name Harvest Birds was apparent.
+
+The Thrush family (_Turdidae_) includes the British Song-Thrush,
+Blackbird, Nightingale, and many other famous songsters, The
+Australian Mountain-Thrush is larger and more prettily marked, but is
+not such a good songster as its European cousin--the Song-Thrush. It,
+however, has one of its calls closely similar to one of the calls of
+its more famous relative. It is a quiet, shy bird, though I walked
+within five feet of one this morning as it was busy digging up worms
+on the lawn in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens. I left it at work
+pleased that my presence had caused no feeling of fear in so beautiful
+and so shy a bird. Its beautiful moss-covered nest is built even
+so early as July. It flies little, preferring to keep near the dark
+scrubs, especially the tea-tree scrub along the coast.
+
+The Song-Thrush and Blackbird have been successfully introduced,
+and they are common in suburban gardens. Their delightful song makes
+richer the lives of busy city dwellers, though their attentions to
+soft fruits are not always appreciated. For sweetness and fulness
+of notes, however, these introduced birds cannot compare with our
+Harmonious Shrike-Thrush (315), deservedly named _harmonica_ by
+Latham, a British ornithologist. The call of the latter bird, however,
+is not so continuous as that of the introduced birds.
+
+The four Australian birds known as Chats take the next sub-family
+to themselves. The common Chat is known as a "Tang," "Nun," and
+"Tin-tac." While the White-fronted Chat is very common in the South,
+the beautiful Crimson-breasted Chat, with its crimson cap and pure
+white throat, and the Orange-fronted Chat, are found mostly in the dry
+interior, where they are known as Salt-bush Canaries. A good common
+name is urgently required for this Australian sub-family of birds.
+North calls them Nuns; but that name is preoccupied, and is suitable
+only for one of them. I was much interested last week (January, 1911)
+to see a male White-fronted Chat feeding a fully-fledged young Bronze
+Cuckoo. Two female Sparrows were also in attendance, one of which
+fed the Cuckoo three times while I was observing it. A female Bronze
+Cuckoo sat for some time by the young one, but did not interfere, or
+offer to feed it. The Chat returned the fifth time for the purpose of
+feeding the young Cuckoo, when the passing of a motor-car broke up the
+party. The young Cuckoo flew across the road and some distance on to
+a bush, where it resumed its constant wheezing whine. It is unusual to
+find birds so far apart as a Finch, like the Sparrow and a member of
+the Thrush family, like the Chat, feeding the one young Cuckoo.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 128]
+
+  [Illustration: [266] [267] [268] [269] [270] [271] [272]]
+
+    F. 122. TIMELIIDAE (27), BABBLERS, BABBLING-THRUSHES, 590
+    sp.--65(65)A., 447(443)O., 7(3)P., 75(75)E. (an ill-defined
+    family).
+
+6
+6
+
+    =266* Spotted Ground-Bird= (-Thrush, -Dove), Babbling-Thrush,
+    _Cinclosoma punctatum_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. r. _scrubby_      10.7
+
+    Crown, back rufous-brown; back striped black; shoulders
+    steel-black spotted white; throat, narrow chest band
+    steel-black; eyebrow, patches on throat white; breast gray;
+    tail tipped white; f., upper lighter; throat white, rufous
+    patch at side. Insects. Rise with a whirr-r-r. Low piping
+    whistle.
+
+  [Page 129]
+
+    =267 Chestnut-backed Ground-Bird= (-Thrush), _C.
+    castano-notum_, W.N.S.W., W.V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _plains_      9
+
+    Upper chestnut-brown; eyebrow, side-throat white; throat,
+    chest black; shoulder black spotted white; tail tipped white;
+    f., duller; throat, chest gray. Insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =268 Pilot Bird=, _Pycnoptilus floccosus_, E.N.S.W., E.V.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dense scrubby gullies_      6.7
+
+    Rich dark-brown; throat rufous mottled dusky; f., sim.
+    Insects. "Guinea-a-week."
+
+3
+5
+
+    =269 Scrub-Robin=, _Drymodes brunneipygius_, N.S.W., V., S.A.
+    (interior).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _mallee_, _scrub_      8
+
+    Upper brown; wings brown barred white; tail brown, slightly
+    tipped white; under grayish-brown; long legs; shy, runs; f.,
+    smaller. Insects. Monotonous whistle.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =270 Chestnut-rumped Ground-Wren=, Red-rumped Scrub-Warbler,
+    _Hylacola pyrrhopygia_, N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dry scrubs_      5.3
+
+    Upper brown; base tail chestnut-red, tip white; eyebrow white;
+    under streaked black, white; f., sim. Agreeable song.
+
+    =271 Shy Ground-Wren= (Red-rumped, Cautious, Rufous-rumped),
+    Shy Scrub-Warbler, _H. cauta_, V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dry scrubs_      5.7
+
+    Like 270, but small white patch near outer edge of wing;
+    shier; f., sim. Insects.
+
+3
+3
+
+    =272* Coachwhip Bird= (Whip, Stockwhip), _Psophodes
+    crepitans_, E.S.Q., E.N.S.W., E.V.
+
+          Stat. c. _dense scrubs_      10
+
+    Dark olive-green; black crest, breast; white side of throat,
+    centre of abdomen, tip-tail; f., smaller, duller. Insects.
+    Loud full note ends in a whip crack.
+
+  [Page 130]
+
+  [Illustration: [273] [274] [275] [276] [277] [278] [279]]
+
+4
+34
+
+    =273* Gray-crowned Babbler=, Chatterer (e), Cackler, Barker,
+    Pine (Cat (e), Dog) Bird, Codlin-Moth-eater, Hopper, Jumper
+    (e), Yahoo, Happy Family, Happy Jack, Twelve Apostles (e),
+    Apostle-Bird (e), _Pomatorhinus frivolus (temporalis)_, E.A.,
+    S.A.
+
+          Stat. flocks, c. _open timber_      11
+
+    Dark brown; crown light-gray; brow white; throat, breast
+    white; tail tipped white; bill long black, curved; runs; f.,
+    sim. Insects. Many peculiar notes, noisy.
+
+  [Page 131]
+
+    =274 White-browed Babbler=, Go-aways, Stick-Birds, _P.
+    superciliosus_, A. inland (exc. N. Ter., N.Q.).
+
+          Stat. flocks, c. _open timber_      8
+
+    Like 273, but smaller; crown dark-brown; f., sim. Insects.
+    "Most noisy bird I ever observed." (G.) Many notes.
+
+    =275 Chestnut-crowned Babbler=, _P. ruficeps_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A. (interior). Insects. Noisy.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      8.5
+
+    Like 273, 274, but crown, hind-neck chestnut; f., sim.
+
+7
+7
+
+    =276* White-browed Field-Wren=, White-lored Reed-Lark, Rush
+    Warbler (e), Stink-Bird, _Calamanthus albiloris_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _grass_, _heath_      5
+
+    Greenish-brown streaked black; face, brow white; throat
+    whitish streaked black; erect tail; shy; f., sim. Insects.
+    Pretty song on bush-top.
+
+    =277 Field-Wren=, Field Reed-Lark, _C. campestris_, V., S.A.,
+    N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _open plains_      4.6
+
+    Upper ashy-brown streaked dark-brown; upper base tail
+    rufous-brown; side tail tipped white, banded black; forehead
+    rufous streaked dark-brown; eyebrow white; under whitish
+    streaked dark-brown; f., sim. Insects.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =278* Brown Song-Lark= (Black-breasted), Australian Skylark,
+    Harvest-Bird, Singing-Lark, Corn-Crake (e), _Cincloramphus
+    cruralis_, A. exc. C.A.
+
+          Mig. c. _crops_      9
+
+    Dark-brown, upper feathers edged lighter; abdomen blackish;
+    f., much smaller; paler; eyebrow, under whitish. Insects.
+    "Fine songster, ranks with the Skylark;" sings flying like
+    Skylark.
+
+    =279* Rufous Song-Lark= (Rufous-tinted), Rufous-rumped
+    Singing-Lark, Skylark, _C. rufescens_, A.
+
+          Mig. c. _grass_, _crops_      7.5
+
+    Upper brown, feathers edged lighter; upper base tail rufous;
+    brow, throat whitish; under brownish-gray; side face darker;
+    f., smaller; face not dark. Insects. "Amongst the richest and
+    sweetest of Australian bird songs." Sings flying like Skylark.
+
+  [Page 132]
+
+  [Illustration: [279^A] [280] [280^A] [281] [282] [283]]
+
+    F. 123. _Troglodytidae_, Wrens, 255 sp.--2(1)A., 18(17)O.,
+    10(10)P., 43(32)Nc., 194(183)Nl.
+
+    F. 124. _Cinclidae_, Dippers, Water-Ouzels, 19 sp.--5(2)O.,
+    11(8)P., 1(0)Nc., 6(5)Nl.
+
+    F. 125. _Mimidae_, Mocking-Birds, Thrashers, 71
+    sp.--17(10)Nc., 61(54)Nl.
+
+    F. 126. TURDIDAE (8), THRUSHES (Blackbird (Br.),
+    Nightingale, Robin (Br.), Wheatear, Bluebird (Am.), Redstart,
+    Hedge-Sparrow), 588 sp.--48(44)A., 167(117)O., 124(53)P.,
+    192(163)E., 29(14)Nc., 132(118)Nl.
+
+1
+114
+
+    =279^A Blackbird=, _Turdus merula_, Eur., N. Afr.,
+    Egypt, Syria, Persia, Azores, A. (introduced).
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      10
+
+    Black; bill yellow; f., dark-brown; breast reddish-brown
+    marked darker. Insects, snails, fruit. Songster.
+
+  [Page 133]
+
+4
+13
+
+    =280* Australian Mountain Thrush= (Ground), King Thrush,
+    _Turdus (Oreocichla) lunulata_, N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _coastal scrubs_, _mt. gullies_      10.5
+
+    Upper brown marked with black half-moons; under white stained
+    buff on breast, flanks, marked with black half-moons; f., sim.
+    Snails, insects, worms.
+
+1
+24
+
+    =280^A Song Thrush=, _T. musicus_, Eur., W. Asia,
+    India, A. (introduced).
+
+          Stat. c. _gardens_      9
+
+    Upper brown; breast yellowish spotted brown; throat, abdomen
+    white; f., sim. Snails, insects, worms. Famous singer.
+
+5
+5
+
+    =281* White-fronted Chat=, Banded Tintac, Tang, Ringlet (e),
+    Clipper, Nun, Dottrel (e), Jenny-Wren (e), Ballyhead, Gar,
+    Ringneck (e), _Epthianura albifrons_, Bass St. Is., T., A.
+    exc. N. Ter. Insects. Dull metallic "tang."
+
+          Mig. v.c. _grass_     4.5
+
+    Forehead, face, under, tip tail white; back gray; band on
+    chest, wings, tail black; f.,* duller, faint band on chest.
+
+    =282* Crimson-breasted Chat= (Tricolored), Saltbush Canary
+    (e), _E. tricolor_, A. exc. N. Ter.
+
+          Mig. r. _timber_      4.3
+
+    Crown, base tail, breast, abdomen scarlet; face, back of head,
+    back dark-brown; tip-tail spotted white; throat, under base
+    tail white; f., duller. Insects.
+
+    =283 Orange-fronted Chat=, Saltbush Canary, _E. aurifrons_, A.
+    exc. N. Ter.
+
+          Nom. r. _open plains_      4.3
+
+    Head, upper base tail, under golden-orange; back brown; tip
+    tail spotted white; chin black; f., duller. Grasshoppers,
+    other insects.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+The Warbler family, _Sylviidae_, is a large one, found all through the
+Eastern Hemisphere. One migratory species crosses Behring Strait each
+year to summer in Alaska.
+
+As no less than 79 Australian small birds have been grouped in this
+family, it is of considerable importance to our bird lovers. At
+the head of the family, we have an exact representative of the
+Reed-Warbler of Europe in the delightful plain-brown songster which
+charms all who frequent river sides. Its song is "louder and more
+melodious than that of any of its European relations except" the
+Reed-Warbler. It is a welcome spring visitor, and can be heard on any
+spring or summer day in the Botanic Gardens, or in any reed bed by
+stream or lake.
+
+The next bird is the Australian representative of the Fantail-Warblers
+(_Cisticola_). These birds are related to the Tailor-Bird.
+
+Much has been written of the Tailor-Bird of India which so cleverly
+sews leaves together to enclose its nest, but few know we have a bird
+that does similar work when building its nest. Dr. Sharpe has decided
+that our bird is identical with an Indian species, so we must take the
+Indian name--Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler. This bird moults twice
+a year. At the autumn moult, it obtains a long tail and a streaked
+crown. The four Australian species described by Gould are now known
+to be but different forms of the one species which undergoes seasonal
+change.
+
+Speckled Jack, the Speckled Warbler (Little Field-Wren), is a tame
+little bird with a pleasing song. Its chocolate-colored egg used to
+be much valued in the days when schoolboys collected eggs. It walks
+instead of hopping.
+
+The Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler (_Acanthiza_) is a member of an
+Australian genus, which has been split up into 27 species, all of
+which, except a New Guinea form, are restricted to Australia. Some are
+pleasing songsters. The two-storied nest of the Yellow-tail is well
+known and is peculiar. What is the use of the upper nest--for the male
+to rest in, to delude the cuckoo, or what?
+
+These birds are not Tits (_Paridae_). They have been called Thornbills
+by Mr. A. J. North. The name Tit-Warbler has been adopted by the
+"names" sub-committee of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists'
+Union, pending the completion of the Australian Check-List. The common
+White-browed Scrub-Wren is not a Wren, but is a Warbler. He is the
+best known of the genus, though even he is seldom seen. His dark-brown
+color leads one to suspect a dark scrub as his dwelling place. Though
+common in places, he is seldom noticed, but if you sit down in a quiet
+scrubby corner, his inquisitiveness will often impel him to run almost
+over your feet. Some light spots on the shoulder and the white eyebrow
+will assist you in identifying him. His mouse-like run further assists
+in identification.
+
+Amongst the glories of the bird world, the Superb-Warbler stands high.
+His beautiful enamel-blue and black costume, and his cheery, fussy
+song justify his name. He is generally accompanied by four or five
+plain-colored mates, and is said to lose his beautiful coat of blue
+each autumn, but the balance of evidence now seems to be with
+Mr. Keartland and Dr. Horne, who claim that he gets the permanent
+beautiful coat late in life (that is, when three or four years old),
+and does not lose it afterwards, except for a few days at moulting
+time. But, being so conspicuous, he soon falls a prey to one of his
+numerous enemies, of whom the small boy with a pea-rifle is probably
+the worst. I, too frequently, hear of these enemies of their country
+being caught with three or four of these lovely little birds in their
+possession. However, Bird Day in the schools did much good, and the
+next generation of boy will probably have less of the savage in him.
+
+The Emu-Wren, which has tail feathers like Emu feathers, is easily
+recognized if seen. It is difficult to cause it to fly out of the
+rushes round a swamp. The Bristle-Birds are Australian, and are fairly
+common in some dense scrubs.
+
+Grass-Wrens are not Wrens, but are placed in the Warbler family. They
+are Central Australian birds. They seldom fly, but "progress like a
+rubber ball" with great swiftness. They are of the light tawny color
+that so well matches desert sands. It is very difficult to get a
+second look at one, as it hides in the grass and scrub, and almost
+refuses to be flushed. Sometimes it nearly allows itself to be walked
+upon.
+
+Fourteen of the 17 members of the Wood-Swallow family are confined
+to the Australian region. The White-rumped Wood-Swallow extends from
+Australia through the islands to the Andaman Islands; another kind
+is found in India, Ceylon, and Burma. Some kinds are migratory. They
+appear suddenly in great companies, build a flimsy, careless nest in
+any spot high or low, and soon have the young on the wing. They are
+the "Blue-Birds," "Summer-Birds," or "Martins" of our youth. Some of
+these birds have the remarkable habit of hanging in a cluster similar
+to a great swarm of bees. Like Honey-eaters, they take honey from the
+flowering eucalypts. The street trees of Bendigo were alive with these
+birds in May, 1909. The Sordid Wood-Swallow is partly migratory, and
+lives in small companies. Most towns in Southern Australia have a
+company of these birds in the neighborhood. One such company lives in
+the Domain, near the entrance to the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.
+
+These tame woodland birds, admirable in their graceful wheeling and
+floating flight, destroy numbers of destructive insects. Occasionally,
+a company has discovered that a good food supply can easily be
+obtained close to a beehive. Thus rarely they do a slight amount of
+harm, but the balance is overwhelmingly in their favor.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+    F. 127. SYLVIIDAE (79), WARBLERS (Whitethroat, Blackcap
+    (Br.), Chiffchaff), 525 sp.--107(102)A., 137(84)O., 108(22)P.,
+    267(228)E., 1(0)Nc.
+
+  [Page 135]
+
+  [Illustration: [284] [285] [286] [287] [288] [289] [291] [293] [297]]
+
+  =284= Australian Reed-Warbler
+  =285= Australian Fantail-Warbler
+  =286= Grass-Bird
+  =287= Speckled Warbler
+  =288= Little Tit-Warbler
+  =289= Brown Tit-Warbler
+  =291= Striated Tit-Warbler
+  =293= Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler
+  =297= White-browed Scrub-Wren
+
+  [Page 137]
+
+  [Illustration: [300] [300^A] [302] [304] [306] [311] [312] [313] [315]]
+
+  =300= Superb-Warbler
+  =300^A= Superb-Warbler (Female)
+  =302= White-winged Superb-Warbler
+  =304= Emu Wren
+  =306= Bristle Bird
+  =311= White-browed Wood-Swallow
+  =312= Masked Wood-Swallow
+  =313= Wood-Swallow
+  =315= Gray Shrike-Thrush
+
+  [Page 139]
+
+  [Illustration: [319] [320] [321] [322] [322^A] [323] [323^A] [326] [327]]
+
+  =319= Australian Butcher-Bird
+  =320= Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit
+  =321= Crested Bell-Bird
+  =322= Golden-breasted Whistler
+  =322^A= Golden-breasted Whistler (Female)
+  =323= Rufous-breasted Whistler
+  =323^A= Rufous-breasted Whistler (F.)
+  =326= Shrike-Robin
+  =327= Whiteface
+
+  [Page 142]
+
+  [Illustration: [284] [285] [286] [287] [288] [289]]
+
+2
+29
+
+    =284* Australian Reed-Warbler=, Reed-Bird, (Nightingale),
+    Water-Sparrow (e), _Acrocephalus australis_, Lombok, E.A.,
+    S.A., T. =vt. Eur. Reed-Warbler.
+
+          Mig. c. _reeds_      6.2
+
+    Brown; head darker; under lighter; throat whitish; bill long,
+    pointed; f., sim. Insects. Rich melodious song.
+
+1
+51
+
+    =285* Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler=, Grass-Warbler (Exiled),
+    Corn (Barley) Bird, _Cisticola exilis_, Ind., Formosa to A.
+    (exc. C.A.), King Is.
+
+          Stat. r. _grass_, _crops_      3.6
+
+    Golden-buff; upper streaked blackish; tail 1.2in., blackish,
+    edged buff; f., crown streaked black. Winter* crown streaked
+    black; throat whitish; tail 1.9in.; f., sim.
+
+3
+10
+
+    =286* Grass-Bird= (Little Reed), Marsh-Warbler, _Megalurus
+    gramineus_, N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _tussocks_      5.2
+
+    Upper brown streaked, lined blackish; throat, chest gray
+    faintly streaked black; tail reddish-brown; f., sim. Insects.
+    "Four or five plaintive notes."
+
+1
+1
+
+    =287* Speckled Warbler=, Little Field-Lark (-Wren), Speckled
+    Jack, Blood Tit (e), Jenny-Wren (e), _Chthonicola sagittata_,
+    E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _grass_      5
+
+    Under whitish boldly streaked black; head brown faintly
+    streaked white; back brown, feathers edged lighter; tip-tail
+    spotted white; f., sim. Insects. Singer.
+
+26
+27
+
+    =288* Little Tit-Warbler= (Yellow), Yellow-breasted Thornbill,
+    Tomtit, Little Tit, _Acanthiza nana_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _trees_      3.5
+
+    Upper dull olive-green; under yellow; tail grayish-brown,
+    black band; f., sim. Insects. "Tiz, tiz, tiz."
+
+    =289* Brown Tit-Warbler= (Tit), Scrub Thornbill, Dwarf
+    Warbler, _A. pusilla_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _scrub_      3.7
+
+    Upper, wings brown; tail brown, banded black, slightly tipped
+    white; throat, chest spotted black and white; flanks, abdomen
+    buff; f., sim. Insects. Singer.
+
+  [Page 143]
+
+  [Illustration: [290] [291] [292] [293] [294] [295]]
+
+    =290 Red-rumped Tit-Warbler= (Tit), Rufous-rumped Thornbill,
+    _A. pyrrhopygia_, N.S.W., V., S.A. (interior).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _mallee_, _scrubs_      4
+
+    Upper pale olive-brown; forehead blackish-brown, feathers
+    tipped white; throat, chest mottled gray, white; abdomen
+    whitish; upper base tail rufous; tail olive, black band, white
+    tip; f., sim. Insects.
+
+    =291* Striated Tit-Warbler=, Striped Tit, Striped-crowned
+    Thornbill, _A. lineata_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      3.7
+
+    Throat, chest whitish streaked black; head brown streaked
+    whitish; back olive-brown; flanks, abdomen yellowish; tail
+    black band; f., sim. Insects. Songster.
+
+    =292 Chestnut-rumped Tit-Warbler= (Thornbill), _A.
+    uropygialis_, A. exc. C.A., N. Ter.
+
+          Stat. r. _scrubs_, _forests_      3.6
+
+    Upper brown; upper base tail rich reddish-chestnut; tail
+    brownish-black tipped white; under whitish; f., sim.
+
+    =293* Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler=, Yellow-rumped Thornbill
+    (-Tit), Yellow-tail, Geobasileus, _A. chrysorrhoa_, E.A.,
+    S.A., W.A., T.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _gardens_, _timber_      3.8
+
+    Upper olive-brown; base tail bright-yellow; under
+    yellowish-white; forehead black spotted white; cheeks, throat,
+    line over eye grayish-white; f., sim. Insects. Singer.
+
+    =294 Buff-tailed Tit-Warbler=, Buff-rumped Thornbill (Tit),
+    _A. reguloides_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _open timber_      4.3
+
+    Upper olive-brown; upper base tail pale yellow; throat, chest
+    white slightly marked brown; forehead feathers tipped lighter;
+    f., sim. Insects. Song.
+
+10
+16
+
+    =295 Redthroat=, Red-throated Scrub-Wren, _Sericornis
+    brunnea_, N.S.W., V., S., C., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _scrubs_      4.5
+
+    Upper dark-brown; tail brownish-black tipped white; throat
+    rufous; under brownish-gray; f., sim. Insects. "Fine song
+    equal to that of any small bird."
+
+  [Page 144]
+
+  [Illustration: [296] [297] [298] [299] [300] [301]]
+
+    =296 Yellow-throated Scrub-Wren=, Devil Bird, _S. barbata_,
+    E.Q., E.N.S.W., E.V.
+
+          Stat. r. _coastal scrubs_      5.5
+
+    Crown, upper brown tinged yellow; side of face, round eye,
+    ear black; white line over eye; throat yellow; chest, flanks
+    olive-brown; centre abdomen white; f., smaller; duller.
+    Insects. Pleasing rich note.
+
+    =297* White-browed Scrub-Wren= (White-fronted), _S.
+    frontalis_, E.A., S.A., Kent Group.
+
+          Stat. c. _undergrowth_      4.5
+
+    Upper dark-brown; throat white streaked dusky; brow white;
+    chest, abdomen light-yellow; flanks olive-brown; small
+    distinct white marks on shoulder; f., duller, throat not
+    streaked. Insects. Inward warble.
+
+    =298 Large-billed Scrub-Wren=, _S. magnirostris_, E.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _tree-tops_, _coast_, _gully scrubs_      4.7
+
+    Brown; rump rufous; about bill tawny; eye, long bill black;
+    legs flesh-color; f., sim. Insects.
+
+    =299 Spotted Scrub-Wren= (Striated), _S. maculata_, V., S.A.,
+    Kangaroo Is., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _scrubby_      4.5
+
+    Upper brown; tail black band tipped white; forehead, side of
+    face black; stripe above, very small patch below eye, marks
+    on edge of wing white; under grayish-white, sometimes washed
+    yellow; throat, chest grayish-white spotted (striated) black;
+    f., duller. Insects.
+
+23
+23
+
+    =300* Superb-Warbler=, Blue-Wren (-Bonnet, -Tit, -Cap, -Head),
+    Mormon-Wren, Cocktail, _Malurus cyanochlamys_, E.A., S.A.,
+    Kangaroo Is.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _gardens_      5
+
+    Crown, behind ear, upper-back enamel-blue; throat, chest,
+    hind-neck, lower-back black; tail deep-blue; f.,* brown; round
+    eye reddish-brown; under lighter; bill reddish-brown. Insects.
+    "Animated song." "Lovely bird."
+
+    =301 Black-backed Superb-Warbler= (Wren), _M. melanonotus_,
+    E.A., C.S.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. r. _scrubs_      4.7
+
+    Crown, under, upper-back, upper and under base tail beautiful
+    metallic blue; behind ear verditer-blue; side of face, band
+    on back, faint band across chest black; wing green; tail
+    greenish-blue; f., side of face, round eye reddish-brown;
+    upper brown; under whitish; wings brown; tail green. Insects.
+
+  [Page 145]
+
+  [Illustration: [302] [303] [304] [305] [306] [307]]
+
+    =302* White-winged Superb-Warbler= (Wren), _M. cyanotus
+    (leucopterus)_, A. (exc. N. Ter.).
+
+          r. _saltbush_, _plains_      4.8
+
+    Above, below deep cobalt-blue; wings white; quills brown; tail
+    dark-blue; f., upper brown, under white tinged brown. Insects.
+
+    =303 Purple-backed Superb Warbler= (Wren), _M. assimilis_, A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _scrubs_      5
+
+    Crown, side of head, back purplish-blue; throat, chest, band
+    on upper back, rump black; chestnut-red patch inner wing; rest
+    wing brown; abdomen white; tail dark-blue tipped white;
+    f., brown; about eye rich chestnut; under whitish; tail
+    greenish-blue. Insects.
+
+4
+4
+
+    =304* Emu-Wren=, Stick-tail, _Stipiturus malachurus_, S.A.,
+    E.A., W.A., f., throat brown. Insects.
+
+          Stat. c. _tussocks_      7
+
+    Upper brown streaked rufous; tail feathers long loosely
+    webbed, erect; throat blue; abdomen brown; runs.
+
+    =305 Mallee Emu-Wren=, _S. mallee_, N.W.V.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _Spinifex (Triodia)_      5
+
+    Like 304, but forehead chestnut; throat, chest light
+    purplish-blue; abdomen grayish-brown.
+
+4
+4
+
+    =306* Bristle-Bird=, _Sphenura brachyptera_, N.S.W., E.V.,
+    Insects. Rich, varied notes.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _undergrowth_      8.8
+
+    Brown; throat, centre-breast lighter; shy; runs; f., sim.
+
+    =307 Rufous Bristle-Bird= (Rufous-headed), _S. broadbenti_,
+    W.V., S.A. (Otway Ranges to Mt. Lofty).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dense scrub_      10.5
+
+    Rufous-brown; f., sim. Insects.
+
+  [Page 146]
+
+  [Illustration: [308] [309] [310] [311] [312] [313]]
+
+10
+10
+
+    =308 Grass-Wren=, _Amytornis textilis_, V., C.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _plains_, _dense scrubs_      6.2
+
+    Upper dark-brown striped white; under paler; flanks rust-red;
+    seldom flies; progresses like a rubber ball; tail erect; f.,
+    sim. Insects.
+
+    =309 Striated Grass-Wren= (Black-cheeked), _A. striatus_,
+    N.S.W., V., C.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dense scrubs_      6.8
+
+    Like 308, but black stripe on cheek; plumage strongly rufous;
+    runs, seldom flies; f., sim. Insects.
+
+  [Page 147]
+
+    F. 128. _Vireonidae_, Vireos, Greenlets, 112 sp.--24(7)Nc.,
+    105(88)Nl.
+
+    F. 129. _Ampelidae_, Waxwings, Cedar-Bird, 10 sp.--1(0)O.,
+    2(0)P., 3(0)Nc., 7(5)Nl.
+
+    F. 130. ARTAMIDAE (12), WOOD-SWALLOWS, Swallow-Shrikes, 17
+    sp.--15(14)A., 2(1)O., 1(1)E.
+
+9
+16
+
+    =310 White-rumped Wood-Swallow= (Swallow-Shrike), _Artamus
+    leucogaster_, Andaman Is., Mal. Arch., Papuan Is., A.
+
+          Mig. r. _timber_      7.4
+
+    Head, neck grayish-black; back brown; tail, wing-quills black;
+    rump, breast, abdomen white; f., sim. Insects. Plaintive note.
+
+    =311* White-browed Wood-Swallow=, Summer-Bird, Martin (e), _A.
+    superciliosus_, E.A., S.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Mig. v.c. _timber_      8
+
+    Slaty-gray; white eyebrow; abdomen rich chestnut; tail tipped
+    white; f., faint white eyebrow. Insects, honey. "Sweet, clear
+    whistling note."
+
+    =312* Masked Wood-Swallow=, Bush (Blue) Martin (e), _A.
+    personatus_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Mig. c. _timber_      8
+
+    Dark-gray upper; pure white edge to jet-black throat patch;
+    under gray; tail tipped white; f., duller. Insects.
+
+    =313* Wood-Swallow= (Sordid, Dusky), Jacky-Martin, Martin (e),
+    _A. tenebrosus_, A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Part-Mig. v.c. _timber_      7.3
+
+    Smoky vinous-gray; wing-quills black; white line in edge of
+    wing; tail tipped white; bill blue tipped black; f., sim.
+    Insects.
+
+    F. 131. _Vangidae_, 12 sp. E. (Madagascar).
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+Family 132--Wood-Shrikes--contains two of the best known of Australian
+birds, for they are to be found about almost every town and city, as
+well as in the country. The well-known Magpie-Lark has but one close
+cousin in the world, a New Guinea bird. Its mud nest is familiar to
+country boys. It is notable that, excepting Swallows, only two other
+Australian birds build a mud nest. These birds, the Apostle-Bird and
+the White-winged Chough, are mentioned later. Its dainty, well-kept
+plumage renders the Magpie-Lark one of the most graceful of birds. Its
+flight is "unlike that of any bird known to me." (Gould.) "It flies in
+a straight line, with a heavy, flapping motion of the wings." Its
+loud call is responsible for the name of Pee-wee, a common name for
+a European Plover; its black and white coloring for the vernacular
+name--Magpie-Lark.
+
+This bird is of great value, as it consumes large quantities of pond
+snails, the necessary host of the early stages of the liver fluke.
+Exterminate the pond snails, and immediately the liver fluke is
+completely destroyed, and all future loss from its ravages is saved
+to the pastoralists. In 1846, fluke caused a loss of £10,000,000
+in England alone, so it is a serious pest, and may yet prove a very
+expensive one to Australia.
+
+This bird's scientific position is disputed. It has been classed with
+Crows and with Thrushes. Gould placed it by itself. Dr. Sharpe has,
+however, placed it in the family _Prionopidae_. Its vocal organs are
+anomalous, and it may be that its position is not finally settled yet.
+
+Placed by Sharpe in the same family are the Shrike-Thrushes, strictly
+Australian birds. The glorious "powerful swelling notes" of our common
+bird caused Latham to bestow the well-deserved name _harmonica_ on it.
+Yet there are some who talk of Australia as a land of songless birds.
+This falsehood seems to have had its origin in a note written by
+Caley, who, about 1825, collected near Sydney, for the Linnean Society
+of London. As quoted by North, he said, "They (Superb-Warblers) are
+good songsters, and, I may say, almost the only ones in the colony."
+Fortunately, the Harmonious Shrike-Thrush is becoming common and tame
+about school grounds and most towns. It is occasionally to be heard in
+the Melbourne Botanic Gardens.
+
+Family 134 contains the famous Shrikes, those birds which are said
+to keep a butcher's shop. Not being "birds of prey," they do not hold
+their prey in their feet, so they fasten it in the fork of a tree, or
+on a thorn. Then they proceed to eat it, or leave it until they are
+hungry. Our Shrike or Butcher-Bird has the same habit.
+
+The Australian Butcher-Bird has a rich, mellow, flute-like note, which
+is more frequently heard in autumn. Some consider his one of the best
+of bird-notes. His strongly-hooked bill renders him a terror to small
+birds, including caged Canaries.
+
+That glorious songster, the Australian Magpie, is placed in this
+family. These Australian songsters are now divided into five
+closely-similar species, all possessing the same rich carol. The
+Tasmanian bird was formerly called the "Organ-Bird." This Australian
+musician is responsible for the European epigram of "white Crows that
+sing." These birds are not Crows, nor are they white, but they _sing_,
+so that Alfred Russel Wallace has declared that no European songbird
+can equal them. Gould found it impossible to describe their "carol,"
+and regretted that "his readers could not," as he had done, "listen to
+the birds in their native wilds." Their early morning carol lives
+in the memory. The Australian Magpie is not related to the European
+Magpie, which is a member of the Crow family (164), but is a glorified
+Butcher-Bird. However, it would be a difficult matter to displace the
+name magpie for the Australian bird.
+
+In the same family, though in the next sub-family, are some peculiar
+Australian birds. The two Shrike-Tits are found one in Eastern
+Australia and the other in Western Australia. Gould said feelingly--he
+was nipped by one--that "no bird of its size has stronger mandibles."
+It is to be seen in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, tearing off bark as
+it seeks for insects.
+
+The Crested Bell-Bird is restricted to Australia. Being a perfect
+ventriloquist, it is very difficult to locate it. Some of its
+notes are bell-like, and have misled those seeking horses. I met it
+frequently in the Mallee and in the Maryborough and Ararat districts.
+It often hopped out on to the road on frosty mornings. It is one of
+Australia's singular and interesting birds.
+
+Those badly-named, but often attractive, songsters--the Thickheads
+(now called Whistlers)--are placed next. Eighty-eight of these birds
+are known from the Australian region, though but twenty occur in
+Australia itself and Tasmania. On account of the difficulty of
+skinning these birds, they were given the name _Pachycephala_. It is
+unfortunate that the literal translation--thick head--was the name
+used by bird people for these beautiful singers. It is now proposed to
+change the name to Whistler. Strange to say, we have not heard a good
+local name for these attractive and often gorgeous birds.
+
+To complete this interesting sub-family, we have the Yellow-breasted
+Shrike-Robin--a confiding favorite, found in most dark scrubs. Its
+single, often-repeated, piping note is responsible for its name,
+_Eopsaltria_, "Psalm of the Dawn." This delightful forest-dweller
+frequently perches sideways on a sapling. Six kinds are known from
+Australia, and two more from adjacent islands.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 148]
+
+  [Illustration: [314] [314^A] [315] [316] [317] [318] [319]]
+
+    F. 132. PRIONOPIDAE (11), WOOD-SHRIKES, 95 sp.--55(55)A.,
+    15(15)O., 25(25)E.
+
+1
+2
+
+    =314 Magpie-Lark=, Murray (Little) Magpie (e), Mudlark (e),
+    Soldiers, Peewee (e), Peewit (e), Pugwall, _Grallina picata_,
+    A., T. (acc).
+
+          Stat. v.c. (near water) _open_, _timber_      10.5
+
+    Black and white; slender stilt-like legs; throat white (f.),
+    black (m.); mud nest. Insects, pond-snails. "Pee-wee."
+
+  [Page 149]
+
+10
+10
+
+    =315* Gray Shrike-Thrush= (Harmonious), Gray (Native) Thrush,
+    Pluff, Mourner, _Colluricincla harmonica_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      9.5
+
+    Gray; back umber-brown; face whitish; under lighter: f.,
+    throat streaked dusky. Insects. Powerful swelling harmonious
+    note.
+
+    F. 133. _Aerocharidae_, 1 sp. E. (Madagascar).
+
+    F. 134. LANIIDAE (42), SHRIKES, 313 sp.--134(132)A., 36(22)O.,
+    33(10)P., 140(127)E., 6(6)Nc., 1(1)Nl.
+
+5
+5
+
+    =316 Black-backed Magpie=, Piping Crow-Shrike (Varied), Organ
+    (Flute) Bird, Singing White Crow (e), _Gymnorhina tibicen_,
+    E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat, v.c. _open_      17
+
+    Black; hind-neck, upper under base tail, patch on wing white;
+    f., grayish instead of white. Insects. "To describe the
+    note of this bird is beyond the power of my pen." (Gould.)
+    "Wonderfully modulated whistle ... unequalled among European
+    birds." (Alfred Russel Wallace).
+
+    =317 White-backed Magpie= (Crow-Shrike), _G. leuconota_,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _open_      18
+
+    Upper white, except head, tip-tail, wing-quills black; under
+    black; f., back gray. Insects. Glorious carol, see 316.
+
+8
+11
+
+    =318 Black-throated Butcher-Bird= (Crow-Shrike), _Cracticus
+    nigrigularis_, A. exc. N. Ter.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _timber_      13.5
+
+    Head, neck, chest black; hind-neck, centre-wing, rump, under
+    white; tail black, side tipped white; f., sim. Insects, mice.
+    One of the best of songsters, rich notes.
+
+    =319* Australian Butcher-Bird= (Shrike), Collared Crow-Shrike,
+    Derwent (Tasmanian, Whistling) Jackass, Durbaner, _C.
+    destructor_, E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_      11.2
+
+    Head, neck black; back gray; side hind-neck, upper base tail,
+    patch on wing white; under grayish-white; f., duller. Insects,
+    mice, birds. Fine song (autumn); rich notes.
+
+  [Page 150]
+
+  [Illustration: [320] [321] [322] [323] [324]]
+
+3
+3
+
+    =320* Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit= (Yellow-bellied, Frontal,
+    Crested), Falcon-Shrike, _Falcunculus frontatus_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      7.5
+
+    Upper green; crest, throat, line through eye black; patch
+    above eye, patch below eye white; under bright-yellow; strong
+    hooked bill; f., throat green. Insects. Musical notes.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =321* Crested Bell-Bird=, _Oreoica cristata_, A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      9
+
+    Upper brown; top of head black, side-head gray; white on face,
+    throat; black from eye to black chest band; abdomen white
+    tinged sandy-buff; f., duller. Caterpillars, insects. Bell
+    notes, ventriloquist.
+
+20
+88
+
+    =322* Golden-breasted Whistler=, White-throated Thickhead,
+    Thunder-Bird, Cutthroat, Coachwhip-Bird (e), _Pachycephala
+    pectoralis (gutturalis_), E.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      7
+
+    Throat white; black head, band on chest; outside black band,
+    under golden-yellow; back olive green; f.,* brown; throat
+    whitish faintly streaked dusky. Caterpillars, insects. Fine
+    songster, many melodious calls; whip-like smack ends one of
+    notes.
+
+    =323* Rufous-breasted Whistler= (Thickhead), Little Thrush,
+    Ring Coachman, Coachwhip-Bird (e), _P. rufiventris_, E.A.,
+    S.A., C.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      6.7
+
+    Upper gray; throat white; head blackish; black side of neck,
+    band on chest; rest under light rufous-brown; f.,* upper
+    brownish-gray; throat white streaked blackish-brown; rest
+    under buff; breast, sides streaked blackish-brown. Insects,
+    caterpillars, wild berries. Famous songster; whip-like smack
+    at end of one of its calls.
+
+    =324 Red-throated Whistler=, Gilbert Thickhead, _P. gilberti_,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _timber_      7.2
+
+    Dark-gray; black before eye; throat dull rust-red; under gray;
+    f., no black on face; throat gray. Insects. Clear whistling
+    note.
+
+  [Page 152]
+
+  [Illustration: [325] [326] [327] [328] [329]]
+
+    =325 Olive Whistler=, Olivaceous Thickhead, _P. olivacea_,
+    N.S.W., V., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. r. _humid scrubs_      8
+
+    Olive brown; head dark-gray; throat whitish marked brown;
+    faint gray band across chest; under reddish-brown; f., no band
+    on chest. Insects. "Liquid, whistling note."
+
+6
+8
+
+    =326* Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin=, Yellow Robin (e), Wild
+    Canary (e), _Eopsaltria australis_. N.S.W., V.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      5.3
+
+    Dark-gray; upper base tail olive-yellow; throat grayish-white;
+    under bright yellow. Tame, perches on side of sapling; f.,
+    sim. Insects. Piping note often repeated.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+In Family 135--Titmice or Tits--Australia has but five
+representatives--the peculiar Wedgebill, "Kitty-lin-tof," and the four
+Australian "Whitefaces." The Whiteface is "lively, with sweet chirping
+notes." Its former scientific name (_Xerophila_) means "dry lover,"
+for it is found mainly in the drier parts.
+
+The European Tits belong to this family, so it is not desirable to use
+the name "Tit" for the Australian birds of the genus _Acanthiza_, for
+they belong to the Warbler family (_Sylviidae_), and not to the Tit
+family (_Paridae_).
+
+The Nuthatches of the Old World and America are represented by
+closely-related birds, with somewhat similar habits, in Australia.
+These run spirally down a tree-trunk, searching every crack or piece
+of bark. Eight of these birds occur in Australia. Latham called them
+Nuthatches. It is now proposed to return to this name, as it is used
+for the British, Indian, and North American birds of this family
+(_Sittidae_).
+
+The male Black-capped Nuthatch (Tree-runner) is true to name, but the
+female has the head and hind-neck black, instead of a black cap only.
+Nuthatches are not found in Tasmania. Possibly Bass Strait was formed
+before they reached Southern Victoria. Thus bird-study supports the
+geographer and ethnologist when they declare that Bass Strait is of
+comparatively remote formation. As the Tasmanian blacks were ignorant
+of boats, they evidently reached Tasmania before Bass Strait was
+formed. They are a more primitive type than the Australian blacks, who
+were improved by later influxes of more highly-developed Caucasians.
+
+Many country dwellers will not admit that there is no Woodpecker in
+Australia, but it is a fact, nevertheless. Our so-called "Woodpecker"
+is the Tree-Creeper. It never chisels mortice-holes in a tree to get
+out a grub, as the true Woodpecker does. These birds occur all over
+the continent, and are often to be seen alighting on the side of a
+tree or fence post and then running up spirally to the top. They soon
+fly off to another tree, alighting lower than the place they started
+from. The bright-brown band on the wing is conspicuous as they fly.
+Their lively notes brighten a country drive.
+
+The White-eye is one of a large genus, for no less than 157 species
+have been accepted by Dr. Sharpe. However, one of the rarest of these
+was a Victorian species. It was based on one specimen, a female, taken
+at Marong, near Bendigo. It was said to be slightly different from the
+common White-eye. Hence Dr. Horne, of Clifton Hill, one of our most
+enthusiastic bird-lovers, created a new species, and named it in honor
+of his niece, Miss Bowie, who is a favorite with all the birds in
+Dr. Horne's extensive aviaries. White-eyes are found from Africa
+and Madagascar to India and Japan, and from Australia out past New
+Zealand.
+
+Our common White-eye is one of the interesting birds of the world at
+the present time, for it is showing that man is not the only animal
+with a colonizing instinct. It was unknown in New Zealand until, in
+1856, it was first recorded. The Maoris, keen Nature-students,
+who have a name for every native animal and plant, called it the
+"Stranger." Its presence has been accounted for by some authorities as
+being due to the fierce winds that accompanied Black Thursday having
+blown it over from Australia. However, not satisfied with spreading
+throughout New Zealand until it is said to be the commonest bird
+there, it has spread out to Chatham Island, and a flock was reported
+recently a considerable distance from the coast, apparently looking
+for fresh fields, or rather islands, to colonize. It is a well-known
+city dweller. Though it destroys grapes and other soft fruits, it also
+so completely destroys aphides that it is appropriately called the
+Blight-Bird. Again, the balance is strongly in its favor, for it is
+probably but taking fair toll of that which will probably not have
+reached maturity but for its labors, and the laborer, even if a bird,
+is worthy of his hire.
+
+A bird's color usually affords it protection from its natural enemies.
+These are mainly birds of prey flying overhead. Thus, speaking
+generally, protective coloration applies only to the upper surface,
+so that a white throat or under surface does not necessarily render a
+bird conspicuous to its natural enemies.
+
+Again, a bird may be very conspicuous when seen away from its natural
+surroundings, but the concealment may be perfect under natural
+conditions. It has been already mentioned that the gorgeous Blue
+Mountain Lorikeet was very difficult to discern in its native
+sugar-gums. A tiger is said to be invisible at a distance of ten yards
+in a jungle; the black stripes being similar to the shadows of the
+bamboos, and the light bands to the sunlight between the vegetation.
+
+The White-eye and Tree-Creepers just noticed may be considered
+protectively colored, for they are difficult to see in a tree. Still,
+the brown patch on the wing of the Tree-Creeper is conspicuous as it
+flies. Alfred Russel Wallace, the great evolutionist, supplied a
+good explanation, when he regarded bright wing bands, white rump,
+and white-tipped tail, as "warning colors." An enemy is, perchance,
+perceived by a bird. This individual flies away quietly; others see
+the bright wing patch disappear, and they seek shelter as quickly and
+quietly as possible. This is often a great advantage, for, in many
+cases, all reach safety, possibly, before the enemy has seen one of
+them. If the first bird had given an alarming call, it would have
+warned the enemy too.
+
+It is noteworthy that these bright markings on the upper surface are,
+usually, not visible when the bird is at rest. The white wing patch
+folds in, the white rump is covered, while, in a white-tipped tail,
+it is usual for the two centre feathers to be plain throughout (see
+illustrations of species 313 and 329). The tail is folded, and the
+white tips are covered by the two non-white centre feathers. The
+introduced Indian Turtle-Dove, common about nearly every city in
+Australia, shows the spread-out, white-tipped tail splendidly when
+flying. The bird itself is barely visible if it settles in the shade
+or on the soil. The Indian Myna, a city bird, has both white wing-patch
+and white-tipped tail.
+
+This explanation is also applied to other wild animals; thus many Deer
+have the white patch on the hind quarters. Other Deer, seeing this
+warning signal displayed in flight, immediately make for safety.
+Similarly, Wallace has explained the white tail of a Rabbit.
+
+The Skunk also has this white patch on the hind quarters, but here a
+different explanation is required, for the Skunk does not trouble
+to run away when a possible enemy appears. The bright color is here
+regarded as an "advertizing color." The Skunk has other means of
+protection, and he is labelled dangerous or objectionable, just as our
+one poisonous Spider is plainly labelled dangerous by means of a red
+stripe. An inexperienced enemy may rush at the Skunk, but the means
+of protection enjoyed by it effectively protects it, and the enemy
+retires.
+
+It is a rule recognized by collectors that conspicuous animals have
+generally some effective means of protection, and they are best left
+alone, or at least taken with caution. This is readily understood when
+it is considered that a young, inexperienced chicken will rush at a
+brightly-colored caterpillar. He then retires, endeavoring to get rid
+of the objectionable taste. For the future, he avoids brightly-colored
+animals. Thus the bright color is an obvious advantage to its
+possessor, as it saves a dangerous peck. It is also an advantage to
+its enemies, for it saves them an unpleasant experience. We are told
+the Parrot is the only bird with a sense of taste, but it seems that
+the chicken possesses one also.
+
+Still another phase of color is shown by Diamond-Birds, where three
+species have a yellow spot, a red spot, or an orange spot respectively
+on the wing. It is also shown by the Red-breasted Robins. One has
+a white forehead, one a white cap, and the third a red cap. These
+colored patches are considered to be recognition marks, so that a bird
+can recognize its mate, or a bird of its own kind, readily and with
+certainty.
+
+That rarely-seen, but beautiful, bird, the Mistletoe-Swallow, is
+fairly common. From several points of view, it is of great interest.
+Ranging from India, through Malaysia, to Australia, it did not reach
+Tasmania. Possibly Bass Strait was formed before this bird reached
+Southern Victoria. Interesting, also, is the fact that no mistletoe is
+found in Tasmania. This bird is closely associated with the mistletoe,
+for, wherever you find it, you find the mistletoe. It furnishes
+another example of those interesting partnerships between animals and
+plants. It is not related to Swallows, but while it sits on a bough,
+its external form somewhat resembles that of a Swallow. Its nest
+is one of the most beautiful of all nests--a finely-felted, domed
+structure, often suspended in a clump of mistletoe. This bird has a
+long-continued, pretty, animated song, which is seldom heard, for
+it is low, and, as the bird is high in the tree-tops, it might be
+inaudible; but the main reason is probably that our ears are not
+attuned to pick out these fine songs. It is said that Tyndall found
+the insects on the Alps almost deafening, while his companions heard
+nothing. So it is with the high-pitched call of a Bat. Have you heard
+one? Few have.
+
+The Mistletoe-Swallow should be called the Australian Flower-Pecker,
+for it is our one representative of a large genus, best developed in
+the Indian Region.
+
+Placed at present in Family 141 with the little Mistletoe-Bird are the
+Diamond-Birds of Australia, the plumage of our common kind of which is
+"so variegated and beautiful as to render description impossible."
+
+The Diamond-Birds are restricted to Australia. Though they are found
+mainly in high tree-tops, whence they prettily and continuously call
+"wit-e-chu" and "wit-loo," some usually nest in a bank of earth. The
+bank of a dam, the side of a creek, and the earth suspended on the
+roots of a fallen tree are favorite places. Some people find the
+continuous, musical note annoying, and have named the Diamond-Bird the
+Headache-Bird. Others find it entertaining, and syllabize it as "Sweet
+Dick," or "Sleep, Baby."
+
+Three of these birds are recognized by a small, bright spot on the
+side of the wing. In one this spot is said to be red, in another it is
+orange, and in the third yellow. However, Gould said the young of the
+Red-tipped had the orange tip, and later investigation seems to be
+supporting his view, for the Orange-tipped is possibly not a
+different species, but only a phase of the Red-tipped. One of our bird
+observers, Mr. F. Wilson, has lately recorded finding the nest of
+a pair of Pardalotes, of which one was red-tipped and the other
+orange-tipped. The Yellow-tipped is said to be the commonest bird
+in Tasmania. These birds are plentifully spotted, "spotted like the
+pard," hence the name Pardalote, Panther-Bird, or Diamond-Bird.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 153]
+
+    F. 135. PARIDAE (5), TITMICE, Tits, 206 sp.--5(5)A., 55(48)O.,
+    88(78)P., 32(32)E., 34(28)Nc., 8(5)Nl.
+
+4
+4
+
+    =327* Whiteface=, White-faced Titmouse (Squeaker),
+    _Aphelocephala (Xerophila) leucopsis_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.,
+    C.A., W.A. (interior).
+
+          Stat. small flocks, c. _plains_      4
+
+    Upper olive-brown; forehead, face white; under pale-buff; tail
+    tipped white; f., sim. Small seeds. Sweet chirping notes.
+
+    F. 136. _Chamaeidae_, Wren-Tits, 3 sp. Nc. (W.U.S.). The only
+    family of birds restricted to the Nearctic Region.
+
+    F. 137. _Regulidae_, Gold-crested Wren, Fire-crested Wren,
+    Kinglet, 20 sp.--6(5)O., 9(7)P., 1(0)E., 4(2)Nc. 4(2)Nl.
+
+    F. 138. SITTIDAE (8), NUTHATCHES, 60 sp.--12(11)A., 21(18)O.,
+    18(16)P., 1(1)E., 10(7)Nc., 3(1)Nl.
+
+8
+10
+
+    =328* Orange-winged Nuthatch= (Tree-runner, Bark-pecker),
+    Woodpecker (e), _Neositta (Sittella) chrysoptera_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _open forest_      4.5
+
+    Head brown; upper gray streaked black; wing dark-brown with
+    rich rufous band; upper base tail white; tail black tipped
+    white; under gray; under base tail white barred brown;
+    bill sharp slightly upturned; f., head darker. Insects.
+    "Chip-chip."
+
+    =329 Black-capped Nuthatch= (Tree-runner, Bark-pecker),
+    Woodpecker (e), _N. pileata_, N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.,
+    N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _open timber_      4.7
+
+    Grayish-brown; upper base tail white; cap black; quills
+    blackish-brown with rich rufous band; tail black tipped white;
+    forehead, stripe over eye, under white; thighs blackish-brown;
+    f., head, face, hind-neck black. Insects.
+
+  [Page 154]
+
+  [Illustration: [330] [331] [332] [333] [334] [335]]
+
+    F. 139. CERTHIIDAE (8), CREEPERS, 39 sp.--10(10)A., 13(12)O.,
+    9(8)P., 1(1)E., 5(4)Nc., 3(2)Nl.
+
+9
+10
+
+    =330* Brown Tree-Creeper=, Woodpecker (e), _Climacteris
+    picumna_, E.A., S.A. =vt. Eur. Creeper.
+
+          Stat. c. _open timber_      7.2
+
+    Crown blackish-brown; line over eye buff; throat buff with
+    few blackish spots; upper brown; wings banded buff; under
+    grayish-brown; flanks striped white; f., throat chestnut
+    spots. Insects. Sharp piercing cry. Creep _up_ a tree.
+
+  [Page 155]
+
+    =331* White-throated Tree-Creeper=, Woodpecker (e), _C.
+    scandens_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. c. _forest_      6.5
+
+    Crown sooty-black; back olive-brown; buff band on wing;
+    throat, centre-abdomen white; flanks brownish-black striped
+    white; f., orange spot below ear. Insects. Shrill piping cry.
+    Creeps _up_.
+
+    =332 Red-browed Tree-Creeper=, _C. erythrops_, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+    V., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _rough barked trees_      6
+
+    Back brown; head blackish-brown; forehead marked dusky-gray;
+    rump, tail gray; buff band on wing; face, stripe above eye
+    rust-red; throat white; under grayish-brown striped white; f.,
+    face brighter; throat rust-red, striped white. Insects. Creeps
+    up.
+
+    =333 White-browed Tree-Creeper=, _C. superciliosa_, Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _timber_      5.7
+
+    Upper brown; wings rich fawn band; broad white stripe over
+    eye; under grayish-brown; abdomen striped white; f., narrow
+    line rust-red above the white eyebrow; tail washed with gray.
+    Insects. Creeps up.
+
+    F. 140. ZOSTEROPIDAE (14), WHITE-EYES, Silver-eyes, 171
+    sp.--83(80)A., 38(34)O., 4(3)P., 50(50)E.
+
+13
+157
+
+    =334* White-eye= (Silver, Ring, Glass-), Blight-Bird
+    (Spectacled-), Grape-eater, Silve, Tauhou, _Zosterops
+    coerulescens_, E.A., S.A., T., N.Z., Chatham Is.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _open gardens_      4.5
+
+    Crown, wings, tail olive; back dark-gray; white ring round
+    eye; throat, centre-abdomen, under base tail whitish; flanks
+    chestnut-brown; sometimes throat, side-head yellow; f., sim.
+    Insects, fruit. Pretty lively song.
+
+    =335 Gray White-eye=, _Z. bowiae_, V. (Marong). One specimen
+    only. Mathews now says it is 334.
+
+    Like 334, but gray instead of olive, abdomen darker.
+
+  [Page 158]
+
+  [Illustration: [328] [330] [331] [334] [336] [336^A] [337] [340] [341]]
+
+  =328= Orange-winged Nuthatch
+  =330= Brown Tree-Creeper
+  =331= White-throated Tree-Creeper
+  =334= White-eye
+  =336= Flower-Pecker
+  =336A= Flower-Pecker (Female)
+  =337= Red-tipped Diamond-Bird
+  =340= Spotted Diamond-Bird
+  =341= Golden-rumped Diamond-Bird
+
+  [Page 160]
+
+  [Illustration: [342] [345] [346] [347] [348] [349] [350] [351] [353]]
+
+  =342= White-naped Honey-eater
+  =345= Striped Honey-eater
+  =346= Sanguineous Honey-eater
+  =347= Black Honey-eater
+  =348= Spinebill
+  =351= Painted Honey-eater
+  =349= Tawny-crowned Honey-eater
+  =350= White-fronted Honey-eater
+  =353= Regent Honey-eater
+
+  [Page 162]
+
+  [Illustration: [355] [356] [357] [358] [359] [362] [363] [364] [365]]
+
+  =355= Yellow-eared Honey-eater
+  =356= Singing Honey-eater
+  =357= Yellow-faced Honey-eater
+
+  =358= White-eared Honey-eater
+  =359= Yellow-tufted Honey-eater
+  =362= Yellow-plumed Honey-eater
+
+  =363= White-plumed Honey-eater
+  =364= Crescent Honey-eater
+  =365= White-bearded Honey-eater
+
+  [Page 164]
+
+  [Illustration: [360] [366] [367] [368] [370] [372] [373] [374]]
+
+  =360= Helmeted Honey-eater
+  =366= White-cheeked Honey-eater
+  =367= Bell-Miner
+  =368= Noisy Miner
+  =370= Wattle-Bird
+  =372= Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater
+  =373= Blue-faced Honey-eater
+  =374= Friar-Bird
+
+  [Page 166]
+
+  [Illustration: [336] [337] [338] [339] [340] [341]]
+
+    F. 141. DICAEIDAE (11), FLOWER-PECKERS, 113 sp.--57(57)A.,
+    56(56)O.
+
+1
+74
+
+    =336* Australian Flower-Pecker=, Mistletoe-Bird (-Swallow),
+    _Dicaeum hirundinaceum_, A.
+
+          Stat. c. _treetops_      3.5
+
+    Black glossed steel-blue; throat, breast, under base tail
+    scarlet; abdomen white, black patch down centre; flanks
+    dusky; f.,* throat, centre-abdomen buff; under base tail pale
+    scarlet. Honey, pollen, fruits, insects. Pretty, feeble song.
+
+  [Page 167]
+
+10
+10
+
+    =337* Red-tipped Diamond-Bird= (Striated, -Pardalote),
+    Wittychu, Pickwick, Chuck-e-chuc, _Pardalotus ornatus_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _treetops_, _scrub_      4.2
+
+    Crown, wings, tail black spotted, lined white; back gray; rump
+    brown; throat yellow; red spots side of wing, yellow stripe
+    from bill above eye joins white stripe to nape; centre-abdomen
+    white; flanks pale-brown, tinged yellow; f., sim. Insects.
+    "Wit-e-chu."
+
+    =338 Orange-tipped Diamond-Bird= (Ramsay, -Pardalote), _P.
+    assimilis_, E.A., C.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _treetops_, _timber_      4.3
+
+    Like 337, but upper paler; orange spots on wing; as a rule
+    only one feather in the wing edged with white; Gould thought
+    it the young of 337; f., sim. Insects. "Wit-e-chu."
+
+    =339 Yellow-tipped Diamond-Bird=, Allied Pardalote, _P.
+    affinis_, E.A., S.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      4.3
+
+    Like 337, 338, but yellow spot on side of wing; head black,
+    striped white; yellow stripe from bill joins white stripe
+    above eye; back grayish-brown; upper base tail olive-brown;
+    tail black, tip spotted white; throat yellow; centre abdomen
+    white; flanks buffy-brown; wings black, tipped white, a few
+    feathers lined white; f., sim. Insects. "Witloo." "Sleep,
+    Baby."
+
+    =340* Spotted Diamond-Bird= (Pardalote), Diamond Dyke
+    (Ground), Ground-Diamond, Diamond Sparrow (e), _P. punctatus_,
+    T., A. (exc. N.A., C.A.).
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_      3.3
+
+    Head, wings, tail black, spotted white; white stripe above
+    eye; back grayish-brown, marked buff and black; upper base
+    tail crimson; throat, under base tail rich yellow; abdomen
+    fawn; f., duller; head yellow spots; throat whitish. Insects.
+    "Sleep, Baby," "Sweet Dick."
+
+    =341* Golden-rumped Diamond-Bird=, Yellow-rumped Pardalote,
+    _P. xanthopygius_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A. f., duller. Insects.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      3.5
+
+    Like 340, but upper base tail golden-yellow; throat, under
+    base tail golden-yellow; rest under buffy-white.
+
+  [Illustration: [342] [343] [344] [345] [346] [347]]
+
+    F. 142. NECTARINIIDAE (1), SUN-BIRDS, 234 sp.--36(33)A.,
+    77(74)O., 2(1)P., 123(122)E.
+
+    F. 143. _Promeropidae_, Promerops, 2 sp. E. (S. Afr.)
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+The most characteristic family of birds of the Australian region is
+the Honey-eaters. Flowering eucalypts and other myrtaceous plants,
+with their honey-bearing flowers and usually inedible fruits, are
+the characteristic Australian trees; so are these birds, depending so
+largely on the honey of these brilliant flowers and the insects which
+visit them, the characteristic Australian birds. The Honey-eaters form
+a very large family, and are found throughout the Australian region
+as far as New Zealand and away to the Sandwich Islands, which,
+zoologically, belong to Australia. Strange it is that only one species
+should have spread to the west across Wallace's line to the island of
+Bali. These birds are provided with a brush tongue, which is used in
+brushing up honey from the flowers. They have usually a long, slender,
+curved bill, suitable for exploring flowers. Their feet are well
+developed and strong, for they are used while hanging in all sorts
+of positions as the flowers are explored. No less than eighty-eight
+Honey-eaters are found in Australia, but they are often restricted to
+very limited areas, so that no district would contain many kinds of
+these birds. Many are well known, though not by the name Honey-eater.
+Who does not know the harsh note of the Wattle-Bird (Wattled
+Honey-eater)? Again, who does not often meet the Noisy Miner
+(Garrulous Honey-eater), a bird that makes such a fuss when a snake
+appears that he is sometimes called the Snake-Bird? Is there a city
+boy who does not know the Greenie (White-plumed Honey-eater)? Some of
+the Honey-eaters are amongst the most beautiful of birds.
+
+The Regent (Warty-faced) Honey-eater is a glory, and is often figured
+in British books as one of the world's beautiful birds.
+
+The Helmeted Honey-eater is very rare, and is probably confined to the
+deep forests of Gippsland. It is one of the most splendid of
+Honey-eaters.
+
+That active city-dweller, the Greenie, is found in almost every large
+eucalypt that happens to be in flower. It is pugnacious. As it busily
+brushes honey from the flowers, or catches an insect on the wing, the
+white ear plume can be seen. Otherwise, it has not conspicuous colors.
+Its lively call of "chick-oo-wee" adds something to life for the busy
+city toiler.
+
+Now come the Miners. The Noisy Miner is known to nearly everyone. It
+is a common visitor to school grounds at lunch time, and is a noisy
+bird that is little loved by sportsmen, for it persists in alarming
+all game within reach. A second Miner is famous as the Bell-Bird,
+better Bell-Miner. The tinkling notes, "like silver bells from a
+distant shrine," must be heard in a deep fern gully to be appreciated
+fully. The green birds are seldom seen. Kendall has immortalized this
+bird in his beautiful poem, "Bell-Birds."
+
+The Wattle-Bird is known to all. It is a pugnacious bird, and has a
+rough, disagreeable note. It has a small wattle of naked red flesh
+hanging at the side of the neck, hence the name. The bold, pugnacious
+Brush Wattle-Bird is not so well known, though its notes are even
+more remarkable. Both birds to-day are common in the Melbourne Botanic
+Gardens on the flowering plants in the "Australian" section.
+
+The Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater is said to be a rare bird, but there is
+probably not a park about Melbourne but has some of these at present,
+as well as all through the winter. It is somewhat similar in build
+and habits to the Wattle-Birds, but is an elegant and attractive bird,
+with many peculiar notes.
+
+The Blue-eye (Blue-faced Honey-eater) is a conspicuous bird in country
+districts. He is noisy, and is handsomely attired. His nesting habits
+are peculiar, for he often builds in the deserted nest of a Babbler.
+
+The remarkable Friar-Bird has a naked, dark-blue head, and is an
+"impudent and daring" bird, that does not hesitate to steal fruit. Its
+loud call has been variously interpreted as "Four o'clock," "Pimlico,"
+or "Tobacco-box." This bird has a hump on its long curved bill. The
+Yellow-throated Friar-Bird, when young, has yellow on the end of the
+throat feathers, and has no hump on the bill. It is a summer visitor
+to Southern Australia.
+
+The well-known Ground-Lark, or Australian Pipit, is the Australian
+representative of the cosmopolitan family (147) of Pipits. Even New
+Zealand has its representative of this family. The Wagtails of
+Britain and North America belong to this family, whereas the so-called
+Australian Wagtail is a flycatcher. Like the other members of its
+family, our Ground-Lark, or Pipit, sometimes sings beautifully as it
+soars.
+
+The Skylark of Britain comes in the next family (the _Alaudidae_),
+which is almost cosmopolitan. This beautiful songster, singing at
+Heaven's gate, pours forth a flood of melody. The man who has these
+delightful songsters on open land near his home is indeed fortunate.
+Australia has its representative of this family--the Bush-Lark, a bird
+so remarkably like the Australian Pipit in external appearance that
+it is well-nigh impossible to distinguish them in the field. The
+Bush-Lark, however, is "shorter, plumper, and has a stouter bill." It
+further has a peculiar, greatly undulating flight. It mounts up, then
+sinks, then mounts, and so on alternately, "singing all the time very
+melodiously, but with a weaker strain than that favorite bird" (the
+British Skylark).
+
+Four introduced Finches have succeeded in establishing themselves
+in Southern Australia. The Greenfinch is spreading, though slowly. A
+specimen was recently sent in from Horsham, in Western Victoria.
+The Goldfinch, "one of the prettiest birds in Britain," is spreading
+rapidly. It is often to be seen on thistles, for it destroys their
+seeds.
+
+The Tree-Sparrow is rare as yet, but the House-Sparrow is already a
+serious pest, though probably he has not been valued highly enough as
+a weed destroyer. However, it was a pity early colonists did not take
+notice of Gould's protests and warnings, for possibly the greatest
+harm introduced birds do is the displacing of native birds.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 168]
+
+    F. 144. MELIPHAGIDAE (88), HONEY-EATERS, Honey-Suckers
+    (-Birds), 251 sp.--250(250)A., 1(1)O.
+
+11
+11
+
+    =342* White-naped Honey-eater= (Lunulated), Blackcap,
+    _Melithreptus atricapillus_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., Kent
+    Group.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_      5.5
+
+    Upper yellowish-olive; quills brown; head, hind-neck black;
+    narrow white band on nape; under white; naked patch about eye
+    orange-scarlet; f., sim.; young no black cap. Tame. Honey,
+    pollen, insects. Peevish, half-whistling note.
+
+  [Page 169]
+
+    =343 Black-chinned Honey-eater= (Black-throated), _M.
+    gularis_, E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      6.7
+
+    Upper olive-yellow; head, nape black; whitish band on nape
+    joins white band up to eye; sides of throat white, centre
+    blackish; chest grayish; sides creamy; centre-abdomen white;
+    naked skin about eye turquoise-blue; f., sim. Honey, insects,
+    seeds. Sweet song.
+
+    =344 Brown-headed Honey-eater= (Short-billed), _M.
+    brevirostris_, E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      5.7
+
+    Greenish-olive upper; quills brown; head, nape dark-brown;
+    whitish band on nape continued as brownish-white band on head;
+    under creamy; bare skin about eye greenish-blue in winter,
+    dull yellow (delicate flesh-tint) in summer; f., sim. Honey,
+    insects. Rough, rattle-like note.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =345* Striped Honey-eater= (Lanceolated), _Plectoramphus
+    lanceolatus_, E.A., S.A., W.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      8.8
+
+    Upper grayish-brown, striped blackish-brown; wing-quills
+    brown, edged lighter; throat white; under, upper base tail
+    white; black marks side of neck, flanks. Honey, insects.
+    Cheerful, loud whistle, "Chirp, chirp, cherry, cherry."
+
+6
+52
+
+    =346* Sanguineous Honey-eater= (Blood), Humming-Bird (e),
+    Blood-Bird, _Myzomela sanguinolenta_, E.A. (coastal).
+
+          Nom. r. _thick bushes_, _heath_      4.3
+
+    Head, neck, breast, back, upper base tail rich shining
+    scarlet; side-face, wings, tail black, wings lined lighter;
+    abdomen buff; f., light brown, lighter below. Pollen, honey,
+    insects. Beautiful song.
+
+    =347* Black Honey-eater=, _M. nigra_, A. exc. N. Ter.
+    (interior).
+
+          Mig. v.r. _plains_      4.4
+
+    Black; side abdomen, under base tail white; f., brown; under
+    dull-white; breast marked dark-brown; under base tail white.
+    Insects. Plaintive song.
+
+  [Page 170]
+
+  [Illustration: [348] [349] [350] [351] [352] [353]]
+
+4
+4
+
+    =348* Spinebill=, Spinebill Honey-eater, Humming-Bird (e),
+    Cobbler's Awl, _Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris_, E.A., S.A., T.,
+    Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. c. _Banksias_, _heath_      6.5
+
+    Crown, line to crescent on side of chest, wings, tail black;
+    chest white, chestnut-brown patch on throat; back brown;
+    abdomen light chestnut-brown; outer tail tipped white; eye
+    scarlet; f., duller. Insects, honey. Monotonous strong call.
+
+4
+12
+
+    =349* Tawny-crowned Honey-eater= (Fulvous-fronted),
+    _Gliciphila melanops (fulvifrons)_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.,
+    W.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. c. _sandy_, _heathy_      7
+
+    Upper ashy-brown; crown tawny, blackish line from bill past
+    eye down side of breast; buff spot behind ear; throat, abdomen
+    white. Insects, honey. Plaintive notes.
+
+    =350* White-fronted Honey-eater=, _G. albifrons_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A., W.A., T. (inland).
+
+          Stat. c. _dry scrubs_      5.7
+
+    Upper grayish-brown; crown, throat black; forehead, behind
+    ear white; abdomen white, streaked dark-brown. Insects, honey.
+    "Tink-tink."
+
+1
+1
+
+    =351* Painted Honey-eater=, _Entomophila picta_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _plains_      5.5
+
+    Upper black; band on wings, side tail yellow; tip tail white;
+    abdomen white, faintly streaked brown; f., smaller. Insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =352 Pied Honey-eater=, _Certhionyx variegatus_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A., C.A., W.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dry scrubs_      6.5
+
+    Black and white; head, throat, back, wings, tip-tail black;
+    rest white; f., light-brown upper; under whitish, throat
+    buffy, streaked dark-brown. Pollen, honey, berries.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =353* Regent Honey-eater= (Warty-faced), Turkey-Bird (Mock
+    Regent), Flying Coachman, _Meliphaga phrygia_. S.Q., N.S.W.,
+    V., S.A.
+
+          Nom. flocks r. _eucalypts_      9.2
+
+    One of the most beautiful of birds; see colored plate;
+    richly contrasted black and yellow; warty patch about eye;
+    pugnacious; f., sim. Ringing "Clink-clank."
+
+  [Page 171]
+
+  [Illustration: [354] [355] [356] [357] [358]]
+
+27
+53
+
+    =354 Fuscous Honey-eater=, _Ptilotis fusca_, S.Q., N.S.W., V.,
+    (exc. dry parts).
+
+          Stat. c. _open forest_      6.2
+
+    Grayish-brown, quills dark-brown, edged yellow; a circle
+    blackish feathers round eye; pale yellow ear tufts; under
+    whitish, chest faintly streaked brownish; f., smaller.
+    Insects, honey.
+
+    =355* Yellow-eared Honey-eater= (Lewin), _P. chrysotis_, E.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _humid scrubs_      9
+
+    Upper olive-green, under lighter; large bright yellow ear
+    tufts; gape straw-white; about eye blackish. Insects, honey.
+    Quavering whistling notes.
+
+    =356* Singing Honey-eater= (Large-striped), _P. sonora_, A.
+    exc. extreme N.
+
+          Stat. c. _forest_, _scrub_      7.5
+
+    Upper brown; black stripe through eye to side of neck; faint
+    yellow band below black stripe; bright yellow ear patch,
+    behind this a small white patch; throat whitish; under gray,
+    faintly streaked blackish; f., sim. Insects, berries. Loud
+    calls.
+
+    =357* Yellow-faced Honey-eater= (Yellow-gaped), Chick-up,
+    Love-Bird (e), _P. chrysops_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _scrub_      6.8
+
+    Ashy-brown; two black lines along side of face, bright yellow
+    band between these to ear tufts; spot of white behind ear;
+    throat grayish-white; chest ashy-brown; f., sim. Insects,
+    honey. Strong musical call.
+
+    =358* White-eared Honey-eater=, _P. leucotis_, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+    V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _scrub_, _timber_      8
+
+    Fine, showy bird; upper, abdomen yellowish-olive; head
+    dark-gray; throat, chest black; ear patch pure white: f.,
+    smaller. Insects. Loud ringing note.
+
+  [Page 172]
+
+  [Illustration: [359] [360] [361] [362] [363] [364]]
+
+    =359* Yellow-tufted Honey-eater= (Golden-tufted, Black-faced,
+    Spectacled), Yellow-Whiskers, _P. melanops (auricomis)_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V.
+
+          Stat. c. _eucalypts_      7.8
+
+    "One of the most beautiful of birds," crown olive-yellow;
+    throat, about ear bright yellow; black from bill, round
+    eye above ear; upper dark-brown; under yellow; f., smaller.
+    Insects, honey. Varied, high-pitched notes.
+
+    =360* Helmeted Honey-eater=, _P. cassidix_, V.
+
+          Stat. r. _forest_      8.5
+
+    "This splendid" Honey-eater; greenish-black; head black;
+    crown, ears, under yellow; tail tipped white; about eye black;
+    f., smaller, paler. Insects.
+
+    =361 Wattled-cheeked Honey-eater=, _P. cratitia_, V., S.A.,
+    W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _eucalypts_      7
+
+    Crown gray; upper olive-green; tail, wings brown; about eye,
+    ear black; narrow yellow line below black; from bill to side
+    of neck naked lilac skin; under olive yellow; f., smaller.
+    Pollen, honey.
+
+    =362* Yellow-plumed Honey-eater= (Graceful), _P.
+    novae-hollandiae (ornata)_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          c. _scrub_      6.5
+
+    "Elegant bird;" upper olive-brown; under grayish-white,
+    streaked brown; yellow ear-tuft; f., sim. Honey, insects. Loud
+    ringing note.
+
+    =363* White-plumed Honey-eater=, Greenie, Linnet (e),
+    Chickoowee; Ringeye (e), Ringneck (e), Australian Canary (e),
+    _P. penicillata_, E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _gardens_      6.7
+
+    Grayish-brown, tinged olive; under light yellowish-brown; long
+    white ear plumes, sometimes not seen until the head is moved;
+    f., smaller. Insects, pollen, honey. Loud ringing notes;
+    "Chick-oo-wee."
+
+5
+6
+
+    =364* Crescent Honey-eater= (Horseshoe, Tasmanian), Egypt,
+    _Meliornis pyrrhoptera (australasiana)_, N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. c. _forest_, _heath_      6.2
+
+  [Page 173]
+
+  [Illustration: [365] [366] [367] [368] [369]]
+
+    Upper dusky black; black bar each side of breast; under white;
+    flanks dusky; wings, tail marked golden-yellow; side-tail
+    spotted white; f., dusky-brown, faint yellow on wings and
+    tail. Loud varied calls, "Egypt."
+
+    =365* White-bearded Honey-eater= (New Holland), Yellow Wings,
+    _M. novae-hollandiae_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., SA., T.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _scrubby_, _Banksias_      7.2
+
+    Blackish-brown, marked white; much yellow on wings; tail
+    black, margined yellow, tipped white; line side of nape,
+    cheeks, behind ear white; f., sim. Insects, honey.
+
+    =366* White-cheeked Honey-eater=, _M. nigra (sericea)_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _scrub_, _undergrowth_      7
+
+    Like 365, but forehead white; large tuft of white plumes on
+    side of head; tail not tipped white; f., smaller. Insects,
+    honey. Clear double whistling note.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =367* Bell-Miner=, Bell-Bird, _Manorina melanophrys_, E.A. f.,
+    sim. Insects. Bell note, "Tink."
+
+          Stat. r. _dense gullies_      7
+
+    Olive-green; bright yellow patch between eye and bill; small
+    red patch behind eye; forehead, about eye black.
+
+4
+4
+
+    =368* Noisy Miner=, Garrulous Honeyeater, Snake-Bird,
+    Cherry-eater, Soldier, Micky, Squeaker, _Myzantha garrula_,
+    E.A., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _open forest_      10
+
+    Gray; marked whitish on hind-neck, marked dusky-gray chest;
+    crown, about eye, ear, chin black; wing tinged yellow; tail
+    tipped white; legs, bill, skin behind eye bright yellow; f.,
+    smaller. Insects, fruit, honey. Noisy.
+
+    =369 Yellow-throated Miner=, _M. flavigula_, E.A., S.A., C.A.
+    W.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      10
+
+    Gray; hind-neck marked whitish, chest marked brown; rump, tip
+    tail white; naked space behind eye; forehead, throat, bill,
+    legs yellow; a little olive-yellow on wing, base-tail; f.,
+    smaller. Insects, honey.
+
+  [Page 174]
+
+  [Illustration: [370] [371] [372] [373] [374] [375]]
+
+2
+2
+
+    =370* Wattle-Bird=, Red Wattle-Bird, Gill-Bird, Wattled
+    Honey-eater, Mutton-Bird (e), _Acanthcchaera carunculata_,
+    S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      14.5
+
+    Brown streaked, lined white; red wattle 1/4in.; whitish below
+    eye, between shoulder and gill; wing quills and tail tipped
+    white; centre abdomen yellow; f., smaller. Insects, honey.
+    "Kwock, kwock;" "Up with the rag." Many curious guttural
+    notes.
+
+  [Page 175]
+
+2
+2
+
+    =371 Brush Wattle-Bird=, Mocking-Bird, Mocker, Cookaycock,
+    _Anellobia chrysoptera (mellivora)_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.,
+    T.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      12
+
+    Brown, lined white; quills lined, tipped white; tail tipped
+    white; throat whitish; no wattle; f., smaller. Showy,
+    pugnacious, many curious notes.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =372* Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater=, _Acanthagenys rufigularis_,
+    A.
+
+          Nom. c. _timber_, _scrub_      10
+
+    Upper dusky-brown; white spiny feathers, below eye to ear;
+    throat, chest rufous; abdomen whitish, streaked dusky-brown;
+    tail tipped white; f., sim. Insects, honey. Many peculiar loud
+    notes, a plaintive trill.
+
+3
+3
+
+    =373* Blue-faced Honey-eater=, Banana-Bird, Blue-eye,
+    _Entomyzon cyanotis_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      12
+
+    Attractive, beautiful; upper golden olive-green; head,
+    hind-neck black; throat dusky; line on hind-neck, side throat,
+    under white; about eye blue; f., sim. Insects, honey. Loud
+    monotonous call.
+
+3
+8
+
+    =374* Friar-Bird=, Monk, Leatherhead, Four-o'-clock, Pimlico,
+    Poor Soldier, _Tropidorhynchus corniculatus_, E.A., S.A.
+    Insects.
+
+          Nom. c. _open forest_, _orchard_      13.2
+
+    Head naked, ink-black; knob on bill; brown; tail tipped white;
+    silver-white lanceolate feathers on throat; f., sim. Noisy,
+    "Tobacco-box," "four-o'-clock." Fruit.
+
+2
+12
+
+    =375* Yellow-throated Friar-Bird=, Little Leatherhead,
+    _Philemon citreigularis_, N. Ter., E.A., S.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Nom. r. _timber_      10
+
+    Upper brown; under pale brown; throat yellow (young), white
+    (adult); the colored plate shows a young bird; the adult loses
+    yellow on throat, black on face, grayish marks on back, and
+    becomes "one of the plainest of birds"; f., similar to adult
+    male. Insects, berries, honey. "Five-o'-clock."
+
+    F. 145. _Mniotiltidae_, American Warblers, 231 sp.--2(0)P.,
+    80(12)Nc., 219(151)Nl.
+
+    F. 146. _Drepanididae_, Sandwich Island Honeyeaters, 40 sp. A.
+
+  [Page 176]
+
+  [Illustration: [376] [376^A] [377] [377^A] [377^B] [377^C]]
+
+    F. 147. MOTACILLIDAE (2), Pipits, Wagtails, 107 sp.--11(6)A.,
+    32(6)O., 53(12)P., 49(32)E., 7(1)Nc.,
+
+1
+55
+
+    =376* Australian Pipit=, Ground-Lark, _Anthus australis_, A.,
+    T. =vt. Eur. Pipit.
+
+          Part-Mig. v.c. _grass_      7
+
+    Upper dark-brown, feathers edged lighter; buff stripe above
+    eye; under white streaked dark-brown; most streaked on chest;
+    outer-tail white; f., sim. Insects, small seeds. Sometimes
+    soars singing melodiously.
+
+    F. 148. ALAUDIDAE (4), Larks, Skylark, Horned-Larks,
+    Shore-Larks, 224 sp.--6(6)A., 45(29)O., 69(48)P., 108(99)E.,
+    18(10)Nc., 11(4)Nl.
+
+  [Page 177]
+
+1
+12
+
+    =376^A Skylark=, _Alauda arvensis_, Eur., N. Afr., V.
+    (introduced).
+
+          Mig. c. _grass_      7
+
+    Upper warm-brown mottled, streaked darker; stripe over eye
+    lighter; throat, chest brownish-buff, streaked brown; abdomen
+    yellowish-white; f., smaller. Insects, seeds. Sings soaring;
+    famous songster.
+
+4
+45
+
+    =377* Bush-Lark=, Horsfield Bush-Lark, Skylark (e), _Mirafra
+    horsfieldi_, E.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _grass_      5.3
+
+    Like 376, but plumper, shorter; bill stouter, almost
+    finch-like; f., sim. Insects, small seeds. Sings melodiously
+    soaring, also on moonlight nights; "one of our most pleasing
+    songsters."
+
+    F. 149. _Catamblyrhynchidae_, 2 sp. Nl. (Peru).
+
+    F. 150. _Fringillidae_, Finches, Grosbeak, Bullfinch, Bunting,
+    Cardinal (Am.), Crossbill, Chaffinch, Linnet, Redpoll, Canary,
+    1087 sp.--129(83)O., 202(138)P., 107(96)E., 191(125)Nc.,
+    529(474)Nl.
+
+1
+10
+
+    =377^A Greenfinch=, Green Linnet, _Ligurinus chloris_,
+    Europe to Persia, V. (introduced).
+
+          Stat. c. _fields_, _gardens_      6
+
+    Upper olive-green; golden-yellow eyestripe; tail yellow
+    base, black tip; wing dark-brown, lined bright yellow; under
+    greenish-yellow, darker on flanks; f., much duller. Seeds.
+    "One of the prettiest of British songsters."
+
+1
+11
+
+    =377B Goldfinch=, Thistle-Finch, _Carduelis
+    carduelis_, Europe, Canary Is. to Egypt, to Persia, Siberia,
+    V. (introduced).
+
+          Stat. v.c. _fields_      5
+
+    Crown black; face, chin red; behind eye, throat, under, upper
+    base tail white; bright yellow on wings; f., sim. Thistle
+    seeds, insects. Loud, sweet song; "twit-it."
+
+2
+56
+
+    =377C Tree-Sparrow= (Mountain-), _Passer montanus_,
+    Eur., N. Asia, A. (introduced).
+
+          Stat. r. _trees_      5.6
+
+    Like 377D, but head, nape chestnut; black ear patch
+    in centre of a large white patch; two white bars on side of
+    wing; shier; f., sim. Seeds, insects. Chirps.
+
+  [Page 178]
+
+  [Illustration: [377^D] [378] [379] [380] [381] [382]]
+
+    =377D House-Sparrow=, _P. domesticus_, Eur., Siberia,
+    A. (introduced).
+
+          Stat. v.c. _houses_      5
+
+    Crown, nape bluish-gray; behind eye, side neck broad chestnut
+    band; upper brown; one white bar on wing; cheeks, throat
+    black; under whitish; f., duller; darker below; no black
+    throat. Seeds, insects. Chirps.
+
+    F. 151. _Coerebidae_, Honey-Creepers, 93 sp.--1(0)Nc.,
+    93(92)Nl.
+
+    F. 152. _Procniatidae_, 1 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 153. _Tanagridae_, Tanagers, 424 sp.--6(0)Nc., 424(418)Nl.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+Gould placed the Australian Finches in the same family as the
+Sparrow--the _Fringillidae_--which includes also the Linnet and the
+cage Canary. Most writers now put them in with the Weaver-Birds or
+Weaver Finches (family _Ploceidae_). Twenty-three Finches have been
+recorded from Australia. All have the well-known Finch bill, adapted
+for shelling seeds, and all are seed-eaters, though some occasionally
+take insects in addition.
+
+The Spotted-sided Finch is true to name, as a glance at the
+illustration shows. The rare Fire-tail is beautifully and closely
+banded below, while the Chestnut-eared Finch is banded on the throat
+and chest. The Plum-headed Finch has a deep crimson forehead, and is
+banded below.
+
+The Red-browed Finch is often called the "Firetail," for it has the
+red rump as well as the red brow and bill, but the under surface is
+not banded. These birds usually build a very large nest, which has
+been compared to a "stocking hung by the toe, while the eggs are laid
+in the heel, and entrance is gained through the leg."
+
+The introduced Starling has firmly established itself, and is
+extending its range rapidly. Incredible numbers gather at lagoon-sides
+to roost in the reed-beds.
+
+This bird is a favorite with farmers and graziers, but orchardists
+view its rapid increase with alarm. It is possible, as Mr. C. French,
+Government Entomologist, has pointed out, that the Starling will yet
+prove a more expensive pest than the Rabbit.
+
+Starlings, at least, upset the balance of nature, for, by occupying
+all available nesting sites, early and late, they displace the native
+birds. Kingfishers, Parrots, and other birds that nest in hollows are
+thus being driven away from their old haunts.
+
+The Australian Oriole is a member of the family of true Orioles. The
+Fig-Birds of Queensland towns are closely related. The members of
+this family are restricted to the Eastern Hemisphere. Our Oriole is an
+interesting migrant which visits even cities. Its beautiful hanging,
+cup-shaped nest woven amongst the twigs at the end of a leafy bough
+is a clever piece of work. Its note is melodious and varied. It often
+calls "o-ree-ee-o-ole." It is also fond of mimicking other birds.
+
+The Baltimore Oriole, or Golden Robin, is properly not an Oriole, but
+comes in a related family--the _Icteridae_--which contains American
+birds somewhat similar to Orioles. The Australian bird, as shown by
+the colored illustration, has not the conspicuous golden and black
+plumage of the European bird.
+
+The Spangled Drongo is the Australian representative of a family
+of birds spread from Africa, Madagascar, and India up to Japan, and
+through the islands to Australia. They are a characteristic feature of
+Indian ornithology, for they are found everywhere in that country.
+The one Australian bird is a migrant, and seldom reaches Southern
+Australia. Like other Drongos, it is a glossy black, has a long,
+forked tail, is a good mimic of other birds' calls, and is also a
+vicious fighter. It is exceedingly active, and has a disagreeably
+harsh, cackling, and creaking whistle. It will drive away even hawks
+and crows.
+
+After the Shining Starlings of Queensland, come the
+marvellously-beautiful Birds of Paradise--"God's Birds."
+
+These unique birds are found only in New Guinea, Papuan Islands,
+Molucca Islands, and the rich, tropical coast scrubs of Eastern
+Australia. One, the Riflebird, is found even down to North-Eastern New
+South Wales.
+
+The Federal and State Governments are doing excellent work in
+protecting our beautiful birds, and are giving what seems to be a
+really efficient protection, so that some of our birds which possess
+the fatal gift of beauty in an extreme degree will probably survive
+for some time yet. Collectors as well as plume-hunters should be
+compelled to keep hands off our exquisite birds.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+    F. 154. PLOCEIDAE (23), WEAVER-FINCHES, 487 sp.--59(56)A.,
+    41(37)O., 1(0)P., 391(391)E.
+
+  [Page 179]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =378* Spotted-sided Finch=, Diamond-Sparrow (e), Java-Sparrow
+    (e), _Stagonopleura guttata_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _grass_      4.6
+
+    "Showy, attractive;" crown gray; back, wings brown; rump,
+    bill, eye red; sides, chest-band, tail black; sides spotted
+    white; throat, centre abdomen white; f., sim. Grass-seeds.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =379* Firetailed Finch=, Firetail, _Zonaeginthus bellus_,
+    S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. r. _grass_      4.6
+
+    Upper olive-brown, finely-barred black; under gray,
+    finely-barred black; rump, bill scarlet; about eye black; f.,
+    sim. Seeds.
+
+1
+2
+
+    =380* Chestnut-eared Finch= (Zebra), _Taeniopygia castanotis_,
+    A. (interior).
+
+          Nom. small flocks, v.r. _plains_      4.2
+
+    Upper brown; rump white; upper base tail black, with three
+    white spots; cheeks chestnut; throat, chest gray, barred
+    black; black band on chest; abdomen white; flanks chestnut,
+    spotted white; feet, bill orange; f., throat, chest gray,
+    fringed brown; abdomen yellowish-brown. Grass-seeds.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =381* Plum-headed Finch= (Diadem, Plain-colored), _Aidemosyne
+    modesta_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. small flocks, r. _grass_      4.6
+
+    Crown deep purple; bill, between eye and bill, spot on chin
+    black; upper brown; wings spotted white; side-tail tipped
+    white; under white barred brown; f., no black on chin. Seeds.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =382* Red-browed Finch= (Temporal), Redhead, Redbill (e),
+    Sydney Waxbill, _Ægintha temporalis_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. small flocks, r. _grass_      4.5
+
+    Bill, patch over eye, rump crimson; crown gray; upper
+    olive-brown; under lighter; f., sim. Seeds.
+
+    F. 155. _Icteridae_, Bobolink, Cowbird, Blackbirds (Am.),
+    Oriole (Am.), Redwing (Am.), 185 sp.--35(15)Nc., 170(150) Nl.
+
+    F. 156. _Sturnidae_, Starlings, Grackles, 60 sp.--2(1)A.,
+    42(28)O., 29(14)P., 2(1)E.
+
+  [Page 181]
+
+  [Illustration: [375] [376] [377] [378] [379] [380] [381] [382] [383]]
+
+  =375= Yellow-throated Friar-Bird
+  =376= Australian Pipit
+  =377= Bush-Lark
+  =378= Spotted-Sided Finch
+  =379= Firetailed Finch
+  =380= Chestnut-eared Finch
+  =381= Plum-headed Finch
+  =382= Red-browed Finch
+  =383= Olive-backed Oriole
+
+  [Page 183]
+
+  [Illustration: [384] [385] [385^A] [386] [390] [391] [392] [394]]
+
+  =384= Spangled Drongo
+  =385= Satin Bower-Bird
+  =385^A= Satin Bower-Bird (Female)
+  =386= Spotted Bower-Bird
+  =390= Apostle-Bird
+  =391= White-winged Chough
+  =392= Pied Bell-Magpie
+  =394= Gray Bell-Magpie
+
+  [Page 186]
+
+  [Illustration: [382^A] [382^B] [383] [384] [385] [385^A]]
+
+1
+23
+
+    =382^A Starling=, _Sturnus vulgaris_, Eur., N. Afr.,
+    Asia, A. (introduced).
+
+          Nom. v.c. _open_      8.5
+
+    Glossy-black, with metallic reflections; upper feathers tipped
+    buff, under tipped white; light tips lost in summer; bill
+    lemon-yellow summer, blackish winter; f., sim. Insects,
+    caterpillars, fruit. Wheezing, whining notes. Mimic.
+
+  [Page 187a]
+
+1
+3
+
+    =382^B Common Myna= (Indian, Calcutta), _Acridotheres
+    tristis_, India, Afghanistan, V. (Introduced).
+
+          Stat. v.c. _houses_      10
+
+    Head, neck black; upper brown; under rich vinous-brown;
+    tip-tail, large patch on wing white; about eye, bill, legs
+    yellow; f., sim. Insects, fruit. Many notes.
+
+    F. 157. EULABETIDAE (2), SHINING STARLINGS, 139 sp.--51(51)A.,
+    20(20)O., 1(1)P., 67(67)E.
+
+    F. 158. _Paramythidae_, 1 sp. A. (N.G.).
+
+    F. 159. _Buphagidae_, Oxpecker, Rhinoceros-Bird, 2 sp. E.
+
+    F. 160. ORIOLIDAE (4), ORIOLES, Fig-Birds, 70 sp.--27(27)A.,
+    29(26)O., 3(0)P., 15(14)E.
+
+1
+12
+
+    =383* Olive-backed Oriole=, Green Thrush (e), _Mimetes
+    sagittata (Oriolus viridis)_, E.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _open forest_      11.5
+
+    Upper yellowish olive-green; wings, tail brown, tipped white;
+    under whitish, streaked black; bill flesh-red; eyes scarlet;
+    variable in color; f., sim. Insects, fruit. "Or-ree-ee-oale."
+    Mimic.
+
+    F. 161. DICRURIDAE (1), DRONGOS, 73 sp.--24(23)A., 39(38)O.,
+    11(11)E.
+
+1
+29
+
+    =384* Spangled Drongo=, Drongo-Shrike, King-Crow, _Dicruropsis
+    (Chibia, Dicrurus) bracteata_, N.G., N. Ter., E.A., N.W.A., T.
+    (acc.).
+
+          Nom. r. _timber_      12.2
+
+    Black glossed, spotted green; spotted white under wing; f.,
+    sim. Insects. Noisy, harsh peculiar notes.
+
+    F. 162. PARADISEIDAE (4), BIRDS OF PARADISE, Rifle-Bird, 70
+    sp. A.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+Mr. A. J. North, C.M.B.O.U., the ornithologist of the Australian
+Museum, Sydney, and one of the greatest of living Australian
+ornithologists, has declared that "without exception, the
+bower-building birds of Australia are the most extraordinary and
+interesting group of birds found in the world."
+
+These wonderful birds construct, apart from their nests,
+play-houses--structures that "are perfectly anomalous in the
+architecture of birds." Gould considered the accounts of the
+"extraordinary habits" of the Bower Birds "as some of the valuable and
+interesting portions" of his work. Though the bird was known before
+Gould's time, its "extraordinary habits had never been brought
+before the scientific world until I (Gould) had the gratification of
+publishing an account of them after my return from Australia."
+
+This month I had the gratification of seeing the Satin Bower Birds
+playing about a perfect bower within one chain of a country school,
+and within one yard of a busy roadside. The birds have quite made
+friends with the school children. They have helped themselves to the
+blue flowers from the school garden, pieces of blue paper, and even
+a blue hair ribbon, besides blue parrot's feathers. These are used to
+decorate this very interesting playhouse.
+
+Unfortunately, Satin Bower Birds are mainly fruit-eaters, and so
+will possibly do some damage, but they are amongst the wonders of the
+world, and it is hoped all will hesitate to shoot them, "for their
+highly-decorated halls of assembly must be regarded as the most
+wonderful instances of bird-architecture yet discovered." The male
+gets his beautiful blue-black coat after he is seven years old.
+
+Many of the schools of South Gippsland can show Satin Bower-Birds
+regularly in attendance at lunch-time to gather the crusts. We have
+destroyed their native fruits, and should submit to some slight
+loss to enable young Australians to become familiar with the "most
+interesting group of birds" in the world.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 187b]
+
+    F. 163. PTILONORHYNCHIDAE (11), BOWER-BIRDS, Regent-Bird, Cat
+    (Gardener) Bird, 37 sp. A.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =385* Satin Bower-Bird=, Satin Bird, _Ptilonorhynchus
+    violaceus_, E.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _coast-scrubs_, _mt.-gullies_      12.5
+
+    Lustrous blue-black, with black centres to feathers; f.,*
+    upper grayish-green; quills dark-brown; tail golden-brown;
+    under yellow, washed bluish-green, marked blackish-brown;
+    young male up to 3 years sim. to f. Gets fully adult
+    blue-black after 7 years of age. Fruits, berries, insects.
+    Many notes, mimics.
+
+  [Page 188a]
+
+  [Illustration: [386] [387] [388] [389] [390]]
+
+5
+6
+
+    =386* Spotted Bower-Bird=, Cabbage-Bird, _Chlamydera
+    maculata_, E.A, S.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dry scrubs_      12
+
+    Upper dark-brown spotted buff; rose-lilac opalescent plumes
+    on nape; tail tipped buff, white; abdomen pale creamy-buff,
+    flanks barred dusky brown; f., no rose-lilac plumes. Varied,
+    harsh, plaintive notes, mimics.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+The members of the Crow Family--the _Corvidae_--were considered the
+most highly-developed of birds--the most highly organized, so far as
+structure was concerned, and the most intelligent. However, Sharpe has
+erected the seven Australian Bell-Magpies (_Streperas_) into a family
+which, in his _Hand-List of Birds_ is placed at the top of the bird
+tree.
+
+In the Crow Family many well-known birds are placed. The Jays,
+Magpie, Daws, Rooks, and Nutcrackers of Europe are not represented
+in Australia. The Crows and the Raven, however, are represented by
+closely-related birds.
+
+It is important to tell the difference between the Australian Crow and
+the Australian Raven, for, we are told, the Crow is all that is good,
+while the Raven is the reverse.
+
+The ornithologists say it is easy to tell the difference. Just examine
+the down, say, on the neck. It is white in the Crow, but dusky in
+the Raven. Unfortunately, the birds will not always wait to permit an
+examination of the down.
+
+The eye is often mentioned, but hazel-eyed birds have become white-eyed.
+However, the Raven has lanceolate feathers on the neck, and a rougher,
+unmusical voice.
+
+The Raven seems the more common bird, though most people will tell you
+there are no Ravens in their district.
+
+The Apostle-Bird (Gray Jumper), and the White-winged Chough are two
+of Australia's "anomalous birds." Both go in flocks, so each has been
+called the "Twelve Apostles." However, the name has become attached to
+the Gray Jumper.
+
+The White-winged Chough has no close relative in the world; possibly,
+the Chough that nests in the cliffs of Cornwall is nearest to it.
+
+The Bell-Magpies (_Streperas_), perhaps better known as Black or Gray
+Magpies, are now receiving much notice, because of their position
+at the head of the bird-world. They are restricted to Australia,
+Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island. A good name is required for these
+birds, for, of course, they are not Magpies, though they have a
+white-tipped tail, and there is usually white in the wing, and about
+the base of the tail. They are fine, large birds, with a variety of
+notes.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 188b]
+
+    F. 164. CORVIDAE (5), CROWS, Rook, Raven, Jackdaw, Magpie
+    (Br.), Jay, Nutcracker, Chough, 274 sp.--27(25)A., 73(58)O.,
+    69(53)P., 15(9)E., 43(35)Nc., 73(65)Nl.
+
+3
+63
+
+    =387 Hazel-eyed Crow=, _Corvus coronoides_, A.
+
+          Nom. c. _open_, _timber_      20
+
+    Black glossed with purple; white down; hazel eyes; f.,
+    smaller. Insects, carrion, fruit, not lambs.
+
+    =388 Small-billed Crow=, _C. bennetti_, W.N.S.W., V., S.A.
+    Like 387, but smaller; bill small; eye white; f., sim.
+    Insects, carrion. "Car" repeated.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _plains_      18.5
+
+    =389 Australian Raven=, Crow (e), _C. marianae (Corone
+    australis)_, A., T.
+
+          Nom. v.c. _plains_, _timber_      20
+
+    Black glossed purple; throat feathers lanceolate, tinged
+    green; down dusky-gray; eyes white; f., smaller, lanceolate
+    feathers not so well developed. Locusts, caterpillars,
+    omnivorous, destructive. "Loud, deep Gwar-gwar, varied with
+    shrill, high-sounding Korr-Korr" (North).
+
+1
+1
+
+    =390* Apostle-Bird=, Gray Jumper, Twelve Apostles, _Struthidea
+    cinerea_, N. Ter., E.A., S.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. small flocks, r. _open timber_      13
+
+    Gray; wings brown; bill, legs black; eye white; f., sim. Mud
+    nest. Insects. Incessant chattering.
+
+  [Page 189]
+
+  [Illustration: [391] [392] [393] [394] [395]]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =391* White-winged Chough=, Black Magpie (e), Jay (e),
+    Apostle-Bird (e), _Corcorax melanorhamphus_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. small flocks, c. _timber_      16
+
+    Sooty black, white on wing only; eyes red; f., sim. Mud nest.
+    Insects, fruits, seeds. Low, mournful whistle.
+
+    F. 165. STREPERIDAE (7), BELL-MAGPIES, Streperas,
+    Crow-Shrikes, 7 sp. A.
+
+7
+7
+
+    =392* Pied Bell-Magpie= (Crow-Shrike), Currawong. Mutton-Bird
+    (e), _Strepera graculina_, E.A., Lord Howe Is.
+
+          Nom. r. _timber_      18.5
+
+    Black; white patch on wing, upper base tail, under base tail,
+    tip tail; eye yellow; f., smaller. Berries, fruit, insects.
+
+    =393 Black-winged Bell-Magpie= (Crow-Shrike), _S.
+    melanoptera_, V., S.A., Kangaroo Is.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _scrub_      19
+
+    Black, white tip tail, under base tail; f., smaller. Insects.
+
+    =394* Gray Bell-Magpie= (Crow-Shrike), Gray Magpie, Rain-Bird,
+    Squeaker, _S. versicolor (cuneicaudata)_, E.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_, _orchard_      19
+
+    Gray; white on wing, tip tail, under base tail; eye
+    orange; f., sim. Insects, fruit. Loud, ringing notes.
+    "It's-going-to-rain." "Two and two are four." Cree-e-ling,
+    cree-e-ling.
+
+    =395 Sooty Bell-Magpie= (Crow-Shrike), Black Magpie (e), _S.
+    fuliginosa_, E.A., S.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      18
+
+    Sooty black; white in wing, tip tail; eye yellow; big bill
+    black; f., sim. Insects, fruit.
+
+====
+
+This concludes a necessarily brief outline of the classification
+of the Birds of Australia, and, incidentally, of the birds of the
+world, for, while the Emu is one of the most primitive of birds placed
+right at the foot, the Bell-Magpies (_Streperas_) are placed at the
+very summit of the avine tree.
+
+Australians! Realize that you live in a land favored far beyond most
+as regards birds, and that you have a duty to perform in preserving as
+many as possible of these unique, interesting, and valuable forms
+for posterity. Teachers! Your influence is more potent than all the
+legislation. Bird lovers already freely acknowledge the fundamental
+change that has come over the schoolboy since the introduction of
+nature-study, and they look to you with confidence to extend greatly
+the good work of cultivating an interest and a pride in
+things Australian, for this interest will eradicate the once
+almost-universal, but now rapidly-disappearing, desire for slaughter
+of anything wearing a feather.
+
+If women could be persuaded to come in line with the once destructive
+schoolboy in this respect, the bird lover and the well-wisher of his
+country would have further cause for gratification, and our beautiful
+birds a further enjoyment of a useful, indeed, often a necessary life,
+one necessary to the welfare of the agriculturist and the pastoralist,
+as well as of all dwellers in this fair, sunny land of ours.
+
+Australians! Your wonderful Lyre-Birds, your marvellous Bower-Birds,
+your gorgeous Birds of Paradise, your Mound-Builders, your flute-noted
+Magpies, your charming Whistlers, your beautiful and intelligent
+Cockatoos, your glorious Parrots--the pets of the bird world--your
+Superb-Warblers, your varied, valuable, and attractive Honey-eaters,
+and your giant Laughing-Kingfisher are here for your enjoyment and
+appreciation. No other people has your privilege of knowing these
+birds in their native state. On the other hand, you enjoy most of the
+privileges of dwellers in other lands, in addition to your own, for
+"every widely-spread family of birds but two is found in Australia.
+The only notable absentees are Vultures and Woodpeckers." Be proud
+of your heritage, and pass it on uninjured. Though that, alas! is not
+possible, yet you may pass on at least the remnant that still survives
+the "blessings and advance of civilization."
+
+
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+
+Having obtained the approximate length of a bird, look for it on the
+following pages. Compare the bird before you with the half-tone and
+colored illustrations, and, if necessary, the written description:--
+
+    PAGES
+
+    3-5 inches, 14, 121, 123, 124, 131, 133, 142-145, 153, 155,
+    166, 167, 169, 179.
+
+    5-7 inches, 13, 15, 22, 23, 26, 27, 44, 49, 89, 110, 111,
+    120-125, 127, 129, 131, 142, 144-146, 151, 152, 155, 168-172,
+    177, 178.
+
+    7-9 inches, 13, 15, 17, 18, 27, 31, 42, 43, 45, 47-49, 89,
+    102-107, 109, 125, 129, 131, 145, 147, 150-152, 154, 169-173,
+    176, 177, 186.
+
+    9-11 inches, 17, 18, 24, 25, 31, 40, 43, 44, 49-51, 61, 102,
+    103, 107, 109, 127-129, 131-133, 145, 148, 149, 151, 170, 171,
+    173, 175, 187.
+
+    11-13 inches, 28-30, 34, 43, 46, 49, 80, 82, 83, 93, 101, 102,
+    105, 107, 109, 130, 149, 175, 187, 188.
+
+    13-15 inches, 17, 18, 23, 25, 28, 29, 35, 43, 45, 47, 80, 83,
+    85-88, 91, 92, 100, 101, 103, 107, 126, 127, 149, 174, 175,
+    188.
+
+    15-17 inches, 18, 23, 28, 29, 45-47, 64, 65, 67, 73, 82, 85,
+    87, 91, 93, 189.
+
+    17-20 inches, 16, 23, 25, 27, 28, 35, 40, 41, 43, 61, 63, 65,
+    67, 73, 82, 83, 91, 93, 104, 105, 149, 188, 189.
+
+    20-23 inches, 35, 41, 45, 51, 61, 63, 66, 67, 72, 73, 81, 91,
+    188.
+
+    23-25 inches, 13, 25, 41, 45, 60, 61, 65, 69, 81, 82, 84, 85,
+    90, 111.
+
+    25-30 inches, 25, 33, 41, 53, 60, 65, 67, 69, 89, 112.
+
+    30-35 inches, 29, 32, 33, 53, 60, 63, 69, 71, 81.
+
+    Over 35 inches, 12, 31, 32, 51, 52, 62, 68, 70, 71, 81, 112.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX (Colored Plates).
+
+
+  Frontispiece.
+
+    =2= Mallee-Fowl
+    =3= Stubble Quail
+    =4= Brown Quail
+    =6= King Quail
+    =8= Painted Quail
+   =11= Plain Wanderer
+   =14= Diamond Dove
+   =16= Bronzewing Pigeon
+
+
+  Page 19
+
+   =21= Pectoral Rail
+   =22= Aust. Spotted Crake
+   =26= Black Moor-Hen
+   =27= Bald Coot
+   =30= Hoary-headed Grebe
+   =67= Crested Tern
+   =71= White-faced Ternlet
+   =72= Silver Gull
+   =73= Pacific Gull
+
+
+  Page 38
+
+   =81= Black-breasted Plover
+   =87= Black-fronted Dottrel
+  =102= Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
+  =106= Australian Snipe
+  =107= Australian  Painted Snipe
+  =109= Southern Stone-Curlew
+  =119= White-fronted Heron
+  =123= Nankeen Night Heron
+  =125= Australian Bittern
+
+
+  Page 55
+
+  =128= Cape Barren Goose
+  =129= Maned Goose
+  =131= Plumed Whistling Duck
+  =133= Black Duck
+  =134= Australian Teal
+  =135= Gray Teal
+  =136= Australian Shoveller
+  =137= Pink-eared Duck
+  =139= White-eyed Duck
+
+
+  Page 57
+
+  =152= Allied Harrier
+  =155= Australian Goshawk
+  =157= Collared Sparrowhawk
+  =158= Wedge-tailed Eagle
+  =165= Black-shouldered Kite
+  =167= Black-cheeked Falcon
+  =170= Little Falcon
+  =172= Brown Hawk
+  =173= Nankeen Kestrel
+
+
+  Page 76
+
+  =184= Blue Mountain Lorikeet
+  =185= Musk Lorikeet
+  =191= Gang-gang Cockatoo
+  =193= Pink Cockatoo
+  =194= Rose-breasted Cockatoo
+  =196= Cockatoo-Parrot
+  =197= Superb Parrot
+  =198= Black-tailed Parrot
+  =199= King Parrot
+
+
+  Page 78
+
+  =200= Crimson Parrot
+  =202= Rosella
+  =203= Mallee Parrot
+  =204= Blue Bonnet
+  =205= Many-colored Parrot
+  =206= Red-backed Parrot
+  =209= Grass-Parrot
+  =213= Swift Parrot
+  =214= Warbling Grass-Parrot
+
+
+  Page 95
+
+  =219= Australian Roller
+  =220= Blue Kingfisher
+  =221= Laughing Kingfisher
+  =223= Sacred Kingfisher
+  =224= Aust. Bee-eater
+  =227= Spine-tailed Swift
+  =229= Pallid Cuckoo
+  =230= Fan-tailed Cuckoo
+  =235= Bronze Cuckoo
+
+
+  Page 97
+
+  =238= Welcome Swallow
+  =240= Tree Martin
+  =242= Brown Flycatcher
+  =244= Scarlet-breasted Robin
+  =244^A= Scarlet-breasted Robin (Female)
+  =245= Flame-breasted Robin
+  =245^A= Flame-breasted Robin (Female)
+  =248= Red Capped Robin
+  =248^A= Red Capped Robin (Female)
+
+
+  Page 116
+
+  =251= White-throated Flyeater
+  =254= White-shafted Fantail
+  =255= Rufous Fantail
+  =256= Black and White Fantail
+  =259= Restless Flycatcher
+  =262= Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike
+  =265= White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater
+  =265^A= White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater (Female)
+  =266= Spotted Ground-Bird
+
+
+  Page 118
+
+  =272= Coachwhip Bird
+  =273= Gray-crowned Babbler
+  =276= White-browed Field-Wren
+  =278= Brown Song-Lark
+  =279= Rufous Song-Lark
+  =280= Mountain Thrush
+  =281= White-fronted Chat
+  =281^A= White-fronted Chat (F.)
+  =282= Crimson-breasted Chat
+
+
+  Page 135
+
+  =284= Aust. Reed-Warbler
+  =285= Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler
+  =286= Grass-Bird
+  =287= Speckled Warbler
+  =288= Little Tit-Warbler
+  =289= Brown Tit-Warbler
+  =291= Striated Tit-Warbler
+  =293= Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler
+  =297= White-browed Scrub-Wren
+
+
+  Page 137
+
+  =300= Superb-Warbler
+  =300^A= Superb-Warbler (Female)
+  =302= White-winged Superb-Warbler
+  =304= Emu Wren
+  =306= Bristle-Bird
+  =311= White-browed Wood-Swallow
+  =312= Masked Wood-Swallow
+  =313= Wood-Swallow
+  =315= Gray Shrike-Thrush
+
+
+  Page 139
+
+  =319= Aust. Butcher-Bird
+  =320= Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit
+  =321= Crested Bell-Bird
+  =322= Golden-breasted Whistler
+  =322^A= Golden-breasted Whistler (F.)
+  =323= Rufous-breasted Whistler
+  =323^A= Rufous-breasted Whistler (F.)
+  =326= Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin
+  =327= Whiteface
+
+
+  Page 158
+
+  =328= Orange-winged Nuthatch
+  =330= Brown Tree-Creeper
+  =331= White-throated Tree-Creeper
+  =334= White-eye
+  =336= Australian Flower-Pecker
+  =336^A= Australian Flower-Pecker (Female)
+  =337= Red-tipped Diamond Bird
+  =340= Spotted Diamond Bird
+  =341= Golden-rumped Diamond Bird
+
+
+  Page 160
+
+  =342= White-naped Honey-eater
+  =345= Striped Honey-eater
+  =346= Sanguineous Honey-eater
+  =347= Black Honey-eater
+  =348= Spinebill
+  =349= Tawny-crowned Honey-eater
+  =350= White-fronted Honey-eater
+  =351= Painted Honey-eater
+  =353= Regent Honey-eater
+
+
+  Page 162
+
+  =355= Yellow-eared Honey-eater
+  =356= Singing Honey-eater
+  =357= Yellow-faced Honey-eater
+  =358= White-eared Honey-eater
+  =359= Yellow-tufted Honey-eater
+  =362= Yellow-plumed Honey-eater
+  =363= White-plumed Honey-eater
+  =364= Crescent Honey-eater
+  =365= White-bearded Honey-eater
+
+
+  Page 164
+
+  =360= Helmeted Honey-eater
+  =366= White-cheeked Honey-eater
+  =367= Bell-Miner
+  =368= Noisy Miner
+  =370= Wattle-Bird
+  =372= Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater
+  =373= Blue-faced Honey-eater
+  =374= Friar-Bird
+
+
+  Page 181
+
+  =375= Yellow-throated Friar-Bird
+  =376= Australian Pipit
+  =377= Bush-Lark
+  =378= Spotted-Sided Finch
+  =379= Firetailed Finch
+  =380= Chestnut-eared Finch
+  =381= Plum-headed Finch
+  =382= Red-browed Finch
+  =383= Olive-backed Oriole
+
+
+  Page 183
+
+  =384= Spangled Drongo
+  =385= Satin Bower-Bird
+  =385^A= Satin Bower-Bird (Female)
+  =386= Spotted Bower-Bird
+  =390= Apostle-Bird
+  =391= White-winged Chough
+  =392= Pied Bell-Magpie
+  =394= Gray Bell-Magpie
+
+
+
+
+INDEX (General).
+
+
+The Ordinary Figures (175) refer to tabular matter and the Italic
+Figures (_141_) refer to the lecture.
+
+  _Acanthagenys_, 175
+
+  _Acanthiza_, 142, _141_, _153_
+
+  _Acanthochaera_, 174
+
+  _Acanthorhynchus_, 170
+
+  _Accipiter_, 80
+
+  _Acridotheres_, 187
+
+  _Acrocephalus_, 142
+
+  _Ægialitis_, 44, 45
+
+  _Ægintha_, 179
+
+  _Ægotheles_, 104
+
+  _Aerocharidae_, 149
+
+  _Æstrelata_, 28, 29
+
+  _Aidemosyne_, 179
+
+  Alarm-Bird, 43
+
+  _Alauda_, 177
+
+  _Alaudidae_, 176, _177_
+
+  Albatross, 31, 32, 33, _33_, _34_
+
+  _Alcedinidae_, 105
+
+  _Alcidae_, 33
+
+  _Alcyone_, 105
+
+  _Ampelidae_, 147
+
+  _Amytornis_, 146
+
+  _Anas_, 65
+
+  _Anatidae_, 62
+
+  _Ancylochilus_, 49
+
+  _Anellobia_, 175
+
+  _Anhinga_, 70
+
+  _Anseranas_, 63
+
+  Anteater, Spiny, _11_
+
+  _Anthus_, 176
+
+  _Antigone_, 52
+
+  Ant-thrushes, 113
+
+  Antwrens, 113
+
+  _Aphelocephala_, 153
+
+  Apostle-Bird, 188, 130, 189, _147_, _186_
+
+  _Aprosmictus_, 93
+
+  _Apterygidae_, 13
+
+  _Apteryx_, 13, _13_
+
+  _Aramidae_, 52
+
+  _Ardeidae_, 60
+
+  _Ardetta_, 61
+
+  _Arenaria_, 42
+
+  _Artamidae_, 147
+
+  _Artamus_, 147
+
+  _Astur_, 73
+
+  Atlantic O., _26_, _33_
+
+  _Atrichornithidae_, 113, _119_
+
+  Audubon Society, _114_
+
+  Auk, 33
+
+  _Aves_, 12
+
+  Avocet, 45, _47_
+
+  _Aythya_, 67
+
+
+  Babbler, 130, _130_, _175_
+
+  Babbling-Thrush, 128
+
+  _Balaenicipitidae_, 60
+
+  Bald-Coot, 23
+
+  Bali, _91_, 168
+
+  Ballyhead, 133
+
+  Banana-Bird, 175
+
+  Barbet, 111, _91_
+
+  Barker, 130
+
+  Bark-pecker, 153
+
+  Barley-Bird, 142
+
+  _Barnardius_, 101
+
+  Barn Owl, 86, 87, _85_
+
+  Barwing, 67
+
+  Bass St., _154_, _165_
+
+  Bat, _11_, _166_
+
+  Beach-Bird, 42
+
+  Bee-eater, 106, 107, _106_
+
+  Bell-Bird, 151, _151_, _174_
+
+  Bell-Magpie, 189, _12_, _39_, _185_, _186_, _187_
+
+  Bell-Miner, 173, _174_
+
+  Bird Day, _74_, _119_, _141_
+
+  Birds of Paradise, 187, _12_, _180_, _190_
+
+  Birds of Prey, 72, _71_, _74_, _79_, _84_, _87_
+
+  Bittern, 61, _59_
+
+  _Biziura_, 67
+
+  Blackbird, 132, 179, _133_, _134_
+
+  Blackcap, 142, 168
+
+  Bleater, 50
+
+  Blight-Bird, 155, _156_
+
+  Blood-Bird, 169
+
+  Blood Tit (e), 142
+
+  Blue-Bird, 127, 132, _146_
+
+  Blue-Bonnet,  101, 144, _99_
+
+  Bluecap, 144
+
+  Blue-eye, 175, _176_
+
+  Blue-Head, 144
+
+  Blue Mountain, 88, _90_, _156_
+
+  Blue-Tit, 144
+
+  Bluewing, 66
+
+  Blue-Wren, 144
+
+  Boatswain-Bird, 41, 71
+
+  Bobolink, 179, _74_
+
+  Bob-White, 15
+
+  Boobook Owl, 85, _85_, _104_
+
+  Booby, 71, _70_
+
+  Boomer, 61
+
+  _Botaurus_, 61
+
+  Bower-Birds, 187, 188, _12_, _185_, _190_
+
+  Brain-fever Bird, 109, _110_
+
+  Bristle Bird, 145, _141_
+
+  Broadbill, 111
+
+  Broad-tails, _94_
+
+  Brolga, 52
+
+  Brownhead, 67
+
+  Brush-Turkey, 13, _15_
+
+  _Bubonidae_, 85
+
+  _Bucconidae_, 111
+
+  _Bucerotidae_, 106
+
+  Budgerigar, 103, _100_
+
+  Bulbul, 127, _91_
+
+  Bulla-Bulla, 101
+
+  Bull-Bird, 61
+
+  Bullfinch, 177
+
+  Bully, 28
+
+  Bunting, 177
+
+  Bunyip, _59_
+
+  _Buphagidae_, 187
+
+  _Burhinus_, 51
+
+  Bush-Lark, 177, _177_
+
+  Bushman's Clock, 105
+
+  Bush-Warbler, 124
+
+  Bustard, 51, _51_, _52_
+
+  Bustard Quail, 15, _17_, _21_
+
+  Butcher-Bird, 149, _150_
+
+  Button Quail, 15
+
+  Buzzard, 82, _79_
+
+
+  Cabbage-Bird, 188
+
+  _Cacatua_, 91
+
+  _Cacatuidae_, 89
+
+  Cackler, 130
+
+  _Cacomantis_, 109
+
+  _Calamanthus_, 131
+
+  Caley, _149_
+
+  Calico-Bird, 42
+
+  _Calidris_, 48
+
+  _Callocephalum_, 91
+
+  _Calopsittacus_, 93
+
+  _Calyptorhynchus_, 89
+
+  Campophaga, 127
+
+  _Campophagidae_, 126
+
+  Canary, 124, 133, 152, 172, 177, _134_, _179_
+
+  Cape Barren Is., _32_
+
+  Cape Petrel, 29
+
+  Cape Pigeon, 29
+
+  Capercailly, 13
+
+  Cape Sheep, 31
+
+  _Capitonidae_, 111
+
+  _Caprimulgidae_, 107
+
+  Cardinal, 177
+
+  _Carduelis_, 177
+
+  _Cariamidae_, 53
+
+  _Carinatae_, 13, _13_, _14_
+
+  _Carphibis_, 53
+
+  Carr Goose, 25
+
+  _Casarca_, 65
+
+  Cassowary, 13, _11_, _13_
+
+  _Casuariidae_, 13
+
+  _Catamblyrhynchidae_, 177
+
+  _Catarrhactes_, 25
+
+  Catbird, 130, 187, _131_
+
+  Caterpillar-eater, 126, 127, _39_, _127_, _128_
+
+  _Cathartidae_, 71
+
+  _Cerchneis_, 83
+
+  _Cereopsis_, 63
+
+  _Certhiidae_, 154
+
+  _Certhionyx_, 170
+
+  _Chaetura_, 107
+
+  Chaffinch, 177
+
+  _Chalcococcyx_, 110
+
+  _Chalcophaps_, 17
+
+  _Chamaeidae_, 153
+
+  Channel-bill, 111, _111_
+
+  _Charadriidae_, 42
+
+  _Charadrius_, 44
+
+  Chat, 133, _134_
+
+  Chatterer, 113, 130
+
+  _Chelidon_, 120
+
+  _Chenonetta_, 63
+
+  _Chenopsis_, 62
+
+  _Cheramoeca_, 121
+
+  Cherry-eater, 173
+
+  Cherry-Hawk, 127
+
+  _Chibia_, 187
+
+  Chickadee, _74_
+
+  Chicken-Hawk, 73
+
+  Chickoowee, 172
+
+  Chick-up, 171
+
+  Chiffchaff, 142
+
+  _Chionididae_, 42
+
+  _Chlamydera_, 188
+
+  Chough, 189, _147_, _186_
+
+    " (Br.), 188, _186_
+
+  _Chthonicola_, 142
+
+  Chuck-e-chuc, 167
+
+  _Ciconiidae_, 60
+
+  _Cinclidae_, 132
+
+  _Cincloramphus_, 131
+
+  _Cinclosoma_, 128
+
+  _Circus_, 72
+
+  _Cisticola_, 142, _134_
+
+  _Cladorhynchus_, 45
+
+  _Climacteris_, 154
+
+  Clipper, 133
+
+  Coachwhip-Bird, 129, 151, _130_
+
+  Cobbler, 45
+
+  Cobbler's Awl, 45, 170
+
+  _Coccyges_, 108
+
+  Cockatiel, 93
+
+  Cockatoo, 89, 91, _88_, _91_, _89_
+
+  Cockatoo-Parrot, 93, _94_
+
+  Cocktail, 144
+
+  Codlin-Moth-eater, 130
+
+  _Coerebidae_, 178
+
+  _Coliidae_, 108
+
+  _Colluricincla_, 149
+
+  Coloration--
+
+    Advertizing, _165_
+
+    Protective, _21_, _156_
+
+    Recognition, _165_
+
+    Warning, _156_
+
+  _Columbidae_, 17
+
+  _Colymbidae_, 25
+
+  Condor, 71
+
+  _Conophagidae_, 113
+
+  Cooers, _21_, _24_
+
+  Cookaycock, 175
+
+  Coot, 23, _22_
+
+  _Coraciidae_, 105
+
+  _Coracina_, 127
+
+  _Corcorax_, 189
+
+  Corella, 93
+
+  Cormorant, 68, _68_
+
+  Corn-Bird, 142
+
+  Corn-Crake, 18, 131, _22_
+
+  _Corone_, 188
+
+  _Corvidae_, 188, _185_
+
+  _Corvus_, 188
+
+  Cotingas, 113
+
+  _Cotingidae_, 113
+
+  _Coturnix_, 13
+
+  Courlan, 52
+
+  Courser, 51
+
+  Cowbird, 179
+
+  Crab-Plover, 51
+
+  _Cracidae_, 13
+
+  _Cracticus_, 149
+
+  Crake, 18, 22, 23, _22_
+
+  Crane, 52, 60, _52_, _59_
+
+  Cranky Fan, 124
+
+  Creeper, 154, _154_
+
+  Crossbill, 177
+
+  Crow, 188, _12_, _185_
+
+   "  White, 149, _150_
+
+  Crow-Shrike, 149, 189
+
+  Cuckoo, 108-111, _74_, _85_, _87_, _109_, _112_, _134_
+
+  Cuckoo-Shrike, 126, _126_
+
+  _Cuculidae_, 108
+
+  _Cuculus_, 109
+
+  Curassow, 13
+
+  Curlew, 45, _39_, _49_, _50_
+
+  Curlew, Black, 53
+
+    "  Pygmy, 49
+
+    "  -Sandpiper, 49
+
+    "  -Stint, 49
+
+    "  Stone, 51, _50_
+
+  Currawong, 189
+
+  _Cursoriidae_, 51
+
+  Cutthroat, 151
+
+  _Cyclopsittacidae_, 89
+
+  _Cymodroma_, 27
+
+  _Cypselidae_, 107
+
+  _Cypselus_, 107
+
+
+  Dabchick, 23, 24, 25
+
+  _Dacelo_, 105
+
+  _Daption_, 29
+
+  Darter, 70, _69_
+
+  Daw, _185_
+
+  Deer, _165_
+
+  _Demiegretta_, 61
+
+  _Dendrocolaptidae_, 113
+
+  _Dendrocygna_, 63
+
+  Devil-Bird, 124, 144
+
+  Diamond-Bird, 167, _166_
+
+  Diamond Dyke, 167
+
+  _Dicaeidae_, 166
+
+  _Dicaeum_, 166
+
+  _Dicruridae_, 187
+
+  _Dicruropsis_, 187
+
+  _Dicrurus_, 187
+
+  _Didunculidae_, 18
+
+  Dimorphism, 41
+
+  Dinornis, 84
+
+  _Diomedea_, 31
+
+  _Diomedeidae_, 31
+
+  Dipper, 132
+
+  Dishwasher (e), 125
+
+  Diver, 24, 25, 69, 70, _24_, _69_
+
+  Diving-Petrel, 31, _32_
+
+  Dog-Bird, 130
+
+  Dollar Bird, 105, _105_
+
+  Dottrel, 42-45, 133, _48_, _59_
+
+  Dove, 16, 17, _21_, _39_
+
+  Dove-Petrel, 30, 31, _27_
+
+  _Drepanididae_, 175
+
+  _Dromadidae_, 51
+
+  _Dromaeidae_, 12
+
+  _Dromaius_, 12
+
+  Drongo, 187, _180_
+
+  _Drymodes_, 129
+
+  Dryweather-Bird, 53
+
+  Duck, 63-67, _62-67_
+
+  Dunlin, Little, 49
+
+  Durbaner, 149
+
+
+  Eagle,  81, _72_, _74_, _79_
+
+    "  Bald (Amer.), 81, _26_, _39_, _72_, _74_
+
+    "  Golden, 81, _72_, _74_, _79_
+
+    "  Sea, 81, _39_, _74_, _79_, _84_
+
+  Eaglehawk (e), 81, _72_
+
+  _Echidna_, 11
+
+  _Edolisoma_, 127
+
+  Egg (size), _16_
+
+  Egg-Bird, 40, _36_
+
+  Egret, 60, 61, _54_, _59_
+
+  Egypt, 172, _53_
+
+  Eider Duck, _65_
+
+  _Elanus_, 82
+
+  Emu, 12, _11_, _13_, _15_, _109_, _187_
+
+  Emu-Wren, 145, _141_
+
+  _Entomophila_, 170
+
+  _Entomyzon_, 175
+
+  _Eopsaltria_, 152, _152_
+
+  _Epthianura_, 133
+
+  _Erismatura_, 67
+
+  _Erolia_, 49
+
+  _Erythrogonys_, 43
+
+  _Eudyptula_, 25
+
+  _Eulabetidae_, 187
+
+  _Euphema_, 103
+
+  _Eupodotis_, 51
+
+  _Eurostopus_, 107
+
+  _Eurylaemidae_, 111
+
+  _Eurypygidae_, 53
+
+  _Eurystomus_, 105
+
+  _Eutolmaëtus_, 81
+
+  _Excalfactoria_, 14
+
+
+  _Falco_, 82
+
+  Falcon, 82, 83, _72_, _79_
+
+  _Falconidae_, 72
+
+  Falcon-Shrike, 150
+
+  _Falcunculus_, 150
+
+  Fantail, 124, 125, _123_
+
+  Fantail-Warbler, 142, _134_, _141_
+
+  Farmer's Friend, 53
+
+  Fern-Owl, 107
+
+  Field-Lark, Little, 142
+
+  Field-Wren, 131, _132_
+
+  Fig-Bird, 187, _180_
+
+  Fig-Parrot, 89
+
+  Finch, 177-179, _178-180_, _134_
+
+  Finfoot, 23
+
+  Firetail, 179, _179_
+
+  Fish Hawk, 84, _59_, _72_
+
+  Flamingoes, 61
+
+  Flickers, 111
+
+  Flight-Bird, 103
+
+  Flood-Bird, 111
+
+  Flower-Pecker, 166
+
+  Fluke, _148_
+
+  Flute-Bird, 149
+
+  Flycatcher, 113, 121-125, _121-123_
+
+  Flyeater, 124
+
+  Flying Coachman, 170
+
+  Flying Phalanger, _11_
+
+  Flysnapper, 124, 125
+
+  _Formicariidae_, 113
+
+  Four-o'clock, 175
+
+  Fowl, Domestic, 13, _15_
+
+  _Fregata_, 71
+
+  _Fregatidae_, 71
+
+  _Fregetta_, 27
+
+  Friar-Bird, 175, _91_, _176_
+
+  Frigate Bird, 71, _39_, _70_
+
+  _Fringillidae_, 177, _179_
+
+  Frog-Bird, 125
+
+  Frogmouth, 104, _86_, _104_
+
+  Fruit-Pigeon, 16, _21_
+
+  _Fulica_, 23
+
+  Fulmar, 27, 28, 29, _29_
+
+
+  _Gabianus_, 41
+
+  Galah, 91, 92, _92_, _93_
+
+  _Galbulidae_, 111
+
+  _Gallinago_, 50
+
+  _Gallinula_, 23
+
+  Gallinule, 23
+
+  "  Purple, 23, _22_
+
+  Gang-gang, 91, _92_
+
+  Gannet, 71, _70_
+
+  Gar, 133
+
+  Gardener-Bird, 187
+
+  Garefowl, 33
+
+  _Garrodia_, 27
+
+  _Garzetta_, 61
+
+  Gaunt, 25
+
+  _Gaviidae_, 25
+
+  _Gelochelidon_, 35
+
+  _Geobasileus_, 143
+
+  _Geopelia_, 17
+
+  _Geopsittacus_, 103
+
+  _Gerygone_, 124
+
+  Gill-Bird, 174
+
+  _Glareolidae_, 51
+
+  Glass-eye, 155
+
+  _Gliciphila_, 170
+
+  _Glossopsittacus_, 89
+
+  _Glottis_, 47
+
+  Glutton, 29
+
+  Goatsucker, 104, 107, _107_
+
+  Goaway, 131
+
+  Godwit, 47, _39_, _49_
+
+  Golden Robin, _180_
+
+  Goldfinch, 177, _178_
+
+  Goose, 62, _62_, 63, 67
+
+  Goshawk, 72, 73, _74_
+
+  Gould League, _114_
+
+  _Gouridae_, 18
+
+  Grackle, 179
+
+  _Grallina_, 148
+
+  Grape-eater, 155
+
+  Grass-Bird, 142
+
+  Grasshopper-Hawk, 109
+
+  Grass-Warbler, 142
+
+  Grass-Wren, 146, _141_
+
+  Graucalus, 126, 127
+
+  _Graucalus_, 127
+
+  Grebe, 24, 25, _24_
+
+  Greenfinch, 177, _178_
+
+  Greenie, 172, _169_, _174_
+
+  Green Keet, 89, _90_, _100_
+
+  Green Leek, 93, _94_, _90_
+
+  Green Leek (e), 89, _94_
+
+  Greenlet, 147
+
+  Greenshank, 47
+
+  Grinder, 125, _126_
+
+  Grosbeak, 177
+
+  Ground-Bird, 128, _129_
+
+  Ground-Diamond, 167
+
+  Ground-Dove, 17, 128
+
+  Ground-Lark, 176, _176_
+
+  Ground-Pigeon, 17
+
+  Ground-Thrush, 128, 133
+
+  Ground-Wren, 129
+
+  Grouse, 13
+
+  _Gruidae_, 52
+
+  Guacharo, 104
+
+  Guan, 13
+
+  Guillemot, 33
+
+  Guinea-a-week, 129
+
+  Guinea-Fowl, 14
+
+  Gull, 34, 35, 41, _35_, _39_, _40_, _41_, _59_
+
+  _Gymnorhina_, 149
+
+  _Gypoictinia_, 82
+
+  Gyrfalcon, 83
+
+
+  _Haematopus_, 43
+
+  Hakoakoa, 41
+
+  _Halcyon_, 105
+
+  _Haliaëtus_, 81
+
+  _Haliastur_, 81
+
+  _Halobaena_, 29
+
+  Hammer-Head, 60
+
+  Happy-Family, 130, _131_
+
+  Happy Jack, 130, _131_
+
+  Harbinger of Spring, 109
+
+  Hardhead, 67, _65_
+
+  Harrier, 72, 73, _72_, _74_
+
+  Harvest-Bird, 131, _133_
+
+  Hawk, 81, 83, 109, _72_, _74_, _79_, _87_
+
+  Hawk Owl, 85, _86_
+
+  Headache-Bird, _166_
+
+  Hedge-Sparrow, 132
+
+  _Heliornithidae_, 23
+
+  Hemipode, 15
+
+  _Herodias_, 60
+
+  Heron, 60, 61, _53_, _59_
+
+  _Heteropygia_, 49
+
+  _Hieracidea_, 83
+
+  _Himantopus_, 45
+
+  _Hirundinidae_, 120
+
+  _Hirundo_, 120
+
+  Hoactzin, 18
+
+  Hobby, 83
+
+  Honey-Bird, 168
+
+  Honey-Creeper, 178
+
+  Honey-eater, 168-175, _74_, _91_, _126_, _168-176_, _190_
+
+  Honey-guide, 111
+
+  Honey-sucker, 168
+
+  Hoopoe, 106
+
+  Hopper, 130
+
+  Houtman Abrolhos, _36_
+
+  Humming-Birds, 108, 169, 170, _109_
+
+  _Hydrochelidon_, 34
+
+  _Hydroprogne_, 35
+
+
+  _Hylacola_, 129
+
+  _Hypotaenidia_, 18
+
+
+  _Ibididae_, 53
+
+  _Ibis_, 53, _53_, _54_
+
+  _Icteridae_, 179, _180_
+
+  _Indicatoridae_, 111
+
+  _Irrisoridae_, 106
+
+
+  Jabiru, 60, _54_
+
+  Jacamar, 111
+
+  Jacana, 51
+
+  Jackass, 105, 149, _106_
+
+  Jackdaw, 188, _185_
+
+  Jacky Martin, 147
+
+  Jacky Winter, 121, _122_
+
+  Jaeger, 41
+
+  Jay, 126, 127, 188, 189, _126_, _185_
+
+  Jenny-Wren, 133, 142
+
+  Jerryang, 89
+
+  Jumper, 130, 188, _186_
+
+
+  Kagu, 53
+
+  Kahu, 73
+
+  Kaka, 88
+
+  Kaoriki, 61
+
+  Karakahia, 67
+
+  Kea, 88
+
+  Kelp-Pigeon, 42
+
+  Kestrel, 83, _73_, _80_, _81_
+
+  Kingbird, 113
+
+  King-Crow, 187
+
+  Kingfisher, 105, 106, 107, _11_, _39_, _105_, _106_, _190_
+
+  Kinglet, 153
+
+  Kirombo, 104
+
+  Kite, 81, 82, _79_
+
+  Kiwi, 13, _13_
+
+  Knot, 49
+
+  Knot-Snipe, 49
+
+  Kookaburra, 105
+
+  Kuaka, 47
+
+  Kuia, 28
+
+  Kuruwhengi, 66
+
+
+  _Lalage_, 127
+
+  Landrail, 18, _22_
+
+  Land-Snipe, 49
+
+  Land-Wagtail, 124
+
+  _Laniidae_, 149
+
+  Lapwing (e), 127
+
+  _Laridae_, 34
+
+  Lark, 176, _133_
+
+  _Larus_, 41
+
+  Leatherhead, 127, 175
+
+  _Leipoa_, 13
+
+  _Leptosomatidae_, 104
+
+  Letter-Bird, 53
+
+  _Leucosarcia_, 18, _21_
+
+  _Licmetis_, 93
+
+  _Ligurinus_, 177
+
+  _Limosa_, 47
+
+  Limpkin, 52
+
+  Linnet, 172, 177, 179
+
+  _Lipoa_, 13
+
+  _Lobivanellus_, 43
+
+  Logger-Head, _66_
+
+  Lombok, _91_
+
+  Longbill, 50
+
+  Longshanks, 45
+
+  Loon, 25
+
+  _Lophaethyia_, 25
+
+  _Lophoictinia_, 82
+
+  _Lopholaimus_, 16
+
+  _Loriidae_, 88
+
+  Lorikeet, 88, 89, 103, _74_, _89_, _90_, _99_, _156_
+
+  Lory, 88, 93, 100, 101
+
+  Love-Bird, 103, 171, _100_
+
+  Lowan, 13
+
+  Lowry, 100
+
+  Lyrebird, 112, _11_, _112_, _113_, _190_
+
+
+  Macaw, 93, _89_
+
+  Macquarie-Hen, 23
+
+  _Macronectes_, 29
+
+  _Macropterygidae_, 107
+
+  Magpie, 148, 149, 189, _150_, _151_, _190_
+
+  "  Br., 188, _151_, _185_
+
+  Magpie-Lark, 148, _147_
+
+  _Majaqueus_, 28
+
+  Major Mitchell, 91, _93_
+
+  _Malacorhynchus_, 67
+
+  Mallard, 65, _63_
+
+  Mallee-Fowl, 13, _15_
+
+  _Malurus_, 144
+
+  Mannikin, 113
+
+  Man-of-war-bird, 31, 71
+
+  _Manorina_, 173
+
+  Marsh-Harrier, 73
+
+  Marsh-Tringa, 49
+
+  Marsh-Warbler, 142
+
+  Marsupials, _11_, _52_
+
+  Martin, 120, 121, 147, _121_, _146_
+
+  Matuku, 60
+
+  Matuku-Lurepo, 61
+
+  Maycock, 43
+
+  Mayfowl, 46
+
+  _Megalestris_, 41
+
+  _Megalurus_, 142
+
+  Megapode, 13, _91_
+
+  _Megapodiidae_, 13
+
+  _Meleagridae_, 15
+
+  _Meliornis_, 172
+
+  _Meliphaga_, 170
+
+  _Meliphagidae_, 168
+
+  _Melithreptus_, 168
+
+  _Melopsittacus_, 103
+
+  _Menura_, 112
+
+  _Menuridae_, 112
+
+  _Meropidae_, 106
+
+  _Merops_, 107
+
+  _Merula_, 132
+
+  _Mesocalius_, 109
+
+  _Mesoenatidae_, 53
+
+  _Mesophoyx_, 60
+
+  _Mesoscolopax_, 46
+
+  Micky, 173
+
+  _Microeca_, 121
+
+  _Microtribonyx_ see _Tribonyx_, 23
+
+  _Milvus_, 81
+
+  _Mimetes_, 187
+
+  _Mimidae_, 132
+
+  Miner, 173, _169_, _174_
+
+  _Mirafra_, 177
+
+  Mistletoe-Bird, 166
+
+  Mistletoe-Swallow, 166, _165_
+
+  _Mniotiltidae_, 175
+
+  Mocker, 175
+
+  Mocking-Bird, 114, 132, 175
+
+  Mock Regent Bird, 170
+
+  Mollymawk, 31, 32, 33
+
+  _Momotidae_, 107
+
+  _Monarcha_, 125
+
+  Monk, 175
+
+  Monotremata, 11
+
+  Moor-Hen, 23, _22_
+
+  Mopoke, 104, _86_, _85_, _104_
+
+  Mormon-Wren, 144
+
+  Morning-Bird, 125
+
+  _Motacillidae_, 176
+
+  Mother Carey's Chicken, 26, 27, _30_
+
+  Mother Carey's Goose, 29
+
+  Moth-Owl, 104, 107
+
+  Motmot, 107
+
+  Mound-builders, 13, _11_, _15_, _16_, _190_
+
+  Mourner, 149
+
+  Mouse-Bird, 108
+
+  Mud Island, _30_, _36_
+
+  Mudlark, 148
+
+  Murre, 33
+
+  _Muscicapidae_, 121
+
+  _Musophagidae_, 108
+
+  Mutton Bird, 28, _32_
+
+  " (e), 174, 189
+
+  _Myiagra_, 125
+
+  Myna, 187, _156_
+
+  _Myzantha_, 173
+
+  _Myzomela_, 169
+
+
+  Native Bear, 73
+
+  Native Companion, 52, _52_, _53_
+
+  Native-Hen, 23, _22_
+
+  Native Pheasant, 13
+
+  Nature-study, _48_, _190_
+
+  _Nectariniidae_, 168
+
+  Nelly, 29
+
+  _Neognathae_, 13, _14_
+
+  _Neophema_, 102, _99_
+
+  _Neositta_, 153
+
+  Nestor, 88
+
+  _Nestoridae_, 88
+
+  _Nettium_, 65
+
+  Night Hawk (e), 28, 107, _107_, _108_
+
+  Night Heron, 61, _53_, _59_
+
+  Nightingale, 132, _133_
+
+  Nightjar, 104, 107, _107_
+
+  _Ninox_, 85
+
+  Noddy, 34, _35_, _36_, _39_, _40_
+
+  North Pole, 26
+
+  _Notophoyx_, 60
+
+  _Numenius_, 45
+
+  _Numididae_, 14
+
+  Nun, 133, _134_
+
+  Nutcracker, 188, _185_
+
+  Nuthatch, 153, _153_
+
+  _Nycticorax_,  61
+
+
+  _Oceanites_, 26, _31_
+
+  _Ochthodromus_, 44
+
+  _Ocyphaps_, 18
+
+  _Odontophoridae_, 15
+
+  _Oedicnemidae_, 51
+
+  _Oestrelata (Æstrelata)_
+
+  Oil-Bird, 104
+
+  Olive, 43
+
+  _Opisthocomidae_, 18
+
+  _Oreocichla_, 133
+
+  _Oreoica_, 151
+
+  Organ-Bird, 149, _150_
+
+  Oriole, 179, 187, _180_
+
+  _Oriolidae_, 187
+
+  _Ornithorhynchus_, _11_
+
+  Osprey, 84, _59_, _72_, _81_, _84_
+
+  Ostrich, 12, _13, 109_
+
+  _Otididae_, 51
+
+  Owl, 85, _74_, _84_, _87_
+
+  Owlet Nightjar, 104
+
+  Owl-Parrot, 103
+
+  Oxpecker, 187
+
+  _Oxyrhamphidae_, 113
+
+  Oyster-catcher, 43, _39_, _46_
+
+
+  _Pachycephala_, 151, _152_
+
+  Pacific O., 26, _33_
+
+  Painted Lady, 45
+
+  _Palaeognathae_, 12, _14_
+
+  _Palamedeidae_, 61
+
+  _Pandion_, 84
+
+  _Pandionidae_, 84
+
+  Panther-Bird, _167_
+
+  _Paradiseidae_, 187
+
+  _Paramythidae_, 187
+
+  Pardalote, 167, _165_, _167_
+
+  _Pardalotus_, 167
+
+  Parera, 65
+
+  _Paridae_, 153, _141_, _153_
+
+  Parra, 51
+
+  Parrakeet, see Parrot
+
+  _Parridae_, 51
+
+  Parrot, 88, 93-103, _11_, _88-101_, _190_
+
+  Partridge, 13, 15
+
+  _Passer_, 177
+
+  _Passeres_, _119_
+
+  Peafowl, 13, _15_
+
+  Peary, _26_
+
+  _Pedionomus_, 15
+
+  Pee-wee, 148, _148_
+
+  Peewee Lark, 127
+
+  Peewit, 148
+
+  _Pelagodroma_, 27, _30_
+
+  _Pelecanidae_, 71
+
+  _Pelecanoides_, 31
+
+  _Pelecanoididae_, 31
+
+  _Pelecanus_, 71
+
+  Pelican, 71, _71_
+
+  _Peltohyas_, 45
+
+  Penguins, 25, _25_, _26_
+
+  _Penguinus_, 25
+
+  Perching Birds, 113, _119_
+
+  _Peristeridae_, 17
+
+  Peter-Peter, 121, _127_
+
+  Petrel, 27-31, _27_, _30-39_
+
+  _Petrochelidon_, 121
+
+  _Petroica_, 122
+
+  _Pezoporus_, 103
+
+  _Phaëthontidae_, 71
+
+  _Phalacrocoracidae_, 68
+
+  _Phalacrocorax_, 68
+
+  _Phaps_, 17
+
+  _Phasianidae_, 13
+
+  Pheasant, 13, 112, _15_
+
+  _Philemon_, 175
+
+  _Philepittidae_, 113
+
+  Phoebe, 113
+
+  _Phoebetria_, 33
+
+  _Phoenicopteridae_, 61
+
+  _Phytotomidae_, 113
+
+  Picarian Birds, 104, _104_
+
+  _Picidae_, 111
+
+  Pickwick, 167
+
+  Piculets, 111
+
+  Pigeon, 16-18, _11_, _21_, _126_, _127_
+
+  Pilot-Bird, 129, _129_
+
+  Pimlico, 175
+
+  Pine-Bird, 130
+
+  Pintado, 29
+
+  Pintail, 107
+
+  Pipit, 176, _133_, _176_
+
+  Pipiwharauroa, 111
+
+  _Pipridae_, 113
+
+  _Pisobia_, 49
+
+  _Pitta_, _119_
+
+  _Pittidae_, 113, _119_
+
+  Plantain-eater, 108
+
+  Plant-cutters, 113
+
+  _Platalea_, 53
+
+  _Plataleidae_, 53
+
+  _Platibis_, 60
+
+  _Platycercus_, 100
+
+  Platypus, _11_
+
+  _Plectoramphus_, 169
+
+  _Plegadis_, 53
+
+  _Ploceidae_, 178, _179_
+
+  _Plotidae_, 70
+
+  _Plotus_, 70
+
+  Plover, 43-45, _39_, _42_, _46_, _49_, _59_, _148_
+
+  Pluff, 149
+
+  Plumage, Eclipse, _64_
+
+  "  Phase, 41
+
+  _Podargidae_, 104
+
+  _Podargus_, 104, _105_
+
+  _Podiceps_, 24
+
+  _Podicipedidae_, 24
+
+  Pohowera, 44
+
+  _Polytelis_, 93
+
+  _Pomatorhinus_, 130
+
+  Poor Soldier, 175
+
+  _Porphyrio_, 23
+
+  Port Egmont Hen, 41
+
+  _Porzana_, 18
+
+  Postboy, 121
+
+  Post-sitter, 121, _121_
+
+  Prairie-Fowl, 13
+
+  Pratincole, 51, _50_
+
+  Pretty Joey, _127_
+
+  Priocella, 28
+
+  _Priofinus_, 28
+
+  Prion, 27, 30, 31
+
+  _Prion_, 29, 30, 31
+
+  _Prionopidae_, 148, _148_
+
+  _Procellaria_, 28
+
+  _Procellariidae_, 26
+
+  _Procniatidae_, 178
+
+  _Promeropidae_, 168
+
+  Promerops, 168
+
+  _Psephotus_, 101
+
+  _Pseudogerygone_, 124
+
+  _Psittacidae_, 93
+
+  _Psophiidae_, 53
+
+  _Psophodes_, 129
+
+  Ptarmigan, 13
+
+  _Pteroclididae_, 15
+
+  _Pteropodocys_, 126
+
+  _Pteroptochidae_, 113
+
+  _Ptilonorhynchidae_, 187
+
+  _Ptilonorhynchus_, 187
+
+  _Ptilotis_, 171, 172
+
+  Puff-Birds, 111
+
+  Puffin, 33
+
+  _Puffinidae_, 27
+
+  _Puffinus_, 27
+
+  Pugwall, 148
+
+  Pukeko, 23
+
+  Putoto, 23
+
+  _Pycnonotidae_, 127
+
+  _Pycnoptilus_, 129
+
+
+  Quail, 13, 14, 15, _15_, _17_, _21_
+
+  Quarrion, 93
+
+
+  Rabbit, _165_, _180_
+
+  Racehorse, _66_
+
+  Rail, 18, 23
+
+  Rain-Bird, 111, 189
+
+  Rainbow Bird, 107
+
+  _Rallidae_, 18
+
+  _Raptores_, _74_
+
+  _Ratitae_, 12, _13_
+
+  Ratite, _52_
+
+  Raven, 188, _185_, _186_
+
+  Razorbill, 33
+
+  _Recurvirostra_, 45
+
+  Redbill, 23, 43, 179, _46_
+
+  Redbreast, _122_
+
+  Redhead, 123, 179
+
+  Redpoll, 177
+
+  Redstart, 132
+
+  Redthroat, 143
+
+  Redwing, 179
+
+  Reed-Bird, 142
+
+   "  -Lark, 131
+
+   "  -Nightingale, 142
+
+   "  Warbler, 142, _134_
+  Reef Heron, 61, _39_, _59_
+
+  Regent-Bird, 187
+
+  _Regulidae_, 153
+
+  _Rhamphastidae_, 111
+
+  Rhea, 12, _13_
+
+  _Rheidae_, 12
+
+  Rhinoceros-Bird, 187
+
+  _Rhinochetidae_, 53
+
+  _Rhipidura_, 124, 125
+
+  _Rhynchaea_, 50
+
+  Riflebird, 187, _180_
+
+  Ring Coachman, 151
+
+  Ringeye, 155, 172
+
+  Ringlet, 133
+
+  Ringneck, 101, 133, 172, _99_
+
+  Robin, 122, 123, _122_, _127_
+
+    "  (Br.), 132, _122_
+
+    "  (Scrub), 129, _129_
+
+    "  (Shrike), 152, _152_
+
+  Rock-Dove, 17
+
+  Rock-Pebbler, 93, _94_
+
+  Rock-Pigeon, 15
+
+  Roller, 105
+
+    "  Madagascar, 104
+
+  Rook, 188, _185_
+
+  Rosella, 93, 100, 101, _94_
+
+  Rostratula, 50
+
+  Rush-Warbler, 131
+
+
+  Saltbush Canary, 133, _134_
+
+  Sanderling, 48
+
+  Sand-Grouse, 15
+
+  Sandlark, 44
+
+  Sand-Martin, 121
+
+  Sandpiper, 43, 47, 49, 107, _39_, _43_
+
+  Sandwich Is. Honey-eaters, 175
+
+  Saria, 53
+
+  Satin-Bird, 187
+
+  Scale-Bird, 109, _110_
+
+  Scissors Grinder, 125, _123_, _126_
+
+  Scooper, 45
+
+  _Scopidae_, 60
+
+  Scratcher, _15_, _24_
+
+  Screamer, 61
+
+  Scrub-Birds, 113, _119_
+
+  Scrub-Curlew, 51
+
+  Scrub-Fowl, 13
+
+  Scrub-Tit, 124
+
+  Scrub-Warbler, 129
+
+  Scrub-Wren, 143, 144, _141_
+
+  _Scythrops_, 111
+
+  Seagull (see Gull)
+
+  Sea-Hawk, 41
+
+  Seal-Bird, 28
+
+  Seapie, 43
+
+  Sea-Pigeon, 41
+
+  Sea-Pirate, 41, _40_
+
+  Sea-Swallow, 40, _35_
+
+  Secretary-Bird, 72
+
+  Seed-Plover, 42
+
+  Seed-Snipe, 42
+
+  _Seisura_, 125
+
+  Semitone-Bird, 109
+
+  _Sericornis_, 143
+
+  Seriema, 53
+
+  _Serpentariidae_, 72
+
+  Settler's Clock, 105
+
+  Sexual Selection, 21
+
+  Shag, 68, 69, 70, _68_
+
+  Shearwater, 27, 28, _27_
+
+  Sheathbill, 42
+
+  Sheldrake, 65, _63_
+
+  Shepherd's Companion, 125
+
+  Shieldrake, 65, _63_
+
+  Shoebill, 60
+
+  Shoebird, 60
+
+  Shoveller, 66, _64_
+
+  Shrike, 127, 149, _149_
+
+  Shrike-Tit, 150, _151_
+
+  Sickle-bill, 53
+
+  Silve, 155
+
+  Silver-eye, 155, _39_, _156_
+
+  Singing-Lark, 131
+
+  _Sittella_, 153
+
+  _Sittidae_, 153, _153_
+
+  Skimmers, 34, _35_
+
+  Skua, 41, _35_, _40_, _41_, _165_
+
+  Skunk, 165
+
+  Skylark, 131, 176, 177, _132_, _133_, _177_
+
+  _Smicrornis_, 124
+
+  Smoker, 93, 101, _94_
+
+  Snake-Bird, 70, 173, _69_
+
+  Snipe, 45, 47, 49, 50, _48_, _49_, _90_
+
+  Snow-Bird, 31
+
+  Solan Goose, 71, _70_
+
+  Soldier, 148, 173
+
+  Song Birds, _119_
+
+  Song-Lark, 131, _133_
+
+  Song Thrush, 133, _134_
+
+  Sparrow, 125, 167, 177, 178, 179, _114_, _134_, _178_
+
+  Sparrowhawk, 80, 82, 83, _73_, _74_, _81_, _112_
+
+  _Spatula_, 66
+
+  Speckled Jack, 142, _141_
+
+  Spectacled-Bird, 155
+
+  _Spheniscidae_, 25
+
+  _Sphenura_, 145
+
+  Spider, 165
+
+  Spinebill, 170
+
+  Spinetail, 107, 113
+
+  Spinks, 121
+
+  Spoonbill, 53, 60, _53_, _54_
+
+  _Squatarola_, 43
+
+  Squeaker, 153, 173, 189
+
+  _Stagonopleura_, 179
+
+  Star-Bird, 105
+
+  Starling, 179, 186, _180_
+
+     "  Shining, 187, _180_
+
+  Steamer Duck, _65_
+
+  _Steatornithidae_, 104
+
+  _Stercorariidae_, 41
+
+  _Stercorarius_, 41
+
+  _Sterna_, 35
+
+  Stick-Bird, 131
+
+  Stick-tail, 145
+
+  _Stictonetta_, 67
+
+  Stilt, 45, _47_
+
+  _Stiltia_, 51
+
+  Stink-Bird, 131, _132_
+
+  Stinker, 66
+
+  Stinkpot, 29
+
+  Stint, 49
+
+  _Stipiturus_, 145
+
+  Stockwhip-Bird, 129
+
+  Stone-Plover, 51, _50_, _51_
+
+  Stork, 60, _54_
+
+    "  Whaleheaded, 60
+
+  Storm-Bird, 109, 111
+
+  Storm-Petrel, 26, _27_, _30_, _31_
+
+  Straw-Tails, 71
+
+  _Strepera_, 189, _39_, _112_, _185_, _186_, _187_
+
+  _Streperidae_, 189
+
+  _Strigidae_, 86
+
+  _Stringopidae_, 103
+
+  _Strix_, 86
+
+  _Struthidea_, 188
+
+  _Struthionidae_, 12
+
+  Stump-Bird, 121
+
+  _Sturnidae_, 179
+
+  _Sturnus_, 186
+
+  _Sula_, 71
+
+  _Sulidae_, 71
+
+  Summer-Bird, 127, _146_
+
+  Sun-Bird, 168
+
+  Sun-Bittern, 53
+
+  Superb-Warbler, 144, 145, _141_, _149_, _190_
+
+  Swallow, 120, _109_, _120_, _147_
+
+  Swallow-Plover, 51, _50_
+
+  Swallow-Shrike, 147
+
+  Swamp-Hawk, 72, 73, _74_
+
+  Swamp-Hen, 23
+
+  Swamp-Rail, 23
+
+  Swan, 62, _62_
+
+  Swift, 107, _90_, _108_, _121_
+
+  _Sylviidae_, 142, _134_, _153_
+
+  _Synoicus_, 13
+
+
+  _Taeniopygia_, 179
+
+  Tailor Bird, _134_
+
+  Takupu, 71
+
+  Tanager, 178
+
+  _Tanagridae_, 178
+
+  Tang, 133, _134_
+
+  Taonui, 28
+
+  Tapaculo, 113
+
+  Tapir, _52_
+
+  Taraiti, 40
+
+  Taranui, 35
+
+  Tauhou, 155
+
+  Teal, 65, _64_
+
+  Teaser, 41
+
+  Tee-tee, 31
+
+  Tern, 34-40, _35-39_, _59_, _109_
+
+  Ternlet, 40
+
+  _Tetraonidae_, 13
+
+  _Thalassogeron_, 33
+
+  Thickhead, 151, 152, _21_, _130_, _151_, _190_
+
+  Thick-Knee, 51
+
+  _Thinocorythidae_, 42
+
+  Thornbill, 142, 143, _141_
+
+  Thrasher, 132
+
+  Thrush, 132, 133, 149, 151, 187, _133_, _148_, _149_
+
+    "  Shrike,  149, _134_
+
+  Thunder-Bird, 151
+
+  Tilt-Birds, 113
+
+  _Timeliidae_, 128, _128_
+
+  _Tinamidae_, 12, 13
+
+  Tinamous, 13, _14_
+
+  Tintac, 133, _134_
+
+  Tit (_Acanthiza_) see Tit-Warbler
+
+  Tit (_Paridae_), 153, _141_, _152_
+
+  Titmouse, 153, _152_
+
+  Tit-Warbler, 142, 143, _141_
+
+  _Todidae_, 107
+
+  Todies, 107
+
+  Tom Pudding, 25
+
+  Tomtit, 142
+
+  Torea, 43
+
+  Toreo-pango, 43
+
+  Toroa, 31
+
+  Toucan, 111
+
+  Touraco, 108
+
+  Tree-Creeper, 154, 155, _154_, _156_
+
+  Tree-runner, 153, _153_
+
+  Tree-Swifts, 107
+
+  Tree-Tit, 124
+
+  _Treronidae_, 16
+
+  _Tribonyx_, 23
+
+  _Trichoglossus_, 88
+
+  _Tringa_, 49
+
+  _Tringoides_, 47
+
+  _Trochilidae_, 108
+
+  _Troglodytidae_, 132
+
+  _Trogonidae_, 108
+
+  Trogons, 108
+
+  Tropic-Bird, 71
+
+  _Tropidorhynchus_, 175
+
+  Trumpeters, 53
+
+  Tube-nosed Swimmers, 26
+
+  _Tubinares_, 26
+
+  _Turdidae_, 132, _133_
+
+  _Turdus_, 133
+
+  Turkey, 15
+
+  Turkey-Bird, 170
+
+  _Turnicidae_, 15
+
+  _Turnix_, 15
+
+  Turnstone, 42, _39_, _46_
+
+  Turtle-Dove, 17, _156_
+
+  _Turtur_, 17
+
+  _Tyrannidae_, 113
+
+  Tyrant-Bird, 113
+
+
+  Unicorn-Bird, 61
+
+  _Upupidae_, 106
+
+  _Uroaëtus_, 81
+
+
+  _Vangidae_, 147
+
+  Village Blacksmith, 35
+
+  _Vireonidae_, 147
+
+  Vireos, 147
+
+  Vulture, 71, 72, _11_, _190_
+
+    " of the Seas, 29
+
+  _Vulturidae_, 72
+
+
+  Waders, 42, _42_
+
+  Wagtail, 125, 176, 177
+
+  Wallace's Line, _11_, _17_, _91_, _168_
+
+  Wanderer, 15, _17_, _21_
+
+  Warbler, 142-146, 124, 175, _134_, _153_
+
+  Water-Hen, 23
+
+  Water-Ouzel, 132
+
+  Water-Pheasant, 51
+
+  Water-Sparrow, 142
+
+  Water-Turkey, _69_
+
+  Wattle-Bird, 174, 175, _169_, _175_
+
+  Waxbill, 179
+
+  Waxwing, 147
+
+  Weaver-Birds, _179_
+
+  Weaver-Finches, 178, _179_
+
+  Wedgebill, _153_
+
+  Whale-Bird, 30, 31
+
+  Wheatear, 132
+
+  Whimbrel, 46, _49_
+
+  Whip-Bird, 129
+
+  Whiroia, 31
+
+  Whistler, 151, 153, _21_, _130_, _151_, _152_
+
+  White-eye, 155, _155_, _156_
+
+  Whiteface, 153, _153_
+
+  White-tail, 121
+
+  Whitethroat, 133
+
+  White-tipped tail, _156_
+
+  Who-are-you, 125
+
+  Wide-Awake, 40
+
+  Wide-Awake Fair, _36_
+
+  Widgeon, 67, _65_
+
+  Wild-Canary, 152
+
+  Wild-Cat, _73_
+
+  Wild Turkey, 51, _51_
+
+  Willaroo, 51
+
+  Willie-Wagtail, 125, _121_, _123_
+
+  Willie-Willock, 92
+
+  Windhover, 83, _81_
+
+  Wittychu, 167
+
+  Wood-hewer, 113
+
+  Wood Hoopoe, 106
+
+  Woodpecker, 111, 153, 154, 155, _11_, _91_, _154_, _190_
+
+  Wood-Pigeon, 17
+
+  Wood-Shrike, 148, _147_
+
+  Wood-Swallow, 147, _146_
+
+  Wren, 113, 132, 144, 153
+
+   " Tits, 153
+
+  Wrynecks, 111
+
+
+  _Xenicidae_, 113, _119_
+
+  _Xerophila_, 153, _153_
+
+
+  Yabbie, _59_, _69_
+
+  Yahoo, 130
+
+  Yellow-tail, 143, _141_
+
+  Yellow-Whiskers, 172
+
+  Yellow Wings, 173
+
+
+  _Zonaeginthus_, 179
+
+  _Zonifer_, 43
+
+  _Zosteropidae_, 155
+
+  _Zosterops_, 155
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's An Australian Bird Book, by John Albert Leach
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN AUSTRALIAN BIRD BOOK ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Australian Bird Book, by John Albert Leach
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: An Australian Bird Book
+       A Pocket Book for Field Use
+
+Author: John Albert Leach
+
+Illustrator: C. C. Brittlebank
+
+Release Date: December 29, 2010 [EBook #34781]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN AUSTRALIAN BIRD BOOK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Lesley Halamek, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper,
+Mark Orton (for the Formatting Template), and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<table class="tn" summary="tn" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 3em;">
+<tr>
+    <td class="note">
+	<a name="note" id="note"></a>
+
+	<h4>Transcriber's Note:</h4>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="note">From 'Wikipedia':</p>
+
+<p>"Dr John Albert Leach (19 March 1870 - 3 October 1929) was an ornithologist, teacher and headmaster in the state of Victoria, Australia.</p>
+
+<p>Leach was born in Ballarat, Victoria and educated at Creswick Grammar School (where he was dux), Melbourne Training College (1890)
+and the University of Melbourne, where he graduated B.Sc. in 1904, M.Sc. in 1906 and in 1912 obtained his doctorate for research in ornithology.</p>
+
+<p>Leach was a regular writer and broadcaster on natural history subjects and introduced it into the school curriculum.
+He was President of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) 1922-1924 and Editor of its journal The Emu 1914-1924 and 1928-1929.
+He was a member of the British Ornithologists Union and a corresponding fellow of the American Ornithologists Union.
+Leach was also member of the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria.</p>
+
+<p>He was instrumental in founding the Gould League of Bird Lovers in 1909 with Jessie McMichael. He is best known as the author of An Australian Bird Book,
+the first edition of which was published in 1911, and of Australian Nature Studies in 1922. He also part-authored a series of Federal Geography books,
+and worked on the Official Checklist of the Birds of Australia second and revised edition, published by the RAOU in September 1926.</p>
+
+<p>Leach had been preparing two books before his death, one of these was a collection of weekly radio broadcasts he made on 3LO in the mid 1920s....</p>
+
+<p>Among his contributions to ornithology was the relationship between the Australian Magpie, butcherbirds and currawongs in the family Cracticidae,
+now sunk as a subfamily into Artamidae.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="spacer">This book is a field guide. The pages were divided vertically, with the
+tabular matter on the top half, and the Lecture on the bottom half of
+the page.</p>
+
+<p>The ebook has been re-arranged so that the separate parts have a
+smoother flow. The top parts of the pages have been left intact, but
+the bottom parts have been collected together and moved, so that
+the Lecture text for each ORDER precedes the tabular listing and
+descriptions for that ORDER.</p>
+
+<p>The only exception is for ORDER XXI.</p>
+
+<p>ORDER XXI.&mdash;Perching-Birds&mdash;contains 11,500 species, more than
+three-fifths of the world's 19,000 birds. It has been arranged into
+sets of suitable groups of FAMILIES, to make it easier to access.</p>
+
+Visible page numbers have been omitted from the Lecture sections,
+but the Lecture page numbers are still accessible through the blue clickable links in the General INDEX.
+
+<p>NAMES RECENTLY AMENDED (located after the INTRODUCTION).</p>
+
+<p>It seems important to have these new names available, so they have
+been added to (e.g.)</p>
+
+<p><b>20 Slate-breasted Rail</b> ....</p>
+
+<p>as [~20 <i>Rallus pectoralis</i>.]</p>
+
+<p>so:</p>
+
+<p><b>20 Slate-breasted Rail</b> (Short-toed), Lewin Water-Rail,
+    <i>Eulabeornis (Hypotaenidia) brachypus</i>, A., T., Auckland Is.
+    =vt. Eur. Water-Rail.<br />
+    [~20 <i>Rallus pectoralis</i>.]</p>
+
+<p>See also the explanatory notes in the PREFACE, and in the PREFACE TO
+THE SECOND EDITION.</p>
+
+<p>"The number at the right side of the page is the length of the bird in
+inches (from the tip of bill to the tip of tail)." ...</p>
+
+<p style="margin-bottom: 2.5em;">so:</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p class="i4"><b>2<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Mallee-Fowl</b>, Lowan, Native Pheasant, Pheasant (e),
+    <i>Leipoa ocellata</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right1">Stat. r. <i>mallee scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24</p>
+
+<p>Like a small turkey; neck light fawn-gray; back, wings spotted
+    white, black, brown; f., smaller. <br />
+	Seeds, ants.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 2.5em;">This means there is one genus of Mallee-Fowl in the world, and it is found only in Australia.
+It is listed in this book as Bird number 2, which has a colored illustration, indicated by the asterisk, * (a clickable link
+to the relevant colored illustration),
+</p>
+
+<p>It is stationary (not migratory), rarely seen, lives in mallee scrubs,
+and is 24" long.</p>
+
+<p>It resembles a small turkey; its neck is light fawn-gray; its back
+and wings are spotted white, black, and brown; the female is smaller; and it feeds on seeds and ants.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">Click on a bird illustration to link to an enlargement.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p style="margin-top: 2.5em;">Note (From NOTE following "PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION."):</p>
+
+    <p>A.&mdash;Australian Region (from Wallace's Line to Sandwich Islands
+        and New Zealand, see map p. 10).</p>
+
+<p>'Sandwich Islands' is an old name for Fiji.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The use of hyphens was not necessarily consistent throughout this book.
+In some instances there are subtle differences in meaning.</p>
+
+<p>Some Australian/British spellings (e.g. coloured, defence, draught,
+grey, learnt, lustre, etc.) have been retained, though color/colored
+and gray are more prevalent. The Author has used various resources.</p>
+
+<h4 style="margin-top: 3em;">Errata:</h4>
+
+<p>A missing line on Page 25 (<i>in italics</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="note1">(Their wings are paddles, being flattened and devoid of quills.
+<i>The wings are not folded, but are carried hanging awkwardly at</i> the side.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="ind">was restored from a different Edition on Google Books</span><br />
+<span style="font-size: 0.8em;">(http:// books.google.com/books?id=Rn3uthhODo8C&amp;pg=PA25&amp;lpg=PA25).</span></p>
+
+<p>Sundry damaged or missing punctuation has been repaired, and a few
+index entries have been amended.</p>
+
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/icover.jpg" width="300" height="463" alt="" border="0" /></div>
+
+<a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a>
+<div class="figcenter" style="margin-top: 5em;"><a href="images/i002-800.png"><img src="images/i002t-300.png" width="300" height="516" alt="2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 16 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>2</b> Mallee-Fowl<br />
+           <b>3</b> Stubble Quail<br />
+           <b>4</b> Brown Quail</td>
+       <td><b>6</b> King Quail<br />
+           <b>8</b> Painted Quail<br />
+           <b>11</b> Plain Wanderer</td>
+       <td><b>14</b> Diamond Dove<br />
+           <b>16</b> Bronzewing Pigeon</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2 style="margin-top: 5em;">AN AUSTRALIAN BIRD BOOK</h2>
+
+<h3>A Pocket Book for Field Use</h3>
+
+<h5>BY</h5>
+
+<h3>J. A. LEACH, M.Sc.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><i>First-class Honorman and University Exhibitioner and Scholar in Biology;
+Organizing Inspector of Nature Study, Education Department, Victoria;
+Member of the Council of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union;
+Vice-President of the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria; &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<h4>With Introduction by</h4>
+<h3>FRANK TATE, M.A., I.S.O.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Director of Education, Victoria.</i></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Published by arrangement with the Education Department
+of Victoria.</i></p>
+
+<h3>SECOND EDITION</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i003-200.jpg" width="200" height="201" alt="Company seal" /></div>
+
+
+<h4>MELBOURNE</h4>
+<h5>Christchurch, Wellington, Dunedin, N.Z., and London.</h5>
+<h3>WHITCOMBE &amp; TOMBS LIMITED</h3>
+<h5>1912</h5>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/004.png" width="200" height="109" alt="The Queen City Printers" /></div>
+
+<p><i>Illustrations from Specimens (318) in the National Museum,
+Melbourne; the balance mostly from Specimens in the Entomological
+Museum, C. French (59), and in the collections of A. Coles,
+Taxidermist, (36), C. F. Cole, and D. Le Souëf. Twenty-two birds
+were photographed from Gould's "Birds of Australia," five from
+drawings specially prepared by C. C. Brittlebank, the well-known
+naturalist-artist, and one from the Report of the Horn Expedition.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Photos by Ralph L. Miller.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Engravings by Patterson Shugg &amp; Co., from Paintings
+by Miss Ethel M. Paterson.</i></p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page1" id="page1"></a>1</span>
+
+<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3>
+
+<p>Nature-study in our schools is fast producing a generation of
+Australians trained to look upon the characteristic beauties
+of our Australian skies, our trees, our flowers, our birds with
+a passionate appreciation almost unknown to our pioneering
+fathers and mothers. It was natural that newcomers from
+the Old World should have been impressed, and often unfavorably
+impressed, by the oddness of things here. Rural
+sights to them had hitherto been sights of trim meadows
+bordered by neat hedgerows, of well-cultivated fields and comfortable
+farmsteads, or of stately homes set in fair gardens
+and far-reaching parks of magnificently-spreading trees. What
+wonder, then, that they were at first almost repelled by the
+strangeness and unfamiliarity of their new surroundings!
+How could eyes accustomed to the decided greens and to the
+somewhat monotonous shapeliness of the trees in an English
+summer landscape find beauty all at once in the delicate,
+elusive tints of the gum trees, or in the wonderfully decorative
+lines of their scanty boughs and light foliage shown clear
+against a bright sky? And so a land which is eminently a
+land of color, where the ever-present eucalypts give in their
+leaves every shade from blue-grays to darkest greens; where
+the tender shoots show brilliantly in bright crimson, or duller
+russets, or bright coppery-gold; and where tall, slender stems
+change slowly through a harmony of salmon-pinks and pearl-grays,
+has been called a drab-colored land. Even now, the
+beauty of the gum tree is not sufficiently appreciated by Australians,
+and we see all too few specimens in our suburban
+gardens. For an appreciation of the decorative effect of our
+young blue gums, we must go to the Riviera or to English
+conservatories.</p>
+
+<p>Australia has suffered greatly from phrase-makers. There
+is still much popular belief that our trees are shadeless, our
+rivers are waterless, our flowers are scentless, our birds are
+songless. Oddities in our flora and fauna have attracted the
+notice of superficial observers, and a preference for epigrammatic
+perfection, rather than for truthful generalization, has
+produced an abundance of neatly-expressed half-truths, which
+have been copied into popular literature, and even into school
+books. Our English-bred poet, Gordon, writes of lands&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>"Where bright blossoms are scentless,</p>
+<p>And songless, bright birds."</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+
+<p>and these lines are remembered better than his description in
+the same poem of Spring&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>"When the wattle gold trembles</p>
+<p class="i2">'Twixt shadow and shine,</p>
+<p>When each dew-laden air draught resembles</p>
+<p class="i2">A long draught of wine."</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page2" id="page2"></a>2</span>
+
+<p>It is true that we have scentless, bright blossoms; but Australia
+is the home of the richly-perfumed wattle, and the
+boronia, with its never-cloying fragrance; while there is, perhaps,
+no forest more odorous than a forest of eucalypts. It
+is true, too, that we have bright birds that have no excellence
+in song; but it is also true that, in this favored land, there is a
+far greater proportion than usual of fine song-birds.</p>
+
+<p>The first generations of Australians were not taught to love
+Australian things. We "learned from our wistful mothers to
+call Old England home." Our school books and our story
+books were made in Great Britain for British boys and girls,
+and naturally they stressed what was of interest to these boys
+and girls. We read much about the beauty of the songs of
+the Lark, and the Thrush, and the Nightingale, but we found
+no printed authority for the belief that our Magpie is one of
+the great song-birds of the world; we read of the wonderful
+powers of the American Mocking-Bird, and did not know that
+our beautiful Lyrebird is a finer mimic; we learned by heart
+Barry Cornwall's well-known poem on "The Storm Petrel,"
+and did not know that one of the most interesting of Petrel
+rookeries is near the harbor gate of Melbourne; and I remember
+well a lesson I heard as a boy on the migration of birds, in
+which the teacher took all of his illustrations from his boyish
+experiences in the South of England, and gave us no idea that
+the annual migration of our familiar Australian birds to far-off
+Siberia is a much more wonderful thing.</p>
+
+<p>But all this is being rapidly changed. In the elementary
+schools Nature-study is steadily improving, and children
+are being given an eye for, and an interest in, the
+world of Nature around them. Our school books are
+now written from the Australian standpoint, and more
+use can, therefore, be made of the child's everyday experience.
+Field Naturalists' clubs are doing much to extend
+the area of specialized Nature-study, and their members are
+giving valuable assistance to the schools by taking part in the
+programs for Arbor Day, Bird Day, and the like. The
+growing interest in the Australian fauna and flora is further
+evidenced by the frequent reservations by Government of desirable
+areas as national parks and sanctuaries for the preservation of
+Australian types. Last, but not least, is the production by capable
+Nature students of special books on some form of Nature-study,
+such as this Bird Book by Mr. Leach.</p>
+
+<p>To our parents, Australia was a stranger land, and they were
+sojourners here. Though they lived here, they did not get close
+enough to it to appreciate fully its natural beauty and its charm.
+To us, and especially to our children, children of Australian-born
+parents, children whose bones were made in Australia, the place is
+home. To them Nature makes a direct appeal, strengthened by
+those most powerful of all associations, those gathered in childhood,
+when the foundations of their minds were laid. The
+English boy, out on a breezy down, may feel an exaltation of soul
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" id="page3"></a>3</span>
+on hearing a Skylark raining down a flood of delicious melody
+from far up at heaven's gate, but his joy is no whit greater than
+his who hears, in the dewy freshness of the early morning, the
+carol of the Magpie ringing out over an Australian plain. To
+those who live in countries where the winter is long and bitter,
+any sign that the genial time of flowers is at hand is very welcome.
+All over the countryside the first call of the Cuckoo,
+spring's harbinger, arouses the keenest delight in expectant listeners.
+This delight is, however, more than mere delight in the
+bird's song. And to those brought up with it year by year there
+comes a time when the call of the Cuckoo stirs something deep
+down below the surface of ordinary emotion. It is the resultant
+of multitudes of childhood experiences and of associations with
+song and story. I first heard the Cuckoo in Epping Forest one
+delicious May evening four years ago. It charmed me, but my
+delight was almost wholly that of association. All the English
+poetry I knew was at the back of the bird's song. Here in
+Australia we have no sharply-defined seasons, yet I find myself
+every spring listening eagerly for the first plaintive, insistent call
+of the Pallid Cuckoo. For me his song marks another milestone
+passed.</p>
+
+<p>Marcus Clarke wrote of the Laughing Jackasses as bursting
+into "horrible peals of semi-human laughter." But then
+Marcus Clarke was English-bred, and did not come to Australia
+till he was eighteen years old. It makes all the difference
+in our appreciation of bird or tree or flower to have known
+it as a boy. I venture to think no latter-day Australian who
+has grown up with our Kookaburra can have any but the
+kindliest of feelings for this feathered comedian. For myself,
+I confess that I find his laughter infectious, and innumerable
+times he has provoked me into an outburst as hearty and as
+mirthful as his own. More than half of our pleasure is due
+to the fact that the bird is</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>"The same that in my schoolboy days I listened to."</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+
+<p>and to such a one we can say&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>"I can listen to thee yet,</p>
+<p class="i2">Can lie upon the plain</p>
+<p>And listen, till I do beget</p>
+<p class="i2">That golden time again."</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+
+<p>It is time that we Australians fought against the generally
+received opinion that the dominant note of our scenery is weird
+melancholy. This is the note sounded mainly by those who
+were bred elsewhere, who came to us with other associations
+and other traditions, and sojourned among us. It will not be
+the opinion of the native-born when they find appropriate
+speech.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>"Whence doth the mournful keynote start?</p>
+<p>From the pure depths of Nature's heart?</p>
+<p>Or, from the heart of him who sings,</p>
+<p>And deems his hand upon the strings,</p>
+<p class="i4">Is Nature's own?"</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" id="page4"></a>4</span>
+
+<p>This little book should do much to popularize bird-study and
+to spread a knowledge of our common birds among our people.
+I hope devoutly that an effort will be made to give them suitable
+names. We should give them names a poet or a child
+can use. A Chaucer poring lovingly over his favorite flower,
+the daisy, could call it by a name which is itself full of poetry.
+Even the unimaginative clown, Nick Bottom, could sing of</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>"The Ouzel Cock, so black of hue,</p>
+<p class="i2">With orange-tawny bill,</p>
+<p>The Throstle with his note so true,</p>
+<p class="i2">The Wren with little quill,</p>
+<p>The Finch, the Sparrow, and the Lark,</p>
+<p class="i2">The plain-song Cuckoo gray."</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+
+<p>And a Burns can invoke the Throstle in lines as musical as the
+song of the bird itself&mdash;"And thou mellow mavis, that hails
+the night-fa'."</p>
+
+<p>But how shall an Australian bard sing of "The Red-rumped
+Acanthiza," or of that delightful songster, "The Rufous-breasted
+Thickhead"? Australian Nature-poetry will be handicapped
+until our children give names like "Bobolink," and
+"Chickadee," and "Whip-poor-will," and "Jacky Winter," to our
+birds.</p>
+
+<p>"Oriel," in the <i>Argus</i>, some time ago, showed how hard it is
+to write of love's young dream in Australian verse.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>"Sweetheart, we watched the evening sky grow pale,</p>
+<p class="i2">And drowsy sweetness stole away our senses,</p>
+<p>While ran adown the swamp the Pectoral Rail,</p>
+<p class="i2">The shy Hypotaenidia philippinensis.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>"How sweet a thing is love!  Sweet as the rose,</p>
+<p class="i2">Fragrant as flowers, fair as the sunlight beaming!</p>
+<p>Only the Sooty Oyster-Catcher knows</p>
+<p class="i2">How sweet to us, as there we lingered dreaming.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>"Dear, all the secret's ours.  The Sharp-tailed Stint</p>
+<p class="i2">Spied, but he will not tell&mdash;though you and I</p>
+<p>Paid Cupid's debts from Love's own golden mint,</p>
+<p class="i2">While Yellow-Bellied Shrike-Tits fluttered nigh.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>"The Honey-eaters heard; the Fuscous&mdash;yea,</p>
+<p class="i2">The Warty-faced, the Lunulated, too;</p>
+<p>But this kind feathered tribe will never say</p>
+<p class="i2">What words you said to me, or I to you.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>"The golden bloom was glorious in the furze,</p>
+<p class="i2">And gentle twittering came from out the copses;</p>
+<p>It was the Carinated Flycatchers,</p>
+<p class="i2">Or else the black Monarcha melanopsis.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>"That day our troth we plighted&mdash;blissful hour,</p>
+<p class="i2">Beginning of a joy a whole life long!</p>
+<p>And while the wide world seemed to be in flower,</p>
+<p class="i2">The Chestnut-rumped Ground-Wren burst forth in song."</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+
+<p>It surely would not be amiss if the Bird Observers' Clubs
+throughout Australia, and the Royal Australasian Ornithologists'
+Union, enlisted the aid of the State Education Departments,
+and endeavored to find out what names the children use
+for the birds of their district. Executive committees upon
+bird names are good; but a good name is not evoked by arguments
+in committee. It ofttimes comes from the happy
+inspiration of some child who loves the bird. At present the
+names given by classifiers are often an offence. A few evenings
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" id="page5"></a>5</span>
+ago I was charmed with an unaccustomed song coming
+from out a big pittosporum tree in my garden at Kew. I took
+careful note of the little warbler, and then consulted Mr. Leach's
+<i>Descriptive List</i>. Judge of my satisfaction when I found that
+my little friend was "The Striated Field Wren or Stink Bird"!</p>
+
+<p>The Australian boy is responding splendidly to the Nature-study
+movement. Bird observers tell me that shy native birds,
+formerly unknown near the haunts of men, are making their
+appearance, feeling safer now from molestation. Nest hunting
+for the sake of egg spoliation is happily becoming rarer,
+although children are developing keener eyes for nests. To-day
+every country school has its nests under loving observation
+for the purposes of bird-study and of bird-protection.
+Walt Whitman might have been describing many a Victorian
+school boy when he wrote&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>"And every day the he-bird, to and fro, near at hand,</p>
+<p>And every day the she-bird, crouched on her nest, silent, with bright eyes,</p>
+<p>And every day, I, a curious boy, never too close, never disturbing them,</p>
+<p>Cautiously peering, absorbing, translating."</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+
+<p>This loving study must bear good fruit. If we believe the
+scientific men, Australia is, <i>par excellence</i>, the land of birds,
+song-birds, plumage-birds, and birds of wonderful interest,
+such as the Satin Bower Bird. The collection of Australian
+birds in our National Museum at Melbourne is certainly one of
+the finest sights of the city, and it should be studied by all who
+wish to know how favored this continent is in bird distribution.
+But we must get to know and to love our feathered friends.
+Mr. Leach in his lecture has dwelt sufficiently on the economic
+and scientific value of bird-study. Let me enter a plea for
+bird-study as a source of æsthetic pleasure. Before our Australian
+birds can be to us what the Thrush and the Blackbird and
+the Linnet and the Lark and the Nightingale are to the British
+boy, we must have a wealth of association around them from song
+and story. And this association must grow up with us from
+childhood if it is to make the strongest appeal to us. It can
+rarely be acquired in later life. British birds owe much to the
+poets for the charm that surrounds them. When I heard the
+Nightingale in England, although I had no association with it
+gathered from my boyhood's days, I heard more than the bird's
+song. I was listening to Keats and Wordsworth and Shakespeare
+as well. There is something very fine in the thought
+that such bird songs go on for ever, that these immortal birds
+are "not made for death," that</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>"The voice I hear this passing night was heard</p>
+<p>In ancient days by emperor and clown:</p>
+<p>Perhaps the self-same song that found a path</p>
+<p>Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,</p>
+<p>She stood in tears amid the alien corn."</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+
+<p>The Nightingale's song, as a bird song, I thought disappointing.
+I remember having the same feeling with regard to the
+Thrush and Blackbird. The charm of their songs is largely
+in the associations they evoke. Our city children are now growing
+up in familiarity with these two birds, which are becoming as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" id="page6"></a>6</span>
+common in our gardens as in England. And wherever they go
+they carry so much that is fine in literature with them. But
+there has not yet been time for our native birds to endear themselves
+to us. And so we hear only their song. Wise Shakespeare
+says&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>"How many things by season seasoned are</p>
+<p>To their right praise and true perfection."</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>"The Nightingale, if she should sing by day,</p>
+<p>When every goose is cackling, would be thought</p>
+<p>No better a musician than the Wren."</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+
+<p>He knows that to the song of the bird must be its appropriate
+setting, and that when Nature has done her part there is still
+much to be supplied by ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>The outlook is, however, a hopeful one. Nature-study is
+bringing our boys and girls into kindlier relationships
+with our birds; suitable popular names will be forthcoming
+for them; our poets will sing of them; our nursery
+rhymes and our children's tales will tell of them; and the time
+will come when even the birds now trying so hard to sing their
+way into our hearts, while cursed with the names of "Rufous-breasted
+Thickhead" and "Striated Field Wren or Stink Bird,"
+will mean to an Australian what "the Throstle with his note so
+true" and "the Wren with little quill" do to an Englishman.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Leach's valuable little book is a powerful contribution
+to this much-to-be-desired result.</p>
+
+<p class="author">FRANK TATE.</p>
+
+<h3>NAMES RECENTLY AMENDED</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="sc">By Gregory Mathews.</span></h4>
+
+<h4><i>The following were not included in the text.</i></h4>
+
+<p class="center">The numbers 70, 74, and so on refer to the numbers of the birds.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>20 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Rallus pectoralis.</i></p>
+<p>65-66 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Genus Thalasseus.</i></p>
+<p>70 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Sterna fuscata.</i></p>
+<p>74 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Catharacta.</i></p>
+<p>75 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>C. parasitica.</i></p>
+<p>76 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Morinella interpres.</i></p>
+<p>80 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Lobibyx novae hollandiae.</i></p>
+<p>82 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Squatarola squatarola.</i></p>
+<p>83-89 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Genus Charadrius.</i></p>
+<p>90 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Hypsibates</i></p>
+<p>95 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Numenius minutus.</i></p>
+<p>96 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Limosa baueri.</i></p>
+<p>97 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>L. melanuroides.</i></p>
+<p>98 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Tringa hypoleuca.</i></p>
+<p>99 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>T. nebularia.</i></p>
+<p>100 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Arenaria leucophaea.</i></p>
+<p>101 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Erolia ruficollis.</i></p>
+<p>102 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>E. aurita.</i></p>
+<p>103 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>E. ferruginea.</i></p>
+<p>104 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Canutus canutus.</i></p>
+<p>105 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>C. magnus.</i></p>
+<p>110 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Choriotis australis.</i></p>
+<p>111 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Mathewsia rubicunda.</i></p>
+<p>114 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Egatheus falcinellus.</i></p>
+<p>117 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Egretta plumifera.</i></p>
+<p>118 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>E. timoriensis.</i></p>
+<p>121 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>E. nigripes.</i></p>
+<p>122 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Demigretta sacra.</i></p>
+<p>124 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Ixobrychus pusillus.</i></p>
+<p>126 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Chenopis atrata.</i></p>
+<p>132 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Tadorna tadornoides.</i></p>
+<p>134 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Nettion castaneum.</i></p>
+<p>139 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Nyroca australis.</i></p>
+<p>140 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Oxyura australis.</i></p>
+<p>142-146 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Genus, Carbo.</i></p>
+<p>157 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Astur cirrhocephalus.</i></p>
+<p>171 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Ieracidea berigora.</i></p>
+<p>172 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>I. orientalis.</i></p>
+<p>179-183 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Genus, Tyto.</i></p>
+<p>185-187 &nbsp;&nbsp; " <i>Glossopsitta.</i></p>
+<p>191     &nbsp;&nbsp; " <i>Callocephalon.</i></p>
+<p>192-194 &nbsp;&nbsp; " <i>Cacatöes.</i></p>
+<p>195 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Licmetis tenuirostris.</i></p>
+<p>196 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Calopsitta novae-hollandiae.</i></p>
+<p>198 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Polytelis anthopeplus.</i></p>
+<p>208 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Neophema chrysostoma.</i></p>
+<p>213 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Lathamus discolor.</i></p>
+<p>225 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Eurostopodus albigularis.</i></p>
+<p>228 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Apus pacificus.</i></p>
+<p>229 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Cuculus pallidus.</i></p>
+<p>232 &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Misocalius palliolatus.</i></p>
+  </div>  </div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" id="page7"></a>7</span>
+
+<h3>PREFACE.</h3>
+
+<p>This little volume is intended as a pocket book for field use,
+so that the many teachers, nature-students, nature-lovers,
+schoolboys, schoolgirls, and boy scouts, who like to "<i>see</i> what
+they <i>look at</i>," may be able to name the birds they meet.</p>
+
+<p>The first step towards knowing the birds is a <i>desire</i> to know
+them; this will grow if a person is interested; so our first business,
+as in all nature-study work, is to arouse <i>interest</i>. Interest
+follows at once, as we have often found, if a person realizes
+that what is about him or her is worthy of study.</p>
+
+<p>To arouse this necessary interest, a lecture on Australian birds
+is given in such a form that it may be repeated, if desired.</p>
+
+<p>The second requisite is a handy descriptive list of the birds
+that are likely to be seen. This has been written in simple language,
+so that the schoolboy and non-expert can use it.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, our aims are two:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. To show that Australian birds are of interest.</p>
+
+<p>2. To supply, in a convenient form, a list of the birds which
+are likely to be seen, and the marks by means of which
+they may be identified.</p>
+
+<p>This little book contains illustrations and descriptions of&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>100% of the birds found in Victoria.</p>
+<p>92.5% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Australia.</p>
+<p>87.3% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tasmania.</p>
+<p>82.5% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New South Wales.</p>
+<p>78.16%.. .. .. .. .. .. .. W. Australia (S. and C.).</p>
+<p>78.15%.. .. .. .. .. .. .. Queensland.</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+
+<p>The balance of those found in each of the other States is made
+up mainly of birds closely related to those of which illustrations
+are given, or of very rare birds restricted to a small area.</p>
+
+<p>The families of the birds of the world have been included, so
+that the observer can see where the bird he is observing is
+placed amongst the world's birds. He will also be enabled to
+place near its Australian relatives birds he reads about. The
+Australian birds only are grouped in orders.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. H. Wilson, Nature-study Lecturer, Training College, superintended
+the painting of the birds, and saw the book through the
+press.</p>
+
+<p><i>A Hand-List of Birds</i>: Dr. Sharpe; and <i>A Hand-List of the
+Birds of Australasia</i>: Gregory M. Mathews, have been followed
+for classification and distribution.</p>
+
+<p>But for the interest of the Minister of Education, the Hon. A.
+A. Billson, and the Director, Mr. F. Tate, M.A., I.S.O., this little
+book would not have been possible. Further, Mr. Billson suggested
+the colored illustrations, while Mr. Tate has written the
+introduction, read the proof-sheets and assisted at all stages.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" id="page8"></a>8</span>
+
+<h4>PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.</h4>
+
+<p>In response to requests from beginners, a table has been added
+on page 190. This table shows the page on which a bird of a
+certain size may be found.</p>
+
+<p>Pending the completion by the Royal Australasian Ornithologists'
+Union of its official <i>Check-list of the Birds of Australia</i>,
+the scientific names have been left as in the first edition.</p>
+
+<h4>NOTES.</h4>
+
+<p>Where one number is placed over another at the left side of the
+page, the lower number denotes the number of species of that
+genus found in the world; the upper denotes the number of species
+found in Australia and Tasmania.</p>
+
+<p>The number at the right side of the page is the length of the
+bird in inches (from the tip of bill to the tip of tail).</p>
+
+<p>The families of birds known are numbered consecutively, thus,
+F. 11, F. 12, and so on. The number after a family name denotes
+the number of species recorded from Australia and Tasmania.
+The distribution of the species of each family amongst the six
+zoogeographical regions is shown thus:</p>
+
+F. 17. COLUMBIDAE (2), WOOD PIGEONS, Passenger-Pigeon,
+Rock-Dove, 119 sp.&mdash;41(40)A., 25(17)O.,
+18(10)P., 19(17)E., 4(0)Nc., 24(20)Nl.
+
+<p>This should read: Family number 17 of the world's birds,
+<b>COLUMBIDAE</b> (two of which are found in Australia and Tasmania)
+contains the Wood Pigeons, including the Passenger-Pigeon
+(of North America) and the Rock-Dove (of Europe). It
+comprises 119 species, of which 41 are found in the Australian
+Region, 40 of them being confined to this region; 25 are found in
+the Oriental Region, 17 being confined to it; 18 are found in the
+Palaearctic Region, 10 of which are not found outside the region;
+19 have been recorded from the Ethiopian Region, 17 being peculiar
+to that region; 4 have been recorded from the Nearctic
+Region, none of which is restricted to the region; 24 have been
+recorded from the Neotropical Region, 20 being peculiar to it.</p>
+
+<p>The name in black type is the name accepted by the Australasian
+Association for the Advancement of Science in 1898, and
+amended by the "names" sub-committee of the Royal Australasian
+Ornithologists' Union, 1911. This name should be used to
+denote the bird. Many local names are given, so that a person
+knowing a bird by one of these may discover its proper name.</p>
+
+<p>A.&mdash;Australian Region (from Wallace's Line to Sandwich
+Islands and New Zealand, see map p. 10).</p>
+
+<p>O.&mdash;Oriental (Indian) Region (India to Wallace's Line).</p>
+
+<p>P.&mdash;Palaearctic Region (Europe, N.W. Africa, and Northern and
+Western Asia, except Arabia).</p>
+
+<p>E.&mdash;Ethiopian Region (Arabia and Africa, except N.W.).</p>
+
+<p>Nc.&mdash;Nearctic Region. ("<i>The A.O.U. Check-List of North
+American Birds, 1910</i>" has been followed in making this
+North America, less Mexico).</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" id="page9"></a>9</span>
+
+<p>Nl.&mdash;Neotropical Region  (South America, with Mexico).</p>
+
+<p>A.O.U.&mdash;American Ornithologists' Union; R.A.O.U&mdash;Royal Australasian
+Ornithologists' Union.</p>
+
+<p>A. denotes found throughout Australia; E.A. denotes found in
+Queensland, N.S.W., and Victoria; S.A. denotes South Australia;
+C.A. denotes Central Australia; W.A. denotes Western Australia;
+N. Ter.&mdash;Northern Territory; Mal.&mdash;Malaysia; Mol.&mdash;Molucca Is.;
+N. Cal.&mdash;New Caledonia; N. Heb.&mdash;New Hebrides; N.G.&mdash;New
+Guinea; N.Z.&mdash;New Zealand; Br.&mdash;British; T.&mdash;Tasmania.</p>
+
+<p>Nom.&mdash;Nomadic; Mig.&mdash;Migratory; Part. Mig.&mdash;Partly Migratory;
+Stat.&mdash;Stationary; exc.&mdash;except; acc.&mdash;accidental.</p>
+
+<p>C.&mdash;common; v.c.&mdash;very common; r.&mdash;rare; v.r.&mdash;very rare;
+u.&mdash;unlikely that the ordinary observer will see it.</p>
+
+<p>* means see colored illustration.</p>
+
+<p>f.&mdash;female; m.&mdash;male; f., sim.&mdash;f. is similar in color and size.</p>
+
+<p>=vt. Eur. denotes that the Australian bird is closely similar in
+form, habits, &amp;c., to the corresponding European bird.</p>
+
+<p>=vt. cos. denotes that it is the equivalent or representative of
+a cosmopolitan group of birds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>6* King Quail</b> (Chestnut-bellied, Least, Dwarf), reads
+"No. 6 (see colored illustration) is the King Quail,
+called also the Chestnut-bellied Quail, Least Quail,
+and Dwarf Quail.  Four of this genus are known in
+the world, of which one is found in Australia."</p>
+
+<p>(e) denotes that a name is used in error.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>A Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler is about 4 in. long; a White-eye,
+4.5 in.; a Sparrow, 5 in.; a House-Swallow, 6.5 in.; a Sordid Wood-Swallow,
+7 in.; a Black and White Fantail, 7.5 in.; a Starling,
+8.5 in.; a Harmonious Shrike-Thrush, 9.5 in.; a Noisy Miner, 10 in.;
+a Magpie-Lark, 10.5 in.; a Butcher-Bird, 11 in.; a Pallid Cuckoo,
+12 in.; a Rosella, 12.5 in.; a Galah, 14 in.; a Wattle-Bird, 14.5 in.;
+a Laughing Kingfisher, 17.5 in.; a White-backed Magpie, 18 in.; and
+a Crow, 20 in. (measured from the tip of tail to the tip of bill).</p>
+
+<p>Don't try to judge a bird's length in inches.</p>
+
+<p>Note one or two prominent markings, and the size of a bird;
+say, larger than a Starling, but smaller than a Magpie-Lark.
+Then get the length of these birds from the table above
+(8&frac12; in. and 10&frac12; in. respectively), and compare the description
+of each bird that comes between these lengths with
+the illustrations and the bird before you. The birds are approximately
+relative size on each block.</p>
+
+<p>Use the index to find the page of a bird, then use the number,
+if asterisked, to find the bird in the colored plate index.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" id="page10"></a>10</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i014-1500.jpg"><img src="images/i014-600.jpg" width="600" height="354" alt="THE WORLD Showing REGIONS - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page11q" id="page11q"></a></span>
+
+<h1 style="margin-top: 3em;"><span class="sc">An Australian Bird Book.</span></h1>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>A LECTURE.</h2>
+
+<p>Australia is the wonderland of the scientist and of the Nature-lover.
+It is a great living "museum," stocked with marvels of
+many kinds, including so-called "living fossils," the sole survivors
+of otherwise extinct groups of animals.</p>
+
+<p>Competent authorities have proposed to divide the world,
+biologically, into two parts&mdash;Australia and the rest of the world,
+and they have considered Australia the more important part.</p>
+
+<p>This division was based mainly on the study of mammals&mdash;animals
+which suckle their young&mdash;for Australia is the home of the
+two surviving members of the lowest group of mammals&mdash;Monotremata,
+the egg-laying Platypus (<i>Ornithorhynchus</i>), and the
+Spiny Ant-eater (<i>Echidna</i>). Further, marsupials, except for
+two kinds found in America, are confined to this long-isolated
+southern land.</p>
+
+<p>Here, shut off from the severe competition experienced by
+the animals of northern lands, marsupials were modified so that
+they were adapted for life in almost every realm utilized by the
+higher mammals of other countries. Thus there are herbivorous,
+carnivorous, and insectivorous marsupials. Owing, probably,
+to the advent of Bats&mdash;true flying mammals&mdash;at, possibly, a
+comparatively early time, the marsupial was beaten in the
+air, and so a true flying form was not evolved, though the
+so-called "Flying Phalanger" is some distance on the way.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the other group of flying animals&mdash;birds&mdash;Australia
+is even of greater interest, for here are found unique archaic
+forms of life, such as the Emu, Cassowary, Mound-Builders,
+and Lyre-Birds, and "every widely-spread family of birds but
+two is represented; the only widely-spread families of birds
+totally absent from Australia are Woodpeckers and Vultures."
+Woodpeckers, however, have crossed Wallace's line into Celebes
+and adjacent islands, and may yet reach Australia naturally.</p>
+
+<p>Further, many well-known birds, such as Pigeons, Parrots,
+and Kingfishers, reach their highest development in the Australian
+region, and, more important still, the whole bird world
+seems to reach its culminating point in this wonderland. It
+is a factor adding to the interest of Australia's fauna
+that three of the four families placed at the head of the
+bird world in the natural system of classification adopted
+by ornithologists, and used by Dr. Sharpe in his just recently completed
+<i>Hand-List of Birds</i>, should be absolutely confined to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page12q" id="page12q"></a></span>
+the Australian Continent and adjacent islands. Thus Australia
+can justly claim to be the most highly developed of
+regions, so far as birds are concerned, for Bower-Birds, Birds of
+Paradise, and Bell-Magpies (<i>Streperas</i>) are peculiar, while the
+penultimate family&mdash;the Crow family&mdash;is shared with the other
+regions of the world.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, with regard to birds, the term "fossil continent" applied
+to Australia is not appropriate, as it is but partly true.</p>
+
+<p>Since the birds native to Australia are so interesting in themselves,
+and are so varied in kind, Australians should know, love,
+and jealously protect these beautiful creatures. Strict regulations
+should be framed to prevent the exploitation of Nature's
+gifts by those who destroy useful or precious and rare birds for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page13q" id="page13q"></a></span>
+the sake of gain. Even collectors, who, under the guise of
+scientific work, collect eggs, and kill birds to trade in their skins,
+should be supervized.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now consider the different groups of birds. Living
+birds were formerly divided into two sub-classes&mdash;(1) <i>Ratitae</i>
+(Lat., <i>ratis</i>, a raft), and (2) <i>Carinatae</i> (Lat., <i>carina</i>, a
+keel).
+The first is the small group of flightless, running birds, made up
+of five living birds, all inhabiting southern lands. These are
+the Emu and Cassowary of Australia, the Ostrich of South Africa,
+the Rhea or South American Ostrich, and the Kiwi or Apteryx of
+New Zealand. Taken together with other evidence, all pointing
+in the same way, these birds have led scientists to think of a
+great southern land mass connecting the southern lands, for the
+Emu did not fly here, nor did the Rhea fly to South America, but
+they must have reached their present home by a land-bridge not
+necessarily complete at any one time. As these birds do not fly,
+they have no big wing-muscles, and so do not need the ridge
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14q" id="page14q"></a></span>
+of bone down the breast. Thus they belong to the sub-class, the
+members of which have a raft-like breast bone. The other living
+birds were placed in the sub-class the members of which have
+a keel on the breast bone for the attachment of the wing-muscles.</p>
+
+<p>Recently, however, Pycraft, a leading ornithologist, has proposed
+to base the division into sub-classes on the characters of
+the bones of the palate instead of those of the breast-bone. Thus,
+he places the sixth family of birds&mdash;the Tinamous, of South
+America&mdash;with the ratite birds, to form his primitive
+group&mdash;<i>Palaeognathae</i>
+("old jaw"), while the members of the old sub-class
+<i>Carinatae</i>, minus the Tinamous, constitute his second division,
+the <i>Neognathae</i> ("new jaw").</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gregory Mathews, the first part of whose projected great
+work on Australian Birds has just come to hand, has followed
+Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in accepting this classification, so we must
+follow too, as Mathews' work will probably be our standard for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15q" id="page15q"></a></span>
+years to come. The large number of Australian birds belonging
+to this second sub-class is now divided into 20 orders, which
+with the Emu order, make a total of 21 orders of birds represented
+in Australia.</p>
+
+<p>Now, let us consider the birds in each order. The best-known
+member of the first Australian order is the Emu, a bird well
+known to all, though, unfortunately, becoming very rare, so that
+few persons in the settled districts now enjoy the privilege of
+seeing an Emu in a wild state.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id="page12"></a>12</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i016-1000.png"><img src="images/i016-560.png" width="560" height="442" alt="1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h2>CLASS.&mdash;AVES.&mdash;BIRDS.</h2>
+
+<h3>Sub-Class I.&mdash;Palaeognathae.</h3>
+
+<h4>Ratitae and Tinamidae.</h4>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 1. <i>Rheidae</i>, Rhea, 3 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 2. <i>Struthionidae</i>, Ostrich, 4 sp.&mdash;4(3)E., 1(0)P. (S. Palestine).</p>
+
+<h3>ORDER I.&mdash;CASUARIIFORMES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 3. DROMAEIDAE (1), EMU, 1 sp. A.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />1</p>
+
+<p><b>1&nbsp; Emu</b>, <i>Dromaius novae-hollandiae</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. plains&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;78</p>
+
+<p>See diagram, second largest living bird; f., smaller.
+Fruits, grass.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 4. CASUARIIDAE (1), CASSOWARY, 17 sp. A.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 5. <i>Apterygidae</i>, Apteryx, Kiwi, 6 sp. A. (N.Z.).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 6. <i>Tinamidae</i>, Tinamous, 69 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15qz" id="page15qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>The birds of the second order are well known as "scratchers."
+They include the domestic fowl, which has been derived from
+the wild jungle fowl of India, and other fowl, such as
+the peafowl. Quail are also included here; so are
+Pheasants. The absence of Pheasants from Australia is
+more than compensated for by the presence of the
+Mound-Builders. These marvellous birds, Brush Turkeys and
+Mallee-Fowl, retain the reptilian characteristic of not sitting on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page16q" id="page16q"></a></span>
+their eggs. Thus the young have never known their parents.
+The eggs are laid in a huge mound of sand and earth, which contains
+rotting vegetation. The heat of decomposition in this remarkable
+natural incubator, is quite sufficient to hatch the eggs.
+The young are born fully feathered, able to run at once, and able
+to fly the day they leave the mound. Contrast their stage of
+development with that of a pigeon born naked, blind, and helpless,
+and that of a chick born clothed with down and able to run
+about. There is an interesting connexion between the size of
+an egg and the state of development of the young bird at birth.
+The pigeon lays a relatively small egg, so the young pigeon does
+not develop far in the egg, and requires much maternal care. The
+hen's egg is larger, and the chick is more fully developed. The
+Mallee-Hen's egg is enormous, and so the young can develop
+much further before birth. This bird, unfortunately, is doomed
+to early extinction, for the fox has discovered the rich store of
+food in the eggs, and country dwellers have also discovered that
+they are delicate in flavor, and are good food. It is hoped that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17q" id="page17q"></a></span>
+the scrubby western end of Kangaroo Island, where foxes are
+unknown, will prove a suitable sanctuary for them. These
+birds, which rank among Nature's wonders, are almost confined
+to the Australian region. One is found in Borneo and the Philippines,
+while a second is confined to the distant Nicobar Islands.
+Twenty-six live in Australia and its neighboring islands. One
+of these has spread across Wallace's line to the small Kangean
+Island, near Java. The Stubble Quail, a member of the Pheasant
+family, is nearly identical with the British Quail. Mathews and
+Campbell make the King Quail a sub-species of the Chinese Quail.</p>
+
+<p>Quail are favorite sporting birds, but when one considers
+that they are worth about 9d. each as table or game birds, and that
+sportsmen found at Birregurra, that the crops of Quail were
+full of crickets, and at Kerang the Quail contained numbers of a
+species of weevil, it is doubtful if it is wise policy to shoot this
+insect-eating bird. Although it may be worth a few pence as
+a table bird; it is worth many shillings as a pest destroyer.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>13</span>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h4>Sub-Class II.&mdash;Neognathae.</h4>
+
+<h5>Carinatae, minus Tinamidae.</h5>
+
+<h3>ORDER II.&mdash;GALLIFORMES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 7. MEGAPODIIDAE (4), Mound-Builders, Scrub-Fowl,
+Brush Turkey, Megapode, 28  sp.&mdash;27(25)A.,
+3(1)O.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>2<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Mallee-Fowl</b>, Lowan, Native Pheasant, Pheasant (e),
+<i>Leipoa ocellata</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>mallee scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24</p>
+
+<p>Like a small turkey; neck light fawn-gray; back, wings
+spotted white, black, brown; f., smaller.  Seeds, ants.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 8. <i>Cracidae</i>, Curassows, Guans, 59 sp.&mdash;1(0)Nc., 59(58)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 9. <i>Tetraonidae</i>, Grouse, Capercailly, Ptarmigan, Prairie-Fowl,
+45 sp.&mdash;1(0)O., 19(16)P., 28(26)Nc.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 10. PHASIANIDAE (6), Pheasants, Partridges, Peafowl,
+Domestic Fowls, 242 sp.&mdash;12(10)A., 137(119)O.,
+47(31)P., 64(58)E.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+6</p>
+
+<p><b>3<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Stubble Quail</b> (Pectoral), <i>Coturnix pectoralis</i>, A., T. =vt.
+Eur. Quail.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>stubble</i>, <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.7</p>
+
+<p>Brown lined white, black; throat dull reddish; breast
+streaked black; f., less distinctly marked with black.
+Weed-seeds, insects. Rises with a burr-r-r.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+7</p>
+
+<p><b>4<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Brown Quail</b> (Swamp, Partridge), <i>Synoicus australis</i>,
+N.G., A., T. =vt. Eur. Partridge.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>grassy flats</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper finely-barred gray, black, chestnut; under buffy-gray
+with zigzag black bars; bill blue, tipped black; eyes
+orange; f., sim. Seeds, insects. "Bee'e quick."</p>
+
+<p><b>5&nbsp; Tasmanian Quail</b> (Silver, Greater-Brown), <i>S. diemenensis</i>,
+V., T. Like 4, but larger.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. occ. <i>thick grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.5</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>14</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i018-1000.png"><img src="images/i018-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>6<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> King Quail</b> (Chestnut-bellied, Least, Dwarf, Swamp), <i>Excalfactoria
+chinensis lineata</i>, Philippines, Sumatra to A.
+exc. W.A.; sub-species of Chinese Quail.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>swamps</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.5</p>
+
+<p>Back dark-brown; breast blue-gray; abdomen chestnut;
+throat black, white bands conspicuous; 1&frac14; oz.; f., dark-brown,
+spotted black; throat whitish; under barred
+black. Weed-seeds, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 11. <i>Numididae</i>, Guinea-Fowls, 23 sp. E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 12. <i>Meleagridae</i>, Turkeys, 5 sp.&mdash;4(2)Nc., 3(1)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 13. <i>Odontophoridae</i>, American Quails, Bob-Whites, 72 sp.&mdash;18(10)Nc.,
+62(54)Nl.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17qz" id="page17qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>Order III. comprises the 26 Bustard Quail and the peculiar
+Australian Plain Wanderer. Only the last species of this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21q" id="page21q"></a></span>
+Bustard Quail family, the Australian Plain Wanderer has the
+hind toe. The females of this order of birds do the fighting.</p>
+
+<p>In Quail, the rule often observed amongst birds that the male
+is larger and more beautiful than the female may be reversed,
+for here the female is sometimes larger and the more conspicuously
+colored. In association with this reversal of color and
+size, the domestic habits are changed, for, in some species at
+least, the female sits on the eggs but a very short time; the male
+then finishes the task of incubating, and brings up and educates
+the young family. Meantime, the female has found another
+mate and another clutch of eggs is left to the care of the male.</p>
+
+<p>In birds having both sexes the same color each bird usually
+does its share of domestic work, sitting on the eggs, feeding the
+young, etc. Where the male is more brightly colored, he, as a
+rule, does not sit on the eggs, for he would be visible to a bird
+of prey sailing overhead, and so would probably be killed and
+the eggs taken. The great naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace,
+thus regards the quiet coloration of most female birds as a
+protection during the nesting season. The gaudy coloration of
+many male birds has been explained by Darwin as being due to
+sexual selection, the female choosing as a mate the most gaily
+colored or most attractive bird.</p>
+
+<p>Though the sitting bird is usually protectively colored, it was
+our good fortune, on a Summer School excursion, attended by
+His Excellency the Governor (Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmichael), a
+keen Nature-lover, and the Director of Education (Mr. F. Tate),
+to find the gorgeously-colored male Golden-breasted Whistler
+(Thickhead) sitting on the eggs in full daylight. It was noted,
+however, that the open nest was unusually well protected by an
+overhead bushy branch.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" id="page15"></a>15</span>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER III.&mdash;TURNICIFORMES, HEMIPODES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 14. TURNICIDAE (8), Button (Bustard) Quail, 27 sp.&mdash;14(14)A.,
+9(6)O., 3(0)P., 4(4)E.</p>
+
+<p class="left">7<br />
+26</p>
+
+<p><b>7&nbsp; Red-Backed Quail</b> (Black-backed, Orange-breasted),
+<i>Turnix maculosa</i>, Cel., N.G., N.A., E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>marshy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</p>
+
+<p>Back brown; crown blackish; sides, breast large black
+spots; abdomen lighter; no hind toe; f., larger. Weed-seeds,
+insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>8<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Painted Quail</b> (Speckled, Butterfly), Varied Turnix, New
+Holland Partridge (e), <i>T. varia</i>, A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>sandy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Upper rufous-brown with buff, black lines; breast, face
+spotted; no hind toe; f., larger.  Weed-seeds, insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>9&nbsp; Red-chested Quail</b> (Chestnut-breasted,  Yellow),  <i>T.
+pyrrhothorax</i>, A. exc. W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>marshy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark-brown with buff, black lines; breast sandy-red;
+abdomen whitish; no hind toe; f., much larger,
+brighter. Weed-seeds, insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>10&nbsp; Little Quail</b> (Dottrel, Swift-flying, Button), <i>T. velox</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>open plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper rufous with chestnut, black lines; breast rufous;
+abdomen white; no hind toe; f., much larger.  Weed-seeds,
+insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>11<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Plain Wanderer</b>, Turkey Quail, <i>Pedionomus torquatus</i>,
+A. exc. W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>grass</i>, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; m.,&nbsp; 4.8; &nbsp;&nbsp; f.,&nbsp; 6.3</p>
+
+<p>Brown; broad black, white spotted collar; light band on
+wing; breast chestnut; hind toe; m., smaller, paler,
+faint collar.  Weed-seeds, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 15. <i>Pteroclididae</i>, Sand-Grouse, Rock-Pigeons (e), 17 sp.&mdash;7(2)O.,
+8(1)P., 12(7)E.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21qz" id="page21qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>In Order IV. come those well-known birds&mdash;the "Cooers,"
+Pigeons and Doves. The Australian region is the great stronghold
+of these often beautiful birds. It is only in this region
+that members of each of the five families of living Pigeons are
+found. Two of the five families are peculiar to the region, and
+nearly half the kinds of Pigeons known are found here. The
+finest and largest of all Pigeons are the large Crowned Pigeons
+of New Guinea. Unfortunately, the heads of these Pigeons are
+much in demand for millinery. Would that fashionable
+women knew the cruelty and devastation wrought by such
+fashions!</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the most beautiful of Pigeons are, as Dr. Newton remarked,
+the common Bronzewing Pigeons of Australia and
+Tasmania. The lovely Fruit-Pigeons of East Australian scrubs
+are, perhaps, the most beautiful of all, so it will readily be seen
+how fortunate we are with regard to these birds.</p>
+
+<p>The fine large Wonga-Wonga Pigeon is becoming rare. Its
+flesh is white, so Gould named it <i>Leucosarcia</i> (white flesh). It
+has been proposed to introduce this bird into Europe to breed
+for table purposes.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>16</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i020-1000.png"><img src="images/i020-560.png" width="560" height="437" alt="12, 12A, 13, 14, 15, 16 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER IV.&mdash;COLUMBIFORMES, PIGEONS, DOVES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 16. TRERONIDAE  (8), FRUIT-PIGEONS, 228 sp&mdash;159(155)A.,
+60(56)O., 1(1)P., 12(12)E.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>12&nbsp; Topknot Pigeon</b>, <i>Lopholaimus antarcticus</i>, E.A., T.
+(acc.)  "Quook-quook."</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>thick brushes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>"This noble pigeon;" under silvery-gray; upper dark-gray;
+crest rust-red; eyes orange; f., sim.  Native fruits.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>17</span>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 17. COLUMBIDAE (2), WOOD-PIGEONS, Passenger-Pigeon,
+Rock-Dove, 119 sp.&mdash;41(40)A., 25(17)O.,
+18(10)P., 19(17)E., 4(0)Nc., 24(20)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 18. PERISTERIDAE (15), GROUND-PIGEONS, Turtle-Doves,
+198 sp.&mdash;61(55)A.,  21(8)O.,  10(1)P.,
+32(30)E., 10(0)Nc., 86(76)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+6</p>
+
+<p><b>12<span class="sc">a</span>&nbsp; Indian Turtle-Dove</b>, <i>Turtur ferrago</i>, Siberia to Ceylon,
+introduced A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>gardens</i>, <i>cities</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13</p>
+
+<p>Back brown; head gray; broad patch side and back of
+neck black spotted white; breast cinnamon; centre tail
+feathers blackish, rest tipped white; f., sim.  Seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>13&nbsp; Ground Dove</b> (Peaceful), Doo-doo, <i>Geopelia placida</i>, A.
+(interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>grassy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.7</p>
+
+<p>Upper ashy-brown, barred black; chest, hind-neck gray
+with black lines; abdomen fawn; side tail feathers
+tipped white; f., sim.  Small seeds.  "Doo-doo."</p>
+
+<p><b>14<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Diamond Dove</b> (Little, Turtle), <i>G. cuneata</i>, A. (interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.2</p>
+
+<p>Upper light-brown; crown gray; under light-gray; white
+spots on wing; side tail tipped white; eye red; f.,
+neck, chest pale brown. Seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+6</p>
+
+<p><b>15&nbsp; Little Green Pigeon</b>, <i>Chalcophaps chrysochlora</i>, Mol.,
+N. Heb., N. Cal., Lord Howe Is., A. exc. S.A., W.A.
+Melancholy bellowing note.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>dense scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.5</p>
+
+<p>Rich brown; head, short tail darker; wings much green;
+shoulder white; f., less brilliant.  Fallen berries.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>16<a class="ask" href="#frontis">*</a> Bronzewing Pigeon</b> (Scrub), <i>Phaps chalcoptera</i>, A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>open</i>, <i>forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown marked lighter; cap whitish; line below eye,
+throat white; breast, back of head vinous; bronze
+wing; legs red; f., head gray.  Seeds, fruits.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18a" id="page18a"></a>18a</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i022-1000.png"><img src="images/i022-560.png" width="560" height="314" alt="17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>17&nbsp; Brush Bronzewing Pigeon</b> (Little Bronze), <i>P. elegans</i>,
+A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>sandy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13</p>
+
+<p>Upper chestnut-brown; breast blue-gray; throat, crown
+chestnut; bronze wings; f., crown gray. Seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>18&nbsp; Crested Pigeon</b> (Topknot (e), Crested Bronzewing),
+<i>Ocyphaps lophotes</i>, A. Seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>inland plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13</p>
+
+<p>Upper fawn; crown, under gray; crest black; black bars
+on wings; tail tipped white; eyes orange; f., sim.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>19&nbsp; Wonga-Wonga Pigeon</b>, <i>Leucosarcia melanoleuca</i>, E.A.
+Seeds, fallen fruits.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>coast-</i>, (<i>hillside-</i>) <i>brushes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15</p>
+
+<p>Back, breast slaty-gray; wings brown; crown, throat,
+abdomen white; sides spotted black; f., sim.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 19. <i>Gouridae</i>, Crowned Pigeons, 8 sp. A. (N.G.).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 20. <i>Didunculidae</i>, Tooth-billed Pigeons, 1 sp. A. (Samoa).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 21. <i>Opisthocomidae</i>, Hoactzin, 1 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21qzx" id="page21qzx"></a></span>
+
+<p>The birds of Order V. are amongst the successes in the struggle
+for existence, for they are found the world over.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22q" id="page22q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The Landrail or Corn-Crake, the Little Crake, Spotted Crake,
+Moor-Hen, Purple Gallinule, and the lobed-toed Coot, of other
+countries, are represented by similar birds here.</p>
+
+<p>They are largely swamp-dwellers, and conditions about swamps
+apparently do not vary much from continent to continent. There
+is a full supply of vegetable and animal food, and there is good
+shelter in the thick reed-beds. The smaller members of the family
+are seldom seen, for they skulk amongst the reeds, and seldom
+show themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Many of these birds are long-toed, and are beautifully adapted
+for life about the soft mud and floating vegetation of lagoons and
+swamps. Though the feet are not webbed, several of these swamp-dwellers
+swim well. Thus the Little Crake is an expert swimmer
+and diver.</p>
+
+<p>There is one Australian bird not represented in other countries.
+This is the handsome, bantam-like Black-tailed Native-Hen. At
+long intervals the birds appear in thousands, and, being largely
+vegetable feeders, they have sometimes done considerable damage
+to crops.</p>
+
+<p>During one such irruption in 1846, the birds invaded the streets
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23q" id="page23q"></a></span>
+of Adelaide. Others invaded the Geraldton district, and even
+reached Perth in 1886. Northern Victoria was visited in 1909.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the members of this group are known to all; indeed,
+when you have finished reading this lecture, I expect to have
+created in your mind an idea that bird study is very simple&mdash;that
+you know at least one of each of the groups of birds. One
+further advantage of bird study is that so few birds are found in
+any district. Thus, only 880 birds have ever been recorded
+from Australia, whereas there are over 9,000 kinds of native
+flowering plants, not to mention non-flowering plants. In very
+few districts could a list of 100 different kinds of birds be compiled
+in one year.</p>
+
+<p>Again, while it is impossible to talk popularly of native plants,
+because they have no common names, that does not apply to birds,
+for bird-lovers have given a simple name to each bird. Even
+children, therefore, can talk definitely and exactly about the different
+kinds. This is a great advantage. Again, as birds are living,
+moving, loving, and beautiful animals, they have always been
+favorite objects of study, and so we know more about them than
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24q" id="page24q"></a></span>
+about any other division of the animal kingdom. Thus you
+will, I hope, find that you know far more about the subject than
+you at first thought.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18b" id="page18b"></a>18b</span>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER V.&mdash;RALLIFORMES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 22. RALLIDAE (16), RAILS, 204 sp.&mdash;68(60)A., 37(18)O.,
+18(0)P., 37(24)E., 17(7)Nc., 72(65)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+17</p>
+
+<p><b>20&nbsp; Slate-breasted Rail</b> (Short-toed), Lewin Water-Rail,
+<i>Eulabeornis (Hypotaenidia) brachypus</i>, A., T., Auckland
+Is. =vt. Eur. Water-Rail.<br />
+[~20 <i>Rallus pectoralis.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>rivers</i>, <i>lagoons</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper blackish striped olive; wings, flanks, abdomen
+barred black, white; throat, breast, slate-gray; f., duller.</p>
+
+<p><b>21<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Pectoral Rail</b>, Landrail, <i>E. philippinensis</i>, Malay Arch.
+to A., N.Z., Pac. Is. =vt. Eur. Corn-Crake (Landrail);
+f., young sim. Insects, grass.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>grassy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown spotted white; under finely-barred black;
+white; sandy-buff bar on chest; light stripe above eye.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+17</p>
+
+<p><b>22<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Australian Spotted Crake</b>, Water-Crake, <i>Porzana
+fluminea</i>, A. =vt. Eur. Spotted Crake.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>rivers</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark-brown, spotted white; abdomen, flanks blackish
+barred white; breast gray; swims; f., sim. Insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>19</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i023-800.png"><img src="images/i023t-300.png" width="300" height="495" alt="21, 22, 26, 27, 30, 67, 71, 72, 73 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>21</b> Pectoral Rail<br />
+           <b>22</b> Australian Spotted Crake<br />
+           <b>26</b> Black Moor-Hen</td>
+       <td><b>27</b> Bald Coot<br />
+           <b>30</b> Hoary-headed Grebe<br />
+           <b>67</b> Crested Tern</td>
+       <td><b>71</b> White-faced Ternlet<br />
+	       <b>72</b> Silver Gull<br />
+           <b>73</b> Pacific Gull</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id="page22"></a>22</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i026-1000.png"><img src="images/i026-560.png" width="560" height="434" alt="23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>23&nbsp; Australian Little Crake</b>, <i>P. palustris</i>, A. =vt. Eur.
+Little Crake.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>river</i>, <i>reed-beds</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6</p>
+
+<p>Upper rusty-brown; throat, breast gray; crown blackish;
+flanks, lower-abdomen barred black, white; swims,
+dives; f., sim. Water-animals.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>23</span>
+
+<p><b>24&nbsp; Spotless Crake</b> (Leaden, Tabuan), Swamp-Rail, Little
+Swamp-Hen, Putoto, <i>P. plumbea</i>, Philippines to A., N.
+Heb., N. Cal., Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, N.Z., Chatham Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>reed-beds</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.3</p>
+
+<p>Upper reddish-brown; under dark slate-gray; throat whitish;
+eyes pink; f., young sim. Water-animals.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>25&nbsp; Black-tailed Native-Hen</b>, Gallinule (e), <i>Tribonyx ventralis</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. flocks, occ. r. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>rivers</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; under bluish-gray; white marks conspicuous
+on flanks; upper-bill light-green; lower red at base;
+legs brick-red; runs, seldom flies; f., sim. Water-animals,
+seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+8</p>
+
+<p><b>26<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Black Moor-Hen</b> (-Gallinule), <i>Gallinula tenebrosa</i>,
+N.G., A. =vt. cos. Gallinule.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>rivers</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15</p>
+
+<p>Grayish-black; back deep-brown; under tail white at sides;
+scarlet garter above knee; base bill, plate on forehead
+blood-red; no white on flanks; jerks tail; f., smaller.
+Water-animals, plants.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+16</p>
+
+<p><b>27<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Bald-Coot</b>, Purple Gallinule, Black-backed Water
+(Swamp, Macquarie)  Hen, Pukeko, Redbill (e),
+<i>Porphyrio melanonotus</i>, N.G., A., T., Norfolk Is.,
+Lord Howe Is., N.Z. =vt. cos. bird.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>rivers</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17.5</p>
+
+<p>Hind-neck, breast, flanks indigo-blue; back, wings, tail
+black; under tail white; eyes orange-red; bill, legs red;
+jerks tail; f., smaller.  Insects, vegetable food.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+13</p>
+
+<p><b>28&nbsp; Australian Coot</b>, Dabchick (e), <i>Fulica australis</i>, A., T.,
+=vt. cos. bird.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lakes</i>, <i>bays</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</p>
+
+<p>Sooty-black; bill bluish-gray; eyes red; lobed feet; f., sim.
+Water-insects, snails.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 23. <i>Heliornithidae</i>. Finfoot, 5 sp.&mdash;1(1)O., 3(3)E., 1(1)Nl.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24qz" id="page24qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>In the next Order, the Sixth, there are three Australian birds.
+They are called Grebes. Bird names often reflect some habit,
+e.g., Scratchers, Cooers. So Grebes are often called Divers.
+But the Divers of the ornithologist are Northern Hemisphere
+birds, placed in the next family (25).</p>
+
+<p>There is a widespread tradition to the effect that Grebes wait
+for the flash of the cap, and then dive before the bullet can reach
+them. They are, indeed, remarkably active in the water, but
+are absurd on land. Their legs are set so far back that it is
+almost impossible for them to walk. Their toes are not webbed,
+but are broadly lobed.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25q" id="page25q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The Great Crested Grebe is identical with the British bird, for
+it is found all through the Eastern Hemisphere.</p>
+
+<p>This is a remarkable distribution, when we consider that the
+bird, by reason of its very small wings, is a poor flyer, and is
+almost helpless on land. Such a wide distribution of a creature
+possessing poor means of locomotion indicates that the animal
+must have existed for a long time, so that it has been able to
+gradually extend its range. Thus we conclude it is an ancient
+form.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>24</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i028-1000.png"><img src="images/i028-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER VI.&mdash;PODICIPEDIDIFORMES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 24. PODICIPEDIDAE (3), GREBES, 25 sp.&mdash;5(2)A.,
+8(2)O., 6(0)P., 5(1)E., 6(0)Nc., 11(7)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+15</p>
+
+<p><b>29&nbsp; Black-throated Grebe</b> (Little), Dabchick (e), White-bellied
+Diver (e), <i>Podiceps novae-hollandiae</i>, Java,
+N.G., A., N. Cal., =vt. Eur. Little Grebe.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper blackish-brown; white patch on wing; under silvery-gray;
+throat, side-face black (summer), brown
+(winter); beautiful fur-like plumage; lobed toes; f.,
+sim. Small fish, snails, insects.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25a" id="page25a"></a>25a</span>
+
+<p><b>30<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Hoary-headed Grebe</b>, Dabchick (e), "Tom Pudding," P.
+<i>poliocephalus</i>, A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>river</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; wings white patch; under silvery-gray;
+head short white hair-like plumes (summer); head
+brown, throat buff (winter); fur-like plumage; lobed
+toes; f., sim. Small fish, snails, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>31&nbsp; Great Crested Grebe</b> (Tippet), Loon, Gaunt, Carr
+Goose, <i>P. cristatus</i> (<i>Lophaethyia cristata</i>, Mathews'
+Handlist), Eur., N. Asia, Japan, Africa, India to A.,
+T., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>lakes</i>, <i>rivers</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; under glistening-white; crown black; neck-frill
+chestnut edged black (summer); face, neck whitish
+(winter); fur-like plumage; lobed toes; f., sim.
+Small fish, snails, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 25. <i>Colymbidae (Gaviidae)</i>, True Divers, Loons, 5 sp.&mdash;1(0)O.,
+5(0)P., 2(0)E., 5(0)Nc.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25qz" id="page25qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>In the next order come those remarkable birds, Penguins. As
+so much has been said about Penguins by Lieutenant Shackleton's
+party, they have caught the popular fancy, and people are much
+interested in them. Many Australians do not know that three
+Penguins are found on their own coast. It was one of the sights
+of the 1910 Summer School at Portsea to sit on the balcony and
+watch the Penguins chasing their prey in the clear waters in front.
+Their wings are paddles, being flattened and devoid of quills.
+The wings are not folded, but are carried hanging awkwardly at the side.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26q" id="page26q"></a></span>
+
+<p>During the interest aroused by Peary's expedition to the North
+Pole, an illustrated weekly paper published a cartoon, which
+showed the American Eagle sitting on the North Pole and
+reading a proclamation to an audience of Penguins. One thing
+is unfortunate about this&mdash;Penguins are unknown in the Northern
+Hemisphere. Indeed, they support the geographer in his contention
+that, while the Pacific Ocean is very ancient, the Atlantic
+Ocean has been formed much more recently, for Penguins are
+found up the Pacific even to the Galapagos Is. on the Equator,
+but have not spread into the Atlantic Ocean beyond Tristan da
+Cunha, at the extreme South.</p>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25b" id="page25b"></a>25b</span>
+
+<h3>ORDER VII.&mdash;SPHENISCIFORMES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 26. SPHENISCIDAE (3), PENGUINS, 17 sp.&mdash;11(7)A.,
+6(1)E., 9(4)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>32&nbsp; Crested Penguin</b> (Tufted, Jackass, Victoria), <i>Penguinus
+(Catarrhactes) chrysocome</i>, Southern Ocean (circumpolar),
+V., T., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Occ. r. <i>coasts</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;27</p>
+
+<p>Wing a paddle; upper black; under silvery-white; crest
+yellow; f., yellow crest feathers shorter. Sea-animals.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>33&nbsp; Little Penguin</b> (Little Blue), <i>Eudyptula minor</i>, N.S.W.,
+V., S.A., T., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>coasts</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18</p>
+
+<p>Upper light-blue; under glistening-white; wing a paddle;
+f., sim. Sea-animals, plants.</p>
+
+<p><b>34&nbsp; Fairy Penguin</b>, <i>E. undina</i>, V., T., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>coast</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.5</p>
+
+<p>Like 33, but smaller.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26qz" id="page26qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>Order VIII. includes the true ocean birds&mdash;those wanderers seen
+far from any land by ocean travellers. Indeed, many of them
+do not go near land except to breed. Then they usually repair
+to small lonely islands often with bold precipitous shores.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27q" id="page27q"></a></span>
+
+<p>Ocean birds are readily divisible into four families. The first
+is made up of the 25 Storm-Petrels; the second of the 75 Petrels,
+Shearwaters, Fulmars, and Dove-Petrels; the third family comprises
+only the three small southern Diving-Petrels; while the
+fourth contains the nineteen noble Albatrosses.</p>
+
+<p>Though Storm-Petrels and Petrels of various kinds may be
+seen in the Northern Hemisphere, yet the Southern Hemisphere,
+with its enormous expanse of water, is the headquarters of these
+birds.</p>
+
+<p>The dainty, tiny Storm-Petrels, fearlessly tripping over the
+mountain billows in times of great danger to the sailor, were considered
+birds of ill-omen. Their peculiar flight possibly helped
+this idea. Gould closely studied them and other ocean birds
+during his voyages on sailing ships. He describes them as "fluttering
+over the glassy surface of the ocean during calms with an
+easy butterfly-like motion of the wings, and buffeting and breasting
+with equal vigor the crests of the loftiest waves of the storm;
+at one moment descending into their deep troughs, and, at the
+next, rising with the utmost alertness to their highest point,
+apparently from an impulse communicated as much by striking
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30q" id="page30q"></a></span>
+the surface of the water with its webbed feet as by the action of
+the wings."</p>
+
+<p>This habit of "walking" on the sea is said to be responsible
+for the name "Petrel," which is associated with Saint Peter, who,
+of old, walked on the waters. Sailors call them Mother Carey's
+Chickens.</p>
+
+<p>The largest Australian Storm-Petrel is the Whitefaced Storm-Petrel,
+whose scientific name, <i>Pelagodroma</i>, means "open sea wanderer."
+It has been recorded even from the North Atlantic and
+Britain. Many thousands of these birds still nest on Mud Island,
+a sandbank just inside Port Phillip Heads. The presence there
+of a true ocean wanderer is a valuable piece of evidence to support
+the geographer in his claim that Port Phillip Bay once had
+a wide opening, which has been almost closed by the drift of sand
+across its mouth. The Storm-Petrels have probably nested there
+for many, many centuries. Long may they continue to do so!
+They hurt no one, and they are a feature of interest to all interested
+in the flora and fauna of Australia, and to natural history
+students and Nature-lovers in general.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page31q" id="page31q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The Shackleton expedition met the Wilson (Yellow-webbed)
+Storm-Petrel, in considerable numbers, far south. Two specimens
+were presented by Lieutenant Shackleton to the National Museum,
+Melbourne. However, recently our Museum received, through
+the agency of two schoolboys, a specimen that is valued even more
+highly, for it is Australian.</p>
+
+<p>The boys, on their way to the Marshaltown State School (Mr.
+H. B. Williamson, H.T.), found a bird near a fence about nine
+miles inland. It had evidently been killed by flying into the
+fence in the dark. Using the <i>Bird-List</i>, the boys discovered
+that it was a Yellow-webbed Storm-Petrel, a truly pelagic bird,
+as its name, <i>Oceanites oceanicus</i> indicates. Mr. Williamson, to
+show that the <i>List</i> was of assistance, even to boys, in identifying
+birds they had never heard of before, left the bird at the Continuation
+School, Geelong. Here it was recognized as a valuable
+specimen, and was at once sent to Mr. Kershaw, curator of
+the National Museum. It is now in the Australian collection.</p>
+
+<p>The true Petrels are very numerous in kinds and individuals.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32q" id="page32q"></a></span>
+Darwin thought that the most numerous of birds was a Petrel.
+One of great interest is the "Mutton-Bird," or Short-tailed Petrel.
+This romantic bird breeds by the million on Cape Woolamai and
+other places about Bass Strait.</p>
+
+<p>Just as the mallee farmer is dependent on his annual wheat
+harvest, so the remarkable colony of people living on Cape Barren
+Island is entirely dependent on the annual Mutton-Bird harvest.
+They claim to take about a million and a half birds each year.
+The number is probably much exaggerated, for Littler, in his
+valuable <i>Birds of Tasmania</i>, gives the number as 555,000 for
+1909, valued at about £4000. Bass and Flinders were glad to
+replenish their stores with young Mutton-Birds. Flinders calculated
+that one flock of these birds he met in Bass Strait contained
+132,000,000 birds. They lay but one egg, so one would expect
+the Petrel to be long-lived. We found a closely-similar bird
+nesting on Mast Head Island, Capricorn Group.</p>
+
+<p>The three southern Diving Petrels, forming the next family,
+are much smaller than the common Petrels. They are expert
+divers, and are found mainly in the far South.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page33q" id="page33q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The mighty Albatross, with its enormous wing-span of possibly
+up to 14 feet, is also largely a southern bird. That this bird
+has spread to the North Pacific Ocean, but has not yet penetrated
+any distance into the Atlantic, is another piece of evidence as to
+the age of these two oceans. The Pacific Ocean is a very ancient
+depression, while the Atlantic is much younger, and has been
+formed since the lands which border its shores. The Black-browed
+Albatross, however, was once seen in England. Probably
+this bird might have been carried north on board ship, and then
+set free again. Fossil bones of Albatrosses have been found in
+France and England. Their remarkable power of wheeling
+round and round a vessel, with no perceptible movement of the
+wing, has excited much interest and controversy.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Froude, in his <i>Oceana</i>, has given a vivid description of this
+flight. The Albatross "wheels in circles round and round and
+for ever round the ship&mdash;now far behind, now sweeping past in a
+long, rapid curve, like a perfect skater on an untouched field of
+ice. There is no effort; watch as closely as you will, you rarely
+or never see a stroke of the mighty pinion. The flight is generally
+near the water, often close to it. You lose sight of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page34q" id="page34q"></a></span>
+bird as he disappears in the hollow between the waves, and catch
+him again as he rises over the crest; but how he rises, and whence
+comes the propelling force, are to the eye inexplicable; he alters
+merely the angle at which the wings are inclined...."</p>
+
+<p>Gould considered that many of these birds circumnavigate the
+globe many times. They follow ships for days together.</p>
+
+<p>Albatrosses are sometimes caught by those on board ship.
+One means of protection employed by these birds is to discharge a
+considerable quantity of oily matter at an intruder. This has
+led sailors to declare that the bird is "seasick." Some claim that
+this is not done for protection, but is due to fright.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the Australasian Ornithologists' Union, when
+on a trip in the <i>Manawatu</i> to the Bass Strait Islands found it
+tantalizing to see the beautiful Shy Albatrosses sitting on their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35q" id="page35q"></a></span>
+nests on the precipitous granite Albatross Rock, and be unable
+to land owing to the rough sea that was running. We waited
+a second and a third day, in the shelter of Chimney
+Corner, Three Hummocks Island, but finally had to
+depart with but a distant acquaintance with this fine bird.
+When they return to nest the succeeding year, the parents
+drive last year's brood off the island. Does the young live
+on its fat all through the cold, rough winter, or do the parents
+return at intervals to feed it? Some recent records by a French
+party on one of these lonely nesting islands show that in some
+cases, at least, the parents do feed the young at night during their
+long wait. The sitting bird is fed by her mate. He opens his
+mouth, and she inserts her bill, and chooses a dainty for herself.</p>
+
+<p><i>A Monograph of the Petrels</i>, by F. Du Cane Godman, F.R.S.,
+Pres. British Ornithologists' Union, was consulted for Order VIII.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>26</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i030-1000.png"><img src="images/i030-560.png" width="560" height="437" alt="35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER VIII.&mdash;PROCELLARIIFORMES, TUBINARES, TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 27. PROCELLARIIDAE (5), STORM-PETRELS,
+MOTHER CAREY'S CHICKENS, 25 sp&mdash;10(3)A.,
+2(0)O., 10(0)P., 7(0)E., 13(4)Nc., 13(3)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>35&nbsp; Wilson Storm-Petrel</b> (Yellow-webbed, Flat-clawed),
+<i>Oceanites oceanica</i>, S. Polar regions N. to British Is.
+(acc), Labrador (acc.), India, A., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.8</p>
+
+<p>Blackish; base tail above below white; legs black; webs
+yellow; f., sim. Shellfish, small fish, greasy.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>27</span>
+
+<p><b>36&nbsp; Gray-backed Storm-Petrel</b>, <i>O. (Garrodia) nereis</i>, S.
+Oceans, A., T., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.7</p>
+
+<p>Sooty; abdomen, under base tail whitish; bill, feet black;
+f., sim. Oily substances, shellfish.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>37&nbsp; White-breasted Storm-Petrel</b> (White-faced), Frigate
+Petrel, Mother Carey's Chicken, <i>Pelagodroma marina</i>,
+S. Oceans, N. to Canary Is., U.S. (acc.)</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. Mud. Is. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Upper brownish-gray; crown, line under eye, edge of wing,
+tail black; under, face, throat, line above eye white;
+bill, feet black; webs yellow; f., sim. Shellfish, oily
+matters.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>38&nbsp; Black-bellied Storm-Petrel</b>, <i>Cymodroma (Fregetta)
+melanogaster</i>, S. Oceans, to N. Atl., A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
+
+<p>Sooty-black; under base tail, flanks white; bill, feet black;
+f., sim. Sea-animals, oily.</p>
+
+<p><b>39&nbsp; White-bellied Storm-Petrel</b>, <i>C. grallaria</i>, S. Oceans to
+B. of Bengal, Atl. to Cancer, Florida (acc).</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2</p>
+
+<p>Upper, neck, chest black; under, rump white; bill, feet
+black; f., sim.  Sea-animals, oily.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 28. PUFFINIDAE (29), PETRELS, Shearwaters, Fulmars,
+Prions, 75 sp.&mdash;47(16)A., 7(0)O., 24(0)P., 30(2)E.,
+22(4)Nc., 37(7)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">7<br />
+25</p>
+
+<p><b>40&nbsp; Wedge-tailed Petrel</b> (Shearwater), <i>Puffinus sphenurus</i>,
+A. seas.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17.5</p>
+
+<p>Sooty-brown; wing blackish; tail black; throat ashy-gray;
+under dull ashy-brown; bill lead color; legs, feet livid
+flesh color, dusky on inner side of leg and toe. Like
+42, but tail longer; f., sim. Food as for 41.</p>
+
+</div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>28</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i032-1000.png"><img src="images/i032-560.png" width="560" height="357" alt="41, 42, 43, 44, 45 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>41&nbsp; Allied Petrel</b>, Gould Shearwater (Little Dusky), <i>P.
+assimilis</i>, A. and N.Z. Seas, Atl. O. to Madiera Is.,
+Nova Scotia (acc.).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Flocks v.r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11</p>
+
+<p>Upper, crown, wings, tail sooty-black; side face, under
+white; side-chest dusky; bill dark horn-colour; legs
+greenish-yellow; f., sim. Shrimps, shellfish, seaweed.</p>
+
+<p><b>42&nbsp; Short-tailed Petrel</b> (Sooty, Bonaparte), Slender-billed
+Shearwater (U.S.), Seal-Bird, Mutton-Bird (V.), <i>P.
+brevicaudus (tenuirostris)</i>, A., Bass St., T., N.Z.
+Migrates to Alaska, Japan.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Flocks, c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</p>
+
+<p>Sooty-brown; under paler; bill blackish-brown; legs, feet
+light-grey, black down outer side. Food as 41.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>43&nbsp; Brown Petrel</b> (Great-Gray), Black-tailed Shearwater
+(U.S.), Night Hawk (e), Bully, Kuia, <i>Procellaria
+(Priofinus) cinereus</i>, S.O., California (once).</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, upper dark brownish-gray; under white; under
+base tail ashy-brown; tail black; feet grayish-flesh
+color; outer toe brownish-black; dives; f., sim.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>44&nbsp; Silver-gray Petrel</b> (Fulmar), Slender-billed Fulmar
+(U.S.), <i>Priocella glacialoides</i>, Bass St., A., T., N.Z.,
+S. Oceans, Pacific to Japan, Alaska.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18</p>
+
+<p>Pearly-gray; tip-wing black; face, under silky-white; f.,
+sim.  Dead animals, oil, cuttlefish.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>45&nbsp; Black Petrel</b> (Fulmar), Taonui, <i>Procellaria (Majaqueus)
+parkinsoni</i>, A. and N.Z. Seas.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18</p>
+
+<p>Sooty black; f., sim.  Food see 41.</p>
+
+<p class="left">9<br />
+32</p>
+
+<p><b>46&nbsp; Great-winged Petrel</b> (Long-winged, Gray-faced), <i>Æstrelata
+macroptera</i>, A., N.Z., S. Oceans.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15</p>
+
+<p>Dark brown; about bill, throat gray; wing-quills, tail
+black; bill, feet black; f., sim.  Food see 41.</p>
+
+</div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>29</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i033-1000.png"><img src="images/i033-560.png" width="560" height="358" alt="46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>47&nbsp; Brown-headed Petrel</b>, Solander Fulmar, <i>Æ. solandri</i>, 1
+specimen only, Gould, Bass St.</p>
+
+<p class="right">u. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16</p>
+
+<p>Head, wings, tail dark-brown; back slaty-gray, marked
+dark-brown; bill, legs black.</p>
+
+<p><b>48&nbsp; White-winged Petrel</b>, <i>Æ. leucoptera</i>, A., N.Z. to C. Horn,
+Fiji.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark slaty-gray; forehead, face, under, under wing
+white; wings blackish-brown; eyes, bill black; legs, half
+toes and webs fleshy-white; tip toes and webs black; f.,
+sim.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>49&nbsp; Giant Petrel</b> (Fulmar), Mother Carey's Goose, Nelly,
+Glutton, Stinkpot, Vulture of the Seas, <i>Macronectes
+gigantea</i>, S. Oceans up to 30° S. Lat. Oregon (acc).</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;33</p>
+
+<p>Dark chocolate-brown; bill horn-color; has also a white
+phase; f., sim. Scavenger, omnivorous.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>50&nbsp; Cape-Petrel</b> (Pintado, Black and White, Spotted, Pied),
+Cape-Pigeon (-Fulmar), <i>Daption capensis</i>, A., N.Z.,
+S. Oceans to Brazil, Ceylon, Peru, acc. to California,
+Maine, England.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Large flocks c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16.5</p>
+
+<p>Head, hind-neck, upper-back, edge of wing, quills, chin
+sooty-brown; inner-wing, back white, broadly spotted
+sooty-brown; under white; bill, feet blackish-brown; f.,
+sim. Food as 41.</p>
+
+<p class="left">5<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>51&nbsp; Blue Petrel</b>, <i>Prion (Halobaena) coerulea</i>, S. Oceans, A.,
+T., N.Z. to Icepack, Fiji.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11</p>
+
+<p>Forehead, cheeks, throat, centre-chest, under white; upper
+grayish-blue; outer wing-quills black; tail square, tipped
+white; bill blackish-brown; f., sim. Cuttlefish, shellfish.</p>
+</div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>30</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i034-1000.png"><img src="images/i034-560.png" width="560" height="437" alt="52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>52&nbsp; Broad-billed Dove-Petrel</b> (Blue-), Whale-Bird, Prion,
+<i>P. vittatus</i>, S. Oceans.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper delicate blue-gray; head darker than back; edge
+shoulder, wing, tip-tail black; under, line over eye,
+white; flanks blue; broad bill blue tipped black; feet
+light-blue; f., sim. Cuttlefish.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page31" id="page31"></a>31</span>
+
+<b>53&nbsp; Banks Dove-Petrel</b> (Blue-), Prion, Whiroia, <i>P. banksi</i>,
+S. Oceans, A., T., N.Z.
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10</p>
+
+<p>Like 52, but bill narrower and paler blue-gray; expanded
+wings show black marks like letter W. Food as 54.</p>
+
+<p><b>54&nbsp; Dove-Petrel</b>, Dove-like-Petrel (-Prion), Whale-Bird
+(Snow-), <i>P. desolatus</i>, S. Oceans.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.5</p>
+
+<p>Like 52, 53, but more delicate; blackish below eye; white
+stripe above eye; head same as back; bill straighter,
+more slender; f., smaller. Shellfish, oily substances.</p>
+
+<p><b>55&nbsp; Fairy Dove-Petrel</b> (-Prion), Short-billed (Gould) Blue-Petrel,
+<i>P. brevirostris (ariel)</i>, S. Indian O., A., Bass
+St., Madeira, S. Africa.</p>
+
+<p>v.r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.5</p>
+
+<p>Like 52, 53, 54, but bill shorter, stouter; head same as
+back; white face.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 29. PELECANOIDIDAE (1), DIVING PETRELS, 3 sp.&mdash;2(0)A.,
+1(0)E., 3(1)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>56&nbsp; Diving-Petrel</b>, Smaller Diving Petrel, Tee-tee, <i>Pelecanoides
+urinatrix</i>, A., N.Z., Str. of Magellan.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>sheltered bays</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Upper black; under white; legs, feet blue; dives; f., sim.
+Shellfish.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 30. DIOMEDEIDAE (10), ALBATROSSES, Mollymawks,
+19 sp.&mdash;13(3)A., 2(0)O., 5(0)P., 5(1)E., 5(0)Nc.,
+9(3)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">7<br />
+17</p>
+
+<p><b>57&nbsp; Wandering Albatross</b>, Man-of-War-Bird, Cape Sheep,
+Toroa, <i>Diomedea exulans</i>, S. Oceans up to Lat. 30° S.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;44</p>
+
+<p>Upper white with fine zigzag brown lines; wing-quills
+black; tail short, black above; side face, under white;
+zigzag lines on side of breast; bill whitish; color varies
+with age; span up to 14 ft.; f., sim. Jelly-fish,
+shrimps, shellfish.</p>
+
+</div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>32</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i036-1000.png"><img src="images/i032-560.png" width="560" height="357" alt="58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>58&nbsp; Royal Albatross</b>, <i>D. regia</i>, A., T., N.Z. Seas.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;44</p>
+
+<p>Lately separated from 57, because young have white down
+instead of gray; adult has no zigzag lines; f., sim.
+Food see 57.</p>
+
+<p><b>59&nbsp; Black-browed Albatross</b> (Mollymawk), <i>D. melanophrys</i>,
+S. Oceans, England (once).</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;32</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" id="page33"></a>33</span>
+
+<p>Head, neck, under, upper base tail white; blackish-gray
+streak through eye; wings dark brown; back slaty-black;
+tail dark-gray; bill buff-yellow; f., young sim.
+Fish.</p>
+
+<p><b>60&nbsp; White-capped Albatross</b>, shy Mollymawk, <i>D. (Thalassageron)
+cauta</i>, A. Seas, Bass St.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;31</p>
+
+<p>Back slaty-gray; rump white; wings dark-gray; tail slaty-gray;
+head, neck, under white; blackish streak through
+eye; bill horn-color; f., smaller.  Fish, barnacles,
+shrimps.</p>
+
+<p><b>61&nbsp; Flat-billed Albatross</b>, (Yellow-nosed (e), Gray-headed),
+Gould Yellow-nosed Mollymawk, <i>D. chrysostoma (culminata)</i>,
+A., Indian O., Pacific O., Oregon (cas.) G. of
+St. Lawrence (cas.).</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;28</p>
+
+<p>Back, wings, tail dark grayish-black; head, neck gray;
+faint blackish streak through eye; under, rump white;
+bill black, tip, crest, lower-edge yellow, f., sim. Food
+see 60.</p>
+
+<p><b>62&nbsp; Yellow-nosed Albatross</b> <i>D. chlororhynchus</i>, S. Atl. O.,
+S. Ind. O., A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;30</p>
+
+<p>Under, head, neck, rump white; back, wings brownish-black,
+tail brownish; bill black, crest bright orange-yellow,
+tip blood-orange; faint dark streak through
+eye; f., sim.  Food see 60.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>63&nbsp; Sooty Albatross</b>, <i>Phoebetria palpebrata (fuliginosa)</i>, S.
+Oceans, Oregon (cas.), A., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>oceans</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;29.5</p>
+
+<p>Sooty-brown; white ring almost round eye; bill black; f.,
+sim.  Food as 60.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 31. <i>Alcidae</i>, Auk, Garefowl, Puffin, Razorbill, Guillemot,
+Murre, 28 sp.&mdash;22(1)P., 27(6)Nc.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35qz" id="page35qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>The birds of Order IX. are mainly shore birds. There are four
+chief kinds of these&mdash;Terns (Sea-Swallows), including Noddy
+Terns, Gulls, the remarkable northern Skimmers, which skim
+along the surface with the lengthened end of the lower mandible
+in the water, and the bold sea-pirates, Skuas. Fifty-seven Terns
+and Noddies are found throughout the world. Of these, twenty-one
+have been recorded from Australian waters.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page36q" id="page36q"></a></span>
+
+<p>Being powerful flyers, it is not surprising to find that several
+of the Australian Terns are really Old-World, and even New-World,
+forms too. Thus the Whiskered (Marsh) Tern is also
+British. The Caspian, Gull-billed, and Bridled (Brown-winged)
+Terns are British and American, while the Sooty Tern is found
+in all tropical and sub-tropical seas. It is one of the famous
+birds of the world, for it is the "egg bird" of sailors. It retires
+in large companies to low scrubby islands to breed. Here it lays
+a single egg on the bare ground. Sailors, tired of ship's fare,
+often visit these "rookeries." Gould quotes a record of one party
+which took 1500 dozen eggs on one small island in Torres Strait.
+Spanish eggers from Havanah take cargoes, which are disposed of
+at 25 cents per gallon.</p>
+
+<p>The Wide-Awake Fair, of Ascension Island, is a famous
+annual event in natural history. A similar scene has been
+described by Mr. A. W. Milligan, the well-known West Australian
+ornithologist, on the Houtman Abrolhos Island, west of Western
+Australia. Here acres of the ground were covered by birds
+sitting on their nests. The question is, does each find its own nest
+when it returns to sit? Mr. Milligan settled this in the affirmative
+by tying a piece of string to a sitting bird and then letting it
+take flight. It found its own egg, and resumed its work. It is
+noteworthy that no two of the million eggs are similarly
+marked, and this puzzling variation in marking probably assists
+each bird to recognize its own egg.</p>
+
+<p>One of the daintiest of these birds is the Fairy Tern, which
+was common on Mud Island while the 1909 Summer School was
+being held. Obedient to the call of the mother bird, which
+hovered threateningly overhead, the mottled and striped young
+one squatted on the shelly sand beach while bird-lovers hunted
+around for the material for a photograph. At length the dark
+eye revealed the beautifully-protected young bird.</p>
+
+<p>As the camera was being fixed, a different call from the mother
+caused the young one to run away. Three or four naturalists
+tried to catch the active little bird, which stopped for a moment
+and disgorged two whole small fish, with which its mother had
+evidently but recently fed it. Eventually a good picture was
+obtained. These Terns nest singly, though others nest in large
+companies. They obtain fish by diving into the sea. It was
+interesting, on a Nature-study excursion, to watch the Crested
+Terns diving frequently into the sea above a shoal of small fish
+at Sandringham.</p>
+
+<p>We found the Noddies breeding in thousands on Mast Head
+Island, in the Capricorn Group. They built a small platform
+of leaves, or seaweed, high or low, on every possible nesting site
+on the great <i>Pisonia</i> trees. In fact, there is an interesting kind
+of partnership between the bird and the tree. The fruits of the
+<i>Pisonia</i> have bands of sticky glands, which adhere to the plumage
+of the birds. After a time the fruits fall off, possibly on another
+island, and so this interesting tree is spread throughout these
+small coral sandbanks and islets. The birds are sometimes so
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page39q" id="page39q"></a></span>
+loaded and clogged with these fruits that they are incapable of
+flight. Surely here is a wonderful partnership between the tree-frequenting
+Noddy and the forest tree that provides shelter and
+nesting places for it. It is, indeed, a marvellous method of seed
+dispersal.</p>
+
+<p>The number of ocean birds breeding on these tiny island-paradises
+is amazing. Minute Mast Head Island is a place free of
+all pests&mdash;no flies, no mosquitoes, no ticks, no snakes, nor prickly
+plants, but a deep shady forest of giant <i>Pisonia</i> trees, sometimes
+covered with creepers and lianas, and fringed with pretty flowering
+shrubs, fig trees, and long green grass, and surrounded, above
+spring-tide level, by a fringe of graceful Horse-tail Sheoaks
+(Casuarinas). We calculated that over 100,000 birds bred annually
+on this 100-acre sandbank, no point of which rose 10 feet
+above spring-tide level. The graceful White-capped Noddies
+already mentioned nested high and low on the trees and shrubs.
+Petrels in thousands burrowed in the sand under the giant
+<i>Pisonias</i>, which are so thickly foliaged that not enough light
+penetrates to enable undergrowth to flourish, so the sand was
+practically bare in the centre of the island. Reef Herons nested
+low on spreading branches or interlacing roots. Silver Gulls and
+Oyster-catchers nested on the ground, within about a yard of the
+spring-tide mark; Doves, Silver-eyes, Bell-Magpies (<i>Streperas</i>),
+Caterpillar-eaters, Kingfishers, and other land birds nested in the
+trees, while the White-bellied Sea-Eagle (almost a fac-simile of
+the Bald Eagle of America) had his nest overlooking all, on the
+highest tree on the island. The Frigate Birds were not nesting
+on Mast Head Island, but they roosted each night in the tall Sheoaks
+at the water's edge. It was a treat, in the late afternoon,
+to see these glorious birds winding up their invisible staircase
+into the vast void of upper air. Gloriously and calmly they
+sailed up and up, until the merest speck only could be seen. Of
+corals, turtles, and other marvels we may not speak here. The
+migrating wading-birds had just reached the island after their
+long journey from Siberian Tundras. Some were so poor that
+we caught Sandpipers by hand. Flocks of Turnstone, Golden
+Plover, Godwits, Curlew, and other wading-birds were there, possibly
+only resting before continuing their journey to the South.
+It was indeed a privilege to live on such a spot for nine days and
+to see Nature in some of her most interesting phases.</p>
+
+<p>The two Australian Seagulls illustrate the "law of representatives"
+so often referred to by Gould. It is strange how often a
+closely similar representative of a Northern bird is found in Australia.
+Thus the big Pacific Gull is the representative of the
+large Gull of Europe, though its peculiar deepened and orange-colored
+bill is distinctive. It does not gain its beautiful white
+and black plumage until it is three or more years old, being
+brown in the first year, and brown and white in the second year.</p>
+
+<p>The Silver Gull is known to all. Though a dainty-looking
+bird, it has a bad character. It is worse than any bird of prey
+for stealing eggs and young birds, for let a gannet or other nesting
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40q" id="page40q"></a></span>
+bird but leave the nest for a moment, and Gulls quickly rob it of
+its contents. They are scavengers, and eagerly follow a
+steamer at lunch-time to gather the scraps. An interesting sight
+of Currie Harbor, King Island, is to see the large company of
+Seagulls nesting undisturbed on a tiny, bare, rocky islet close to
+the pier.</p>
+
+<p>It was noted that, whenever the Noddies were disturbed, and
+rose, protesting loudly, the Gulls immediately gathered and
+hovered over the trees containing Noddies' nests. Evidently
+they were looking for unprotected eggs.</p>
+
+<p>Placed in the next family are the seven robber Gulls or sea
+pirates&mdash;Skuas. We read of these birds in the old <i>Royal
+Readers</i>, but few recognized them when they followed us to the
+Summer School of 1910. They also followed our afternoon-tea
+cruise to South Channel fort, and played their usual game of
+compelling the Seagulls to give up the scraps they had gathered.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page41q" id="page41q"></a></span>
+The Robber Gull, or Skua, of Victoria is, strange to say, identical
+with the Skua of England. The one that followed the s.s. <i>Lady
+Loch</i> to the Summer School is better known in England as the
+Arctic Gull or Richardson Skua. It breeds in the far North, so
+it is a great traveller.</p>
+
+<p>One interesting fact about these birds is that they show two sets
+of plumage. Thus, while each bird, as it gets older, usually
+changes its immature and almost uniform dusky plumage for a
+white under-surface, an incomplete white collar, and a blackish
+cap, yet some retain the dusky plumage throughout life. This
+is a good example of "dimorphism," as it is termed. Usually,
+instead of picking up their own prey, they watch until some other
+bird has captured a meal, and then they rapidly pursue it and
+cause it to disgorge. They do not skim over the waves like
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page42q" id="page42q"></a></span>
+Petrels, but show a heavy, labored flight, varied by a short soar.
+As the two centre tail feathers project beyond the rest, the birds
+can be readily identified as they follow a steamer for tit-bits.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" id="page34"></a>34</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i038-1000.png"><img src="images/i038-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER IX.&mdash;LARIFORMES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 32. LARIDAE (21), TERNS, NODDIES, GULLS, Skimmers,
+125 sp.&mdash;32(13)A., 35(3)O., 45(1)P., 42(6)E.,
+43(5)Nc., 46(19)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>64&nbsp; Whiskered Tern</b> (Marsh), <i>Hydrochelidon fluviatilis
+(hybrida)</i>, Eur. (Br.) to China, Malay, Afr. to A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>swamps (inland)</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11</p>
+
+<p>Head black; upper, wings, tail light-gray; face, throat,
+tail white; chest dark-gray; abdomen black; bill blood-red;
+winter, head grayish-white; f., sim.  Water-insects,
+small fish.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>35</span>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>65&nbsp; Gull-billed Tern</b> (Long-legged), <i>Gelochelidon macrotarsa
+(anglica)</i>, cos.<br />
+[~65-66 <i>Genus Thalasseus.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>rivers</i>, <i>swamps inland</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>White; crown, hind-neck black; upper, wing-quills silvery-gray;
+bill long, stout, black; long legs and feet black;
+winter head white streaked black; f., sim. Small
+fish, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>66&nbsp; Caspian Tern</b>, Taranui, <i>Sterna (Hydroprogne) caspia</i>,
+cos. exc. S. Amer.<br />
+[~65-66 <i>Genus Thalasseus.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>shore</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20.5</p>
+
+<p>Head, hind-neck black; back, wings, tail pale-gray; dark-gray
+wing-quills; under white; bill scarlet; dives; f.,
+smaller.  Fish.</p>
+
+<p class="left">10<br />
+37</p>
+
+<p><b>67<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Crested Tern</b> (Swift, Rüppell, Bass-St., Torres-St.),
+Village Blacksmith, <i>Sterna bergii</i>, Red S., Indian O.,
+to Japan to A., Pac. Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.c. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>Crown, crest black; forehead, sides and back of neck,
+under, white; back, wings, tail dark-gray; bill yellow;
+legs, feet black; f., sim.  Fish.</p>
+
+<p><b>68&nbsp; White-fronted Tern</b> (Southern), <i>S. striata (frontalis)</i>,
+E.A., T., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>shore</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13</p>
+
+<p>Upper delicate-gray; wing-quills grayish-black; forehead,
+side-neck, under white; bill, about eye, hind-neck black;
+f., sim.  Small fish.</p>
+
+<p><b>69&nbsp; Bridled Tern</b> (Brown-winged, Panayan, Smaller-Sooty),
+<i>S. anaestheta</i>, tropical, sub-tropical seas.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.c. <i>shore</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper light sooty-brown; forehead, line over eye, throat,
+under white; crown, nape, line from bill past eye
+black; bill, legs, feet black; like 70, but smaller; back,
+wings brown; f., sim. Fish.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" id="page37"></a>37</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" id="page38"></a>38</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i042-800.png"><img src="images/i042t-300.png" width="300" height="495" alt="81, 87, 102, 106, 107, 109, 119, 123, 125 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>81</b> Black-breasted Plover<br />
+           <b>87</b> Black-fronted Dottrel<br />
+           <b>102</b> Sharp-tailed Sandpiper</td>
+       <td><b>106</b> Australian Snipe<br />
+           <b>107</b> Australian Painted Snipe<br />
+           <b>109</b> Southern Stone-Curlew</td>
+       <td><b>119</b> White-fronted Heron<br />
+	       <b>123</b> Nankeen Night Heron<br />
+           <b>125</b> Australian Bittern</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>40</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="margin-top:1.5em;"><a href="images/i044-1000.png"><img src="images/i044-560.png" width="560" height="436" alt="70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>70&nbsp; Sooty Tern</b>, Wide-awake, Egg-bird, <i>S. fuliginosa</i> (<i>S. fuscata</i>,
+A.O.U.), tropical, sub-tropical seas, Br. (acc).<br />
+[~70 <i>Sterna fuscata.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.c. <i>shores</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>Upper, crown, wings, line from bill past eye, tail black;
+forehead, under white; bill, feet black; like 69, but
+larger, blacker above; f., sim. Fish, squid. "Oo-ee."</p>
+
+<p><b>71<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> White-faced Ternlet</b>, Sea-swallow, Little (Fairy) Tern,
+Taraiti, <i>S. nereis</i>, A., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Little Tern.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>shore</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.5</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page41" id="page41"></a>41</span>
+
+<p>Upper silvery-gray; under, rump, tall, forehead white;
+crown, hind-neck black; bill, feet orange-yellow; f.,
+sim. Small fish.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+45</p>
+
+<p><b>72<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Silver Gull</b> (Jameson), Seagull, Sea Pigeon, <i>Larus
+novae-hollandiae</i>, A., T., N. Cal., N.Z. (acc).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shore</i>, <i>inland</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17.5</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck, under, rump, tail white; back, wings delicate-gray;
+wing-tips white and black bars; bill, legs, feet
+blood-red; eye white; f., sim.  Scraps, eggs, omnivorous.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>73<a class="ask" href="#page19">*</a> Pacific Gull</b> (Larger), <i>Gabianus pacificus</i>. A., T. =vt.
+Eur. Greater Black-backed Gull.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shore</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;25</p>
+
+<p>"This fine gull;" head, neck, under white; tail white
+barred black; back, wings slaty-black; eye white; legs
+yellow; deepened bill orange tipped red; f., smaller;
+young up to 4 years mottled-brown, becoming more like
+adult each year.  Fish, crabs, carrion.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 33. STERCORARIIDAE (4), SKUAS, Robber Gulls, Sea
+Pirates, 7 sp.&mdash;4(0)A., 1(0)O., 4(0)P., 3(0)E.,
+4(0)Nc., 4(1)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>74&nbsp; Great Southern Skua</b>, Robber Gull, Port-Egmont-Hen,
+Sea-Hawk, Hakoakoa, <i>Megalestris antarctica</i>, S.
+Oceans, A., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Great Skua.<br />
+[~74 <i>Catharacta.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>shores</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23</p>
+
+<p>Upper blackish-brown; under chocolate-brown; wing white
+patch; centre tail feathers project &frac12;in.; f., sim. Stolen
+fish, carrion.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>75&nbsp; Richardson Skua</b> (Arctic), Arctic (Parasite) Gull,
+Long-tailed Jaeger, Sea-Pirate, Boatswain-Bird, Teaser,
+<i>Stercorarius crepidatus</i>, cos.<br />
+[~75 <i>C. parasitica.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>Mig. r. <i>shores</i>      20</p>
+
+<p>Dimorphic (two phases)&mdash;1. Dusky upper; blackish cap;
+narrow whitish collar; under white; brown band on
+chest; brown band on wing; centre tail feathers project
+3ins.; strong bill, claws. 2. Under mottled and
+barred brown and whitish; follow bay steamers; f.,
+sim.  Stolen fish.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page42qz" id="page42qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>The fifty Australian birds included in the important order of
+Waders are remarkably like such birds found inhabiting other
+regions of the globe, shore conditions apparently being somewhat
+similar the world over. It is interesting to note that thirteen
+of the forty-four Australian members of this family of Plover-like
+birds are also found in Britain, and that most of the others
+are direct representatives of closely-related birds found in other
+Countries. No less than twenty-eight of these birds are merely
+visitors here, for they breed away in the far North. Many even
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page43q" id="page43q"></a></span>
+nest within the Arctic Circle, in Siberia, for it is a rule that a
+migrating bird nests in the colder of the two countries visited.
+Strictly, these twenty-eight species are Siberian, or at least
+northern, forms, and not Australian birds.</p>
+
+<p>Many members of this group undergo a seasonal change of
+plumage when breeding time comes. As they spend this season
+in the Northern Hemisphere, we do not see them in their brilliant
+colors, but in quiet, mottled browns and grays.</p>
+
+<p>Some are "accidental" visitors to Australia. Possibly they find
+their way here by getting mixed with a company of allied birds
+on their annual journey south. Thus the Common (British)
+Sandpiper is a very rare bird here, though it retains its British
+name&mdash;Common Sandpiper. Similarly, other European and
+American birds have been recorded, and the number of these
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page46q" id="page46q"></a></span>
+far-wandering birds recorded from Australia is likely to be
+still further increased. The stout, short-legged Turnstone is the
+most cosmopolitan of birds. Breeding in Siberia, so widely does
+it roam, that it has visited almost every shore in the world, where,
+true to name, it turns the stones in search of sandhoppers.</p>
+
+<p>The two "Oyster-catchers"&mdash;"Redbills"&mdash;are representatives of
+similar birds found almost the world over. Their deepened, flat
+bill is said to serve as a pick-axe to force open oysters and mussels.
+We found one or two pairs on almost every shore we visited
+about Bass Strait, on Eyre Peninsula, and on the Barrier Reef.</p>
+
+<p>The two common Plovers&mdash;the Spurwing and Black-breasted&mdash;do
+not migrate, so we see them in brighter colors. Still, though
+bright when noticed, they are yet wonderfully protected, as they
+stand quite still. I felt great astonishment on finding that I
+had driven, near Lake Tyrrell, into the midst of a company of
+over a thousand Black-breasted Plovers, not noticed until the eye
+picked out one and then another. It recalled to mind the scene
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47q" id="page47q"></a></span>
+in the <i>Lady of the Lake</i>, when Fitz James found the hillside alive
+with Roderick Dhu's warriors.</p>
+
+<p>The White-headed Stilt, or Long-legged Plover, is one of five
+species spread throughout the world. Some people have pretended
+to pity the Stilt for being one of Nature's misfits, but
+surely they never saw the bird in a state of nature enjoying life,
+and gaining an easy living on shallow tidal flats, its long legs
+being a beautiful adaptation to the environment in which it lives.</p>
+
+<p>The Banded Stilt is a purely Australian bird, and has no representative
+in other countries. These and some other shore-birds
+live about tidal flats, and get their food in the soft mud. Their
+long bill is often flexible, and the tip is sometimes well supplied
+with nerves, so that it is sensitive. The bird can thus detect, in
+the soft mud, any animal that would serve for food. It can then
+open its bill enough to catch the animal without trouble. The
+Avocet's bill is sharply curved upwards, and is one of the most
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page48q" id="page48q"></a></span>
+remarkable of such organs. The Australian Avocet is one
+species of a cosmopolitan genus.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the Dottrels live on the dry, open plains of the interior;
+others frequent the beaches and shores.</p>
+
+<p>When a bird of prey appears, these plain-living birds squat quite
+flat, placing even the head flat on the ground. They thus escape
+detection, for the protective coloring of these birds and of their
+eggs is marvellous. The story of how a photograph of a Dottrel's
+nest was obtained is of value to teachers, for it will remind us that
+it is not well to neglect the three R's, and that Nature-study alone
+will not give a complete education. Three bird-lovers spent some
+time trying to find this nest, while the parent birds flew noisily
+around. Suspecting at last that the birds' knowledge of numbers
+was probably deficient, the three hid behind a log. Two
+then walked away. The birds immediately returned to the nest,
+and a valuable photograph was the result. A training in Nature-study,
+valuable as it undoubtedly is, is thus not all of our work.</p>
+
+<p>The Painted Snipe breeds in Australia, but the Australian Snipe
+breeds in Japan, so it, properly speaking, is not an Australian
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page49q" id="page49q"></a></span>
+bird. Think of the journey twice a year! Six of these wading-birds
+even visit New Zealand each year. How do they find their
+way there, across a gap of over 1000 miles, without any land whatever?
+Inherited memory is strong, but how did the first batches
+find their way? Their annual journey supports the geographer
+in his surmise that Australia at no very distant date extended
+very much farther to the east. Indeed, these birds almost certainly
+follow the old coast of the Australian continent.</p>
+
+<p>Snipe, some Plovers, Dottrels, Curlews (Sea), Whimbrels, Godwits,
+&amp;c., thus go to the North each year to partake of the abundant
+banquet of fruits, &amp;c., preserved in the great ice chamber of
+the North. Numberless flocks of birds follow up the melting ice, and
+so nest unmolested on the great tundras and plains of Siberia.
+They wear their bright wedding dress in the far North, and are
+known here only in the quiet mottled browns and grays. In
+autumn these birds depart. They travel mostly at night, to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page50q" id="page50q"></a></span>
+avoid Birds of Prey, and so are seldom seen, though they may be
+heard calling as they pass high overhead. They are occasionally
+seen with the aid of telescopes as they pass across the face of the
+moon.</p>
+
+<p>The Pratincole, or Swallow-Plover, is a representative of an
+Old-World family. Its long wings and long legs denote a rapid
+runner and a rapid flyer, so that it has little trouble in catching
+its insect food, either in the air or on the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Our inland Stone-Curlew has a call very similar to that of the
+sea (true) Curlew, but it has a short, straight bill, instead of a
+long, arched bill. The proper name of the land Curlew is the
+Southern Stone-Curlew or Stone-Plover. It is the only Australian
+bird that seems to have the power of varying the color of its
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51q" id="page51q"></a></span>
+eggs. If the eggs are laid in grass, they are greenish; if amongst
+ironstone, the eggs are reddish-brown; if on sand, the eggs are
+tawny; and so on. Other ground-laying birds seem to pick out
+the soil that matches the color of their eggs, and lay there only.
+Possibly local races of the Southern Stone-Curlew keep to the
+one class of country. However, the eggs do match the surroundings,
+and the birds nest on different kinds of soil and rock.</p>
+
+<p>In Family 42, the only Australian bird is the Australian Bustard,
+our representative of a widely-spread family, a member of
+which formerly bred in Great Britain. It is the well-known "Wild
+Turkey." As it is a good table bird, it is generally shot on sight.
+This is a mistake, as it is (as Mr. C. French, Government Entomologist,
+has pointed out) worth many times its table value as an
+insect destroyer. None of the family has spread to America.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52q" id="page52q"></a></span>
+As no Bustard occurs in the regions between Australia and India,
+this bird supplies a good example of what is known to zoo-geographers
+as "discontinuous distribution." "Discontinuous
+distribution," as applied to land animals, <i>e.g.</i>, marsupials found
+in America and Australia, ratite birds in South America, South
+Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, or the tapir, found in Central
+America and Malaysia, implies a land connexion (not necessarily
+complete at any one period) to allow of the gradual spread
+of the animals. Of course, as flying birds can pass easily from
+one region to another, "discontinuous distribution," as applied to
+them, cannot have so much importance attached to it as indicating
+previous land connexions.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>42</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i046-1000.png"><img src="images/i046-560.png" width="560" height="442" alt="76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER X.&mdash;CHARADRIIFORMES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 34. <i>Chionididae</i>, Sheathbills, Kelp-Pigeons, 3 sp.&mdash;2(2)E.
+1(1)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 35. <i>Thinocorythidae</i>, Seed-Snipe, Seed-Plover, 5 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 36. CHARADRIIDAE (44), Waders, Plover-like Birds,
+202 sp.&mdash;68(29)A., 75(5)O., 84(2)P., 70(24)E.,
+65(3)Nc., 74(28)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>76&nbsp; Turnstone</b>, Sea-Dottrel, Calico (Beach) Bird, <i>Arenaria
+interpres</i>, cos.<br />
+[~76 <i>Morinella interpres.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>shore</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Winter plumage, mottled brown, black; summer plumage
+in far north; black and white conspicuous; short bill
+black; legs, feet, orange; f., duller. Sand-hoppers,
+shellfish.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" id="page43"></a>43</span>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+13</p>
+
+<p><b>77&nbsp; Pied Oyster-catcher</b> (White-breasted, Black and white),
+Seapie, Olive, Redbill, Torea, <i>Haematopus longirostris</i>,
+Mol., N.G., A., T., N.Z., Chatham Is. =vt. Eur.
+Oyster-catcher.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shores</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19.5</p>
+
+<p>Black; abdomen, rump, base tail above, below white;
+eyes, bill, legs red; bill 3.75in.; f., sim.  Sand-hoppers,
+shellfish, worms.</p>
+
+<p><b>78&nbsp; Black Oyster-catcher</b> (Sooty), Redbill, Toreo-pango,
+<i>H. fuliginosus</i>, A., T., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shores</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18</p>
+
+<p>Sooty-black; bill, feet, eye red; f., sim. Shellfish, worms.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>79&nbsp; Red-kneed Dottrel</b>, Sandpiper (e), <i>Erythrogonys cinctus</i>,
+A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>muddy river banks</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
+
+<p>Head, upper-neck, chest, black; throat, sides of neck, abdomen,
+under base tail white; back olive-brown; middle
+tail feathers olive, rest white; thigh, knee pink-red; f.,
+sim. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>80&nbsp; Spurwing Plover</b> (Wattled), Alarm-Bird, <i>Lobivanellus
+lobatus</i>, A., T.<br />
+[~80 <i>Lobibyx novae hollandiae.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>plains</i>, <i>swamps</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</p>
+
+<p>"One of most beautiful of plovers;" crown black; face,
+hind-neck, rump, under white; upper brown; tail white
+tipped black; wattle on face lemon-yellow; spur on
+shoulder; f., sim. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>81<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Black-breasted Plover</b> (Stubble, Flock, Plain), <i>Zonifer
+tricolor</i>, A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; crown, line on face down to broad band on
+chest, wing-quills black; line through eye, throat, abdomen
+white; tail white barred black; spot at base of
+upper-bill blood-red; f., spot lighter-red. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>82&nbsp; Gray Plover</b> (Black-bellied), Gray Sandpiper (e), Maycock,
+<i>Squatarola helvetica</i>, cos.<br />
+[~82 <i>Squatarola squatarola.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>muddy shores</i>, <i>rivers</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12</p>
+
+<p>Crown, upper, wings, olive-brown mottled white; wing-quills
+blackish-brown; rump white; tail white barred
+light olive; face, under white, breast tinged buff; bill,
+feet blackish; small hind toe; brighter in far North;
+f., sim. Insects, worms.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>44</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i048-1000.png"><img src="images/i048-560.png" width="560" height="358" alt="83, 84, 85, 86, 87 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>83&nbsp; Lesser Golden Plover</b> (Pacific, American, Australian,
+Eastern), <i>Charadrius dominicus</i>, almost cos.<br />
+[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. flocks, r. <i>plains near sea</i>, <i>rivers</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9</p>
+
+<p>Upper, tail dark-brown marked whitish; under mottled
+buff, brown, white; line over eye, throat whitish; no
+hind toe; brighter in far north; f., sim. Insects, worms.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+8</p>
+
+<p><b>84&nbsp; Double-banded Dottrel</b> (Banded), Pohowera, <i>Ochthodromus
+bicinctus</i>, A., T., Norfolk Is., Lord Howe Is.,
+N.Z.<br />
+[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>shores</i>, <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper brownish-gray; under white; black band on chest;
+chestnut band on abdomen; forehead white; black line
+through eye; eyelash scarlet; no hind toe; f., duller.
+Insects, worms.</p>
+
+<p><b>85&nbsp; Oriental Dottrel</b> (Eastern, Asiatic, Mongolian), <i>O.
+veredus</i>, Mongolia, China to A.<br />
+[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>sandy coasts</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.5</p>
+
+<p>Indistinct mottled plumage; upper brown and buff; throat
+lighter; abdomen white; slender bill dark-brown; legs
+long, slender; no hind toe; f., sim. Insects, worms.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+19</p>
+
+<p><b>86&nbsp; Red-capped Dottrel</b>, Red-necked Plover, Sandlark,
+<i>Ægialitis ruficapilla</i>, China to A., T., N.Z.<br />
+[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shores</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6</p>
+
+<p>Crown, hind-neck rust-red; upper, wings pale-brown; wing-quills
+blackish-brown; centre tail dark-brown, rest
+white; under, forehead white; f., duller. Shellfish.</p>
+
+<p><b>87<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Black-fronted Dottrel</b>, <i>Æ. melanops</i>, A.<br />
+[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>rivers</i>, <i>pools</i>, <i>lakes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6</p>
+
+<p>Forehead, broad band on chest black; throat, abdomen,
+stripe over eye, round hind-neck white; eyelash bright-red;
+"active, elegant bird;" f., sim. Insects, worms.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" id="page45"></a>45</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i049-1000.png"><img src="images/i049-560.png" width="560" height="361" alt="88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>88&nbsp; Hooded Dottrel</b>, <i>Æ. cucullata</i>, A., T.<br />
+[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shore</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.3</p>
+
+<p>Head, throat, upper-back black; hind-neck, under white;
+lower-back light brownish-gray; middle tail feathers
+black, rest tipped white; scarlet ring round eye; f.,
+crown mottled black, white. Sand-hoppers, worms.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>89&nbsp; Australian Dottrel</b>, <i>Peltohyas australis</i>, A. =vt. Eur.
+Common Dottrel.<br />
+[~83-89 <i>Genus Charadrius.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>plains (interior)</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Upper sandy-buff mottled with dark-brown; black band
+across top of head from eye to eye; black collar on
+hind-neck continued as a narrow V across chest; forehead,
+throat white; m., duller. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+7</p>
+
+<p><b>90&nbsp; White-headed Stilt</b> (Pied), Longshanks, Stilt-bird,
+Long-legged Plover, <i>Himantopus leucocephalus</i>, Great
+Sunda Is., Mol., N.G., A. =vt. Eur. Stilt.<br />
+[~90 <i>Hypsibates</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>swamps</i>, <i>lakes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15</p>
+
+<p>White; hind-neck, back, wings black; long legs pink; f.,
+smaller. Insects, pond-snails.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>91&nbsp; Banded Stilt</b>, Rottnest Snipe (e), <i>Cladorhynchus
+leucocephalus</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>shallow lakes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.5</p>
+
+<p>White; broad chestnut band on breast; wings, centre of
+abdomen black; long bill black.  Plaintive whistle.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>92&nbsp; Red-necked Avocet</b>, Cobbler, Cobbler's Awl, Painted
+Lady, Scooper, <i>Recurvirostra novae-hollandiae</i>, A., T.,
+N.Z. =vt. cos. bird.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>lakes</i>, <i>tidal bays</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15.5</p>
+
+<p>White; head, neck chestnut; wings black; f., sim. Shellfish,
+insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+9</p>
+
+<p><b>93&nbsp; Australian Curlew</b>, Sea-Curlew, <i>Numenius cyanopus</i>,
+E. Sib., Japan to A. =vt. Eur. Common Curlew.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>tidal shores</i> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; m., &nbsp;21; &nbsp;&nbsp; f., &nbsp;24</p>
+
+<p>Arched bill 7in.; mottled brown; f., larger. Crabs, worms.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>46</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i050-1000.png"><img src="images/i050-560.png" width="560" height="441" alt="94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>94&nbsp; Oriental Whimbrel</b> (Australian), Jack-Curlew, Mayfowl,
+<i>N. variegatus</i>, E. Sib., Japan to A., T. =vt. Eur.
+Whimbrel.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>river</i>, <i>swamp</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15</p>
+
+<p>Brown mottled; chin, abdomen white; tail barred brown,
+white; arched bill 3in.; f., sim. Crabs, shellfish,
+worms.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>95&nbsp; Little Whimbrel</b>, <i>Mesoscolopax minutus</i>, E. Sib., Mongolia,
+Japan to A.<br />
+[~95 <i>Numenius minutus.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>swamps</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>47</span>
+
+<p>Upper blackish-brown much marked and spotted buff;
+under, line past eye buff; arched bill 1.7in.  Insects,
+worms.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>96&nbsp; Barred-rumped Godwit</b> (Pacific), Kuaka, <i>Limosa,
+novae-zealandiae</i> (<i>lapponica</i>, Am.O.U.), Alaska, California;
+E. Sib. to A., T., N.Z., Oceania =vt. Eur.
+Barred-tailed Godwit.<br />
+[~96 <i>Limosa baueri.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>shores</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15</p>
+
+<p>Upper brownish-gray marked whitish; rump, tail barred
+brown, white; abdomen white; legs brownish-black;
+broad, indistinct whitish eyebrow; bill long, slightly upturned;
+f., larger. Shellfish, worms, sand-hoppers.</p>
+
+<p><b>97&nbsp; Black-tailed Godwit</b>, <i>L. limosa</i>, Br. Eur., N. Afr., India,
+E. Sib., Japan to A., Greenland (acc.), may be a distinct
+species than called <i>L. melanuroides</i>.<br />
+[~97 <i>L. melanuroides.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>shallow lakes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16</p>
+
+<p>Upper grayish-brown; wing white band flying; lower-back
+blackish-brown; upper base tail white; tail black, white
+at side at base; neck, breast, flanks grayish-brown;
+abdomen white; bill long, slightly upturned; f., larger.
+Insects, pond snails, worms.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>98&nbsp; Common Sandpiper</b>, Summer Snipe, <i>Tringoides hypoleucus</i>,
+Eur. (Br.), N. Asia, Afr., Ind., to A. (acc.).<br />
+[~98 <i>Tringa hypoleuca.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. u. <i>shores</i>, <i>lakes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Upper pale-brown marked darker; wing-quills slightly
+tipped white; centre tail feathers glossy-brown, side
+feathers white barred brown; under white; chest
+marked pale-brown; indistinct pale eyebrow; tail constantly
+jerked; f., sim. Water-insects, shellfish.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>99&nbsp; Greenshank</b>, <i>Glottis nebularius</i>, Br., Eastern hemisphere,
+Florida (acc.).<br />
+[~99 <i>T. nebularia.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>shores</i>, <i>lakes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</p>
+
+<p>Face, under, tail white; sides of breast streaked brown;
+edge of tail barred freckled brown; crown, hind-neck
+gray; wings dark-brown; upper light-brown; legs deep
+olive-green; f., sim.  Shellfish, worms.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" id="page48"></a>48</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i052-1000.png"><img src="images/i052-560.png" width="560" height="435" alt="100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>100&nbsp; Sanderling</b>, <i>Calidris arenaria</i> (<i>leucophoea</i>, Am.O.U.),
+cos. exc. Pacific Is.<br />
+[~100 <i>Arenaria leucophaea.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>sandy shores</i>, <i>swamps</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, back gray; white band on wing; sides, lower-back
+white; eyebrow, forehead, face, under white; no hind
+toe; brighter in far north; f., sim. Sand-hoppers,
+insects.  "Wick."</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>49</span>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>101&nbsp; Eastern Little Stint</b> (Little), Red-necked Sandpiper,
+Land-snipe, Little Dunlin, <i>Pisobia ruficollis</i>, E. Sib.,
+Jap., China to A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Little Stint.<br />
+[~101 <i>Erolia ruficollis.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. flocks c. <i>shores</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.2</p>
+
+<p>Upper ashy-brown mottled darker; wing-quills blackish-brown;
+centre tail feathers blackish-brown; rest whitish;
+forehead, under white; faint chestnut band on
+chest; bill, legs black; brighter in far north; f., sim.
+Insects, shellfish.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>102<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Sharp-tailed Sandpiper</b> (Siberian-, Asiatic-Pectoral),
+Sharp-tailed Stint, Marsh Sandpiper, Marsh Tringa,
+<i>Heteropygia aurita</i>, (<i>P. aurita</i>, Am.O.U.), Alaska, E.
+Sib., Japan, Ind, to A., T., N.Z.<br />
+[~102 <i>E. aurita.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>coast</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark-brown marked gray; crown faint rufous; wing-quills
+dark-brown; face, under whitish, breast brownish;
+f., smaller. Small water-animals.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>103&nbsp; Curlew-Sandpiper</b>, Pygmy Curlew, Curlew-Stint, <i>Ancylochilus
+subarquatus</i> (<i>Erolia ferruginea</i>, Am.O.U.),
+A., T., N.Z., almost cos. exc. Pac. Is.<br />
+[~103 <i>E. ferruginea.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. flocks r. <i>shore</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper grayish-brown; eyebrow, rump, under white, chest
+tinged brown; bill 1.5 in., black, arched; brighter in far
+north; f., sim. Insects, worms.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>104&nbsp; Knot</b>, Knot-Snipe, <i>Tringa canutus</i>, almost cos., A., T.,
+N.Z.<br />
+[~104 <i>Canutus canutus.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>tidal mud flats</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9</p>
+
+<p>Upper grayish-brown; under white; flanks, breast barred
+grayish-brown; upper base tail white barred black;
+brighter in far north; f., sim. Insects, worms.</p>
+
+<p><b>105&nbsp; Eastern Knot</b> (Japanese), Great Sandpiper, <i>T. crassirostris</i>,
+E. Sib., Jap., Ind. to A.<br />
+[~105 <i>C. magnus.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>shore</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, neck, brownish-gray; back, wings brown; rump
+white; tail brownish-gray; breast dark-brown marked
+white; abdomen white; bill olive, 1&frac34; in.; brighter in
+far north; f., sim. Insects, worms.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>50</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i054-1000.png"><img src="images/i054-560.png" width="560" height="442" alt="106, 107, 108, 109, 110 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>106<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Australian Snipe</b> (Japanese, Latham), Jack Snipe,
+Bleater, Long-bill, <i>Gallinago australis</i>, Jap., Formosa,
+to A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Snipe.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>swamps</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.5</p>
+
+<p>Richly mottled; crown blackish with buff line along centre;
+face, chin buff; breast, washed reddish-brown; brown
+bars on flanks; back mottled brownish-black; under
+wings finely barred black, white; chestnut band on
+tail; two black lines on face; bill 2.7 in.; f., sim.
+Insects, worms.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>107<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Australian-Painted Snipe</b>, Australian Rhynchaea, <i>Rostratula
+australis</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>grassy</i>, <i>bush</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.5</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>51</span>
+
+<p>Beautiful mottled dotted; crown dark-brown, with buff
+line; throat, chest dark, chin lighter; wing brown,
+spotted black, white, buff; abdomen white; long
+straight bill 1.7 in.; m., duller, smaller.  Insects,
+worms.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 37. PARRIDAE (1), PARRA, Jacana, Water-Pheasant, 11
+sp.&mdash;2(1)A., 3(2)O., 3(3)E., 1(0)Nc., 4(3)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 38. <i>Cursoriidae</i>, Coursers, 15 sp.&mdash;3(2)O., 1(0)P., 13(12)E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 39. GLAREOLIDAE (2), PRATINCOLES, Swallow-Plovers,
+10 sp.&mdash;2(0)A., 4(1)O., 3(0)P., 7(5)E.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>108&nbsp; Australian Pratincole</b>, Swallow-Plover, <i>Stiltia isabella</i>,
+Borneo, Java to A., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Pratincole.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>(interior) rivers</i>, <i>marshes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 9.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper, wings, breast light-rufous, throat whitish; abdomen
+chestnut; base tail above, below white; centre tail
+black, rest white; bill red, tipped black, swallow-like
+flight; f., sim. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 40. <i>Dromadidae</i>, Crab-Plover, 1 sp.&mdash;1(0)O., 1(0)E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 41. &OElig;DICNEMIDAE (2), STONE-CURLEWS, Stone-Plovers,
+Thick-Knees, 13 sp.&mdash;2(1)A., 3(1)O.,
+1(0)P., 7(6)E., 3(3) Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>109<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Southern Stone-Curlew</b> (-Plover)  Willaroo, Scrub
+Curlew, <i>Burhinus grallarius</i>, A., T. (acc.).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>sandy plains</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, upper dark-gray, marked black; round eye white;
+throat buff; chest, abdomen whitish, streaked blackish;
+white patch on wing; legs long; bill short, black; f.,
+sim.  Insects, berries.  "Wee-lo."</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 42. OTIDIDAE (1), BUSTARDS, 33 sp.&mdash;1(1)A., 7(2)O.,
+7(2)P., 23(21)E</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>110 Australian Bustard</b>, Wild Turkey (e), <i>Eupodotis australis</i>,
+A.<br />
+[~110 <i>Choriotis australis.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;48</p>
+
+<p>Crown black; face, neck grayish-white; upper, wings
+brown; wings spotted black-white; black band on
+chest; abdomen white; f., smaller. Seeds, grass,
+lizards, insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52qz" id="page52qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>Australia, fortunately, has one representative of Order XI.&mdash;Cranes.
+This is the Native Companion, the only true Crane found
+in Australia. These are interesting birds, with their "quadrille
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page53q" id="page53q"></a></span>
+parties," "corroborees," and dances. They live chiefly on vermin&mdash;insects,
+lizards, &amp;c. The great Gould said: "Its presence adds
+greatly to the interest of the scenery." Would that more Australians
+thought so!</p>
+
+<p>Cranes are amongst the best of flyers. They are said to fly
+sometimes at a height of from three and a half to five miles, and
+have been seen to cross lofty mountains in Central Asia without
+increasing their altitude. Perhaps because of its inappropriate
+name&mdash;Native Companion&mdash;some have proposed to regard this
+bird as the typical Australian bird, but it is not so. In fact, it
+is our one representative of an almost world-wide group.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>52</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i056-1000.png"><img src="images/i056-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="111, 112, 113, 114, 115 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER XI.&mdash;GRUIFORMES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 43. GRUIDAE (1), CRANES, 19 sp.&mdash;1(1)A., 8(2)O.,
+9(1)P., 7(5)E., 3(0)Nc., 2(0)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>111&nbsp; Australian Crane</b>, Native Companion, Brolga, <i>Antigone
+australasiana</i>, A.<br />
+[~111 <i>Mathewsia rubicunda.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;42</p>
+
+<p>Deep silvery-gray; wing-quills black; naked red patch
+about face, throat; legs, feet black; f., smaller.  Insects,
+lizards, bulbous roots, seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 44. <i>Aramidae</i>, Courlans, Limpkin, 2 sp.&mdash;1(0)Nc.,</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 45. <i>Rhinochetidae</i>, Kagu, 1 sp. A. (N. Cal.).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 46. <i>Mesoenatidae</i>, 1 sp. E. (Madagascar).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 47. <i>Eurypygidae</i>, Sun-bitterns, 2 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 48. <i>Psophiidae</i>, Trumpeters, 7 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 49. <i>Cariamidae</i>, Seriema, Saria, 2 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page53qz" id="page53qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>In Order XII. Australia has representatives of the Ibises,
+Spoonbills, Storks, Herons, Egrets, Night Herons, and Bitterns, so
+well known in every part of the world.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the world's birds, few are better known than the Ibis.
+This bird was so highly prized by the ancient Egyptians as to be
+considered sacred, and they thought enough of it to embalm it.
+As Egypt depended on the overflow of the Nile for food supply,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page54q" id="page54q"></a></span>
+and as this overflow was heralded by the arrival of the migratory
+Ibis from the South, it was natural for the Egyptians to connect
+the rise of the river with this bird, and thus look for its approach.
+Again, the Ibis is an insect destroyer, and, as Egypt was subject
+to plagues of grasshoppers, it undoubtedly rendered as valuable
+service there as it does here. This is another reason that
+has been assigned for the esteem in which this valuable bird was
+held. However, it is now almost unknown in Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>In Australia we have three Ibises. One, the Sacred Ibis, or
+White Ibis, is practically identical with the Sacred Ibis of Egypt.
+Our second Ibis is the even more valuable Straw-necked Ibis,
+which extends its labors to plains and pastures, while the Sacred
+Ibis is rarely seen except on swampy lands. The Straw-necked
+Ibis is restricted to Australia. It seems to be increasing in
+numbers, for I have seen small and large flocks in many parts of
+the Eastern States recently. It has an insatiable appetite for
+grasshoppers and other insects. This bird is a valuable asset to
+Australia, and yet thoughtless farmers used to shoot it. Mr. Le
+Souëf and Dr. C. Ryan came upon a flock of Ibises breeding in
+Riverina. They estimated the flock to contain 240,000 birds.
+They found that each bird shot contained on the average
+2000 young grasshoppers. Think of it; 480,000,000 grasshoppers
+a day! Where are those birds now, when needed to stem a locust
+plague? We have to pay the price of our folly in destroying
+valuable birds. A third Ibis is identical with the little Glossy
+Ibis of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The six Spoonbills are found throughout the world except in
+New Zealand and the northern parts of North America. They
+used to breed in England before man's selfishness and stupidity
+destroyed them and their nesting-places. They breed at present
+in the Murray swamps.</p>
+
+<p>The Australian Stork&mdash;the Jabiru&mdash;does not come to the
+Southern parts of Australia, but breeds on the Queensland coast.
+It is a quaint-shaped, though beautifully-colored, bird. Its large,
+awkward-looking bill has a slight curve upwards.</p>
+
+<p>Now come those beautiful birds, the Egrets. Man's cupidity
+and selfishness, and woman's desire for ornament, seem to have
+doomed these birds to total extermination, for the plume trade,
+which is responsible for some of the "most abominable cruelty
+practised in the animal world," is a war of extermination. Egrets
+are shy, and are approachable only in the breeding season. At
+that time they are, in obedience to parental instincts, brave in
+defence of their young. It is just then that the plume-hunters
+visit the rookeries and shoot the parents, leaving the helpless,
+almost fully-fledged, young to die in the nest, so high overhead.
+And all for what? Could anyone who has seen the devastated
+nests, with the famished bodies of the fledglings rotting in the
+sun, ever take pleasure in Egret plumes decking the head of a
+sister or wife? Women of refinement and tender heart will
+refuse to wear the proceeds of human cruelty. Those engaged
+in the trade resort to the mean trick of calling the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page59q" id="page59q"></a></span>
+plumes "Osprey plumes." Now, the Osprey is a Fish-Hawk, and
+so possibly of little use to the land-dweller, but these plumes grow
+on the back and neck of a valuable insect destroyer. The extent
+of this trade is appalling. At one plume sale, held in London
+on 4th August, 1909, the breeding plumes of 24,000 birds were
+offered for sale. Think of it! The slow starvation of 40,000
+nestlings, the death of 64,000 birds, to provide the plumes for one
+day's sale. No, ladies, if you consider you are in need of ornament,
+wear ostrich plumes and pheasants' feathers, for these do
+not involve the death of a bird, but rather the reverse, for the
+greater the demand for these feathers, the more birds will be
+bred; but spare the Egret.</p>
+
+<p>The Reef Heron is found on beaches from the Bay of Bengal
+to New Zealand. It has given scientists much trouble, for it
+has a pure-white form and a dark slaty-gray form. We
+found and photographed the nests on Mast Head and Heron
+Islands. This was a prize, for no photograph of a Reef Heron's
+nest had been published previously. As soon as the falling tide
+exposed the reef round the island, Reef Herons, Gulls, Plovers,
+Dottrels, and Terns, went out to have their next meal.</p>
+
+<p>The "Blue Crane" of the country dwellers is the "White-fronted
+Heron" of the bird-lover. "Fronted" in a bird name refers only
+to the forehead. Herons are valuable birds to the grazier,
+farmer, and irrigationist, for, in addition to insects and snails,
+they eat yabbies (fresh-water crayfish), which bore into the banks
+and bed of irrigation channels, and so cause much loss of water
+by soakage.</p>
+
+<p>Distinguished from these birds mainly by its nocturnal habit is
+the interesting Nankeen Night Heron, our one representative of
+a practically cosmopolitan genus. Our one Night Heron hides
+on a leafy bough asleep during the daytime. About dusk he sets
+off to a swamp.</p>
+
+<p>The Australian Bittern, also our one representative of a cosmopolitan
+genus, skulks in a bed of reeds. Hence it is seldom
+seen. Its loud, dismal, booming note probably assisted in the
+formation of the Bunyip legends of the blacks. I saw more Bitterns
+in a recent trip down the Brisbane than I ever saw before.</p>
+
+<p>At breeding time these birds assemble in very large companies,
+and their nesting-places are called heronries or rookeries.
+The chief rookeries here are in the Riverina, where the great
+annual overflow of that fine river, the Murray, converts the country
+into a great series of lakes and swamps. Here water animals
+live in large numbers, and thousands of birds take advantage of
+this abundant food supply to nest there in the enormous redgums.</p>
+
+<p>Each bird is the close relative of a similar bird in Europe, so
+that what is read concerning Herons and Egrets there, applies
+equally to our members of this widely-distributed family. Eating
+grasshoppers and other insects in great numbers, they are friends
+of the farmer and grazier. Destroying yabbies and other burrowing
+water animals, they are valuable allies of the irrigationist,
+and it is decidedly bad policy to shoot one.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>53</span>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER XII.&mdash;ARDEIFORMES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 50. IBIDIDAE  (3), IBISES, 27 sp.&mdash;4(2)A., 6(2)O.,
+3(0)P., 10(8)E., 4(0)Nc., 11(7)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>112&nbsp; Australian White Ibis</b> (Black-necked), Sickle-Bill,
+<i>Ibis molucca</i>, Mol., N.G., A. =vt. Sacred Ibis of
+Egypt.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. flocks, r. <i>lagoons</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;30</p>
+
+<p>
+White; head, upper-neck bare black; back of head and
+neck barred rose-pink; black bill arched; f., smaller.
+Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>113&nbsp; Straw-necked Ibis</b>, Dryweather (Letter) Bird, Farmer's
+Friend, <i>Carphibis spinicollis</i>, A. T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. flocks, c. <i>grassy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;28</p>
+
+<p>"This beautiful ibis;" head, fore-neck naked black; black
+bill arched; pointed, straw-colored plumes on neck;
+breast, upper greenish-purple barred black; abdomen,
+flanks, tail white; f., smaller. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>114&nbsp; Glossy Ibis</b>, Black Curlew (e), <i>Plegadis falcinellus</i>,
+A., T., N.Z., almost cos. exc. S. Am., Arctic, and Pac.
+Is.<br />
+[~114 <i>Egatheus falcinellus.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. flocks, v.r. <i>swampy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;25</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck, breast, back, under rich reddish-chestnut;
+lower-back, tail dark bronze-green; winter; head, neck
+streaked white; f., sim. Insects, worms.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 51. PLATALEIDAE (2), SPOONBILLS, 6 sp.&mdash;2(2)A.,
+2(0)O., 2(0)P., 2(1)E., 1(0)Nc., 1(0)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>115&nbsp; Black-billed Spoonbill</b> (Royal), <i>Platalea regia</i>, A.,
+N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>marshy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;29</p>
+
+<p>White; bill, legs, feet black; f., sim.  Shellfish, frogs.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>55</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i059-800.png"><img src="images/i059t-300.png" width="300" height="506" alt="128, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>128</b> Cape Barren Goose<br />
+           <b>129</b> Maned Goose<br />
+           <b>131</b> Plumed Whistling Duck</td>
+       <td><b>133</b> Black Duck<br />
+           <b>134</b> Australian Teal<br />
+           <b>135</b> Gray Teal</td>
+       <td><b>136</b> Australian Shoveller<br />
+	       <b>137</b> Pink-eared Duck<br />
+           <b>139</b> White-eyed Duck</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>56</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>57</span><br />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i061-800.png"><img src="images/i061t-300.png" width="300" height="503" alt="152, 155, 157, 158, 165, 167, 170, 172, 173 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>152</b> Allied Harrier<br />
+           <b>155</b> Australian Goshawk<br />
+           <b>157</b> Collared Sparrowhawk</td>
+       <td><b>158</b> Wedge-tailed Eagle<br />
+           <b>165</b> Black-shouldered Kite<br />
+           <b>167</b> Black-cheeked Falcon</td>
+       <td><b>170</b> Little Falcon<br />
+	       <b>172</b> Brown Hawk<br />
+           <b>173</b> Nankeen Kestrel</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>58</span><br />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>60</span><br />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i064-1000.jpg"><img src="images/i064-560.jpg" width="560" height="358" alt="116, 117, 118, 121, 122 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>116&nbsp; Yellow-billed Spoonbill</b>, <i>Platibis flavipes</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>swamps</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;28</p>
+
+<p>White; bill, legs, feet yellow; f., sim.  Shellfish, frogs,</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 52. CICONIIDAE (1), STORK (JABIRU), 19 sp.&mdash;2(0)A.,
+10(6)O., 4(1)P., 8(4)E., 2(0)Nc., 3(1)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 53. <i>Scopidae</i>, Hammer-Head, 1 sp. E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 54. <i>Balaenicipitidae</i>, Shoe-bird, Shoebill, Whaleheaded
+Stork, 1 sp. E. (Upper White Nile).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 55. ARDEIDAE (16), HERONS, 107 sp.&mdash;32(16)A.,
+27(4)O., 21(1)P., 25(14)E., 17(4)Nc., 33(20)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>117&nbsp; Plumed Egret</b>, <i>Mesophoyx plumifera</i>, Cel., Mol., N.G.,
+A.<br />
+[~117 <i>Egretta plumifera.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>swamps</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24</p>
+
+<p>White; bill yellow; feet, lower legs black, above "knee"
+yellow; f., sim. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>118&nbsp; Australian White Egret</b> (Great), White Crane (e),
+<i>Herodias timoriensis</i>, Jap., China, Philippines to A.,
+T., N.Z.<br />
+[~118 <i>E. timoriensis.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>lagoons</i> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;30</p>
+
+<p>"This noble species;" white; bill beautiful orange; legs
+above "knee" and line down centre of inner shin dull
+yellow; rest of shin, feet black; naked space about eye
+greenish-yellow; f., sim. Fish, frogs, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>119<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> White-fronted Heron</b>, Blue-Crane (e), Matuku, <i>Notophoyx
+novae-hollandiae</i>, Cel., Mol., N.G., A., T., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. v.c. <i>about water</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24</p>
+
+<p>Face, throat white; upper, wings dark-gray; under gray
+tinged rufous; f., sim. Insects, crabs, yabbies.</p>
+
+<p><b>120&nbsp; White-necked Heron</b> (Pacific), White-necked Crane
+(e), <i>N. pacifica</i>, A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>swamps</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;30</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck, breast, shoulder white; under, wings, tail upper
+blackish; f., smaller. Frogs, insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>61</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i065-1000.png"><img src="images/i065-560.png" width="560" height="353" alt="119, 120, 123, 124, 125 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>121&nbsp; Lesser Egret</b> (Little, Spotless), <i>Garzetta nigripes</i>,
+Malay to N.G., A.<br />
+[~121 <i>E. nigripes.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>swamps</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;22</p>
+
+<p>White; 2 long plumes from nape; feet, legs totally black;
+bill black; f., sim. Frogs, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>122&nbsp; Reef Heron</b> (White, Blue, Sacred), <i>Demiegretta sacra</i>,
+Jap., Ind. to A., T., N.Z.<br />
+[~122 <i>Demigretta sacra.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>coast</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23</p>
+
+<p>Dark slaty-gray; bill yellowish-green; some birds are
+white; f., sim. Crabs, shellfish.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+8</p>
+
+<p><b>123<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Nankeen Night Heron</b>, Nankeen Crane (e), <i>Nycticorax
+caledonicus</i>, Cel., N.G., A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur.
+Night Heron. Frogs, insects, yabbies.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>swamps</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19</p>
+
+<p>Nocturnal; crown, nape black; long white plumes from
+nape; upper rich chestnut; abdomen white; neck, chest
+reddish-chestnut; f., sim.; young mottled brown, buff.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+10</p>
+
+<p><b>124&nbsp; Minute Bittern</b>, Kaoriki, <i>Ardetta pusilla</i>, A., N.Z.,
+=vt. Eur. Little Bittern.<br />
+[~124 <i>Ixobrychus pusillus.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>swamps</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10</p>
+
+<p>Crown, back, tail greenish-black; under pale-buff; hind-neck,
+shoulder deep-chestnut; bill, feet yellow; dark
+line from chin to lower breast; f., smaller; upper brown
+streaked chestnut; tail black; under white streaked
+brown. Water-animals.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>125<a class="ask" href="#page38">*</a> Australian Bittern</b> (Black-backed), Boomer, Bull-Bird.
+Matuku-Lurepo, <i>Botaurus poeciloptilus</i>, A.
+T., N. Cal., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Bittern.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>reeds</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24</p>
+
+<p>Head, hind-neck, back dark-brown; wings brown marked
+buff; throat, under creamy-buff streaked dark-brown;
+bill yellow; f., smaller. Fish, frogs, yabbies, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 56. <i>Palamedeidae</i>, Screamers, Unicorn-Bird, 3 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 57. <i>Phoenicopteridae</i>, Flamingoes, 6 sp.&mdash;2(0)O., 1(0)P.,
+2(0)E., 1(0)Nc., 4(3)Nl.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page62q" id="page62q"></a></span>
+
+<p>Swans, Geese, and Ducks, the Swimming Birds grouped in
+Order XIII., are all classified in one family, though there are
+many sub-families.</p>
+
+<p>At the head of the Australian birds is the Black Swan&mdash;that
+<i>rara avis</i> which, possibly, has done more to advertize Australia
+than any other Australian animal or plant. A "black" swan
+was an "impossibility," so this bird was one of the strongest
+factors in establishing Australia's reputation as a land of paradoxes
+and contradictions.</p>
+
+<p>The Black Swan is well known outside Australia, as it is common
+in every park and garden in Europe. Gould feared that it
+would be exterminated here, but fortunately Australians are now
+learning to appreciate their own land, and there is no danger of
+such a calamity.</p>
+
+<p>Eight species of Swans are known to occur all over the world
+with the exception of New Zealand and Africa.</p>
+
+<p>In the next sub-family there is but one bird&mdash;the Semipalmated
+Goose of Australia. This bird, better known as the Magpie Goose,
+has its feet but half-webbed, hence its specific name, <i>semipalmata</i>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page63q" id="page63q"></a></span>
+It is getting rare, though I heard of six near Colac recently.</p>
+
+<p>Again, the only living representative of the next sub-family is
+the Cape Barren Goose, which is common in city gardens in
+Adelaide. It is also becoming rare. It is found only in Tasmania,
+the Bass Strait Islands, and Southern Australia. We
+visited its nesting place near Flinders Island. It is a very pugnacious
+bird, so it is difficult to keep with other birds.</p>
+
+<p>After the Goose sub-family comes the group which includes our
+"Wood Duck," or, as it is called, the Maned Goose, for its bill is
+goose-like. It is a common bird in Australia. Two allied
+genera are found in South America and North-east Africa
+respectively.</p>
+
+<p>In the next sub-family come the domestic Ducks and most of the
+wild Ducks of Australia. This group is often referred to as the
+"Freshwater or River Ducks."</p>
+
+<p>First come two kinds of Whistling Ducks&mdash;so called on account
+of their whistling note uttered while flying. These are rare
+Ducks, one of which is found as far as India; the other is
+occasionally seen in New Zealand, as well as in Australia. The
+Sheldrake, or Shieldrake (Mountain Duck) is the largest Australian
+Duck, and one of the most handsome of the sub-family. It
+is nowhere very plentiful, though one or more pairs appear in
+most suitable localities. As it is unfit for the table, it should be
+spared as an ornament to the landscape.</p>
+
+<p>The Black Duck is very similar to the common wild Duck (Mallard)
+of England. Our Black Duck does not change color with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page64q" id="page64q"></a></span>
+the season, nor is the male different in color from the female.</p>
+
+<p>The Australian Teal is closely similar to the Teal of Europe.
+It is a grass feeder, and is a good table bird. The female is very
+different from the male. It is impossible to distinguish the male
+Gray Teal from the female Teal when in the free state. Mr.
+Keartland (ex-President of the Field Naturalist Club, and ornithologist
+to the Horn and Calvert exploring expeditions) has shown
+that there is a big difference in weight. The male of the
+smaller Gray Teal is not brightly colored like the male Chestnut-breasted
+Teal.</p>
+
+<p>The remarkable Shoveller comes next. It is closely similar to
+the English Shoveller. Strange that this name was first used
+for the Spoonbill. The Shovellers are found the world over.
+The males are very brightly colored in the nesting season.</p>
+
+<p>Unlike most other birds, Swans and Ducks lose the whole of
+their wing feathers at once when moulting, so that for a short
+time they cannot fly. As a protection, the gaudy ones acquire a
+quiet, inconspicuous coloration for a time, so that the male is said
+to get an "eclipse plumage." Many other birds get a bright dress
+for the breeding season only, but the male Duck wears his bright
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page65q" id="page65q"></a></span>
+dress for the whole year, except in the moulting period. It is then
+"eclipsed," with the corresponding advantage that he is protected
+from his many enemies at a time when he is most helpless.</p>
+
+<p>The remarkable Pink-eared Duck has no close relative. It has
+a small pink spot between the eye and ear, and so is called pink-eyed
+or pink-eared. It is found only in Australia. The female
+is similar in color to the male. The name Wigeon, or Widgeon,
+sometimes applied to this Duck, properly belongs to another of the
+fresh-water Ducks which is not found in Australia. Hence, this
+name should not be used for our bird.</p>
+
+<p>Another peculiar Australian Duck is the Freckled Duck. It
+is a very rare bird. One taken on the ornithologists' excursion
+to Eyre Peninsula was considered a prize. So far as is known,
+it does not change color with the season, nor has the male or
+female the usual bright metallic patch seen on the wing of a Duck.</p>
+
+<p>The "Salt-water Ducks" form the next sub-family. These
+Ducks, though, are not always true to name, for they are not confined
+to the salt water. The Victorian representative is the well-known
+White-eyed Duck, or Hardhead. This Duck was common
+on the Botanic Gardens Lake, Melbourne, until it was emptied
+some time ago. Thus, our one "Salt-water Duck" was often seen
+on fresh water. In the same sub-family come the Eider-Ducks
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66q" id="page66q"></a></span>
+of Iceland and the Logger-head, Racehorse, or Steamer Duck, of
+Magellan Straits, which is said to lose the power of flight on reaching
+maturity after the first moult. Thus the life-history tells
+us that this bird is a degenerate form, and not a primitive flightless
+form, for it has evidently descended from flying ancestors.
+It uses its wings to row itself along at great speed.</p>
+
+<p>The ninth sub-family of this group of swimming birds contains
+two native Ducks. The Blue-billed Duck, the first of these, is
+"especially adapted for immersion and for obtaining its food
+from the bottom of the water rather than on its surface." It
+was thought by Gould to be confined to the coastal lagoons of
+Western Australia, but it has since been recorded from inland in
+Victoria, and four specimens have been taken in Tasmania. It
+remains under the water for a considerable time, and, if hunted,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67q" id="page67q"></a></span>
+flaps along the surface with its short wings, but hesitates to exercise
+its "feeble grebe-like flight."</p>
+
+<p>Some writers declare that the large Musk Duck is the most
+remarkable of the many remarkable birds of Australia. It is the
+only known species of the genus, and is "singularly different from
+every other member of the Duck family," as Gould points out.
+Gould further says that "this extraordinary bird reminds one of
+the Cormorants. Like many other of these antipodean forms, it
+must be regarded as an anomaly." The male has a lengthened,
+stiff, and leather-like appendage under the bill. The female is
+without this pouch, and is but half the size of the male. A pair
+is often to be seen on a sheltered bay or on an inland dam, and
+yet this bird has very feeble powers of flight. It is difficult
+to cause one to take to flight. Mr. A. J. Campbell summed up
+an instructive discussion on this point in the columns of <i>The
+Australasian</i> by concluding that Musk Ducks can fly, though they
+do so almost entirely at night.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>62</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i066-1000.png"><img src="images/i066-560.png" width="560" height="437" alt="126, 127, 128, 129, 130 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER XIII.&mdash;ANSERIFORMES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 58. ANATIDAE (21), SWANS, GEESE, 206 sp.&mdash;39(30)A.,
+50(9)O., 68(10)P., 41(21)E., 56(11)Nc., 70(39)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>126&nbsp; Black Swan</b>, <i>Chenopsis atrata</i>, A., T.<br />
+[~126 <i>Chenopis atrata.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lakes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40</p>
+
+<p>Black; white on wing; very long neck; f., sim. Plants.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" id="page63"></a>63</span>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>127&nbsp; Pied Goose</b> (Magpie, Black and White, Semipalmated),
+<i>Anseranas semipalmata</i>, A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>water</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;32</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck, wings, lower-back, tail, thighs black; rest
+white; feet half-webbed; f., sim. Grass.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>128<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Cape Barren Goose</b>, <i>Cereopsis novae-hollandiae</i>, V.,
+S.A., W.A., T., Bass St. Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>grass</i>, <i>coast</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3</p>
+
+<p>Brownish-gray; dark spots on wing; bill black; naked skin
+round bill lemon-yellow; legs pinkish; toes, webs,
+streak up front of leg black; pugnacious; f., sim.
+Grass.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>129<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Maned Goose</b>, Wood-Duck (e), <i>Chenonetta jubata</i>,
+A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>water</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20</p>
+
+<p>Crown deep-brown; tail, lower-back black; metallic green
+on wing; breast gray spotted black; hind-neck short
+black plumes; white patch on wing; bill olive-brown,
+high, goose-like; f., smaller; duller; breast spotted
+white.  Grass, snails, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+9</p>
+
+<p><b>130&nbsp; Whistling Duck</b> (Tree), <i>Dendrocygna arcuata</i>, Ind.,
+Malay to Cel., Mol., N.G., A., Oceania.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>water</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>Crown, upper brownish-black marked lighter; chin whitish;
+breast deep-buff, spotted black; abdomen chestnut;
+under base tail white; whistles when flying; f., sim.
+Water-plants, fish.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" id="page64"></a>64</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i068-1000.png"><img src="images/i068-560.png" width="560" height="436" alt="131, 132, 133, 134, 135 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>131<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Plumed Whistling Duck</b> (Eyton Tree), <i>D. eytoni</i>, A.,
+T., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>lagoons</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16</p>
+
+<p>Upper grayish-brown; rump, tail blackish-brown; lower-breast,
+flanks chestnut barred black; white, black
+plumes on flanks; under base tail white; whistles when
+flying; f., sim. Water-plants, fish.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id="page65"></a>65</span>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>132&nbsp; Australian Sheldrake</b>, Chestnut-colored Shieldrake,
+Mountain Duck, <i>Casarca tadornoides</i>, N.S.W., V., T.,
+S.A., W.A., N.W.A. =vt. Eur. Sheldrake.<br />
+[~132 <i>Tadorna tadornoides.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>lagoons</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;27</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck shining-green; chest, upper-back pale rust-red;
+white band between green and rust-red; upper, under
+blackish; tail black; white, green, chestnut on wing; f.,
+smaller, duller. Small fish, shellfish.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+16</p>
+
+<p><b>133<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Black Duck</b> (Australian Wild, Gray, Brown), Parera,
+<i>Anas superciliosa</i>, =vt. Eur. Mallard.  Sunda Is.
+to N.G., A., T., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>water</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24</p>
+
+<p>Head dark-brown; line above eye, line below eye, throat
+light-buff; upper, under brown marked lighter; glossy-green
+patch on wing; bill bluish lead-color; f., sim.
+Grass, insects, pond-snails.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+15</p>
+
+<p><b>134<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Australian Teal</b> (Chestnut-breasted, Black, Mountain),
+Tete, <i>Nettium castaneum</i>, Java, Cel., A., T., N.Z.
+=vt. Eur. Teal.<br />
+[~134 <i>Nettion castaneum.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18.5</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck dark bronze-green; upper rich brown; under
+chestnut; flanks spotted black; white, green patch on
+expanded wing; quills black; 1 lb. 9 oz.; f., head, neck
+brown and buffy-white; breast gray, spotted black; 1 lb.
+8 oz. Grass.</p>
+
+<p><b>135<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Gray Teal</b>, Wood-Teal, <i>N. gibberifrons</i>, Sunda Is., Cel.,
+N.G., A., T., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16</p>
+
+<p>Like female of 134, but smaller; neck white; 1 lb. 2 oz.;
+f., smaller; 1 lb. 1 oz.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>66</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i070-1000.png"><img src="images/i070-560.png" width="560" height="437" alt="136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>136<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Australian Shoveller</b>, Bluewing, Spoonbill-Duck, Stinker,
+Kuruwhengi, <i>Spatula rhynchotis</i>, A., T., N.Z.,
+=vt. Eur. Shoveller.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>freshwater</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;21.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown brownish-black; white line before eye, side of
+neck; head, neck gray tinged green; under chestnut-brown
+mottled black; flanks chestnut banded black;
+back-feathers blackish edged grayish; blue, white,
+green on wing; throat black; quills dark-brown; under-wing
+white; f., duller; head, neck buff marked brown;
+under mottled brown, buff. Water-plants, shellfish,
+insects.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>67</span>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>137<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> Pink-eared Duck</b> (Pink-eyed, Zebra), Widgeon (e),
+<i>Malacorhynchus membranaceus</i>, A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>fresh water</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>Under barred brown, white; face, chin white; black round
+eye; behind eye a spot of rose-pink; back, wings brown;
+upper base tail whitish; tail dark-brown slightly tipped
+white; f., smaller.  Water-animals.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>138&nbsp; Freckled Duck</b> (Monkey), <i>Stictonetta naevosa</i>, V.,
+S.A., W.A., T., N.S.W.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>water</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>Dark-brown freckled whitish, under lighter.  Small fish,
+pond-snails.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+8</p>
+
+<p><b>139<a class="ask" href="#page55">*</a> White-eyed Duck</b> (Purple-headed, White-winged),
+Hardhead, Brownhead, Barwing, Karakahia, <i>Aythya
+australis</i>, N.G., A., T., N.Z., =vt. Canvas-back of N.
+Am.<br />
+[~139 <i>Nyroca australis.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>bays</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20</p>
+
+<p>Chestnut-brown; white patch on wing; upper abdomen
+whitish; under tail white; eye white; f., smaller,
+duller.  Pond-snails, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+7</p>
+
+<p><b>140&nbsp; Blue-billed Duck</b> (Spiny-tailed, Stiff-tailed, Diving),
+<i>Erismatura australis</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., T.<br />
+[~140 <i>Oxyura australis.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>reedbeds</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck black; chest, back, flanks chestnut; tail blackish;
+bill light-blue; f., bill olive-green; freckled gray-brown;
+under lighter.  Insects, pond-snails, fish.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>141&nbsp; Musk Duck</b> (Must), Mould Goose (e), <i>Biziura lobata</i>,
+S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>bays</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;26</p>
+
+<p>Blackish freckled buffy-white; wings small; long stiff tail-feathers;
+bill, lobe beneath chin greenish-black; dives;
+f., half-size; duller; no lobe.  Frogs, shellfish, shrimps.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67qz" id="page67qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>There are six families of birds included in Order XIV.&mdash;the
+Totally-webbed Swimmers. All four toes are joined by a web.
+Ducks have three toes only joined by the web, the hind toe
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68q" id="page68q"></a></span>
+being free. Representatives of the six families are found in Australia.
+These birds are fishers <i>par excellence</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the first family come the well-known Cormorants or Shags,
+birds found in almost every country in the world. Forty-two
+species are known, of which five occur in Australia.</p>
+
+<p>The large Black Cormorant is the common Black Cormorant of
+Britain. It has a very extensive range over North America,
+Greenland, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia.</p>
+
+<p>The little Black Cormorant is found in Australia, from the
+Moluccas to Borneo, and in New Zealand. Indeed, New Zealand
+is the stronghold of Cormorants, as it possesses many species.</p>
+
+<p>The White-breasted and Pied Cormorants are so closely similar
+that possibly they will yet prove to be one species. Each is
+glistening white below, and jet black above. The bill is said
+to be longer in the Pied Cormorant, and the patch of naked skin
+near the eye is yellow, whereas, in the White-breasted Cormorant,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69q" id="page69q"></a></span>
+this patch is said to be blackish or purplish. The Little Cormorant
+is also black and white. Its throat and upper chest are
+yellow.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mattingley, C.M.Z.S., and others claim that the Cormorant,
+by feeding its young on yabbies, which, they say, prey on
+fish eggs, saves many more fish in the young stage than it ever
+eats in the adult stage, and hence it is really "a friend" of the
+anglers and fish. One thing is certain&mdash;fish were formerly much
+more abundant, and so were Cormorants. Anglers, collect evidence,
+and balance good with evil. Cormorants have a long, narrow
+bill, with a strongly-hooked tip. They are such expert fishers
+that in China they are much used to catch fish. Some will probably
+be surprised to learn that this custom formerly held in
+England, for the "Master of the Cormorants" was once one of the
+officers of the Royal household.</p>
+
+<p>Some Cormorants nest in company in the Murray swamps, while
+others retire to a rocky island, such as Storehouse Island, east of
+Flinders Island, to breed.</p>
+
+<p>These birds are expert swimmers and divers, so that one of the
+common names for them is "Diver," but the true Divers, as
+already pointed out, are Northern Hemisphere birds, and are
+placed in Family 25.</p>
+
+<p>The Darter, or Snake Bird, is practically identical with the
+Water-Turkey of the United States. Sometimes, when alarmed,
+it submerges its body, leaving the head and neck exposed. It
+swims rapidly in this position. Four of these birds are known,
+and they are spread over America, Africa, Madagascar, Southern
+Asia, New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand. The Darter was
+frequently seen on a recent trip to Enoggera Reservoir, the storage
+basin for Brisbane. The long, stiletto-like bill is used to impale
+its prey, while the flexible neck assists the spearing operation.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page70q" id="page70q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The next family contains the famous "Boobies" of sailors&mdash;the
+stupid Gannets, or Solan Geese, that were too stupid to escape
+from danger. Gould says our Gannet out-boobies the Booby, for
+he landed on a flat rock and secured five specimens by hand before
+the rest shuffled over the edge of the cliff and took flight. The
+Australian bird can scarcely be distinguished from its British
+cousin. It is common in Australian seas, where it can be seen
+diving for fish or flying swiftly round looking for prey. There
+is a large Gannet rookery on Cat Island, east of Flinders Island,
+where probably 4000 pairs of these fine birds nest each year.
+This was visited by a party of ornithologists in the <i>Manawatu</i> in
+1908.</p>
+
+<p>The famous Frigate-Bird we read of in the old school readers
+was twice taken in Port Phillip Bay. It is the best of flyers, as
+it can "breakfast on the Senegal (Africa), and dine on the
+Amazon." The two Frigate-Birds are common in Australian
+tropical seas. As already mentioned we met the Frigate Bird on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71q" id="page71q"></a></span>
+Mast Head Island. Its wings are long, the forked tail also is
+long, but the legs and feet are very small. It is a creature of
+the air, and gets its living by compelling hard-working sea-birds
+to disgorge their prey.</p>
+
+<p>The last bird in this varied Order is the Pelican. Our Australian
+Pelican is one of the largest of its tribe. Its enormous
+pouch distinguishes it at once. The ten Pelicans are practically
+world-wide in their distribution. On the trip of the <i>Manawatu</i>
+last year round the islands of Bass Strait, we visited the Pelicans'
+nesting-place on Penguin Island. This bird is practically
+identical with the "Pelican of the wilderness" mentioned in Holy
+Writ. The Pelican enjoys a reputation for maternal care of her
+offspring; indeed, she was said to feed the young with her own
+blood. This was probably due to the fact that one species of
+Pelican has a blood-red tip to the bill. Young Pelicans have not
+the long bill or the pouch. Thus this bird illustrates the truth of
+the statement that each animal in its development climbs its own
+ancestral tree, or, to say it in another form, each animal in its
+development recapitulates the life-history of the race. The Pelican
+has evidently descended from birds that possessed a short bill.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>68</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i072-1000.png"><img src="images/i072-560.png" width="560" height="441" alt="142, 143, 144, 145, 146 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER XIV.&mdash;PELICANIFORMES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 59. PHALACROCORACIDAE (5), CORMORANTS, 42 sp.&mdash;16(14)A.,
+6(2)O., 7(3)P., 6(5)E., 10(4)Nc.,
+9(6)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">5<br />
+42</p>
+
+<p><b>142&nbsp; Cormorant</b> (Black), Black Shag, <i>Phalacrocorax carbo</i>.,
+A., T., N.Z., cos. exc. S. Am.<br />
+[~142-146 <i>Genus, Carbo.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>sea</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;35</p>
+
+<p>Glossy blackish-green; side of neck, face buffy white;
+white on thighs; f., sim. Fish.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>69</span>
+
+<p><b>143&nbsp; Little Black Cormorant</b>, Shag, <i>P. sulcirostris</i>, Borneo
+to N.G., A., T., N.Z.<br />
+[~142-146 <i>Genus, Carbo.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>rivers</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;25</p>
+
+<p>Glossy greenish-black, about eye and side of neck lighter;
+f., sim. Fish, frogs.</p>
+
+<p><b>144&nbsp; White-breasted Cormorant</b>, Black and White Shag,
+Diver (e), <i>P. gouldi</i>, Louisiade Is., A., T.<br />
+[~142-146 <i>Genus, Carbo.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>shores</i>, <i>rivers</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;30</p>
+
+<p>Upper greenish-black, under glistening-white; naked skin
+about eye purple; hooked bill 2in.; f., sim. Fish.</p>
+
+<p><b>145&nbsp; Pied Cormorant</b>, Black and White Shag, Diver (e),
+<i>P. hypoleucus</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.<br />
+[~142-146 <i>Genus, Carbo.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>bays</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;30</p>
+
+<p>Like 144, but bare space in front of eye orange, bill 2.7in.;
+f., sim. Fish.</p>
+
+<p><b>146&nbsp; Little Cormorant</b>, Frilled Shag, <i>P. melanoleucus</i>,
+Sunda Is., Mol., N.G., A., T., N.Z.<br />
+[~142-146 <i>Genus, Carbo.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. pairs, r. <i>inlets</i>, <i>rivers</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23</p>
+
+<p>Upper black; under white; upper breast chestnut; f., sim.
+Fish, water-insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id="page70"></a>70</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i074-1000.png"><img src="images/i074-560.png" width="560" height="438" alt="147 148, 148A, 149, 150 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 60. PLOTIDAE (1), DARTERS, Water-Turkey, 4 sp.&mdash;2(1)A.,
+1(0)O., 2(0)P., 1(0)E., 1(0)Nc., 1(0)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>147&nbsp; Australian Darter</b>, Snake-bird, Diver (e), Shag (e),
+<i>Plotus (Anhinga) novae-hollandiae</i>, N.G., A., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>bays</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;36</p>
+
+<p>Head, long thin neck, upper, under greenish-black; white
+patch side of neck; wings spotted whitish; bill straight,
+sharp; tail long; f., light-brown neck, breast. Fish.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>71</span>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 61. SULIDAE (4), GANNETS, Booby, Solan Goose, 11 sp.&mdash;4(1)A.,
+3(0)O., 1(0)P., 3(1)E., 6(l)Nc., 5(2)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+11</p>
+
+<p><b>148&nbsp; Australian Gannet</b>, Takupu, <i>Sula serrator</i>, A., T.,
+N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>bays</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;32</p>
+
+<p>White; wing-quills black; head, hind-neck buff; f., sim.;
+young brown spotted. Fish.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 62. FREGATIDAE (2), FRIGATE BIRDS, Man-o'-war-bird,
+2 sp.&mdash;2(0)A.,  2(0)O.,  1(0)P., 2(0)E.,
+1(0)Nc., 2(0)Nl. (Tropical Seas).</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>149&nbsp; Frigate-Bird</b>, Man-o'-war-Bird, <i>Fregata aquila</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>ocean</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40</p>
+
+<p>Brownish-black; about eyes, pouch on throat deep red;
+variable in size, color; bill long, hooked; tail forked;
+wings very long; legs very short; f., browner; breast,
+flanks whitish.  Stolen fish, young turtles.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 63. PHAËTHONTIDAE(2), TROPIC BIRDS, Boatswain-Bird,
+Straw-Tails, 7 sp.&mdash;4(1)A., 4(1)O., 4(0)E.,
+3(0)Nc., 4(0)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 64. PELECANIDAE (1), PELICANS, 10 sp.&mdash;1(1)A.,
+4(1)O., 3(0)P., 3(1)E., 3(0)Nc., 4(1)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+10</p>
+
+<p><b>150&nbsp; Australian Pelican</b>, <i>Pelecanus conspicillatus</i>, N.G., A.,
+T., N.Z. =vt. cos. bird.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>lagoons</i>, <i>bays</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;60</p>
+
+<p>White; wings, tail black; bill pink, pouch yellowish; f.,
+sim.  Fish, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 65. <i>Cathartidae</i>, Condor, Turkey (American, New World)
+Vultures, 9 sp.&mdash;3(1)Nc., 8(6)Nl. The largest of
+flying birds.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71qz" id="page71qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>The well-known Birds of Prey, so keen of eye, so rapid of flight,
+so fearless in courage, and so matchless in fight, have spread over
+almost the whole known world. The Eagles of one land are,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page72q" id="page72q"></a></span>
+therefore, much like the Eagles of another. The Harriers of England
+are practically identical with the Harriers of Australia and
+New Zealand, and, in fact, of almost any other land. The Falcon,
+so famous in mediæval times, is practically identical with the
+Falcon of Australia and Tasmania. The Australian Fish Hawk
+is the universal Fish Hawk or Osprey, for there is probably but
+one Osprey, having an almost world-wide range. The naming of
+these birds, though, has been a stumbling-block to us. To Australians
+they are all Hawks&mdash;even our gigantic and glorious Eagle
+has been reduced to the ignominious level of an "Eaglehawk,"
+though our male Eagle is the largest male Eagle known, outrivalling,
+as it does, both the Bald Eagle of America and the Golden
+Eagle of Europe. A source of confusion, too, has arisen from
+the introduction of so many of our popular names from America,
+Thus, the Gum-tree (Eucalypt) is not a Gum, the 'Possum is not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73q" id="page73q"></a></span>
+the carnivorous Opossum of America, the Goanna is not the
+equivalent of the vegetarian American Iguana; the "Wild Cat" is
+not a Cat, nor is the "Native Bear" a Bear, nor even remotely
+related to one, nor is the Kestrel a Sparrowhawk. It is an
+American error in popular naming, which has given us the Kestrel
+as the equivalent of the American Sparrowhawk, while the
+Sparrowhawk of the ornithologist is the equivalent of the Sparrowhawk
+of Britain.</p>
+
+<p>In one respect, we are unfortunate in this new land. No mass
+of association and tradition has yet had time to crystallize about
+our native animals and plants. Our poets have not been able to
+sing of our birds for want of names and knowledge. Little has
+been done beyond the giving and frequent altering of scientific
+names, and the misapplication of names of animals and plants
+living in other lands to often totally different animals and plants
+here, so that confusion has reigned supreme. However, in bird
+matters, at least, we are on a better footing, for the bird-lovers
+have provided a common, and in most cases an appropriate, name
+for each bird.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page74q" id="page74q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The American Bobolink and Chickadee are famous birds,
+chiefly on account of an appropriate name; so is the British
+Cuckoo, while its even more noisy, more common, and practically
+identical Australian cousin is still unknown, or rather was until
+recently. The introduction of Bird Day has already produced
+gratifying results. We need good descriptive names for our
+varied and beautiful birds&mdash;more children's and poets' names, and
+less of the deadly formal "Yellow-vented Parrakeet," "Blue-bellied
+Lorikeet," and "Warty-faced Honeyeater" for some of the most
+glorious of the world's birds.</p>
+
+<p>The old Order <i>Raptores</i>&mdash;birds of prey&mdash;included Hawks and
+Eagles, and Owls. These are now placed in two orders as
+"Diurnal Birds of Prey"&mdash;Hawks, and "Nocturnal Birds of
+Prey"&mdash;Owls. They all seize prey with the very well-developed
+talons, and not with the bill. Hence they were called <i>Raptores</i>&mdash;seizing
+birds. They use these talons when flying, and do not
+catch prey in scrub, or very close to the ground, unless in a clear
+space.</p>
+
+<p>The two Harriers are typically Ground Hawks. The name is
+said to be derived from the habit these birds are said to possess
+of <i>harrying</i> birds. They are generally called "Swamp Hawks,"
+and may frequently be seen flying low over bushes, to beat
+birds out.</p>
+
+<p>The Goshawks&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, Goosehawks&mdash;possibly received their name
+by confusion, as possibly a Falcon to hunt Geese was kept in
+olden days, but probably it was not this bird. Three of these
+birds are rare. The White Goshawk is a fine bird, and is
+confined to Australia and Tasmania. The Australian Goshawk
+is said to be the only troublesome Hawk to the poultry
+farmer, and he bears a bad name generally. The Lesser Goshawk
+is a casual visitor in the Eastern States.</p>
+
+<p>The Sparrowhawk of the ornithologist is much feared by small
+birds. He lurks in ambush, suddenly flashes out upon his prey,
+and is away with it instantly. The male is one of the
+smallest of Hawks. It is an almost universal rule in this order
+of birds that the females are larger, often much larger, than the
+males, and that there are several changes of plumage before the
+adult plumage is finally donned, so it is often a matter of difficulty
+to determine exactly the name of one of these birds.</p>
+
+<p>Eagles are found the world over except in New Zealand. Our
+Eagle has the honor of being, as already stated, the largest Eagle
+in the world. It is also of undoubted courage, as its specific
+name, <i>audax</i> (bold) would lead one to suppose. It is, further,
+Gould says, of a "far more pleasing and elegant contour" than the
+Golden Eagle, the "pride and pest of the parish." Whoever heard
+of an Australian who was proud of his Eagle, though it is something
+to be proud of? Let our noble bird appear near a house,
+and there is a rush for a gun. On Eyre Peninsula we found the
+Eagles fed their young on rabbits, a serious pest in Australia.</p>
+
+<p>The equivalent of our Sea Eagle is the White-headed or Bald
+Eagle of America, the female of which is the same length as the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page79q" id="page79q"></a></span>
+male of our Eagle, 38 inches. Many of these glorious Sea Eagles
+were floating, with their peculiar butterfly-like flight, over the
+Brisbane River, and added much to our enjoyment of a recent bird
+excursion there. We found one nest on each island in the Capricorn
+Group. On Mast Head Island the nest was in a tree about
+60 feet high. On tiny Erskine Island, where there were no big
+trees, it was built on the ground, though it had been added to
+until it is now over 6 feet high. The fully-feathered dark-brown
+young bird sat on the edge of the nest, and formed a good photographic
+subject. Eagles were ruthlessly slaughtered in the
+British Isles. There is a shadow of an excuse there, perhaps,
+with their game preserves, where rabbits and birds are bred
+for sporting purposes. These reasons do not exist here. But it
+is pleasing to find on record that, even there, "Lord Breadalbane,
+who died in 1862, thought that the spectacle of a soaring Eagle
+was a fitting adjunct to the grandeur of the Argyllshire mountain
+scenery, and a good equivalent for the occasional loss of a lamb."</p>
+
+<p>Though the Sea Eagle lives mainly on fish and refuse cast up
+by the sea, it is pitiful to read that, though this interesting, picturesque,
+and valuable bird was once common, not one is left on
+the mainland of Scotland. Could blind, unreasoning slaughter
+do more? Why kill a harmless bird? But it is not only harmless;
+it is of distinct value in its sphere in Nature. Hawks altogether
+are misunderstood and misjudged. It is doubtful if it
+pays a farmer, aye, even a poultry farmer, to shoot Hawks. They
+might steal a few chickens, but they do not live on them. They
+live mainly on rabbits, mice, rats, and insects.</p>
+
+<p>The Whistling Eagle whistles while flying about in the fine
+large flight-houses of the Adelaide Zoological Gardens. One fine
+specimen accompanied the Federal trawler <i>Endeavour</i> down Gladstone
+Harbor, but not far from shore, for it returned when we
+headed for the open ocean and the fairyland of the Great Barrier
+Reef.</p>
+
+<p>Kites used to be excessively common about many English
+towns, where they acted as scavengers. The introduction of the
+shot-gun has exterminated them. They are world-wide in distribution,
+so what you read about European Kites will fit Australian
+Kites. They are, perhaps, the most graceful of flyers,
+gliding, soaring, hovering, and performing all sorts of aërial
+evolutions. The toy kites of our childhood were suggested by the
+flight of these once common birds. Now, alas! they are very
+rarely seen. Being mainly insectivorous, they are invaluable
+birds, and we can ill spare them in this country, where insect life
+is so abnormally prolific.</p>
+
+<p>The Black-breasted Buzzard is the third largest of our Diurnal
+Birds of Prey. It is a rare visitor in Southern Australia, but in
+seasons of drought it comes down from Central Australia.</p>
+
+<p>The Falcon, which our ancestors trained for hawking, is almost
+identical with our Falcon, while our Little Falcon is, for its size, the
+"boldest and swiftest of all birds of prey," for it has been observed
+to decapitate a flying Duck with a blow of the edge of its wing.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page80q" id="page80q"></a></span>
+In Brisbane we had the pleasure of spending an interesting afternoon
+with Mr. J. Bell, who formerly practised falconry with
+trained Australian Falcons.</p>
+
+<p>The Kestrel of Australia is almost identical with the Kestrel
+of Europe. You must have noticed with interest its habit of
+hovering. One incident of the 1909 Ornithologists' Congress
+will show that, even in the midst of a crowded city like Adelaide,
+it is possible for scientific work in ornithology to be done. While
+the Director of Education, Mr. A. Williams, Mr. Le Souëf (ex-Pres.,
+A.O.U.), Mr. A. J. Campbell (Pres., A.O.U.), Mr. Robert
+Hall (Vice-Pres., A.O.U.), and myself were walking from the
+Education Office to Grote Street School, a Kestrel was seen on the
+grass in a small square. The members of the party were astonished
+to see the Kestrel rise carrying a bird, possibly a Sparrow,
+in its talons. Now, the interest of this observation is that most
+of our ornithologists were prepared to state that the Kestrel is
+entirely insectivorous, and never touches small birds. However,
+an observation in the heart of Adelaide is of value in this matter
+of scientific interest. This bird, unfortunately, is generally
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page81q" id="page81q"></a></span>
+called the Sparrowhawk, a name which belongs to a much bolder
+Australian bird of prey (No. 157), which does eat small birds.</p>
+
+<p>Kestrels are very fond of mice, and would, if allowed, spend
+time protecting the farmer's haystacks, but if a Kestrel comes
+near the farmhouse the gun is at once produced, and so the farmer
+loses the services of one of his best friends.</p>
+
+<p>Jeffries and other Nature-lovers have written on the marvellous
+powers of hovering possessed by these birds. In fact, the Kestrel
+is frequently called the Windhover. In Australia Kestrels frequently
+nest in a hollow tree, but do not lay the usual white egg.</p>
+
+<p>The Osprey is another example of bad naming. The word is
+said to be a corruption of Ossifrage, the "bone-breaker." As it
+feeds on fish, it has no big bones to break. It is spread from
+"Alaska to Brazil, Lapland to Natal, Japan to Tasmania, and
+even out to the Pacific Isles," and it may be the same bird
+throughout, though Dr. Sharpe has allowed three species in the
+"<i>Handlist of Birds</i>." "<i>The A.O.U. Check-list of North American
+Birds</i>, 1910," however, recognizes the North American bird as a
+sub-species only, so it is possible the Australian bird will be also
+listed as a sub-species when the Royal Australasian Ornithologists'
+Union adopts its check-list in Sydney this year. These
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84q" id="page84q"></a></span>
+birds eat living fish, which they catch by plunging into the sea.
+Occasionally they drive their talons into too big a fish, and, not
+being able to withdraw them, are drowned.</p>
+
+<p>Flinders, in his journal, wrote about the enormous nests he
+met on rocky points, and considered they were built by a great
+"Dinornis."</p>
+
+<p>The Osprey and the White-bellied Sea Eagle, however, build on
+rocky points if no trees are available, and add to the nest each
+year. It is interesting to read in the Western Australian Year
+Book article on birds that the Government has placed an Osprey's
+nest in the cave district, "under the protection of the Cave Warden."
+A pleasing interest is growing in Australian nature in its
+many forms.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" id="page72"></a>72</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i076-1000.png"><img src="images/i076-560.png" width="560" height="441" alt="151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER XV.&mdash;ACCIPITRIFORMES, DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 66. <i>Serpentariidae</i>, Secretary-Bird, 2 sp. E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 67. <i>Vulturidae</i>, Vultures, 17 sp.&mdash;8(5)O., 6(0)P., 9(5)E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 68. FALCONIDAE (29), HARRIERS, GOSHAWKS,
+EAGLES, FALCON, etc., 485 sp.&mdash;99 (86) A.,
+106(58)O., 70(19)P., 118(91)E., 53(17)Nc.,
+144(112)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+18</p>
+
+<p><b>151&nbsp; Spotted Harrier</b> (Jardine), Spotted Swamp-Hawk,
+<i>Circus assimilis</i>, Cel. to A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;22</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id="page73"></a>73</span>
+
+<p>Facial disc, hind-neck, back, chest dark-gray; crown rust-red
+streaked black; shoulders, rest of under rich-chestnut
+spotted white; tail barred dark-brown, gray;
+legs long, yellow; m., smaller, duller.  Lizards, mice,
+small snakes, birds.</p>
+
+<p><b>152<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Allied Harrier</b> (Gould), Swamp-Hawk, Kahu, <i>C.
+gouldi</i>, A., T., N. Cal., Norfolk Is., Lord Howe Is.,
+N.Z., Fiji =vt. Eur. Marsh-Harrier.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>swampy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20</p>
+
+<p>Upper, head dark-brown; facial disc indistinct brown;
+under buffy-white streaked and tinged red-brown;
+upper base tail white; rest tail brownish-gray; f.,
+larger.  Reptiles, mice, birds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">5<br />
+63</p>
+
+<p><b>153&nbsp; Gray Goshawk</b> (New Holland, Gray-backed), <i>Astur
+clarus (cinereus)</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>dense brushes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper gray; throat, under white finely barred gray; feet
+yellow, claws black; f., larger.  Reptiles, mice, birds.</p>
+
+<p><b>154&nbsp; White Goshawk</b>, <i>A. novae-hollandiae</i>, E.A., S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16.5</p>
+
+<p>Pure white; m., much smaller.  Food as 153.</p>
+
+<p><b>155<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Australian Goshawk</b>, Chicken-Hawk, <i>A. fasciatus
+(approximans)</i>, A., T., Norfolk Is., N. Cal. =vt.
+Eur. Goshawk.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; f.,&nbsp; 20; &nbsp;&nbsp;m.,&nbsp; 15</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark-brown; shoulder thigh rust-red; tail dark-brown
+barred black; throat buff; under buff barred
+brown; f., larger.  Food as 153.</p>
+
+<p><b>156&nbsp; Lesser Goshawk</b>  (Western, Chestnut-colored), <i>A.
+cruentus</i>, V. (acc.), W.A., N.W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>Back, wings, tail slaty-brown; chestnut-red, indistinct collar;
+under barred brown white; chin buffy-white; f.,
+upper brown.  Birds, mice, lizards.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>75</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>76</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i080-800.png"><img src="images/i080t-300.png" width="300" height="514" alt="184, 185, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>184</b> Blue Mountain Lorikeet<br />
+           <b>185</b> Musk Lorikeet<br />
+           <b>191</b> Gang-gang Cockatoo</td>
+       <td><b>193</b> Pink Cockatoo<br />
+           <b>194</b> Rose-breasted Cockatoo<br />
+           <b>196</b> Cockatoo-Parrot</td>
+       <td><b>197</b> Superb Parrot<br />
+	       <b>198</b> Black-tailed Parrot<br />
+           <b>199</b> King Parrot</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" id="page77"></a>77</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>78</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i082-800.png"><img src="images/i082t-300.png" width="300" height="499" alt="200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 213, 214 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>200</b> Crimson Parrot<br />
+           <b>202</b> Rosella<br />
+           <b>203</b> Mallee Parrot</td>
+       <td><b>204</b> Blue Bonnet<br />
+           <b>205</b> Many-colored Parrot<br />
+           <b>206</b> Red-backed Parrot</td>
+       <td><b>209</b> Grass Parrot<br />
+	       <b>213</b> Swift Parrot<br />
+           <b>214</b> Warbling Grass-Parrot</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>80</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i084-1000.png"><img src="images/i084-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+42</p>
+
+<p><b>157<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Collared Sparrow-Hawk</b>, <i>Accipiter cirrhocephalus</i>,
+N.G., A., T. =vt. Eur. Sparrow-Hawk.<br />
+[~157 <i>Astur cirrhocephalus.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i>, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f., &nbsp;14; &nbsp;&nbsp;m., &nbsp;12</p>
+
+Head, upper brownish-gray; tail barred deep-brown; obscure
+collar reddish-brown;  throat, under, thighs
+rufous barred white; f., much larger.  Mice, birds.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>81</span>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>158<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Wedge-tailed Eagle</b>, Eaglehawk (e), <i>Uroaëtus audax</i>,
+A., T. =vt. Eur. Golden Eagle (32in.).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>, <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;38</p>
+
+<p>"Noble bird;" largest eagle known; upper, under blackish-brown;
+feathers edged pale-brown; hind-neck golden-brown;
+f., larger.  Rabbits, rats, carrion.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>159&nbsp; Little Eagle</b>, <i>Eutolmaëtus morphnoides</i>, N.G., A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;22</p>
+
+<p>Back of head, under rufous striped black; back, rump,
+wings brown; tail grayish-brown, barred blackish-brown.
+Carrion, rats, mice.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+10</p>
+
+<p><b>160&nbsp; White-bellied Sea Eagle</b>, <i>Haliaëtus leucogaster</i>, Ind.
+Malay to A., T., Oceania =vt. American Bald Eagle.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>shores</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;30</p>
+
+<p>"Noble species;" white; wing-quills, base-tail blackish-brown;
+f., larger; young; head buff; upper wings chocolate-brown;
+under buffy-brown. Dead fish, shellfish.
+"Floats like a great butterfly."</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>161&nbsp; Whistling-Eagle</b> (-Hawk), <i>Haliastur sphenurus</i>, A.,
+N. Cal.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>swamps</i>, <i>shores</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24</p>
+
+<p>Under light sandy-brown streaked white; back, wings
+brown marked lighter, spotted white; tail ashy-brown;
+head, neck sandy streaked lighter; f., larger. Caterpillars,
+mice, rats, floating food.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+6</p>
+
+<p><b>162&nbsp; Allied Kite</b>, <i>Milvus affinis</i>, Sunda Is., Cel. to A. =vt.
+Eur. Black Kite.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>open country</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20</p>
+
+<p>Upper glossy brown; wing-quills black; slightly-forked tail
+brown; under rufous-brown; chest dark lines; f., sim.
+Scavenger, birds.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>82</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i086-1000.png"><img src="images/i086-560.png" width="560" height="356" alt="163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>163&nbsp; Square-tailed Kite</b>, <i>Lophoictinia isura</i>, A. =vt. Eur.
+Common Kite.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>timber</i>, <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19</p>
+
+<p>Neck, shoulders, under reddish-orange; chest marked
+black; head streaked black; abdomen, flanks barred
+lighter; upper blackish-brown; square tail brownish-gray;
+f., larger.  Caterpillars, birds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>164&nbsp; Black-breasted Buzzard</b>, <i>Gypoictinia melanosternum</i>,
+A. (interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>timber</i>, <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23</p>
+
+<p>"Fine species;" crown, face, chest, abdomen black; flanks
+chestnut; hind-neck light-brown; upper brownish-black;
+wing-quills white base, rest black; this white patch
+gives appearance of window in wing when flying; f.,
+larger.  Animals.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>165<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Australian Black-shouldered Kite</b>, <i>Elanus axillaris</i>,
+A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>open plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper delicate-gray; head, under white; jet black shoulder,
+patch under wing; tail grayish-white; f., sim.  Insects,
+reptiles.</p>
+
+<p><b>166&nbsp; Letter-winged Kite</b>, White-breasted Sparrow Hawk
+(e), <i>E. scriptus</i>, E.A., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>plains (interior)</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12.5</p>
+
+<p>Like 165, but more black on under angle of wing gives
+letter W when wings expanded; f., sim. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+37</p>
+
+<p><b>167<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Black-cheeked Falcon</b>, <i>Falco melanogenys</i>, A., T.
+=vt. Eur. Peregrine Falcon.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>plains</i>, <i>coast</i>, <i>rocky</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15</p>
+
+<p>Crown, side of head black; upper-breast creamy spotted
+black; rest of under barred black, reddish-gray;
+upper, wings, tail dark-gray; tail barred brown, gray;
+f., larger.  Birds.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>83</span>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i087-1000.png"><img src="images/i087-560.png" width="560" height="356" alt="169, 170, 171, 172, 173 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>168&nbsp; Gray Falcon</b>, Blue (Smoke) Hawk, <i>F. hypoleucus</i>, A.
+=vt. Eur. Gyrfalcon.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>timber</i>, <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f., 17; m., 12</p>
+
+<p>"Rare beautiful falcon;" bluish-white below; grey
+above; tail barred gray, brown. Birds.</p>
+
+<p><b>169&nbsp; Black Falcon</b>, <i>F. subniger</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>plains (inland)</i>&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>Dark, sooty-brown, paler below; chin whitish; f., larger.</p>
+
+<p><b>170<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Little Falcon</b> (White-fronted), Duck Hawk (e), Australian
+Hobby, <i>F. lunulatus</i>, A., T., =vt. Eur.
+Hobby.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>plains</i> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; f.,&nbsp; 13.5; &nbsp;&nbsp;m.,&nbsp; 11.5</p>
+
+<p>Forehead white; upper grayish-black; cheeks black; tail
+barred gray, chestnut; throat buff; chest reddish-buff,
+striped dark-brown; under, thighs reddish; incomplete
+whitish collar; f., larger. Birds, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>171&nbsp; Striped Brown Hawk</b> (Western, Orange-speckled),
+<i>Hieracidea berigora</i>, A.<br />
+[~171 <i>Ieracidea berigora.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.c. <i>swampy</i>, <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark-brown; wings spotted reddish; incomplete collar,
+under buff-white striped dark-brown; throat whitish;
+naked skin round bill yellow; tail barred dark-brown,
+gray; f., larger. Caterpillars, insects, birds.</p>
+
+<p><b>172<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Brown Hawk</b>, <i>H. orientalis</i>, A., T.<br />
+[~172 <i>I. orientalis.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>Head, upper dark-brown; line over eye, throat buff;
+under buff spotted rust-brown; tail brown barred rust-red;
+Skin round bill bluish; f., larger. Food as 171.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+28</p>
+
+<p><b>173<a class="ask" href="#page57">*</a> Nankeen Kestrel</b>, Windhover, Mosquito Hawk, Sparrowhawk
+(e), <i>Cerchneis cenchroides</i>, A., T., N.Z.
+=vt. Eur. Kestrel.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat, v.c. <i>timber</i>, <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper cinnamon-red, spotted black; tail rufous, faintly
+banded black above, tipped white, then black bar;
+side neck, throat, abdomen, under tail white; chest
+buff striped black; f., larger. Insects, mice.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>84</span>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 69. PANDIONIDAE (1), OSPREYS, 6 sp.&mdash;3(0)A.,
+5(1)O., 1(0)P., 1(0)E., 1(0)Nc, 1(0)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>174&nbsp; White-headed Osprey</b>, Fish Hawk, <i>Pandion leucocephalus</i>,
+Mol., N.G., A., T. =vt. cos. bird.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>shores</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23</p>
+
+<p>Crown, hind-neck, throat, abdomen, under tail white;
+upper dark-brown; chest mottled brown; side-neck dark-brown,
+marked white; wing-quills black; dives; f.,
+sim.  Fish.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i088-1000.png"><img src="images/i088-560.png" width="560" height="434" alt="174, 175, 176, 177, 178 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84qz" id="page84qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>Just as the Diurnal Birds of Prey (e.g., Hawks) are closely
+related to those of the Northern Hemisphere, so are the Nocturnal
+Birds of Prey (Owls) very closely related to those of the Old
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page85q" id="page85q"></a></span>
+World. The different kinds of Owls are so closely similar that
+there are many disputes as to their classification, and it is not
+likely that we shall ever be able to recognize in the living, free
+state all the species recognized by scientists.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, I was much interested at the Adelaide Museum to see
+our leading ornithologists fail to pick out the skins of two English
+Barn Owls when they were placed with three Australian
+Lesser Masked Owls, and yet ornithologists give our birds
+such widely-different names that literature is useless to us.
+These names have seriously hampered the popularization of bird-study
+in Australia. If ornithologists, with skins in hand, cannot
+separate them, what is the use of manufacturing species?</p>
+
+<p>As Owls are active late in the afternoon or at night, there has
+always been a certain amount of mystery regarding them, and,
+speaking generally, the ordinary observer knows little of them.
+Two of the Australian birds have forced themselves on our notice
+to some extent. The Powerful Owl, the largest of our Owls, has
+alarmed many by means of its blood-curdling screeches heard in
+quiet forest gullies.</p>
+
+<p>The Boobook Owl, though not often seen, calls "Mopoke," which
+sounded like "Boobook" to the aboriginal ear, but became
+"Cuckoo"&mdash;the best-loved bird-call of their far-distant home to the
+ears of the homesick first white residents. And was it not, they
+asked, what one might expect in a country where Christmas came
+at the wrong time of the year, where the trees were always green,
+and shed their bark instead of their leaves&mdash;where the leaves
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page86q" id="page86q"></a></span>
+grew vertically, instead of horizontally, and so gave no shade&mdash;was
+it not natural that the Cuckoo, a day bird in England, should
+become a night bird in this land of paradoxes and contradictions?
+Thus Australia's reputation was added to even by the Boobook
+Owl.</p>
+
+<p>Confusion was caused, for, when daylight came, and the Frogmouth
+was seen sitting in the tree, the Frogmouth was supposed
+to be responsible for the frequent calls of the previous night.
+However, some reliable observers, notably Mr. C. H. McLennan,
+"Mallee Bird," and Mr. T. H. Tregellas, claim that the Frogmouth
+does call "Mopoke'" occasionally, but the Boobook Owl is
+the bird that is responsible for the frequent "Mopoke" on calm
+evenings.</p>
+
+<p>The Owls are divided into two families. The members of the
+first family&mdash;the Owls Proper, or Hawk-Owls&mdash;have the facial
+disc almost absent, while in the second family the facial disc is
+complete. In each, the eyes are directly obliquely forward, and,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page87q" id="page87q"></a></span>
+since they are not capable of much movement, the bird turns its
+head from side to side. Though mainly nocturnal, Owls are
+sometimes seen hunting for their prey by day. As they feed
+mostly on mice, rats, and insects, they are very valuable birds.
+The feathers are very soft, with a weak central axis, so that no
+sound is made when flying. They are thus able to approach
+their prey without giving warning. The Powerful Owl well
+deserves its name, as it possesses great strength, and is a formidable
+enemy if wounded. However, Owls are, fortunately,
+seldom shot at.</p>
+
+<p>Like Hawks, Owls catch their prey with and carry it in their
+feet, unless the feet are required for climbing. One peculiarity
+of the feet is that the bird can reverse one toe, so that it can have
+three toes in front and one behind, like most birds, or two in
+front and two behind, like Parrots and Cuckoos.</p>
+
+<p>Although not so strong of flight as the Diurnal Birds of Prey
+(<i>e.g.</i>, Hawks), Owls have managed to spread throughout the
+world, so that they are found even in New Zealand. The different
+kinds are not easily separated, so most people are satisfied
+when they have classed a bird as an Owl, though you will
+probably want to divide them into two groups&mdash;the Owls
+Proper and the Barn Owls.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>85</span>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER XVI&mdash;STRIGIFORMES, NOCTURNAL BIRDS OF PREY, OWLS.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 70. BUBONIDAE (11) HAWK OWLS, 280 sp.&mdash;47(44)A.,
+88(74)O., 33(17)P., 48(42)E., 34(16)Nc, 75(61)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">11<br />
+44</p>
+
+<p><b>175&nbsp; Boobook Owl</b> (Cuckoo), <i>Ninox boobook</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16</p>
+
+<p>Head, upper, wings, tail reddish-brown; under rufous
+blotched white; facial disc indistinct, grayish-white
+edged black; f., larger.  Insects, mice, birds.</p>
+
+<p><b>176&nbsp; Spotted Owl</b>, <i>N. maculata</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.,
+King Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13</p>
+
+<p>Head, upper brown spotted white; under brown blotched
+tawny and white; disc indistinct; f., slightly larger.
+Insects, birds.</p>
+
+<p><b>177&nbsp; Winking Owl</b> (Western), <i>N. connivens</i>, A., exc. N.W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>brushes</i>, <i>wooded gullies</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark-brown spotted white; tail dark-brown barred
+grayish-white; under mottled brown, white; disc indistinct;
+f., larger. Insects, birds.</p>
+
+<p><b>178&nbsp; Powerful Owl</b> (Eagle), <i>N. strenua</i>, N. Ter., E.A.,
+S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>dense gullies</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24</p>
+
+<p>Crown, upper brown marked whitish; face, throat, chest
+whitish streaked brown; rest of under whitish barred
+brown; f., sim.  Birds, quadrupeds.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>86</span>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i090-1000.png"><img src="images/i090-560.png" width="560" height="437" alt="179, 180, 181, 182, 183 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 71. STRIGIDAE (5), BARN OWLS, 26 sp.&mdash;13(11)A.,
+3(1)O., 1(0)P., 4(3)E., 1(1)Nc., 7(7)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">5<br />
+26</p>
+
+<p><b>179&nbsp; Australian Barn Owl</b> (Lesser Masked, Delicate,
+Screech), <i>Strix delicatula</i>, N.G., A.<br />
+[~179-183 <i>Genus, Tyto.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</p>
+
+<p>Upper beautiful soft light grayish-brown tinged yellow,
+finely spotted blackish-brown and white; under white,
+few small brownish spots; disc white edged buff; f.,
+sim. Mice, rats.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>87</span>
+
+<p><b>180&nbsp; Masked Owl</b>, <i>S. novae-hollandiae</i>, A.<br />
+[~179-183 <i>Genus, Tyto.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>forests</i>, <i>rocky</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</p>
+
+<p>Pale buff; head, back wings marked dark-brown, few
+white spots; under paler, few brown spots; disc purplish-white,
+edged with deep-brown spots; f., larger.
+Mice, rats.</p>
+
+<p><b>181&nbsp; Chestnut-faced Owl</b>, <i>S. castanops</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A.,
+T.<br />
+[~179-183 <i>Genus, Tyto.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>brushes</i>, <i>swamps</i>; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; f.,&nbsp; 17; &nbsp;&nbsp; m.,&nbsp; 14.5</p>
+
+<p>Disc deep-chestnut edged black; upper rufous-brown
+marked dark-brown; few small spots on head, shoulders;
+under deep sandy-brown with blackish spots; f.,
+larger. Mice, rats.</p>
+
+<p><b>182&nbsp; Sooty Owl</b>, Dusky Barn Owl, <i>S. tenebricosa</i>, N.G., E.A.<br />
+[~179-183 <i>Genus, Tyto.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dense brushes</i>; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f., &nbsp; 16; &nbsp;&nbsp;m., &nbsp; 13.5</p>
+
+<p>Disc sooty-gray deeper round eyes; upper brownish-black
+finely spotted white; under brownish-black washed
+buff, fainter spots; legs mottled brown, white; f.,
+larger. Mice, rats.</p>
+
+<p><b>183&nbsp; Grass Owl</b>, <i>S. candida</i>, India, Formosa, China, Philippines
+to E.A.<br />
+[~179-183 <i>Genus, Tyto.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</p>
+
+<p>Disc white or tinged pale-pink; brownish spot before eye;
+edge disc dark-brown above, buff below; upper dark-brown
+finely spotted white; under white tinged orange-buff
+with scattered brown spots; tail whitish barred
+brown; legs long; f., sim.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page87qz" id="page87qz"></a></span>
+<p>While Australia possesses representatives of nearly all the
+important widely-spread families of birds this favored land also
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page88q" id="page88q"></a></span>
+contains many birds that are unknown elsewhere. In addition,
+there are some groups which are found in other continents, but
+which reach their highest development here. Conspicuous
+amongst these are Parrots and Cockatoos. Australians are so
+accustomed to see these beautiful birds on every country road,
+and in cages outside their houses, that they do not appreciate
+their beauty or their interest, for "familiarity breeds contempt,"
+even with bird life.</p>
+
+<p>When one reflects that no figure of a Parrot is found in ancient
+Egyptian art, and that no Parrot is mentioned in the Bible, then
+one begins to understand the interest of Europeans in these
+"spoilt children" of the animal world, the "monkeys of the bird
+world," and "the cream of the Australian avifauna."</p>
+
+<p>Their tameness, their affection, their entertaining habits, and
+their remarkable powers of speech, all help to render Parrots the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page89q" id="page89q"></a></span>
+favorites amongst birds. The brilliance of their plumage, their
+intelligence, and their longevity excite wonder, for Parrots have
+been known to live 100 years in captivity. Presumably, they
+would live even longer in a state of nature. Humboldt recorded,
+as quoted in Newton's "Dictionary of Birds," "that in South
+America he met with a venerable bird, which remained the sole
+possessor of a literally dead language, the whole tribe of Indians,
+Atures by name, who spoke it, having become extinct."</p>
+
+<p>Australians will perhaps be surprised to learn that there are
+no Parrots or Cockatoos in Europe, and none in Asia, excepting
+India, none in Africa north of the Tropic of Cancer, and only two
+in North America, and that one of these is rapidly becoming
+extinct, and that Africa and India are poor in Parrots. Thus
+South America and Australasia alone are left as the lands that
+contain these interesting birds in any number. While South
+America contains the largest Parrots&mdash;the Macaws&mdash;all the South
+American species belong to one family. In the Australian region
+six families of Parrots are represented. Four of them are confined
+to the region, while but one species of the fifth family
+(Cockatoos) is found outside the region.</p>
+
+<p>The Brush-tongued Parrots, or "Lorikeets," are a purely Australian
+family. Some of these are very common at times in
+flowering eucalypts, even in the public gardens and streets. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page90q" id="page90q"></a></span>
+Blue Mountain Parrot, very common at times, is a giant of the
+family. It has been described as a "noble bird, gorgeously
+apparelled." Its vernacular name of Blue-bellied Lorikeet has
+been altered to Blue Mountain Lorikeet. We found these birds
+nesting in the big sugar-gums bordering Warunda Creek, Eyre
+Peninsula. They keenly and noisily resented our curiosity, and
+screeched much as we tried to discover them amongst the green
+foliage. Though so gaudy, they were picked out with difficulty.
+This bird was very troublesome in my garden at Bengworden, near
+the Gippsland Lakes, where, when the apples were about the size
+of marbles, they tore them to pieces to get the developing
+"pips." In common with the other members of the family, they
+have a swift, direct flight, and screech much when flying. The
+"Green Keets," generally called "Green Leeks," which are so very
+numerous at times, are often accompanied by two other Lorikeets,
+the Little and Purple-crowned Lorikeets. These green birds
+hang, head down, among the eucalyptus leaves, and brush up the
+honey from the flowers with their brush tongue. They follow the
+flowering of the eucalypts from district to district, and since the
+eucalypts flower at irregular intervals, these birds are not so
+regular in their movements as Swifts, Snipe, Curlews, Cuckoos,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page91q" id="page91q"></a></span>
+and other migratory birds. For this reason the birds may be
+absent from a district for some years, and then suddenly appear
+again in great numbers.</p>
+
+<p>Cockatoos are almost confined to the Australian region. This
+includes the islands north-west of Australia out to Wallace's line,
+passing between Celebes and the Philippine Islands, Celebes and
+Borneo, and between the small islands of Lombok and Bali, east
+of Java. These islands, though but fifteen miles apart, "differ
+far more from each other in their birds and quadrupeds than do
+England and Japan. The birds of the one are extremely unlike
+those of the other." Another authority says that the faunas of
+Bali and Lombok are more unlike than those of South America
+and Africa. Bali has Woodpeckers, Barbets, Bulbuls, and Black
+and White Magpie-Robins, none of which is found in Lombok,
+where we find Screaming Cockatoos, Friar-birds, and other Honey-eaters,
+and the strange mound-building Megapodes and numerous
+other remarkable birds. This narrow strait is over 1000 fathoms
+in depth, and is probably one of the most ancient and most permanent
+dividing lines in the world. Instead of being united to
+Asia, it is probable that Australia has been more recently joined
+to New Zealand, South America, and South Africa. Only one
+Cockatoo transgresses Wallace's line to the west, and that is
+found in the Philippine Islands; evidently it has spread there
+from the adjacent part of the Australian region.</p>
+
+<p>The sombre, slow-flying Black Cockatoo is the largest of all
+Cockatoos. It is seen fairly often in small companies, especially
+on wattles and eucalypts, the wood of which it tears to pieces
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page92q" id="page92q"></a></span>
+with its powerful bill to get the insect larvæ feeding there. It
+is a valuable forest-saving bird.</p>
+
+<p>The Glossy or Leach Black Cockatoo is named after Dr. Leach,
+who did a great amount of work on Australian animals about 100
+years ago. It is a rare bird, and may readily be distinguished
+by its smaller size and more glossy plumage.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiar gray Gang-gang Cockatoos are common in parts of
+the forest country. The male is easily recognized by his red head
+and crest. I occasionally see these interesting birds in the big
+eucalypt forests of Gippsland. I was surprised to discover that,
+in South Gippsland, it is generally called the Galah, a name which
+belongs to quite a different bird (194).</p>
+
+<p>The screeching, fussy White Cockatoo, with its delicate sulphur
+crest, is well known. Many country dwellers enjoy the privilege
+of often seeing these snowy-white birds almost covering
+a dead tree. They are favorites as pets, and live to a good old
+age. They render good service at times by digging up and eating
+grasshoppers' eggs, though they do damage to maize and other
+crops. As they post sentinels, they are difficult birds to approach.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93q" id="page93q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The Pink Cockatoo (Major Mitchell) is unfortunately becoming
+rare. It was fairly common when I taught in a Mallee school,
+near where Hopetoun now is. It has been described as "quite
+the most beautiful of all the Cockatoos, being a harmony of delicate
+rose-pink and white, with a handsome crest of acuminate
+feathers barred in crimson, yellow, and white." It does not take
+kindly to captivity. It nested in the smaller "spouts" of the
+green "box-trees" in the "box-flats" and swamps about the Goyura
+School, south of Lake Corrong.</p>
+
+<p>What is more glorious than a mob of Rose-breasted Cockatoos
+(Galahs), 500 strong, airing their beauties and graces as they
+take a constitutional before retiring for the night? Probably no
+other kind of bird shows better company-flying than Galahs; now
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page94q" id="page94q"></a></span>
+one sheet of a delicate gray lavender, and the next instant a flash
+of brilliant salmon-pink, as the whole company turns and wheels,
+obedient to some command or signal unperceived by us; again,
+the sun lights up the pale-pink crests and gray backs, as they turn
+once more and wheel, screeching, to continue their evolutions further
+afield. It is a sight that lingers in the memory. They are
+charming pets, and some talk well. Their beauty adds charm to
+our almost perfectly level great inland plains.</p>
+
+<p>The delicately-colored and friendly Cockatoo Parrot, with its
+immovable crest, takes a sub-family to itself. It migrates from
+the North, and, in a dry year, may even reach the South
+Coast. In 1908 some of these birds reached Colac, in Southern
+Victoria. They are favorite aviary birds, and thousands have
+been exported.</p>
+
+<p>In the true Parrot family, Australia is strongly represented by
+many beautiful birds. The first is the Barraband Parrakeet of
+Gould, and the Green Leek of some ornithologists. As the name
+Green Leek is practically in universal use for the Musk Lorikeet
+(Green Keet) of the ornithologist, it seems desirable to sink an
+inappropriate name into a synonym, and use the earlier name,
+Superb Parrot, for it is a beautiful bird. Sad to say, it has
+become exceedingly rare, though Mr. A. W. Milligan informed
+me, a few days ago, that he saw six fly into some pines at Black
+Rock one day this month (January, 1911).</p>
+
+<p>The Rock Pebble, or Smoker, of the country dweller, formally
+called the Black-tailed Parrot, is a fine bird. His tail, however,
+is not really black, but is strongly iridescent. He nested in numbers,
+at the beginning of the nineties, in the dead box-trees in
+Lake Corrong. After an early tea, we frequently went over to
+the lake and watched the birds feeding their young. No longer
+do they inhabit that district, which has been completely cleared
+and placed under cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>The big King Parrot is a "showy, noble species," and is still
+common in parts, especially the moist forest districts.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the next group form a sub-family&mdash;the Broad-tails&mdash;confined
+to Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the
+Pacific Islands. Judging by their names, they must be amongst
+the most beautiful of birds. The best known is the common
+Rosella, often quoted in European books as one of the most beautiful
+of birds. Its scientific name is eximius, which means excellent.
+Indeed, the scientific names of Australian parrots give
+a good indication of their place amongst the glories of the bird
+world. The cousin of the Rosella&mdash;the large blue-winged and
+blue-cheeked Crimson Parrot&mdash;is well named elegans; a grass
+parrot is also elegans, then follow splendidus, splendida, and
+pulchella, while that great ornithologist, Gould, has conferred
+the honor of pulcherrimus on another Australian parrot.
+These names, given by scientists, will show Australians in what
+high esteem these birds, so common with us, are held by observers
+from other lands.</p>
+
+<p>The Crimson Parrot, previously mentioned, is, I think, becoming
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page99q" id="page99q"></a></span>
+common, for I have lately seen it flying about in towns,
+notably in the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, the Zoological Gardens,
+Melbourne, and the school yard at Wangaratta.</p>
+
+<p>The Yellow Parrakeet, with its blue cheeks, is a "harmony in
+blue and canary yellow, and is an exceedingly lovely bird." It
+is unfortunately rare.</p>
+
+<p>The next bird is one of our well-known cage pets&mdash;the beautiful
+Ringneck&mdash;the Mallee Parrot. It flies ahead of one along
+the half-chain strip of scrub left on mallee roads, and is a feature
+of interest.</p>
+
+<p>The next group contains some inland parrots. The "Bulloak,"
+or "Blue Bonnet," is a beautiful bird, and is common on
+inland plains. It has a brownish-olive back and a gray
+chest. The bright, blue cheeks, forehead, and shoulder,
+red abdomen, and light yellow base to tail present a striking appearance.
+Its vernacular name&mdash;Yellow-vented Parrakeet&mdash;has
+now been altered to Blue Bonnet Parrot.</p>
+
+<p>The Many-colored Parrot, with its large yellow shoulder
+patch, is a glory. It is, indeed, difficult to imagine a more beautiful
+bird as it flies about in the bright Mallee sunshine. The
+Red-backed Parrot is the common "Grass Parrot" of country
+dwellers. Large flocks of these birds are to be seen on the
+inland plains. The female is much plainer than her gaudy mate.
+This is unusual amongst parrots; for, as the work of sitting on
+the eggs is done in a hollow tree under good shelter, there is
+apparently no reason why the female should be plainer than
+the male, and in most parrots she is equally pretty.</p>
+
+<p>The brownish female offers a strong contrast to her more
+brightly coloured mate, which is immediately distinguished by
+the large red patch on the back. (The Many-colored Parrot
+has a much smaller red patch on the back, near the base of the
+tail.)</p>
+
+<p>The seven small Grass-Parrots (<i>Neophemas</i>) are amongst the
+most beautiful of parrots. These birds have become so rare that
+the South Australian Government has wisely placed them on the
+totally-protected list. Bird trappers formerly exported numbers
+to Europe each year. These rare Parrots are said to be worth
+about £7 each as cage birds.</p>
+
+<p>We found the rare Rock Parrot nesting in the edges and hollows
+of a tiny travertine-limestone island (Goat Island) in an inlet at
+the eastern end of the Great Australian Bight. The eggs were
+laid on the bare earth, often within two or three feet of high-tide
+mark. The whole island was less than an acre in extent,
+and at no point was ten feet above high-tide level. Many similar
+islands on the Australian coast have not yet been explored
+ornithologically, so we do not know what matters of interest are
+awaiting us.</p>
+
+<p>The next bird, the Swift-flying Lorikeet, is a honey feeder, like
+the first four Parrots (Lorikeets) mentioned. It is often found
+with them, and was common all the winter, and is common now
+in a clump of flowering gums outside the Melbourne Cricket
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100q" id="page100q"></a></span>
+Ground. It has given scientists much trouble as to its correct
+name and position. It can be distinguished from the "Green
+Keets" by having scarlet under the wings.</p>
+
+<p>The beautiful and affectionate little Budgerigar (Warbling
+Grass Parrot), or Love Bird, has many names. It is migratory,
+and sometimes appears in thousands, though it may not be seen
+again for years. It is a favorite cage bird, and breeds as
+freely as caged canaries, so it is well-known in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The last two Parrots are ground birds, which never perch or
+climb. It was feared that the Ground Parrot was extinct,
+but it is seen occasionally in the National Park at Wilson's Promontory.
+The Night Parrot is better called the Western Ground
+Parrot. It is found amongst the Spinifex (<i>Triodia</i>) scrub of the
+interior.</p>
+
+<p>Though Parrots are essentially "climbers," having the suitable
+arrangement of two toes in front and two behind, it is interesting
+to learn of these two Australian Parrots which cannot
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page101q" id="page101q"></a></span>
+perch or climb. The Parrot's foot is of interest, further, in so
+far as it is used as a hand, and the food is held in it while being
+eaten. The powerful bill not only serves to reduce its food to
+powder, but also assists in climbing. It is sometimes amusing
+to note the "absurd caution," and great deliberation with which
+a parrot climbs down in his cage to pick up some dainty.</p>
+
+<p>Possessing no less than 76 kinds of Parrots and Cockatoos, Australians
+should be alive to their privileges as contrasted with
+the dwellers of northern lands, where Parrots do not live. They
+should insist on the proper protection of these beautiful and wonderful
+birds.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>88</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i092-1000.png"><img src="images/i092-560.png" width="560" height="393" alt="184, 185, 186, 187, 188 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER XVII.&mdash;PSITTACIFORMES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 72. <i>Nestoridae</i>, Nestor, Kaka, Kea, 4 sp. A. (N.Z.).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 73. LORIIDAE (9), BRUSH-TONGUED PARROTS,
+LORIES, LORIKEETS, 87 sp. A.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+16</p>
+
+<p><b>184<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Blue Mountain Lorikeet</b> (-Parrot), Rainbow Lory,
+Blue&mdash;bellied (Swainson) Lorikeet, <i>Trichoglossus
+novae-hollandiae</i>, N.A., E.A., S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. flocks c. <i>eucalypts</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</p>
+
+<p>Head, throat, abdomen blue; chest blood-red tinged yellow;
+back green; bill blood-red; f., sim.  Honey.
+Screech.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page89" id="page89"></a>89</span>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>185<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Musk Lorikeet</b>, Green Keet, Green Leek (e), <i>Glossopsittacus
+concinnus</i>, E.A., S.A., T.<br />
+[~185-187 <i>Genus, Glossopsitta.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. v.c. <i>flowering eucalypts</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.5</p>
+
+<p>Green; forehead, behind ear red; bill black tipped red; f.,
+sim. Honey. Screech.</p>
+
+<p><b>186&nbsp; Purple-crowned Lorikeet</b>, <i>G. porphyrocephalus</i>, N.S.W.
+V., S.A., W.A.<br />
+[~185-187 <i>Genus, Glossopsitta.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. flocks with 185. r. <i>eucalypts</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5</p>
+
+<p>Green; forehead red, yellow; behind ear fainter red, yellow;
+crown purple; behind head yellowish-green;
+shoulder light-blue; under wing crimson; under
+greenish-gray; flanks, under-tail golden-green; bill
+black; f., sim. Honey. Screech.</p>
+
+<p><b>187&nbsp; Little Lorikeet</b>, Jerryang, <i>G. pusillus</i>, E.A., S.A., T.<br />
+[~185-187 <i>Genus, Glossopsitta.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. flocks with 185. c. <i>eucalypts</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5</p>
+
+<p>Green; face deep-red; hind-neck brown; wings black
+edged green; tail feathers grass-green, inner webs red
+at base, yellowish at tip; f., smaller. Honey. Screech.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 74. CYCLOPSITTACIDAE (2), Fig-Parrots, 23 sp. A.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 75. CACATUIDAE (17), COCKATOOS, 29 sp.&mdash;28(28)A.,
+1(1)O. (Philippine Is.).</p>
+
+<p class="left">7<br />
+7</p>
+
+<p><b>188&nbsp; Black Cockatoo</b>, Funereal Black Cockatoo, <i>Calyptorhynchus
+funereus</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.,
+King Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Small flocks, r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;26</p>
+
+<p>Black; ear-patch, under tail yellow; f., sim.  Wood-boring
+larvae.  Seeds.  "Wy-la."</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>90</span>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i094-1000.png"><img src="images/i094-560.png" width="560" height="438" alt="189, 190, 191, 192, 193 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>189&nbsp; Banksian Cockatoo</b>, Banksian Black Cockatoo, C.
+<i>banksi</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24</p>
+
+<p>Glossy greenish-black; vermilion-red band on tail; f., yellow
+side of head, neck.  Caterpillars, seeds.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>91</span>
+
+<p><b>190&nbsp; Glossy Cockatoo</b> (Leach Black), <i>C. viridis</i>, E.A.,
+S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Small flocks, r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19.5</p>
+
+<p>Glossy greenish-black; deep vermilion-red on tail; f., no
+vermilion on tail. Sheoak (<i>Casuarina</i>) seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>191<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Gang-gang Cockatoo</b> (Red-crowned),  Red-crowned
+Parrot (e), Galah (e), <i>Callocephalum galeatum</i>,
+S.Q., N.S.W., V., T., King Is.<br />
+[~191 <i>Genus, Callocephalon.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.5</p>
+
+<p>Head, crest fine scarlet; rest slate-gray barred grayish-green;
+wings tinged green; under tinged red; f., head,
+crest gray.  Eucalypt seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">5<br />
+17</p>
+
+<p><b>192&nbsp; White Cockatoo</b> (Sulphur-crested), <i>Cacatua galerita</i>,
+A., T., King Is.<br />
+[~192-194 <i>Genus, Cacatöes.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. Flocks, v.c. <i>timber</i>, <i>open plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20</p>
+
+<p>White; crest, under wing, portion of tail sulphur-yellow;
+f., sim.  Seeds, grain, native bread, bulbous roots,
+grasshoppers' eggs.  Screech.</p>
+
+<p><b>193<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Pink Cockatoo</b> (Leadbeater), Major Mitchell, <i>C. leadbeateri</i>,
+Int. A.<br />
+[~192-194 <i>Genus, Cacatöes.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>lofty gums</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16</p>
+
+<p>"Most beautiful and elegant" cockatoo; white; forehead,
+neck, under wing, middle abdomen, base of tail salmon
+pink becoming deeper under wing; crest crimson,
+yellow, white; eyes black; f., yellow in crest brighter;
+eyes reddish-brown.  Plaintive cry.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>92</span>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i096-1000.png"><img src="images/i096-560.png" width="560" height="434" alt="194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>194<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Rose-breasted Cockatoo</b>, Galah, Willie-willock, Willock,
+<i>C. roseicapilla</i>, A., T. (acc).<br />
+[~192-194 <i>Genus, Cacatöes.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. large flocks, c. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</p>
+
+<p>Upper gray; under deep rose pink; head pinky-white; "the
+second most beautiful of cockatoos;" f., sim.  Seeds,
+salt-bush.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id="page93"></a>93</span>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>195&nbsp; Long-billed Cockatoo</b>, Corella, <i>Licmetis nasica</i>, N.
+Ter., N.S.W., V., S.A.<br />
+[~195 <i>Licmetis tenuirostris.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Flocks r. <i>ground</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>White; under wing pale-yellow; under tail bright-yellow;
+forehead, face scarlet; neck, breast tinged scarlet;
+naked blue skin round eye; long bill, 1&#8541; in.; f., sim.
+Bulbous roots.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>196<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Cockatoo-Parrot</b>, Cockatiel, Quarrion, <i>Calopsittacus
+novae-hollandiae</i>, A.<br />
+[~196 <i>Calopsitta novae-hollandiae.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. flocks, c. <i>plains</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12</p>
+
+<p>Forehead, crest lemon-yellow; ear-patch rich reddish-orange
+in a patch yellow above white below; upper,
+under gray; white on wings, chest; f., face, crest dull
+olive-yellow; tail barred brown.  Seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 76. PSITTACIDAE (47), PARROTS, Macaws, 433 sp.&mdash;144(144)A.,
+49(49)O., 42(42)E., 2(l)Nc.,
+197(196)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>197<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Superb Parrot</b> (Scarlet-breasted), Green Leek, Barraband
+Parrakeet, <i>Polytelis barrabandi</i>, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+V., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16</p>
+
+<p>Green; forehead, cheeks, throat rich gamboge-yellow; crescent
+of scarlet next to yellow on chest; bill yellow;
+sometimes red on thigh; f., green tinged dull rose on
+chest; thigh red.  Seeds.</p>
+
+<p><b>198<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> Black-tailed Parrot</b>, Rock-Pebbler, Rock-Pebble, Smoker,
+<i>P. melanura</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A. (interior).<br />
+[~198 <i>Polytelis anthopeplus.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. v.r. <i>Box flats</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck, greenish-yellow; shoulders, under yellow;
+upper-back olive; wing-quills, tail iridescent black;
+some pink on wing; bill scarlet; f., duller. Seeds, honey.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+9</p>
+
+<p><b>199<a class="ask" href="#page76">*</a> King Parrot</b> (Scarlet and Green, Spud), Blood Rosella,
+King Lory (e), <i>Aprosmictus cyanopygius</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16</p>
+
+<p>"Showy, noble species;" head, neck, under scarlet; back,
+wings green; rump, base tail rich dark blue; band
+bright green on wing; bill scarlet; f., head, upper
+green; throat, chest green tinged red; abdomen scarlet;
+young male like female for two years. Bulbous roots,
+seeds.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id="page95"></a>95</span>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i099-800.png"><img src="images/i099t-300.png" width="300" height="497" alt="219, 220, 221 223, 224, 227, 229, 230, 235 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>219</b> Australian Roller<br />
+           <b>220</b> Blue Kingfisher<br />
+           <b>221</b> Laughing Kingfisher</td>
+       <td><b>223</b> Sacred Kingfisher<br />
+           <b>224</b> Australian Bee-eater<br />
+           <b>227</b> Spine-tailed Swift</td>
+       <td><b>229</b> Pallid Cuckoo<br />
+	       <b>230</b> Fan-tailed Cuckoo<br />
+           <b>235</b> Bronze Cuckoo</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>96</span><br />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>97</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i101-800.png"><img src="images/i101t-300.png" width="300" height="501" alt="238 240, 242, 244, 244A, 245A, 248, 248A - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>238</b> Welcome Swallow<br />
+           <b>240</b> Tree Martin<br />
+           <b>242</b> Brown Flycatcher</td>
+       <td><b>244</b> Scarlet-breasted Robin<br />
+           <b>244<span class="sc">a</span></b> Scarlet-breasted Robin (Female)<br />
+           <b>245</b> Flame-breasted Robin</td>
+       <td><b>245<span class="sc">a</span></b> Flame-breasted Robin (Female)<br />
+	       <b>248</b> Red Capped Robin<br />
+           <b>248<span class="sc">a</span></b> Red Capped Robin (Female)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>98</span><br />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>100</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i104-1000.png"><img src="images/i104-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">16<br />
+16</p>
+
+<p><b>200<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Crimson Parrot</b>, Crimson Rosella, Pennant Parrakeet,
+Red Lory (e), Mountain Lowry (e), <i>Platycercus
+elegans</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i>, <i>open</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.5</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck, under, rump rich deep crimson; feathers of
+back black, edged crimson; cheeks, shoulders blue; tail
+tipped pale-blue; f., sim.; young all green at first.
+Grass, seeds, insects, caterpillars.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>101</span>
+
+<p><b>201&nbsp; Yellow Parrot</b>, Yellow Rosella, Murray Smoker (e),
+Swamp Lory (e), Yellow-rumped Parrakeet, <i>P.
+flaveolus</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A. (interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>lofty river gums</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.5</p>
+
+<p>"Exceedingly lovely bird, a harmony in blue and canary
+yellow;" upper under canary-yellow; back feathers
+black edged pale-yellow; wing blue; tip quills dark-brown;
+tail tipped light blue and white; forehead crimson;
+cheeks blue; f., duller. Seeds.</p>
+
+<p><b>202<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Rosella</b>, Rosehill Parrakeet, Nonpareil Parrot, <i>P.
+eximius</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>open timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, hind-neck, chest, under base tail scarlet; cheeks
+white; back feathers black edged rich yellow; rump,
+upper base tail, lower abdomen pale-green; centre-abdomen
+yellow; shoulders blue; tail tipped pale blue;
+f., young sim.</p>
+
+<p class="left">5<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>203<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Mallee Parrot</b> (Scrub), Barnard Parrakeet, Ring-neck,
+Bulla-Bulla, <i>Barnardius barnardi</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V.,
+S.A. (interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>mallee scrub</i>, <i>water courses</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13</p>
+
+<p>Crown, chest, abdomen, rump rich-green; yellow band on
+hind-neck; forehead red; back bluish-gray; centre-abdomen
+orange; wing-quills black; shoulder blue; centre
+tail feathers green becoming deep iridescent blue at
+tip; side tail deep blue at base becoming bluish white
+at tip; bill horn color; f., sim. Seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">8<br />
+8</p>
+
+<p><b>204<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Blue-Bonnet</b>, Bulloak Parrot, Yellow-vented Parrakeet,
+<i>Psephotus zanthorrhous</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+(inland).</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>mallee-scrub</i>, <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12.5</p>
+
+<p>Forehead, face blue; crown, upper, chest yellowish-gray;
+rump, under base tail, abdomen deep yellow, about legs
+scarlet; edge shoulder, patch on wing blue; wing-quills
+blackish-brown; f., duller.  Seeds.</p>
+
+<p><b>205<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Many-colored Parrot</b> (Varied, Mulga), <i>P. multicolor</i>,
+N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A. (inland).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck, chest, back green; rump little red; abdomen,
+thighs scarlet; forehead, shoulder, under base tail yellow;
+f., brick red patch on shoulder, duller.  Grass-seeds.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>102</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i106-1000.png"><img src="images/i106-560.png" width="560" height="359" alt="206, 207, 208, 209, 210 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>206<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Red-backed Parrot</b> (Grass, Red-rumped, Ground), <i>P.
+haematonotus</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Large flocks, v.c. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11</p>
+
+<p>Green; lower-back scarlet; tip-shoulder outer wing-quills
+blue; centre-shoulder, abdomen yellow; f., brownish-olive
+upper.  Seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">7<br />
+7</p>
+
+<p><b>207&nbsp; Bourke Grass-Parrot</b> (Night, Pink-bellied), <i>Neophema
+bourkei</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A. (interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper olive-brown; under delicate brown tinged pink; forehead,
+shoulder, flanks, under tail blue; f., forehead not
+blue.  Seeds.</p>
+
+<p><b>208&nbsp; Blue-winged Grass-Parrot</b> (Blue-banded), <i>N. venusta</i>,
+N.S.W., V., S.A., T., King Is.<br />
+[~208 <i>Neophema chrysostoma.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>open timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9</p>
+
+<p>Forehead, large patch shoulder deep-blue; crown, neck,
+back, breast green; face, abdomen light-yellow; tail
+tipped fine yellow; f., sim. Grass seeds.</p>
+
+<p><b>209<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Grass-Parrot</b> (Elegant Grass), <i>N. elegans</i>, S.Q.,
+N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9</p>
+
+<p>Forehead, patch shoulder, first set off again, and so on. "With their wing-quills blue; about eye rich-yellow;
+back golden-green; chest green; abdomen, side
+of tail yellow; f., duller. Seeds. Musical whistle.</p>
+
+<p><b>210&nbsp; Orange-breasted Grass-Parrot</b> (Orange-bellied), <i>N.
+chrysogastra</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9</p>
+
+<p>Crown, upper grass-green; forehead blue; cheeks, breast
+yellowish-green; shoulder, patch on wing deep-blue;
+abdomen, under base tail yellow; lower abdomen much
+orange; f., less orange. Seeds. Sharp snapping note.</p>
+
+<p><b>211&nbsp; Red-Shouldered Grass-Parrot</b> (Chestnut-shouldered,
+Beautiful), <i>N. pulchella</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Cheeks, shoulders rich metallic-blue; crown, hind-neck,
+upper, flanks bright olive-green; bright patch chestnut-red
+at insertion of wing; under rich-yellow, tail green
+tipped yellow; f., sim. Seeds.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" id="page103"></a>103</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i107-1000.png"><img src="images/i107-560.png" width="560" height="360" alt="211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>212&nbsp; Scarlet-chested Grass-Parrot</b> (Orange-throated, Splendid),
+<i>N. splendida</i>, N.S.W., V., S., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>scrub</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck beautiful deep-blue; shoulder blue; breast
+scarlet; abdomen light-yellow; upper green; f., duller,
+breast green.  Seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>213<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Swift Parrot</b> (Red-shouldered), Swift-flying Lorikeet
+(e), <i>Euphema discolor</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.<br />
+[~213 <i>Lathamus discolor.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>flowering eucalypts</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.5</p>
+
+<p>Green; forehead, throat, tip-shoulder, base tail above
+below, under-wing red; crown, edge wing blue; f.,
+smaller, duller.  Honey.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>214<a class="ask" href="#page78">*</a> Warbling Grass-Parrot</b> (Shell-, Canary-, Zebra-), Betcherrygah,
+Budgerigar, Love-Bird (Flight-), <i>Melopsittacus
+undulatus</i>, A. (int.).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. flocks c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
+
+<p>Head, throat yellow; under, rump green; upper green
+finely barred black; several dark spots on throat; f.,
+smaller.  Grass-seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>215&nbsp; Ground Parrot</b> (Swamp), <i>Pezoporus terrestris</i>, V.,
+S.A. W.A., T., Bass St. Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. u. <i>sandy</i>, <i>swampy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13</p>
+
+<p>Green uniformly barred black yellow; forehead scarlet; tail
+long; never perches; f., sim. Seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>216&nbsp; Night Parrot</b> (Spinifex), Western Ground Parrakeet,
+<i>Geopsittacus occidentalis</i>, V., S.A., C.A., W.A.,
+N.W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. u. <i>swampy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10</p>
+
+<p>Like 215, but forehead not red; under base short tail yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 77. <i>Stringopidae</i>, Owl-Parrot, 2 sp. A. (N.Z.).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104q" id="page104q"></a></span>
+
+<p>Australia is well represented in Order XVIII.&mdash;Picarian Birds.
+The Tawny Frogmouth is one of "the most peculiar," and is the
+"ugliest of birds." On account of its wide mouth, it is called the
+Frogmouth, and on account of the confusion connecting it with
+the Boobook Owl, which calls "Mopoke," this bird is also called
+the "Mopoke" (see p. 85). It so closely mimics a broken branch
+during the day that it is seldom seen, though it is fairly common.</p>
+
+<p>Gould bears eloquent testimony to the value of Australian birds
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105q" id="page105q"></a></span>
+in general, and the <i>Podargus</i> in particular, when he says: "In
+no other country is there a greater proportion of insectivorous
+birds, and certainly none in which nocturnal species such as the
+Podargi are more numerous."</p>
+
+<p>The Australian Roller (Dollar-Bird) has the family beauty, and
+has a white circular patch on each wing, which shows clearly
+when the wing is expanded during flight. At the Tallangatta
+excursion a pair was working even after dusk near the schoolground.
+Flying from the topmost dead branch, one bird suddenly
+closed its wings, and cut queer antics in the air. After
+flying a considerable distance, it returned to its former perch, and
+the mate set off. On the return of the mate the first set off
+again, and so on. With their disagreeable, rough "treek treek,"
+and peculiar antics, they are conspicuous birds. It is our one
+representative of a family most strongly developed in Africa.</p>
+
+<p>While Kingfishers are cosmopolitan (world-wide in distribution),
+yet the Australian region contains far more of these beautiful
+birds than any other region. They are famous in legend
+and story, and we owe to them the expression, "halcyon days" (Gr.
+<i>alkuon</i>, a Kingfisher).</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106q" id="page106q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The great terrestrial Kingfishers, of which Australia has three
+species&mdash;the fourth being confined to New Guinea&mdash;are amongst
+the avine curiosities of Australia. Few birds are more famous
+than the Laughing Kingfisher (Jackass), first, on account of his
+gigantic size&mdash;hence his specific name, <i>gigas</i>&mdash;and, secondly,
+because of his laugh, which brightens many a gloomy, misty day
+in lonely country districts. Homesick travellers from foreign
+lands could only hear evil spirits laughing at their trials and
+loneliness, but, just as mountains, once thought ugly, are now considered
+beautiful, so other thoughts are now associated with the
+laugh of our remarkable Australian Kingfisher.</p>
+
+<p>True to the law of representatives, Australia presents us with
+a beautiful representative of the Old World family of Bee-eaters.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107q" id="page107q"></a></span>
+A writer has well said that there are "few so beautiful, and none
+so graceful." Its scientific name, <i>ornatus</i>, shows that our bird
+stands well amongst its fellows. One kind occasionally visits
+England (about thirty records in the last hundred years).</p>
+
+<p>In the same order come the Goatsuckers, or Nightjars, wide-mouthed,
+swift-flying, insectivorous birds, which have an almost
+cosmopolitan range, being absent only from New Zealand and
+the Polynesian Islands. These Owl-like birds have very long
+wings, thus indicating their rapid flight. They are very valuable
+insect destroyers, though they are sometimes called "Night
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page108q" id="page108q"></a></span>
+Hawks," and are shot by people who foolishly shoot hawks.
+Many destructive insects fly only at night, and these night-flying
+birds are a necessity to maintain the balance of Nature.</p>
+
+<p>Swifts are cosmopolitan birds. One Swiftlet is world-famous
+on account of its saliva-built nest, which is the edible swallows'
+nest we used to read about. This bird occasionally visits
+Queensland. Two of the Australian birds breed in Japan.
+They are essentially creatures of the air; their long, pointed
+wings, shown much longer than the tail, indicate great speed.
+Gould said that a Swift might be hawking for insects over Victoria
+one hour, and over Tasmania the next hour; that is, it
+can cross Bass Strait in an hour. The spines at the end of the
+short tail feathers are thought to assist as a prop when the bird
+settles on a wall or a cliff face. In some Swifts the four toes
+point forward; this helps also in cliff clinging. Though so common
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109q" id="page109q"></a></span>
+in the upper air, Swifts have not, in Victoria, been recorded
+as having been seen to alight.</p>
+
+<p>Most birds have hollow bones which are filled with air. It
+was claimed by those who like to find a use for everything that
+this was an obvious adaptation for purposes of flight, but when
+one reflects that, in some of the Ostrich and Emu group, the
+members of which never fly, the bones are strongly "pneumatic,"
+while in Terns and Swifts, and some other flying birds, the bones
+are solid, one must hesitate before generalizing even about such
+an apparently obvious matter. Swifts are in no way related to
+Swallows, but are close to Humming Birds, which are born with
+a wide, Swift-like mouth.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>104</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i108-1000.png"><img src="images/i108-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER XVIII.&mdash;CORACIIFORMES, PICARIAN BIRDS.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 78. <i>Steatornithidae</i>, Oil-Bird, Guacharo, 1 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 79. PODARGIDAE (6), FROGMOUTHS, 32 sp.&mdash;20(20)A.,
+12(12)O.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+7</p>
+
+<p><b>217&nbsp; Tawny Frogmouth</b> (Tawny-shouldered), Mopoke (e),
+<i>Podargus strigoides</i>, A.T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown freckled grayish-white and darker-brown;
+wings lighter, spotted black and buff; tawny patch on
+wing; tail tawny-brown barred blackish-brown; wide
+bill brown; nocturnal; f., sim. Insects. "Oom, oom."</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+13</p>
+
+<p><b>218&nbsp; Owlet Nightjar</b> (Little), Banded Goatsucker (e),
+Moth Owl (e), <i>Ægotheles novae-hollandiae</i>, A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.5</p>
+
+<p>Blackish-gray; tail faintly banded; obscure collar; short,
+wide bill; bristles round bill; nocturnal; f., sim.  Insects,
+mosquitoes, moths.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 80. <i>Leptosomatidae</i>, Kirombos, Madagascar Rollers, 2 sp. E.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>105</span>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 81. CORACIIDAE (1), ROLLERS, 32 sp.&mdash;5(5)A., 6(3)O.,
+3(0)P., 22(21)E.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+11</p>
+
+<p><b>219<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Australian Roller</b>, Dollar (Star) Bird, <i>Eurystomus
+pacificus</i>, Cel., Mol., A. exc. S.A., W.A., Lord Howe
+Is., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12</p>
+
+<p>Head, upper dark-brown; inner-wing bluish, outer-wing
+dark-blue with a silvery-blue patch (dollar); throat
+dark-blue; eyelash, wide curved bill, feet red; many
+shades of blue and green; abdomen light-green; f., sim.
+Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 82. ALCEDINIDAE  (14), KINGFISHERS, 200 sp.&mdash;112(105)A.,
+52(44)O., 5(0)P., 31(30)E., 3(0)Nc.,
+11(8)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+7</p>
+
+<p><b>220<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Blue Kingfisher</b> (Azure, Water, River), <i>Alcyone
+azurea</i>, E.A., S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>water</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 8</p>
+
+<p>Upper ultramarine-blue; behind ear yellowish-white patch;
+wings black; throat whitish; under rusty-orange; bill
+black; f., sim.  Fish, insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>221<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Laughing Kingfisher</b> (Great Brown, Giant), Laughing
+Jackass, Bushman's (Settler's) Clock, Kookaburra,
+<i>Dacelo gigas</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper, line from bill past eye brown; side-head, under
+whitish; blue, white spots on wing; tail barred brown,
+black, tipped white; f., sim. Lizards, insects, snakes.</p>
+
+<p class="left">6<br />
+71</p>
+
+<p><b>222&nbsp; Red-backed Kingfisher</b> (Golden),  <i>Halcyon  pyrrhopygius</i>,
+A. (interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>open country</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Back, rump reddish-brown; collar, under white; crown
+dull-green streaked white; dark band from bill through
+eye round back of head; wings, tail bluish; f., sim.
+Fish, insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>106</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i110-1000.png"><img src="images/i110-560.png" width="560" height="443" alt="223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>223<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Sacred Kingfisher</b> (Wood, Forest, Tree), <i>H. sanctus</i>,
+Cel., Java to A., T., N. Heb.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>timber</i>, <i>near water</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Head, upper greenish-blue; whitish collar; buffy-white
+under; bill long black; f., sim.  Insects, ants, lizards,
+fish.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 83. <i>Bucerotidae</i>, Hornbills, 71 sp.&mdash;4(4)A.,  33(33)O.,
+34(34)E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 84. <i>Upupidae</i>, Hoopoes, 6 sp.&mdash;2(1)O., 2(0)P., 4(3)E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 85. <i>Irrisoridae</i>, Wood-Hoopoes, 12 sp. E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 86. MEROPIDAE (1), BEE-EATERS, 41 sp.&mdash;5(4)A.,
+10(6)O., 2(0)P., 30(27)E.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>107</span>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+21</p>
+
+<p><b>224<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Australian Bee-eater</b>, Rainbow Bird, Sandpiper (e),
+Kingfisher (e), Spinetail, Pintail, <i>Merops ornatus</i>,
+Cel., Lesser Sunda Is., Mol., A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>open forests</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10</p>
+
+<p>Crown, back, inner-wing brownish-green; wing-quills
+orange-brown, tipped black; band on throat blackish;
+line below eye, lower-back blue; throat orange; tail
+black; two tail feathers longer; curved bill black: f.,
+sim. Insects, very rarely bees.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 87. <i>Momotidae</i>, Motmots, 24 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 88. <i>Todidae</i>, Todies, 7 sp. Nl. (West Indies).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 89. CAPRIMULGIDAE  (3),  NIGHTJARS,  GOATSUCKERS,
+124 sp.&mdash;11(8)A., 22(17)O., 10(4)P.,
+30(26)E., 11(5)Nc., 57(51)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>225&nbsp; White-throated Nightjar</b>, Night Hawk (e), Moth
+(Fern) Owl, <i>Eurostopus albigularis</i>, N.G., E.A.,
+S.A.<br />
+[~225 <i>Eurostopodus albigularis.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>open forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13</p>
+
+<p>Upper mottled, striped gray, brown; head darker; wings
+dark-brown marked gray, spotted buff, with white patch
+(see figure); white patch side of throat; under buff
+marked dark-brown; f., sim. Insects. Valuable nocturnal
+birds.</p>
+
+<p><b>226&nbsp; Spotted Nightjar</b>, <i>E. argus</i>., Aru Is., New Ireland, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>open forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12</p>
+
+<p>Like 225, but uniform rusty-brown abdomen and under
+base tail; f., sim. Insects.  Valuable, nocturnal.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 90. <i>Macropterygidae</i>, Tree-Swifts, 7 sp.&mdash;3(3)A., 4(4)O.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 91. CYPSELIDAE  (4),  SWIFTS,  103  sp.&mdash;11(7)A.,
+33(24)O., 9(1)P., 28(22)E., 4(0)Nc., 30(26)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+34</p>
+
+<p><b>227<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Spine-tailed Swift</b>, <i>Chaetura caudacuta</i>, Sib., Jap.,
+China, to A., T., N.Z.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>upper air</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
+
+<p>Throat, forehead, back edge wing, flanks, under base tail
+white; wings, tail deep shining-green; under, back grayish-brown;
+short tail ends in spines; f. smaller. Flying
+insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+25</p>
+
+<p><b>228&nbsp; White-rumped Swift</b> (Australian), <i>Cypselus pacificus</i>,
+E. Sib., Jap., Indo-China to A., T., N.Z.<br />
+[~228 <i>Apus pacificus.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>upper air</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</p>
+
+<p>Upper brownish-black; rump, throat white; under brown;
+long forked tail; indistinct collar; f., sim. Flying
+insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109qz" id="page109qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>Few birds have attracted more notice, or have been more written
+about, than Cuckoos. To dwellers in lands with a dreary
+winter, the Cuckoo heralds the spring, so its call is most welcome.
+Then, too, the mysteries connected with its upbringing
+have proved of interest to all Nature and bird
+lovers. Its call, "Cuckoo," aptly described as the "most imitable
+of bird calls," has also assisted in making the bird a favorite.</p>
+
+<p>The Pallid Cuckoo belongs to the same genus as the well-known
+Cuckoo of England. It also resembles that bird in appearance.
+Its note, however, is quite different. At times it seems to be
+endeavoring to run up a chromatic scale, so, in some districts,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page110q" id="page110q"></a></span>
+it is called the Scale Bird. At other times, after three running
+notes, it repeats one note strongly. So persistent is it in calling
+that it is called in places the Brain-fever Bird. Last September,
+in Castlemaine, it called all night in the street trees. Few,
+however, seemed to notice it, and fewer still knew what was
+uttering the persistent call.</p>
+
+<p>Possibly other birds recognize the Cuckoo as an enemy, or possibly
+its remarkable superficial resemblance to a Hawk causes
+birds to chase it. However, in some cases, possibly, the male
+Cuckoo does not object to being chased. He draws the birds
+away, while the female Cuckoo quietly places an egg in a convenient
+nest, and retires unmolested.</p>
+
+<p>The Fan-tailed or Ash-colored Cuckoo is not so conspicuous,
+as it keeps to more secluded places, and is a solitary bird. Its
+flight is heavy and labored. It also has a habit of elevating
+and lowering its tail several times both before and after flight.
+Its frequent, plaintive, trilling note often reveals its presence,
+which would otherwise be overlooked.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page111q" id="page111q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The Brush Cuckoo is rare. In fact, considerable difficulty was
+experienced in obtaining a specimen for the photograph above, as
+there was no named specimen in the National Museum. Thanks
+to Messrs. Kershaw and French, the difficulty was at last overcome.</p>
+
+<p>The Bronze Cuckoos are very similar. They will be immediately
+recognized by the under-surface barred brown and white,
+and the golden-green or bronze lustre of the dark back. The
+New Zealand Bronze-Cuckoo migrates from N.E. Australia and
+New Guinea. Apparently it sometimes migrates down the East
+Coast, instead of to New Zealand.</p>
+
+<p>The Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo has a narrower bill, and the
+centre tail feathers are brownish-chestnut at the base. While
+the birds are so similar, their eggs are quite unlike. The Bronze
+Cuckoo lays a bronze egg, generally in dome-shaped or covered
+nests. It is sometimes found in Tits' nests. The Narrow-billed
+Bronze Cuckoo has a red-speckled egg, which is placed often in
+an open or cup-shaped nest.</p>
+
+<p>The last Cuckoo&mdash;the Channel-bill&mdash;is one of the largest of
+Cuckoos. It is a northern bird, which very rarely reaches the
+southern part of the continent.  Its large bill is characteristic.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112q" id="page112q"></a></span>
+Its tail is large, and often spread out fanwise, thus giving a
+majestic appearance to the bird. Its call is not pleasing, as it is
+described by Gould as a "frightful scream," and again as consisting
+of "awful notes." It lays its eggs sometimes in the nest
+of a Sparrowhawk (not Kestrel), or in the nest of a Magpie, Bell-Magpie
+(<i>Strepera</i>), or even of a Crow. It appears with the
+first flood-waters, and follows the rivers from the Gulf of Carpentaria
+watershed down to Cooper's Creek and Lake Eyre.</p>
+
+<p>One large Australian Cuckoo builds its own nest, and rears its
+own young. This bird, however, does not visit Southern Australia.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the interest of their habits and life history,
+Cuckoos are amongst the most valuable of insectivorous birds.
+Few birds will eat the vine caterpillar or hairy caterpillar. The
+Cuckoos, however, are very fond of these, and so should be
+encouraged.  They do no harm to anything we need.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>108</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i112-1000.png"><img src="images/i112-560.png" width="560" height="443" alt="229, 230, 231, 232 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 92. <i>Trochilidae</i>, Humming-Birds, 581 sp.&mdash;18 (5)  Nc.,
+576(563)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 93. <i>Coliidae</i>, Mouse-Birds, 14 sp. E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 94. <i>Trogonidae</i>,  Trogons,  54  sp.&mdash;16(16)O.,  4(4)E.,
+1(0)Nc., 34(33)Nl.</p>
+
+<h3>ORDER XIX.&mdash;COCCYGES.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 95. <i>Musophagidae</i>, Plantain-eaters, Touracos, 35 sp. E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 96. CUCULIDAE (14), CUCKOOS (Cuckows), 202 sp.&mdash;61(50)A.,
+57(42)O., 8(0)P., 55(51)E., 8(0)Nc.,
+43(35)Nl.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" id="page109"></a>109</span>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+11</p>
+
+<p><b>229<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Pallid Cuckoo</b> (Unadorned), Harbinger-of-Spring,
+Scale (Semitone, Brain-fever, Storm) Bird, Mosquito
+(Grasshopper) Hawk, <i>Cuculus inornatus</i>, A.,
+T. =vt Eur. Cuckoo.<br />
+[~229 <i>Cuculus pallidus.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.c. <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; under gray; tail barred white, brown; eyelash
+yellow; white at edge wing; wing spotted,
+marked lighter; f., upper mottled whitish, rufous.
+Caterpillars, insects. Runs up scale, calls frequently
+at night.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+13</p>
+
+<p><b>230<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Fan-tailed Cuckoo</b>, Ash-colored, <i>Cacomantis rufulus
+(flabelliformis)</i>, Aru Is., A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10</p>
+
+<p>Head, upper dark slate-gray; under rust-red; throat gray;
+tail dark toothed with white; white edge of wing; eyelash
+citron-yellow; f., smaller.  Caterpillars, insects.
+Sad trill often repeated.</p>
+
+<p><b>231&nbsp; Square-tailed Cuckoo</b> (Brush), <i>C. flabelliformis (variolosus)</i>,
+Mol., Timor, N.G., A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>open timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.2</p>
+
+<p>Like 230, but smaller; tail feathers toothed with white on
+inner web only; f., sim.  Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>232&nbsp; Black-eared Cuckoo</b>, <i>Mesocalius palliolatus</i>, Mol., Aru
+Is., A.<br />
+[~232 <i>Misocalius palliolatus.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>scrub</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
+
+<p>Head, upper, wings glossy olive-brown; shoulder darker;
+tail olive-brown tipped white; side tail feather five
+white bars; behind ear a narrow black streak; above
+this a lighter patch; under pale-brown; f., duller. Insects.
+Feeble plaintive note.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>110</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i114-1000.png"><img src="images/i114-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="233, 234, 235, 236 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">5<br />
+15</p>
+
+<p><b>233&nbsp; Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo</b>, <i>Chalcococcyx basalis</i>,
+Mal. Pen., Java, Cel., to A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.2</p>
+
+<p>Upper beautiful bronze-green; under barred brown, white;
+like 234 but bill narrower; lighter brown head; paler
+back; outer tail feathers strongly barred blackish-brown,
+white; centre abdomen not barred; base tail
+much chestnut; f., duller.  Insects, caterpillars.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>111</span>
+
+<p><b>234&nbsp; Broad-billed Bronze Cuckoo</b> (New Zealand, Shining),
+Pipiwharauroa, <i>C. lucidus</i>, E.A., T., N.Z., Chatham
+Is., Macquarie Is. (acc).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.2</p>
+
+<p>Like 233, but outer tail feathers barred white; next feathers
+barred rufous; forehead freckled with white;
+crown, hind-neck shining-green; bill broader; f., duller.
+Insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>235<a class="ask" href="#page95">*</a> Bronze Cuckoo</b>, <i>C. plagosus</i>, A., T., Pac. Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.2</p>
+
+<p>Like 233, 234; crown, hind-neck dark violet-brown; very
+little rufous on tail; f., duller. Insects, caterpillars.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>236&nbsp; Channel-bill</b>, Giant Cuckoo, Storm (Flood, Rain)
+Bird, Toucan (e), Hornbill (e), <i>Scythrops novae-hollandiae</i>,
+Cel., Flores, Mol., A., T. (once).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24</p>
+
+<p>Gray; tail banded black; tipped white barred black, white
+below; bill very large, light horn-color; red about eye;
+f., smaller.  Insects, berries.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 97. <i>Indicatoridae</i>, Honey-Guides, 18 sp.&mdash;2(2)O., 16(16)E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 98. <i>Capitonidae</i>, Barbets, 140 sp.&mdash;40(40)O., 82(82)E.,
+18(18)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 99. <i>Rhamphastidae</i>, Toucans, 60 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 100. <i>Galbulidae</i>, Jacamars, 22 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 101. <i>Bucconidae</i>, Puff Birds, 45 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 102. <i>Picidae</i>, Woodpeckers, Piculets, Wrynecks, Flickers,
+440 sp.&mdash;6(5)A., 124(117)O., 41(33)P., 54(53)E.,
+44(32)Nc., 197(181)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 103. <i>Eurylaemidae</i>, Broadbills, 16 sp. O. The only family
+of birds restricted to the Oriental Region.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112qz" id="page112qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>One of the most interesting birds in the world is the Lyre Bird,
+whose beautiful tail, alas, often brings early death to its rightful
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page113q" id="page113q"></a></span>
+owner. There are three species of these birds, found only in the
+mountainous parts of South-eastern Australia, and as far as
+Wide Bay, in Southern Queensland. Two of the species are
+found in New South Wales and Southern Queensland, while the
+third is found in Victoria. Though these beautiful birds are
+supposed to be protected, hundreds of their tails are sold annually
+in London.</p>
+
+<p>The Lyre Bird is responsible for the statement that Australia
+possesses "Wrens as large as peacocks," whereas most Wrens
+are very small. However, the Lyre Bird is not now classed with
+Wrens. In all its ways, the Lyre Bird is of interest. Its dancing
+mounds, its large domed nest, containing but one egg, and its
+remarkable mimicking powers have frequently been written about.
+Dr. Sharpe has lately placed the Lyre Birds in an Order by themselves&mdash;Order
+XX.</p>
+
+<p>Gould considered the Lyre Bird the most shy of birds, for he
+spent days in the forest gullies surrounded by them, but though
+he was entertained by their many and varied calls, he caught no
+sight of a bird. The wonderful tail is not attained until the male
+bird is four years old. It is unique, and is the most beautiful
+tail ornament worn by any bird. Dr. Newton hoped that "so
+remarkable a form as the Lyre Bird, the nearly sole survivor,
+apparently, of a very ancient race of beings, will not be allowed
+to become extinct&mdash;its almost certain fate, so far as can be
+judged&mdash;without many more observations of its manners being
+made, and fuller details of them placed on record." Australians
+please note. You alone can assist by collecting facts and recording
+reliable observations. Bird-lovers hope that the Lyre Bird
+will be successfully established in the National Park, Wilson's
+Promontory, where some have already been placed, and so be
+preserved for future generations. Its large, domed nest is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page114q" id="page114q"></a></span>
+usually placed on the ground, and the large single egg (or the
+young one) is often taken by the fox. Further, its natural
+haunts&mdash;dense forest scrubs&mdash;are being rapidly cleared, so that
+the bird is doomed, except in special sanctuaries.</p>
+
+<p>The Lyre Bird is now generally acknowledged to be the prince
+of mocking birds. It mimics clearly all bush noises, the chopping
+of trees, sawing of logs, barking of dogs, clucking of hens,
+the singing of native birds. Its dancing mounds are interesting.
+Near one of these mounds, on the Upper Snowy River, in the
+wild cherry scrub, we observed a nest at a height of about thirty
+feet from the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Australians! you owe it to mankind in general to see that the
+protection supposed to be given to the Lyre Bird is a reality.
+Recently, after passing a lady much bedecked with Bird of Paradise
+plumes, I thought it was fortunate the Lyre Bird's tail was
+too large for a lady's hat. Imagine my surprise when, at the
+next street corner (Collins and Spring Streets), I met a lady with
+a Lyre Bird's tail stuck through her head-dress. However, I
+have seen no other tail used for such a purpose.</p>
+
+<p>In America the Audubon Society has done splendid work by
+disseminating knowledge about American birds, and arousing
+public interest in the value of birds. There, also, thorough scientific
+investigation has been made of the value of insect-eating and
+seed-eating birds. It has been stated, as the result of full
+research, that one wild pigeon, in whose crop over 7000 weed
+seeds were found, was as efficacious in destroying weeds as two
+farm laborers.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be noted that no less an agricultural authority than
+Professor Gilruth, of the Veterinary School, Melbourne University,
+has given it as his deliberate opinion that the Australian farmer
+would find life impossible without the aid of the detested Sparrow
+as a weed destroyer. This is the judgment of a man whose
+opinion is worthy of serious consideration.</p>
+
+<p>It is open to serious doubt if it pays commercially to kill indiscriminately
+any kind of bird found on this continent. It may,
+of course, happen that one individual bird has learnt where to get
+an easy food supply at the expense of a farmer or orchardist.
+Such a bird could be kept away. To kill birds at all times,
+because of the damage done by a few at a particular time, is
+foolish.</p>
+
+<p>On the lines of the American Audubon Society, the Gould
+League of Bird Lovers has recently been established. Just as
+Audubon was the great father of American ornithology, so "John
+Gould, the bird man," was the father of Australian ornithology.
+Hence his name has been associated with this movement to save
+our birds. The movement is progressing by leaps and bounds.</p>
+
+<p>The Victorian branch has a very large body of members, about
+40,000 certificates having already been issued to adults and
+children. Tasmania has a branch in full operation. In South
+Australia bird clubs are doing excellent work, especially amongst
+the young people, and Queensland and New South Wales bird-lovers
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119q" id="page119q"></a></span>
+have taken active steps to develop the movement in their
+States. A Bird Day, by order of the Minister of Education, Hon.
+A. A. Billson, and the Director, Mr. F. Tate, was observed in
+Victorian schools in 1909 and 1910, with gratifying results. Bird-nesting,
+for the collection of eggs, has practically wholly disappeared
+from our schools, while at most country schools native
+birds can be seen nesting on the school grounds, the children
+keeping observation notes of nesting and feeding habits of the
+birds as part of their work in Nature-study. What study is of
+greater economic importance to this wealthy, though occasionally
+insect-troubled, land?</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>112</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i116-800.png"><img src="images/i116-420.png" width="420" height="477" alt="237 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER XX.&mdash;MENURIFORMES, LYRE-BIRDS.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 104. MENURIDAE (3), LYRE-BIRDS, 3 sp. A. (South-Eastern A.).</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>237&nbsp; Victoria Lyre-Bird</b>, Pheasant (e), <i>Menura victoriae</i>,
+V.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>dense scrubs</i>, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;m., &nbsp; 36; &nbsp;&nbsp;f., &nbsp; 27</p>
+
+<p>Beautiful lyre tail; f., sooty-brown; all tail feathers fully
+webbed.  Insects, centipedes, snails.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119qz" id="page119qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>Order XXI.&mdash;Perching-Birds&mdash;contains 11,500 species, more than
+three-fifths of the world's 19,000 birds. As Perching-Birds
+(<i>Passeres</i>) are still undergoing evolution, connecting links still
+live, so that it is very difficult to divide the Perching Birds
+into well-defined families. Sharpe has divided them into sixty-one
+families, but, for several of these, no exact characters that
+exclude other birds can be assigned, so that some of these, at least,
+are "not worthy of family rank." However, Sharpe's classification
+represents the latest thought of scientists on this difficult
+matter, so it must be adopted here.</p>
+
+<p>This large order of birds is divided into two sub-orders:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. Songless Perching-Birds, made up mainly of South American
+birds, though two families are included that are represented
+in the Australian region&mdash;<i>viz.</i>, Pittas (<i>Pittidae</i>) and New Zealand
+Wrens (<i>Xenicidae</i>).</p>
+
+<p>2. Song-Birds.</p>
+
+<p>Birds of the second division are again divided into two:&mdash;A.:
+Abnormal Song-Birds. B.: Normal Song-Birds.</p>
+
+<p>The first group, Abnormal Song-Birds, comprises only the two
+remarkable Scrub-Birds (<i>Atrichornithidae</i>) of Australia. One
+of these inhabits West Australian scrubs only, while the other
+inhabits East Australian (Richmond River) scrubs only.</p>
+
+<p>The breast bone and the muscles of the voice apparatus are
+unusual. These birds are about the size of a thrush, and form
+"one of the most curious ornithological types of the many furnished
+by that country" (Australia).</p>
+
+<p>So far, no female bird has been examined, and little is known
+about these remarkable, noisy, scrub-haunting birds.</p>
+
+<p>The remaining forty-eight "families" of birds belong to the
+Normal Song-Birds. It is interesting to note that Australia contains
+representatives of twenty-nine families of Song-Birds.
+Representatives of but nineteen families have been recorded from
+Britain. The Indian Empire, including Burmah and Ceylon,
+contains representatives of twenty-two families, North America,
+also, of twenty-two families, while in South America twenty-three
+families are represented in this highest division of birds.</p>
+
+<p>Again, while only 89 Song-Birds have been recorded as permanent
+residents of, or regular visitors to, Britain, almost 500 species
+of Song-Birds have, so far, been recorded from Australia and Tasmania.
+Of these, 157 have been recorded from Victoria, and are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120q" id="page120q"></a></span>
+illustrated in this volume. And yet, we are told, this is a land
+of songless birds.</p>
+
+<p>Swallows have always attracted much notice, perhaps, because
+of their airy play when enjoying themselves after their long
+migration flight. It is very difficult to realize that Cuvier and
+most scientists of one hundred years ago believed that Swallows
+hibernated by burying themselves in the mud in the bottom of
+lakes and pools. It is interesting to note, in Gilbert White's
+<i>Natural History of Selborne</i>, the growing doubt concerning this
+belief; but, as it was supported by apparently good authority, he
+is cautious. Fuller observation shows that there are well-marked
+lines of migration, so that the European Swallow migrates sometimes
+even as far as South Africa, and the Swallows of North
+Asia are said to migrate even to Australia. However, in our
+winterless clime, migration is not complete, and this year (1910)
+there was probably little migration of Swallows. As Swallows
+are such rapid fliers, and spend much of their time on the wing,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121q" id="page121q"></a></span>
+it is not a matter of surprise to find that they have spread the
+world over, except to New Zealand, though Tree Swallows are
+said to reach even that distant land occasionally.</p>
+
+<p>The Australian members of the Swallow family present very
+different nesting habits. While the Welcome Swallow builds the
+well-known cup-like mud nest, the rare White-backed Swallow
+drills a two-inch hole into a bank for two or three feet, and there
+builds its nest. The Tree Martin (Swallow), on the other hand,
+makes no nest, but lays its eggs on leaves placed on the rotten
+wood in the hollow of a tree. The Fairy Martin builds a long,
+bottle-shaped mud flask, under a bridge, or a ledge, and so is
+sometimes called the Bottle or Retort Swallow. Wood-Swallows
+and Swifts do not belong to the Swallow family.</p>
+
+<p>The Flycatcher family is a large one, nearly 700 species being
+accepted by Dr. Sharpe. More than half of these are restricted
+to the Australian region.</p>
+
+<p>The Brown Flycatcher is almost as common as the Willie Wagtail
+(Black and White Fantail). The white feather on each side
+of the tail is a valuable guide, though the Groundlark also has
+this. So often does it sit on fence posts looking at the passer-by
+that it has been called the "Post-Sitter." Its Sydney name,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page122q" id="page122q"></a></span>
+Jacky Winter, is less formal than Brown Flycatcher&mdash;a name
+which is already in use for another bird.</p>
+
+<p>The Robin Redbreast of Britain is regarded with affection by
+all English children. That feeling has been transferred to the
+externally slightly similar "Robin Redbreasts" of this country,
+though they are not at all related to the British Robins. Redbreast
+is really the name of the English bird, and Robin is perhaps
+a term of endearment added to the name Redbreast. While
+the British bird has a rufous breast, the Australian birds have
+a scarlet breast, and are much handsomer birds. The British
+Robin is now placed in the Thrush family.</p>
+
+<p>Once given to members of this family, the name Robin has been
+adopted for related birds that have no red&mdash;<i>e.g.</i>, the black
+and white Hooded Robin, and the Tasmanian Dusky Robin. The
+Shrike Robins belong to the Shrike family, so they need not
+be mentioned here. The Scrub Robin of the inland dry scrubs
+belongs to the same family as the Coachwhip Bird and the Babbler.</p>
+
+<p>The Fantails and some, at least, of the Flycatchers proper are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page123q" id="page123q"></a></span>
+known to all. Who does not know and admire the plucky,
+though fussy Black and White Fantail (Willie Wagtail), as it
+drives a cat or a dog away from the vicinity of its nest, or as it
+waits impatiently about the mouth of a grazing cow or horse, or
+as it expresses its opinion of itself in the melodious "sweet, pretty
+creature," heard even late on moonlight nights? The friendly
+White-shafted Fantail is almost as well known, as it flits about a
+camp or catches flies near some water-course.</p>
+
+<p>At the Summer School, a Fantail spent some time each day
+in the dining-tent. The beautiful Rufous Fantail is just as tame,
+but is not quite so common. The nests of the White-shafted and
+Rufous Fantails are things of beauty. The long wine-glass stem
+is said by some to serve to drain the water away down from the
+nest, or as a means of carrying the eye down from the nest itself,
+so that it is seldom seen, or as a balance, so that the nest is not
+tilted too far in windy weather.</p>
+
+<p>The Scissors Grinder, or Restless Flycatcher, is very much like
+a Black and White Fantail, but the throat is white, while that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126q" id="page126q"></a></span>
+of the Fantail is black. The Grinder is often mentioned in popular
+books on bird-life, on account of its peculiar scissors-grinding
+note uttered while hovering in search of insects.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(continued below)</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>113</span>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<h3>ORDER XXI.&mdash;PASSERIFORMES, PERCHING BIRDS.</h3>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 105. <i>Pteroptochidae</i>, Tapaculos, Tilt-birds, 31 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 106. <i>Conophagidae</i>, Antwrens, 16 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 107. <i>Formicariidae</i>, Ant-thrushes, 348 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 108. <i>Dendrocolaptidae</i>, Wood-hewers, Spinetails, 405 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 109. <i>Tyrannidae</i>, Tyrant-birds, American Flycatchers,
+Kingbird, Phoebe, 560 sp.&mdash;41(9)Nc., 551(519)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 110. <i>Oxyrhamphidae</i>, 3 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 111. <i>Pipridae</i>, Mannikins, 84 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 112. <i>Cotingidae</i>, Cotingas, Chatterers, 145 sp.&mdash;1(0)Nc.,
+145(144)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 113. <i>Phytotomidae</i>, Plant-cutters, 4 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 114. PITTIDAE (4), ANT-THRUSHES, 63 sp.&mdash;32(32)A.,
+30(30)O., 1(1)E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 115. <i>Philepittidae</i>, Wattled Ant-thrushes, 2 sp. E. (Madagascar).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 116. <i>Xenicidae</i>, New Zealand Wrens, 4 sp. A. (N.Z.).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 117. ATRICHORNITHIDAE (2), SCRUB-BIRDS, 2 sp.
+A.(N.S.W., W.A.).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>115</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id="page116"></a>116</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i120-800.png"><img src="images/i120t-300.png" width="300" height="496" alt="251, 254, 255, 256, 259, 262, 265, 265A, 266 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>251</b> White-throated Flyeater<br />
+           <b>254</b> White-shafted Fantail<br />
+           <b>255</b> Rufous Fantail</td>
+       <td><b>256</b> Black and White Fantail<br />
+           <b>259</b> Restless Flycatcher<br />
+           <b>262</b> Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike</td>
+       <td><b>265</b> White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater<br />
+	       <b>265<span class="sc">a</span></b> White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater (F.)<br />
+           <b>266</b> Spotted Ground-Bird</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>117</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>118</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i122-800.png"><img src="images/i122t-300.png" width="300" height="514" alt="272, 273, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281, 281A, 282 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>272</b> Coachwhip Bird<br />
+           <b>273</b> Gray-crowned Babbler<br />
+           <b>276</b> White browed Field-Wren</td>
+       <td><b>278</b> Brown Song Lark<br />
+           <b>279</b> Rufous Song Lark<br />
+           <b>280</b> Mountain Thrush</td>
+       <td><b>281</b> White-fronted Chat<br />
+	       <b>281<span class="sc">a</span></b>  White-fronted Chat (Female)<br />
+           <b>282</b> Crimson-breasted Chat</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" id="page120"></a>120</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i124-1000.png"><img src="images/i124-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 118. HIRUNDINIDAE (6), SWALLOWS, MARTINS, 116
+sp.&mdash;9(6)A., 25(7)O., 16(2)P., 54(50)E., 10(1)Nc.,
+34(27)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+40</p>
+
+<p><b>238<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> Welcome Swallow</b> (House), <i>Chelidon (Hirundo)
+neoxena</i>, A., T. =vt. Eur. House Swallow.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>houses</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.6</p>
+
+<p>Breast, throat, forehead rust-red; abdomen whitish; head,
+back, rump black; tail forked, a band of whitish spots;
+f., duller.  Flying insects.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121" id="page121"></a>121</span>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>239&nbsp; White-backed Swallow</b> (Black and White, White-breasted,
+White-capped), <i>Cheramoeca leucosternum</i>,
+A., exc. N. Ter. =vt. Eur. Sand-Martin.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>inland</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.8</p>
+
+<p>Back, throat, chest white; wings, tail, rump, abdomen
+black; no rust-red; f., sim.  Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+10</p>
+
+<p><b>240<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> Tree Martin</b>, Tree Swallow, <i>Petrochelidon nigricans</i>,
+Mol., N.G., A., T., Bass St. Is., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Tree
+Swallow.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. flocks, v.c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.1</p>
+
+<p>Head, back black; under, rump whitish-gray; indistinct
+whitish collar; rust-red forehead; f., sim.  Flying
+insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>241&nbsp; Fairy Martin</b>, Bottle (Land, Cliff, Retort) Swallow, <i>P.
+ariel</i>, E.A., S.A., T. (occ).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>cliffs</i>, <i>banks</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.7</p>
+
+<p>Head rust-red; black back; rump, under white; tail
+slightly forked; f., sim.  Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 119. MUSCICAPIDAE (71), FLYCATCHERS, 690 sp.&mdash;354(346)A.,
+164(148)O., 14(1)P., 155(151)E.,
+5(2)Nc., 20(17)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+11</p>
+
+<p><b>242<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> Australian Brown Flycatcher</b>, Jacky Winter, Postboy,
+Post-sitter, White-tail, Stump-Bird, Spinks,
+Peter-Peter, <i>Microeca fascinans</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open</i>, <i>forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.2</p>
+
+<p>Upper pale-brown; side tail white; under lighter; chin,
+abdomen white; swings tail sideways; f., sim.  Insects.
+Songster.</p>
+
+<p><b>243&nbsp; Allied Flycatcher</b> (Lesser Brown), <i>M. assimilis</i>, N.A.,
+V. (acc), W.A.  Insects.</p>
+
+<p>Stat. c. <i>open</i>, <i>forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.6</p>
+
+<p>Like 242, but smaller; outer tail feathers brown at base.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id="page122"></a>122</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i126-1000.png"><img src="images/i126-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">11<br />
+17</p>
+
+<p><b>244<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> Scarlet-breasted Robin</b>, <i>Petroica leggei</i>, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+V., S.A., W.A., T.</p>
+
+<p>Mig. c. (winter) <i>open</i>, (summer) <i>forest gullies</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.2</p>
+
+<p>Head, throat, upper black; cap white; white bands on
+wing; breast scarlet; lower-abdomen dull-white; outer-tail
+white; bill, feet black; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> upper, under brown;
+breast tinged red; white marks on wing. Insects.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" id="page123"></a>123</span>
+
+<b>245<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> Flame-breasted Robin</b>, <i>P. phoenicea</i>, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+V., S.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. (winter) <i>open</i>, (summer) <i>mt.-gullies</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.3</p>
+
+<p>Crown, upper sooty-gray; small white forehead; white on
+wing; outer-tail white; chin sooty-gray; under scarlet;
+under base tail white; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> under brown; outer-tail
+white; under reddish-gray.  Insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>246&nbsp; Pink-breasted Robin</b>, <i>P. rhodinogaster</i>, V., S.A., T.,
+Bass St. Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>deep forest</i>, <i>gullies</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.2</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck, back sooty-black; white spot on forehead;
+breast, abdomen rose-pink; under base tail white; f.,
+upper brown; buff marks on wing; under gray; under
+base tail white. Insects. "Tick-tick-tick;" like snapping
+dead twig.</p>
+
+<p><b>247&nbsp; Rose-breasted Robin</b>, <i>P. rosea</i>, E.A.
+Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>dense brushes</i>, <i>gullies</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, throat, upper dark slate-gray; narrow white forehead;
+chest rich rose-red; under base tail white; outer-tail
+white; f., forehead buff; upper grayish-brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>248<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> Red-capped Robin</b>, Redhead (e), <i>P. goodenovii</i>, S.Q.,
+N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>open inland scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.7</p>
+
+<p>Crown, breast scarlet; upper, neck black; white stripe on
+wing; abdomen, under tail white; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page97">*</a> dark-brown
+upper; forehead tinged reddish; throat, breast faintly
+tinged red.  Insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>249&nbsp; Hooded Robin</b> (Black and White, Black, Pied), <i>P.
+bicolor</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>open</i>, <i>forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5</p>
+
+<p>Head, upper, throat black; patch on wing, abdomen,
+under base tail, outer-tail white; f., brownish-gray instead
+of black. Insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" id="page124"></a>124</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i128-1000.png"><img src="images/i128-560.png" width="560" height="360" alt="250, 251, 252, 253, 254 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>250&nbsp; Short-billed Tree-Tit</b> (Sombre), Scrub-Tit, <i>Smicrornis
+brevirostris</i>, E.A., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>treetops</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown brownish-gray; back olive; behind eye reddish-brown;
+throat, chest whitish; abdomen citron-yellow;
+tail brown at base, banded blackish, spotted white at
+tip; short bill brown; f., sim. Insects. Clear whistle.</p>
+
+<p class="left">16<br />
+62</p>
+
+<p><b>251<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> White-throated Flyeater</b>, Native Canary (e), Bush-Warbler,
+<i>Gerygone albigularis</i>, N.A., E.A., N.W.A.
+Insects. Musician.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>tree-tops</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.3</p>
+
+<p>Upper ashy-brown; throat, face white; chest, abdomen
+greenish-yellow; tail blackish band, white tip; f., sim.</p>
+
+<p><b>252&nbsp; Southern Flyeater</b> (Western), White-tailed Bush-Warbler,
+<i>G. (Pseudogerygone) culicivora</i>, E.A., S.A.,
+C.A., W.A. f. sim. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="right">v.r. <i>forests</i>, <i>scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.2</p>
+
+<p>Upper olive-brown; throat, chest light-gray; abdomen
+white; tail white base; black band, tip spotted white.</p>
+
+<p><b>253&nbsp; Brown Flyeater</b>, Brown Bush-Warbler, <i>G. fusca</i>, E.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>forest</i>, <i>scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.8</p>
+
+<p>Back, sides reddish-brown; forehead, eyebrow, throat,
+chest gray; tail black band, tip spotted white; f., sim.
+Insects.  Feeble "What is it? What is it?"</p>
+
+<p class="left">10<br />
+99</p>
+
+<p><b>254<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> White-shafted Fantail</b> (-Flycatcher, -Flysnapper),
+Cranky Fan, Devil-Bird, Land-Wagtail (e), <i>Rhipidura
+albiscapa</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6</p>
+
+<p>Upper, band across chest sooty-black; under buff; stripe
+over eye, mark behind eye, throat, bars on wing,
+shafts of tail feathers (except 2 centre feathers) white;
+outer-tail, tip white; f., sim.  Insects. Musical song.</p>
+
+<p><b>255<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> Rufous Fantail</b> (-Flycatcher), <i>R. rufifrons</i>, E.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Part.-Mig. (winter) <i>open</i>, (summer) <i>gullies</i>, <i>brushes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.2</p>
+
+<p>Crown, hind-neck brown; forehead, lower-back, base
+tail rust-red; throat, centre-abdomen white; chest black;
+flanks, under base tail light fawn; f., smaller. Insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" id="page125"></a>125</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i129-1000.png"><img src="images/i129-560.png" width="560" height="360" alt="255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>256<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> Black and White Fantail</b> (-Flycatcher), Shepherd's
+Companion, Willie Wagtail, Wagtail (e), Frog (Morning)
+Bird, <i>R. motacilloides (tricolor)</i>, Mol., N.G.,
+A. "Sweet pretty little creature."</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>open forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper, throat, breast black; eyebrow, rest under white;
+long fan-tail; f., sim.  Insects.  Often sings at night.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+29</p>
+
+<p><b>257&nbsp; Leaden Flycatcher</b> (-Flysnapper), Frog-Bird, <i>Myiagra
+rubecula</i>, N.G., A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>coast scrubs</i>, <i>gullies</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper, wings, tail, breast leaden-gray glossed with green;
+abdomen, under base tail white; f., throat, breast rust-red.
+Insects.  Squeaking note.</p>
+
+<p><b>258&nbsp; Satin Flycatcher</b> (Shining), Satin Sparrow (e), <i>M.
+nitida</i>, Louisiade Is., E.A., S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>gullies</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper, breast blackish metallic-green; abdomen, under
+base tail white; f., upper duller; throat, breast rust-red.
+Insects.  Loud piping whistle.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>259<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> Restless Flycatcher</b>, Scissors Grinder, Grinder, Willie
+Wagtail (e), Dishwasher (e), Who-are-you? <i>Seisura
+inquieta</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open</i>, <i>scrub</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 8</p>
+
+<p>Upper shining black; under white; like 256 but throat
+white; hovers; f., throat, breast buff. Insects. Harsh
+grinding, "Tu-whee, tu-whee."</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+8</p>
+
+<p><b>260&nbsp; Black-faced Flycatcher</b> (Carinated), <i>Monarcha melanopsis</i>,
+Timor, N.G., N. Ter., E.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>brushes</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.7</p>
+
+<p>Forehead, face, throat black; upper gray; wings, tail
+brown; chest gray; abdomen rufous; f., sim. Insects.
+Loud whistle, "Why-yew, witch-yew."</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126qz" id="page126qz"></a></span>
+
+<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3>
+
+<p>More than half the species of birds making up the family of
+Caterpillar-eaters are restricted to the Australian region.</p>
+
+<p>The common Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike has many names.
+Leatherhead, Blue Pigeon, and Blue Jay are amongst the most
+common, and all are wrong. The Leatherhead is a Honey-eater,
+and is better known as the Friar-Bird. The Cuckoo-Shrike is not a
+Pigeon, but is a perching bird; nor is it a Jay, which is a Northern
+Hemisphere bird, a member of the Crow family.</p>
+
+<p>The Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike is partly migratory, being stationary
+in the northern parts of its range, but migratory in the
+south. It occasionally reaches New Zealand. These birds
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page127q" id="page127q"></a></span>
+undergo many changes of plumage before assuming the adult
+dress. The Little Cuckoo-Shrike, in particular, has several
+plumage phases, the throat and neck being black in the young,
+but gray in the adult. Its Cuckoo-like flight undoubtedly suggested
+part of the name. When young males are unlike the
+adult males, they usually resemble the female. Here, however,
+the adults of both sexes are similar.</p>
+
+<p>The male White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater resembles a
+Hooded Robin (249). It is supposed to be shy, but at the Tallangatta
+excursion, two pairs were attending to domestic duties in
+the school ground and surprised all by their fine musical performances.
+The male called "Peter, Peter," or some syllabize it
+"Pretty Joey," and then broke into a trilling song that fully
+equalled any canary performance I have heard. This was repeated
+frequently during the day. The female seemed to have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128q" id="page128q"></a></span>
+a creak in her note, which, however, was musical. The bill is
+slender in this species.</p>
+
+<p>The Jardine Caterpillar-eater is rare and very shy. It keeps
+to the topmost branches of lofty trees. The male is dark blue-gray
+and black, and has a strong bill. The brown female is quite
+dissimilar, her whitish under surface being crossed with numerous
+brown arrow-head markings.</p>
+
+<p>The Cuckoo-Shrikes and Caterpillar-eaters are, like the
+Cuckoos, very fond of caterpillars, and so should receive all the
+protection we can give them.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(continued below)</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id="page126"></a>126</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i130-1000.png"><img src="images/i130-560.png" width="560" height="441" alt="261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 265A - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 120. CAMPOPHAGIDAE (10), CUCKOO-SHRIKES, Caterpillar-eaters,
+186 sp.&mdash;104(103)A., 63(61)O.,
+2(1)P., 19(19)E.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>261&nbsp; Ground Cuckoo-Shrike</b>, Ground Graucalus, Ground
+(Long-tailed) Jay (e), <i>Pteropodocys phasianella</i>, Q.,
+N.S.W., V., C.A., W.A. (interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck, chest, back delicate-gray; abdomen, rump
+white, many narrow black bars; under base tail white;
+wings, tail black; side tail tipped white; f., sim.
+Insects, larvae.  Shrill note.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page127" id="page127"></a>127</span>
+
+<p class="left">5<br />
+34</p>
+
+<p><b>262<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike</b>, Leatherhead (e), Cherry-Hawk
+(e), Lapwing (e), Summer (Blue) Bird, Blue
+(Gray) Jay (e), Blue (Mountain) Pigeon (e),
+Australian Shrike (N.Z.), <i>Coracina robusta (Graucalus
+melanops)</i>, Cel., Mol., N.G., A., N.Z. (acc.).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Part.-Mig. v.c. <i>plains</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13</p>
+
+<p>Delicate gray; forehead, face, throat black; wing-quills
+black edged gray; tail gray base, black centre, tip
+white; lifts wings after settling; f., sim. Caterpillars,
+insects, fruit.  Purring note.</p>
+
+<p><b>263&nbsp; Little Cuckoo-Shrike</b>, Varied Graucalus, Lesser Blue-Jay
+(e), <i>C. mentalis</i>, E.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark slate-gray; wing-quills black; tail black tipped
+white; about eye black; throat, breast gray (adult),
+under wing, under base tail white; young many
+changes of color; head, neck black; f., sim.  Caterpillars,
+insects, berries.  Soft rolling note.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+35</p>
+
+<p><b>264&nbsp; Jardine Caterpillar-eater</b> (-Campophaga), <i>Edolisoma
+tenuirostre</i>, N. Ter., E.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>treetops</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.6</p>
+
+<p>Face black: upper, under, centre-tail deep blue-gray;
+wing-quills, outer-tail black; f., smaller; upper, wings,
+tail feathers brown, edged lighter; under creamy-buff
+with many blackish bars; line over eye buff. Insect
+larvae.  "Kree-kree."</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+25</p>
+
+<p><b>265<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater</b> (-Campophaga),
+Peewee-Lark (e), <i>Lalage tricolor</i>, N.G., A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>thick timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, hind-neck, upper-back black; shoulders, line on
+wing white; rest wing black; lower-back gray; tail
+black outer tipped white; under white; somewhat like
+248 but throat white; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> upper brown; wing marked
+light lines; under whitish.  Insects.  Fine musician,
+canary-like song.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 121. <i>Pycnonotidae</i>, Bulbuls, 257 sp.&mdash;7(6)A., 148(145)O.,
+6(4)P., 99(99)E.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128qz" id="page128qz"></a></span>
+
+<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3>
+
+<p>The family <i>Timeliidae</i> is an ill-defined one, the members of
+which are mostly ground birds, or, at least, spend a good deal of
+time on the ground.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page129q" id="page129q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The Spotted and Chestnut-backed Ground-Birds are rare
+and are very quiet and shy as they run back under the shade of
+a bush. Thus, they are seldom seen, though they are very beautiful
+in their richly-spotted plumage. Driving along mallee
+roads, one sometimes sees these birds make a short, quick run
+to cover. A good name is required for them. Ground-Bird
+is not very definite.</p>
+
+<p>The rich brown Pilot Bird rarely flies, but keeps low down
+in the dense tangles and undergrowths in country like that about
+Ferntree Gully. It must be patiently waited for, as it is very
+shy. It, apparently, values its services highly, for it often calls
+"A-guinea-a-week."</p>
+
+<p>The larger Scrub-Robin which lives only in the interior flies
+little, but, as shown in the figure, it has long legs, suitable for running.
+Its color is not the dark-brown suitable for dark scrubs,
+but is the light-brown which matches the dead mallee twigs lying
+so thickly on the ground under the scrub. We met the Scrub-Robin
+on Eyre Peninsula, but it was difficult to get a second look
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page130q" id="page130q"></a></span>
+at it. Almost as rare are the closely-similar Chestnut-rumped
+and Red-rumped Ground-Wrens. Few will see these birds, as
+they live only in the drier parts.</p>
+
+<p>That interesting bird&mdash;the Coachwhip Bird&mdash;is far more often
+heard than seen. Along the densely-scrubbed creeks of Eastern
+Australia, the interesting whip-crack of this bird is very often
+heard. An exact representative lives in West Australian scrubs.
+I was surprised to hear, in several places lately, the Rufous-breasted
+Whistler (Thickhead) called the Coachwhip Bird. It
+has been found that both birds take part in the peculiar call
+which has a loud crack very like that of a whip. This bird
+dwells in the dense eastern scrubs, and uses its short wings but
+little for flight. It was seen, however, recently at Sandringham,
+a few miles from Melbourne.</p>
+
+<p>The Australian Babblers are of interest from all points of view.
+Their habits are peculiar; their calls are varied and usually
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page131q" id="page131q"></a></span>
+pleasant, and their large domed stick nests are common objects
+along a country road. Usually seen in companies of from four
+to a dozen, these birds work energetically and systematically.
+They are entirely insectivorous, and so are of great value economically.
+They are tame, as I have watched a flock at work in
+the gardens in the middle of a town such as Dunolly. They
+occasionally visit orchards and attack the codlin moth pupae. They
+are said never to squabble, and so are called "Happy Family" or
+"Happy Jacks." Their names, however, are many. The commonest
+is, perhaps, "Catbird." There is a "Catbird," a Bower-Bird,
+in Queensland, so the use of that name should be discouraged.
+Babblers sometimes make six or seven nests, laying only in
+one. The others are said to be shelter nests, or possibly play
+nests.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page132q" id="page132q"></a></span>
+
+<p>That pleasing songster&mdash;the White-browed Field-Wren&mdash;is uniformly
+streaked with black both above and below. It is fairly
+common, but is not often seen unless looked for. Dogs will follow
+the scent of this bird, as they do that of a quail; so it is
+sometimes called the Stink-Bird by sportsmen.</p>
+
+<p>Now we come to two of the four native Skylarks. Who has
+not, while lying on his back on the grass enjoying a rest in the
+warm sunshine, felt pleasure at the beautiful song of the Rufous
+Song-Lark as it soars singing away so high overhead? The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page133q" id="page133q"></a></span>
+British Skylark often receives the credit for the harmony of
+our four Skylarks. Two belong to this family, and two come
+later with the Larks and Pipits. One is larger and darker on
+the breast, hence the name Black-breasted Song-Lark. I saw
+many of these birds, when examining the glacial deposits at Hallet's
+Cove, near Adelaide. As there was a continuous chorus
+of these fine songsters above the crops, the reason for the name
+Harvest Birds was apparent.</p>
+
+<p>The Thrush family (<i>Turdidae</i>) includes the British Song-Thrush,
+Blackbird, Nightingale, and many other famous songsters,
+The Australian Mountain-Thrush is larger and more prettily
+marked, but is not such a good songster as its European cousin&mdash;the
+Song-Thrush. It, however, has one of its calls closely similar
+to one of the calls of its more famous relative. It is a quiet,
+shy bird, though I walked within five feet of one this morning as
+it was busy digging up worms on the lawn in the Melbourne
+Botanic Gardens. I left it at work pleased that my presence
+had caused no feeling of fear in so beautiful and so shy a bird.
+Its beautiful moss-covered nest is built even so early as July.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page134q" id="page134q"></a></span>
+It flies little, preferring to keep near the dark scrubs, especially
+the tea-tree scrub along the coast.</p>
+
+<p>The Song-Thrush and Blackbird have been successfully introduced,
+and they are common in suburban gardens. Their delightful
+song makes richer the lives of busy city dwellers, though
+their attentions to soft fruits are not always appreciated. For
+sweetness and fulness of notes, however, these introduced birds
+cannot compare with our Harmonious Shrike-Thrush (315), deservedly
+named <i>harmonica</i> by Latham, a British ornithologist.
+The call of the latter bird, however, is not so continuous as that of
+the introduced birds.</p>
+
+<p>The four Australian birds known as Chats take the next sub-family
+to themselves. The common Chat is known as a "Tang,"
+"Nun," and "Tin-tac." While the White-fronted Chat is very
+common in the South, the beautiful Crimson-breasted Chat, with
+its crimson cap and pure white throat, and the Orange-fronted
+Chat, are found mostly in the dry interior, where they are known
+as Salt-bush Canaries. A good common name is urgently required
+for this Australian sub-family of birds. North calls them
+Nuns; but that name is preoccupied, and is suitable only
+for one of them. I was much interested last week (January,
+1911) to see a male White-fronted Chat feeding a fully-fledged
+young Bronze Cuckoo. Two female Sparrows were also in attendance,
+one of which fed the Cuckoo three times while I was
+observing it. A female Bronze Cuckoo sat for some time by the
+young one, but did not interfere, or offer to feed it. The Chat
+returned the fifth time for the purpose of feeding the young
+Cuckoo, when the passing of a motor-car broke up the party.
+The young Cuckoo flew across the road and some distance on to
+a bush, where it resumed its constant wheezing whine. It is
+unusual to find birds so far apart as a Finch, like the Sparrow and
+a member of the Thrush family, like the Chat, feeding the one
+young Cuckoo.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(continued below)</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id="page128"></a>128</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i132-1000.png"><img src="images/i132-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 122. TIMELIIDAE (27), BABBLERS, BABBLING-THRUSHES,
+590 sp.&mdash;65(65)A., 447(443)O.,
+7(3)P., 75(75)E. (an ill-defined family).</p>
+
+<p class="left">6<br />
+6</p>
+
+<p><b>266<a class="ask" href="#page116">*</a> Spotted Ground-Bird</b> (-Thrush, -Dove), Babbling-Thrush,
+<i>Cinclosoma punctatum</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V.,
+S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>scrubby</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.7</p>
+
+<p>Crown, back rufous-brown; back striped black; shoulders
+steel-black spotted white; throat, narrow chest band
+steel-black; eyebrow, patches on throat white; breast
+gray; tail tipped white; f., upper lighter; throat white,
+rufous patch at side. Insects. Rise with a whirr-r-r.
+Low piping whistle.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page129" id="page129"></a>129</span>
+
+<p><b>267&nbsp; Chestnut-backed Ground-Bird</b> (-Thrush), <i>C. castano-notum</i>,
+W.N.S.W., W.V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9</p>
+
+<p>Upper chestnut-brown; eyebrow, side-throat white; throat,
+chest black; shoulder black spotted white; tail tipped
+white; f., duller; throat, chest gray. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>268&nbsp; Pilot Bird</b>, <i>Pycnoptilus floccosus</i>, E.N.S.W., E.V.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dense scrubby gullies</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.7</p>
+
+<p>Rich dark-brown; throat rufous mottled dusky; f., sim.
+Insects.  "Guinea-a-week."</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>269&nbsp; Scrub-Robin</b>, <i>Drymodes brunneipygius</i>, N.S.W., V.,
+S.A. (interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>mallee</i>, <i>scrub</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; wings brown barred white; tail brown,
+slightly tipped white; under grayish-brown; long legs;
+shy, runs; f., smaller. Insects. Monotonous whistle.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>270&nbsp; Chestnut-rumped Ground-Wren</b>, Red-rumped Scrub-Warbler,
+<i>Hylacola pyrrhopygia</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dry scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.3</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; base tail chestnut-red, tip white; eyebrow
+white; under streaked black, white; f., sim.  Agreeable
+song.</p>
+
+<p><b>271&nbsp; Shy Ground-Wren</b> (Red-rumped, Cautious, Rufous-rumped),
+Shy Scrub-Warbler, <i>H. cauta</i>, V., S.A.,
+W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dry scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.7</p>
+
+<p>Like 270, but small white patch near outer edge of wing;
+shier; f., sim.  Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>272<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> Coachwhip Bird</b> (Whip, Stockwhip), <i>Psophodes
+crepitans</i>, E.S.Q., E.N.S.W., E.V.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>dense scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10</p>
+
+<p>Dark olive-green; black crest, breast; white side of throat,
+centre of abdomen, tip-tail; f., smaller, duller. Insects.
+Loud full note ends in a whip crack.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page130" id="page130"></a>130</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i134-1000.png"><img src="images/i134-560.png" width="560" height="434" alt="273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+34</p>
+
+<p><b>273<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> Gray-crowned Babbler</b>, Chatterer (e), Cackler, Barker,
+Pine (Cat (e), Dog) Bird, Codlin-Moth-eater,
+Hopper, Jumper (e), Yahoo, Happy Family, Happy
+Jack, Twelve Apostles (e), Apostle-Bird (e), <i>Pomatorhinus
+frivolus (temporalis)</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. flocks, c. <i>open timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11</p>
+
+<p>Dark brown; crown light-gray; brow white; throat, breast
+white; tail tipped white; bill long black, curved; runs;
+f., sim.  Insects.  Many peculiar notes, noisy.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page131" id="page131"></a>131</span>
+
+<p><b>274&nbsp; White-browed Babbler</b>, Go-aways, Stick-Birds, <i>P.
+superciliosus</i>, A. inland (exc. N. Ter., N.Q.).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. flocks, c. <i>open timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Like 273, but smaller; crown dark-brown; f., sim. Insects.
+"Most noisy bird I ever observed." (G.) Many notes.</p>
+
+<p><b>275&nbsp; Chestnut-crowned Babbler</b>, <i>P. ruficeps</i>, N.S.W., V.,
+S.A. (interior). Insects. Noisy.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.5</p>
+
+<p>Like 273, 274, but crown, hind-neck chestnut; f., sim.</p>
+
+<p class="left">7<br />
+7</p>
+
+<p><b>276<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> White-browed Field-Wren</b>, White-lored Reed-Lark,
+Rush Warbler (e), Stink-Bird, <i>Calamanthus albiloris</i>,
+N.S.W., V., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>grass</i>, <i>heath</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5</p>
+
+<p>Greenish-brown streaked black; face, brow white; throat
+whitish streaked black; erect tail; shy; f., sim. Insects.
+Pretty song on bush-top.</p>
+
+<p><b>277&nbsp; Field-Wren</b>, Field Reed-Lark, <i>C. campestris</i>, V., S.A.,
+N.W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>open plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.6</p>
+
+<p>Upper ashy-brown streaked dark-brown; upper base tail
+rufous-brown; side tail tipped white, banded black;
+forehead rufous streaked dark-brown; eyebrow white;
+under whitish streaked dark-brown; f., sim. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>278<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> Brown Song-Lark</b> (Black-breasted), Australian Skylark,
+Harvest-Bird, Singing-Lark, Corn-Crake (e),
+<i>Cincloramphus cruralis</i>, A. exc. C.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>crops</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9</p>
+
+<p>Dark-brown, upper feathers edged lighter; abdomen blackish;
+f., much smaller; paler; eyebrow, under whitish.
+Insects.  "Fine songster, ranks with the Skylark;"
+sings flying like Skylark.</p>
+
+<p><b>279<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> Rufous Song-Lark</b> (Rufous-tinted), Rufous-rumped
+Singing-Lark, Skylark, <i>C. rufescens</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>grass</i>, <i>crops</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown, feathers edged lighter; upper base tail
+rufous; brow, throat whitish; under brownish-gray;
+side face darker; f., smaller; face not dark. Insects.
+"Amongst the richest and sweetest of Australian bird
+songs."  Sings flying like Skylark.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page132" id="page132"></a>132</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i136-1000.png"><img src="images/i136-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="279A, 280, 280A, 281, 282, 283 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 123. <i>Troglodytidae</i>, Wrens, 255 sp.&mdash;2(1)A., 18(17)O.,
+10(10)P., 43(32)Nc., 194(183)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 124. <i>Cinclidae</i>, Dippers, Water-Ouzels, 19 sp.&mdash;5(2)O.,
+11(8)P., 1(0)Nc., 6(5)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 125. <i>Mimidae</i>, Mocking-Birds, Thrashers, 71 sp.&mdash;17(10)Nc.,
+61(54)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 126. TURDIDAE (8), THRUSHES (Blackbird (Br.), Nightingale,
+Robin (Br.), Wheatear, Bluebird (Am.),
+Redstart, Hedge-Sparrow), 588 sp.&mdash;48(44)A.,
+167(117)O., 124(53)P., 192(163)E., 29(14)Nc.,
+132(118)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+114</p>
+
+<p><b>279<span class="sc">a</span>&nbsp; Blackbird</b>, <i>Turdus merula</i>, Eur., N. Afr., Egypt,
+Syria, Persia, Azores, A. (introduced).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10</p>
+
+<p>Black; bill yellow; f., dark-brown; breast reddish-brown
+marked darker.  Insects, snails, fruit.  Songster.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page133" id="page133"></a>133</span>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+13</p>
+
+<p><b>280<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> Australian Mountain Thrush</b> (Ground), King Thrush,
+<i>Turdus (Oreocichla) lunulata</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>coastal scrubs</i>, <i>mt. gullies</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown marked with black half-moons; under white
+stained buff on breast, flanks, marked with black half-moons;
+f., sim. Snails, insects, worms.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+24</p>
+
+<p><b>280<span class="sc">a</span>&nbsp; Song Thrush</b>, <i>T. musicus</i>, Eur., W. Asia, India, A.
+(introduced).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>gardens</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; breast yellowish spotted brown; throat,
+abdomen white; f., sim. Snails, insects, worms.
+Famous singer.</p>
+
+<p class="left">5<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>281<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> White-fronted Chat</b>, Banded Tintac, Tang, Ringlet
+(e), Clipper, Nun, Dottrel (e), Jenny-Wren (e),
+Ballyhead, Gar, Ringneck (e), <i>Epthianura albifrons</i>,
+Bass St. Is., T., A. exc. N. Ter.
+Insects. Dull metallic "tang."</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.c. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.5</p>
+
+<p>Forehead, face, under, tip tail white; back gray; band on
+chest, wings, tail black; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> duller, faint band on chest.</p>
+
+<p><b>282<a class="ask" href="#page118">*</a> Crimson-breasted Chat</b> (Tricolored), Saltbush Canary
+(e), <i>E. tricolor</i>, A. exc. N. Ter.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.3</p>
+
+<p>Crown, base tail, breast, abdomen scarlet; face, back of
+head, back dark-brown; tip-tail spotted white; throat,
+under base tail white; f., duller. Insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>283&nbsp; Orange-fronted Chat</b>, Saltbush Canary, <i>E. aurifrons</i>,
+A. exc. N. Ter.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>open plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.3</p>
+
+<p>Head, upper base tail, under golden-orange; back brown;
+tip tail spotted white; chin black; f., duller. Grasshoppers,
+other insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page134qz" id="page134qz"></a></span>
+
+<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3>
+
+<p>The Warbler family, <i>Sylviidae</i>, is a large one, found all through
+the Eastern Hemisphere. One migratory species crosses Behring
+Strait each year to summer in Alaska.</p>
+
+<p>As no less than 79 Australian small birds have been grouped
+in this family, it is of considerable importance to our bird lovers.
+At the head of the family, we have an exact representative of the
+Reed-Warbler of Europe in the delightful plain-brown songster
+which charms all who frequent river sides. Its song is "louder
+and more melodious than that of any of its European relations
+except" the Reed-Warbler. It is a welcome spring visitor, and
+can be heard on any spring or summer day in the Botanic Gardens,
+or in any reed bed by stream or lake.</p>
+
+<p>The next bird is the Australian representative of the Fantail-Warblers
+(<i>Cisticola</i>). These birds are related to the Tailor-Bird.</p>
+
+<p>Much has been written of the Tailor-Bird of India which so
+cleverly sews leaves together to enclose its nest, but few know
+we have a bird that does similar work when building its nest.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page141q" id="page141q"></a></span>
+Dr. Sharpe has decided that our bird is identical with an Indian
+species, so we must take the Indian name&mdash;Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler.
+This bird moults twice a year. At the autumn moult,
+it obtains a long tail and a streaked crown. The four Australian
+species described by Gould are now known to be but different
+forms of the one species which undergoes seasonal change.</p>
+
+<p>Speckled Jack, the Speckled Warbler (Little Field-Wren), is
+a tame little bird with a pleasing song. Its chocolate-colored
+egg used to be much valued in the days when schoolboys collected
+eggs. It walks instead of hopping.</p>
+
+<p>The Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler (<i>Acanthiza</i>) is a member of an
+Australian genus, which has been split up into 27 species, all of
+which, except a New Guinea form, are restricted to Australia.
+Some are pleasing songsters. The two-storied nest of the Yellow-tail
+is well known and is peculiar. What is the use of the
+upper nest&mdash;for the male to rest in, to delude the cuckoo, or what?</p>
+
+<p>These birds are not Tits (<i>Paridae</i>). They have been called
+Thornbills by Mr. A. J. North. The name Tit-Warbler has been
+adopted by the "names" sub-committee of the Royal Australasian
+Ornithologists' Union, pending the completion of the Australian
+Check-List. The common White-browed Scrub-Wren is not a
+Wren, but is a Warbler. He is the best known of the genus,
+though even he is seldom seen. His dark-brown color leads
+one to suspect a dark scrub as his dwelling place. Though common
+in places, he is seldom noticed, but if you sit down in a quiet
+scrubby corner, his inquisitiveness will often impel him to run
+almost over your feet. Some light spots on the shoulder and the
+white eyebrow will assist you in identifying him. His mouse-like
+run further assists in identification.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the glories of the bird world, the Superb-Warbler
+stands high. His beautiful enamel-blue and black costume, and his
+cheery, fussy song justify his name. He is generally accompanied
+by four or five plain-colored mates, and is said to lose his beautiful
+coat of blue each autumn, but the balance of evidence now
+seems to be with Mr. Keartland and Dr. Horne, who claim that
+he gets the permanent beautiful coat late in life (that is, when
+three or four years old), and does not lose it afterwards, except
+for a few days at moulting time. But, being so conspicuous, he
+soon falls a prey to one of his numerous enemies, of whom the
+small boy with a pea-rifle is probably the worst. I, too frequently,
+hear of these enemies of their country being caught with
+three or four of these lovely little birds in their possession.
+However, Bird Day in the schools did much good, and the next
+generation of boy will probably have less of the savage in him.</p>
+
+<p>The Emu-Wren, which has tail feathers like Emu feathers, is
+easily recognized if seen. It is difficult to cause it to fly out
+of the rushes round a swamp. The Bristle-Birds are Australian,
+and are fairly common in some dense scrubs.</p>
+
+<p>Grass-Wrens are not Wrens, but are placed in the Warbler
+family. They are Central Australian birds. They seldom fly,
+but "progress like a rubber ball" with great swiftness. They
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page146q" id="page146q"></a></span>
+are of the light tawny color that so well matches desert sands.
+It is very difficult to get a second look at one, as it hides in the
+grass and scrub, and almost refuses to be flushed. Sometimes it
+nearly allows itself to be walked upon.</p>
+
+<p>Fourteen of the 17 members of the Wood-Swallow family
+are confined to the Australian region. The White-rumped
+Wood-Swallow extends from Australia through the islands to the
+Andaman Islands; another kind is found in India, Ceylon, and
+Burma. Some kinds are migratory. They appear suddenly in great
+companies, build a flimsy, careless nest in any spot high or low,
+and soon have the young on the wing. They are the "Blue-Birds,"
+"Summer-Birds," or "Martins" of our youth. Some of these
+birds have the remarkable habit of hanging in a cluster similar
+to a great swarm of bees. Like Honey-eaters, they take honey
+from the flowering eucalypts. The street trees of Bendigo were
+alive with these birds in May, 1909. The Sordid Wood-Swallow
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page147q" id="page147q"></a></span>
+is partly migratory, and lives in small companies. Most towns
+in Southern Australia have a company of these birds in the
+neighborhood. One such company lives in the Domain, near the
+entrance to the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.</p>
+
+<p>These tame woodland birds, admirable in their graceful wheeling
+and floating flight, destroy numbers of destructive insects.
+Occasionally, a company has discovered that a good food supply
+can easily be obtained close to a beehive. Thus rarely they do
+a slight amount of harm, but the balance is overwhelmingly in
+their favor.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(continued below)</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page135" id="page135"></a>135</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i139-800.png"><img src="images/i139t-300.png" width="300" height="498" alt="284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 293, 297 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>284</b> Aust. Reed-Warbler<br />
+           <b>285</b> Aust. Fantail-Warbler<br />
+           <b>286</b> Grass-Bird</td>
+       <td><b>287</b> Speckled Warbler<br />
+           <b>288</b> Little Tit-Warbler<br />
+           <b>289</b> Brown Tit-Warbler</td>
+       <td><b>291</b> Striated Tit-Warbler<br />
+	       <b>293</b> Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler<br />
+           <b>297</b> White-browed Scrub-Wren</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page136" id="page136"></a>136</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page137" id="page137"></a>137</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i141-800.png"><img src="images/i141t-300.png" width="300" height="505" alt="300, 300A, 302, 304, 306, 311, 312, 313, 315 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>300</b> Superb-Warbler<br />
+           <b>300<span class="sc">a</span></b> Superb-Warbler (Female)<br />
+           <b>302</b> White-winged Superb-Warbler</td>
+       <td><b>304</b> Emu Wren<br />
+           <b>306</b> Bristle Bird<br />
+           <b>311</b> White-browed Wood-Swallow</td>
+       <td><b>312</b> Masked Wood-Swallow<br />
+	       <b>313</b> Wood-Swallow<br />
+           <b>315</b> Gray Shrike-Thrush</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page138" id="page138"></a>138</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page139" id="page139"></a>139</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i143-800.png"><img src="images/i143t-300.png" width="300" height="513" alt="319 320, 321, 322, 322A, 323, 323A, 326, 327 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>319</b> Australian Butcher-Bird<br />
+           <b>320</b> Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit<br />
+           <b>321</b> Crested Bell-Bird</td>
+       <td><b>322</b> Golden-breasted Whistler<br />
+           <b>322<span class="sc">a</span></b> Golden-breasted Whistler (Female)<br />
+           <b>323</b> Rufous-breasted Whistler</td>
+       <td><b>323<span class="sc">a</span></b> Rufous-breasted Whistler (F.)<br />
+	       <b>326</b> Shrike-Robin<br />
+           <b>327</b> Whiteface</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page140" id="page140"></a>140</span><br />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page142" id="page142"></a>142</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i146-1000.png"><img src="images/i146-560.png" width="560" height="321" alt="284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 127. SYLVIIDAE (79), WARBLERS (Whitethroat, Blackcap
+(Br.), Chiffchaff), 525 sp.&mdash;107(102)A.,
+137(84)O., 108(22)P., 267(228)E., 1(0)Nc.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+29</p>
+
+<p><b>284<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Australian Reed-Warbler</b>, Reed-Bird, (Nightingale),
+Water-Sparrow (e), <i>Acrocephalus australis</i>, Lombok,
+E.A., S.A., T. =vt. Eur. Reed-Warbler.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>reeds</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.2</p>
+
+<p>Brown; head darker; under lighter; throat whitish; bill
+long, pointed; f., sim. Insects.  Rich melodious song.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+51</p>
+
+<p><b>285<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler</b>, Grass-Warbler  (Exiled),
+Corn (Barley) Bird, <i>Cisticola exilis</i>, Ind., Formosa
+to A. (exc. C.A.), King Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>grass</i>, <i>crops</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.6</p>
+
+<p>Golden-buff; upper streaked blackish; tail 1.2in., blackish,
+edged buff; f., crown streaked black.  Winter<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> crown
+streaked black; throat whitish; tail 1.9in.; f., sim.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+10</p>
+
+<p><b>286<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Grass-Bird</b> (Little Reed), Marsh-Warbler, <i>Megalurus
+gramineus</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>tussocks</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.2</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown streaked, lined blackish; throat, chest gray
+faintly streaked black; tail reddish-brown; f., sim.
+Insects. "Four or five plaintive notes."</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>287<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Speckled Warbler</b>, Little Field-Lark (-Wren), Speckled
+Jack, Blood Tit (e), Jenny-Wren (e), <i>Chthonicola
+sagittata</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5</p>
+
+<p>Under whitish boldly streaked black; head brown faintly
+streaked white; back brown, feathers edged lighter;
+tip-tail spotted white; f., sim.  Insects. Singer.</p>
+
+<p class="left">26<br />
+27</p>
+
+<p><b>288<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Little Tit-Warbler</b> (Yellow), Yellow-breasted Thornbill,
+Tomtit, Little Tit, <i>Acanthiza nana</i>, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+V., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>trees</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper dull olive-green; under yellow; tail grayish-brown,
+black band; f., sim.  Insects.  "Tiz, tiz, tiz."</p>
+
+<p><b>289<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Brown Tit-Warbler</b> (Tit), Scrub Thornbill, Dwarf
+Warbler, <i>A. pusilla</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>scrub</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.7</p>
+
+<p>Upper, wings brown; tail brown, banded black, slightly
+tipped white; throat, chest spotted black and white;
+flanks, abdomen buff; f., sim. Insects. Singer.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page143" id="page143"></a>143</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i147-1000.png"><img src="images/i147-560.png" width="560" height="320" alt="290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>290&nbsp; Red-rumped Tit-Warbler</b>  (Tit), Rufous-rumped
+Thornbill, <i>A. pyrrhopygia</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A. (interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>mallee</i>, <i>scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4</p>
+
+<p>Upper pale olive-brown; forehead blackish-brown, feathers
+tipped white; throat, chest mottled gray, white;
+abdomen whitish; upper base tail rufous; tail olive,
+black band, white tip; f., sim.  Insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>291<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Striated Tit-Warbler</b>, Striped Tit, Striped-crowned
+Thornbill, <i>A. lineata</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.7</p>
+
+<p>Throat, chest whitish streaked black; head brown streaked
+whitish; back olive-brown; flanks, abdomen yellowish;
+tail black band; f., sim.  Insects. Songster.</p>
+
+<p><b>292&nbsp; Chestnut-rumped Tit-Warbler</b> (Thornbill), <i>A. uropygialis</i>,
+A. exc. C.A., N. Ter.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>scrubs</i>, <i>forests</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.6</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; upper base tail rich reddish-chestnut; tail
+brownish-black tipped white; under whitish; f., sim.</p>
+
+<p><b>293<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler</b>, Yellow-rumped Thornbill
+(-Tit), Yellow-tail, Geobasileus, <i>A. chrysorrhoa</i>, E.A.,
+S.A., W.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>gardens</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.8</p>
+
+<p>Upper olive-brown; base tail bright-yellow; under yellowish-white;
+forehead black spotted white; cheeks, throat,
+line over eye grayish-white; f., sim. Insects. Singer.</p>
+
+<p><b>294&nbsp; Buff-tailed Tit-Warbler</b>, Buff-rumped Thornbill (Tit),
+<i>A. reguloides</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.3</p>
+
+<p>Upper olive-brown; upper base tail pale yellow; throat,
+chest white slightly marked brown; forehead feathers
+tipped lighter; f., sim. Insects. Song.</p>
+
+<p class="left">10<br />
+16</p>
+
+<p><b>295&nbsp; Redthroat</b>,  Red-throated Scrub-Wren,  <i>Sericornis
+brunnea</i>, N.S.W., V., S., C., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark-brown; tail brownish-black tipped white;
+throat rufous; under brownish-gray; f., sim. Insects.
+"Fine song equal to that of any small bird."</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page144" id="page144"></a>144</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i148-1000.png"><img src="images/i148-560.png" width="560" height="321" alt="296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>296&nbsp; Yellow-throated Scrub-Wren</b>, Devil Bird, <i>S. barbata</i>,
+E.Q., E.N.S.W., E.V.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>coastal scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, upper brown tinged yellow; side of face, round
+eye, ear black; white line over eye; throat yellow;
+chest, flanks olive-brown; centre abdomen white; f.,
+smaller; duller. Insects. Pleasing rich note.</p>
+
+<p><b>297<a class="ask" href="#page135">*</a> White-browed Scrub-Wren</b> (White-fronted), <i>S. frontalis</i>,
+E.A., S.A., Kent Group.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>undergrowth</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark-brown; throat white streaked dusky; brow
+white; chest, abdomen light-yellow; flanks olive-brown;
+small distinct white marks on shoulder; f., duller,
+throat not streaked. Insects. Inward warble.</p>
+
+<p><b>298&nbsp; Large-billed Scrub-Wren</b>, <i>S. magnirostris</i>, E.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>tree-tops</i>, <i>coast</i>, <i>gully scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.7</p>
+
+<p>Brown; rump rufous; about bill tawny; eye, long bill
+black; legs flesh-color; f., sim. Insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>299&nbsp; Spotted Scrub-Wren</b> (Striated), <i>S. maculata</i>, V.,
+S.A., Kangaroo Is., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>scrubby</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; tail black band tipped white; forehead, side
+of face black; stripe above, very small patch below eye,
+marks on edge of wing white; under grayish-white,
+sometimes washed yellow; throat, chest grayish-white
+spotted (striated) black; f., duller. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">23<br />
+23</p>
+
+<p><b>300<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> Superb-Warbler</b>, Blue-Wren (-Bonnet, -Tit, -Cap,
+-Head), Mormon-Wren, Cocktail, <i>Malurus cyanochlamys</i>,
+E.A., S.A., Kangaroo Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>gardens</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, behind ear, upper-back enamel-blue; throat, chest,
+hind-neck, lower-back black; tail deep-blue; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> brown;
+round eye reddish-brown; under lighter; bill reddish-brown.
+Insects. "Animated song." "Lovely bird."</p>
+
+<p><b>301&nbsp; Black-backed Superb-Warbler</b> (Wren), <i>M. melanonotus</i>,
+E.A., C.S.A. (inland).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.7</p>
+
+<p>Crown, under, upper-back, upper and under base tail beautiful
+metallic blue; behind ear verditer-blue; side of
+face, band on back, faint band across chest black; wing
+green; tail greenish-blue; f., side of face, round eye
+reddish-brown; upper brown; under whitish; wings
+brown; tail green. Insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page145" id="page145"></a>145</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i149-1000.png"><img src="images/i149-560.png" width="560" height="320" alt="302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>302<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> White-winged Superb-Warbler</b> (Wren), <i>M. cyanotus
+(leucopterus)</i>, A. (exc. N. Ter.).</p>
+
+<p class="right">r. <i>saltbush</i>, <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.8</p>
+
+<p>Above, below deep cobalt-blue; wings white; quills brown;
+tail dark-blue; f., upper brown, under white tinged
+brown. Insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>303&nbsp; Purple-backed Superb Warbler</b> (Wren), <i>M. assimilis</i>,
+A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, side of head, back purplish-blue; throat, chest, band
+on upper back, rump black; chestnut-red patch inner
+wing; rest wing brown; abdomen white; tail dark-blue
+tipped white; f., brown; about eye rich chestnut;
+under whitish; tail greenish-blue. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>304<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> Emu-Wren</b>, Stick-tail, <i>Stipiturus malachurus</i>, S.A.,
+E.A., W.A., f., throat brown. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>tussocks</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown streaked rufous; tail feathers long loosely
+webbed, erect; throat blue; abdomen brown; runs.</p>
+
+<p><b>305&nbsp; Mallee Emu-Wren</b>, <i>S. mallee</i>, N.W.V.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>Spinifex (Triodia)</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5</p>
+
+<p>Like 304, but forehead chestnut; throat, chest light purplish-blue;
+abdomen grayish-brown.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>306<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> Bristle-Bird</b>, <i>Sphenura brachyptera</i>, N.S.W., E.V.,
+Insects. Rich, varied notes.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>undergrowth</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.8</p>
+
+<p>Brown; throat, centre-breast lighter; shy; runs; f., sim.</p>
+
+<p><b>307&nbsp; Rufous Bristle-Bird</b> (Rufous-headed), <i>S. broadbenti</i>,
+W.V., S.A. (Otway Ranges to Mt. Lofty).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dense scrub</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.5</p>
+
+<p>Rufous-brown; f., sim. Insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page146" id="page146"></a>146</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i150-1000.png"><img src="images/i150-560.png" width="560" height="444" alt="308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">10<br />
+10</p>
+
+<p><b>308&nbsp; Grass-Wren</b>, <i>Amytornis textilis</i>, V., C.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>plains</i>, <i>dense scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.2</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark-brown striped white; under paler; flanks rust-red;
+seldom flies; progresses like a rubber ball; tail
+erect; f., sim. Insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>309&nbsp; Striated Grass-Wren</b> (Black-cheeked), <i>A. striatus</i>,
+N.S.W., V., C.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dense scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.8</p>
+
+<p>Like 308, but black stripe on cheek; plumage strongly
+rufous; runs, seldom flies; f., sim. Insects.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page147" id="page147"></a>147</span>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 128. <i>Vireonidae</i>, Vireos, Greenlets, 112 sp.&mdash;24(7)Nc.,
+105(88)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 129. <i>Ampelidae</i>, Waxwings, Cedar-Bird, 10 sp.&mdash;1(0)O.,
+2(0)P., 3(0)Nc., 7(5)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 130. ARTAMIDAE (12), WOOD-SWALLOWS, Swallow-Shrikes,
+17 sp.&mdash;15(14)A., 2(1)O., 1(1)E.</p>
+
+<p class="left">9<br />
+16</p>
+
+<p><b>310&nbsp; White-rumped Wood-Swallow</b> (Swallow-Shrike),
+<i>Artamus leucogaster</i>, Andaman Is., Mal. Arch.,
+Papuan Is., A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.4</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck grayish-black; back brown; tail, wing-quills
+black; rump, breast, abdomen white; f., sim. Insects.
+Plaintive note.</p>
+
+<p><b>311<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> White-browed Wood-Swallow</b>, Summer-Bird, Martin
+(e), <i>A. superciliosus</i>, E.A., S.A., N.W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Slaty-gray; white eyebrow; abdomen rich chestnut; tail
+tipped white; f., faint white eyebrow. Insects, honey.
+"Sweet, clear whistling note."</p>
+
+<p><b>312<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> Masked Wood-Swallow</b>, Bush (Blue) Martin (e), <i>A.
+personatus</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Dark-gray upper; pure white edge to jet-black throat
+patch; under gray; tail tipped white; f., duller. Insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>313<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> Wood-Swallow</b> (Sordid, Dusky), Jacky-Martin, Martin
+(e), <i>A. tenebrosus</i>, A., T., Bass St. Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Part-Mig. v.c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.3</p>
+
+<p>Smoky vinous-gray; wing-quills black; white line in edge
+of wing; tail tipped white; bill blue tipped black; f.,
+sim. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 131. <i>Vangidae</i>, 12 sp. E. (Madagascar).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page147qz" id="page147qz"></a></span>
+
+<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3>
+
+<p>Family 132&mdash;Wood-Shrikes&mdash;contains two of the best known of
+Australian birds, for they are to be found about almost every
+town and city, as well as in the country. The well-known Magpie-Lark
+has but one close cousin in the world, a New Guinea bird.
+Its mud nest is familiar to country boys. It is notable that, excepting
+Swallows, only two other Australian birds build a mud
+nest. These birds, the Apostle-Bird and the White-winged
+Chough, are mentioned later. Its dainty, well-kept plumage renders
+the Magpie-Lark one of the most graceful of birds. Its
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page148q" id="page148q"></a></span>
+flight is "unlike that of any bird known to me." (Gould.) "It
+flies in a straight line, with a heavy, flapping motion of the
+wings." Its loud call is responsible for the name of Pee-wee,
+a common name for a European Plover; its black and white coloring
+for the vernacular name&mdash;Magpie-Lark.</p>
+
+<p>This bird is of great value, as it consumes large quantities of
+pond snails, the necessary host of the early stages of the liver
+fluke. Exterminate the pond snails, and immediately the liver
+fluke is completely destroyed, and all future loss from its ravages
+is saved to the pastoralists. In 1846, fluke caused a loss of
+£10,000,000 in England alone, so it is a serious pest, and may yet
+prove a very expensive one to Australia.</p>
+
+<p>This bird's scientific position is disputed. It has been classed
+with Crows and with Thrushes. Gould placed it by itself. Dr.
+Sharpe has, however, placed it in the family <i>Prionopidae</i>. Its
+vocal organs are anomalous, and it may be that its position is not
+finally settled yet.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page149q" id="page149q"></a></span>
+
+<p>Placed by Sharpe in the same family are the Shrike-Thrushes,
+strictly Australian birds. The glorious "powerful swelling
+notes" of our common bird caused Latham to bestow the well-deserved
+name <i>harmonica</i> on it. Yet there are some who talk
+of Australia as a land of songless birds. This falsehood seems
+to have had its origin in a note written by Caley, who, about
+1825, collected near Sydney, for the Linnean Society of London.
+As quoted by North, he said, "They (Superb-Warblers) are good
+songsters, and, I may say, almost the only ones in the colony."
+Fortunately, the Harmonious Shrike-Thrush is becoming common
+and tame about school grounds and most towns. It is
+occasionally to be heard in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens.</p>
+
+<p>Family 134 contains the famous Shrikes, those birds which are
+said to keep a butcher's shop. Not being "birds of prey," they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page150q" id="page150q"></a></span>
+do not hold their prey in their feet, so they fasten it in the fork
+of a tree, or on a thorn. Then they proceed to eat it, or leave it
+until they are hungry. Our Shrike or Butcher-Bird has the same
+habit.</p>
+
+<p>The Australian Butcher-Bird has a rich, mellow, flute-like note,
+which is more frequently heard in autumn. Some consider his
+one of the best of bird-notes. His strongly-hooked bill renders
+him a terror to small birds, including caged Canaries.</p>
+
+<p>That glorious songster, the Australian Magpie, is placed in this
+family. These Australian songsters are now divided into five
+closely-similar species, all possessing the same rich carol. The
+Tasmanian bird was formerly called the "Organ-Bird." This Australian
+musician is responsible for the European epigram of
+"white Crows that sing." These birds are not Crows, nor are
+they white, but they <i>sing</i>, so that Alfred Russel Wallace has declared
+that no European songbird can equal them. Gould
+found it impossible to describe their "carol," and regretted that
+"his readers could not," as he had done, "listen to the birds in their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page151q" id="page151q"></a></span>
+native wilds." Their early morning carol lives in the memory.
+The Australian Magpie is not related to the European Magpie,
+which is a member of the Crow family (164), but is a glorified
+Butcher-Bird. However, it would be a difficult matter to displace
+the name magpie for the Australian bird.</p>
+
+<p>In the same family, though in the next sub-family, are some
+peculiar Australian birds. The two Shrike-Tits are found one in
+Eastern Australia and the other in Western Australia. Gould
+said feelingly&mdash;he was nipped by one&mdash;that "no bird of its size
+has stronger mandibles." It is to be seen in the Melbourne
+Botanic Gardens, tearing off bark as it seeks for insects.</p>
+
+<p>The Crested Bell-Bird is restricted to Australia. Being a perfect
+ventriloquist, it is very difficult to locate it. Some of its
+notes are bell-like, and have misled those seeking horses. I met
+it frequently in the Mallee and in the Maryborough and Ararat
+districts. It often hopped out on to the road on frosty mornings.
+It is one of Australia's singular and interesting birds.</p>
+
+<p>Those badly-named, but often attractive, songsters&mdash;the Thickheads
+(now called Whistlers)&mdash;are placed next. Eighty-eight of
+these birds are known from the Australian region, though but
+twenty occur in Australia itself and Tasmania. On account of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page152q" id="page152q"></a></span>
+the difficulty of skinning these birds, they were given the
+name <i>Pachycephala</i>. It is unfortunate that the literal translation&mdash;thick
+head&mdash;was the name used by bird people for these
+beautiful singers. It is now proposed to change the name to
+Whistler. Strange to say, we have not heard a good local name
+for these attractive and often gorgeous birds.</p>
+
+<p>To complete this interesting sub-family, we have the Yellow-breasted
+Shrike-Robin&mdash;a confiding favorite, found in most dark
+scrubs. Its single, often-repeated, piping note is responsible for
+its name, <i>Eopsaltria</i>, "Psalm of the Dawn." This delightful
+forest-dweller frequently perches sideways on a sapling. Six kinds
+are known from Australia, and two more from adjacent islands.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(continued below)</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page148" id="page148"></a>148</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i152-1000.png"><img src="images/i152-560.png" width="560" height="436" alt="314, 314A, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 132. PRIONOPIDAE (11), WOOD-SHRIKES, 95 sp.&mdash;55(55)A.,
+15(15)O., 25(25)E.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>314&nbsp; Magpie-Lark</b>, Murray (Little) Magpie (e), Mudlark
+(e), Soldiers, Peewee (e), Peewit (e), Pugwall,
+<i>Grallina picata</i>, A., T. (acc).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. (near water) <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.5</p>
+
+<p>Black and white; slender stilt-like legs; throat white (f.),
+black (m.); mud nest. Insects, pond-snails. "Pee-wee."</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page149" id="page149"></a>149</span>
+
+<p class="left">10<br />
+10</p>
+
+<p><b>315<a class="ask" href="#page137">*</a> Gray Shrike-Thrush</b> (Harmonious), Gray (Native)
+Thrush, Pluff, Mourner, <i>Colluricincla harmonica</i>,
+E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.5</p>
+
+<p>Gray; back umber-brown; face whitish; under lighter:
+f., throat streaked dusky. Insects. Powerful swelling
+harmonious note.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 133. <i>Aerocharidae</i>, 1 sp. E. (Madagascar).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 134. LANIIDAE (42), SHRIKES, 313 sp.&mdash;134(132)A.,
+36(22)O., 33(10)P., 140(127)E., 6(6)Nc., 1(1)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">5<br />
+5</p>
+
+<p><b>316&nbsp; Black-backed Magpie</b>, Piping Crow-Shrike (Varied),
+Organ (Flute) Bird, Singing White Crow (e), <i>Gymnorhina
+tibicen</i>, E.A., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat, v.c. <i>open</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17</p>
+
+<p>Black; hind-neck, upper under base tail, patch on wing
+white; f., grayish instead of white. Insects. "To
+describe the note of this bird is beyond the power of
+my pen." (Gould.) "Wonderfully modulated whistle
+... unequalled among European birds." (Alfred
+Russel Wallace).</p>
+
+<p><b>317&nbsp; White-backed Magpie</b> (Crow-Shrike), <i>G. leuconota</i>,
+N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>open</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18</p>
+
+<p>Upper white, except head, tip-tail, wing-quills black; under
+black; f., back gray. Insects. Glorious carol, see 316.</p>
+
+<p class="left">8<br />
+11</p>
+
+<p><b>318&nbsp; Black-throated Butcher-Bird</b> (Crow-Shrike), <i>Cracticus
+nigrigularis</i>, A. exc. N. Ter.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.5</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck, chest black; hind-neck, centre-wing, rump,
+under white; tail black, side tipped white; f., sim.
+Insects, mice. One of the best of songsters, rich notes.</p>
+
+<p><b>319<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Australian Butcher-Bird</b> (Shrike), Collared Crow-Shrike,
+Derwent (Tasmanian, Whistling) Jackass,
+Durbaner, <i>C. destructor</i>, E.A., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11.2</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck black; back gray; side hind-neck, upper base
+tail, patch on wing white; under grayish-white; f.,
+duller. Insects, mice, birds. Fine song (autumn);
+rich notes.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page150" id="page150"></a>150</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i154-1000.png"><img src="images/i154-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="320, 321, 322, 323, 324 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>320<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit</b> (Yellow-bellied, Frontal,
+Crested), Falcon-Shrike, <i>Falcunculus frontatus</i>, E.A.,
+S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper green; crest, throat, line through eye black; patch
+above eye, patch below eye white; under bright-yellow;
+strong hooked bill; f., throat green. Insects. Musical
+notes.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page151" id="page151"></a>151</span>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>321<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Crested Bell-Bird</b>, <i>Oreoica cristata</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; top of head black, side-head gray; white on
+face, throat; black from eye to black chest band;
+abdomen white tinged sandy-buff; f., duller.  Caterpillars,
+insects.  Bell notes, ventriloquist.</p>
+
+<p class="left">20<br />
+88</p>
+
+<p><b>322<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Golden-breasted Whistler</b>, White-throated Thickhead,
+Thunder-Bird, Cutthroat, Coachwhip-Bird (e),
+<i>Pachycephala pectoralis (gutturalis</i>), E.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</p>
+
+<p>Throat white; black head, band on chest; outside black
+band, under golden-yellow; back olive green; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a>
+brown; throat whitish faintly streaked dusky.  Caterpillars,
+insects.  Fine songster, many melodious calls;
+whip-like smack ends one of notes.</p>
+
+<p><b>323<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Rufous-breasted Whistler</b> (Thickhead), Little Thrush,
+Ring Coachman, Coachwhip-Bird (e), <i>P. rufiventris</i>,
+E.A., S.A., C.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.7</p>
+
+<p>Upper gray; throat white; head blackish; black side of
+neck, band on chest; rest under light rufous-brown;
+f.,<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> upper brownish-gray; throat white streaked blackish-brown;
+rest under buff; breast, sides streaked
+blackish-brown. Insects, caterpillars, wild berries.
+Famous songster; whip-like smack at end of one of its
+calls.</p>
+
+<p><b>324&nbsp; Red-throated Whistler</b>, Gilbert Thickhead, <i>P. gilberti</i>,
+N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2</p>
+
+<p>Dark-gray; black before eye; throat dull rust-red; under
+gray; f., no black on face; throat gray. Insects.
+Clear whistling note.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page152" id="page152"></a>152</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i156-1000.png"><img src="images/i156-560.png" width="560" height="441" alt="325, 326, 327, 328, 329 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>325&nbsp; Olive Whistler</b>, Olivaceous Thickhead, <i>P. olivacea</i>,
+N.S.W., V., T., Bass St. Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>humid scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 8</p>
+
+<p>Olive brown; head dark-gray; throat whitish marked
+brown; faint gray band across chest; under reddish-brown;
+f., no band on chest. Insects. "Liquid,
+whistling note."</p>
+
+<p class="left">6<br />
+8</p>
+
+<p><b>326<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin</b>, Yellow Robin (e),
+Wild Canary (e), <i>Eopsaltria australis</i>. N.S.W., V.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.3</p>
+
+<p>Dark-gray; upper base tail olive-yellow; throat grayish-white;
+under bright yellow. Tame, perches on side of
+sapling; f., sim. Insects. Piping note often repeated.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page152qz" id="page152qz"></a></span>
+
+<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3>
+
+<p>In Family 135&mdash;Titmice or Tits&mdash;Australia has but five representatives&mdash;the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page153q" id="page153q"></a></span>
+peculiar Wedgebill, "Kitty-lin-tof," and the four
+Australian "Whitefaces." The Whiteface is "lively, with sweet
+chirping notes." Its former scientific name (<i>Xerophila</i>) means
+"dry lover," for it is found mainly in the drier parts.</p>
+
+<p>The European Tits belong to this family, so it is not desirable
+to use the name "Tit" for the Australian birds of the genus
+<i>Acanthiza</i>, for they belong to the Warbler family (<i>Sylviidae</i>), and
+not to the Tit family (<i>Paridae</i>).</p>
+
+<p>The Nuthatches of the Old World and America are represented
+by closely-related birds, with somewhat similar habits, in Australia.
+These run spirally down a tree-trunk, searching every
+crack or piece of bark. Eight of these birds occur in Australia.
+Latham called them Nuthatches. It is now proposed to return
+to this name, as it is used for the British, Indian, and North
+American birds of this family (<i>Sittidae</i>).</p>
+
+<p>The male Black-capped Nuthatch (Tree-runner) is true to
+name, but the female has the head and hind-neck black, instead
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page154q" id="page154q"></a></span>
+of a black cap only. Nuthatches are not found in Tasmania.
+Possibly Bass Strait was formed before they reached Southern
+Victoria. Thus bird-study supports the geographer and ethnologist
+when they declare that Bass Strait is of comparatively remote
+formation. As the Tasmanian blacks were ignorant of boats,
+they evidently reached Tasmania before Bass Strait was formed.
+They are a more primitive type than the Australian blacks, who
+were improved by later influxes of more highly-developed
+Caucasians.</p>
+
+<p>Many country dwellers will not admit that there is no Woodpecker
+in Australia, but it is a fact, nevertheless. Our so-called
+"Woodpecker" is the Tree-Creeper. It never chisels mortice-holes
+in a tree to get out a grub, as the true Woodpecker does. These
+birds occur all over the continent, and are often to be seen alighting
+on the side of a tree or fence post and then running up
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page155q" id="page155q"></a></span>
+spirally to the top. They soon fly off to another tree, alighting
+lower than the place they started from. The bright-brown band
+on the wing is conspicuous as they fly. Their lively notes
+brighten a country drive.</p>
+
+<p>The White-eye is one of a large genus, for no less than 157
+species have been accepted by Dr. Sharpe. However, one of the
+rarest of these was a Victorian species. It was based on one
+specimen, a female, taken at Marong, near Bendigo. It was said
+to be slightly different from the common White-eye. Hence Dr.
+Horne, of Clifton Hill, one of our most enthusiastic bird-lovers,
+created a new species, and named it in honor of his niece, Miss
+Bowie, who is a favorite with all the birds in Dr. Horne's extensive
+aviaries. White-eyes are found from Africa and Madagascar
+to India and Japan, and from Australia out past New Zealand.</p>
+
+<p>Our common White-eye is one of the interesting birds of the
+world at the present time, for it is showing that man is not the
+only animal with a colonizing instinct. It was unknown in New
+Zealand until, in 1856, it was first recorded. The Maoris, keen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page156q" id="page156q"></a></span>
+Nature-students, who have a name for every native animal and
+plant, called it the "Stranger." Its presence has been accounted
+for by some authorities as being due to the fierce winds that
+accompanied Black Thursday having blown it over from Australia.
+However, not satisfied with spreading throughout New
+Zealand until it is said to be the commonest bird there, it has
+spread out to Chatham Island, and a flock was reported recently
+a considerable distance from the coast, apparently looking for
+fresh fields, or rather islands, to colonize. It is a well-known
+city dweller. Though it destroys grapes and other soft fruits,
+it also so completely destroys aphides that it is appropriately
+called the Blight-Bird. Again, the balance is strongly in its
+favor, for it is probably but taking fair toll of that which will
+probably not have reached maturity but for its labors, and the
+laborer, even if a bird, is worthy of his hire.</p>
+
+<p>A bird's color usually affords it protection from its natural
+enemies. These are mainly birds of prey flying overhead.
+Thus, speaking generally, protective coloration applies only to the
+upper surface, so that a white throat or under surface does not
+necessarily render a bird conspicuous to its natural enemies.</p>
+
+<p>Again, a bird may be very conspicuous when seen away from
+its natural surroundings, but the concealment may be perfect
+under natural conditions. It has been already mentioned that
+the gorgeous Blue Mountain Lorikeet was very difficult to discern
+in its native sugar-gums. A tiger is said to be invisible at a
+distance of ten yards in a jungle; the black stripes being similar
+to the shadows of the bamboos, and the light bands to the
+sunlight between the vegetation.</p>
+
+<p>The White-eye and Tree-Creepers just noticed may be considered
+protectively colored, for they are difficult to see in a tree. Still,
+the brown patch on the wing of the Tree-Creeper is conspicuous
+as it flies. Alfred Russel Wallace, the great evolutionist, supplied
+a good explanation, when he regarded bright wing bands,
+white rump, and white-tipped tail, as "warning colors." An
+enemy is, perchance, perceived by a bird. This individual flies
+away quietly; others see the bright wing patch disappear,
+and they seek shelter as quickly and quietly as possible. This is
+often a great advantage, for, in many cases, all reach safety, possibly,
+before the enemy has seen one of them. If the first bird
+had given an alarming call, it would have warned the enemy too.</p>
+
+<p>It is noteworthy that these bright markings on the upper surface
+are, usually, not visible when the bird is at rest. The white
+wing patch folds in, the white rump is covered, while, in a white-tipped
+tail, it is usual for the two centre feathers to be plain
+throughout (see illustrations of species 313 and 329). The tail
+is folded, and the white tips are covered by the two non-white
+centre feathers. The introduced Indian Turtle-Dove, common
+about nearly every city in Australia, shows the spread-out, white-tipped
+tail splendidly when flying. The bird itself is barely
+visible if it settles in the shade or on the soil. The Indian Myna,
+a city bird, has both white wing-patch and white-tipped tail.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page165q" id="page165q"></a></span>
+
+<p>This explanation is also applied to other wild animals; thus
+many Deer have the white patch on the hind quarters. Other
+Deer, seeing this warning signal displayed in flight, immediately
+make for safety. Similarly, Wallace has explained the
+white tail of a Rabbit.</p>
+
+<p>The Skunk also has this white patch on the hind quarters, but
+here a different explanation is required, for the Skunk does not
+trouble to run away when a possible enemy appears. The bright
+color is here regarded as an "advertizing color." The Skunk has
+other means of protection, and he is labelled dangerous or objectionable,
+just as our one poisonous Spider is plainly labelled
+dangerous by means of a red stripe. An inexperienced enemy
+may rush at the Skunk, but the means of protection enjoyed
+by it effectively protects it, and the enemy retires.</p>
+
+<p>It is a rule recognized by collectors that conspicuous animals
+have generally some effective means of protection, and they are
+best left alone, or at least taken with caution. This is readily
+understood when it is considered that a young, inexperienced
+chicken will rush at a brightly-colored caterpillar. He then
+retires, endeavoring to get rid of the objectionable taste.
+For the future, he avoids brightly-colored animals. Thus the
+bright color is an obvious advantage to its possessor, as it saves
+a dangerous peck. It is also an advantage to its enemies, for it
+saves them an unpleasant experience. We are told the Parrot
+is the only bird with a sense of taste, but it seems that the chicken
+possesses one also.</p>
+
+<p>Still another phase of color is shown by Diamond-Birds, where
+three species have a yellow spot, a red spot, or an orange spot
+respectively on the wing. It is also shown by the Red-breasted
+Robins. One has a white forehead, one a white cap, and the
+third a red cap. These colored patches are considered to be
+recognition marks, so that a bird can recognize its mate, or a
+bird of its own kind, readily and with certainty.</p>
+
+<p>That rarely-seen, but beautiful, bird, the Mistletoe-Swallow, is
+fairly common. From several points of view, it is of great
+interest. Ranging from India, through Malaysia, to Australia,
+it did not reach Tasmania. Possibly Bass Strait was formed
+before this bird reached Southern Victoria. Interesting, also, is
+the fact that no mistletoe is found in Tasmania. This bird is
+closely associated with the mistletoe, for, wherever you find it,
+you find the mistletoe. It furnishes another example of those
+interesting partnerships between animals and plants. It is not
+related to Swallows, but while it sits on a bough, its external
+form somewhat resembles that of a Swallow. Its nest is one of
+the most beautiful of all nests&mdash;a finely-felted, domed structure,
+often suspended in a clump of mistletoe. This bird has a
+long-continued, pretty, animated song, which is seldom heard, for
+it is low, and, as the bird is high in the tree-tops, it might be
+inaudible; but the main reason is probably that our ears are not
+attuned to pick out these fine songs. It is said that Tyndall
+found the insects on the Alps almost deafening, while his companions
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page166q" id="page166q"></a></span>
+heard nothing. So it is with the high-pitched call of a
+Bat. Have you heard one? Few have.</p>
+
+<p>The Mistletoe-Swallow should be called the Australian Flower-Pecker,
+for it is our one representative of a large genus, best
+developed in the Indian Region.</p>
+
+<p>Placed at present in Family 141 with the little Mistletoe-Bird
+are the Diamond-Birds of Australia, the plumage of our common
+kind of which is "so variegated and beautiful as to render
+description impossible."</p>
+
+<p>The Diamond-Birds are restricted to Australia. Though they
+are found mainly in high tree-tops, whence they prettily and continuously
+call "wit-e-chu" and "wit-loo," some usually nest in a
+bank of earth. The bank of a dam, the side of a creek, and the
+earth suspended on the roots of a fallen tree are favorite places.
+Some people find the continuous, musical note annoying, and have
+named the Diamond-Bird the Headache-Bird. Others find it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page167q" id="page167q"></a></span>
+entertaining, and syllabize it as "Sweet Dick," or "Sleep, Baby."</p>
+
+<p>Three of these birds are recognized by a small, bright spot on
+the side of the wing. In one this spot is said to be red, in
+another it is orange, and in the third yellow. However, Gould
+said the young of the Red-tipped had the orange tip, and later
+investigation seems to be supporting his view, for the Orange-tipped
+is possibly not a different species, but only a phase of
+the Red-tipped. One of our bird observers, Mr. F. Wilson, has
+lately recorded finding the nest of a pair of Pardalotes, of which
+one was red-tipped and the other orange-tipped. The Yellow-tipped
+is said to be the commonest bird in Tasmania. These
+birds are plentifully spotted, "spotted like the pard," hence the
+name Pardalote, Panther-Bird, or Diamond-Bird.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(continued below)</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page153" id="page153"></a>153</span>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 135. PARIDAE (5), TITMICE, Tits, 206 sp.&mdash;5(5)A.,
+55(48)O., 88(78)P., 32(32)E., 34(28)Nc., 8(5)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>327<a class="ask" href="#page139">*</a> Whiteface</b>, White-faced Titmouse (Squeaker),
+<i>Aphelocephala (Xerophila) leucopsis</i>, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+V., S.A., C.A., W.A. (interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. small flocks, c. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4</p>
+
+<p>Upper olive-brown; forehead, face white; under pale-buff;
+tail tipped white; f., sim. Small seeds. Sweet
+chirping notes.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 136. <i>Chamaeidae</i>, Wren-Tits, 3 sp. Nc. (W.U.S.). The
+only family of birds restricted to the Nearctic Region.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 137. <i>Regulidae</i>, Gold-crested Wren, Fire-crested Wren,
+Kinglet, 20 sp.&mdash;6(5)O., 9(7)P., 1(0)E., 4(2)Nc.
+4(2)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 138. SITTIDAE (8), NUTHATCHES, 60 sp.&mdash;12(11)A.,
+21(18)O., 18(16)P., 1(1)E., 10(7)Nc., 3(1)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">8<br />
+10</p>
+
+<p><b>328<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> Orange-winged Nuthatch</b> (Tree-runner, Bark-pecker),
+Woodpecker (e), <i>Neositta (Sittella) chrysoptera</i>,
+E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>open forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.5</p>
+
+<p>Head brown; upper gray streaked black; wing dark-brown
+with rich rufous band; upper base tail white;
+tail black tipped white; under gray; under base
+tail white barred brown; bill sharp slightly upturned;
+f., head darker. Insects. "Chip-chip."</p>
+
+<p><b>329&nbsp; Black-capped Nuthatch</b> (Tree-runner, Bark-pecker),
+Woodpecker (e), <i>N. pileata</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A.,
+W.A., N.W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>open timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.7</p>
+
+<p>Grayish-brown; upper base tail white; cap black; quills
+blackish-brown with rich rufous band; tail black tipped
+white; forehead, stripe over eye, under white; thighs
+blackish-brown; f., head, face, hind-neck black. Insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page154" id="page154"></a>154</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i158-1000.png"><img src="images/i158-560.png" width="560" height="439" alt="330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 139. CERTHIIDAE (8), CREEPERS, 39 sp.&mdash;10(10)A.,
+13(12)O., 9(8)P., 1(1)E., 5(4)Nc., 3(2)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">9<br />
+10</p>
+
+<p><b>330<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> Brown Tree-Creeper</b>, Woodpecker (e), <i>Climacteris
+picumna</i>, E.A., S.A. =vt. Eur. Creeper.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2</p>
+
+<p>Crown blackish-brown; line over eye buff; throat buff with
+few blackish spots; upper brown; wings banded buff;
+under grayish-brown; flanks striped white; f., throat
+chestnut spots. Insects. Sharp piercing cry. Creep
+<i>up</i> a tree.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page155" id="page155"></a>155</span>
+
+<p><b>331<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> White-throated Tree-Creeper</b>, Woodpecker (e), <i>C.
+scandens</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown sooty-black; back olive-brown; buff band on wing;
+throat, centre-abdomen white; flanks brownish-black
+striped white; f., orange spot below ear.  Insects.
+Shrill piping cry.  Creeps <i>up</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>332&nbsp; Red-browed Tree-Creeper</b>, <i>C. erythrops</i>, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+V., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>rough barked trees</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6</p>
+
+<p>Back brown; head blackish-brown; forehead marked dusky-gray;
+rump, tail gray; buff band on wing; face, stripe
+above eye rust-red; throat white; under grayish-brown
+striped white; f., face brighter; throat rust-red, striped
+white.  Insects.  Creeps up.</p>
+
+<p><b>333&nbsp; White-browed Tree-Creeper</b>, <i>C.  superciliosa</i>, Q.,
+N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.7</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; wings rich fawn band; broad white stripe
+over eye; under grayish-brown; abdomen striped
+white; f., narrow line rust-red above the white eyebrow;
+tail washed with gray.  Insects. Creeps up.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 140. ZOSTEROPIDAE (14), WHITE-EYES, Silver-eyes,
+171 sp.&mdash;83(80)A., 38(34)O., 4(3)P., 50(50)E.</p>
+
+<p class="left">13<br />
+157</p>
+
+<p><b>334<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> White-eye</b> (Silver, Ring, Glass-), Blight-Bird (Spectacled-),
+Grape-eater, Silve, Tauhou, <i>Zosterops coerulescens</i>,
+E.A., S.A., T., N.Z., Chatham Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>open gardens</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, wings, tail olive; back dark-gray; white ring round
+eye; throat, centre-abdomen, under base tail whitish;
+flanks chestnut-brown; sometimes throat, side-head yellow;
+f., sim.  Insects, fruit.  Pretty lively song.</p>
+
+<p><b>335&nbsp; Gray White-eye</b>, <i>Z. bowiae</i>, V. (Marong). One specimen
+only.  Mathews now says it is 334.</p>
+
+<p>Like 334, but gray instead of olive, abdomen darker.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page157" id="page157"></a>157</span><br />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page158" id="page158"></a>158</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i162-800.png"><img src="images/i162t-300.png" width="300" height="528" alt="328, 330, 331, 334, 336A, 337, 340, 341 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>328</b> Orange-winged Nuthatch<br />
+           <b>330</b> Brown Tree-Creeper<br />
+           <b>331</b> White-throated Tree-Creeper</td>
+       <td><b>334</b> White-eye<br />
+           <b>336</b> Flower-Pecker<br />
+           <b>336<span class="sc">a</span></b>  Flower-Pecker (Female)</td>
+       <td><b>337</b> Red-tipped  Diamond-Bird<br />
+	       <b>340</b> Spotted Diamond-Bird<br />
+           <b>341</b> Golden-rumped  Diamond-Bird</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page159" id="page159"></a>159</span><br />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page160" id="page160"></a>160</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i164-800.png"><img src="images/i164t-300.png" width="300" height="517" alt="342, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 353 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>342</b> White-naped Honey-eater<br />
+           <b>345</b> Striped Honey-eater<br />
+           <b>346</b> Sanguineous Honey-eater</td>
+       <td><b>347</b> Black Honey-eater<br />
+           <b>348</b> Spinebill<br />
+           <b>351</b> Painted Honey-eater</td>
+       <td><b>349</b> Tawny-crowned  Honey-eater<br />
+	       <b>350</b> White-fronted Honey-eater<br />
+           <b>353</b> Regent  Honey-eater</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page161" id="page161"></a>161</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page162" id="page162"></a>162</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i166-800.png"><img src="images/i166t-300.png" width="300" height="507" alt="355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 362, 363, 364, 365 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>355</b> Yellow-eared  Honey-eater<br />
+           <b>356</b> Singing Honey-eater<br />
+           <b>357</b> Yellow-faced  Honey-eater</td>
+       <td><b>358</b> White-eared  Honey-eater<br />
+           <b>359</b> Yellow-tufted Honey-eater<br />
+           <b>362</b> Yellow-plumed Honey-eater</td>
+       <td><b>363</b> White-plumed Honey-eater<br />
+	       <b>364</b> Crescent Honey-eater<br />
+           <b>365</b> White-bearded Honey-eater</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page163" id="page163"></a>163</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page164" id="page164"></a>164</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i168-800.png"><img src="images/i168t-300.png" width="300" height="504" alt="360, 366, 367, 368, 370, 372, 373, 374 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>360</b> Helmeted Honey-eater<br />
+           <b>366</b> White-cheeked Honey-eater<br />
+           <b>367</b> Bell-Miner</td>
+       <td><b>368</b> Noisy Miner<br />
+           <b>370</b> Wattle-Bird</td>
+       <td><b>372</b> Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater<br />
+       <b>373</b> Blue-faced Honey-eater<br />
+	       <b>374</b> Friar-Bird
+           </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page166" id="page166"></a>166</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i170-1000.png"><img src="images/i170-560.png" width="560" height="438" alt="336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 141. DICAEIDAE (11), FLOWER-PECKERS, 113 sp.&mdash;57(57)A.,
+56(56)O.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+74</p>
+
+<p><b>336<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> Australian Flower-Pecker</b>, Mistletoe-Bird (-Swallow),
+<i>Dicaeum hirundinaceum</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>treetops</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.5</p>
+
+<p>Black glossed steel-blue; throat, breast, under base tail
+scarlet; abdomen white, black patch down centre;
+flanks dusky; f.,<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> throat, centre-abdomen buff; under
+base tail pale scarlet. Honey, pollen, fruits, insects.
+Pretty, feeble song.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page167" id="page167"></a>167</span>
+
+<p class="left">10<br />
+10</p>
+
+<p><b>337<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> Red-tipped Diamond-Bird</b> (Striated, -Pardalote), Wittychu,
+Pickwick, Chuck-e-chuc, <i>Pardalotus ornatus</i>,
+S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>treetops</i>, <i>scrub</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.2</p>
+
+<p>Crown, wings, tail black spotted, lined white; back gray;
+rump brown; throat yellow; red spots side of wing,
+yellow stripe from bill above eye joins white stripe to
+nape; centre-abdomen white; flanks pale-brown, tinged
+yellow; f., sim.  Insects.  "Wit-e-chu."</p>
+
+<p><b>338&nbsp; Orange-tipped Diamond-Bird</b> (Ramsay, -Pardalote), <i>P.
+assimilis</i>, E.A., C.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>treetops</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.3</p>
+
+<p>Like 337, but upper paler; orange spots on wing; as a rule
+only one feather in the wing edged with white; Gould
+thought it the young of 337; f., sim. Insects. "Wit-e-chu."</p>
+
+<p><b>339&nbsp; Yellow-tipped Diamond-Bird</b>, Allied Pardalote, <i>P. affinis</i>,
+E.A., S.A., T., Bass St. Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.3</p>
+
+<p>Like 337, 338, but yellow spot on side of wing; head black,
+striped white; yellow stripe from bill joins white stripe
+above eye; back grayish-brown; upper base tail olive-brown;
+tail black, tip spotted white; throat yellow;
+centre abdomen white; flanks buffy-brown; wings black,
+tipped white, a few feathers lined white; f., sim.  Insects.
+"Witloo."  "Sleep, Baby."</p>
+
+<p><b>340<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> Spotted Diamond-Bird</b> (Pardalote), Diamond Dyke
+(Ground), Ground-Diamond, Diamond Sparrow (e),
+<i>P. punctatus</i>, T., A. (exc. N.A., C.A.).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.3</p>
+
+<p>Head, wings, tail black, spotted white; white stripe above
+eye; back grayish-brown, marked buff and black; upper
+base tail crimson; throat, under base tail rich yellow;
+abdomen fawn; f., duller; head yellow spots; throat
+whitish.  Insects.  "Sleep, Baby," "Sweet Dick."</p>
+
+<p><b>341<a class="ask" href="#page158">*</a> Golden-rumped Diamond-Bird</b>, Yellow-rumped Pardalote,
+<i>P. xanthopygius</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+f., duller.  Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.5</p>
+
+<p>Like 340, but upper base tail golden-yellow; throat, under
+base tail golden-yellow; rest under buffy-white.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page167qz" id="page167qz"></a></span>
+
+<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3>
+
+<p>The most characteristic family of birds of the Australian region
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page168q" id="page168q"></a></span>
+is the Honey-eaters. Flowering eucalypts and other myrtaceous
+plants, with their honey-bearing flowers and usually inedible
+fruits, are the characteristic Australian trees; so are these birds,
+depending so largely on the honey of these brilliant flowers and
+the insects which visit them, the characteristic Australian birds.
+The Honey-eaters form a very large family, and are found
+throughout the Australian region as far as New Zealand and
+away to the Sandwich Islands, which, zoologically, belong to Australia.
+Strange it is that only one species should have spread to
+the west across Wallace's line to the island of Bali. These birds
+are provided with a brush tongue, which is used in brushing up
+honey from the flowers. They have usually a long, slender, curved
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page169q" id="page169q"></a></span>
+bill, suitable for exploring flowers. Their feet are well developed
+and strong, for they are used while hanging in all sorts of
+positions as the flowers are explored. No less than eighty-eight
+Honey-eaters are found in Australia, but they are often restricted
+to very limited areas, so that no district would contain many
+kinds of these birds. Many are well known, though not by the
+name Honey-eater. Who does not know the harsh note of the
+Wattle-Bird (Wattled Honey-eater)? Again, who does not often
+meet the Noisy Miner (Garrulous Honey-eater), a bird that makes
+such a fuss when a snake appears that he is sometimes called the
+Snake-Bird? Is there a city boy who does not know the Greenie
+(White-plumed Honey-eater)? Some of the Honey-eaters are
+amongst the most beautiful of birds.</p>
+
+<p>The Regent (Warty-faced) Honey-eater is a glory, and is often
+figured in British books as one of the world's beautiful birds.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page174q" id="page174q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The Helmeted Honey-eater is very rare, and is probably confined
+to the deep forests of Gippsland. It is one of the most
+splendid of Honey-eaters.</p>
+
+<p>That active city-dweller, the Greenie, is found in almost every
+large eucalypt that happens to be in flower. It is pugnacious. As
+it busily brushes honey from the flowers, or catches an insect on
+the wing, the white ear plume can be seen. Otherwise, it has not
+conspicuous colors. Its lively call of "chick-oo-wee" adds something
+to life for the busy city toiler.</p>
+
+<p>Now come the Miners. The Noisy Miner is known to nearly
+everyone. It is a common visitor to school grounds at lunch
+time, and is a noisy bird that is little loved by sportsmen, for it
+persists in alarming all game within reach. A second Miner is
+famous as the Bell-Bird, better Bell-Miner. The tinkling notes,
+"like silver bells from a distant shrine," must be heard in a deep
+fern gully to be appreciated fully. The green birds are seldom
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page175q" id="page175q"></a></span>
+seen. Kendall has immortalized this bird in his beautiful poem,
+"Bell-Birds."</p>
+
+<p>The Wattle-Bird is known to all. It is a pugnacious bird, and
+has a rough, disagreeable note. It has a small wattle of naked
+red flesh hanging at the side of the neck, hence the name. The
+bold, pugnacious Brush Wattle-Bird is not so well known, though
+its notes are even more remarkable. Both birds to-day are common
+in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens on the flowering plants in
+the "Australian" section.</p>
+
+<p>The Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater is said to be a rare bird, but
+there is probably not a park about Melbourne but has some of
+these at present, as well as all through the winter. It is somewhat
+similar in build and habits to the Wattle-Birds, but is an
+elegant and attractive bird, with many peculiar notes.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page176q" id="page176q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The Blue-eye (Blue-faced Honey-eater) is a conspicuous bird
+in country districts. He is noisy, and is handsomely attired.
+His nesting habits are peculiar, for he often builds in the deserted
+nest of a Babbler.</p>
+
+<p>The remarkable Friar-Bird has a naked, dark-blue head, and is
+an "impudent and daring" bird, that does not hesitate to steal
+fruit. Its loud call has been variously interpreted as "Four
+o'clock," "Pimlico," or "Tobacco-box." This bird has a hump on
+its long curved bill. The Yellow-throated Friar-Bird, when
+young, has yellow on the end of the throat feathers, and has no
+hump on the bill. It is a summer visitor to Southern Australia.</p>
+
+<p>The well-known Ground-Lark, or Australian Pipit, is the Australian
+representative of the cosmopolitan family (147) of Pipits.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page177q" id="page177q"></a></span>
+Even New Zealand has its representative of this family. The
+Wagtails of Britain and North America belong to this family,
+whereas the so-called Australian Wagtail is a flycatcher. Like
+the other members of its family, our Ground-Lark, or Pipit, sometimes
+sings beautifully as it soars.</p>
+
+<p>The Skylark of Britain comes in the next family (the
+<i>Alaudidae</i>), which is almost cosmopolitan. This beautiful songster,
+singing at Heaven's gate, pours forth a flood of melody. The
+man who has these delightful songsters on open land near his
+home is indeed fortunate. Australia has its representative of
+this family&mdash;the Bush-Lark, a bird so remarkably like the Australian
+Pipit in external appearance that it is well-nigh impossible
+to distinguish them in the field. The Bush-Lark, however,
+is "shorter, plumper, and has a stouter bill." It further has a
+peculiar, greatly undulating flight. It mounts up, then sinks,
+then mounts, and so on alternately, "singing all the time very
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page178q" id="page178q"></a></span>
+melodiously, but with a weaker strain than that favorite bird"
+(the British Skylark).</p>
+
+<p>Four introduced Finches have succeeded in establishing themselves
+in Southern Australia. The Greenfinch is spreading,
+though slowly. A specimen was recently sent in from Horsham,
+in Western Victoria. The Goldfinch, "one of the prettiest birds
+in Britain," is spreading rapidly. It is often to be seen on
+thistles, for it destroys their seeds.</p>
+
+<p>The Tree-Sparrow is rare as yet, but the House-Sparrow is
+already a serious pest, though probably he has not been valued
+highly enough as a weed destroyer. However, it was a pity early
+colonists did not take notice of Gould's protests and warnings, for
+possibly the greatest harm introduced birds do is the displacing
+of native birds.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(continued below)</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page168" id="page168"></a>168</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i172-1000.png"><img src="images/i172-560.png" width="560" height="441" alt="342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 142. NECTARINIIDAE (1), SUN-BIRDS, 234 sp.&mdash;36(33)A.,
+77(74)O., 2(1)P., 123(122)E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 143. <i>Promeropidae</i>, Promerops, 2 sp. E. (S. Afr.)</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 144. MELIPHAGIDAE (88), HONEY-EATERS, Honey-Suckers
+(-Birds), 251 sp.&mdash;250(250)A., 1(1)O.</p>
+
+<p class="left">11<br />
+11</p>
+
+<p><b>342<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> White-naped Honey-eater</b> (Lunulated), Blackcap,
+<i>Melithreptus atricapillus</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., Kent
+Group.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper yellowish-olive; quills brown; head, hind-neck
+black; narrow white band on nape; under white; naked
+patch about eye orange-scarlet; f., sim.; young no black
+cap. Tame. Honey, pollen, insects. Peevish, half-whistling
+note.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page169" id="page169"></a>169</span>
+
+<p><b>343&nbsp; Black-chinned Honey-eater</b> (Black-throated), <i>M. gularis</i>,
+E.A., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.7</p>
+
+<p>Upper olive-yellow; head, nape black; whitish band on
+nape joins white band up to eye; sides of throat white,
+centre blackish; chest grayish; sides creamy; centre-abdomen
+white; naked skin about eye turquoise-blue;
+f., sim.  Honey, insects, seeds.  Sweet song.</p>
+
+<p><b>344&nbsp; Brown-headed Honey-eater</b> (Short-billed), <i>M. brevirostris</i>,
+E.A., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.7</p>
+
+<p>Greenish-olive upper; quills brown; head, nape dark-brown;
+whitish band on nape continued as brownish-white
+band on head; under creamy; bare skin about
+eye greenish-blue in winter, dull yellow (delicate flesh-tint)
+in summer; f., sim. Honey, insects. Rough,
+rattle-like note.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>345<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Striped Honey-eater</b> (Lanceolated), <i>Plectoramphus
+lanceolatus</i>, E.A., S.A., W.A. (inland).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.8</p>
+
+<p>Upper grayish-brown, striped blackish-brown; wing-quills
+brown, edged lighter; throat white; under, upper base
+tail white; black marks side of neck, flanks.  Honey,
+insects.  Cheerful, loud whistle, "Chirp, chirp, cherry,
+cherry."</p>
+
+<p class="left">6<br />
+52</p>
+
+<p><b>346<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Sanguineous Honey-eater</b>  (Blood), Humming-Bird
+(e), Blood-Bird, <i>Myzomela sanguinolenta</i>, E.A.
+(coastal).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>thick bushes</i>, <i>heath</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.3</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck, breast, back, upper base tail rich shining
+scarlet; side-face, wings, tail black, wings lined
+lighter; abdomen buff; f., light brown, lighter below.
+Pollen, honey, insects.  Beautiful song.</p>
+
+<p><b>347<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Black Honey-eater</b>, <i>M. nigra</i>, A. exc. N. Ter. (interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. v.r. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.4</p>
+
+<p>Black; side abdomen, under base tail white; f., brown;
+under dull-white; breast marked dark-brown; under
+base tail white.  Insects.  Plaintive song.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page170" id="page170"></a>170</span>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i174-1000.png"><img src="images/i174-560.png" width="560" height="321" alt="348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>348<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Spinebill</b>, Spinebill Honey-eater, Humming-Bird (e),
+Cobbler's Awl, <i>Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris</i>, E.A.,
+S.A., T., Bass St. Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>Banksias</i>, <i>heath</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, line to crescent on side of chest, wings, tail black;
+chest white, chestnut-brown patch on throat; back
+brown; abdomen light chestnut-brown; outer tail
+tipped white; eye scarlet; f., duller. Insects, honey.
+Monotonous strong call.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+12</p>
+
+<p><b>349<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Tawny-crowned Honey-eater</b> (Fulvous-fronted), <i>Gliciphila
+melanops (fulvifrons)</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.,
+W.A., T., Bass St. Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>sandy</i>, <i>heathy</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</p>
+
+<p>Upper ashy-brown; crown tawny, blackish line from bill
+past eye down side of breast; buff spot behind ear;
+throat, abdomen white. Insects, honey. Plaintive notes.</p>
+
+<p><b>350<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> White-fronted Honey-eater</b>, <i>G. albifrons</i>, N.S.W., V.,
+S.A., W.A., T. (inland).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>dry scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.7</p>
+
+<p>Upper grayish-brown; crown, throat black; forehead, behind
+ear white; abdomen white, streaked dark-brown.
+Insects, honey. "Tink-tink."</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>351<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Painted Honey-eater</b>, <i>Entomophila picta</i>, N.S.W., V.,
+S.A. (inland).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper black; band on wings, side tail yellow; tip tail
+white; abdomen white, faintly streaked brown; f.,
+smaller. Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>352&nbsp; Pied Honey-eater</b>, <i>Certhionyx variegatus</i>, N.S.W., V.,
+S.A., C.A., W.A., N.W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dry scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5</p>
+
+<p>Black and white; head, throat, back, wings, tip-tail black;
+rest white; f., light-brown upper; under whitish, throat
+buffy, streaked dark-brown. Pollen, honey, berries.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>353<a class="ask" href="#page160">*</a> Regent Honey-eater</b> (Warty-faced), Turkey-Bird
+(Mock Regent), Flying Coachman, <i>Meliphaga phrygia</i>.
+S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. flocks r. <i>eucalypts</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.2</p>
+
+<p>One of the most beautiful of birds; see colored plate;
+richly contrasted black and yellow; warty patch about
+eye; pugnacious; f., sim. Ringing "Clink-clank."</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page171" id="page171"></a>171</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i175-1000.png"><img src="images/i175-560.png" width="560" height="321" alt="354, 355, 356, 357, 358 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">27<br />
+53</p>
+
+<p><b>354&nbsp; Fuscous Honey-eater</b>, <i>Ptilotis fusca</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V.,
+(exc. dry parts).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>open forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.2</p>
+
+<p>Grayish-brown, quills dark-brown, edged yellow; a circle
+blackish feathers round eye; pale yellow ear tufts;
+under whitish, chest faintly streaked brownish; f.,
+smaller. Insects, honey.</p>
+
+<p><b>355<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> Yellow-eared Honey-eater</b> (Lewin), <i>P. chrysotis</i>, E.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>humid scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9</p>
+
+<p>Upper olive-green, under lighter; large bright yellow
+ear tufts; gape straw-white; about eye blackish. Insects,
+honey. Quavering whistling notes.</p>
+
+<p><b>356<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> Singing Honey-eater</b> (Large-striped), <i>P. sonora</i>, A.
+exc. extreme N.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>forest</i>, <i>scrub</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; black stripe through eye to side of neck;
+faint yellow band below black stripe; bright yellow ear
+patch, behind this a small white patch; throat whitish;
+under gray, faintly streaked blackish; f., sim. Insects,
+berries. Loud calls.</p>
+
+<p><b>357<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> Yellow-faced Honey-eater</b> (Yellow-gaped), Chick-up,
+Love-Bird (e), <i>P. chrysops</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>scrub</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.8</p>
+
+<p>Ashy-brown; two black lines along side of face, bright
+yellow band between these to ear tufts; spot of white
+behind ear; throat grayish-white; chest ashy-brown;
+f., sim. Insects, honey. Strong musical call.</p>
+
+<p><b>358<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> White-eared Honey-eater</b>, <i>P. leucotis</i>, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+V., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>scrub</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</p>
+
+<p>Fine, showy bird; upper, abdomen yellowish-olive; head
+dark-gray; throat, chest black; ear patch pure white:
+f., smaller. Insects. Loud ringing note.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page172" id="page172"></a>172</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i176-1000.png"><img src="images/i176-560.png" width="560" height="323" alt="359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<b>359<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> Yellow-tufted Honey-eater</b> (Golden-tufted, Black-faced,
+Spectacled), Yellow-Whiskers, <i>P. melanops (auricomis)</i>,
+S.Q., N.S.W., V.
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>eucalypts</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.8</p>
+
+<p>"One of the most beautiful of birds," crown olive-yellow;
+throat, about ear bright yellow; black from bill, round
+eye above ear; upper dark-brown; under yellow; f.,
+smaller.  Insects, honey.  Varied, high-pitched notes.</p>
+
+<p><b>360<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Helmeted Honey-eater</b>, <i>P. cassidix</i>, V.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.5</p>
+
+<p>"This splendid" Honey-eater; greenish-black; head black;
+crown, ears, under yellow; tail tipped white; about eye
+black; f., smaller, paler.  Insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>361&nbsp; Wattled-cheeked Honey-eater</b>, <i>P. cratitia</i>, V., S.A.,
+W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>eucalypts</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</p>
+
+<p>Crown gray; upper olive-green; tail, wings brown; about
+eye, ear black; narrow yellow line below black; from
+bill to side of neck naked lilac skin; under olive yellow;
+f., smaller.  Pollen, honey.</p>
+
+<p><b>362<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> Yellow-plumed Honey-eater</b> (Graceful), <i>P. novae-hollandiae
+(ornata)</i>, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">c. <i>scrub</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5</p>
+
+<p>"Elegant bird;" upper olive-brown; under grayish-white,
+streaked brown; yellow ear-tuft; f., sim.  Honey, insects.
+Loud ringing note.</p>
+
+<p><b>363<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> White-plumed Honey-eater</b>, Greenie, Linnet (e),
+Chickoowee; Ringeye (e), Ringneck (e), Australian
+Canary (e), <i>P. penicillata</i>, E.A., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>gardens</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.7</p>
+
+<p>Grayish-brown, tinged olive; under light yellowish-brown;
+long white ear plumes, sometimes not seen until the
+head is moved; f., smaller.  Insects, pollen, honey. Loud ringing
+notes; "Chick-oo-wee."</p>
+
+<p class="left">5<br />
+6</p>
+
+<p><b>364<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> Crescent Honey-eater</b> (Horseshoe, Tasmanian), Egypt,
+<i>Meliornis pyrrhoptera (australasiana)</i>, N.S.W., V.,
+S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>forest</i>, <i>heath</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.2</p>
+
+<p>Upper dusky black; black bar each side of breast; under
+white; flanks dusky; wings, tail marked golden-yellow;
+side-tail spotted white; f., dusky-brown, faint yellow
+on wings and tail.  Loud varied calls, "Egypt."</p>
+
+  </div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page173" id="page173"></a>173</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i177-1000.png"><img src="images/i177-560.png" width="560" height="321" alt="365, 366, 367, 368, 369 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>365<a class="ask" href="#page162">*</a> White-bearded Honey-eater</b> (New Holland), Yellow
+Wings, <i>M. novae-hollandiae</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., SA., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>scrubby</i>, <i>Banksias</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2</p>
+
+<p>Blackish-brown, marked white; much yellow on wings;
+tail black, margined yellow, tipped white; line side of
+nape, cheeks, behind ear white; f., sim. Insects, honey.</p>
+
+<p><b>366<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> White-cheeked Honey-eater</b>, <i>M. nigra (sericea)</i>, S.Q.,
+N.S.W., V., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>scrub</i>, <i>undergrowth</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</p>
+
+<p>Like 365, but forehead white; large tuft of white plumes
+on side of head; tail not tipped white; f., smaller.  Insects,
+honey.  Clear double whistling note.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>367<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Bell-Miner</b>, Bell-Bird, <i>Manorina melanophrys</i>, E.A.
+f., sim. Insects. Bell note, "Tink."</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>dense gullies</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</p>
+
+<p>Olive-green; bright yellow patch between eye and bill;
+small red patch behind eye; forehead, about eye black.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>368<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Noisy Miner</b>, Garrulous Honeyeater, Snake-Bird, Cherry-eater,
+Soldier, Micky, Squeaker, <i>Myzantha garrula</i>,
+E.A., S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>open forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10</p>
+
+<p>Gray; marked whitish on hind-neck, marked dusky-gray
+chest; crown, about eye, ear, chin black; wing tinged
+yellow; tail tipped white; legs, bill, skin behind eye
+bright yellow; f., smaller. Insects, fruit, honey. Noisy.</p>
+
+<p><b>369&nbsp; Yellow-throated Miner</b>, <i>M. flavigula</i>, E.A., S.A., C.A.
+W.A. (inland).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10</p>
+
+<p>Gray; hind-neck marked whitish, chest marked brown;
+rump, tip tail white; naked space behind eye; forehead,
+throat, bill, legs yellow; a little olive-yellow on wing,
+base-tail; f., smaller.  Insects, honey.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page174" id="page174"></a>174</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i178-1000.png"><img src="images/i178-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>370<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Wattle-Bird</b>, Red Wattle-Bird, Gill-Bird, Wattled
+Honey-eater, Mutton-Bird (e), <i>Acanthcchaera carunculata</i>,
+S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14.5</p>
+
+<p>Brown streaked, lined white; red wattle &frac14;in.; whitish
+below eye, between shoulder and gill; wing quills and
+tail tipped white; centre abdomen yellow; f., smaller.
+Insects, honey. "Kwock, kwock;" "Up with the rag."
+Many curious guttural notes.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page175" id="page175"></a>175</span>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>371&nbsp; Brush Wattle-Bird</b>, Mocking-Bird, Mocker, Cookaycock,
+<i>Anellobia chrysoptera (mellivora)</i>, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+V., S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12</p>
+
+<p>Brown, lined white; quills lined, tipped white; tail tipped
+white; throat whitish; no wattle; f., smaller.  Showy,
+pugnacious, many curious notes.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>372<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater</b>, <i>Acanthagenys rufigularis</i>,
+A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>timber</i>, <i>scrub</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10</p>
+
+<p>Upper dusky-brown; white spiny feathers, below eye to ear;
+throat, chest rufous; abdomen whitish, streaked dusky-brown;
+tail tipped white; f., sim. Insects, honey.
+Many peculiar loud notes, a plaintive trill.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>373<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Blue-faced Honey-eater</b>, Banana-Bird, Blue-eye, <i>Entomyzon
+cyanotis</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12</p>
+
+<p>Attractive, beautiful; upper golden olive-green; head,
+hind-neck black; throat dusky; line on hind-neck, side
+throat, under white; about eye blue; f., sim.  Insects,
+honey.  Loud monotonous call.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+8</p>
+
+<p><b>374<a class="ask" href="#page164">*</a> Friar-Bird</b>, Monk, Leatherhead, Four-o'-clock, Pimlico,
+Poor Soldier, <i>Tropidorhynchus corniculatus</i>,
+E.A., S.A.  Insects.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>open forest</i>, <i>orchard</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.2</p>
+
+<p>Head naked, ink-black; knob on bill; brown; tail tipped
+white; silver-white lanceolate feathers on throat; f.,
+sim.  Noisy, "Tobacco-box," "four-o'-clock."  Fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+12</p>
+
+<p><b>375<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Yellow-throated Friar-Bird</b>, Little Leatherhead, <i>Philemon
+citreigularis</i>, N. Ter., E.A., S.A., N.W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; under pale brown; throat yellow (young),
+white (adult); the colored plate shows a young bird;
+the adult loses yellow on throat, black on face, grayish
+marks on back, and becomes "one of the plainest of
+birds"; f., similar to adult male. Insects, berries,
+honey. "Five-o'-clock."</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 145. <i>Mniotiltidae</i>, American Warblers, 231 sp.&mdash;2(0)P.,
+80(12)Nc., 219(151)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 146. <i>Drepanididae</i>, Sandwich Island Honeyeaters, 40 sp. A.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page176" id="page176"></a>176</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i180-1000.png"><img src="images/i180-560.png" width="560" height="442" alt="376, 376^A, 377, 377^A, 377^B, 377^C - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 147. MOTACILLIDAE (2), Pipits, Wagtails, 107 sp.&mdash;11(6)A.,
+32(6)O., 53(12)P., 49(32)E., 7(1)Nc.,
+11(9)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+55</p>
+
+<p><b>376<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Australian Pipit</b>, Ground-Lark, <i>Anthus australis</i>, A.,
+T. =vt. Eur. Pipit.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Part-Mig. v.c. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark-brown, feathers edged lighter; buff stripe
+above eye; under white streaked dark-brown; most
+streaked on chest; outer-tail white; f., sim.  Insects,
+small seeds.  Sometimes soars singing melodiously.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 148. ALAUDIDAE  (4), Larks,  Skylark,  Horned-Larks,
+Shore-Larks, 224 sp.&mdash;6(6)A., 45(29)O.,
+69(48)P., 108(99)E., 18(10)Nc., 11(4)Nl.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page177" id="page177"></a>177</span>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+12</p>
+
+<p><b>376<span class="sc">a</span>&nbsp; Skylark</b>, <i>Alauda arvensis</i>, Eur., N. Afr., V. (introduced).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Mig. c. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</p>
+
+<p>Upper warm-brown mottled, streaked darker; stripe over
+eye lighter; throat, chest brownish-buff, streaked
+brown; abdomen yellowish-white; f., smaller.  Insects,
+seeds.  Sings soaring; famous songster.</p>
+
+<p class="left">4<br />
+45</p>
+
+<p><b>377<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Bush-Lark</b>, Horsfield Bush-Lark, Skylark (e), <i>Mirafra
+horsfieldi</i>, E.A., W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.3</p>
+
+<p>Like 376, but plumper, shorter; bill stouter, almost finch-like;
+f., sim.  Insects, small seeds.  Sings melodiously
+soaring, also on moonlight nights; "one of our
+most pleasing songsters."</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 149. <i>Catamblyrhynchidae</i>, 2 sp. Nl. (Peru).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 150. <i>Fringillidae</i>, Finches, Grosbeak, Bullfinch, Bunting,
+Cardinal (Am.), Crossbill, Chaffinch, Linnet, Redpoll,
+Canary, 1087 sp.&mdash;129(83)O., 202(138)P.,
+107(96)E., 191(125)Nc., 529(474)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+10</p>
+
+<p><b>377<span class="sc">a</span>&nbsp; Greenfinch</b>, Green Linnet, <i>Ligurinus chloris</i>, Europe to
+Persia, V. (introduced).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>fields</i>, <i>gardens</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6</p>
+
+<p>Upper olive-green; golden-yellow eyestripe; tail yellow
+base, black tip; wing dark-brown, lined bright yellow;
+under greenish-yellow, darker on flanks; f., much duller.
+Seeds.  "One of the prettiest of British songsters."</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+11</p>
+
+<p><b>377<span class="sc">b</span>&nbsp; Goldfinch</b>, Thistle-Finch, <i>Carduelis carduelis</i>, Europe,
+Canary Is. to Egypt, to Persia, Siberia, V. (introduced).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>fields</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5</p>
+
+<p>Crown black; face, chin red; behind eye, throat, under,
+upper base tail white; bright yellow on wings; f., sim.
+Thistle seeds, insects.  Loud, sweet song; "twit-it."</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+56</p>
+
+<p><b>377<span class="sc">c</span>&nbsp; Tree-Sparrow</b> (Mountain-), <i>Passer montanus</i>, Eur.,
+N. Asia, A. (introduced).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>trees</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.6</p>
+
+<p>Like 377<span class="sc">d</span>, but head, nape chestnut; black ear patch in
+centre of a large white patch; two white bars on side
+of wing; shier; f., sim.  Seeds, insects.  Chirps.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page178" id="page178"></a>178</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i182-1000.png"><img src="images/i182-560.png" width="560" height="438" alt="377D, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p><b>377<span class="sc">d</span>&nbsp; House-Sparrow</b>, <i>P. domesticus</i>, Eur., Siberia, A.
+(introduced).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>houses</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5</p>
+
+<p>Crown, nape bluish-gray; behind eye, side neck broad
+chestnut band; upper brown; one white bar on wing;
+cheeks, throat black; under whitish; f., duller; darker
+below; no black throat.  Seeds, insects.  Chirps.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 151. <i>Coerebidae</i>, Honey-Creepers, 93 sp.&mdash;1(0)Nc., 93(92)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 152. <i>Procniatidae</i>, 1 sp. Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 153. <i>Tanagridae</i>, Tanagers, 424 sp.&mdash;6(0)Nc., 424(418)Nl.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page179q" id="page179q"></a></span>
+
+<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3>
+
+<p>Gould placed the Australian Finches in the same family as the
+Sparrow&mdash;the <i>Fringillidae</i>&mdash;which includes also the Linnet and
+the cage Canary. Most writers now put them in with the
+Weaver-Birds or Weaver Finches (family <i>Ploceidae</i>). Twenty-three
+Finches have been recorded from Australia. All have the
+well-known Finch bill, adapted for shelling seeds, and all are
+seed-eaters, though some occasionally take insects in addition.</p>
+
+<p>The Spotted-sided Finch is true to name, as a glance at the
+illustration shows. The rare Fire-tail is beautifully and closely
+banded below, while the Chestnut-eared Finch is banded on the
+throat and chest. The Plum-headed Finch has a deep crimson
+forehead, and is banded below.</p>
+
+<p>The Red-browed Finch is often called the "Firetail," for it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page180q" id="page180q"></a></span>
+has the red rump as well as the red brow and bill, but the under
+surface is not banded. These birds usually build a very large
+nest, which has been compared to a "stocking hung by the toe,
+while the eggs are laid in the heel, and entrance is gained through
+the leg."</p>
+
+<p>The introduced Starling has firmly established itself, and is
+extending its range rapidly. Incredible numbers gather at
+lagoon-sides to roost in the reed-beds.</p>
+
+<p>This bird is a favorite with farmers and graziers, but orchardists
+view its rapid increase with alarm. It is possible, as Mr.
+C. French, Government Entomologist, has pointed out, that the
+Starling will yet prove a more expensive pest than the Rabbit.</p>
+
+<p>Starlings, at least, upset the balance of nature, for, by occupying
+all available nesting sites, early and late, they displace the native
+birds. Kingfishers, Parrots, and other birds that nest in hollows
+are thus being driven away from their old haunts.</p>
+
+<p>The Australian Oriole is a member of the family of true Orioles.
+The Fig-Birds of Queensland towns are closely related. The
+members of this family are restricted to the Eastern Hemisphere.
+Our Oriole is an interesting migrant which visits even
+cities. Its beautiful hanging, cup-shaped nest woven amongst
+the twigs at the end of a leafy bough is a clever piece of work.
+Its note is melodious and varied. It often calls "o-ree-ee-o-ole."
+It is also fond of mimicking other birds.</p>
+
+<p>The Baltimore Oriole, or Golden Robin, is properly not an
+Oriole, but comes in a related family&mdash;the <i>Icteridae</i>&mdash;which contains
+American birds somewhat similar to Orioles. The Australian
+bird, as shown by the colored illustration, has not the
+conspicuous golden and black plumage of the European bird.</p>
+
+<p>The Spangled Drongo is the Australian representative of a
+family of birds spread from Africa, Madagascar, and India up
+to Japan, and through the islands to Australia. They are a
+characteristic feature of Indian ornithology, for they are found
+everywhere in that country. The one Australian bird is a
+migrant, and seldom reaches Southern Australia. Like other
+Drongos, it is a glossy black, has a long, forked tail, is a good
+mimic of other birds' calls, and is also a vicious fighter. It is
+exceedingly active, and has a disagreeably harsh, cackling, and
+creaking whistle. It will drive away even hawks and crows.</p>
+
+<p>After the Shining Starlings of Queensland, come the marvellously-beautiful
+Birds of Paradise&mdash;"God's Birds."</p>
+
+<p>These unique birds are found only in New Guinea, Papuan
+Islands, Molucca Islands, and the rich, tropical coast scrubs of
+Eastern Australia. One, the Riflebird, is found even down to
+North-Eastern New South Wales.</p>
+
+<p>The Federal and State Governments are doing excellent work
+in protecting our beautiful birds, and are giving what seems
+to be a really efficient protection, so that some of our birds which
+possess the fatal gift of beauty in an extreme degree will probably
+survive for some time yet. Collectors as well as plume-hunters
+should be compelled to keep hands off our exquisite birds.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(continued below)</p>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page179" id="page179"></a>179</span>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 154. PLOCEIDAE (23), WEAVER-FINCHES, 487 sp.&mdash;59(56)A.,
+41(37)O., 1(0)P., 391(391)E.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>378<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Spotted-sided Finch</b>, Diamond-Sparrow (e), Java-Sparrow
+(e), <i>Stagonopleura guttata</i>, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+V., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. c. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.6</p>
+
+<p>"Showy, attractive;" crown gray; back, wings brown;
+rump, bill, eye red; sides, chest-band, tail black; sides
+spotted white; throat, centre abdomen white; f., sim.
+Grass-seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>379<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Firetailed Finch</b>, Firetail, <i>Zonaeginthus bellus</i>, S.Q.,
+N.S.W., V., S.A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.6</p>
+
+<p>Upper olive-brown, finely-barred black; under gray, finely-barred
+black; rump, bill scarlet; about eye black; f.,
+sim.  Seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>380<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Chestnut-eared Finch</b> (Zebra), <i>Taeniopygia castanotis</i>,
+A. (interior).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. small flocks, v.r. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.2</p>
+
+<p>Upper brown; rump white; upper base tail black, with
+three white spots; cheeks chestnut; throat, chest gray,
+barred black; black band on chest; abdomen white;
+flanks chestnut, spotted white; feet, bill orange; f.,
+throat, chest gray, fringed brown; abdomen yellowish-brown.
+Grass-seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+4</p>
+
+<p><b>381<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Plum-headed Finch</b> (Diadem, Plain-colored), <i>Aidemosyne
+modesta</i>, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. small flocks, r. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.6</p>
+
+<p>Crown deep purple; bill, between eye and bill, spot on
+chin black; upper brown; wings spotted white; side-tail
+tipped white; under white barred brown; f., no
+black on chin.  Seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="left">2<br />
+2</p>
+
+<p><b>382<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Red-browed Finch</b> (Temporal),  Redhead, Redbill
+(e), Sydney Waxbill, <i>Ægintha temporalis</i>, E.A., S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. small flocks, r. <i>grass</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.5</p>
+
+<p>Bill, patch over eye, rump crimson; crown gray; upper
+olive-brown; under lighter; f., sim. Seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 155. <i>Icteridae</i>, Bobolink, Cowbird, Blackbirds (Am.),
+Oriole (Am.), Redwing (Am.), 185 sp.&mdash;35(15)Nc.,
+170(150) Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 156. <i>Sturnidae</i>, Starlings, Grackles, 60  sp.&mdash;2(1)A.,
+42(28)O., 29(14)P., 2(1)E.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page181" id="page181"></a>181</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i185-800.png"><img src="images/i185t-300.png" width="300" height="509" alt="375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>375</b> Yellow-throated Friar-Bird<br />
+           <b>376</b> Australian Pipit<br />
+           <b>377</b> Bush-Lark</td>
+       <td><b>378</b> Spotted-Sided Finch<br />
+           <b>379</b> Firetailed Finch<br />
+           <b>380</b> Chestnut-eared Finch</td>
+       <td><b>381</b> Plum-headed Finch<br />
+	       <b>382</b> Red-browed Finch<br />
+           <b>383</b> Olive-backed Oriole</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page182" id="page182"></a>182</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page183" id="page183"></a>183</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i187-800.png"><img src="images/i187t-300.png" width="300" height="510" alt="384, 385, 385A, 386, 390, 391, 392, 394 - click to enlarge" border="0" /></a></div>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list of birds" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><b>384</b> Spangled Drongo<br />
+           <b>385</b> Satin Bower-Bird<br />
+           <b>385</b><span class="sc">a</span> Satin Bower-Bird (Female)</td>
+       <td><b>386</b> Spotted Bower-Bird<br />
+           <b>390</b> Apostle-Bird<br />
+           <b>391</b> White-winged Chough</td>
+       <td><b>392</b> Pied Bell-Magpie<br />
+	       <b>394</b> Gray Bell-Magpie
+           </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page184" id="page184"></a>184</span><br />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page186" id="page186"></a>186</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i190-1000.png"><img src="images/i190-560.png" width="560" height="440" alt="382A, 382B, 383, 384, 385, 385A - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+23</p>
+
+<p><b>382<span class="sc">a</span>&nbsp; Starling</b>, <i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>, Eur., N. Afr., Asia, A.
+(introduced).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. v.c. <i>open</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.5</p>
+
+<p>Glossy-black, with metallic reflections; upper feathers
+tipped buff, under tipped white; light tips lost in summer;
+bill lemon-yellow summer, blackish winter; f.,
+sim. Insects, caterpillars, fruit. Wheezing, whining
+notes. Mimic.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page187a" id="page187a"></a>187a</span>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+3</p>
+
+<p><b>382<span class="sc">b</span>&nbsp; Common Myna</b> (Indian, Calcutta), <i>Acridotheres
+tristis</i>, India, Afghanistan, V. (Introduced).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>houses</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10</p>
+
+<p>Head, neck black; upper brown; under rich vinous-brown;
+tip-tail, large patch on wing white; about eye, bill, legs
+yellow; f., sim. Insects, fruit. Many notes.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 157. EULABETIDAE (2), SHINING STARLINGS, 139 sp.&mdash;51(51)A.,
+20(20)O., 1(1)P., 67(67)E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 158. <i>Paramythidae</i>, 1 sp. A. (N.G.).</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 159. <i>Buphagidae</i>, Oxpecker, Rhinoceros-Bird, 2 sp. E.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 160. ORIOLIDAE (4), ORIOLES, Fig-Birds, 70 sp.&mdash;27(27)A.,
+29(26)O., 3(0)P., 15(14)E.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+12</p>
+
+<p><b>383<a class="ask" href="#page181">*</a> Olive-backed Oriole</b>, Green Thrush (e), <i>Mimetes sagittata
+(Oriolus viridis)</i>, E.A., N.W.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>open forest</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11.5</p>
+
+<p>Upper yellowish olive-green; wings, tail brown, tipped
+white; under whitish, streaked black; bill flesh-red;
+eyes scarlet; variable in color; f., sim. Insects, fruit.
+"Or-ree-ee-oale." Mimic.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 161. DICRURIDAE (1), DRONGOS, 73 sp.&mdash;24(23)A.,
+39(38)O., 11(11)E.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+29</p>
+
+<p><b>384<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> Spangled Drongo</b>, Drongo-Shrike, King-Crow, <i>Dicruropsis
+(Chibia, Dicrurus) bracteata</i>, N.G., N. Ter.,
+E.A., N.W.A., T. (acc.).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12.2</p>
+
+<p>Black glossed, spotted green; spotted white under wing;
+f., sim. Insects. Noisy, harsh peculiar notes.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 162. PARADISEIDAE (4), BIRDS OF PARADISE, Rifle-Bird,
+70 sp. A.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page185q" id="page185q"></a></span>
+
+<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3>
+
+<p>Mr. A. J. North, C.M.B.O.U., the ornithologist of the Australian
+Museum, Sydney, and one of the greatest of living Australian
+ornithologists, has declared that "without exception, the
+bower-building birds of Australia are the most extraordinary and
+interesting group of birds found in the world."</p>
+
+<p>These wonderful birds construct, apart from their nests, play-houses&mdash;structures
+that "are perfectly anomalous in the architecture
+of birds." Gould considered the accounts of the "extraordinary
+habits" of the Bower Birds "as some of the valuable and
+interesting portions" of his work. Though the bird was known
+before Gould's time, its "extraordinary habits had never been
+brought before the scientific world until I (Gould) had the gratification
+of publishing an account of them after my return from
+Australia."</p>
+
+<p>This month I had the gratification of seeing the Satin Bower
+Birds playing about a perfect bower within one chain of a country
+school, and within one yard of a busy roadside. The birds have
+quite made friends with the school children. They have helped
+themselves to the blue flowers from the school garden, pieces of
+blue paper, and even a blue hair ribbon, besides blue parrot's
+feathers. These are used to decorate this very interesting playhouse.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, Satin Bower Birds are mainly fruit-eaters, and
+so will possibly do some damage, but they are amongst the
+wonders of the world, and it is hoped all will hesitate to shoot
+them, "for their highly-decorated halls of assembly must be regarded
+as the most wonderful instances of bird-architecture yet
+discovered." The male gets his beautiful blue-black coat after
+he is seven years old.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the schools of South Gippsland can show Satin Bower-Birds
+regularly in attendance at lunch-time to gather the crusts.
+We have destroyed their native fruits, and should submit to some
+slight loss to enable young Australians to become familiar with
+the "most interesting group of birds" in the world.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(continued below)</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page187b" id="page187b"></a>187b</span>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 163. PTILONORHYNCHIDAE (11), BOWER-BIRDS, Regent-Bird,
+Cat (Gardener) Bird, 37 sp. A.</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>385<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> Satin Bower-Bird</b>, Satin Bird, <i>Ptilonorhynchus violaceus</i>,
+E.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>coast-scrubs</i>, <i>mt.-gullies</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12.5</p>
+
+<p>Lustrous blue-black, with black centres to feathers;
+f.,<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> upper grayish-green; quills dark-brown; tail
+golden-brown; under yellow, washed bluish-green,
+marked blackish-brown; young male up to 3 years sim.
+to f. Gets fully adult blue-black after 7 years of
+age. Fruits, berries, insects. Many notes, mimics.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page188a" id="page188a"></a>188a</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i192-1000.png"><img src="images/i192-560.png" width="560" height="361" alt="386, 387, 388, 389, 390 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">5<br />
+6</p>
+
+<p><b>386<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> Spotted Bower-Bird</b>, Cabbage-Bird, <i>Chlamydera maculata</i>,
+E.A, S.A. (inland).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>dry scrubs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12</p>
+
+<p>Upper dark-brown spotted buff; rose-lilac opalescent
+plumes on nape; tail tipped buff, white; abdomen pale
+creamy-buff, flanks barred dusky brown; f., no rose-lilac
+plumes.  Varied, harsh, plaintive notes, mimics.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page185qz" id="page185qz"></a></span>
+
+<h3>Order XXI. (continued)</h3>
+
+<p>The members of the Crow Family&mdash;the <i>Corvidae</i>&mdash;were considered
+the most highly-developed of birds&mdash;the most highly
+organized, so far as structure was concerned, and the most intelligent.
+However, Sharpe has erected the seven Australian Bell-Magpies
+(<i>Streperas</i>) into a family which, in his <i>Hand-List of
+Birds</i> is placed at the top of the bird tree.</p>
+
+<p>In the Crow Family many well-known birds are placed. The
+Jays, Magpie, Daws, Rooks, and Nutcrackers of Europe are not
+represented in Australia. The Crows and the Raven, however,
+are represented by closely-related birds.</p>
+
+<p>It is important to tell the difference between the Australian
+Crow and the Australian Raven, for, we are told, the Crow is
+all that is good, while the Raven is the reverse.</p>
+
+<p>The ornithologists say it is easy to tell the difference. Just
+examine the down, say, on the neck. It is white in the Crow,
+but dusky in the Raven. Unfortunately, the birds will not
+always wait to permit an examination of the down.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page186q" id="page186q"></a></span>
+
+<p>The eye is often mentioned, but hazel-eyed birds have become
+white-eyed. However, the Raven has lanceolate feathers on the
+neck, and a rougher, unmusical voice.</p>
+
+<p>The Raven seems the more common bird, though most people
+will tell you there are no Ravens in their district.</p>
+
+<p>The Apostle-Bird (Gray Jumper), and the White-winged Chough
+are two of Australia's "anomalous birds." Both go in flocks,
+so each has been called the "Twelve Apostles." However, the
+name has become attached to the Gray Jumper.</p>
+
+<p>The White-winged Chough has no close relative in the world;
+possibly, the Chough that nests in the cliffs of Cornwall is nearest
+to it.</p>
+
+<p>The Bell-Magpies (<i>Streperas</i>), perhaps better known as Black
+or Gray Magpies, are now receiving much notice, because of their
+position at the head of the bird-world. They are restricted to
+Australia, Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island. A good name is
+required for these birds, for, of course, they are not Magpies,
+though they have a white-tipped tail, and there is usually white
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page187q" id="page187q"></a></span>
+in the wing, and about the base of the tail. They are fine, large
+birds, with a variety of notes.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(continued below)</p>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page188b" id="page188b"></a>188b</span>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 164. CORVIDAE (5), CROWS, Rook, Raven, Jackdaw,
+Magpie (Br.), Jay, Nutcracker, Chough, 274 sp.&mdash;27(25)A.,
+73(58)O., 69(53)P., 15(9)E., 43(35)Nc.,
+73(65)Nl.</p>
+
+<p class="left">3<br />
+63</p>
+
+<p><b>387&nbsp; Hazel-eyed Crow</b>, <i>Corvus coronoides</i>, A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. c. <i>open</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20</p>
+
+<p>Black glossed with purple; white down; hazel eyes; f.,
+smaller.  Insects, carrion, fruit, not lambs.</p>
+
+<p><b>388&nbsp; Small-billed Crow</b>, <i>C. bennetti</i>, W.N.S.W., V., S.A.
+Like 387, but smaller; bill small; eye white; f., sim.
+Insects, carrion. "Car" repeated.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>plains</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18.5</p>
+
+<p><b>389&nbsp; Australian Raven</b>, Crow (e), <i>C. marianae (Corone australis)</i>,
+A., T.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. v.c. <i>plains</i>, <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20</p>
+
+<p>Black glossed purple; throat feathers lanceolate, tinged
+green; down dusky-gray; eyes white; f., smaller,
+lanceolate feathers not so well developed. Locusts,
+caterpillars, omnivorous, destructive. "Loud, deep
+Gwar-gwar, varied with shrill, high-sounding Korr-Korr"
+(North).</p>
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>390<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> Apostle-Bird</b>, Gray Jumper, Twelve Apostles, <i>Struthidea
+cinerea</i>, N. Ter., E.A., S.A. (inland).</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. small flocks, r. <i>open timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13</p>
+
+<p>Gray; wings brown; bill, legs black; eye white; f., sim.
+Mud nest.  Insects.  Incessant chattering.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page189" id="page189"></a>189</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i193-1000.png"><img src="images/i193-560.png" width="560" height="361" alt="391, 392, 393, 394, 395 - click to enlarge" style="border:3px black;" /></a></div>
+
+<div class="tab">
+
+<p class="left">1<br />
+1</p>
+
+<p><b>391<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> White-winged Chough</b>, Black Magpie (e), Jay (e),
+Apostle-Bird (e), <i>Corcorax melanorhamphus</i>, E.A.,
+S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. small flocks, c. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16</p>
+
+<p>Sooty black, white on wing only; eyes red; f., sim.  Mud
+nest.  Insects, fruits, seeds.  Low, mournful whistle.</p>
+
+<p class="spacer">F. 165. STREPERIDAE (7), BELL-MAGPIES, Streperas,
+Crow-Shrikes, 7 sp. A.</p>
+
+<p class="left">7<br />
+7</p>
+
+<p><b>392<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> Pied Bell-Magpie</b> (Crow-Shrike), Currawong. Mutton-Bird
+(e), <i>Strepera graculina</i>, E.A., Lord Howe Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nom. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18.5</p>
+
+<p>Black; white patch on wing, upper base tail, under base
+tail, tip tail; eye yellow; f., smaller.  Berries, fruit,
+insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>393&nbsp; Black-winged Bell-Magpie</b> (Crow-Shrike), <i>S. melanoptera</i>,
+V., S.A., Kangaroo Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.r. <i>scrub</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19</p>
+
+<p>Black, white tip tail, under base tail; f., smaller. Insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>394<a class="ask" href="#page183">*</a> Gray Bell-Magpie</b> (Crow-Shrike), Gray Magpie, Rain-Bird,
+Squeaker, <i>S. versicolor (cuneicaudata)</i>, E.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. v.c. <i>timber</i>, <i>orchard</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19</p>
+
+<p>Gray; white on wing, tip tail, under base tail; eye orange;
+f., sim.  Insects, fruit. Loud, ringing notes.  "It's-going-to-rain."
+"Two and two are four."  Cree-e-ling,
+cree-e-ling.</p>
+
+<p><b>395&nbsp; Sooty Bell-Magpie</b> (Crow-Shrike), Black Magpie (e),
+<i>S. fuliginosa</i>, E.A., S.A., T., Bass St. Is.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Stat. r. <i>timber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18</p>
+
+<p>Sooty black; white in wing, tip tail; eye yellow; big bill
+black; f., sim.  Insects, fruit.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page187qz" id="page187qz"></a></span>
+
+<p>This concludes a necessarily brief outline of the classification
+of the Birds of Australia, and, incidentally, of the birds of the
+world, for, while the Emu is one of the most primitive of birds
+placed right at the foot, the Bell-Magpies (<i>Streperas</i>) are placed
+at the very summit of the avine tree.</p>
+
+<p>Australians! Realize that you live in a land favored far beyond
+most as regards birds, and that you have a duty to perform in
+preserving as many as possible of these unique, interesting, and
+valuable forms for posterity. Teachers! Your influence is more
+potent than all the legislation. Bird lovers already freely
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page190q" id="page190q"></a></span>
+acknowledge the fundamental change that has come over the
+schoolboy since the introduction of nature-study, and they look
+to you with confidence to extend greatly the good work of
+cultivating an interest and a pride in things Australian, for this
+interest will eradicate the once almost-universal, but now rapidly-disappearing,
+desire for slaughter of anything wearing a feather.</p>
+
+<p>If women could be persuaded to come in line with the once
+destructive schoolboy in this respect, the bird lover and the well-wisher
+of his country would have further cause for gratification,
+and our beautiful birds a further enjoyment of a useful, indeed,
+often a necessary life, one necessary to the welfare of the agriculturist
+and the pastoralist, as well as of all dwellers in this
+fair, sunny land of ours.</p>
+
+<p>Australians! Your wonderful Lyre-Birds, your marvellous
+Bower-Birds, your gorgeous Birds of Paradise, your Mound-Builders,
+your flute-noted Magpies, your charming Whistlers, your
+beautiful and intelligent Cockatoos, your glorious Parrots&mdash;the
+pets of the bird world&mdash;your Superb-Warblers, your
+varied, valuable, and attractive Honey-eaters, and your giant
+Laughing-Kingfisher are here for your enjoyment and appreciation.
+No other people has your privilege of knowing these birds
+in their native state. On the other hand, you enjoy most of the
+privileges of dwellers in other lands, in addition to your own, for
+"every widely-spread family of birds but two is found in Australia.
+The only notable absentees are Vultures and Woodpeckers." Be
+proud of your heritage, and pass it on uninjured. Though that,
+alas! is not possible, yet you may pass on at least the remnant
+that still survives the "blessings and advance of civilization."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>NOTE.</h3>
+
+<p>Having obtained the approximate length of a bird, look for it on the
+following pages. Compare the bird before you with the half-tone and
+colored illustrations, and, if necessary, the written description:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table summary="lengths of birds">
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">3-5 inches... </td>
+       <td><span class="sc">Pages</span></td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page124">124</a>,
+	   <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a>-145, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>,
+	   <a href="#page166">166</a>, <a href="#page167">167</a>, <a href="#page169">169</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">5-7 inches... </td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>,
+	   <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page44">44</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>,
+	   <a href="#page120">120</a>-125, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a>,
+	   <a href="#page144">144</a>-146, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page168">168</a>-172,
+	   <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page178">178</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">7-9 inches... </td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page18b">18</a>, <a href="#page27">27</a>,
+	   <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page42">42</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>-49,
+	   <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page102">102</a>-107, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page129">129</a>,
+	   <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a>, <a href="#page150">150</a>-152, <a href="#page154">154</a>,
+	   <a href="#page169">169</a>-173, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page186">186</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">9-11 inches... </td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page18b">18</a>, <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25a">25</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a>,
+	   <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page44">44</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>-51, <a href="#page61">61</a>,
+	   <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a>-129,
+	   <a href="#page131">131</a>-133, <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a>,
+	   <a href="#page170">170</a>, <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page187a">187</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">11-13 inches... </td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page28">28</a>-30, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>,
+	   <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page83">83,</a> <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>,
+	   <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>,
+	   <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page187a">187a</a>, <a href="#page187b">187b</a>, <a href="#page188a">188a</a>, <a href="#page188b">188b</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">13-15 inches... </td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page18a">18</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page25b">25</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>,
+	   <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page80">80</a>,
+	   <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a>-88, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page92">92</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a>,
+	   <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page127">127,</a>
+	   <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page174">174</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page188b">188</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">15-17 inches... </td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page18a">18</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>-47,
+	   <a href="#page64">64</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a>,
+	   <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">17-20 inches...</td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page25b">25</a>, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>,
+	   <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page63">63</a>,
+	   <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page91">91</a>,
+	   <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page188b">188</a>,
+	   <a href="#page189">189</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">20-23 inches... </td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>,
+	   <a href="#page63">63</a>, <a href="#page66">66</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>,
+	   <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page188b">188</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">23-25 inches... </td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page25a">25</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>,
+	   <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>,
+	   <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page90">90</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">25-30 inches... </td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page25b">25</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>,
+	   <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">30-35 inches... </td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>,
+	   <a href="#page63">63</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">Over&nbsp;35&nbsp;inches...</td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+       <td class="left"><a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a>,
+	   <a href="#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page68">68</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page191" id="page191"></a>191</span>
+
+<h3>INDEX (Colored Plates).</h3>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<table class="index" summary="index of colored plates" border="0">
+  <tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#frontis">Frontispiece</a>.</th></tr>
+  <tr><td class="right1"><b>2</b></td><td>Mallee-Fowl</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="right1"><b>3</b></td><td>Stubble Quail</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="right1"><b>4</b></td><td>Brown Quail</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="right1"><b>6</b></td><td>King Quail</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="right1"><b>8</b></td><td>Painted Quail</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="right1"><b>11</b></td><td>Plain Wanderer</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="right1"><b>14</b></td><td>Diamond Dove</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="right1"><b>16</b></td><td>Bronzewing Pigeon</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page19">Page 19</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>21</b></td><td>Pectoral Rail</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>22</b></td><td>Australian Spotted Crake</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>26</b></td><td>Black Moor-Hen</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>27</b></td><td>Bald Coot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>30</b></td><td>Hoary-headed Grebe</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>67</b></td><td>Crested Tern</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>71</b></td><td>White-faced Ternlet</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>72</b></td><td>Silver Gull</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>73</b></td><td>Pacific Gull</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page38">Page 38</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>81</b></td><td>Black-breasted Plover</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>87</b></td><td>Black-fronted Dottrel</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>102</b></td><td>Sharp-tailed Sandpiper</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>106</b></td><td>Australian Snipe</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>107</b></td><td>Australian Painted Snipe</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>109</b></td><td>Southern Stone-Curlew</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>119</b></td><td>White-fronted Heron</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>123</b></td><td>Nankeen Night Heron</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>125</b></td><td>Australian Bittern</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page55">Page 55</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>128</b></td><td>Cape Barren Goose</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>129</b></td><td>Maned Goose</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>131</b></td><td>Plumed Whistling Duck</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>133</b></td><td>Black Duck</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>134</b></td><td>Australian Teal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>135</b></td><td>Gray Teal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>136</b></td><td>Australian Shoveller</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>137</b></td><td>Pink-eared Duck</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>139</b></td><td>White-eyed Duck</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page57">Page 57</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>152</b></td><td>Allied Harrier</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>155</b></td><td>Australian Goshawk</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>157</b></td><td>Collared Sparrowhawk</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>158</b></td><td>Wedge-tailed Eagle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>165</b></td><td>Black-shouldered Kite</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>167</b></td><td>Black-cheeked Falcon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>170</b></td><td>Little Falcon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>172</b></td><td>Brown Hawk</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>173</b></td><td>Nankeen Kestrel</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page76">Page 76</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>184</b></td><td>Blue Mountain Lorikeet</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>185</b></td><td>Musk Lorikeet</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>191</b></td><td>Gang-gang Cockatoo</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>193</b></td><td>Pink Cockatoo</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>194</b></td><td>Rose-breasted Cockatoo</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>196</b></td><td>Cockatoo-Parrot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>197</b></td><td>Superb Parrot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>198</b></td><td>Black-tailed Parrot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>199</b></td><td>King Parrot</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page78">Page 78</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>200</b></td><td>Crimson Parrot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>202</b></td><td>Rosella</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>203</b></td><td>Mallee Parrot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>204</b></td><td>Blue Bonnet</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>205</b></td><td>Many-colored Parrot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>206</b></td><td>Red-backed Parrot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>209</b></td><td>Grass-Parrot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>213</b></td><td>Swift Parrot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>214</b></td><td>Warbling Grass-Parrot</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page95">Page 95</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>219</b></td><td>Australian Roller</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>220</b></td><td>Blue Kingfisher</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>221</b></td><td>Laughing Kingfisher</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>223</b></td><td>Sacred Kingfisher</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>224</b></td><td>Australian Bee-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>227</b></td><td>Spine-tailed Swift</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>229</b></td><td>Pallid Cuckoo</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>230</b></td><td>Fan-tailed Cuckoo</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>235</b></td><td>Bronze Cuckoo</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page97">Page 97</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>238</b></td><td>Welcome Swallow</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>240</b></td><td>Tree Martin</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>242</b></td><td>Brown Flycatcher</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>244</b></td><td>Scarlet-breasted Robin</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>244<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Scarlet-breasted Robin (Female)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>245</b></td><td>Flame-breasted Robin</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>245<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Flame-breasted Robin (Female)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>248</b></td><td>Red Capped Robin</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>248<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Red Capped Robin (Female)</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page116">Page 116</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>251</b></td><td>White-throated Flyeater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>254</b></td><td>White-shafted Fantail</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>255</b></td><td>Rufous Fantail</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>256</b></td><td>Black and White Fantail</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>259</b></td><td>Restless Flycatcher</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>262</b></td><td>Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>265</b></td><td>White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>265<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater (Female)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>266</b></td><td>Spotted Ground-Bird</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page118">Page 118</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>272</b></td><td>Coachwhip Bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>273</b></td><td>Gray-crowned Babbler</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>276</b></td><td>White-browed Field-Wren</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>278</b></td><td>Brown Song-Lark</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>279</b></td><td>Rufous Song-Lark</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>280</b></td><td>Mountain Thrush</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>281</b></td><td>White-fronted Chat</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>281<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>White-fronted Chat (Female)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>282</b></td><td>Crimson-breasted Chat</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page135">Page 135</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>284</b></td><td>Australian Reed-Warbler</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>285</b></td><td>Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>286</b></td><td>Grass-Bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>287</b></td><td>Speckled Warbler</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>288</b></td><td>Little Tit-Warbler</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>289</b></td><td>Brown Tit-Warbler</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>291</b></td><td>Striated Tit-Warbler</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>293</b></td><td>Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>297</b></td><td>White-browed Scrub-Wren</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page137">Page 137</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>300</b></td><td>Superb-Warbler</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>300<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Superb-Warbler (Female)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>302</b></td><td>White-winged Superb-Warbler</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>304</b></td><td>Emu Wren</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>306</b></td><td>Bristle-Bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>311</b></td><td>White-browed Wood-Swallow</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>312</b></td><td>Masked Wood-Swallow</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>313</b></td><td>Wood-Swallow</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>315</b></td><td>Gray Shrike-Thrush</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page139">Page 139</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>319</b></td><td>Australian Butcher-Bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>320</b></td><td>Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>321</b></td><td>Crested Bell-Bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>322</b></td><td>Golden-breasted Whistler</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>322<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Golden-breasted Whistler (Female)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>323</b></td><td>Rufous-breasted Whistler</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>323<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Rufous-breasted Whistler (Female)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>326</b></td><td>Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>327</b></td><td>Whiteface</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page158">Page 158</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>328</b></td><td>Orange-winged Nuthatch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>330</b></td><td>Brown Tree-Creeper</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>331</b></td><td>White-throated Tree-Creeper</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>334</b></td><td>White-eye</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>336</b></td><td>Australian Flower-Pecker</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>336<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Australian Flower-Pecker (Female)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>337</b></td><td>Red-tipped Diamond Bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>340</b></td><td>Spotted Diamond Bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>341</b></td><td>Golden-rumped Diamond Bird</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page160">Page 160</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>342</b></td><td>White-naped Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>345</b></td><td>Striped Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>346</b></td><td>Sanguineous Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>347</b></td><td>Black Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>348</b></td><td>Spinebill</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>349</b></td><td>Tawny-crowned Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>350</b></td><td>White-fronted Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>351</b></td><td>Painted Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>353</b></td><td>Regent Honey-eater</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page162">Page 162</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>355</b></td><td>Yellow-eared Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>356</b></td><td>Singing Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>357</b></td><td>Yellow-faced Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>358</b></td><td>White-eared Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>359</b></td><td>Yellow-tufted Honey-eater<span class="pagenum"><a name="page192" id="page192"></a>192</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>362</b></td><td>Yellow-plumed Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>363</b></td><td>White-plumed Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>364</b></td><td>Crescent Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>365</b></td><td>White-bearded Honey-eater</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page164">Page 164</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>360</b></td><td>Helmeted Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>366</b></td><td>White-cheeked Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>367</b></td><td>Bell-Miner</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>368</b></td><td>Noisy Miner</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>370</b></td><td>Wattle-Bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>372</b></td><td>Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>373</b></td><td>Blue-faced Honey-eater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>374</b></td><td>Friar-Bird</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page181">Page 181</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>375</b></td><td>Yellow-throated Friar-Bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>376</b></td><td>Australian Pipit</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>377</b></td><td>Bush-Lark</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>378</b></td><td>Spotted-Sided Finch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>379</b></td><td>Firetailed Finch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>380</b></td><td>Chestnut-eared Finch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>381</b></td><td>Plum-headed Finch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>382</b></td><td>Red-browed Finch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>383</b></td><td>Olive-backed Oriole</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="2"><a class="index1" href="#page183">Page 183</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>384</b></td><td>Spangled Drongo</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>385</b></td><td>Satin Bower-Bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>385<span class="sc">a</span></b></td><td>Satin Bower-Bird (Female)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>386</b></td><td>Spotted Bower-Bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>390</b></td><td>Apostle-Bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>391</b></td><td>White-winged Chough</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>392</b></td><td>Pied Bell-Magpie</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right1"><b>394</b></td><td>Gray Bell-Magpie</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3>INDEX (General).</h3>
+
+<p>The Ordinary Figures (175) refer to tabular matter and the
+Italic Figures (<i>141</i>) refer to the lecture.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<a  href="#A">A</a> | <a href="#B">B</a> | <a href="#C">C</a> | <a href="#D">D</a> |
+<a href="#E">E</a> | <a href="#F">F</a> | <a href="#G">G</a> | <a href="#H">H</a> |
+<a href="#I">I</a> | <a href="#J">J</a> | <a href="#K">K</a> | <a href="#La">L</a> |
+<a href="#M">M</a> | <a href="#N">N</a> |<a href="#O">O</a> | <a href="#P">P</a> |
+<a href="#Q">Q</a> | <a href="#R">R</a> | <a href="#S">S</a> | <a href="#T">T</a> |
+<a href="#U">U</a> | <a href="#V">V</a> | <a href="#W">W</a> | <a href="#X">X</a> |
+<a href="#Y">Y</a> | <a href="#Z">Z</a><br /><br /></p>
+
+<a name="A" id="A"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li><i>Acanthagenys</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li><i>Acanthiza</i>, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Acanthochaera</i>, <a href="#page174">174</a></li>
+<li><i>Acanthorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li>
+<li><i>Accipiter</i>, <a href="#page80">80</a></li>
+<li><i>Acridotheres</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Acrocephalus</i>, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li><i>Ægialitis</i>, <a href="#page44">44</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li>
+<li><i>Ægintha</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li>
+<li><i>Ægotheles</i>, <a href="#page104">104</a></li>
+<li><i>Aerocharidae</i>, <a href="#page149">149</a></li>
+<li><i>Æstrelata</i>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a></li>
+<li><i>Aidemosyne</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li>
+<li>Alarm-Bird, <a href="#page43">43</a></li>
+<li><i>Alauda</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li><i>Alaudidae</i>, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page177q"><i>177</i></a></li>
+<li>Albatross, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page33q"><i>33</i></a>, <a href="#page34q"><i>34</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Alcedinidae</i>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li>
+<li><i>Alcidae</i>, <a href="#page33">33</a></li>
+<li><i>Alcyone</i>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li>
+<li><i>Ampelidae</i>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li>
+<li><i>Amytornis</i>, <a href="#page146">146</a></li>
+<li><i>Anas</i>, <a href="#page65">65</a></li>
+<li><i>Anatidae</i>, <a href="#page62">62</a></li>
+<li><i>Ancylochilus</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li><i>Anellobia</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li><i>Anhinga</i>, <a href="#page70">70</a></li>
+<li><i>Anseranas</i>, <a href="#page63">63</a></li>
+<li>Anteater, Spiny, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Anthus</i>, <a href="#page176">176</a></li>
+<li><i>Antigone</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li>Ant-thrushes, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li>Antwrens, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li><i>Aphelocephala</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a></li>
+<li>Apostle-Bird, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page147qz"><i>147</i></a>,
+<a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Aprosmictus</i>, <a href="#page93">93</a></li>
+<li><i>Apterygidae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li>
+<li><i>Apteryx</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Aramidae</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li><i>Ardeidae</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li><i>Ardetta</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+<li><i>Arenaria</i>, <a href="#page42">42</a></li>
+<li><i>Artamidae</i>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li>
+<li><i>Artamus</i>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li>
+<li><i>Astur</i>, <a href="#page73">73</a></li>
+<li>Atlantic O., <a href="#page26q"><i>26</i></a>, <a href="#page33q"><i>33</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Atrichornithidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li>
+<li>Audubon Society, <a href="#page114q"><i>114</i></a></li>
+<li>Auk, <a href="#page33">33</a></li>
+<li><i>Aves</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li>
+<li>Avocet, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page47q"><i>47</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Aythya</i>, <a href="#page67">67</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="B" id="B"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Babbler, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page130q"><i>130</i></a>, <a href="#page176q"><i>176</i></a></li>
+<li>Babbling-Thrush, <a href="#page128">128</a></li>
+<li><i>Balaenicipitidae</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li>Bald-Coot, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li>Bali, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a>, <a href="#page168q"><i>168</i></a></li>
+<li>Ballyhead, <a href="#page133">133</a></li>
+<li>Banana-Bird, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li>Barbet, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a></li>
+<li>Barker, <a href="#page130">130</a></li>
+<li>Bark-pecker, <a href="#page153">153</a></li>
+<li>Barley-Bird, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li><i>Barnardius</i>, <a href="#page101">101</a></li>
+<li>Barn Owl, <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page87">87</a>, <a href="#page85q"><i>85</i></a></li>
+<li>Barwing, <a href="#page67">67</a></li>
+<li>Bass St., <a href="#page154q"><i>154</i></a>, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li>
+<li>Bat, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page166q"><i>166</i></a></li>
+<li>Beach-Bird, <a href="#page42">42</a></li>
+<li>Bee-eater, <a href="#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page106q"><i>106</i></a></li>
+<li>Bell-Bird, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page151q"><i>151</i></a>, <a href="#page174q"><i>174</i></a></li>
+<li>Bell-Magpie, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page12q"><i>12</i></a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a>,
+<a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a>, <a href="#page187qz"><i>187</i></a></li>
+<li>Bell-Miner, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page174q"><i>174</i></a></li>
+<li>Bird Day, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page119q"><i>119</i></a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li>
+<li>Birds of Paradise, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page12q"><i>12</i></a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a>, <a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li>
+<li>Birds of Prey, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page71qz"><i>71</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a>,
+<a href="#page84q"><i>84</i></a>, <a href="#page87q"><i>87</i></a></li>
+<li>Bittern, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Biziura</i>, <a href="#page67">67</a></li>
+<li>Blackbird, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li>
+<li>Blackcap, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page168">168</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page193" id="page193"></a>193</span></li>
+<li>Bleater, <a href="#page50">50</a></li>
+<li>Blight-Bird, <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li>
+<li>Blood-Bird, <a href="#page169">169</a></li>
+<li>Blood Tit (e), <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>Blue-Bird, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page146q"><i>146</i></a></li>
+<li>Blue-Bonnet,  <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a>, <a href="#page99q"><i>99</i></a></li>
+<li>Bluecap, <a href="#page144">144</a></li>
+<li>Blue-eye, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page176q"><i>176</i></a></li>
+<li>Blue-Head, <a href="#page144">144</a></li>
+<li>Blue Mountain, <a href="#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page90q"><i>90</i></a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li>
+<li>Blue-Tit, <a href="#page144">144</a></li>
+<li>Bluewing, <a href="#page66">66</a></li>
+<li>Blue-Wren, <a href="#page144">144</a></li>
+<li>Boatswain-Bird, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li>Bobolink, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li>
+<li>Bob-White, <a href="#page14">14</a></li>
+<li>Boobook Owl, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page85q"><i>85</i></a>, <a href="#page104q"><i>104</i></a></li>
+<li>Booby, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page70q"><i>70</i></a></li>
+<li>Boomer, <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+<li><i>Botaurus</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+<li>Bower-Birds, <a href="#page187b">187</a>, <a href="#page188a">188</a>, <a href="#page12q"><i>12</i></a>, <a href="#page185q"><i>185</i></a>,
+<a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li>
+<li>Brain-fever Bird, <a href="#page108">109</a>, <a href="#page110q"><i>110</i></a></li>
+<li>Bristle Bird, <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li>
+<li>Broadbill, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li>Broad-tails, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li>
+<li>Brolga, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li>Brownhead, <a href="#page67">67</a></li>
+<li>Brush-Turkey, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Bubonidae</i>, <a href="#page85">85</a></li>
+<li><i>Bucconidae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li><i>Bucerotidae</i>, <a href="#page106">106</a></li>
+<li>Budgerigar, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page100q"><i>100</i></a></li>
+<li>Bulbul, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a></li>
+<li>Bulla-Bulla, <a href="#page101">101</a></li>
+<li>Bull-Bird, <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+<li>Bullfinch, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li>Bully, <a href="#page28">28</a></li>
+<li>Bunting, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li>Bunyip, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Buphagidae</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Burhinus</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li>Bush-Lark, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page177q"><i>177</i></a></li>
+<li>Bushman's Clock, <a href="#page105">105</a></li>
+<li>Bush-Warbler, <a href="#page124">124</a></li>
+<li>Bustard, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page51q"><i>51</i></a>, <a href="#page52q"><i>52</i></a></li>
+<li>Bustard Quail, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page17qz"><i>17</i></a>, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a></li>
+<li>Butcher-Bird, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page150q"><i>150</i></a></li>
+<li>Button Quail, <a href="#page15">15</a></li>
+<li>Buzzard, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="C" id="C"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Cabbage-Bird, <a href="#page188a">188</a></li>
+<li><i>Cacatua</i>, <a href="#page91">91</a></li>
+<li><i>Cacatuidae</i>, <a href="#page89">89</a></li>
+<li>Cackler, <a href="#page130">130</a></li>
+<li><i>Cacomantis</i>, <a href="#page109">109</a></li>
+<li><i>Calamanthus</i>, <a href="#page131">131</a></li>
+<li>Caley, <a href="#page149q"><i>149q</i></a></li>
+<li>Calico-Bird, <a href="#page42">42</a></li>
+<li><i>Calidris</i>, <a href="#page48">48</a></li>
+<li><i>Callocephalum</i>, <a href="#page91">91</a></li>
+<li><i>Calopsittacus</i>, <a href="#page93">93</a></li>
+<li><i>Calyptorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page89">89</a></li>
+<li>Campophaga, <a href="#page127">127</a></li>
+<li><i>Campophagidae</i>, <a href="#page126">126</a></li>
+<li>Canary, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a>,
+<a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a>, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li>
+<li>Cape Barren Is., <a href="#page32q"><i>32</i></a></li>
+<li>Cape Petrel, <a href="#page29">29</a></li>
+<li>Cape Pigeon, <a href="#page29">29</a></li>
+<li>Capercailly, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li>Cape Sheep, <a href="#page31">31</a></li>
+<li><i>Capitonidae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li><i>Caprimulgidae</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li>Cardinal, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li><i>Carduelis</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li><i>Cariamidae</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li><i>Carinatae</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a>, <a href="#page14q"><i>14</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Carphibis</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li>
+<li>Carr Goose, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li>
+<li><i>Casarca</i>, <a href="#page65">65</a></li>
+<li>Cassowary, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Casuariidae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li>
+<li><i>Catamblyrhynchidae</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li><i>Catarrhactes</i>, <a href="#page25b">25</a></li>
+<li>Catbird, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page187b">187</a>, <a href="#page131q"><i>131</i></a></li>
+<li>Caterpillar-eater, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page127q"><i>127</i></a>,
+<a href="#page128q"><i>128</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Cathartidae</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li><i>Cerchneis</i>, <a href="#page83">83</a></li>
+<li><i>Cereopsis</i>, <a href="#page63">63</a></li>
+<li><i>Certhiidae</i>, <a href="#page154">154</a></li>
+<li><i>Certhionyx</i>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li>
+<li><i>Chaetura</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li>Chaffinch, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li><i>Chalcococcyx</i>, <a href="#page110">110</a></li>
+<li><i>Chalcophaps</i>, <a href="#page17">17</a></li>
+<li><i>Chamaeidae</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a></li>
+<li>Channel-bill, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page111q"><i>111</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Charadriidae</i>, <a href="#page42">42</a></li>
+<li><i>Charadrius</i>, <a href="#page44">44</a></li>
+<li>Chat, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li>
+<li>Chatterer, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a></li>
+<li><i>Chelidon</i>, <a href="#page120">120</a></li>
+<li><i>Chenonetta</i>, <a href="#page63">63</a></li>
+<li><i>Chenopsis</i>, <a href="#page62">62</a></li>
+<li><i>Cheramoeca</i>, <a href="#page121">121</a></li>
+<li>Cherry-eater, <a href="#page173">173</a></li>
+<li>Cherry-Hawk, <a href="#page127">127</a></li>
+<li><i>Chibia</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li>Chickadee, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li>
+<li>Chicken-Hawk, <a href="#page73">73</a></li>
+<li>Chickoowee, <a href="#page172">172</a></li>
+<li>Chick-up, <a href="#page171">171</a></li>
+<li>Chiffchaff, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li><i>Chionididae</i>, <a href="#page42">42</a></li>
+<li><i>Chlamydera</i>, <a href="#page188a">188</a></li>
+<li>Chough, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page147qz"><i>147</i></a>, <a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;(Br.), <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Chthonicola</i>, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>Chuck-e-chuc, <a href="#page167">167</a></li>
+<li><i>Ciconiidae</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li><i>Cinclidae</i>, <a href="#page132">132</a></li>
+<li><i>Cincloramphus</i>, <a href="#page131">131</a></li>
+<li><i>Cinclosoma</i>, <a href="#page128">128</a></li>
+<li><i>Circus</i>, <a href="#page72">72</a></li>
+<li><i>Cisticola</i>, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page134qz"><i>134</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Cladorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li>
+<li><i>Climacteris</i>, <a href="#page154">154</a></li>
+<li>Clipper, <a href="#page133">133</a></li>
+<li>Coachwhip-Bird, <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page130q"><i>130</i></a></li>
+<li>Cobbler, <a href="#page45">45</a></li>
+<li>Cobbler's Awl, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li>
+<li><i>Coccyges</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a></li>
+<li>Cockatiel, <a href="#page93">93</a></li>
+<li>Cockatoo, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page88q"><i>88</i></a>, <a href="#page89q"><i>89</i></a>,
+<a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a>,
+</li>
+<li>Cockatoo-Parrot, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li>
+<li>Cocktail, <a href="#page144">144</a></li>
+<li>Codlin-Moth-eater, <a href="#page130">130</a></li>
+<li><i>Coerebidae</i>, <a href="#page178">178</a></li>
+<li><i>Coliidae</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a></li>
+<li><i>Colluricincla</i>, <a href="#page149">149</a></li>
+<li>Coloration&mdash;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page194" id="page194"></a>194</span>
+  <ul class="index1"><li>Advertizing, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li>
+  <li>Protective, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li>
+  <li>Recognition, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li>
+  <li>Warning, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Columbidae</i>, <a href="#page17">17</a></li>
+<li><i>Colymbidae</i>, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li>
+<li>Condor, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li><i>Conophagidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li>Cooers, <a href="#page21qz"><i>21</i></a>, <a href="#page24qz"><i>24</i></a></li>
+<li>Cookaycock, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li>Coot, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Coraciidae</i>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li>
+<li><i>Coracina</i>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li>
+<li><i>Corcorax</i>, <a href="#page189">189</a></li>
+<li>Corella, <a href="#page93">93</a></li>
+<li>Cormorant, <a href="#page68">68</a>, <a href="#page68q"><i>68</i></a></li>
+<li>Corn-Bird, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>Corn-Crake, <a href="#page18b">18</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Corone</i>, <a href="#page188b">188</a></li>
+<li><i>Corvidae</i>, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Corvus</i>, <a href="#page188b">188</a></li>
+<li>Cotingas, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li><i>Cotingidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li><i>Coturnix</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li>Courlan, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li>Courser, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li>Cowbird, <a href="#page179">179</a></li>
+<li>Crab-Plover, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li><i>Cracidae</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li><i>Cracticus</i>, <a href="#page149">149</a></li>
+<li>Crake, <a href="#page18b">18</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li>
+<li>Crane, <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page52qz"><i>52</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li>
+<li>Cranky Fan, <a href="#page124">124</a></li>
+<li>Creeper, <a href="#page154">154</a>, <a href="#page154q"><i>154</i></a></li>
+<li>Crossbill, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li>Crow, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page12q"><i>12</i></a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" White, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page150q"><i>150</i></a></li>
+<li>Crow-Shrike, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a></li>
+<li>Cuckoo, <a href="#page108">108</a>-111, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page85q"><i>85</i></a>, <a href="#page87q"><i>87</i></a>,
+<a href="#page109qz"><i>109</i></a>, <a href="#page112q"><i>112</i></a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li>
+<li>Cuckoo-Shrike, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page126qz"><i>126</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Cuculidae</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a></li>
+<li><i>Cuculus</i>, <a href="#page109">109</a></li>
+<li>Curassow, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li>Curlew, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page49q"><i>49</i></a>, <a href="#page50q"><i>50</i></a></li>
+<li>Curlew, Black, <a href="#page53">53</a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;Pygmy, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;-Sandpiper, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;-Stint, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;Stone, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page50q"><i>50</i></a></li>
+<li>Currawong, <a href="#page189">189</a></li>
+<li><i>Cursoriidae</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li>Cutthroat, <a href="#page151">151</a></li>
+<li><i>Cyclopsittacidae</i>, <a href="#page89">89</a></li>
+<li><i>Cymodroma</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a></li>
+<li><i>Cypselidae</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li><i>Cypselus</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="D" id="D"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Dabchick, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li>
+<li><i>Dacelo</i>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li>
+<li><i>Daption</i>, <a href="#page29">29</a></li>
+<li>Darter, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page69q"><i>69</i></a></li>
+<li>Daw, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li>
+<li>Deer, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Demiegretta</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+<li><i>Dendrocolaptidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li><i>Dendrocygna</i>, <a href="#page63">63</a></li>
+<li>Devil-Bird, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a></li>
+<li>Diamond-Bird, <a href="#page167">167</a>, <a href="#page166q"><i>166</i></a></li>
+<li>Diamond Dyke, <a href="#page167">167</a></li>
+<li><i>Dicaeidae</i>, <a href="#page166">166</a></li>
+<li><i>Dicaeum</i>, <a href="#page166">166</a></li>
+<li><i>Dicruridae</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Dicruropsis</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Dicrurus</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Didunculidae</i>, <a href="#page18a">18</a></li>
+<li>Dimorphism, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li>Dinornis, <a href="#page84q"><i>84</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Diomedea</i>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li>
+<li><i>Diomedeidae</i>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li>
+<li>Dipper, <a href="#page132">132</a></li>
+<li>Dishwasher (e), <a href="#page125">125</a></li>
+<li>Diver, <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25a">25</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page24qz"><i>24</i></a>,
+<a href="#page69q"><i>69</i></a></li>
+<li>Diving-Petrel, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page32q"><i>32</i></a></li>
+<li>Dog-Bird, <a href="#page130">130</a></li>
+<li>Dollar Bird, <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page105q"><i>105</i></a></li>
+<li>Dottrel, <a href="#page42">42</a>-45, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page48q"><i>48</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li>
+<li>Dove, <a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page21qz"><i>21</i></a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a></li>
+<li>Dove-Petrel, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page27q"><i>27</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Drepanididae</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li><i>Dromadidae</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li><i>Dromaeidae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li>
+<li><i>Dromaius</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li>
+<li>Drongo, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Drymodes</i>, <a href="#page129">129</a></li>
+<li>Dryweather-Bird, <a href="#page53">53</a></li>
+<li>Duck, <a href="#page63">63</a>-67, <a href="#page62q"><i>62</i></a><i>-67</i></li>
+<li>Dunlin, Little, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li>Durbaner, <a href="#page149">149</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="E" id="E"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Eagle,  <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;Bald (Amer.), <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page26q"><i>26</i></a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>,
+<a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;Golden, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>,
+<a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;Sea, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>,
+<a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a>, <a href="#page84q"><i>84</i></a></li>
+<li>Eaglehawk (e), <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Echidna</i>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Edolisoma</i>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li>
+<li>Egg (size), <a href="#page16q"><i>16</i></a></li>
+<li>Egg-Bird, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page36q"><i>36</i></a></li>
+<li>Egret, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page54q"><i>54</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li>
+<li>Egypt, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href="#page53qz"><i>53</i></a></li>
+<li>Eider Duck, <a href="#page65q"><i>65</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Elanus</i>, <a href="#page82">82</a></li>
+<li>Emu, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a>, <a href="#page15q"><i>15</i></a>,
+<a href="#page109q"><i>109</i></a>, <a href="#page187qz"><i>187</i></a></li>
+<li>Emu-Wren, <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Entomophila</i>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li>
+<li><i>Entomyzon</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li><i>Eopsaltria</i>, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page152q"><i>152</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Epthianura</i>, <a href="#page133">133</a></li>
+<li><i>Erismatura</i>, <a href="#page67">67</a></li>
+<li><i>Erolia</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li><i>Erythrogonys</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a></li>
+<li><i>Eudyptula</i>, <a href="#page25b">25</a></li>
+<li><i>Eulabetidae</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Euphema</i>, <a href="#page103">103</a></li>
+<li><i>Eupodotis</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li><i>Eurostopus</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li><i>Eurylaemidae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li><i>Eurypygidae</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li><i>Eurystomus</i>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li>
+<li><i>Eutolmaëtus</i>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li>
+<li><i>Excalfactoria</i>, <a href="#page14">14</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="F" id="F"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li><i>Falco</i>, <a href="#page82">82</a></li>
+<li>Falcon, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Falconidae</i>, <a href="#page72">72</a></li>
+<li>Falcon-Shrike, <a href="#page150">150</a></li>
+<li><i>Falcunculus</i>, <a href="#page150">150</a></li>
+<li>Fantail, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page123q"><i>123</i></a></li>
+<li>Fantail-Warbler, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page134qz"><i>134</i></a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li>
+<li>Farmer's Friend, <a href="#page53">53</a></li>
+<li>Fern-Owl, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li>Field-Lark, Little, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>Field-Wren, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page132q"><i>132</i></a></li>
+<li>Fig-Bird, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li>
+<li>Fig-Parrot, <a href="#page89">89</a></li>
+<li>Finch, <a href="#page177">177</a>-179, <a href="#page178q"><i>178</i></a><i>-180</i>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page195" id="page195"></a>195</span></li>
+<li>Finfoot, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li>Firetail, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li>
+<li>Fish Hawk, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a></li>
+<li>Flamingoes, <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+<li>Flickers, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li>Flight-Bird, <a href="#page103">103</a></li>
+<li>Flood-Bird, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li>Flower-Pecker, <a href="#page166">166</a></li>
+<li>Fluke, <a href="#page148q"><i>148</i></a></li>
+<li>Flute-Bird, <a href="#page149">149</a></li>
+<li>Flycatcher, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page121">121</a>-125, <a href="#page121q"><i>121</i></a><i>-123</i></li>
+<li>Flyeater, <a href="#page124">124</a></li>
+<li>Flying Coachman, <a href="#page170">170</a></li>
+<li>Flying Phalanger, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a></li>
+<li>Flysnapper, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page125">125</a></li>
+<li><i>Formicariidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li>Four-o'clock, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li>Fowl, Domestic, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Fregata</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li><i>Fregatidae</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li><i>Fregetta</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a></li>
+<li>Friar-Bird, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a>, <a href="#page176q"><i>176</i></a></li>
+<li>Frigate Bird, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page70q"><i>70</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Fringillidae</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li>
+<li>Frog-Bird, <a href="#page125">125</a></li>
+<li>Frogmouth, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page86q"><i>86</i></a>, <a href="#page104q"><i>104</i></a></li>
+<li>Fruit-Pigeon, <a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href="#page21qz"><i>21</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Fulica</i>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li>Fulmar, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page27q"><i>27</i></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="G" id="G"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li><i>Gabianus</i>, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li>Galah, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page92">92</a>, <a href="#page92q"><i>92</i></a>, <a href="#page93q"><i>93</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Galbulidae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li><i>Gallinago</i>, <a href="#page50">50</a></li>
+<li><i>Gallinula</i>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li>Gallinule, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purple, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li>
+<li>Gang-gang, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page92q"><i>92</i></a></li>
+<li>Gannet, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page70q"><i>70</i></a></li>
+<li>Gar, <a href="#page133">133</a></li>
+<li>Gardener-Bird, <a href="#page187b">187</a></li>
+<li>Garefowl, <a href="#page33">33</a></li>
+<li><i>Garrodia</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a></li>
+<li><i>Garzetta</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+<li>Gaunt, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li>
+<li><i>Gaviidae</i>, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li>
+<li><i>Gelochelidon</i>, <a href="#page35">35</a></li>
+<li><i>Geobasileus</i>, <a href="#page143">143</a></li>
+<li><i>Geopelia</i>, <a href="#page17">17</a></li>
+<li><i>Geopsittacus</i>, <a href="#page103">103</a></li>
+<li><i>Gerygone</i>, <a href="#page124">124</a></li>
+<li>Gill-Bird, <a href="#page174">174</a></li>
+<li><i>Glareolidae</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li>Glass-eye, <a href="#page155">155</a></li>
+<li><i>Gliciphila</i>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li>
+<li><i>Glossopsittacus</i>, <a href="#page89">89</a></li>
+<li><i>Glottis</i>, <a href="#page47">47</a></li>
+<li>Glutton, <a href="#page29">29</a></li>
+<li>Goatsucker, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page107q"><i>107</i></a></li>
+<li>Goaway, <a href="#page131">131</a></li>
+<li>Godwit, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page49q"><i>49</i></a></li>
+<li>Golden Robin, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li>
+<li>Goldfinch, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page178q"><i>178</i></a></li>
+<li>Goose, <a href="#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page63">63</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page62q"><i>62</i></a></li>
+<li>Goshawk, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li>
+<li>Gould League, <a href="#page114q"><i>114</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Gouridae</i>, <a href="#page18a">18</a></li>
+<li>Grackle, <a href="#page179">179</a></li>
+<li><i>Grallina</i>, <a href="#page148">148</a></li>
+<li>Grape-eater, <a href="#page155">155</a></li>
+<li>Grass-Bird, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>Grasshopper-Hawk, <a href="#page109">109</a></li>
+<li>Grass-Warbler, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>Grass-Wren, <a href="#page146">146</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li>
+<li>Graucalus, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li>
+<li><i>Graucalus</i>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li>
+<li>Grebe, <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25a">25</a>, <a href="#page24qz"><i>24</i></a></li>
+<li>Greenfinch, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page178q"><i>178</i></a></li>
+<li>Greenie, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href="#page169q"><i>169</i></a>, <a href="#page174q"><i>174</i></a></li>
+<li>Green Keet, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page90q"><i>90</i></a>, <a href="#page100q"><i>100</i></a></li>
+<li>Green Leek, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page90q"><i>90</i></a>, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li>
+<li>Green Leek (e), <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li>
+<li>Greenlet, <a href="#page147">147</a></li>
+<li>Greenshank, <a href="#page47">47</a></li>
+<li>Grinder, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page126q"><i>126</i></a></li>
+<li>Grosbeak, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li>Ground-Bird, <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page129q"><i>129</i></a></li>
+<li>Ground-Diamond, <a href="#page167">167</a></li>
+<li>Ground-Dove, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page128">128</a></li>
+<li>Ground-Lark, <a href="#page176">176</a> <a href="#page176q"><i>176</i></a></li>
+<li>Ground-Pigeon, <a href="#page17">17</a></li>
+<li>Ground-Thrush, <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a></li>
+<li>Ground-Wren, <a href="#page129">129</a></li>
+<li>Grouse, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li><i>Gruidae</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li>Guacharo, <a href="#page104">104</a></li>
+<li>Guan, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li>Guillemot, <a href="#page33">33</a></li>
+<li>Guinea-a-week, <a href="#page129">129</a></li>
+<li>Guinea-Fowl, <a href="#page14">14</a></li>
+<li>Gull, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page35qz"><i>35</i></a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>,
+<a href="#page40q"><i>40</i></a>, <a href="#page41q"><i>41</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Gymnorhina</i>, <a href="#page149">149</a></li>
+<li><i>Gypoictinia</i>, <a href="#page82">82</a></li>
+<li>Gyrfalcon, <a href="#page83">83</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="H" id="H"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li><i>Haematopus</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a></li>
+<li>Hakoakoa, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li><i>Halcyon</i>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li>
+<li><i>Haliaëtus</i>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li>
+<li><i>Haliastur</i>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li>
+<li><i>Halobaena</i>, <a href="#page29">29</a></li>
+<li>Hammer-Head, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li>Happy-Family, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page131q"><i>131</i></a></li>
+<li>Happy Jack, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page131q"><i>131</i></a></li>
+<li>Harbinger of Spring, <a href="#page109">109</a></li>
+<li>Hardhead, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page65q"><i>65</i></a></li>
+<li>Harrier, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li>
+<li>Harvest-Bird, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a></li>
+<li>Hawk, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>,
+<a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a>, <a href="#page87q"><i>87</i></a></li>
+<li>Hawk Owl, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page86q"><i>86</i></a></li>
+<li>Headache-Bird, <a href="#page166q"><i>166</i></a></li>
+<li>Hedge-Sparrow, <a href="#page132">132</a></li>
+<li><i>Heliornithidae</i>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li>Hemipode, <a href="#page15">15</a></li>
+<li><i>Herodias</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li>Heron, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page53qz"><i>53</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Heteropygia</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li><i>Hieracidea</i>, <a href="#page83">83</a></li>
+<li><i>Himantopus</i>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li>
+<li><i>Hirundinidae</i>, <a href="#page120">120</a></li>
+<li><i>Hirundo</i>, <a href="#page120">120</a></li>
+<li>Hoactzin, <a href="#page18a">18</a></li>
+<li>Hobby, <a href="#page83">83</a></li>
+<li>Honey-Bird, <a href="#page168">168</a></li>
+<li>Honey-Creeper, <a href="#page178">178</a></li>
+<li>Honey-eater, <a href="#page168">168</a>-175, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a>, <a href="#page126qz"><i>126</i></a>,
+<a href="#page168q"><i>168</i></a><i>-176</i>, <a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li>
+<li>Honey-guide, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li>Honey-sucker, <a href="#page168">168</a></li>
+<li>Hoopoe, <a href="#page106">106</a></li>
+<li>Hopper, <a href="#page130">130</a></li>
+<li>Houtman Abrolhos, <a href="#page36q"><i>36</i></a></li>
+<li>Humming-Birds, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page169">169</a>, <a href="#page170">170</a>, <a href="#page109q"><i>109</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Hydrochelidon</i>, <a href="#page34">34</a></li>
+<li><i>Hydroprogne</i>, <a href="#page35">35</a></li>
+<li><i>Hylacola</i>, <a href="#page129">129</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page196" id="page196"></a>196</span></li>
+<li><i>Hypotaenidia</i>, <a href="#page18b">18</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="I" id="I"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li><i>Ibididae</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li>
+<li><i>Ibis</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page53qz"><i>53</i></a>, <a href="#page54q"><i>54</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Icteridae</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Indicatoridae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li><i>Irrisoridae</i>, <a href="#page106">106</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="J" id="J"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Jabiru, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page54q"><i>54</i></a></li>
+<li>Jacamar, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li>Jacana, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li>Jackass, <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page106q"><i>106</i></a></li>
+<li>Jackdaw, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li>
+<li>Jacky Martin, <a href="#page147">147</a></li>
+<li>Jacky Winter, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page122q"><i>122</i></a></li>
+<li>Jaeger, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li>Jay, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page126qz"><i>126</i></a>,
+<a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li>
+<li>Jenny-Wren, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>Jerryang, <a href="#page89">89</a></li>
+<li>Jumper, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="K" id="K"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Kagu, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li>Kahu, <a href="#page73">73</a></li>
+<li>Kaka, <a href="#page88">88</a></li>
+<li>Kaoriki, <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+<li>Karakahia, <a href="#page67">67</a></li>
+<li>Kea, <a href="#page88">88</a></li>
+<li>Kelp-Pigeon, <a href="#page42">42</a></li>
+<li>Kestrel, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page73q"><i>73</i></a>, <a href="#page80q"><i>80</i></a>, <a href="#page81q"><i>81</i></a></li>
+<li>Kingbird, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li>King-Crow, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li>Kingfisher, <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>,
+<a href="#page105q"><i>105</i></a>, <a href="#page106q"><i>106</i></a>, <a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li>
+<li>Kinglet, <a href="#page153">153</a></li>
+<li>Kirombo, <a href="#page104">104</a></li>
+<li>Kite, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page79q"><i>79</i></a></li>
+<li>Kiwi, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a></li>
+<li>Knot, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li>Knot-Snipe, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li>Kookaburra, <a href="#page105">105</a></li>
+<li>Kuaka, <a href="#page47">47</a></li>
+<li>Kuia, <a href="#page28">28</a></li>
+<li>Kuruwhengi, <a href="#page66">66</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="La" id="La"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li><i>Lalage</i>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li>
+<li>Landrail, <a href="#page18b">18</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li>
+<li>Land-Snipe, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li>Land-Wagtail, <a href="#page124">124</a></li>
+<li><i>Laniidae</i>, <a href="#page149">149</a></li>
+<li>Lapwing (e), <a href="#page127">127</a></li>
+<li><i>Laridae</i>, <a href="#page34">34</a></li>
+<li>Lark, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Larus</i>, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li>Leatherhead, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li><i>Leipoa</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li><i>Leptosomatidae</i>, <a href="#page104">104</a></li>
+<li>Letter-Bird, <a href="#page53">53</a></li>
+<li><i>Leucosarcia</i>, <a href="#page18a">18</a>, <a href="#page21qz"><i>21</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Licmetis</i>, <a href="#page93">93</a></li>
+<li><i>Ligurinus</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li><i>Limosa</i>, <a href="#page47">47</a></li>
+<li>Limpkin, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li>Linnet, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Lipoa</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li><i>Lobivanellus</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a></li>
+<li>Logger-Head, <a href="#page66q"><i>66</i></a></li>
+<li>Lombok, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a></li>
+<li>Longbill, <a href="#page50">50</a></li>
+<li>Longshanks, <a href="#page45">45</a></li>
+<li>Loon, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li>
+<li><i>Lophaethyia</i>, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li>
+<li><i>Lophoictinia</i>, <a href="#page82">82</a></li>
+<li><i>Lopholaimus</i>, <a href="#page16">16</a></li>
+<li><i>Loriidae</i>, <a href="#page88">88</a></li>
+<li>Lorikeet, <a href="#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page89q"><i>89</i></a>,
+<a href="#page90q"><i>90</i></a>, <a href="#page99q"><i>99</i></a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li>
+<li>Lory, <a href="#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a></li>
+<li>Love-Bird, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page100q"><i>100</i></a></li>
+<li>Lowan, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li>Lowry, <a href="#page100">100</a></li>
+<li>Lyrebird, <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page112qz"><i>112</i></a>, <a href="#page113q"><i>113</i></a>,
+<a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="M" id="M"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Macaw, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page89q"><i>89</i></a></li>
+<li>Macquarie-Hen, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li><i>Macronectes</i>, <a href="#page29">29</a></li>
+<li><i>Macropterygidae</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li>Magpie, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page150q"><i>150</i></a>, <a href="#page151q"><i>151</i></a>,
+<a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Br., <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page151q"><i>151</i></a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li>
+<li>Magpie-Lark, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page147qz"><i>147</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Majaqueus</i>, <a href="#page28">28</a></li>
+<li>Major Mitchell, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page93q"><i>93</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Malacorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page67">67</a></li>
+<li>Mallard, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page63q"><i>63</i></a></li>
+<li>Mallee-Fowl, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a></li>
+<li>Mannikin, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li>Man-of-war-bird, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li><i>Manorina</i>, <a href="#page173">173</a></li>
+<li>Marsh-Tringa, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li>Marsh-Warbler, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>Martin, <a href="#page120">120</a>, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a>, <a href="#page121q"><i>121</i></a>,
+<a href="#page146q"><i>146</i></a></li>
+<li>Matuku, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li>Maycock, <a href="#page43">43</a></li>
+<li>Mayfowl, <a href="#page46">46</a></li>
+<li><i>Megalestris</i>, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li><i>Megalurus</i>, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>Megapode, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Megapodiidae</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li><i>Meleagridae</i>, <a href="#page14">14</a></li>
+<li><i>Meliornis</i>, <a href="#page172">172</a></li>
+<li><i>Meliphaga</i>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li>
+<li><i>Meliphagidae</i>, <a href="#page168">168</a></li>
+<li><i>Melithreptus</i>, <a href="#page168">168</a></li>
+<li><i>Melopsittacus</i>, <a href="#page103">103</a></li>
+<li><i>Menura</i>, <a href="#page112">112</a></li>
+<li><i>Menuridae</i>, <a href="#page112">112</a></li>
+<li><i>Meropidae</i>, <a href="#page106">106</a></li>
+<li><i>Merops</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li><i>Merula</i>, <a href="#page132">132</a></li>
+<li><i>Mesocalius</i>, <a href="#page109">109</a></li>
+<li><i>Mesoenatidae</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li><i>Mesophoyx</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li><i>Mesoscolopax</i>, <a href="#page46">46</a></li>
+<li>Micky, <a href="#page173">173</a></li>
+<li><i>Microeca</i>, <a href="#page121">121</a></li>
+<li><i>Microtribonyx</i> see <i>Tribonyx</i>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li><i>Milvus</i>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li>
+<li><i>Mimetes</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Mimidae</i>, <a href="#page132">132</a></li>
+<li>Miner, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page169q"><i>169</i></a>, <a href="#page174q"><i>174</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Mirafra</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li>Mistletoe-Bird, <a href="#page166">166</a></li>
+<li>Mistletoe-Swallow, <a href="#page166">166</a>, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Mniotiltidae</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li>Mocker, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li>Mocking-Bird, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page114q"><i>114</i></a></li>
+<li>Mock Regent Bird, <a href="#page170">170</a></li>
+<li>Mollymawk, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a></li>
+<li><i>Momotidae</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li><i>Monarcha</i>, <a href="#page125">125</a></li>
+<li>Monk, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li>Monotremata, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a></li>
+<li>Moor-Hen, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li>
+<li>Mopoke, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page85q"><i>85</i></a>, <a href="#page86q"><i>86</i></a>, <a href="#page104q"><i>104</i></a></li>
+<li>Mormon-Wren, <a href="#page144">144</a></li>
+<li>Morning-Bird, <a href="#page125">125</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page197" id="page197"></a>197</span></li>
+<li><i>Motacillidae</i>, <a href="#page176">176</a></li>
+<li>Mother Carey's Chicken, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page30q"><i>30</i></a></li>
+<li>Mother Carey's Goose, <a href="#page29">29</a></li>
+<li>Moth-Owl, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li>Motmot, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li>Mound-builders, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a>, <a href="#page16q"><i>16</i></a>,
+<a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li>
+<li>Mourner, <a href="#page149">149</a></li>
+<li>Mouse-Bird, <a href="#page108">108</a></li>
+<li>Mud Island, <a href="#page30q"><i>30</i></a>, <a href="#page36q"><i>36</i></a></li>
+<li>Mudlark, <a href="#page148">148</a></li>
+<li>Murre, <a href="#page33">33</a></li>
+<li><i>Muscicapidae</i>, <a href="#page121">121</a></li>
+<li><i>Musophagidae</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a></li>
+<li>Mutton Bird, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page32q"><i>32</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e), <a href="#page174">174</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a></li>
+<li><i>Myiagra</i>, <a href="#page125">125</a></li>
+<li>Myna, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Myzantha</i>, <a href="#page173">173</a></li>
+<li><i>Myzomela</i>, <a href="#page169">169</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="N" id="N"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Native Bear, <a href="#page73q"><i>73</i></a></li>
+<li>Native Companion, <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page52qz"><i>52</i></a>, <a href="#page53q"><i>53</i></a></li>
+<li>Native-Hen, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page22q"><i>22</i></a></li>
+<li>Native Pheasant, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li>Nature-study, <a href="#page48q"><i>48</i></a>, <a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Nectariniidae</i>, <a href="#page168">168</a></li>
+<li>Nelly, <a href="#page29">29</a></li>
+<li><i>Neognathae</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page14q"><i>14</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Neophema</i>, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href="#page99q"><i>99</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Neositta</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a></li>
+<li>Nestor, <a href="#page88">88</a></li>
+<li><i>Nestoridae</i>, <a href="#page88">88</a></li>
+<li><i>Nettium</i>,<a href="#page65"> 65</a></li>
+<li>Night Hawk (e), <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page107q"><i>107</i></a>, <a href="#page108q"><i>108</i></a></li>
+<li>Night Heron, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page53qz"><i>53</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li>
+<li>Nightingale, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a></li>
+<li>Nightjar, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page107q"><i>107</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Ninox</i>, <a href="#page85">85</a></li>
+<li>Noddy, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page35qz"><i>35</i></a>, <a href="#page36q"><i>36</i></a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>,
+<a href="#page40q"><i>40</i></a></li>
+<li>North Pole, <a href="#page26q"><i>26</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Notophoyx</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li><i>Numenius</i>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li>
+<li><i>Numididae</i>, <a href="#page14">14</a></li>
+<li>Nun, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li>
+<li>Nutcracker, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li>
+<li>Nuthatch, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Nycticorax</i>,  <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="O" id="O"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li><i>Oceanites</i>, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page31q"><i>31</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Ochthodromus</i>, <a href="#page44">44</a></li>
+<li><i>Ocyphaps</i>, <a href="#page18a">18</a></li>
+<li><i>Odontophoridae</i>, <a href="#page14">14</a></li>
+<li><i>&OElig;dicnemidae</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li><i>&OElig;strelata (Æstrelata)</i></li>
+<li>Oil-Bird, <a href="#page104">104</a></li>
+<li>Olive, <a href="#page43">43</a></li>
+<li><i>Opisthocomidae</i>, <a href="#page18a">18</a></li>
+<li><i>Oreocichla</i>, <a href="#page133">133</a></li>
+<li><i>Oreoica</i>, <a href="#page151">151</a></li>
+<li>Organ-Bird, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page150q"><i>150</i></a></li>
+<li>Oriole, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Oriolidae</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Ornithorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a></li>
+<li>Osprey, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a>, <a href="#page72q"><i>72</i></a>, <a href="#page81q"><i>81</i></a>,
+<a href="#page84q"><i>84</i></a></li>
+<li>Ostrich, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a>, <a href="#page109q"><i>109</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Otididae</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li>Owl, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>, <a href="#page84qz"><i>84</i></a>, <a href="#page87q"><i>87</i></a></li>
+<li>Owlet Nightjar, <a href="#page104">104</a></li>
+<li>Owl-Parrot, <a href="#page103">103</a></li>
+<li>Oxpecker, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Oxyrhamphidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li>Oyster-catcher, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page46q"><i>46</i></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="P" id="P"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li><i>Pachycephala</i>, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page152q"><i>152</i></a></li>
+<li>Pacific O., <a href="#page26q"><i>26</i></a>, <a href="#page33q"><i>33</i></a></li>
+<li>Painted Lady, <a href="#page45">45</a></li>
+<li><i>Palaeognathae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page14q"><i>14</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Palamedeidae</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+<li><i>Pandion</i>, <a href="#page84">84</a></li>
+<li><i>Pandionidae</i>, <a href="#page84">84</a></li>
+<li>Panther-Bird, <a href="#page167q"><i>167</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Paradiseidae</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Paramythidae</i>, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li>Pardalote, <a href="#page167">167</a>, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a>, <a href="#page167q"><i>167</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Pardalotus</i>, <a href="#page167">167</a></li>
+<li>Parera, <a href="#page65">65</a></li>
+<li><i>Paridae</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li>
+<li>Parra, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li>Parrakeet, see Parrot</li>
+<li><i>Parridae</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li>Parrot, <a href="#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>-103, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page88q"><i>88</i></a><i>-101</i>,
+<a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li>
+<li>Partridge, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a></li>
+<li><i>Passer</i>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li><i>Passeres</i>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li>
+<li>Peafowl, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a></li>
+<li>Peary, <a href="#page26q"><i>26</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Pedionomus</i>, <a href="#page15">15</a></li>
+<li>Pee-wee, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page148q"><i>148</i></a></li>
+<li>Peewee Lark, <a href="#page127">127</a></li>
+<li>Peewit, <a href="#page149">148</a></li>
+<li><i>Pelagodroma</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page30q"><i>30</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Pelecanidae</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li><i>Pelecanoides</i>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li>
+<li><i>Pelecanoididae</i>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li>
+<li><i>Pelecanus</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li>Pelican, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page71q"><i>71</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Peltohyas</i>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li>
+<li>Penguins, <a href="#page25b">25</a>, <a href="#page25qz"><i>25</i></a>, <a href="#page26q"><i>26</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Penguinus</i>, <a href="#page25b">25</a></li>
+<li>Perching Birds, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Peristeridae</i>, <a href="#page17">17</a></li>
+<li>Peter-Peter, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page127q"><i>127</i></a></li>
+<li>Petrel, <a href="#page27">27</a>-31, <a href="#page27q"><i>27</i></a>, <a href="#page30q"><i>30</i></a><i>-39</i></li>
+<li><i>Petrochelidon</i>, <a href="#page121">121</a></li>
+<li><i>Petroica</i>, <a href="#page122">122</a></li>
+<li><i>Pezoporus</i>, <a href="#page103">103</a></li>
+<li><i>Phaëthontidae</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li><i>Phalacrocoracidae</i>, <a href="#page68">68</a></li>
+<li><i>Phalacrocorax</i>, <a href="#page68">68</a></li>
+<li><i>Phaps</i>, <a href="#page17">17</a></li>
+<li><i>Phasianidae</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li>Pheasant, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Philemon</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li><i>Philepittidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li>Phoebe, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li><i>Phoebetria</i>, <a href="#page33">33</a></li>
+<li><i>Phoenicopteridae</i>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+<li><i>Phytotomidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li>Picarian Birds, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page104q"><i>104</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Picidae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li>Pickwick, <a href="#page167">167</a></li>
+<li>Piculets, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li>Pigeon, <a href="#page16">16</a>-18, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a>, <a href="#page126q"><i>126</i></a>,
+<a href="#page127q"><i>127</i></a></li>
+<li>Pilot-Bird, <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page120q"><i>129</i></a></li>
+<li>Pimlico, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li>Pine-Bird, <a href="#page130">130</a></li>
+<li>Pintado, <a href="#page29">29</a></li>
+<li>Pintail, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li>Pipit, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a>, <a href="#page176q"><i>176</i></a></li>
+<li>Pipiwharauroa, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li><i>Pipridae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li><i>Pisobia</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li><i>Pitta</i>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Pittidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li>
+<li>Plantain-eater, <a href="#page108">108</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page198" id="page198"></a>198</span></li>
+<li>Plant-cutters, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li><i>Platalea</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li>
+<li><i>Plataleidae</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li>
+<li><i>Platibis</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li><i>Platycercus</i>, <a href="#page100">100</a></li>
+<li>Platypus, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Plectoramphus</i>, <a href="#page169">169</a></li>
+<li><i>Plegadis</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li>
+<li><i>Ploceidae</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Plotidae</i>, <a href="#page70">70</a></li>
+<li><i>Plotus</i>, <a href="#page70">70</a></li>
+<li>Plover, <a href="#page43">43</a>-45, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page42qz"><i>42</i></a>, <a href="#page46q"><i>46</i></a>,
+<a href="#page49q"><i>49</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a>, <a href="#page148q"><i>148</i></a></li>
+<li>Pluff, <a href="#page149">149</a></li>
+<li>Plumage, Eclipse, <a href="#page64q"><i>64</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Phase, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li><i>Podargidae</i>, <a href="#page104">104</a></li>
+<li><i>Podargus</i>, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page105q"><i>105</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Podiceps</i>, <a href="#page24">24</a></li>
+<li><i>Podicipedidae</i>, <a href="#page24">24</a></li>
+<li>Pohowera, <a href="#page44">44</a></li>
+<li><i>Polytelis</i>, <a href="#page93">93</a></li>
+<li><i>Pomatorhinus</i>, <a href="#page130">130</a></li>
+<li>Poor Soldier, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li><i>Porphyrio</i>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li>Port Egmont Hen, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li><i>Porzana</i>, <a href="#page18b">18</a></li>
+<li>Postboy, <a href="#page121">121</a></li>
+<li>Post-sitter, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page121q"><i>121</i></a></li>
+<li>Prairie-Fowl, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li>Pratincole, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page50q"><i>50</i></a></li>
+<li>Pretty Joey, <a href="#page127q"><i>127</i></a></li>
+<li>Priocella, <a href="#page28">28</a></li>
+<li><i>Priofinus</i>, <a href="#page28">28</a></li>
+<li>Prion, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li>
+<li><i>Prion</i>, <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li>
+<li><i>Prionopidae</i>, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page148q"><i>148</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Procellaria</i>, <a href="#page28">28</a></li>
+<li><i>Procellariidae</i>, <a href="#page26">26</a></li>
+<li><i>Procniatidae</i>, <a href="#page178">178</a></li>
+<li><i>Promeropidae</i>, <a href="#page168">168</a></li>
+<li>Promerops, <a href="#page168">168</a></li>
+<li><i>Psephotus</i>, <a href="#page101">101</a></li>
+<li><i>Pseudogerygone</i>, <a href="#page124">124</a></li>
+<li><i>Psittacidae</i>, <a href="#page93">93</a></li>
+<li><i>Psophiidae</i>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li><i>Psophodes</i>, <a href="#page129">129</a></li>
+<li>Ptarmigan, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li><i>Pteroclididae</i>, <a href="#page15">15</a></li>
+<li><i>Pteropodocys</i>, <a href="#page126">126</a></li>
+<li><i>Pteroptochidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li><i>Ptilonorhynchidae</i>, <a href="#page187b">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Ptilonorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page187b">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Ptilotis</i>, <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a></li>
+<li>Puff-Birds, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li>Puffin, <a href="#page33">33</a></li>
+<li><i>Puffinidae</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a></li>
+<li><i>Puffinus</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a></li>
+<li>Pugwall, <a href="#page148">148</a></li>
+<li>Pukeko, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li>Putoto, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li><i>Pycnonotidae</i>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li>
+<li><i>Pycnoptilus</i>, <a href="#page129">129</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="Q" id="Q"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Quail, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a>, <a href="#page17q"><i>17</i></a>,
+<a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a></li>
+<li>Quarrion, <a href="#page93">93</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="R" id="R"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Rabbit, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li>
+<li>Racehorse, <a href="#page66q"><i>66</i></a></li>
+<li>Rail, <a href="#page18b">18</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li>Rain-Bird, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a></li>
+<li>Rainbow Bird, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li><i>Rallidae</i>, <a href="#page18b">18</a></li>
+<li><i>Raptores</i>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Ratitae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a></li>
+<li>Ratite, <a href="#page52q"><i>52</i></a></li>
+<li>Raven, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a>, <a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a></li>
+<li>Razorbill, <a href="#page33">33</a></li>
+<li><i>Recurvirostra</i>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li>
+<li>Redbill, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page46q"><i>46</i></a></li>
+<li>Redbreast, <a href="#page122q"><i>122</i></a></li>
+<li>Redhead, <a href="#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li>
+<li>Redpoll, <a href="#page177">177</a></li>
+<li>Redstart, <a href="#page132">132</a></li>
+<li>Redthroat, <a href="#page143">143</a></li>
+<li>Redwing, <a href="#page179">179</a></li>
+<li>Reed-Bird, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-Lark, <a href="#page131">131</a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-Nightingale, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Warbler, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page134qz"><i>134</i></a></li>
+<li>Reef Heron, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a></li>
+<li>Regent-Bird, <a href="#page187b">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Regulidae</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a></li>
+<li><i>Rhamphastidae</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li>Rhea, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13q"><i>13</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Rheidae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li>
+<li>Rhinoceros-Bird, <a href="#page187a">187</a></li>
+<li><i>Rhinochetidae</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li>
+<li><i>Rhipidura</i>, <a href="#page124">124</a></li>
+<li><i>Rhynchaea</i>, <a href="#page50">50</a></li>
+<li>Riflebird, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li>
+<li>Ring Coachman, <a href="#page151">151</a></li>
+<li>Ringeye, <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a></li>
+<li>Ringlet, <a href="#page133">133</a></li>
+<li>Ringneck, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href="#page99q"><i>99</i></a></li>
+<li>Robin, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page122q"><i>122</i></a>, <a href="#page129q"><i>129</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Br.), <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page122q"><i>122</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Scrub), <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page129q"><i>129</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Shrike), <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page152q"><i>152</i></a></li>
+<li>Rock-Dove, <a href="#page17">17</a></li>
+<li>Rock-Pebbler, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li>
+<li>Rock-Pigeon, <a href="#page15">15</a></li>
+<li>Roller, <a href="#page105">105</a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Madagascar, <a href="#page104">104</a></li>
+<li>Rook, <a href="#page188b">188</a>, <a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a></li>
+<li>Rosella, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li>
+<li>Rostratula, <a href="#page50">50</a></li>
+<li>Rush-Warbler, <a href="#page131">131</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="S" id="S"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Saltbush Canary, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li>
+<li>Sanderling, <a href="#page48">48</a></li>
+<li>Sand-Grouse, <a href="#page15">15</a></li>
+<li>Sandlark, <a href="#page44">44</a></li>
+<li>Sand-Martin, <a href="#page121">121</a></li>
+<li>Sandpiper, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>,
+<a href="#page43q"><i>43</i></a></li>
+<li>Sandwich Is. Honey-eaters, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li>Saria, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li>Satin-Bird, <a href="#page187b">187</a></li>
+<li>Scale-Bird, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page110q"><i>110</i></a></li>
+<li>Scissors Grinder, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page123q"><i>123</i></a>, <a href="#page126q"><i>126</i></a></li>
+<li>Scooper, <a href="#page45">45</a></li>
+<li><i>Scopidae</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li>Scratcher, <a href="#page15qz"><i>15</i></a>, <a href="#page24qz"><i>24</i></a></li>
+<li>Screamer, <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+<li>Scrub-Birds, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li>
+<li>Scrub-Curlew, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li>Scrub-Fowl, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li>Scrub-Tit, <a href="#page124">124</a></li>
+<li>Scrub-Warbler, <a href="#page129">129</a></li>
+<li>Scrub-Wren, <a href="#page143">143</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Scythrops</i>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li>Seagull (see Gull)</li>
+<li>Sea-Hawk, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li>Seal-Bird, <a href="#page28">28</a></li>
+<li>Seapie, <a href="#page43">43</a></li>
+<li>Sea-Pigeon, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li>Sea-Pirate, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page40q"><i>40</i></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page199" id="page199"></a>199</span></li>
+<li>Sea-Swallow, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page35qz"><i>35</i></a></li>
+<li>Secretary-Bird, <a href="#page72">72</a></li>
+<li>Seed-Plover, <a href="#page42">42</a></li>
+<li>Seed-Snipe, <a href="#page42">42</a></li>
+<li><i>Seisura</i>, <a href="#page125">125</a></li>
+<li>Semitone-Bird, <a href="#page109">109</a></li>
+<li><i>Sericornis</i>, <a href="#page143">143</a></li>
+<li>Seriema, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li><i>Serpentariidae</i>, <a href="#page72">72</a></li>
+<li>Settler's Clock, <a href="#page105">105</a></li>
+<li>Sexual Selection, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a></li>
+<li>Shag, <a href="#page68">68</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page68q"><i>68</i></a></li>
+<li>Shearwater, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page27q"><i>27</i></a></li>
+<li>Sheathbill, <a href="#page42">42</a></li>
+<li>Sheldrake, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page63q"><i>63</i></a></li>
+<li>Shepherd's Companion, <a href="#page125">125</a></li>
+<li>Shieldrake, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page63q"><i>63</i></a></li>
+<li>Shoebill, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li>Shoebird, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li>Shoveller, <a href="#page66">66</a>, <a href="#page64q"><i>64</i></a></li>
+<li>Shrike, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page149q"><i>149</i></a></li>
+<li>Shrike-Tit, <a href="#page150">150</a>, <a href="#page151q"><i>151</i></a></li>
+<li>Sickle-bill, <a href="#page53">53</a></li>
+<li>Silve, <a href="#page155">155</a></li>
+<li>Silver-eye, <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a></li>
+<li>Singing-Lark, <a href="#page131">131</a></li>
+<li><i>Sittella</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a></li>
+<li><i>Sittidae</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li>
+<li>Skimmers, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page35qz"><i>35</i></a></li>
+<li>Skua, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page35qz"><i>35</i></a>, <a href="#page40q"><i>40</i></a>, <a href="#page41q"><i>41</i></a></li>
+<li>Skunk, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li>
+<li>Skylark, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page132q"><i>132</i></a>,
+<a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a>, <a href="#page177q"><i>177</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Smicrornis</i>, <a href="#page124">124</a></li>
+<li>Smoker, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page94q"><i>94</i></a></li>
+<li>Snake-Bird, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page69q"><i>69</i></a></li>
+<li>Snipe, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page48q"><i>48</i></a>,
+<a href="#page49q"><i>49</i></a>, <a href="#page90q"><i>90</i></a></li>
+<li>Snow-Bird, <a href="#page31">31</a></li>
+<li>Solan Goose, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page70q"><i>70</i></a></li>
+<li>Soldier, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a></li>
+<li>Song Birds, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li>
+<li>Song-Lark, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a></li>
+<li>Song Thrush, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li>
+<li>Sparrow, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page167">167</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page178">178</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a>,
+<a href="#page114q"><i>114</i></a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a>, <a href="#page178q"><i>178</i></a></li>
+<li>Sparrowhawk, <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page73q"><i>73</i></a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a>,
+<a href="#page81q"><i>81</i></a>, <a href="#page112q"><i>112</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Spatula</i>, <a href="#page66">66</a></li>
+<li>Speckled Jack, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li>
+<li>Spectacled-Bird, <a href="#page155">155</a></li>
+<li><i>Spheniscidae</i>, <a href="#page25b">25</a></li>
+<li><i>Sphenura</i>, <a href="#page145">145</a></li>
+<li>Spider, <a href="#page165q"><i>165</i></a></li>
+<li>Spinebill, <a href="#page170">170</a></li>
+<li>Spinetail, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li>Spinks, <a href="#page121">121</a></li>
+<li>Spoonbill, <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page53qz"><i>53</i></a>, <a href="#page54q"><i>54</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Squatarola</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a></li>
+<li>Squeaker, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a></li>
+<li><i>Stagonopleura</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li>
+<li>Star-Bird, <a href="#page105">105</a></li>
+<li>Starling, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page186">186</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shining, <a href="#page187a">187</a>, <a href="#page180q"><i>180</i></a></li>
+<li>Steamer Duck, <a href="#page65q"><i>65</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Steatornithidae</i>, <a href="#page104">104</a></li>
+<li><i>Stercorariidae</i>, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li><i>Stercorarius</i>, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li><i>Sterna</i>, <a href="#page35">35</a></li>
+<li>Stick-Bird, <a href="#page131">131</a></li>
+<li>Stick-tail, <a href="#page145">145</a></li>
+<li><i>Stictonetta</i>, <a href="#page67">67</a></li>
+<li>Stilt, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page47q"><i>47</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Stiltia</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li>Stink-Bird, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page132q"><i>132</i></a></li>
+<li>Stinker, <a href="#page66">66</a></li>
+<li>Stinkpot, <a href="#page29">29</a></li>
+<li>Stint, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li><i>Stipiturus</i>, <a href="#page145">145</a></li>
+<li>Stockwhip-Bird, <a href="#page129">129</a></li>
+<li>Stone-Plover, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page50q"><i>50</i></a>, <a href="#page51q"><i>51</i></a></li>
+<li>Stork, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page54q"><i>54</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whaleheaded, <a href="#page60">60</a></li>
+<li>Storm-Bird, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li>Storm-Petrel, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page27q"><i>27</i></a>, <a href="#page30q"><i>30</i></a>, <a href="#page31q"><i>31</i></a></li>
+<li>Straw-Tails, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li><i>Strepera</i>, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page112q"><i>112</i></a>,
+<a href="#page185qz"><i>185</i></a>, <a href="#page186q"><i>186</i></a>, <a href="#page187qz"><i>187</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Streperidae</i>, <a href="#page189">189</a></li>
+<li><i>Strigidae</i>, <a href="#page86">86</a></li>
+<li><i>Stringopidae</i>, <a href="#page103">103</a></li>
+<li><i>Strix</i>, <a href="#page86">86</a></li>
+<li><i>Struthidea</i>, <a href="#page188b">188</a></li>
+<li><i>Struthionidae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a></li>
+<li>Stump-Bird, <a href="#page121">121</a></li>
+<li><i>Sturnidae</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li>
+<li><i>Sturnus</i>, <a href="#page186">186</a></li>
+<li><i>Sula</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li><i>Sulidae</i>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li>Summer-Bird, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page146q"><i>146</i></a></li>
+<li>Sun-Bird, <a href="#page168">168</a></li>
+<li>Sun-Bittern, <a href="#page53">53</a></li>
+<li>Superb-Warbler, <a href="#page144">144</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a>, <a href="#page149q"><i>149</i></a>,
+<a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li>
+<li>Swallow, <a href="#page120">120</a>, <a href="#page109q"><i>109</i></a>, <a href="#page120q"><i>120</i></a>, <a href="#page147q"><i>147</i></a></li>
+<li>Swallow-Plover, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page50q"><i>50</i></a></li>
+<li>Swallow-Shrike, <a href="#page147">147</a></li>
+<li>Swamp-Hawk, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page74q"><i>74</i></a></li>
+<li>Swamp-Hen, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li>Swamp-Rail, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li>Swan, <a href="#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page62q"><i>62</i></a></li>
+<li>Swift, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page90q"><i>90</i></a>, <a href="#page108q"><i>108</i></a>, <a href="#page121q"><i>121</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Sylviidae</i>, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page134qz"><i>134</i></a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Synoicus</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="T" id="T"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li><i>Taeniopygia</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li>
+<li>Tailor Bird, <a href="#page134qz"><i>134</i></a></li>
+<li>Takupu, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li>Tanager, <a href="#page178">178</a></li>
+<li><i>Tanagridae</i>, <a href="#page178">178</a></li>
+<li>Tang, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li>
+<li>Taonui, <a href="#page28">28</a></li>
+<li>Tapaculo, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li>Tapir, <a href="#page52q"><i>52</i></a></li>
+<li>Taraiti, <a href="#page40">40</a></li>
+<li>Taranui, <a href="#page35">35</a></li>
+<li>Tauhou, <a href="#page155">155</a></li>
+<li>Teal, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page64q"><i>64</i></a></li>
+<li>Teaser, <a href="#page41">41</a></li>
+<li>Tee-tee, <a href="#page31">31</a></li>
+<li>Tern, <a href="#page34">34</a>-40, <a href="#page35qz"><i>35</i></a><i>-39</i>,<a href="#page59q"> <i>59</i></a>, <a href="#page109q"><i>109</i></a></li>
+<li>Ternlet, <a href="#page40">40</a></li>
+<li><i>Tetraonidae</i>, <a href="#page13">13</a></li>
+<li><i>Thalassogeron</i>, <a href="#page33">33</a></li>
+<li>Thickhead, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a>, <a href="#page130q"><i>130</i></a>,
+<a href="#page151q"><i>151</i></a></li>
+<li>Thick-Knee, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li><i>Thinocorythidae</i>, <a href="#page42">42</a></li>
+<li>Thornbill, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li>
+<li>Thrasher, <a href="#page132">132</a></li>
+<li>Thrush, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page187a">187</a>,
+<a href="#page131q"><i>133</i></a>, <a href="#page148q"><i>148</i></a>, <a href="#page149q"><i>149</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shrike, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li>
+<li>Thunder-Bird, <a href="#page151">151</a></li>
+<li>Tilt-Birds, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li><i>Timeliidae</i>, <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page128qz"><i>128</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Tinamidae</i>, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13">13</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page200" id="page200"></a>200</span></li>
+<li>Tinamous, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page14q"><i>14</i></a></li>
+<li>Tintac, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134q"><i>134</i></a></li>
+<li>Tit (<i>Acanthiza</i>) see Tit-Warbler</li>
+<li>Tit (<i>Paridae</i>), <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a>, <a href="#page152qz"><i>152</i></a></li>
+<li>Titmouse, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page152qz"><i>152</i></a></li>
+<li>Tit-Warbler, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Todidae</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li>Todies, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li>Tom Pudding, <a href="#page25a">25</a></li>
+<li>Tomtit, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>Torea, <a href="#page43">43</a></li>
+<li>Toreo-pango, <a href="#page43">43</a></li>
+<li>Toroa, <a href="#page31">31</a></li>
+<li>Toucan, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+<li>Touraco, <a href="#page108">108</a></li>
+<li>Tree-Creeper, <a href="#page154">154</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page154q"><i>154</i></a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li>
+<li>Tree-runner, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li>
+<li>Tree-Swifts, <a href="#page107">107</a></li>
+<li>Tree-Tit, <a href="#page124">124</a></li>
+<li><i>Treronidae</i>, <a href="#page16">16</a></li>
+<li><i>Tribonyx</i>, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li><i>Trichoglossus</i>, <a href="#page88">88</a></li>
+<li><i>Tringa</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a></li>
+<li><i>Tringoides</i>, <a href="#page47">47</a></li>
+<li><i>Trochilidae</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a></li>
+<li><i>Troglodytidae</i>, <a href="#page132">132</a></li>
+<li><i>Trogonidae</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a></li>
+<li>Trogons, <a href="#page108">108</a></li>
+<li>Tropic-Bird, <a href="#page71">71</a></li>
+<li><i>Tropidorhynchus</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a></li>
+<li>Trumpeters, <a href="#page52">52</a></li>
+<li>Tube-nosed Swimmers, <a href="#page26">26</a></li>
+<li><i>Tubinares</i>, <a href="#page26">26</a></li>
+<li><i>Turdidae</i>, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page133q"><i>133</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Turdus</i>, <a href="#page133">133</a></li>
+<li>Turkey, <a href="#page15">15</a></li>
+<li>Turkey-Bird, <a href="#page170">170</a></li>
+<li><i>Turnicidae</i>, <a href="#page15">15</a></li>
+<li><i>Turnix</i>, <a href="#page15">15</a></li>
+<li>Turnstone, <a href="#page42">42</a>, <a href="#page39q"><i>39</i></a>, <a href="#page46q"><i>46</i></a></li>
+<li>Turtle-Dove, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Turtur</i>, <a href="#page17">17</a></li>
+<li><i>Tyrannidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li>Tyrant-Bird, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="U" id="U"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Unicorn-Bird, <a href="#page61">61</a></li>
+<li><i>Upupidae</i>, <a href="#page106">106</a></li>
+<li><i>Uroaëtus</i>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="V" id="V"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li><i>Vangidae</i>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li>
+<li>Village Blacksmith, <a href="#page35">35</a></li>
+<li><i>Vireonidae</i>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li>
+<li>Vireos, <a href="#page147">147</a></li>
+<li>Vulture, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of the Seas, <a href="#page29">29</a></li>
+<li><i>Vulturidae</i>, <a href="#page72">72</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="W" id="W"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Waders, <a href="#page42">42</a>, <a href="#page42qz"><i>42</i></a></li>
+<li>Wagtail, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page176">176</a></li>
+<li>Wallace's Line, <a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page17q"><i>17</i></a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a>, <a href="#page168q"><i>168</i></a></li>
+<li>Wanderer, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page17qz"><i>17</i></a>, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a></li>
+<li>Warbler, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a>-146, <a href="#page175">175</a>,
+<a href="#page134qz"><i>134</i></a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li>
+<li>Water-Hen, <a href="#page23">23</a></li>
+<li>Water-Ouzel, <a href="#page132">132</a></li>
+<li>Water-Pheasant, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li>Water-Sparrow, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>Water-Turkey, <a href="#page69q"><i>69</i></a></li>
+<li>Wattle-Bird, <a href="#page174">174</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page169q"><i>169</i></a>, <a href="#page175q"><i>175</i></a></li>
+<li>Waxbill, <a href="#page179">179</a></li>
+<li>Waxwing, <a href="#page147">147</a></li>
+<li>Weaver-Birds, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li>
+<li>Weaver-Finches, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page179q"><i>179</i></a></li>
+<li>Wedgebill, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li>
+<li>Whale-Bird, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a></li>
+<li>Wheatear, <a href="#page132">132</a></li>
+<li>Whimbrel, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href="#page49q"><i>49</i></a></li>
+<li>Whip-Bird, <a href="#page129">129</a></li>
+<li>Whiroia, <a href="#page31">31</a></li>
+<li>Whistler, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page21q"><i>21</i></a>, <a href="#page130q"><i>130</i></a>,
+<a href="#page151q"><i>151</i></a>, <a href="#page152q"><i>152</i></a></li>
+<li>White-eye, <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page155q"><i>155</i></a>, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li>
+<li>Whiteface, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li>
+<li>White-tail, <a href="#page121">121</a></li>
+<li>Whitethroat, <a href="#page142">142</a></li>
+<li>White-tipped tail, <a href="#page156q"><i>156</i></a></li>
+<li>Who-are-you, <a href="#page125">125</a></li>
+<li>Wide-Awake, <a href="#page40">40</a></li>
+<li>Wide-Awake Fair, <a href="#page36q"><i>36</i></a></li>
+<li>Widgeon, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page65q"><i>65</i></a></li>
+<li>Wild-Canary, <a href="#page152">152</a></li>
+<li>Wild-Cat, <a href="#page73q"><i>73</i></a></li>
+<li>Wild Turkey, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page51q"><i>51</i></a></li>
+<li>Willaroo, <a href="#page51">51</a></li>
+<li>Willie-Wagtail, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page121q"><i>121</i></a>, <a href="#page123q"><i>123</i></a></li>
+<li>Willie-Willock, <a href="#page92">92</a></li>
+<li>Windhover, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page81q"><i>81</i></a></li>
+<li>Wittychu, <a href="#page167">167</a></li>
+<li>Wood-hewer, <a href="#page113">113</a></li>
+<li>Wood Hoopoe, <a href="#page106">106</a></li>
+<li>Woodpecker, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page154">154</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>,
+<a href="#page11q"><i>11</i></a>, <a href="#page91q"><i>91</i></a>, <a href="#page154q"><i>154</i></a>, <a href="#page190q"><i>190</i></a></li>
+<li>Wood-Pigeon, <a href="#page17">17</a></li>
+<li>Wood-Shrike, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page147qz"><i>147</i></a></li>
+<li>Wood-Swallow, <a href="#page147">147</a>, <a href="#page146q"><i>146</i></a></li>
+<li>Wren, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a>, </li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tits, <a href="#page153">153</a></li>
+<li>Wrynecks, <a href="#page111">111</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="X" id="X"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li><i>Xenicidae</i>, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page119qz"><i>119</i></a></li>
+<li><i>Xerophila</i>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page153q"><i>153</i></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="Y" id="Y"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Yabbie, <a href="#page59q"><i>59</i></a>, <a href="#page69q"><i>69</i></a></li>
+<li>Yahoo, <a href="#page130">130</a></li>
+<li>Yellow-tail, <a href="#page143">143</a>, <a href="#page141q"><i>141</i></a></li>
+<li>Yellow-Whiskers, <a href="#page172">172</a></li>
+<li>Yellow Wings, <a href="#page173">173</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name="Z" id="Z"></a>
+<ul class="index">
+<li><i>Zonaeginthus</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li>
+<li><i>Zonifer</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a></li>
+<li><i>Zosteropidae</i>, <a href="#page155">155</a></li>
+<li><i>Zosterops</i>, <a href="#page155">155</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's An Australian Bird Book, by John Albert Leach
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Australian Bird Book, by John Albert Leach
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: An Australian Bird Book
+       A Pocket Book for Field Use
+
+Author: John Albert Leach
+
+Illustrator: C. C. Brittlebank
+
+Release Date: December 29, 2010 [EBook #34781]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN AUSTRALIAN BIRD BOOK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Lesley Halamek, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper,
+Mark Orton (for the Formatting Template), and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note.
+
+^ indicates a superscript.
+
+_text_ indicates italic type.
+
+=text= indicates bold type.
+
+A missing line on Page 25 (_in italics_)
+
+(Their wings are paddles, being flattened and devoid of quills.
+_The wings are not folded, but are carried hanging awkwardly at_
+the side.)
+
+  was restored from a different Edition on Google Books
+(http:// books.google.com/books?id=Rn3uthhODo8C&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25).
+
+Sundry damaged or missing punctuation has been repaired, and a few
+index entries have been amended.
+
+
+The use of hyphens was not necessarily consistent throughout this book.
+In some instances there are subtle differences in meaning.
+
+Some Australian/British spellings (e.g. coloured, defence, draught,
+grey, learnt, lustre, etc.) have been retained, though color/colored
+and gray are more prevalent. The Author has used various resources.
+
+
+
+
+From Wikipedia:
+
+"DR JOHN ALBERT LEACH (19 March 1870 - 3 October 1929) was an
+ornithologist, teacher and headmaster in the state of Victoria,
+Australia.
+
+Leach was born in Ballarat, Victoria and educated at Creswick Grammar
+School (where he was dux), Melbourne Training College (1890) and the
+University of Melbourne, where he graduated B.Sc. in 1904, M.Sc. in
+1906 and in 1912 obtained his doctorate for research in ornithology.
+
+Leach was a regular writer and broadcaster on natural history subjects
+and introduced it into the school curriculum. He was President of the
+Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) 1922-1924 and Editor of
+its journal The Emu 1914-1924 and 1928-1929. He was a member of the
+British Ornithologists Union and a corresponding fellow of the
+American Ornithologists Union. Leach was also member of the Field
+Naturalists Club of Victoria. He was instrumental in founding the
+Gould League of Bird Lovers in 1909 with Jessie McMichael. He is best
+known as the author of An Australian Bird Book, the first edition of
+which was published in 1911, and of Australian Nature Studies in 1922.
+He also part-authored a series of Federal Geography books, and worked
+on the Official Checklist of the Birds of Australia second and revised
+edition, published by the RAOU in September 1926.
+
+Leach had been preparing two books before his death, one of these was
+a collection of weekly radio broadcasts he made on 3LO in the mid
+1920s....
+
+Among his contributions to ornithology was the relationship between
+the Australian Magpie, butcherbirds and currawongs in the family
+Cracticidae, now sunk as a subfamily into Artamidae."
+
+
+
+
+This book is a field guide. The pages were divided vertically, with
+the tabular matter on the top half, and the Lecture on the bottom half
+of the page.
+
+The ebook has been re-arranged so that the separate parts have a
+smoother flow. The top parts of the pages have been left intact, but
+the bottom parts have been collected together and moved, so that the
+Lecture text for each ORDER precedes the tabular listing and
+descriptions for that ORDER.
+
+The only exception is for ORDER XXI.
+
+ORDER XXI.--Perching-Birds--contains 11,500 species, more than
+three-fifths of the world's 19,000 birds. It has been arranged into
+sets of suitable groups of FAMILIES, to make it easier to access.
+
+==== has been used to separate the Lecture from the Tabular matter.
+
+
+From "PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.":
+
+"In response to requests from beginners, a table has been added on
+page 190. This table shows the page on which a bird of a certain size
+may be found."
+
+
+As the page numbers are an integral part of the field guide, and
+necessary for the identification of birds seen in the field, in flight,
+or found dead, they have been inserted into the tabular section, as
+[Page xx].
+
+Sometimes a page has contained the end entries of one ORDER, or one
+Family, and the beginning entries of the next. In these few instances
+(e.g. [Page 18a] and [Page 18b]; [Page 188a] and [Page 188b]), it may
+be necessary for the reader to search both sections of the page.
+
+For birds mentioned in the Lecture, it would be necessary to search by
+bird name.
+
+
+NAMES RECENTLY AMENDED (located after the INTRODUCTION).
+
+It seems important to have these new names available, so they have
+been added to (e.g.)
+
+=20 Slate-breasted Rail= ....
+
+as [~20 _Rallus pectoralis._]
+
+so:
+
+=20 Slate-breasted Rail= (Short-toed), Lewin Water-Rail,
+    _Eulabeornis (Hypotaenidia) brachypus_, A., T., Auckland Is.
+    =vt. Eur. Water-Rail.
+    [~20 _Rallus pectoralis._]
+
+
+See also the explanatory notes in the PREFACE, and in the PREFACE TO
+THE SECOND EDITION.
+
+"The number at the right side of the page is the length of the bird in
+inches (from the tip of bill to the tip of tail)." ...
+
+so:
+
+1
+1
+
+    =2* Mallee-Fowl=, Lowan, Native Pheasant, Pheasant (e),
+    _Leipoa ocellata_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _mallee scrubs_      24
+
+    Like a small turkey; neck light fawn-gray; back, wings spotted
+    white, black, brown; f., smaller. Seeds, ants.
+
+This means there is one genus of Mallee-Fowl in the world, and it is
+found only in Australia. It is listed in this book as Bird number 2,
+which has a colored illustration, indicated by the asterisk, *.
+
+It is stationary (not migratory), rarely seen, lives in mallee scrubs,
+and is 24" long.
+
+It resembles a small turkey; its neck is light fawn-gray; its back
+and wings are spotted white, black, and brown; the female is smaller;
+and it feeds on seeds and ants.
+
+Note (From NOTE following "PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION."):
+
+    A.--Australian Region (from Wallace's Line to Sandwich Islands
+        and New Zealand, see map p. 10).
+
+'Sandwich Islands' is an old name for Fiji.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: [2] [3] [4] [6] [8] [11] [14] [16]]
+
+   =2= Mallee-Fowl
+   =3= Stubble Quail
+   =4= Brown Quail
+   =6= King Quail
+   =8= Painted Quail
+  =11= Plain Wanderer
+  =14= Diamond Dove
+  =16= Bronzewing Pigeon
+
+
+
+
+AN AUSTRALIAN BIRD BOOK
+
+
+A Pocket Book for Field Use
+
+
+BY
+
+J. A. LEACH, M.Sc.
+
+_First-class Honorman and University Exhibitioner and Scholar in
+Biology; Organizing Inspector of Nature Study, Education Department,
+Victoria; Member of the Council of the Royal Australasian
+Ornithologists' Union; Vice-President of the Field Naturalists' Club
+of Victoria; &c._
+
+With Introduction by
+FRANK TATE, M.A., I.S.O.
+
+_Director of Education, Victoria._
+
+_Published by arrangement with the Education Department
+of Victoria._
+
+SECOND EDITION
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MELBOURNE
+Christchurch, Wellington, Dunedin, N.Z., and London.
+WHITCOMBE & TOMBS LIMITED
+1912
+
+[Illustration: _The Queen City Printers_]
+
+_Illustrations from Specimens (318) in the National Museum, Melbourne;
+the balance mostly from Specimens in the Entomological Museum, C.
+French (59), and in the collections of A. Coles, Taxidermist, (36),
+C. F. Cole, and D. Le Souef. Twenty-two birds were photographed from
+Gould's "Birds of Australia," five from drawings specially prepared by
+C. C. Brittlebank, the well-known naturalist-artist, and one from the
+Report of the Horn Expedition._
+
+_Photos by Ralph L. Miller._
+
+_Engravings by Patterson Shugg & Co., from Paintings by Miss Ethel M.
+Paterson._
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Nature-study in our schools is fast producing a generation of
+Australians trained to look upon the characteristic beauties of our
+Australian skies, our trees, our flowers, our birds with a passionate
+appreciation almost unknown to our pioneering fathers and mothers.
+It was natural that newcomers from the Old World should have been
+impressed, and often unfavorably impressed, by the oddness of things
+here. Rural sights to them had hitherto been sights of trim meadows
+bordered by neat hedgerows, of well-cultivated fields and comfortable
+farmsteads, or of stately homes set in fair gardens and far-reaching
+parks of magnificently-spreading trees. What wonder, then, that they
+were at first almost repelled by the strangeness and unfamiliarity
+of their new surroundings! How could eyes accustomed to the decided
+greens and to the somewhat monotonous shapeliness of the trees in
+an English summer landscape find beauty all at once in the delicate,
+elusive tints of the gum trees, or in the wonderfully decorative lines
+of their scanty boughs and light foliage shown clear against a bright
+sky? And so a land which is eminently a land of color, where
+the ever-present eucalypts give in their leaves every shade from
+blue-grays to darkest greens; where the tender shoots show brilliantly
+in bright crimson, or duller russets, or bright coppery-gold;
+and where tall, slender stems change slowly through a harmony of
+salmon-pinks and pearl-grays, has been called a drab-colored land.
+Even now, the beauty of the gum tree is not sufficiently appreciated
+by Australians, and we see all too few specimens in our suburban
+gardens. For an appreciation of the decorative effect of our young
+blue gums, we must go to the Riviera or to English conservatories.
+
+Australia has suffered greatly from phrase-makers. There is still much
+popular belief that our trees are shadeless, our rivers are waterless,
+our flowers are scentless, our birds are songless. Oddities in our
+flora and fauna have attracted the notice of superficial observers,
+and a preference for epigrammatic perfection, rather than for
+truthful generalization, has produced an abundance of neatly-expressed
+half-truths, which have been copied into popular literature, and even
+into school books. Our English-bred poet, Gordon, writes of lands--
+
+  "Where bright blossoms are scentless,
+  And songless, bright birds."
+
+and these lines are remembered better than his description in the same
+poem of Spring--
+
+  "When the wattle gold trembles
+    'Twixt shadow and shine,
+  When each dew-laden air draught resembles
+    A long draught of wine."
+
+It is true that we have scentless, bright blossoms; but Australia
+is the home of the richly-perfumed wattle, and the boronia, with
+its never-cloying fragrance; while there is, perhaps, no forest more
+odorous than a forest of eucalypts. It is true, too, that we have
+bright birds that have no excellence in song; but it is also true
+that, in this favored land, there is a far greater proportion than
+usual of fine song-birds.
+
+The first generations of Australians were not taught to love
+Australian things. We "learned from our wistful mothers to call Old
+England home." Our school books and our story books were made in Great
+Britain for British boys and girls, and naturally they stressed what
+was of interest to these boys and girls. We read much about the beauty
+of the songs of the Lark, and the Thrush, and the Nightingale, but we
+found no printed authority for the belief that our Magpie is one of
+the great song-birds of the world; we read of the wonderful powers
+of the American Mocking-Bird, and did not know that our beautiful
+Lyrebird is a finer mimic; we learned by heart Barry Cornwall's
+well-known poem on "The Storm Petrel," and did not know that one of
+the most interesting of Petrel rookeries is near the harbor gate
+of Melbourne; and I remember well a lesson I heard as a boy on the
+migration of birds, in which the teacher took all of his illustrations
+from his boyish experiences in the South of England, and gave us no
+idea that the annual migration of our familiar Australian birds to
+far-off Siberia is a much more wonderful thing.
+
+But all this is being rapidly changed. In the elementary schools
+Nature-study is steadily improving, and children are being given an
+eye for, and an interest in, the world of Nature around them. Our
+school books are now written from the Australian standpoint, and more
+use can, therefore, be made of the child's everyday experience. Field
+Naturalists' clubs are doing much to extend the area of specialized
+Nature-study, and their members are giving valuable assistance to the
+schools by taking part in the programs for Arbor Day, Bird Day, and
+the like. The growing interest in the Australian fauna and flora
+is further evidenced by the frequent reservations by Government of
+desirable areas as national parks and sanctuaries for the preservation
+of Australian types. Last, but not least, is the production by capable
+Nature students of special books on some form of Nature-study, such as
+this Bird Book by Mr. Leach.
+
+To our parents, Australia was a stranger land, and they were
+sojourners here. Though they lived here, they did not get close enough
+to it to appreciate fully its natural beauty and its charm. To us,
+and especially to our children, children of Australian-born parents,
+children whose bones were made in Australia, the place is home. To
+them Nature makes a direct appeal, strengthened by those most powerful
+of all associations, those gathered in childhood, when the foundations
+of their minds were laid. The English boy, out on a breezy down, may
+feel an exaltation of soul on hearing a Skylark raining down a flood
+of delicious melody from far up at heaven's gate, but his joy is no
+whit greater than his who hears, in the dewy freshness of the early
+morning, the carol of the Magpie ringing out over an Australian plain.
+To those who live in countries where the winter is long and bitter,
+any sign that the genial time of flowers is at hand is very welcome.
+All over the countryside the first call of the Cuckoo, spring's
+harbinger, arouses the keenest delight in expectant listeners. This
+delight is, however, more than mere delight in the bird's song. And to
+those brought up with it year by year there comes a time when the call
+of the Cuckoo stirs something deep down below the surface of ordinary
+emotion. It is the resultant of multitudes of childhood experiences
+and of associations with song and story. I first heard the Cuckoo in
+Epping Forest one delicious May evening four years ago. It charmed me,
+but my delight was almost wholly that of association. All the English
+poetry I knew was at the back of the bird's song. Here in Australia
+we have no sharply-defined seasons, yet I find myself every spring
+listening eagerly for the first plaintive, insistent call of the
+Pallid Cuckoo. For me his song marks another milestone passed.
+
+Marcus Clarke wrote of the Laughing Jackasses as bursting into
+"horrible peals of semi-human laughter." But then Marcus Clarke was
+English-bred, and did not come to Australia till he was eighteen years
+old. It makes all the difference in our appreciation of bird or tree
+or flower to have known it as a boy. I venture to think no latter-day
+Australian who has grown up with our Kookaburra can have any but
+the kindliest of feelings for this feathered comedian. For myself, I
+confess that I find his laughter infectious, and innumerable times he
+has provoked me into an outburst as hearty and as mirthful as his own.
+More than half of our pleasure is due to the fact that the bird is
+
+  "The same that in my schoolboy days I listened to."
+
+and to such a one we can say--
+
+  "I can listen to thee yet,
+    Can lie upon the plain
+  And listen, till I do beget
+    That golden time again."
+
+It is time that we Australians fought against the generally received
+opinion that the dominant note of our scenery is weird melancholy.
+This is the note sounded mainly by those who were bred elsewhere, who
+came to us with other associations and other traditions, and sojourned
+among us. It will not be the opinion of the native-born when they find
+appropriate speech.
+
+  "Whence doth the mournful keynote start?
+  From the pure depths of Nature's heart?
+  Or, from the heart of him who sings,
+  And deems his hand upon the strings,
+      Is Nature's own?"
+
+This little book should do much to popularize bird-study and to spread
+a knowledge of our common birds among our people. I hope devoutly that
+an effort will be made to give them suitable names. We should give
+them names a poet or a child can use. A Chaucer poring lovingly over
+his favorite flower, the daisy, could call it by a name which is
+itself full of poetry. Even the unimaginative clown, Nick Bottom,
+could sing of
+
+  "The Ouzel Cock, so black of hue,
+    With orange-tawny bill,
+  The Throstle with his note so true,
+    The Wren with little quill,
+  The Finch, the Sparrow, and the Lark,
+    The plain-song Cuckoo gray."
+
+And a Burns can invoke the Throstle in lines as musical as the song of
+the bird itself--"And thou mellow mavis, that hails the night-fa'."
+
+But how shall an Australian bard sing of "The Red-rumped Acanthiza,"
+or of that delightful songster, "The Rufous-breasted Thickhead"?
+Australian Nature-poetry will be handicapped until our children give
+names like "Bobolink," and "Chickadee," and "Whip-poor-will," and
+"Jacky Winter," to our birds.
+
+"Oriel," in the _Argus_, some time ago, showed how hard it is to write
+of love's young dream in Australian verse.
+
+  "Sweetheart, we watched the evening sky grow pale,
+    And drowsy sweetness stole away our senses,
+  While ran adown the swamp the Pectoral Rail,
+    The shy Hypotaenidia philippinensis.
+
+  "How sweet a thing is love! Sweet as the rose,
+    Fragrant as flowers, fair as the sunlight beaming!
+  Only the Sooty Oyster-Catcher knows
+    How sweet to us, as there we lingered dreaming.
+
+  "Dear, all the secret's ours. The Sharp-tailed Stint
+    Spied, but he will not tell--though you and I
+  Paid Cupid's debts from Love's own golden mint,
+    While Yellow-Bellied Shrike-Tits fluttered nigh.
+
+  "The Honey-eaters heard; the Fuscous--yea,
+    The Warty-faced, the Lunulated, too;
+  But this kind feathered tribe will never say
+    What words you said to me, or I to you.
+
+  "The golden bloom was glorious in the furze,
+    And gentle twittering came from out the copses;
+  It was the Carinated Flycatchers,
+    Or else the black Monarcha melanopsis.
+
+  "That day our troth we plighted--blissful hour,
+    Beginning of a joy a whole life long!
+  And while the wide world seemed to be in flower,
+    The Chestnut-rumped Ground-Wren burst forth in song."
+
+It surely would not be amiss if the Bird Observers' Clubs throughout
+Australia, and the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union, enlisted
+the aid of the State Education Departments, and endeavored to find out
+what names the children use for the birds of their district. Executive
+committees upon bird names are good; but a good name is not evoked by
+arguments in committee. It ofttimes comes from the happy inspiration
+of some child who loves the bird. At present the names given by
+classifiers are often an offence. A few evenings ago I was charmed
+with an unaccustomed song coming from out a big pittosporum tree in
+my garden at Kew. I took careful note of the little warbler, and then
+consulted Mr. Leach's _Descriptive List_. Judge of my satisfaction
+when I found that my little friend was "The Striated Field Wren or
+Stink Bird"!
+
+The Australian boy is responding splendidly to the Nature-study
+movement. Bird observers tell me that shy native birds, formerly
+unknown near the haunts of men, are making their appearance,
+feeling safer now from molestation. Nest hunting for the sake of egg
+spoliation is happily becoming rarer, although children are developing
+keener eyes for nests. To-day every country school has its nests
+under loving observation for the purposes of bird-study and of
+bird-protection. Walt Whitman might have been describing many a
+Victorian school boy when he wrote--
+
+  "And every day the he-bird, to and fro, near at hand,
+  And every day the she-bird, crouched on her nest, silent, with bright eyes,
+  And every day, I, a curious boy, never too close, never disturbing them,
+  Cautiously peering, absorbing, translating."
+
+This loving study must bear good fruit. If we believe the scientific
+men, Australia is, _par excellence_, the land of birds, song-birds,
+plumage-birds, and birds of wonderful interest, such as the Satin
+Bower Bird. The collection of Australian birds in our National Museum
+at Melbourne is certainly one of the finest sights of the city, and it
+should be studied by all who wish to know how favored this continent
+is in bird distribution. But we must get to know and to love our
+feathered friends. Mr. Leach in his lecture has dwelt sufficiently on
+the economic and scientific value of bird-study. Let me enter a plea
+for bird-study as a source of aesthetic pleasure. Before our Australian
+birds can be to us what the Thrush and the Blackbird and the Linnet
+and the Lark and the Nightingale are to the British boy, we must have
+a wealth of association around them from song and story. And this
+association must grow up with us from childhood if it is to make
+the strongest appeal to us. It can rarely be acquired in later life.
+British birds owe much to the poets for the charm that surrounds them.
+When I heard the Nightingale in England, although I had no association
+with it gathered from my boyhood's days, I heard more than the bird's
+song. I was listening to Keats and Wordsworth and Shakespeare as well.
+There is something very fine in the thought that such bird songs go on
+for ever, that these immortal birds are "not made for death," that
+
+  "The voice I hear this passing night was heard
+  In ancient days by emperor and clown:
+  Perhaps the self-same song that found a path
+  Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,
+  She stood in tears amid the alien corn."
+
+The Nightingale's song, as a bird song, I thought disappointing.
+I remember having the same feeling with regard to the Thrush and
+Blackbird. The charm of their songs is largely in the associations
+they evoke. Our city children are now growing up in familiarity with
+these two birds, which are becoming as common in our gardens as in
+England. And wherever they go they carry so much that is fine in
+literature with them. But there has not yet been time for our native
+birds to endear themselves to us. And so we hear only their song. Wise
+Shakespeare says--
+
+  "How many things by season seasoned are
+  To their right praise and true perfection."
+
+ *      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+  "The Nightingale, if she should sing by day,
+  When every goose is cackling, would be thought
+  No better a musician than the Wren."
+
+He knows that to the song of the bird must be its appropriate setting,
+and that when Nature has done her part there is still much to be
+supplied by ourselves.
+
+The outlook is, however, a hopeful one. Nature-study is bringing our
+boys and girls into kindlier relationships with our birds; suitable
+popular names will be forthcoming for them; our poets will sing of
+them; our nursery rhymes and our children's tales will tell of them;
+and the time will come when even the birds now trying so hard to
+sing their way into our hearts, while cursed with the names of
+"Rufous-breasted Thickhead" and "Striated Field Wren or Stink Bird,"
+will mean to an Australian what "the Throstle with his note so true"
+and "the Wren with little quill" do to an Englishman.
+
+Mr. Leach's valuable little book is a powerful contribution to this
+much-to-be-desired result.
+
+  FRANK TATE.
+
+
+
+
+NAMES RECENTLY AMENDED
+
+By Gregory Mathews.
+
+_The following were not included in the text._
+
+The numbers 70, 74, and so on refer to the numbers of the birds.
+
+   20 _Rallus pectoralis._
+   65-66 _Genus Thalasseus._
+   70 _Sterna fuscata._
+   74 _Catharacta._
+   75 _Catharacta parasitica._
+   76 _Morinella interpres._
+   80 _Lobibyx novae hollandiae._
+   82 _Squatarola squatarola._
+   83-89 _Genus Charadrius._
+   90 _Hypsibates_
+   95 _Numenius minutus._
+   96 _Limosa baueri._
+   97 _Limosa melanuroides._
+   98 _Tringa hypoleuca._
+   99 _Tringa nebularia._
+  100 _Arenaria leucophaea._
+  101 _Erolia ruficollis._
+  102 _Erolia aurita._
+  103 _Erolia ferruginea._
+  104 _Canutus canutus._
+  105 _Canutus magnus._
+  110 _Choriotis australis._
+  111 _Mathewsia rubicunda._
+  114 _Egatheus falcinellus._
+  117 _Egretta plumifera._
+  118 _Egretta timoriensis._
+  121 _Egretta nigripes._
+  122 _Demigretta sacra._
+  124 _Ixobrychus pusillus._
+  126 _Chenopis atrata._
+  132 _Tadorna tadornoides._
+  134 _Nettion castaneum._
+  139 _Nyroca australis._
+  140 _Oxyura australis._
+  142-146 _Genus, Carbo._
+  157 _Astur cirrhocephalus._
+  171 _Ieracidea berigora._
+  172 _Ieracidea orientalis._
+  179-183 _Genus, Tyto._
+  185-187 _Genus, Glossopsitta._
+  191 _Genus, Callocephalon._
+  192-194 _Genus, Cacatoees._
+  195 _Licmetis tenuirostris._
+  196 _Calopsitta novae-hollandiae._
+  198 _Polytelis anthopeplus._
+  208 _Neophema chrysostoma._
+  213 _Lathamus discolor._
+  225 _Eurostopodus albigularis._
+  228 _Apus pacificus._
+  229 _Cuculus pallidus._
+  232 _Misocalius palliolatus._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+This little volume is intended as a pocket book for field use, so
+that the many teachers, nature-students, nature-lovers, schoolboys,
+schoolgirls, and boy scouts, who like to "_see_ what they _look at_,"
+may be able to name the birds they meet.
+
+The first step towards knowing the birds is a _desire_ to know them;
+this will grow if a person is interested; so our first business, as
+in all nature-study work, is to arouse _interest_. Interest follows at
+once, as we have often found, if a person realizes that what is about
+him or her is worthy of study.
+
+To arouse this necessary interest, a lecture on Australian birds is
+given in such a form that it may be repeated, if desired.
+
+The second requisite is a handy descriptive list of the birds that are
+likely to be seen. This has been written in simple language, so that
+the schoolboy and non-expert can use it.
+
+Thus, our aims are two:--
+
+    1. To show that Australian birds are of interest.
+
+    2. To supply, in a convenient form, a list of the birds which
+    are likely to be seen, and the marks by means of which they
+    may be identified.
+
+This little book contains illustrations and descriptions of--
+
+  100% of the birds found in Victoria.
+  92.5% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Australia.
+  87.3% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tasmania.
+  82.5% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New South Wales.
+  78.16%.. .. .. .. .. .. .. W. Australia (S. and C.).
+  78.15%.. .. .. .. .. .. .. Queensland.
+
+The balance of those found in each of the other States is made up
+mainly of birds closely related to those of which illustrations are
+given, or of very rare birds restricted to a small area.
+
+The families of the birds of the world have been included, so that the
+observer can see where the bird he is observing is placed amongst the
+world's birds. He will also be enabled to place near its Australian
+relatives birds he reads about. The Australian birds only are grouped
+in orders.
+
+Mr. H. Wilson, Nature-study Lecturer, Training College, superintended
+the painting of the birds, and saw the book through the press.
+
+_A Hand-List of Birds_: Dr. Sharpe; and _A Hand-List of the Birds
+of Australasia_: Gregory M. Mathews, have been followed for
+classification and distribution.
+
+But for the interest of the Minister of Education, the Hon. A. A.
+Billson, and the Director, Mr. F. Tate, M.A., I.S.O., this little
+book would not have been possible. Further, Mr. Billson suggested the
+colored illustrations, while Mr. Tate has written the introduction,
+read the proof-sheets and assisted at all stages.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
+
+
+In response to requests from beginners, a table has been added on page
+190. This table shows the page on which a bird of a certain size may
+be found.
+
+Pending the completion by the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union
+of its official _Check-list of the Birds of Australia_, the scientific
+names have been left as in the first edition.
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+Where one number is placed over another at the left side of the page,
+the lower number denotes the number of species of that genus found in
+the world; the upper denotes the number of species found in Australia
+and Tasmania.
+
+The number at the right side of the page is the length of the bird in
+inches (from the tip of bill to the tip of tail).
+
+The families of birds known are numbered consecutively, thus, F. 11,
+F. 12, and so on. The number after a family name denotes the number of
+species recorded from Australia and Tasmania. The distribution of
+the species of each family amongst the six zoogeographical regions is
+shown thus:
+
+    F. 17. COLUMBIDAE (2), WOOD PIGEONS, Passenger-Pigeon, Rock-Dove,
+    119 sp.--41(40)A., 25(17)O., 18(10)P., 19(17)E., 4(0)Nc., 24(20)Nl.
+
+This should read: Family number 17 of the world's birds, COLUMBIDAE
+(two of which are found in Australia and Tasmania) contains the Wood
+Pigeons, including the Passenger-Pigeon (of North America) and the
+Rock-Dove (of Europe). It comprises 119 species, of which 41 are found
+in the Australian Region, 40 of them being confined to this region;
+25 are found in the Oriental Region, 17 being confined to it; 18 are
+found in the Palaearctic Region, 10 of which are not found outside
+the region; 19 have been recorded from the Ethiopian Region, 17
+being peculiar to that region; 4 have been recorded from the Nearctic
+Region, none of which is restricted to the region; 24 have been
+recorded from the Neotropical Region, 20 being peculiar to it.
+
+The name in black type is the name accepted by the Australasian
+Association for the Advancement of Science in 1898, and amended by the
+"names" sub-committee of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union,
+1911. This name should be used to denote the bird. Many local names
+are given, so that a person knowing a bird by one of these may
+discover its proper name.
+
+    A.--Australian Region (from Wallace's Line to Sandwich Islands
+    and New Zealand, see map p. 10).
+
+    O.--Oriental (Indian) Region (India to Wallace's Line).
+
+    P.--Palaearctic Region (Europe, N.W. Africa, and Northern and
+    Western Asia, except Arabia).
+
+    E.--Ethiopian Region (Arabia and Africa, except N.W.).
+
+    Nc.--Nearctic Region. ("_The A.O.U. Check-List of North
+    American Birds, 1910_" has been followed in making this North
+    America, less Mexico).
+
+    Nl.--Neotropical Region (South America, with Mexico).
+
+    A.O.U.--American Ornithologists' Union; R.A.O.U--Royal
+    Australasian Ornithologists' Union.
+
+
+    A. denotes found throughout Australia; E.A. denotes found
+    in Queensland, N.S.W., and Victoria; S.A. denotes South
+    Australia; C.A. denotes Central Australia; W.A.
+    denotes Western Australia; N. Ter.--Northern Territory;
+    Mal.--Malaysia; Mol.--Molucca Is.; N. Cal.--New Caledonia;
+    N. Heb.--New Hebrides; N.G.--New Guinea; N.Z.--New Zealand;
+    Br.--British; T.--Tasmania.
+
+    Nom.--Nomadic; Mig.--Migratory; Part. Mig.--Partly Migratory;
+    Stat.--Stationary; exc.--except; acc.--accidental.
+
+    C.--common; v.c.--very common; r.--rare; v.r.--very rare;
+    u.--unlikely that the ordinary observer will see it.
+
+    * means see colored illustration.
+
+    f.--female; m.--male; f., sim.--f. is similar in color and
+    size.
+
+    =vt. Eur. denotes that the Australian bird is closely similar
+    in form, habits, &c., to the corresponding European bird.
+
+    =vt. cos. denotes that it is the equivalent or representative
+    of a cosmopolitan group of birds.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =6* King Quail= (Chestnut-bellied, Least, Dwarf), reads "No. 6
+    (see colored illustration) is the King Quail, called also the
+    Chestnut-bellied Quail, Least Quail, and Dwarf Quail. Four of
+    this genus are known in the world, of which one is found in
+    Australia."
+
+(e) denotes that a name is used in error.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler is about 4 in. long; a White-eye, 4.5 in.;
+a Sparrow, 5 in.; a House-Swallow, 6.5 in.; a Sordid Wood-Swallow,
+7 in.; a Black and White Fantail, 7.5 in.; a Starling, 8.5 in.;
+a Harmonious Shrike-Thrush, 9.5 in.; a Noisy Miner, 10 in.; a
+Magpie-Lark, 10.5 in.; a Butcher-Bird, 11 in.; a Pallid Cuckoo, 12in.;
+a Rosella, 12.5 in.; a Galah, 14 in.; a Wattle-Bird, 14.5 in.;
+a Laughing Kingfisher, 17.5 in.; a White-backed Magpie, 18 in.; and a
+Crow, 20 in. (measured from the tip of tail to the tip of bill).
+
+Don't try to judge a bird's length in inches.
+
+Note one or two prominent markings, and the size of a bird; say,
+larger than a Starling, but smaller than a Magpie-Lark. Then get the
+length of these birds from the table above (8-1/2 in. and 10-1/2 in.
+respectively), and compare the description of each bird that comes
+between these lengths with the illustrations and the bird before you.
+The birds are approximately relative size on each block.
+
+Use the index to find the page of a bird, then use the number, if
+asterisked, to find the bird in the colored plate index.
+
+[Illustration: THE WORLD Showing REGIONS]
+
+
+
+
+=An Australian Bird Book.=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A LECTURE.
+
+
+Australia is the wonderland of the scientist and of the Nature-lover.
+It is a great living "museum," stocked with marvels of many kinds,
+including so-called "living fossils," the sole survivors of otherwise
+extinct groups of animals.
+
+Competent authorities have proposed to divide the world, biologically,
+into two parts--Australia and the rest of the world, and they have
+considered Australia the more important part.
+
+This division was based mainly on the study of mammals--animals which
+suckle their young--for Australia is the home of the two surviving
+members of the lowest group of mammals--Monotremata, the egg-laying
+Platypus (_Ornithorhynchus_), and the Spiny Ant-eater (_Echidna_).
+Further, marsupials, except for two kinds found in America, are
+confined to this long-isolated southern land.
+
+Here, shut off from the severe competition experienced by the animals
+of northern lands, marsupials were modified so that they were adapted
+for life in almost every realm utilized by the higher mammals of other
+countries. Thus there are herbivorous, carnivorous, and insectivorous
+marsupials. Owing, probably, to the advent of Bats--true flying
+mammals--at, possibly, a comparatively early time, the marsupial was
+beaten in the air, and so a true flying form was not evolved, though
+the so-called "Flying Phalanger" is some distance on the way.
+
+As regards the other group of flying animals--birds--Australia is even
+of greater interest, for here are found unique archaic forms of life,
+such as the Emu, Cassowary, Mound-Builders, and Lyre-Birds, and
+"every widely-spread family of birds but two is represented; the only
+widely-spread families of birds totally absent from Australia
+are Woodpeckers and Vultures." Woodpeckers, however, have crossed
+Wallace's line into Celebes and adjacent islands, and may yet reach
+Australia naturally.
+
+Further, many well-known birds, such as Pigeons, Parrots, and
+Kingfishers, reach their highest development in the Australian region,
+and, more important still, the whole bird world seems to reach its
+culminating point in this wonderland. It is a factor adding to the
+interest of Australia's fauna that three of the four families placed
+at the head of the bird world in the natural system of classification
+adopted by ornithologists, and used by Dr. Sharpe in his just recently
+completed _Hand-List of Birds_, should be absolutely confined to the
+Australian Continent and adjacent islands. Thus Australia can justly
+claim to be the most highly developed of regions, so far as birds
+are concerned, for Bower-Birds, Birds of Paradise, and Bell-Magpies
+(_Streperas_) are peculiar, while the penultimate family--the Crow
+family--is shared with the other regions of the world.
+
+Thus, with regard to birds, the term "fossil continent" applied to
+Australia is not appropriate, as it is but partly true.
+
+Since the birds native to Australia are so interesting in themselves,
+and are so varied in kind, Australians should know, love, and
+jealously protect these beautiful creatures. Strict regulations should
+be framed to prevent the exploitation of Nature's gifts by those who
+destroy useful or precious and rare birds for the sake of gain. Even
+collectors, who, under the guise of scientific work, collect eggs, and
+kill birds to trade in their skins, should be supervized.
+
+Let us now consider the different groups of birds. Living birds were
+formerly divided into two sub-classes--(1) _Ratitae_ (Lat., _ratis_, a
+raft), and (2) _Carinatae_ (Lat., _carina_, a keel). The first is
+the small group of flightless, running birds, made up of five living
+birds, all inhabiting southern lands. These are the Emu and Cassowary
+of Australia, the Ostrich of South Africa, the Rhea or South American
+Ostrich, and the Kiwi or Apteryx of New Zealand. Taken together with
+other evidence, all pointing in the same way, these birds have led
+scientists to think of a great southern land mass connecting the
+southern lands, for the Emu did not fly here, nor did the Rhea fly
+to South America, but they must have reached their present home by a
+land-bridge not necessarily complete at any one time. As these birds
+do not fly, they have no big wing-muscles, and so do not need the
+ridge of bone down the breast. Thus they belong to the sub-class, the
+members of which have a raft-like breast bone. The other living birds
+were placed in the sub-class the members of which have a keel on the
+breast bone for the attachment of the wing-muscles.
+
+Recently, however, Pycraft, a leading ornithologist, has proposed to
+base the division into sub-classes on the characters of the bones of
+the palate instead of those of the breast-bone. Thus, he places the
+sixth family of birds--the Tinamous, of South America--with the ratite
+birds, to form his primitive group--_Palaeognathae_ ("old jaw"), while
+the members of the old sub-class _Carinatae_, minus the Tinamous,
+constitute his second division, the _Neognathae_ ("new jaw").
+
+Mr. Gregory Mathews, the first part of whose projected great work
+on Australian Birds has just come to hand, has followed Dr. Bowdler
+Sharpe in accepting this classification, so we must follow too, as
+Mathews' work will probably be our standard for years to come. The
+large number of Australian birds belonging to this second sub-class is
+now divided into 20 orders, which with the Emu order, make a total of
+21 orders of birds represented in Australia.
+
+Now, let us consider the birds in each order. The best-known member
+of the first Australian order is the Emu, a bird well known to all,
+though, unfortunately, becoming very rare, so that few persons in the
+settled districts now enjoy the privilege of seeing an Emu in a wild
+state.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 12]
+
+  [Illustration: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]]
+
+    CLASS.--AVES.--BIRDS.
+
+    Sub-Class I.--Palaeognathae.
+
+    Ratitae and Tinamidae.
+
+    F. 1. _Rheidae_, Rhea, 3 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 2. _Struthionidae_, Ostrich, 4 sp.--4(3)E., 1(0)P. (S.
+    Palestine).
+
+    ORDER I.--CASUARIIFORMES.
+
+    F. 3. DROMAEIDAE (1), EMU, 1 sp. A.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =1 Emu=, _Dromaius novae-hollandiae_, A.
+
+          Stat. r. plains      78
+
+    See diagram, second largest living bird; f., smaller. Fruits,
+    grass.
+
+    F. 4. CASUARIIDAE (1), CASSOWARY, 17 sp. A.
+
+    F. 5. _Apterygidae_, Apteryx, Kiwi, 6 sp. A. (N.Z.).
+
+    F. 6. _Tinamidae_, Tinamous, 69 sp. Nl.
+
+    Sub-Class II.--Neognathae.
+
+    Carinatae, minus Tinamidae.
+
+====
+
+The birds of the second order are well known as "scratchers." They
+include the domestic fowl, which has been derived from the wild jungle
+fowl of India, and other fowl, such as the peafowl. Quail are also
+included here; so are Pheasants. The absence of Pheasants from
+Australia is more than compensated for by the presence of the
+Mound-Builders. These marvellous birds, Brush Turkeys and Mallee-Fowl,
+retain the reptilian characteristic of not sitting on their eggs. Thus
+the young have never known their parents. The eggs are laid in a huge
+mound of sand and earth, which contains rotting vegetation. The
+heat of decomposition in this remarkable natural incubator, is quite
+sufficient to hatch the eggs. The young are born fully feathered, able
+to run at once, and able to fly the day they leave the mound. Contrast
+their stage of development with that of a pigeon born naked, blind,
+and helpless, and that of a chick born clothed with down and able to
+run about. There is an interesting connexion between the size of
+an egg and the state of development of the young bird at birth. The
+pigeon lays a relatively small egg, so the young pigeon does not
+develop far in the egg, and requires much maternal care. The hen's egg
+is larger, and the chick is more fully developed. The Mallee-Hen's egg
+is enormous, and so the young can develop much further before birth.
+This bird, unfortunately, is doomed to early extinction, for the
+fox has discovered the rich store of food in the eggs, and country
+dwellers have also discovered that they are delicate in flavor, and
+are good food. It is hoped that the scrubby western end of Kangaroo
+Island, where foxes are unknown, will prove a suitable sanctuary
+for them. These birds, which rank among Nature's wonders, are almost
+confined to the Australian region. One is found in Borneo and the
+Philippines, while a second is confined to the distant Nicobar
+Islands. Twenty-six live in Australia and its neighboring islands. One
+of these has spread across Wallace's line to the small Kangean Island,
+near Java. The Stubble Quail, a member of the Pheasant family, is
+nearly identical with the British Quail. Mathews and Campbell make the
+King Quail a sub-species of the Chinese Quail.
+
+Quail are favorite sporting birds, but when one considers that they
+are worth about 9d. each as table or game birds, and that sportsmen
+found at Birregurra, that the crops of Quail were full of crickets,
+and at Kerang the Quail contained numbers of a species of weevil, it
+is doubtful if it is wise policy to shoot this insect-eating bird.
+Although it may be worth a few pence as a table bird; it is worth many
+shillings as a pest destroyer.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 13]
+
+    ORDER II.--GALLIFORMES.
+
+    F. 7. MEGAPODIIDAE (4), Mound-Builders, Scrub-Fowl, Brush
+    Turkey, Megapode, 28 sp.--27(25)A., 3(1)O.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =2* Mallee-Fowl=, Lowan, Native Pheasant, Pheasant (e),
+    _Leipoa ocellata_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _mallee scrubs_      24
+
+    Like a small turkey; neck light fawn-gray; back, wings spotted
+    white, black, brown; f., smaller. Seeds, ants.
+
+    F. 8. _Cracidae_, Curassows, Guans, 59 sp.--1(0)Nc., 59(58)Nl.
+
+    F. 9. _Tetraonidae_, Grouse, Capercailly, Ptarmigan,
+    Prairie-Fowl, 45 sp.--1(0)O., 19(16)P., 28(26)Nc.
+
+    F. 10. PHASIANIDAE (6), Pheasants, Partridges, Peafowl,
+    Domestic Fowls, 242 sp.--12(10)A., 137(119)O., 47(31)P.,
+    64(58)E.
+
+1
+6
+
+    =3* Stubble Quail= (Pectoral), _Coturnix pectoralis_, A., T.
+    =vt. Eur. Quail.
+
+          Nom. c. _stubble_, _grass_      6.7
+
+    Brown lined white, black; throat dull reddish; breast streaked
+    black; f., less distinctly marked with black. Weed-seeds,
+    insects. Rises with a burr-r-r.
+
+3
+7
+
+    =4* Brown Quail= (Swamp, Partridge), _Synoicus australis_,
+    N.G., A., T. =vt. Eur. Partridge.
+
+          Nom. c. _grassy flats_      6.5
+
+    Upper finely-barred gray, black, chestnut; under buffy-gray
+    with zigzag black bars; bill blue, tipped black; eyes orange;
+    f., sim. Seeds, insects. "Bee'e quick."
+
+    =5 Tasmanian Quail= (Silver, Greater-Brown), _S. diemenensis_,
+    V., T. Like 4, but larger.
+
+          Nom. r. occ. _thick grass_      8.5
+
+  [Page 14]
+
+  [Illustration: [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]]
+
+1
+4
+
+    =6* King Quail= (Chestnut-bellied, Least, Dwarf, Swamp),
+    _Excalfactoria chinensis lineata_, Philippines, Sumatra to A.
+    exc. W.A.; sub-species of Chinese Quail.
+
+          Nom. r. _swamps_      4.5
+
+    Back dark-brown; breast blue-gray; abdomen chestnut; throat
+    black, white bands conspicuous; 1-1/4 oz.; f., dark-brown,
+    spotted black; throat whitish; under barred black. Weed-seeds,
+    insects.
+
+    F. 11. _Numididae_, Guinea-Fowls, 23 sp. E.
+
+    F. 12. _Meleagridae_, Turkeys, 5 sp.--4(2)Nc., 3(1)Nl.
+
+    F. 13. _Odontophoridae_, American Quails, Bob-Whites, 72
+    sp.--18(10)Nc., 62(54)Nl.
+
+====
+
+Order III. comprises the 26 Bustard Quail and the peculiar Australian
+Plain Wanderer. Only the last species of this Bustard Quail family,
+the Australian Plain Wanderer has the hind toe. The females of this
+order of birds do the fighting.
+
+In Quail, the rule often observed amongst birds that the male is
+larger and more beautiful than the female may be reversed, for here
+the female is sometimes larger and the more conspicuously colored. In
+association with this reversal of color and size, the domestic habits
+are changed, for, in some species at least, the female sits on
+the eggs but a very short time; the male then finishes the task of
+incubating, and brings up and educates the young family. Meantime, the
+female has found another mate and another clutch of eggs is left to
+the care of the male.
+
+In birds having both sexes the same color each bird usually does its
+share of domestic work, sitting on the eggs, feeding the young, etc.
+Where the male is more brightly colored, he, as a rule, does not
+sit on the eggs, for he would be visible to a bird of prey sailing
+overhead, and so would probably be killed and the eggs taken. The
+great naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, thus regards the quiet
+coloration of most female birds as a protection during the nesting
+season. The gaudy coloration of many male birds has been explained by
+Darwin as being due to sexual selection, the female choosing as a mate
+the most gaily colored or most attractive bird.
+
+Though the sitting bird is usually protectively colored, it was our
+good fortune, on a Summer School excursion, attended by His Excellency
+the Governor (Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmichael), a keen Nature-lover,
+and the Director of Education (Mr. F. Tate), to find the
+gorgeously-colored male Golden-breasted Whistler (Thickhead) sitting
+on the eggs in full daylight. It was noted, however, that the open
+nest was unusually well protected by an overhead bushy branch.
+
+====
+
+[Page 15]
+
+    ORDER III.--TURNICIFORMES, HEMIPODES.
+
+    F. 14. TURNICIDAE (8), Button (Bustard) Quail, 27
+    sp.--14(14)A., 9(6)O., 3(0)P., 4(4)E.
+
+7
+26
+
+    =7 Red-Backed Quail= (Black-backed, Orange-breasted), _Turnix
+    maculosa_, Cel., N.G., N.A., E.A., S.A.
+
+          Nom. r. _marshy_      7
+
+    Back brown; crown blackish; sides, breast large black spots;
+    abdomen lighter; no hind toe; f., larger. Weed-seeds, insects.
+
+    =8* Painted Quail= (Speckled, Butterfly), Varied Turnix, New
+    Holland Partridge (e), _T. varia_, A., T.
+
+          Nom. r. _sandy_      8
+
+    Upper rufous-brown with buff, black lines; breast, face
+    spotted; no hind toe; f., larger. Weed-seeds, insects.
+
+    =9 Red-chested Quail= (Chestnut-breasted, Yellow), _T.
+    pyrrhothorax_, A. exc. W.A.
+
+          Nom. v.r. _marshy_      6
+
+    Upper dark-brown with buff, black lines; breast sandy-red;
+    abdomen whitish; no hind toe; f., much larger, brighter.
+    Weed-seeds, insects.
+
+    =10 Little Quail= (Dottrel, Swift-flying, Button), _T. velox_, A.
+
+          Nom. c. _open plains_      5.5
+
+    Upper rufous with chestnut, black lines; breast rufous;
+    abdomen white; no hind toe; f., much larger. Weed-seeds,
+    insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =11* Plain Wanderer=, Turkey Quail, _Pedionomus torquatus_, A.
+    exc. W.A.
+
+          Mig. r. _grass_, m.,  4.8; f.,  6.3
+
+    Brown; broad black, white spotted collar; light band on wing;
+    breast chestnut; hind toe; m., smaller, paler, faint collar.
+    Weed-seeds, insects.
+
+    F. 15. _Pteroclididae_, Sand-Grouse, Rock-Pigeons (e), 17
+    sp.--7(2)O., 8(1)P., 12(7)E.
+
+====
+
+In Order IV. come those well-known birds--the "Cooers," Pigeons and
+Doves. The Australian region is the great stronghold of these often
+beautiful birds. It is only in this region that members of each of the
+five families of living Pigeons are found. Two of the five families
+are peculiar to the region, and nearly half the kinds of Pigeons known
+are found here. The finest and largest of all Pigeons are the large
+Crowned Pigeons of New Guinea. Unfortunately, the heads of these
+Pigeons are much in demand for millinery. Would that fashionable women
+knew the cruelty and devastation wrought by such fashions!
+
+Amongst the most beautiful of Pigeons are, as Dr. Newton remarked,
+the common Bronzewing Pigeons of Australia and Tasmania. The lovely
+Fruit-Pigeons of East Australian scrubs are, perhaps, the most
+beautiful of all, so it will readily be seen how fortunate we are with
+regard to these birds.
+
+The fine large Wonga-Wonga Pigeon is becoming rare. Its flesh is
+white, so Gould named it _Leucosarcia_ (white flesh). It has been
+proposed to introduce this bird into Europe to breed for table
+purposes.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 16]
+
+  [Illustration: [12] [12^A] [13] [14] [15] [16]]
+
+    ORDER IV.--COLUMBIFORMES, PIGEONS, DOVES.
+
+    F. 16. TRERONIDAE (8), FRUIT-PIGEONS, 228 sp--159(155)A.,
+    60(56)O., 1(1)P., 12(12)E.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =12 Topknot Pigeon=, _Lopholaimus antarcticus_, E.A., T.
+    (acc.) "Quook-quook."
+
+          Stat. c. _thick brushes_      17
+
+    "This noble pigeon;" under silvery-gray; upper dark-gray;
+    crest rust-red; eyes orange; f., sim. Native fruits.
+
+  [Page 17]
+
+    F. 17. COLUMBIDAE (2), WOOD-PIGEONS, Passenger-Pigeon,
+    Rock-Dove, 119 sp.--41(40)A., 25(17)O., 18(10)P., 19(17)E.,
+    4(0)Nc., 24(20)Nl.
+
+    F. 18. PERISTERIDAE (15), GROUND-PIGEONS, Turtle-Doves, 198
+    sp.--61(55)A., 21(8)O., 10(1)P., 32(30)E., 10(0)Nc., 86(76)Nl.
+
+1
+6
+
+    =12^A Indian Turtle-Dove=, _Turtur ferrago_, Siberia to Ceylon,
+    introduced A.
+
+          Mig. c. _gardens_, _cities_      13
+
+    Back brown; head gray; broad patch side and back of neck black
+    spotted white; breast cinnamon; centre tail feathers blackish,
+    rest tipped white; f., sim. Seeds.
+
+3
+5
+
+    =13 Ground Dove= (Peaceful), Doo-doo, _Geopelia placida_, A.
+    (interior).
+
+          Stat. r. _grassy_      8.7
+
+    Upper ashy-brown, barred black; chest, hind-neck gray with black
+    lines; abdomen fawn; side tail feathers tipped white; f., sim.
+    Small seeds. "Doo-doo."
+
+    =14* Diamond Dove= (Little, Turtle), _G. cuneata_, A. (interior).
+
+          Stat. r. _grass_      8.2
+
+    Upper light-brown; crown gray; under light-gray; white spots
+    on wing; side tail tipped white; eye red; f., neck, chest pale
+    brown. Seeds.
+
+1
+6
+
+    =15 Little Green Pigeon=, _Chalcophaps chrysochlora_, Mol.,
+    N. Heb., N. Cal., Lord Howe Is., A. exc. S.A., W.A. Melancholy
+    bellowing note.
+
+          v.r. _dense scrubs_      9.5
+
+    Rich brown; head, short tail darker; wings much green;
+    shoulder white; f., less brilliant. Fallen berries.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =16* Bronzewing Pigeon= (Scrub), _Phaps chalcoptera_, A., T.
+
+          Nom. c. _open_, _forest_      13.5
+
+    Upper brown marked lighter; cap whitish; line below eye,
+    throat white; breast, back of head vinous; bronze wing; legs
+    red; f., head gray. Seeds, fruits.
+
+  [Page 18a]
+
+  [Illustration: [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]]
+
+    =17 Brush Bronzewing Pigeon= (Little Bronze), _P. elegans_, A., T.
+
+          Nom. r. _sandy_      13
+
+    Upper chestnut-brown; breast blue-gray; throat, crown chestnut;
+    bronze wings; f., crown gray. Seeds.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =18 Crested Pigeon= (Topknot (e), Crested Bronzewing),
+    _Ocyphaps lophotes_, A. Seeds.
+
+          Nom. r. _inland plains_      13
+
+    Upper fawn; crown, under gray; crest black; black bars on wings;
+    tail tipped white; eyes orange; f., sim.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =19 Wonga-Wonga Pigeon=, _Leucosarcia melanoleuca_, E.A. Seeds,
+    fallen fruits.
+
+          Stat. r. _coast-_, (_hillside-_) _brushes_      15
+
+    Back, breast slaty-gray; wings brown; crown, throat, abdomen white;
+    sides spotted black; f., sim.
+
+    F. 19. _Gouridae_, Crowned Pigeons, 8 sp. A. (N.G.).
+
+    F. 20. _Didunculidae_, Tooth-billed Pigeons, 1 sp. A. (Samoa).
+
+    F. 21. _Opisthocomidae_, Hoactzin, 1 sp. Nl.
+
+====
+
+The birds of Order V. are amongst the successes in the struggle
+for existence, for they are found the world over.
+
+The Landrailor Corn-Crake, the Little Crake, Spotted Crake, Moor-Hen,
+Purple Gallinule, and the lobed-toed Coot, of other countries, are
+represented by similar birds here.
+
+They are largely swamp-dwellers, and conditions about swamps
+apparently do not vary much from continent to continent. There is a
+full supply of vegetable and animal food, and there is good shelter
+in the thick reed-beds. The smaller members of the family are seldom
+seen, for they skulk amongst the reeds, and seldom show themselves.
+
+Many of these birds are long-toed, and are beautifully adapted for
+life about the soft mud and floating vegetation of lagoons and swamps.
+Though the feet are not webbed, several of these swamp-dwellers swim
+well. Thus the Little Crake is an expert swimmer and diver.
+
+There is one Australian bird not represented in other countries.
+This is the handsome, bantam-like Black-tailed Native-Hen. At long
+intervals the birds appear in thousands, and, being largely vegetable
+feeders, they have sometimes done considerable damage to crops.
+
+During one such irruption in 1846, the birds invaded the streets of
+Adelaide. Others invaded the Geraldton district, and even reached
+Perth in 1886. Northern Victoria was visited in 1909.
+
+Some of the members of this group are known to all; indeed, when you
+have finished reading this lecture, I expect to have created in your
+mind an idea that bird study is very simple--that you know at least
+one of each of the groups of birds. One further advantage of bird
+study is that so few birds are found in any district. Thus, only 880
+birds have ever been recorded from Australia, whereas there are over
+9,000 kinds of native flowering plants, not to mention non-flowering
+plants. In very few districts could a list of 100 different kinds of
+birds be compiled in one year.
+
+Again, while it is impossible to talk popularly of native plants,
+because they have no common names, that does not apply to birds, for
+bird-lovers have given a simple name to each bird. Even children,
+therefore, can talk definitely and exactly about the different kinds.
+This is a great advantage. Again, as birds are living, moving, loving,
+and beautiful animals, they have always been favorite objects of
+study, and so we know more about them than about any other division of
+the animal kingdom. Thus you will, I hope, find that you know far more
+about the subject than you at first thought.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 18b]
+
+    ORDER V.--RALLIFORMES.
+
+    F. 22. RALLIDAE (16), RAILS, 204 sp.--68(60)A., 37(18)O., 18(0)P.,
+    37(24)E., 17(7)Nc., 72(65)Nl.
+
+4
+17
+
+    =20 Slate-breasted Rail= (Short-toed), Lewin Water-Rail,
+    _Eulabeornis (Hypotaenidia) brachypus_, A., T., Auckland Is.
+    =vt. Eur. Water-Rail.
+    [~20 _Rallus pectoralis._]
+
+          Stat. r. _rivers_, _lagoons_      8.5
+
+    Upper blackish striped olive; wings, flanks, abdomen barred
+    black, white; throat, breast, slate-gray; f., duller.
+
+    =21* Pectoral Rail=, Landrail, _E. philippinensis_, Malay Arch.
+    to A., N.Z., Pac. Is. =vt. Eur. Corn-Crake (Landrail);
+    f., young sim. Insects, grass.
+
+          Mig. c. _grassy_      10.5
+
+    Upper brown spotted white; under finely-barred black; white;
+    sandy-buff bar on chest; light stripe above eye.
+
+4
+17
+
+    =22* Australian Spotted Crake=, Water-Crake, _Porzana fluminea_, A.
+    =vt. Eur. Spotted Crake.
+
+          Stat. r. _rivers_      7
+
+    Upper dark-brown, spotted white; abdomen, flanks blackish barred
+    white; breast gray; swims; f., sim. Insects.
+
+  [Illustration: [21] [22] [26] [27] [30] [67] [71] [72] [73]]
+
+  =21= Pectoral Rail
+  =22= Australian Spotted Crake
+  =26= Black Moor-Hen
+  =27= Bald Coot
+  =30= Hoary-headed Grebe
+  =67= Crested Tern
+  =71= White-faced Ternlet
+  =72= Silver Gull
+  =73= Pacific Gull
+
+  [Page 22]
+
+  [Illustration: [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28]]
+
+    =23 Australian Little Crake=, _P. palustris_, A. =vt. Eur.
+    Little Crake.
+
+          Stat. r. _river_, _reed-beds_      6
+
+    Upper rusty-brown; throat, breast gray; crown blackish; flanks,
+    lower-abdomen barred black, white; swims, dives; f., sim.
+    Water-animals.
+
+  [Page 23]
+
+    =24 Spotless Crake= (Leaden, Tabuan), Swamp-Rail, Little Swamp-Hen,
+    Putoto, _P. plumbea_, Philippines to A., N. Heb., N. Cal., Fiji,
+    Samoa, Tonga, N.Z., Chatham Is.
+
+          Stat. c. _reed-beds_      6.3
+
+    Upper reddish-brown; under dark slate-gray; throat whitish;
+    eyes pink; f., young sim. Water-animals.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =25 Black-tailed Native-Hen=, Gallinule (e), _Tribonyx ventralis_, A.
+
+          Mig. flocks, occ. r. _lagoons_, _rivers_      15
+
+    Upper brown; under bluish-gray; white marks conspicuous on flanks;
+    upper-bill light-green; lower red at base; legs brick-red;
+    runs, seldom flies; f., sim. Water-animals, seeds.
+
+1
+8
+
+    =26* Black Moor-Hen= (-Gallinule), _Gallinula tenebrosa_, N.G., A.
+    =vt. cos. Gallinule.
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_, _rivers_      15
+
+    Grayish-black; back deep-brown; under tail white at sides; scarlet
+    garter above knee; base bill, plate on forehead blood-red;
+    no white on flanks; jerks tail; f., smaller. Water-animals, plants.
+
+2
+16
+
+    =27* Bald-Coot=, Purple Gallinule, Black-backed Water (Swamp,
+    Macquarie) Hen, Pukeko, Redbill (e), _Porphyrio melanonotus_,
+    N.G., A., T., Norfolk Is., Lord Howe Is., N.Z. =vt. cos. bird.
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_, _rivers_      17.5
+
+    Hind-neck, breast, flanks indigo-blue; back, wings, tail black;
+    under tail white; eyes orange-red; bill, legs red; jerks tail;
+    f., smaller. Insects, vegetable food.
+
+1
+13
+
+    =28 Australian Coot=, Dabchick (e), _Fulica australis_, A., T.,
+    =vt. cos. bird.
+
+          Stat. c. _lakes_, _bays_      14
+
+    Sooty-black; bill bluish-gray; eyes red; lobed feet; f., sim.
+    Water-insects, snails.
+
+    F. 23. _Heliornithidae_. Finfoot, 5 sp.--1(1)O., 3(3)E.,
+    1(1)Nl.
+
+====
+
+In the next Order, the Sixth, there are three Australian birds.
+They are called Grebes. Bird names often reflect some habit, e.g.,
+Scratchers, Cooers. So Grebes are often called Divers. But the Divers
+of the ornithologist are Northern Hemisphere birds, placed in the next
+family (25).
+
+There is a widespread tradition to the effect that Grebes wait for the
+flash of the cap, and then dive before the bullet can reach them. They
+are, indeed, remarkably active in the water, but are absurd on land.
+Their legs are set so far back that it is almost impossible for them
+to walk. Their toes are not webbed, but are broadly lobed.
+
+The Great Crested Grebe is identical with the British bird, for it is
+found all through the Eastern Hemisphere.
+
+This is a remarkable distribution, when we consider that the bird,
+by reason of its very small wings, is a poor flyer, and is almost
+helpless on land. Such a wide distribution of a creature possessing
+poor means of locomotion indicates that the animal must have existed
+for a long time, so that it has been able to gradually extend its
+range. Thus we conclude it is an ancient form.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 24]
+
+  [Illustration: [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34]]
+
+    ORDER VI.--PODICIPEDIDIFORMES.
+
+    F. 24. PODICIPEDIDAE (3), GREBES, 25 sp.--5(2)A., 8(2)O., 6(0)P.,
+    5(1)E., 6(0)Nc., 11(7)Nl.
+
+2
+15
+
+    =29 Black-throated Grebe= (Little), Dabchick (e),
+    White-bellied Diver (e), _Podiceps novae-hollandiae_, Java,
+    N.G., A., N. Cal., =vt. Eur. Little Grebe.
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_      9.5
+
+    Upper blackish-brown; white patch on wing; under silvery-gray;
+    throat, side-face black (summer), brown (winter); beautiful
+    fur-like plumage; lobed toes; f., sim. Small fish, snails, insects.
+
+  [Page 25a]
+
+    =30* Hoary-headed Grebe=, Dabchick (e), "Tom Pudding," P.
+    _poliocephalus_, A., T.
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_, _river_      9.5
+
+    Upper brown; wings white patch; under silvery-gray; head short
+    white hair-like plumes (summer); head brown, throat buff (winter);
+    fur-like plumage; lobed toes; f., sim. Small fish, snails, insects.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =31 Great Crested Grebe= (Tippet), Loon, Gaunt, Carr Goose,
+    _P. cristatus_ (_Lophaethyia cristata_, Mathews' Handlist),
+    Eur., N. Asia, Japan, Africa, India to A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. r. _lakes_, _rivers_      24
+
+    Upper brown; under glistening-white; crown black; neck-frill
+    chestnut edged black (summer); face, neck whitish (winter);
+    fur-like plumage; lobed toes; f., sim. Small fish, snails, insects.
+
+    F. 25. _Colymbidae (Gaviidae)_, True Divers, Loons, 5 sp.--1(0)O.,
+    5(0)P., 2(0)E., 5(0)Nc.
+
+====
+
+In the next order come those remarkable birds, Penguins. As so much
+has been said about Penguins by Lieutenant Shackleton's party, they
+have caught the popular fancy, and people are much interested in them.
+Many Australians do not know that three Penguins are found on their
+own coast. It was one of the sights of the 1910 Summer School at
+Portsea to sit on the balcony and watch the Penguins chasing their
+prey in the clear waters in front. Their wings are paddles, being
+flattened and devoid of quills. The wings are not folded, but are
+carried hanging awkwardly at the side.
+
+During the interest aroused by Peary's expedition to the North Pole,
+an illustrated weekly paper published a cartoon, which showed the
+American Eagle sitting on the North Pole and reading a proclamation to
+an audience of Penguins. One thing is unfortunate about this--Penguins
+are unknown in the Northern Hemisphere. Indeed, they support the
+geographer in his contention that, while the Pacific Ocean is very
+ancient, the Atlantic Ocean has been formed much more recently, for
+Penguins are found up the Pacific even to the Galapagos Is. on the
+Equator, but have not spread into the Atlantic Ocean beyond Tristan da
+Cunha, at the extreme South.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 25b]
+
+    ORDER VII.--SPHENISCIFORMES.
+
+    F. 26. SPHENISCIDAE (3), PENGUINS, 17 sp.--11(7)A., 6(1)E., 9(4)Nl.
+
+1
+5
+
+    =32 Crested Penguin= (Tufted, Jackass, Victoria), _Penguinus
+    (Catarrhactes) chrysocome_, Southern Ocean (circumpolar), V.,
+    T., N.Z.
+
+          Occ. r. _coasts_      27
+
+    Wing a paddle; upper black; under silvery-white; crest yellow;
+    f., yellow crest feathers shorter. Sea-animals.
+
+2
+3
+
+    =33 Little Penguin= (Little Blue), _Eudyptula minor_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. c. _coasts_      18
+
+    Upper light-blue; under glistening-white; wing a paddle; f., sim.
+    Sea-animals, plants.
+
+    =34 Fairy Penguin=, _E. undina_, V., T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. c. _coast_      13.5
+
+    Like 33, but smaller.
+
+====
+
+Order VIII. includes the true ocean birds--those wanderers seen far
+from any land by ocean travellers. Indeed, many of them do not go near
+land except to breed. Then they usually repair to small lonely islands
+often with bold precipitous shores.
+
+Ocean birds are readily divisible into four families. The first
+is made up of the 25 Storm-Petrels; the second of the 75 Petrels,
+Shearwaters, Fulmars, and Dove-Petrels; the third family comprises
+only the three small southern Diving-Petrels; while the fourth
+contains the nineteen noble Albatrosses.
+
+Though Storm-Petrels and Petrels of various kinds may be seen in the
+Northern Hemisphere, yet the Southern Hemisphere, with its enormous
+expanse of water, is the headquarters of these birds.
+
+The dainty, tiny Storm-Petrels, fearlessly tripping over the mountain
+billows in times of great danger to the sailor, were considered birds
+of ill-omen. Their peculiar flight possibly helped this idea. Gould
+closely studied them and other ocean birds during his voyages on
+sailing ships. He describes them as "fluttering over the glassy
+surface of the ocean during calms with an easy butterfly-like motion
+of the wings, and buffeting and breasting with equal vigor the crests
+of the loftiest waves of the storm; at one moment descending into
+their deep troughs, and, at the next, rising with the utmost alertness
+to their highest point, apparently from an impulse communicated as
+much by striking the surface of the water with its webbed feet as by
+the action of the wings."
+
+This habit of "walking" on the sea is said to be responsible for the
+name "Petrel," which is associated with Saint Peter, who, of old,
+walked on the waters. Sailors call them Mother Carey's Chickens.
+
+The largest Australian Storm-Petrel is the Whitefaced Storm-Petrel,
+whose scientific name, _Pelagodroma_, means "open sea wanderer."
+It has been recorded even from the North Atlantic and Britain. Many
+thousands of these birds still nest on Mud Island, a sandbank just
+inside Port Phillip Heads. The presence there of a true ocean wanderer
+is a valuable piece of evidence to support the geographer in his claim
+that Port Phillip Bay once had a wide opening, which has been almost
+closed by the drift of sand across its mouth. The Storm-Petrels have
+probably nested there for many, many centuries. Long may they continue
+to do so! They hurt no one, and they are a feature of interest to all
+interested in the flora and fauna of Australia, and to natural history
+students and Nature-lovers in general.
+
+The Shackleton expedition met the Wilson (Yellow-webbed) Storm-Petrel,
+in considerable numbers, far south. Two specimens were presented by
+Lieutenant Shackleton to the National Museum, Melbourne. However,
+recently our Museum received, through the agency of two schoolboys,
+a specimen that is valued even more highly, for it is Australian.
+
+The boys, on their way to the Marshaltown State School (Mr. H. B.
+Williamson, H.T.), found a bird near a fence about nine miles inland.
+It had evidently been killed by flying into the fence in the dark.
+Using the _Bird-List_, the boys discovered that it was a Yellow-webbed
+Storm-Petrel, a truly pelagic bird, as its name, _Oceanites oceanicus_
+indicates. Mr. Williamson, to show that the _List_ was of assistance,
+even to boys, in identifying birds they had never heard of before,
+left the bird at the Continuation School, Geelong. Here it was
+recognized as a valuable specimen, and was at once sent to Mr.
+Kershaw, curator of the National Museum. It is now in the Australian
+collection.
+
+The true Petrels are very numerous in kinds and individuals. Darwin
+thought that the most numerous of birds was a Petrel. One of great
+interest is the "Mutton-Bird," or Short-tailed Petrel. This romantic
+bird breeds by the million on Cape Woolamai and other places about
+Bass Strait.
+
+Just as the mallee farmer is dependent on his annual wheat harvest,
+so the remarkable colony of people living on Cape Barren Island is
+entirely dependent on the annual Mutton-Bird harvest. They claim
+to take about a million and a half birds each year. The number is
+probably much exaggerated, for Littler, in his valuable _Birds of
+Tasmania_, gives the number as 555,000 for 1909, valued at about
+L4000. Bass and Flinders were glad to replenish their stores with
+young Mutton-Birds. Flinders calculated that one flock of these birds
+he met in Bass Strait contained 132,000,000 birds. They lay but one
+egg, so one would expect the Petrel to be long-lived. We found a
+closely-similar bird nesting on Mast Head Island, Capricorn Group.
+
+The three southern Diving Petrels, forming the next family, are much
+smaller than the common Petrels. They are expert divers, and are
+found mainly in the far South.
+
+The mighty Albatross, with its enormous wing-span of possibly up to
+14 feet, is also largely a southern bird. That this bird has spread to
+the North Pacific Ocean, but has not yet penetrated any distance into
+the Atlantic, is another piece of evidence as to the age of these two
+oceans. The Pacific Ocean is a very ancient depression, while the
+Atlantic is much younger, and has been formed since the lands which
+border its shores. The Black-browed Albatross, however, was once seen
+in England. Probably this bird might have been carried north on board
+ship, and then set free again. Fossil bones of Albatrosses have been
+found in France and England. Their remarkable power of wheeling round
+and round a vessel, with no perceptible movement of the wing, has
+excited much interest and controversy.
+
+Mr. Froude, in his _Oceana_, has given a vivid description of this
+flight. The Albatross "wheels in circles round and round and for ever
+round the ship--now far behind, now sweeping past in a long, rapid
+curve, like a perfect skater on an untouched field of ice. There is no
+effort; watch as closely as you will, you rarely or never see a stroke
+of the mighty pinion. The flight is generally near the water, often
+close to it. You lose sight of the bird as he disappears in the hollow
+between the waves, and catch him again as he rises over the crest; but
+how he rises, and whence comes the propelling force, are to the
+eye inexplicable; he alters merely the angle at which the wings are
+inclined...."
+
+Gould considered that many of these birds circumnavigate the globe
+many times. They follow ships for days together.
+
+Albatrosses are sometimes caught by those on board ship. One means
+of protection employed by these birds is to discharge a considerable
+quantity of oily matter at an intruder. This has led sailors to
+declare that the bird is "seasick." Some claim that this is not done
+for protection, but is due to fright.
+
+The members of the Australasian Ornithologists' Union, when on a trip
+in the _Manawatu_ to the Bass Strait Islands found it tantalizing
+to see the beautiful Shy Albatrosses sitting on their nests on the
+precipitous granite Albatross Rock, and be unable to land owing to the
+rough sea that was running. We waited a second and a third day, in the
+shelter of Chimney Corner, Three Hummocks Island, but finally had to
+depart with but a distant acquaintance with this fine bird. When they
+return to nest the succeeding year, the parents drive last year's
+brood off the island. Does the young live on its fat all through the
+cold, rough winter, or do the parents return at intervals to feed it?
+Some recent records by a French party on one of these lonely nesting
+islands show that in some cases, at least, the parents do feed the
+young at night during their long wait. The sitting bird is fed by
+her mate. He opens his mouth, and she inserts her bill, and chooses a
+dainty for herself.
+
+_A Monograph of the Petrels_, by F. Du Cane Godman, F.R.S., Pres.
+British Ornithologists' Union, was consulted for Order VIII.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 26]
+
+  [Illustration: [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]]
+
+    ORDER VIII.--PROCELLARIIFORMES, TUBINARES, TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS.
+
+    F. 27. PROCELLARIIDAE (5), STORM-PETRELS, MOTHER CAREY'S CHICKENS,
+    25 sp--10(3)A., 2(0)O., 10(0)P., 7(0)E., 13(4)Nc., 13(3)Nl.
+
+2
+3
+
+    =35 Wilson Storm-Petrel= (Yellow-webbed, Flat-clawed),
+    _Oceanites oceanica_, S. Polar regions N. to British Is.
+    (acc), Labrador (acc.), India, A., N.Z.
+
+          c. _ocean_      6.8
+
+    Blackish; base tail above below white; legs black; webs yellow;
+    f., sim. Shellfish, small fish, greasy.
+
+  [Page 27]
+
+    =36 Gray-backed Storm-Petrel=, _O. (Garrodia) nereis_, S. Oceans,
+    A., T., N.Z.
+
+          r. _ocean_      6.7
+
+    Sooty; abdomen, under base tail whitish; bill, feet black; f., sim.
+    Oily substances, shellfish.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =37 White-breasted Storm-Petrel= (White-faced), Frigate Petrel,
+    Mother Carey's Chicken, _Pelagodroma marina_, S. Oceans, N. to
+    Canary Is., U.S. (acc.)
+
+          c. Mud. Is. _ocean_      8
+
+    Upper brownish-gray; crown, line under eye, edge of wing, tail
+    black; under, face, throat, line above eye white; bill, feet black;
+    webs yellow; f., sim. Shellfish, oily matters.
+
+2
+4
+
+    =38 Black-bellied Storm-Petrel=, _Cymodroma (Fregetta) melanogaster_,
+    S. Oceans, to N. Atl., A., T.
+
+          r. _ocean_      7.5
+
+    Sooty-black; under base tail, flanks white; bill, feet black; f.,
+    sim. Sea-animals, oily.
+
+    =39 White-bellied Storm-Petrel=, _C. grallaria_, S. Oceans to B. of
+    Bengal, Atl. to Cancer, Florida (acc).
+
+          r. _ocean_      7.2
+
+    Upper, neck, chest black; under, rump white; bill, feet black;
+    f., sim. Sea-animals, oily.
+
+    F. 28. PUFFINIDAE (29), PETRELS, Shearwaters, Fulmars, Prions,
+    75 sp.--47(16)A., 7(0)O., 24(0)P., 30(2)E., 22(4)Nc., 37(7)Nl.
+
+7
+25
+
+    =40 Wedge-tailed Petrel= (Shearwater), _Puffinus sphenurus_,
+    A. seas.
+
+          v.r. _ocean_      17.5
+
+    Sooty-brown; wing blackish; tail black; throat ashy-gray; under
+    dull ashy-brown; bill lead color; legs, feet livid flesh color,
+    dusky on inner side of leg and toe. Like 42, but tail longer;
+    f., sim. Food as for 41.
+
+  [Page 28]
+
+  [Illustration: [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]]
+
+    =41 Allied Petrel=, Gould Shearwater (Little Dusky), _P. assimilis_,
+    A. and N.Z. Seas, Atl. O. to Madiera Is., Nova Scotia (acc.).
+
+          Flocks v.r. _ocean_      11
+
+    Upper, crown, wings, tail sooty-black; side face, under white;
+    side-chest dusky; bill dark horn-colour; legs greenish-yellow;
+    f., sim. Shrimps, shellfish, seaweed.
+
+    =42 Short-tailed Petrel= (Sooty, Bonaparte), Slender-billed
+    Shearwater (U.S.), Seal-Bird, Mutton-Bird (V.), _P. brevicaudus
+    (tenuirostris)_, A., Bass St., T., N.Z. Migrates to Alaska, Japan.
+
+          Flocks, c. _ocean_      14
+
+    Sooty-brown; under paler; bill blackish-brown; legs, feet
+    light-grey, black down outer side. Food as 41.
+
+3
+3
+
+    =43 Brown Petrel= (Great-Gray), Black-tailed Shearwater (U.S.),
+    Night Hawk (e), Bully, Kuia, _Procellaria (Priofinus) cinereus_,
+    S.O., California (once).
+
+          r. _ocean_      19.5
+
+    Crown, upper dark brownish-gray; under white; under base tail
+    ashy-brown; tail black; feet grayish-flesh color; outer toe
+    brownish-black; dives; f., sim.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =44 Silver-gray Petrel= (Fulmar), Slender-billed Fulmar (U.S.),
+    _Priocella glacialoides_, Bass St., A., T., N.Z., S. Oceans,
+    Pacific to Japan, Alaska.
+
+          c. _ocean_      18
+
+    Pearly-gray; tip-wing black; face, under silky-white; f., sim.
+    Dead animals, oil, cuttlefish.
+
+3
+3
+
+    =45 Black Petrel= (Fulmar), Taonui, _Procellaria (Majaqueus)
+    parkinsoni_, A. and N.Z. Seas.
+
+          r. _ocean_      18
+
+    Sooty black; f., sim. Food see 41.
+
+9
+32
+
+    =46 Great-winged Petrel= (Long-winged, Gray-faced), _AEstrelata
+    macroptera_, A., N.Z., S. Oceans.
+
+          v.r. _ocean_      15
+
+    Dark brown; about bill, throat gray; wing-quills, tail black;
+    bill, feet black; f., sim. Food see 41.
+
+  [Page 29]
+
+  [Illustration: [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51]]
+
+    =47 Brown-headed Petrel=, Solander Fulmar, _AE. solandri_, 1 specimen
+    only, Gould, Bass St.
+
+          u. _ocean_      16
+
+    Head, wings, tail dark-brown; back slaty-gray, marked dark-brown;
+    bill, legs black.
+
+    =48 White-winged Petrel=, _AE. leucoptera_, A., N.Z. to C. Horn,
+    Fiji.
+
+          r. _ocean_      13
+
+    Upper dark slaty-gray; forehead, face, under, under wing white;
+    wings blackish-brown; eyes, bill black; legs, half toes and webs
+    fleshy-white; tip toes and webs black; f., sim.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =49 Giant Petrel= (Fulmar), Mother Carey's Goose, Nelly, Glutton,
+    Stinkpot, Vulture of the Seas, _Macronectes gigantea_, S. Oceans
+    up to 30 deg. S. Lat. Oregon (acc).
+
+          c. _ocean_      33
+
+    Dark chocolate-brown; bill horn-color; has also a white phase;
+    f., sim. Scavenger, omnivorous.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =50 Cape-Petrel= (Pintado, Black and White, Spotted, Pied),
+    Cape-Pigeon (-Fulmar), _Daption capensis_, A., N.Z., S. Oceans
+    to Brazil, Ceylon, Peru, acc. to California, Maine, England.
+
+          Large flocks c. _ocean_      16.5
+
+    Head, hind-neck, upper-back, edge of wing, quills, chin sooty-brown;
+    inner-wing, back white, broadly spotted sooty-brown; under white;
+    bill, feet blackish-brown; f., sim. Food as 41.
+
+5
+5
+
+    =51 Blue Petrel=, _Prion (Halobaena) coerulea_, S. Oceans, A., T.,
+    N.Z. to Icepack, Fiji.
+
+          c. _ocean_      11
+
+    Forehead, cheeks, throat, centre-chest, under white; upper
+    grayish-blue; outer wing-quills black; tail square, tipped white;
+    bill blackish-brown; f., sim. Cuttlefish, shellfish.
+
+  [Page 30]
+
+  [Illustration: [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]]
+
+    =52 Broad-billed Dove-Petrel= (Blue-), Whale-Bird, Prion, _P.
+    vittatus_, S. Oceans.
+
+          c. _ocean_      11.5
+
+    Upper delicate blue-gray; head darker than back; edge shoulder,
+    wing, tip-tail black; under, line over eye, white; flanks blue;
+    broad bill blue tipped black; feet light-blue; f., sim. Cuttlefish.
+
+  [Page 31]
+
+    =53 Banks Dove-Petrel= (Blue-), Prion, Whiroia, _P. banksi_,
+    S. Oceans, A., T., N.Z.
+
+          r. _ocean_      10
+
+    Like 52, but bill narrower and paler blue-gray; expanded wings show
+    black marks like letter W. Food as 54.
+
+    =54 Dove-Petrel=, Dove-like-Petrel (-Prion), Whale-Bird
+    (Snow-), _P. desolatus_, S. Oceans.
+
+          c. _ocean_      10.5
+
+    Like 52, 53, but more delicate; blackish below eye; white
+    stripe above eye; head same as back; bill straighter, more
+    slender; f., smaller. Shellfish, oily substances.
+
+    =55 Fairy Dove-Petrel= (-Prion), Short-billed (Gould)
+    Blue-Petrel, _P. brevirostris (ariel)_, S. Indian O., A.,
+    Bass St., Madeira, S. Africa.
+
+          v.r. _ocean_      9.5
+
+    Like 52, 53, 54, but bill shorter, stouter; head same as back;
+    white face.
+
+    F. 29. PELECANOIDIDAE (1), DIVING PETRELS, 3 sp.--2(0)A.,
+    1(0)E., 3(1)Nl.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =56 Diving-Petrel=, Smaller Diving Petrel, Tee-tee,
+    _Pelecanoides urinatrix_, A., N.Z., Str. of Magellan.
+
+          r. _sheltered bays_      8
+
+    Upper black; under white; legs, feet blue; dives; f., sim.
+    Shellfish.
+
+    F. 30. DIOMEDEIDAE (10), ALBATROSSES, Mollymawks, 19
+    sp.--13(3)A., 2(0)O., 5(0)P., 5(1)E., 5(0)Nc., 9(3)Nl.
+
+7
+17
+
+    =57 Wandering Albatross=, Man-of-War-Bird, Cape Sheep, Toroa,
+    _Diomedea exulans_, S. Oceans up to Lat. 30 deg. S.
+
+          c. _ocean_      44
+
+    Upper white with fine zigzag brown lines; wing-quills black;
+    tail short, black above; side face, under white; zigzag lines
+    on side of breast; bill whitish; color varies with age; span
+    up to 14 ft.; f., sim. Jelly-fish, shrimps, shellfish.
+
+  [Page 32]
+
+  [Illustration: [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63]]
+
+    =58 Royal Albatross=, _D. regia_, A., T., N.Z. Seas.
+
+          c. _ocean_      44
+
+    Lately separated from 57, because young have white down
+    instead of gray; adult has no zigzag lines; f., sim. Food see
+    57.
+
+    =59 Black-browed Albatross= (Mollymawk), _D. melanophrys_, S.
+    Oceans, England (once).
+
+          v.c. _ocean_      32
+
+    Head, neck, under, upper base tail white; blackish-gray
+    streak through eye; wings dark brown; back slaty-black; tail
+    dark-gray; bill buff-yellow; f., young sim. Fish.
+
+  [Page 33]
+
+    =60 White-capped Albatross=, shy Mollymawk, _D.
+    (Thalassageron) cauta_, A. Seas, Bass St.
+
+          c. _ocean_      31
+
+    Back slaty-gray; rump white; wings dark-gray; tail slaty-gray;
+    head, neck, under white; blackish streak through eye; bill
+    horn-color; f., smaller. Fish, barnacles, shrimps.
+
+    =61 Flat-billed Albatross=, (Yellow-nosed (e),
+    Gray-headed), Gould Yellow-nosed Mollymawk, _D. chrysostoma
+    (culminata)_, A., Indian O., Pacific O., Oregon
+    (cas.) G. of St. Lawrence (cas.).
+
+          r. _ocean_      28
+
+    Back, wings, tail dark grayish-black; head, neck gray; faint
+    blackish streak through eye; under, rump white; bill black,
+    tip, crest, lower-edge yellow, f., sim. Food see 60.
+
+    =62 Yellow-nosed Albatross= _D. chlororhynchus_, S. Atl. O.,
+    S. Ind. O., A., T.
+
+          c. _ocean_      30
+
+    Under, head, neck, rump white; back, wings brownish-black,
+    tail brownish; bill black, crest bright orange-yellow, tip
+    blood-orange; faint dark streak through eye; f., sim. Food see
+    60.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =63 Sooty Albatross=, _Phoebetria palpebrata (fuliginosa)_, S.
+    Oceans, Oregon (cas.), A., N.Z.
+
+          c. _oceans_      29.5
+
+    Sooty-brown; white ring almost round eye; bill black; f., sim.
+    Food as 60.
+
+    F. 31. _Alcidae_, Auk, Garefowl, Puffin, Razorbill, Guillemot,
+    Murre, 28 sp.--22(1)P., 27(6)Nc.
+
+====
+
+The birds of Order IX. are mainly shore birds. There are four chief
+kinds of these--Terns (Sea-Swallows), including Noddy Terns, Gulls,
+the remarkable northern Skimmers, which skim along the surface with
+the lengthened end of the lower mandible in the water, and the bold
+sea-pirates, Skuas. Fifty-seven Terns and Noddies are found throughout
+the world. Of these, twenty-one have been recorded from Australian
+waters.
+
+Being powerful flyers, it is not surprising to find that several of
+the Australian Terns are really Old-World, and even New-World, forms
+too. Thus the Whiskered (Marsh) Tern is also British. The Caspian,
+Gull-billed, and Bridled (Brown-winged) Terns are British and
+American, while the Sooty Tern is found in all tropical and
+sub-tropical seas. It is one of the famous birds of the world, for
+it is the "egg bird" of sailors. It retires in large companies to
+low scrubby islands to breed. Here it lays a single egg on the bare
+ground. Sailors, tired of ship's fare, often visit these "rookeries."
+Gould quotes a record of one party which took 1500 dozen eggs on
+one small island in Torres Strait. Spanish eggers from Havanah take
+cargoes, which are disposed of at 25 cents per gallon.
+
+The Wide-Awake Fair, of Ascension Island, is a famous annual event
+in natural history. A similar scene has been described by Mr. A. W.
+Milligan, the well-known West Australian ornithologist, on the Houtman
+Abrolhos Island, west of Western Australia. Here acres of the ground
+were covered by birds sitting on their nests. The question is, does
+each find its own nest when it returns to sit? Mr. Milligan settled
+this in the affirmative by tying a piece of string to a sitting bird
+and then letting it take flight. It found its own egg, and resumed its
+work. It is noteworthy that no two of the million eggs are similarly
+marked, and this puzzling variation in marking probably assists each
+bird to recognize its own egg.
+
+One of the daintiest of these birds is the Fairy Tern, which was
+common on Mud Island while the 1909 Summer School was being held.
+Obedient to the call of the mother bird, which hovered threateningly
+overhead, the mottled and striped young one squatted on the shelly
+sand beach while bird-lovers hunted around for the material for a
+photograph. At length the dark eye revealed the beautifully-protected
+young bird.
+
+As the camera was being fixed, a different call from the mother caused
+the young one to run away. Three or four naturalists tried to catch
+the active little bird, which stopped for a moment and disgorged two
+whole small fish, with which its mother had evidently but recently fed
+it. Eventually a good picture was obtained. These Terns nest singly,
+though others nest in large companies. They obtain fish by diving into
+the sea. It was interesting, on a Nature-study excursion, to watch the
+Crested Terns diving frequently into the sea above a shoal of small
+fish at Sandringham.
+
+We found the Noddies breeding in thousands on Mast Head Island, in the
+Capricorn Group. They built a small platform of leaves, or seaweed,
+high or low, on every possible nesting site on the great _Pisonia_
+trees. In fact, there is an interesting kind of partnership between
+the bird and the tree. The fruits of the _Pisonia_ have bands of
+sticky glands, which adhere to the plumage of the birds. After a
+time the fruits fall off, possibly on another island, and so this
+interesting tree is spread throughout these small coral sandbanks
+and islets. The birds are sometimes so loaded and clogged with these
+fruits that they are incapable of flight. Surely here is a wonderful
+partnership between the tree-frequenting Noddy and the forest tree
+that provides shelter and nesting places for it. It is, indeed, a
+marvellous method of seed dispersal.
+
+The number of ocean birds breeding on these tiny island-paradises
+is amazing. Minute Mast Head Island is a place free of all pests--no
+flies, no mosquitoes, no ticks, no snakes, nor prickly plants, but
+a deep shady forest of giant _Pisonia_ trees, sometimes covered with
+creepers and lianas, and fringed with pretty flowering shrubs, fig
+trees, and long green grass, and surrounded, above spring-tide level,
+by a fringe of graceful Horse-tail Sheoaks (Casuarinas). We calculated
+that over 100,000 birds bred annually on this 100-acre sandbank, no
+point of which rose 10 feet above spring-tide level. The graceful
+White-capped Noddies already mentioned nested high and low on the
+trees and shrubs. Petrels in thousands burrowed in the sand under the
+giant _Pisonias_, which are so thickly foliaged that not enough
+light penetrates to enable undergrowth to flourish, so the sand was
+practically bare in the centre of the island. Reef Herons nested
+low on spreading branches or interlacing roots. Silver Gulls and
+Oyster-catchers nested on the ground, within about a yard of the
+spring-tide mark; Doves, Silver-eyes, Bell-Magpies (_Streperas_),
+Caterpillar-eaters, Kingfishers, and other land birds nested in the
+trees, while the White-bellied Sea-Eagle (almost a fac-simile of the
+Bald Eagle of America) had his nest overlooking all, on the highest
+tree on the island. The Frigate Birds were not nesting on Mast Head
+Island, but they roosted each night in the tall Sheoaks at the water's
+edge. It was a treat, in the late afternoon, to see these glorious
+birds winding up their invisible staircase into the vast void of upper
+air. Gloriously and calmly they sailed up and up, until the merest
+speck only could be seen. Of corals, turtles, and other marvels we may
+not speak here. The migrating wading-birds had just reached the island
+after their long journey from Siberian Tundras. Some were so poor
+that we caught Sandpipers by hand. Flocks of Turnstone, Golden Plover,
+Godwits, Curlew, and other wading-birds were there, possibly only
+resting before continuing their journey to the South. It was indeed
+a privilege to live on such a spot for nine days and to see Nature in
+some of her most interesting phases.
+
+The two Australian Seagulls illustrate the "law of representatives" so
+often referred to by Gould. It is strange how often a closely similar
+representative of a Northern bird is found in Australia. Thus the big
+Pacific Gull is the representative of the large Gull of Europe, though
+its peculiar deepened and orange-colored bill is distinctive. It does
+not gain its beautiful white and black plumage until it is three or
+more years old, being brown in the first year, and brown and white in
+the second year.
+
+The Silver Gull is known to all. Though a dainty-looking bird, it has
+a bad character. It is worse than any bird of prey for stealing eggs
+and young birds, for let a gannet or other nesting bird but leave the
+nest for a moment, and Gulls quickly rob it of its contents. They are
+scavengers, and eagerly follow a steamer at lunch-time to gather the
+scraps. An interesting sight of Currie Harbor, King Island, is to see
+the large company of Seagulls nesting undisturbed on a tiny, bare,
+rocky islet close to the pier.
+
+It was noted that, whenever the Noddies were disturbed, and rose,
+protesting loudly, the Gulls immediately gathered and hovered over
+the trees containing Noddies' nests. Evidently they were looking for
+unprotected eggs.
+
+Placed in the next family are the seven robber Gulls or sea
+pirates--Skuas. We read of these birds in the old _Royal Readers_,
+but few recognized them when they followed us to the Summer School
+of 1910. They also followed our afternoon-tea cruise to South Channel
+fort, and played their usual game of compelling the Seagulls to give
+up the scraps they had gathered. The Robber Gull, or Skua, of Victoria
+is, strange to say, identical with the Skua of England. The one that
+followed the s.s. _Lady Loch_ to the Summer School is better known in
+England as the Arctic Gull or Richardson Skua. It breeds in the far
+North, so it is a great traveller.
+
+One interesting fact about these birds is that they show two sets of
+plumage. Thus, while each bird, as it gets older, usually changes its
+immature and almost uniform dusky plumage for a white under-surface,
+an incomplete white collar, and a blackish cap, yet some retain the
+dusky plumage throughout life. This is a good example of "dimorphism,"
+as it is termed. Usually, instead of picking up their own prey, they
+watch until some other bird has captured a meal, and then they rapidly
+pursue it and cause it to disgorge. They do not skim over the waves
+like Petrels, but show a heavy, labored flight, varied by a short
+soar. As the two centre tail feathers project beyond the rest, the
+birds can be readily identified as they follow a steamer for tit-bits.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 34]
+
+  [Illustration: [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69]]
+
+    ORDER IX.--LARIFORMES.
+
+    F. 32. LARIDAE (21), TERNS, NODDIES, GULLS, Skimmers, 125
+    sp.--32(13)A., 35(3)O., 45(1)P., 42(6)E., 43(5)Nc., 46(19)Nl.
+
+2
+4
+
+    =64 Whiskered Tern= (Marsh), _Hydrochelidon fluviatilis
+    (hybrida)_, Eur. (Br.) to China, Malay, Afr. to A.
+
+          r. _swamps (inland)_      11
+
+    Head black; upper, wings, tail light-gray; face, throat, tail
+    white; chest dark-gray; abdomen black; bill blood-red; winter,
+    head grayish-white; f., sim. Water-insects, small fish.
+
+  [Page 35]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =65 Gull-billed Tern= (Long-legged), _Gelochelidon macrotarsa
+    (anglica)_, cos.
+    [~65-66 _Genus Thalasseus._]
+
+          r. _rivers_, _swamps inland_      17
+
+    White; crown, hind-neck black; upper, wing-quills
+    silvery-gray; bill long, stout, black; long legs and feet
+    black; winter head white streaked black; f., sim. Small fish,
+    insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =66 Caspian Tern=, Taranui, _Sterna (Hydroprogne) caspia_,
+    cos. exc. S. Amer.
+    [~65-66 _Genus Thalasseus._]
+
+          c. _shore_      20.5
+
+    Head, hind-neck black; back, wings, tail pale-gray; dark-gray
+    wing-quills; under white; bill scarlet; dives; f., smaller.
+    Fish.
+
+10
+37
+
+    =67* Crested Tern= (Swift, Rueppell, Bass-St., Torres-St.),
+    Village Blacksmith, _Sterna bergii_, Red S., Indian O., to
+    Japan to A., Pac. Is.
+
+          v.c. _ocean_      17
+
+    Crown, crest black; forehead, sides and back of neck, under,
+    white; back, wings, tail dark-gray; bill yellow; legs, feet
+    black; f., sim. Fish.
+
+    =68 White-fronted Tern= (Southern), _S. striata (frontalis)_,
+    E.A., T., N.Z.
+
+          c. _shore_      13
+
+    Upper delicate-gray; wing-quills grayish-black; forehead,
+    side-neck, under white; bill, about eye, hind-neck black; f.,
+    sim. Small fish.
+
+    =69 Bridled Tern= (Brown-winged, Panayan, Smaller-Sooty), _S.
+    anaestheta_, tropical, sub-tropical seas.
+
+          v.c. _shore_      14.5
+
+    Upper light sooty-brown; forehead, line over eye, throat,
+    under white; crown, nape, line from bill past eye black; bill,
+    legs, feet black; like 70, but smaller; back, wings brown; f.,
+    sim. Fish.
+
+  [Page 38]
+
+  [Illustration: [81] [87] [102] [106] [107] [109] [119] [123] [125]]
+
+   =81= Black-breasted Plover
+   =87= Black-fronted Dottrel
+  =102= Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
+  =106= Australian Snipe
+  =107= Australian Painted Snipe
+  =109= Southern Stone-Curlew
+  =119= White-fronted Heron
+  =123= Nankeen Night Heron
+  =125= Australian Bittern
+
+  [Page 40]
+
+  [Illustration: [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75]]
+
+    =70 Sooty Tern=, Wide-awake, Egg-bird, _S. fuliginosa_ (_S.
+    fuscata_, A.O.U.), tropical, sub-tropical seas, Br. (acc).
+    [~70 _Sterna fuscata._]
+
+          v.c. _shores_      17
+
+    Upper, crown, wings, line from bill past eye, tail black;
+    forehead, under white; bill, feet black; like 69, but larger,
+    blacker above; f., sim. Fish, squid. "Oo-ee."
+
+    =71* White-faced Ternlet=, Sea-swallow, Little (Fairy) Tern,
+    Taraiti, _S. nereis_, A., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Little Tern.
+
+          c. _shore_      10.5
+
+    Upper silvery-gray; under, rump, tall, forehead white; crown,
+    hind-neck black; bill, feet orange-yellow; f., sim. Small
+    fish.
+
+  [Page 41]
+
+1
+45
+
+    =72* Silver Gull= (Jameson), Seagull, Sea Pigeon, _Larus
+    novae-hollandiae_, A., T., N. Cal., N.Z. (acc).
+
+          Stat. c. _shore_, _inland_      17.5
+
+    Head, neck, under, rump, tail white; back, wings
+    delicate-gray; wing-tips white and black bars; bill, legs,
+    feet blood-red; eye white; f., sim. Scraps, eggs, omnivorous.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =73* Pacific Gull= (Larger), _Gabianus pacificus_. A., T. =vt.
+    Eur. Greater Black-backed Gull.
+
+          Stat. c. _shore_      25
+
+    "This fine gull;" head, neck, under white; tail white barred
+    black; back, wings slaty-black; eye white; legs yellow;
+    deepened bill orange tipped red; f., smaller; young up to 4
+    years mottled-brown, becoming more like adult each year. Fish,
+    crabs, carrion.
+
+    F. 33. STERCORARIIDAE (4), SKUAS, Robber Gulls, Sea Pirates, 7
+    sp.--4(0)A., 1(0)O., 4(0)P., 3(0)E., 4(0)Nc., 4(1)Nl.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =74 Great Southern Skua=, Robber Gull, Port-Egmont-Hen,
+    Sea-Hawk, Hakoakoa, _Megalestris antarctica_, S. Oceans, A.,
+    N.Z. =vt. Eur. Great Skua.
+    [~74 _Catharacta._]
+
+          Mig. r. _shores_      23
+
+    Upper blackish-brown; under chocolate-brown; wing white patch;
+    centre tail feathers project 1/2in.; f., sim. Stolen fish,
+    carrion.
+
+2
+3
+
+    =75 Richardson Skua= (Arctic), Arctic (Parasite) Gull,
+    Long-tailed Jaeger, Sea-Pirate, Boatswain-Bird, Teaser,
+    _Stercorarius crepidatus_, cos.
+    [~75 _Catharacta parasitica._]
+
+          Mig. r. _shores_      20
+
+    Dimorphic (two phases)--1. Dusky upper; blackish cap; narrow
+    whitish collar; under white; brown band on chest; brown band
+    on wing; centre tail feathers project 3ins.; strong bill,
+    claws. 2. Under mottled and barred brown and whitish; follow
+    bay steamers; f., sim. Stolen fish.
+
+====
+
+The fifty Australian birds included in the important order of Waders
+are remarkably like such birds found inhabiting other regions of the
+globe, shore conditions apparently being somewhat similar the world
+over. It is interesting to note that thirteen of the forty-four
+Australian members of this family of Plover-like birds are also found
+in Britain, and that most of the others are direct representatives
+of closely-related birds found in other Countries. No less than
+twenty-eight of these birds are merely visitors here, for they breed
+away in the far North. Many even nest within the Arctic Circle, in
+Siberia, for it is a rule that a migrating bird nests in the colder
+of the two countries visited. Strictly, these twenty-eight species are
+Siberian, or at least northern, forms, and not Australian birds.
+
+Many members of this group undergo a seasonal change of plumage
+when breeding time comes. As they spend this season in the Northern
+Hemisphere, we do not see them in their brilliant colors, but in
+quiet, mottled browns and grays.
+
+Some are "accidental" visitors to Australia. Possibly they find their
+way here by getting mixed with a company of allied birds on their
+annual journey south. Thus the Common (British) Sandpiper is a very
+rare bird here, though it retains its British name--Common Sandpiper.
+Similarly, other European and American birds have been recorded, and
+the number of these far-wandering birds recorded from Australia
+is likely to be still further increased. The stout, short-legged
+Turnstone is the most cosmopolitan of birds. Breeding in Siberia, so
+widely does it roam, that it has visited almost every shore in
+the world, where, true to name, it turns the stones in search of
+sandhoppers.
+
+The two "Oyster-catchers"--"Redbills"--are representatives of similar
+birds found almost the world over. Their deepened, flat bill is said
+to serve as a pick-axe to force open oysters and mussels. We found one
+or two pairs on almost every shore we visited about Bass Strait, on
+Eyre Peninsula, and on the Barrier Reef.
+
+The two common Plovers--the Spurwing and Black-breasted--do not
+migrate, so we see them in brighter colors. Still, though bright
+when noticed, they are yet wonderfully protected, as they stand quite
+still. I felt great astonishment on finding that I had driven,
+near Lake Tyrrell, into the midst of a company of over a thousand
+Black-breasted Plovers, not noticed until the eye picked out one and
+then another. It recalled to mind the scene in the _Lady of the Lake_,
+when Fitz James found the hillside alive with Roderick Dhu's warriors.
+
+The White-headed Stilt, or Long-legged Plover, is one of five species
+spread throughout the world. Some people have pretended to pity the
+Stilt for being one of Nature's misfits, but surely they never saw the
+bird in a state of nature enjoying life, and gaining an easy living on
+shallow tidal flats, its long legs being a beautiful adaptation to the
+environment in which it lives.
+
+The Banded Stilt is a purely Australian bird, and has no
+representative in other countries. These and some other shore-birds
+live about tidal flats, and get their food in the soft mud. Their long
+bill is often flexible, and the tip is sometimes well supplied with
+nerves, so that it is sensitive. The bird can thus detect, in the soft
+mud, any animal that would serve for food. It can then open its bill
+enough to catch the animal without trouble. The Avocet's bill is
+sharply curved upwards, and is one of the most remarkable of such
+organs. The Australian Avocet is one species of a cosmopolitan genus.
+
+Some of the Dottrels live on the dry, open plains of the interior;
+others frequent the beaches and shores.
+
+When a bird of prey appears, these plain-living birds squat quite
+flat, placing even the head flat on the ground. They thus escape
+detection, for the protective coloring of these birds and of their
+eggs is marvellous. The story of how a photograph of a Dottrel's nest
+was obtained is of value to teachers, for it will remind us that it
+is not well to neglect the three R's, and that Nature-study alone
+will not give a complete education. Three bird-lovers spent some time
+trying to find this nest, while the parent birds flew noisily around.
+Suspecting at last that the birds' knowledge of numbers was probably
+deficient, the three hid behind a log. Two then walked away. The birds
+immediately returned to the nest, and a valuable photograph was the
+result. A training in Nature-study, valuable as it undoubtedly is, is
+thus not all of our work.
+
+The Painted Snipe breeds in Australia, but the Australian Snipe breeds
+in Japan, so it, properly speaking, is not an Australian bird. Think
+of the journey twice a year! Six of these wading-birds even visit New
+Zealand each year. How do they find their way there, across a gap
+of over 1000 miles, without any land whatever? Inherited memory is
+strong, but how did the first batches find their way? Their annual
+journey supports the geographer in his surmise that Australia at no
+very distant date extended very much farther to the east. Indeed,
+these birds almost certainly follow the old coast of the Australian
+continent.
+
+Snipe, some Plovers, Dottrels, Curlews (Sea), Whimbrels, Godwits, &c.,
+thus go to the North each year to partake of the abundant banquet
+of fruits, &c., preserved in the great ice chamber of the North.
+Numberless flocks of birds follow up the melting ice, and so nest
+unmolested on the great tundras and plains of Siberia. They wear their
+bright wedding dress in the far North, and are known here only in the
+quiet mottled browns and grays. In autumn these birds depart. They
+travel mostly at night, to avoid Birds of Prey, and so are seldom
+seen, though they may be heard calling as they pass high overhead.
+They are occasionally seen with the aid of telescopes as they pass
+across the face of the moon.
+
+The Pratincole, or Swallow-Plover, is a representative of an Old-World
+family. Its long wings and long legs denote a rapid runner and a rapid
+flyer, so that it has little trouble in catching its insect food,
+either in the air or on the ground.
+
+Our inland Stone-Curlew has a call very similar to that of the sea
+(true) Curlew, but it has a short, straight bill, instead of a long,
+arched bill. The proper name of the land Curlew is the Southern
+Stone-Curlew or Stone-Plover. It is the only Australian bird that
+seems to have the power of varying the color of its eggs. If the eggs
+are laid in grass, they are greenish; if amongst ironstone, the eggs
+are reddish-brown; if on sand, the eggs are tawny; and so on. Other
+ground-laying birds seem to pick out the soil that matches the
+color of their eggs, and lay there only. Possibly local races of the
+Southern Stone-Curlew keep to the one class of country. However, the
+eggs do match the surroundings, and the birds nest on different kinds
+of soil and rock.
+
+In Family 42, the only Australian bird is the Australian Bustard, our
+representative of a widely-spread family, a member of which formerly
+bred in Great Britain. It is the well-known "Wild Turkey." As it is a
+good table bird, it is generally shot on sight. This is a mistake,
+as it is (as Mr. C. French, Government Entomologist, has pointed out)
+worth many times its table value as an insect destroyer. None of the
+family has spread to America. As no Bustard occurs in the regions
+between Australia and India, this bird supplies a good example of
+what is known to zoo-geographers as "discontinuous distribution."
+"Discontinuous distribution," as applied to land animals, _e.g._,
+marsupials found in America and Australia, ratite birds in South
+America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, or the tapir,
+found in Central America and Malaysia, implies a land connexion (not
+necessarily complete at any one period) to allow of the gradual spread
+of the animals. Of course, as flying birds can pass easily from one
+region to another, "discontinuous distribution," as applied to them,
+cannot have so much importance attached to it as indicating previous
+land connexions.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 42]
+
+  [Illustration: [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82]]
+
+    ORDER X.--CHARADRIIFORMES.
+
+    F. 34. _Chionididae_, Sheathbills, Kelp-Pigeons, 3 sp.--2(2)E.
+    1(1)Nl.
+
+    F. 35. _Thinocorythidae_, Seed-Snipe, Seed-Plover, 5 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 36. CHARADRIIDAE (44), Waders, Plover-like Birds, 202
+    sp.--68(29)A., 75(5)O., 84(2)P., 70(24)E., 65(3)Nc., 74(28)Nl.
+
+1
+2
+
+    =76 Turnstone=, Sea-Dottrel, Calico (beach) Bird, _Arenaria
+    interpres_, cos.
+    [~76 _Morinella interpres._]
+
+          Mig. c. _shore_      8
+
+    Winter plumage, mottled brown, black; summer plumage in far
+    north; black and white conspicuous; short bill black; legs,
+    feet, orange; f., duller. Sand-hoppers, shellfish.
+
+  [Page 43]
+
+2
+13
+
+    =77 Pied Oyster-catcher= (White-breasted, Black and white),
+    Seapie, Olive, Redbill, Torea, _Haematopus longirostris_,
+    Mol., N.G., A., T., N.Z., Chatham Is. =vt. Eur.
+    Oyster-catcher.
+
+          Stat. c. _shores_      19.5
+
+    Black; abdomen, rump, base tail above, below white; eyes,
+    bill, legs red; bill 3.75in.; f., sim. Sand-hoppers,
+    shellfish, worms.
+
+    =78 Black Oyster-catcher= (Sooty), Redbill, Toreo-pango, _H.
+    fuliginosus_, A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. c. _shores_      18
+
+    Sooty-black; bill, feet, eye red; f., sim. Shellfish, worms.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =79 Red-kneed Dottrel=, Sandpiper (e), _Erythrogonys cinctus_, A.
+
+          Mig. r. _muddy river banks_      7.5
+
+    Head, upper-neck, chest, black; throat, sides of neck,
+    abdomen, under base tail white; back olive-brown; middle tail
+    feathers olive, rest white; thigh, knee pink-red; f., sim.
+    Insects.
+
+2
+4
+
+    =80 Spurwing Plover= (Wattled), Alarm-Bird, _Lobivanellus
+    lobatus_, A., T.
+    [~80 _Lobibyx novae hollandiae._]
+
+          Stat. c. _plains_, _swamps_      14
+
+    "One of most beautiful of plovers;" crown black; face,
+    hind-neck, rump, under white; upper brown; tail white tipped
+    black; wattle on face lemon-yellow; spur on shoulder; f., sim.
+    Insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =81* Black-breasted Plover= (Stubble, Flock, Plain), _Zonifer
+    tricolor_, A., T.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _plains_      10.5
+
+    Upper brown; crown, line on face down to broad band on chest,
+    wing-quills black; line through eye, throat, abdomen white;
+    tail white barred black; spot at base of upper-bill blood-red;
+    f., spot lighter-red. Insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =82 Gray Plover= (Black-bellied), Gray Sandpiper (e), Maycock,
+    _Squatarola helvetica_, cos. 82
+    [~_Squatarola squatarola._]
+
+          Mig. r. _muddy shores_, _rivers_      12
+
+    Crown, upper, wings, olive-brown mottled white; wing-quills
+    blackish-brown; rump white; tail white barred light olive;
+    face, under white, breast tinged buff; bill, feet blackish;
+    small hind toe; brighter in far North; f., sim. Insects,
+    worms.
+
+  [Page 44]
+
+  [Illustration: [83] [84] [85] [86] [87]]
+
+1
+2
+
+    =83 Lesser Golden Plover= (Pacific, American, Australian,
+    Eastern), _Charadrius dominicus_, almost cos.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Mig. flocks, r. _plains near sea_, _rivers_      9
+
+    Upper, tail dark-brown marked whitish; under mottled buff,
+    brown, white; line over eye, throat whitish; no hind toe;
+    brighter in far north; f., sim. Insects, worms.
+
+4
+8
+
+    =84 Double-banded Dottrel= (Banded), Pohowera, _Ochthodromus
+    bicinctus_, A., T., Norfolk Is., Lord Howe Is., N.Z.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Mig. c. _shores_, _grass_      6.5
+
+    Upper brownish-gray; under white; black band on chest;
+    chestnut band on abdomen; forehead white; black line through
+    eye; eyelash scarlet; no hind toe; f., duller. Insects, worms.
+
+    =85 Oriental Dottrel= (Eastern, Asiatic, Mongolian), _O.
+    veredus_, Mongolia, China to A.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _sandy coasts_      9.5
+
+    Indistinct mottled plumage; upper brown and buff; throat
+    lighter; abdomen white; slender bill dark-brown; legs long,
+    slender; no hind toe; f., sim. Insects, worms.
+
+4
+19
+
+    =86 Red-capped Dottrel=, Red-necked Plover, Sandlark,
+    _AEgialitis ruficapilla_, China to A., T., N.Z.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Stat. c. _shores_      6
+
+    Crown, hind-neck rust-red; upper, wings pale-brown;
+    wing-quills blackish-brown; centre tail dark-brown, rest
+    white; under, forehead white; f., duller. Shellfish.
+
+    =87* Black-fronted Dottrel=, _AE. melanops_, A.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Stat. r. _rivers_, _pools_, _lakes_      6
+
+    Forehead, broad band on chest black; throat, abdomen, stripe
+    over eye, round hind-neck white; eyelash bright-red; "active,
+    elegant bird;" f., sim. Insects, worms.
+
+  [Page 45]
+
+  [Illustration: [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93]]
+
+    =88 Hooded Dottrel=, _AE. cucullata_, A., T.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Stat. c. _shore_      8.3
+
+    Head, throat, upper-back black; hind-neck, under white;
+    lower-back light brownish-gray; middle tail feathers black,
+    rest tipped white; scarlet ring round eye; f., crown mottled
+    black, white. Sand-hoppers, worms.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =89 Australian Dottrel=, _Peltohyas australis_, A. =vt. Eur.
+    Common Dottrel.
+    [~83-89 _Genus Charadrius._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _plains (interior)_      8
+
+    Upper sandy-buff mottled with dark-brown; black band across
+    top of head from eye to eye; black collar on hind-neck
+    continued as a narrow V across chest; forehead, throat white;
+    m., duller. Insects.
+
+1
+7
+
+    =90 White-headed Stilt= (Pied), Longshanks, Stilt-bird,
+    Long-legged Plover, _Himantopus leucocephalus_, Great Sunda
+    Is., Mol., N.G., A. =vt. Eur. Stilt.
+    [~90 _Hypsibates_]
+
+          Nom. r. _swamps_, _lakes_      15
+
+    White; hind-neck, back, wings black; long legs pink; f.,
+    smaller. Insects, pond-snails.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =91 Banded Stilt=, Rottnest Snipe (e), _Cladorhynchus
+    leucocephalus_, A.
+
+          Nom. v.r. _shallow lakes_      13.5
+
+    White; broad chestnut band on breast; wings, centre of abdomen
+    black; long bill black. Plaintive whistle.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =92 Red-necked Avocet=, Cobbler, Cobbler's Awl, Painted Lady,
+    Scooper, _Recurvirostra novae-hollandiae_, A., T., N.Z. =vt.
+    cos. bird.
+
+          Nom. r. _lakes_, _tidal bays_      15.5
+
+    White; head, neck chestnut; wings black; f., sim. Shellfish,
+    insects.
+
+2
+9
+
+    =93 Australian Curlew=, Sea-Curlew, _Numenius cyanopus_, E.
+    Sib., Japan to A. =vt. Eur. Common Curlew.
+
+          Mig. c. _tidal shores_      m., 21; f., 24
+
+    Arched bill 7in.; mottled brown; f., larger. Crabs, worms.
+
+  [Page 46]
+
+  [Illustration: [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99]]
+
+    =94 Oriental Whimbrel= (Australian), Jack-Curlew, Mayfowl, _N.
+    variegatus_, E. Sib., Japan to A., T. =vt. Eur. Whimbrel.
+
+          Mig. r. _river_, _swamp_      15
+
+    Brown mottled; chin, abdomen white; tail barred brown, white;
+    arched bill 3in.; f., sim. Crabs, shellfish, worms.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =95 Little Whimbrel=, _Mesoscolopax minutus_, E. Sib.,
+    Mongolia, Japan to A.
+    [~95 _Numenius minutus._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _swamps_      12
+
+    Upper blackish-brown much marked and spotted buff; under, line
+    past eye buff; arched bill 1.7in. Insects, worms.
+
+  [Page 47]
+
+2
+5
+
+    =96 Barred-rumped Godwit= (Pacific), Kuaka, _Limosa,
+    novae-zealandiae_ (_lapponica_, Am.O.U.), Alaska, California;
+    E. Sib. to A., T., N.Z., Oceania =vt. Eur. Barred-tailed
+    Godwit.
+    [~96 _Limosa baueri._]
+
+          Mig. c. _shores_      15
+
+    Upper brownish-gray marked whitish; rump, tail barred brown,
+    white; abdomen white; legs brownish-black; broad, indistinct
+    whitish eyebrow; bill long, slightly upturned; f., larger.
+    Shellfish, worms, sand-hoppers.
+
+    =97 Black-tailed Godwit=, _L. limosa_, Br. Eur., N. Afr.,
+    India, E. Sib., Japan to A., Greenland (acc.), may be a
+    distinct species than called _L. melanuroides_.
+    [~97 _Limosa melanuroides._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _shallow lakes_      16
+
+    Upper grayish-brown; wing white band flying; lower-back
+    blackish-brown; upper base tail white; tail black, white at
+    side at base; neck, breast, flanks grayish-brown; abdomen
+    white; bill long, slightly upturned; f., larger. Insects, pond
+    snails, worms.
+
+1
+2
+
+    =98 Common Sandpiper=, Summer Snipe, _Tringoides hypoleucus_,
+    Eur. (Br.), N. Asia, Afr., Ind., to A. (acc.).
+    [~98 _Tringa hypoleuca._]
+
+          Mig. u. _shores_, _lakes_      8
+
+    Upper pale-brown marked darker; wing-quills slightly tipped
+    white; centre tail feathers glossy-brown, side feathers white
+    barred brown; under white; chest marked pale-brown; indistinct
+    pale eyebrow; tail constantly jerked; f., sim. Water-insects,
+    shellfish.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =99 Greenshank=, _Glottis nebularius_, Br., Eastern
+    hemisphere, Florida (acc.).
+    [~99 _Tringa nebularia._]
+
+          Mig. r. _shores_, _lakes_      14
+
+    Face, under, tail white; sides of breast streaked brown; edge
+    of tail barred freckled brown; crown, hind-neck gray; wings
+    dark-brown; upper light-brown; legs deep olive-green; f., sim.
+    Shellfish, worms.
+
+  [Page 48]
+
+  [Illustration: [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105]]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =100 Sanderling=, _Calidris arenaria_ (_leucophoea_, Am.O.U.),
+    cos. exc. Pacific Is.
+    [~100 _Arenaria leucophaea._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _sandy shores_, _swamps_      7.5
+
+    Crown, back gray; white band on wing; sides, lower-back white;
+    eyebrow, forehead, face, under white; no hind toe; brighter in
+    far north; f., sim. Sand-hoppers, insects. "Wick."
+
+  [Page 49]
+
+2
+5
+
+    =101 Eastern Little Stint= (Little), Red-necked Sandpiper,
+    Land-snipe, Little Dunlin, _Pisobia ruficollis_, E. Sib.,
+    Jap., China to A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Little Stint.
+    [~101 _Erolia ruficollis._]
+
+          Mig. flocks c. _shores_      6.2
+
+    Upper ashy-brown mottled darker; wing-quills blackish-brown;
+    centre tail feathers blackish-brown; rest whitish; forehead,
+    under white; faint chestnut band on chest; bill, legs black;
+    brighter in far north; f., sim. Insects, shellfish.
+
+1
+5
+
+    =102* Sharp-tailed Sandpiper= (Siberian-, Asiatic-Pectoral),
+    Sharp-tailed Stint, Marsh Sandpiper, Marsh Tringa,
+    _Heteropygia aurita_, (_P. aurita_, Am.O.U.), Alaska, E. Sib.,
+    Japan, Ind, to A., T., N.Z.
+    [~102 _Erolia aurita._]
+
+          Mig. r. _coast_      8.5
+
+    Upper dark-brown marked gray; crown faint rufous; wing-quills
+    dark-brown; face, under whitish, breast brownish; f., smaller.
+    Small water-animals.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =103 Curlew-Sandpiper=, Pygmy Curlew, Curlew-Stint,
+    _Ancylochilus subarquatus_ (_Erolia ferruginea_, Am.O.U.), A.,
+    T., N.Z., almost cos. exc. Pac. Is.
+    [~103 _Erolia ferruginea._]
+
+          Mig. flocks r. _shore_      8.5
+
+    Upper grayish-brown; eyebrow, rump, under white, chest tinged
+    brown; bill 1.5 in., black, arched; brighter in far north; f.,
+    sim. Insects, worms.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =104 Knot=, Knot-Snipe, _Tringa canutus_, almost cos., A., T., N.Z.
+    [~104 _Canutus canutus._]
+
+          Mig. r. _tidal mud flats_      9
+
+    Upper grayish-brown; under white; flanks, breast barred
+    grayish-brown; upper base tail white barred black; brighter in
+    far north; f., sim. Insects, worms.
+
+    =105 Eastern Knot= (Japanese), Great Sandpiper, _T.
+    crassirostris_, E. Sib., Jap., Ind. to A.
+    [~105 _Canutus magnus._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _shore_      11.5
+
+    Crown, neck, brownish-gray; back, wings brown; rump white;
+    tail brownish-gray; breast dark-brown marked white; abdomen
+    white; bill olive, 1-3/4 in.; brighter in far north; f., sim.
+    Insects, worms.
+
+  [Page 50]
+
+  [Illustration: [106] [107] [108] [109] [110]]
+
+1
+23
+
+    =106* Australian Snipe= (Japanese, Latham), Jack Snipe,
+    Bleater, Long-bill, _Gallinago australis_, Jap., Formosa, to
+    A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Snipe.
+
+          Mig. c. _swamps_      9.5
+
+    Richly mottled; crown blackish with buff line along centre;
+    face, chin buff; breast, washed reddish-brown; brown bars on
+    flanks; back mottled brownish-black; under wings finely barred
+    black, white; chestnut band on tail; two black lines on face;
+    bill 2.7 in.; f., sim. Insects, worms.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =107* Australian-Painted Snipe=, Australian Rhynchaea,
+    _Rostratula australis_, A.
+
+          Mig. v.r. _grassy_, _bush_      9.5
+
+    Beautiful mottled dotted; crown dark-brown, with buff line;
+    throat, chest dark, chin lighter; wing brown, spotted black,
+    white, buff; abdomen white; long straight bill 1.7 in.; m.,
+    duller, smaller. Insects, worms.
+
+  [Page 51]
+
+    F. 37. PARRIDAE (1), PARRA, Jacana, Water-Pheasant, 11
+    sp.--2(1)A., 3(2)O., 3(3)E., 1(0)Nc., 4(3)Nl.
+
+    F. 38. _Cursoriidae_, Coursers, 15 sp.--3(2)O., 1(0)P.,
+    13(12)E.
+
+    F. 39. GLAREOLIDAE (2), PRATINCOLES, Swallow-Plovers, 10
+    sp.--2(0)A., 4(1)O., 3(0)P., 7(5)E.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =108 Australian Pratincole=, Swallow-Plover, _Stiltia
+    isabella_, Borneo, Java to A., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Pratincole.
+
+          Mig. v.r. _(interior) rivers_, _marshes_      9.5
+
+    Upper, wings, breast light-rufous, throat whitish; abdomen
+    chestnut; base tail above, below white; centre tail black,
+    rest white; bill red, tipped black, swallow-like flight; f.,
+    sim. Insects.
+
+    F. 40. _Dromadidae_, Crab-Plover, 1 sp.--1(0)O., 1(0)E.
+
+    F. 41. OEDICNEMIDAE (2), STONE-CURLEWS, Stone-Plovers,
+    Thick-Knees, 13 sp.--2(1)A., 3(1)O., 1(0)P., 7(6)E., 3(3) Nl.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =109* Southern Stone-Curlew= (-Plover) Willaroo, Scrub Curlew,
+    _Burhinus grallarius_, A., T. (acc.).
+
+          Stat. c. _sandy plains_, _timber_      20.5
+
+    Crown, upper dark-gray, marked black; round eye white; throat
+    buff; chest, abdomen whitish, streaked blackish; white patch
+    on wing; legs long; bill short, black; f., sim. Insects,
+    berries. "Wee-lo."
+
+    F. 42. OTIDIDAE (1), BUSTARDS, 33 sp.--1(1)A., 7(2)O., 7(2)P.,
+    23(21)E
+
+1
+5
+
+    =110 Australian Bustard=, Wild Turkey (e), _Eupodotis
+    australis_, A.
+    [~110 _Choriotis australis._]
+
+          Mig. r. _plains_      48
+
+    Crown black; face, neck grayish-white; upper, wings brown;
+    wings spotted black-white; black band on chest; abdomen white;
+    f., smaller. Seeds, grass, lizards, insects.
+
+====
+
+Australia, fortunately, has one representative of Order XI.--Cranes.
+This is the Native Companion, the only true Crane found in Australia.
+These are interesting birds, with their "quadrille parties,"
+"corroborees," and dances. They live chiefly on vermin--insects,
+lizards, &c. The great Gould said: "Its presence adds greatly to the
+interest of the scenery." Would that more Australians thought so!
+
+Cranes are amongst the best of flyers. They are said to fly sometimes
+at a height of from three and a half to five miles, and have been
+seen to cross lofty mountains in Central Asia without increasing
+their altitude. Perhaps because of its inappropriate name--Native
+Companion--some have proposed to regard this bird as the typical
+Australian bird, but it is not so. In fact, it is our one
+representative of an almost world-wide group.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 52]
+
+  [Illustration: [111] [112] [113] [114] [115]]
+
+    ORDER XI.--GRUIFORMES.
+
+    F. 43. GRUIDAE (1), CRANES, 19 sp.--1(1)A., 8(2)O., 9(1)P.,
+    7(5)E., 3(0)Nc., 2(0)Nl.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =111 Australian Crane=, Native Companion, Brolga, _Antigone
+    australasiana_, A.
+    [~111 _Mathewsia rubicunda._]
+
+          Nom. r. _plains_      42
+
+    Deep silvery-gray; wing-quills black; naked red patch about
+    face, throat; legs, feet black; f., smaller. Insects, lizards,
+    bulbous roots, seeds.
+
+    F. 44. _Aramidae_, Courlans, Limpkin, 2 sp.--1(0)Nc., 2(1)Nl.
+
+    F. 45. _Rhinochetidae_, Kagu, 1 sp. A. (N. Cal.).
+
+    F. 46. _Mesoenatidae_, 1 sp. E. (Madagascar).
+
+    F. 47. _Eurypygidae_, Sun-bitterns, 2 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 48. _Psophiidae_, Trumpeters, 7 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 49. _Cariamidae_, Seriema, Saria, 2 sp. Nl.
+
+====
+
+In Order XII. Australia has representatives of the Ibises, Spoonbills,
+Storks, Herons, Egrets, Night Herons, and Bitterns, so well known in
+every part of the world.
+
+Amongst the world's birds, few are better known than the Ibis. This
+bird was so highly prized by the ancient Egyptians as to be considered
+sacred, and they thought enough of it to embalm it. As Egypt depended
+on the overflow of the Nile for food supply, and as this overflow was
+heralded by the arrival of the migratory Ibis from the South, it was
+natural for the Egyptians to connect the rise of the river with this
+bird, and thus look for its approach. Again, the Ibis is an insect
+destroyer, and, as Egypt was subject to plagues of grasshoppers, it
+undoubtedly rendered as valuable service there as it does here. This
+is another reason that has been assigned for the esteem in which this
+valuable bird was held. However, it is now almost unknown in Egypt.
+
+In Australia we have three Ibises. One, the Sacred Ibis, or White
+Ibis, is practically identical with the Sacred Ibis of Egypt. Our
+second Ibis is the even more valuable Straw-necked Ibis, which extends
+its labors to plains and pastures, while the Sacred Ibis is rarely
+seen except on swampy lands. The Straw-necked Ibis is restricted to
+Australia. It seems to be increasing in numbers, for I have seen small
+and large flocks in many parts of the Eastern States recently. It has
+an insatiable appetite for grasshoppers and other insects. This bird
+is a valuable asset to Australia, and yet thoughtless farmers used
+to shoot it. Mr. Le Souef and Dr. C. Ryan came upon a flock of Ibises
+breeding in Riverina. They estimated the flock to contain 240,000
+birds. They found that each bird shot contained on the average 2000
+young grasshoppers. Think of it; 480,000,000 grasshoppers a day! Where
+are those birds now, when needed to stem a locust plague? We have to
+pay the price of our folly in destroying valuable birds. A third Ibis
+is identical with the little Glossy Ibis of Europe.
+
+The six Spoonbills are found throughout the world except in New
+Zealand and the northern parts of North America. They used to breed
+in England before man's selfishness and stupidity destroyed them and
+their nesting-places. They breed at present in the Murray swamps.
+
+The Australian Stork--the Jabiru--does not come to the Southern
+parts of Australia, but breeds on the Queensland coast. It is
+a quaint-shaped, though beautifully-colored, bird. Its large,
+awkward-looking bill has a slight curve upwards.
+
+Now come those beautiful birds, the Egrets. Man's cupidity and
+selfishness, and woman's desire for ornament, seem to have doomed
+these birds to total extermination, for the plume trade, which is
+responsible for some of the "most abominable cruelty practised in
+the animal world," is a war of extermination. Egrets are shy, and are
+approachable only in the breeding season. At that time they are, in
+obedience to parental instincts, brave in defence of their young. It
+is just then that the plume-hunters visit the rookeries and shoot the
+parents, leaving the helpless, almost fully-fledged, young to die in
+the nest, so high overhead. And all for what? Could anyone who has
+seen the devastated nests, with the famished bodies of the fledglings
+rotting in the sun, ever take pleasure in Egret plumes decking the
+head of a sister or wife? Women of refinement and tender heart will
+refuse to wear the proceeds of human cruelty. Those engaged in the
+trade resort to the mean trick of calling the plumes "Osprey plumes."
+Now, the Osprey is a Fish-Hawk, and so possibly of little use to the
+land-dweller, but these plumes grow on the back and neck of a valuable
+insect destroyer. The extent of this trade is appalling. At one plume
+sale, held in London on 4th August, 1909, the breeding plumes of
+24,000 birds were offered for sale. Think of it! The slow starvation
+of 40,000 nestlings, the death of 64,000 birds, to provide the plumes
+for one day's sale. No, ladies, if you consider you are in need of
+ornament, wear ostrich plumes and pheasants' feathers, for these
+do not involve the death of a bird, but rather the reverse, for the
+greater the demand for these feathers, the more birds will be bred;
+but spare the Egret.
+
+The Reef Heron is found on beaches from the Bay of Bengal to New
+Zealand. It has given scientists much trouble, for it has a pure-white
+form and a dark slaty-gray form. We found and photographed the nests
+on Mast Head and Heron Islands. This was a prize, for no photograph
+of a Reef Heron's nest had been published previously. As soon as the
+falling tide exposed the reef round the island, Reef Herons, Gulls,
+Plovers, Dottrels, and Terns, went out to have their next meal.
+
+The "Blue Crane" of the country dwellers is the "White-fronted
+Heron" of the bird-lover. "Fronted" in a bird name refers only to
+the forehead. Herons are valuable birds to the grazier, farmer,
+and irrigationist, for, in addition to insects and snails, they eat
+yabbies (fresh-water crayfish), which bore into the banks and bed of
+irrigation channels, and so cause much loss of water by soakage.
+
+Distinguished from these birds mainly by its nocturnal habit is
+the interesting Nankeen Night Heron, our one representative of a
+practically cosmopolitan genus. Our one Night Heron hides on a leafy
+bough asleep during the daytime. About dusk he sets off to a swamp.
+
+The Australian Bittern, also our one representative of a cosmopolitan
+genus, skulks in a bed of reeds. Hence it is seldom seen. Its loud,
+dismal, booming note probably assisted in the formation of the Bunyip
+legends of the blacks. I saw more Bitterns in a recent trip down the
+Brisbane than I ever saw before.
+
+At breeding time these birds assemble in very large companies, and
+their nesting-places are called heronries or rookeries. The chief
+rookeries here are in the Riverina, where the great annual overflow of
+that fine river, the Murray, converts the country into a great series
+of lakes and swamps. Here water animals live in large numbers, and
+thousands of birds take advantage of this abundant food supply to nest
+there in the enormous redgums.
+
+Each bird is the close relative of a similar bird in Europe, so that
+what is read concerning Herons and Egrets there, applies equally to
+our members of this widely-distributed family. Eating grasshoppers
+and other insects in great numbers, they are friends of the farmer and
+grazier. Destroying yabbies and other burrowing water animals, they
+are valuable allies of the irrigationist, and it is decidedly bad
+policy to shoot one.
+
+
+====
+
+  [Page 53]
+
+    ORDER XII.--ARDEIFORMES.
+
+    F. 50. IBIDIDAE (3), IBISES, 27 sp.--4(2)A., 6(2)O., 3(0)P.,
+    10(8)E., 4(0)Nc., 11(7)Nl.
+
+1
+5
+
+    =112 Australian White Ibis= (Black-necked), Sickle-Bill, _Ibis
+    molucca_, Mol., N.G., A. =vt. Sacred Ibis of Egypt.
+
+          Nom. flocks, r. _lagoons_      30
+
+    White; head, upper-neck bare black; back of head and neck
+    barred rose-pink; black bill arched; f., smaller. Insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =113 Straw-necked Ibis=, Dryweather (Letter) Bird, Farmer's
+    Friend, _Carphibis spinicollis_, A. T.
+
+          Nom. flocks, c. _grassy_      28
+
+    "This beautiful ibis;" head, fore-neck naked black; black bill
+    arched; pointed, straw-colored plumes on neck; breast, upper
+    greenish-purple barred black; abdomen, flanks, tail white; f.,
+    smaller. Insects.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =114 Glossy Ibis=, Black Curlew (e), _Plegadis falcinellus_,
+    A., T., N.Z., almost cos. exc. S. Am., Arctic, and Pac. Is.
+    [~114 _Egatheus falcinellus._]
+
+          Nom. flocks, v.r. _swampy_      25
+
+    Head, neck, breast, back, under rich reddish-chestnut;
+    lower-back, tail dark bronze-green; winter; head, neck
+    streaked white; f., sim. Insects, worms.
+
+    F. 51. PLATALEIDAE (2), SPOONBILLS, 6 sp.--2(2)A., 2(0)O.,
+    2(0)P., 2(1)E., 1(0)Nc., 1(0)Nl.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =115 Black-billed Spoonbill= (Royal), _Platalea regia_, A.,
+    N.Z.
+
+          Nom. r. _marshy_      29
+
+    White; bill, legs, feet black; f., sim. Shellfish, frogs.
+
+  [Page 55]
+
+  [Illustration: [128] [129] [131] [133] [134] [135] [136] [137] [139]]
+
+  =128= Cape Barren Goose
+  =129= Maned Goose
+  =131= Plumed Whistling Duck
+  =133= Black Duck
+  =134= Australian Teal
+  =135= Gray Teal
+  =136= Australian Shoveller
+  =137= Pink-eared Duck
+  =139= White-eyed Duck
+
+  [Page 57]
+
+  [Illustration: [152] [155] [157] [158] [165] [167] [170] [172] [173]]
+
+  =152= Allied Harrier
+  =155= Australian Goshawk
+  =157= Collared Sparrowhawk
+  =158= Wedge-tailed Eagle
+  =165= Black-shouldered Kite
+  =167= Black-cheeked Falcon
+  =170= Little Falcon
+  =172= Brown Hawk
+  =173= Nankeen Kestrel
+
+  [Page 60]
+
+  [Illustration: [116] [117] [118] [121] [122]]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =116 Yellow-billed Spoonbill=, _Platibis flavipes_, A.
+
+          Nom. r. _swamps_      28
+
+    White; bill, legs, feet yellow; f., sim. Shellfish, frogs,
+
+    F. 52. CICONIIDAE (1), STORK (JABIRU), 19 sp.--2(0)A.,
+    10(6)O., 4(1)P., 8(4)E., 2(0)Nc., 3(1)Nl.
+
+    F. 53. _Scopidae_, Hammer-Head, 1 sp. E.
+
+    F. 54. _Balaenicipitidae_, Shoe-bird, Shoebill, Whaleheaded
+    Stork, 1 sp. E. (Upper White Nile).
+
+    F. 55. ARDEIDAE (16), HERONS, 107 sp.--32(16)A., 27(4)O.,
+    21(1)P., 25(14)E., 17(4)Nc., 33(20)Nl.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =117 Plumed Egret=, _Mesophoyx plumifera_, Cel., Mol., N.G., A.
+    [~117 _Egretta plumifera._]
+
+          Nom. v.r. _swamps_      24
+
+    White; bill yellow; feet, lower legs black, above "knee"
+    yellow; f., sim. Insects.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =118 Australian White Egret= (Great), White Crane (e),
+    _Herodias timoriensis_, Jap., China, Philippines to A., T., N.Z.
+    [~118 _Egretta timoriensis._]
+
+          Nom. v.r. _lagoons_      30
+
+    "This noble species;" white; bill beautiful orange; legs above
+    "knee" and line down centre of inner shin dull yellow; rest of
+    shin, feet black; naked space about eye greenish-yellow; f.,
+    sim. Fish, frogs, insects.
+
+2
+4
+
+    =119* White-fronted Heron=, Blue-Crane (e), Matuku, _Notophoyx
+    novae-hollandiae_, Cel., Mol., N.G., A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Nom. v.c. _about water_      24
+
+    Face, throat white; upper, wings dark-gray; under gray tinged
+    rufous; f., sim. Insects, crabs, yabbies.
+
+    =120 White-necked Heron= (Pacific), White-necked Crane (e),
+    _N. pacifica_, A., T.
+
+          Stat. r. _swamps_      30
+
+    Head, neck, breast, shoulder white; under, wings, tail upper
+    blackish; f., smaller. Frogs, insects.
+
+  [Page 61]
+
+  [Illustration: [119] [120] [123] [124] [125]]
+
+1
+2
+
+    =121 Lesser Egret= (Little, Spotless), _Garzetta nigripes_,
+    Malay to N.G., A.
+    [~121 _Egretta nigripes._]
+
+          Nom. r. _swamps_      22
+
+    White; 2 long plumes from nape; feet, legs totally black; bill
+    black; f., sim. Frogs, insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =122 Reef Heron= (White, Blue, Sacred), _Demiegretta sacra_,
+    Jap., Ind. to A., T., N.Z.
+    [~122 _Demigretta sacra._]
+
+          Stat. r. _coast_      23
+
+    Dark slaty-gray; bill yellowish-green; some birds are white;
+    f., sim. Crabs, shellfish.
+
+1
+8
+
+    =123* Nankeen Night Heron=, Nankeen Crane (e), _Nycticorax
+    caledonicus_, Cel., N.G., A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Night Heron.
+    Frogs, insects, yabbies.
+
+          Mig. c. _swamps_      19
+
+    Nocturnal; crown, nape black; long white plumes from
+    nape; upper rich chestnut; abdomen white; neck, chest
+    reddish-chestnut; f., sim.; young mottled brown, buff.
+
+2
+10
+
+    =124 Minute Bittern=, Kaoriki, _Ardetta pusilla_, A., N.Z.,
+    =vt. Eur. Little Bittern.
+    [~124 _Ixobrychus pusillus._]
+
+          Stat. v.r. _swamps_      10
+
+    Crown, back, tail greenish-black; under pale-buff; hind-neck,
+    shoulder deep-chestnut; bill, feet yellow; dark line from chin
+    to lower breast; f., smaller; upper brown streaked chestnut;
+    tail black; under white streaked brown. Water-animals.
+
+1
+5
+
+    =125* Australian Bittern= (Black-backed), Boomer, Bull-Bird.
+    Matuku-Lurepo, _Botaurus poeciloptilus_, A. T., N. Cal., N.Z.
+    =vt. Eur. Bittern.
+
+          Stat. r. _reeds_      24
+
+    Head, hind-neck, back dark-brown; wings brown marked buff;
+    throat, under creamy-buff streaked dark-brown; bill yellow;
+    f., smaller. Fish, frogs, yabbies, insects.
+
+    F. 56. _Palamedeidae_, Screamers, Unicorn-Bird, 3 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 57. _Phoenicopteridae_, Flamingoes, 6 sp.--2(0)O., 1(0)P.,
+    2(0)E., 1(0)Nc., 4(3)Nl.
+
+====
+
+Swans, Geese, and Ducks, the Swimming Birds grouped in Order XIII.,
+are all classified in one family, though there are many sub-families.
+
+At the head of the Australian birds is the Black Swan--that _rara
+avis_ which, possibly, has done more to advertize Australia than
+any other Australian animal or plant. A "black" swan was an
+"impossibility," so this bird was one of the strongest factors
+in establishing Australia's reputation as a land of paradoxes and
+contradictions.
+
+The Black Swan is well known outside Australia, as it is common
+in every park and garden in Europe. Gould feared that it would be
+exterminated here, but fortunately Australians are now learning to
+appreciate their own land, and there is no danger of such a calamity.
+
+Eight species of Swans are known to occur all over the world with the
+exception of New Zealand and Africa.
+
+In the next sub-family there is but one bird--the Semipalmated Goose
+of Australia. This bird, better known as the Magpie Goose, has its
+feet but half-webbed, hence its specific name, _semipalmata_. It is
+getting rare, though I heard of six near Colac recently.
+
+Again, the only living representative of the next sub-family is the
+Cape Barren Goose, which is common in city gardens in Adelaide. It
+is also becoming rare. It is found only in Tasmania, the Bass Strait
+Islands, and Southern Australia. We visited its nesting place near
+Flinders Island. It is a very pugnacious bird, so it is difficult to
+keep with other birds.
+
+After the Goose sub-family comes the group which includes our
+"Wood Duck," or, as it is called, the Maned Goose, for its bill is
+goose-like. It is a common bird in Australia. Two allied genera are
+found in South America and North-east Africa respectively.
+
+In the next sub-family come the domestic Ducks and most of the wild
+Ducks of Australia. This group is often referred to as the "Freshwater
+or River Ducks."
+
+First come two kinds of Whistling Ducks--so called on account of their
+whistling note uttered while flying. These are rare Ducks, one of
+which is found as far as India; the other is occasionally seen in
+New Zealand, as well as in Australia. The Sheldrake, or Shieldrake
+(Mountain Duck) is the largest Australian Duck, and one of the most
+handsome of the sub-family. It is nowhere very plentiful, though one
+or more pairs appear in most suitable localities. As it is unfit for
+the table, it should be spared as an ornament to the landscape.
+
+The Black Duck is very similar to the common wild Duck (Mallard) of
+England. Our Black Duck does not change color with the season, nor is
+the male different in color from the female.
+
+The Australian Teal is closely similar to the Teal of Europe. It is a
+grass feeder, and is a good table bird. The female is very different
+from the male. It is impossible to distinguish the male Gray Teal from
+the female Teal when in the free state. Mr. Keartland (ex-President of
+the Field Naturalist Club, and ornithologist to the Horn and Calvert
+exploring expeditions) has shown that there is a big difference in
+weight. The male of the smaller Gray Teal is not brightly colored like
+the male Chestnut-breasted Teal.
+
+The remarkable Shoveller comes next. It is closely similar to the
+English Shoveller. Strange that this name was first used for the
+Spoonbill. The Shovellers are found the world over. The males are very
+brightly colored in the nesting season.
+
+Unlike most other birds, Swans and Ducks lose the whole of their wing
+feathers at once when moulting, so that for a short time they cannot
+fly. As a protection, the gaudy ones acquire a quiet, inconspicuous
+coloration for a time, so that the male is said to get an "eclipse
+plumage." Many other birds get a bright dress for the breeding season
+only, but the male Duck wears his bright dress for the whole year,
+except in the moulting period. It is then "eclipsed," with the
+corresponding advantage that he is protected from his many enemies at
+a time when he is most helpless.
+
+The remarkable Pink-eared Duck has no close relative. It has a small
+pink spot between the eye and ear, and so is called pink-eyed or
+pink-eared. It is found only in Australia. The female is similar in
+color to the male. The name Wigeon, or Widgeon, sometimes applied to
+this Duck, properly belongs to another of the fresh-water Ducks which
+is not found in Australia. Hence, this name should not be used for our
+bird.
+
+Another peculiar Australian Duck is the Freckled Duck. It is a
+very rare bird. One taken on the ornithologists' excursion to Eyre
+Peninsula was considered a prize. So far as is known, it does not
+change color with the season, nor has the male or female the usual
+bright metallic patch seen on the wing of a Duck.
+
+The "Salt-water Ducks" form the next sub-family. These Ducks, though,
+are not always true to name, for they are not confined to the salt
+water. The Victorian representative is the well-known White-eyed
+Duck, or Hardhead. This Duck was common on the Botanic Gardens
+Lake, Melbourne, until it was emptied some time ago. Thus, our
+one "Salt-water Duck" was often seen on fresh water. In the same
+sub-family come the Eider-Ducks of Iceland and the Logger-head,
+Racehorse, or Steamer Duck, of Magellan Straits, which is said to lose
+the power of flight on reaching maturity after the first moult. Thus
+the life-history tells us that this bird is a degenerate form, and
+not a primitive flightless form, for it has evidently descended from
+flying ancestors. It uses its wings to row itself along at great
+speed.
+
+The ninth sub-family of this group of swimming birds contains two
+native Ducks. The Blue-billed Duck, the first of these, is "especially
+adapted for immersion and for obtaining its food from the bottom of
+the water rather than on its surface." It was thought by Gould to be
+confined to the coastal lagoons of Western Australia, but it has since
+been recorded from inland in Victoria, and four specimens have been
+taken in Tasmania. It remains under the water for a considerable time,
+and, if hunted, flaps along the surface with its short wings, but
+hesitates to exercise its "feeble grebe-like flight."
+
+Some writers declare that the large Musk Duck is the most remarkable
+of the many remarkable birds of Australia. It is the only known
+species of the genus, and is "singularly different from every other
+member of the Duck family," as Gould points out. Gould further says
+that "this extraordinary bird reminds one of the Cormorants. Like many
+other of these antipodean forms, it must be regarded as an anomaly."
+The male has a lengthened, stiff, and leather-like appendage under the
+bill. The female is without this pouch, and is but half the size
+of the male. A pair is often to be seen on a sheltered bay or on an
+inland dam, and yet this bird has very feeble powers of flight. It is
+difficult to cause one to take to flight. Mr. A. J. Campbell summed
+up an instructive discussion on this point in the columns of _The
+Australasian_ by concluding that Musk Ducks can fly, though they do so
+almost entirely at night.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 62]
+
+  [Illustration: [126] [127] [128] [129] [130]]
+
+    ORDER XIII.--ANSERIFORMES.
+
+    F. 58. ANATIDAE (21), SWANS, GEESE, 206 sp.--39(30)A.,
+    50(9)O., 68(10)P., 41(21)E., 56(11)Nc., 70(39)Nl.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =126 Black Swan=, _Chenopsis atrata_, A., T.
+    [~126 _Chenopis atrata._]
+
+          Stat. c. _lakes_      40
+
+    Black; white on wing; very long neck; f., sim. Plants.
+
+  [Page 63]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =127 Pied Goose= (Magpie, Black and White, Semipalmated),
+    _Anseranas semipalmata_, A., T.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _water_      32
+
+    Head, neck, wings, lower-back, tail, thighs black; rest white;
+    feet half-webbed; f., sim. Grass.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =128* Cape Barren Goose=, _Cereopsis novae-hollandiae_, V.,
+    S.A., W.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _grass_, _coast_      33
+
+    Brownish-gray; dark spots on wing; bill black; naked skin
+    round bill lemon-yellow; legs pinkish; toes, webs, streak up
+    front of leg black; pugnacious; f., sim. Grass.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =129* Maned Goose=, Wood-Duck (e), _Chenonetta jubata_, A., T.
+
+          Stat. c. _water_      20
+
+    Crown deep-brown; tail, lower-back black; metallic green on
+    wing; breast gray spotted black; hind-neck short black plumes;
+    white patch on wing; bill olive-brown, high, goose-like; f.,
+    smaller; duller; breast spotted white. Grass, snails, insects.
+
+2
+9
+
+    =130 Whistling Duck= (Tree), _Dendrocygna arcuata_, Ind.,
+    Malay to Cel., Mol., N.G., A., Oceania.
+
+          Stat. r. _water_      17
+
+    Crown, upper brownish-black marked lighter; chin whitish;
+    breast deep-buff, spotted black; abdomen chestnut; under base
+    tail white; whistles when flying; f., sim. Water-plants, fish.
+
+  [Page 64]
+
+  [Illustration: [131] [132] [133] [134] [135]]
+
+    =131* Plumed Whistling Duck= (Eyton Tree), _D. eytoni_, A.,
+    T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. r. _lagoons_      16
+
+    Upper grayish-brown; rump, tail blackish-brown; lower-breast,
+    flanks chestnut barred black; white, black plumes on flanks;
+    under base tail white; whistles when flying; f., sim.
+    Water-plants, fish.
+
+  [Page 65]
+
+2
+5
+
+    =132 Australian Sheldrake=, Chestnut-colored Shieldrake,
+    Mountain Duck, _Casarca tadornoides_, N.S.W., V., T., S.A.,
+    W.A., N.W.A. =vt. Eur. Sheldrake.
+    [~132 _Tadorna tadornoides._]
+
+          Stat. r. _lagoons_      27
+
+    Head, neck shining-green; chest, upper-back pale rust-red;
+    white band between green and rust-red; upper, under blackish;
+    tail black; white, green, chestnut on wing; f., smaller,
+    duller. Small fish, shellfish.
+
+1
+16
+
+    =133* Black Duck= (Australian Wild, Gray, Brown), Parera,
+    _Anas superciliosa_, =vt. Eur. Mallard. Sunda Is. to N.G., A.,
+    T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _water_      24
+
+    Head dark-brown; line above eye, line below eye, throat
+    light-buff; upper, under brown marked lighter; glossy-green
+    patch on wing; bill bluish lead-color; f., sim. Grass,
+    insects, pond-snails.
+
+3
+15
+
+    =134* Australian Teal= (Chestnut-breasted, Black, Mountain),
+    Tete, _Nettium castaneum_, Java, Cel., A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Teal.
+    [~134 _Nettion castaneum._]
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_      18.5
+
+    Head, neck dark bronze-green; upper rich brown; under
+    chestnut; flanks spotted black; white, green patch on expanded
+    wing; quills black; 1 lb. 9 oz.; f., head, neck brown and
+    buffy-white; breast gray, spotted black; 1 lb. 8 oz. Grass.
+
+    =135* Gray Teal=, Wood-Teal, _N. gibberifrons_, Sunda Is.,
+    Cel., N.G., A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_      16
+
+    Like female of 134, but smaller; neck white; 1 lb. 2 oz.; f.,
+    smaller; 1 lb. 1 oz.
+
+  [Page 66]
+
+  [Illustration: [136] [137] [138] [139] [140] [141]]
+
+2
+4
+
+    =136* Australian Shoveller=, Bluewing, Spoonbill-Duck,
+    Stinker, Kuruwhengi, _Spatula rhynchotis_, A., T., N.Z., =vt.
+    Eur. Shoveller.
+
+          Nom. v.r. _freshwater_      21.5
+    Crown brownish-black; white line before eye, side of neck;
+    head, neck gray tinged green; under chestnut-brown mottled
+    black; flanks chestnut banded black; back-feathers blackish
+    edged grayish; blue, white, green on wing; throat black;
+    quills dark-brown; under-wing white; f., duller; head, neck
+    buff marked brown; under mottled brown, buff. Water-plants,
+    shellfish, insects.
+
+  [Page 67]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =137* Pink-eared Duck= (Pink-eyed, Zebra), Widgeon (e),
+    _Malacorhynchus membranaceus_, A., T.
+
+          Nom. v.r. _fresh water_      17
+
+    Under barred brown, white; face, chin white; black round eye;
+    behind eye a spot of rose-pink; back, wings brown; upper
+    base tail whitish; tail dark-brown slightly tipped white; f.,
+    smaller. Water-animals.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =138 Freckled Duck= (Monkey), _Stictonetta naevosa_, V., S.A.,
+    W.A., T., N.S.W.
+
+          v.r. _water_      17
+
+    Dark-brown freckled whitish, under lighter. Small fish,
+    pond-snails.
+
+1
+8
+
+    =139* White-eyed Duck= (Purple-headed, White-winged),
+    Hardhead, Brownhead, Barwing, Karakahia, _Aythya australis_,
+    N.G., A., T., N.Z., =vt. Canvas-back of N. Am.
+    [~139 _Nyroca australis._]
+
+          c. _lagoons_, _bays_      20
+
+    Chestnut-brown; white patch on wing; upper abdomen whitish;
+    under tail white; eye white; f., smaller, duller. Pond-snails,
+    insects.
+
+1
+7
+
+    =140 Blue-billed Duck= (Spiny-tailed, Stiff-tailed, Diving),
+    _Erismatura australis_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., T.
+    [~140 _Oxyura australis._]
+
+          v.r. _reedbeds_      16
+
+    Head, neck black; chest, back, flanks chestnut; tail blackish;
+    bill light-blue; f., bill olive-green; freckled gray-brown;
+    under lighter. Insects, pond-snails, fish.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =141 Musk Duck= (Must), Mould Goose (e), _Biziura lobata_,
+    S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., T.
+
+          Stat. c. _lagoons_, _bays_      26
+
+    Blackish freckled buffy-white; wings small; long stiff
+    tail-feathers; bill, lobe beneath chin greenish-black; dives;
+    f., half-size; duller; no lobe. Frogs, shellfish, shrimps.
+
+====
+
+There are six families of birds included in Order XIV.--the
+Totally-webbed Swimmers. All four toes are joined by a web. Ducks
+have three toes only joined by the web, the hind toe being free.
+Representatives of the six families are found in Australia. These
+birds are fishers _par excellence_.
+
+In the first family come the well-known Cormorants or Shags, birds
+found in almost every country in the world. Forty-two species are
+known, of which five occur in Australia.
+
+The large Black Cormorant is the common Black Cormorant of Britain.
+It has a very extensive range over North America, Greenland, Europe,
+Africa, Asia, and Australia.
+
+The little Black Cormorant is found in Australia, from the Moluccas to
+Borneo, and in New Zealand. Indeed, New Zealand is the stronghold of
+Cormorants, as it possesses many species.
+
+The White-breasted and Pied Cormorants are so closely similar that
+possibly they will yet prove to be one species. Each is glistening
+white below, and jet black above. The bill is said to be longer in the
+Pied Cormorant, and the patch of naked skin near the eye is yellow,
+whereas, in the White-breasted Cormorant, this patch is said to be
+blackish or purplish. The Little Cormorant is also black and white.
+Its throat and upper chest are yellow.
+
+Mr. Mattingley, C.M.Z.S., and others claim that the Cormorant, by
+feeding its young on yabbies, which, they say, prey on fish eggs,
+saves many more fish in the young stage than it ever eats in the adult
+stage, and hence it is really "a friend" of the anglers and fish. One
+thing is certain--fish were formerly much more abundant, and so were
+Cormorants. Anglers, collect evidence, and balance good with evil.
+Cormorants have a long, narrow bill, with a strongly-hooked tip. They
+are such expert fishers that in China they are much used to catch
+fish. Some will probably be surprised to learn that this custom
+formerly held in England, for the "Master of the Cormorants" was once
+one of the officers of the Royal household.
+
+Some Cormorants nest in company in the Murray swamps, while others
+retire to a rocky island, such as Storehouse Island, east of Flinders
+Island, to breed.
+
+These birds are expert swimmers and divers, so that one of the common
+names for them is "Diver," but the true Divers, as already pointed
+out, are Northern Hemisphere birds, and are placed in Family 25.
+
+The Darter, or Snake Bird, is practically identical with the
+Water-Turkey of the United States. Sometimes, when alarmed, it
+submerges its body, leaving the head and neck exposed. It swims
+rapidly in this position. Four of these birds are known, and they are
+spread over America, Africa, Madagascar, Southern Asia, New Guinea,
+Australia, and New Zealand. The Darter was frequently seen on a recent
+trip to Enoggera Reservoir, the storage basin for Brisbane. The long,
+stiletto-like bill is used to impale its prey, while the flexible neck
+assists the spearing operation.
+
+The next family contains the famous "Boobies" of sailors--the stupid
+Gannets, or Solan Geese, that were too stupid to escape from danger.
+Gould says our Gannet out-boobies the Booby, for he landed on a flat
+rock and secured five specimens by hand before the rest shuffled over
+the edge of the cliff and took flight. The Australian bird can scarcely
+be distinguished from its British cousin. It is common in Australian
+seas, where it can be seen diving for fish or flying swiftly round
+looking for prey. There is a large Gannet rookery on Cat Island, east
+of Flinders Island, where probably 4000 pairs of these fine birds nest
+each year. This was visited by a party of ornithologists in the
+_Manawatu_ in 1908.
+
+The famous Frigate-Bird we read of in the old school readers was
+twice taken in Port Phillip Bay. It is the best of flyers, as it can
+"breakfast on the Senegal (Africa), and dine on the Amazon." The
+two Frigate-Birds are common in Australian tropical seas. As already
+mentioned we met the Frigate Bird on Mast Head Island. Its wings are
+long, the forked tail also is long, but the legs and feet are very
+small. It is a creature of the air, and gets its living by compelling
+hard-working sea-birds to disgorge their prey.
+
+The last bird in this varied Order is the Pelican. Our Australian
+Pelican is one of the largest of its tribe. Its enormous pouch
+distinguishes it at once. The ten Pelicans are practically world-wide
+in their distribution. On the trip of the _Manawatu_ last year round
+the islands of Bass Strait, we visited the Pelicans' nesting-place on
+Penguin Island. This bird is practically identical with the "Pelican
+of the wilderness" mentioned in Holy Writ. The Pelican enjoys a
+reputation for maternal care of her offspring; indeed, she was said to
+feed the young with her own blood. This was probably due to the fact
+that one species of Pelican has a blood-red tip to the bill.
+Young Pelicans have not the long bill or the pouch. Thus this bird
+illustrates the truth of the statement that each animal in its
+development climbs its own ancestral tree, or, to say it in another
+form, each animal in its development recapitulates the life-history
+of the race. The Pelican has evidently descended from birds that
+possessed a short bill.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 68]
+
+  [Illustration: [142] [143] [144] [145] [146]]
+
+    ORDER XIV.--PELICANIFORMES.
+
+    F. 59. PHALACROCORACIDAE (5), CORMORANTS, 42 sp.--16(14)A.,
+    6(2)O., 7(3)P., 6(5)E., 10(4)Nc., 9(6)Nl.
+
+5
+42
+
+    =142 Cormorant= (Black), Black Shag, _Phalacrocorax carbo_.,
+    A., T., N.Z., cos. exc. S. Am.
+    [~142-146 _Genus, Carbo._]
+
+          c. _lagoons_, _sea_      35
+    Glossy blackish-green; side of neck, face buffy white; white
+    on thighs; f., sim. Fish.
+
+  [Page 69]
+
+    =143 Little Black Cormorant=, Shag, _P. sulcirostris_, Borneo
+    to N.G., A., T., N.Z.
+    [~142-146 _Genus, Carbo._]
+
+          c. _lagoons_, _rivers_      25
+
+    Glossy greenish-black, about eye and side of neck lighter; f.,
+    sim. Fish, frogs.
+
+    =144 White-breasted Cormorant=, Black and White Shag, Diver
+    (e), _P. gouldi_, Louisiade Is., A., T.
+    [~142-146 _Genus, Carbo._]
+
+          Stat. c. _shores_, _rivers_      30
+
+    Upper greenish-black, under glistening-white; naked skin about
+    eye purple; hooked bill 2in.; f., sim. Fish.
+
+    =145 Pied Cormorant=, Black and White Shag, Diver (e), _P.
+    hypoleucus_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.
+    [~142-146 _Genus, Carbo._]
+
+          Stat. v.c. _bays_      30
+
+    Like 144, but bare space in front of eye orange, bill 2.7in.;
+    f., sim. Fish.
+
+    =146 Little Cormorant=, Frilled Shag, _P. melanoleucus_, Sunda
+    Is., Mol., N.G., A., T., N.Z.
+    [~142-146 _Genus, Carbo._]
+
+          Stat. pairs, r. _inlets_, _rivers_      23
+
+    Upper black; under white; upper breast chestnut; f., sim.
+    Fish, water-insects.
+
+  [Page 70]
+
+  [Illustration: [147] [148] [148^A] [149] [150]]
+
+    F. 60. PLOTIDAE (1), DARTERS, Water-Turkey, 4 sp.--2(1)A.,
+    1(0)O., 2(0)P., 1(0)E., 1(0)Nc., 1(0)Nl.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =147 Australian Darter=, Snake-bird, Diver (e), Shag (e),
+    _Plotus (Anhinga) novae-hollandiae_, N.G., A., N.Z.
+
+          r. _lagoons_, _bays_      36
+
+    Head, long thin neck, upper, under greenish-black; white patch
+    side of neck; wings spotted whitish; bill straight, sharp;
+    tail long; f., light-brown neck, breast. Fish.
+
+  [Page 71]
+
+    F. 61. SULIDAE (4), GANNETS, Booby, Solan Goose, 11
+    sp.--4(1)A., 3(0)O., 1(0)P., 3(1)E., 6(1)Nc., 5(2)Nl.
+
+4
+11
+
+    =148 Australian Gannet=, Takupu, _Sula serrator_, A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Stat. c. _bays_      32
+
+    White; wing-quills black; head, hind-neck buff; f., sim.;
+    young brown spotted. Fish.
+
+    F. 62. FREGATIDAE (2), FRIGATE BIRDS, Man-o'-war-bird,
+    2 sp.--2(0)A., 2(0)O., 1(0)P., 2(0)E., 1(0)Nc., 2(0)Nl.
+    (Tropical Seas).
+
+2
+2
+
+    =149 Frigate-Bird=, Man-o'-war-Bird, _Fregata aquila_.
+
+          Stat. r. _ocean_      40
+
+    Brownish-black; about eyes, pouch on throat deep red; variable
+    in size, color; bill long, hooked; tail forked; wings very
+    long; legs very short; f., browner; breast, flanks whitish.
+    Stolen fish, young turtles.
+
+    F. 63. PHAETHONTIDAE(2), TROPIC BIRDS, Boatswain-Bird,
+    Straw-Tails, 7 sp.--4(1)A., 4(1)O., 4(0)E., 3(0)Nc., 4(0)Nl.
+
+    F. 64. PELECANIDAE (1), PELICANS, 10 sp.--1(1)A., 4(1)O.,
+    3(0)P., 3(1)E., 3(0)Nc., 4(1)Nl.
+
+1
+10
+
+    =150 Australian Pelican=, _Pelecanus conspicillatus_, N.G.,
+    A., T., N.Z. =vt. cos. bird.
+
+          c. _lagoons_, _bays_      60
+
+    White; wings, tail black; bill pink, pouch yellowish; f., sim.
+    Fish, insects.
+
+    F. 65. _Cathartidae_, Condor, Turkey (American, New World)
+    Vultures, 9 sp.--3(1)Nc., 8(6)Nl. The largest of flying birds.
+
+====
+
+The well-known Birds of Prey, so keen of eye, so rapid of flight,
+so fearless in courage, and so matchless in fight, have spread over
+almost the whole known world. The Eagles of one land are, therefore,
+much like the Eagles of another. The Harriers of England are
+practically identical with the Harriers of Australia and New Zealand,
+and, in fact, of almost any other land. The Falcon, so famous in
+mediaeval times, is practically identical with the Falcon of Australia
+and Tasmania. The Australian Fish Hawk is the universal Fish Hawk
+or Osprey, for there is probably but one Osprey, having an almost
+world-wide range. The naming of these birds, though, has been a
+stumbling-block to us. To Australians they are all Hawks--even our
+gigantic and glorious Eagle has been reduced to the ignominious level
+of an "Eaglehawk," though our male Eagle is the largest male Eagle
+known, outrivalling, as it does, both the Bald Eagle of America and
+the Golden Eagle of Europe. A source of confusion, too, has arisen
+from the introduction of so many of our popular names from America,
+Thus, the Gum-tree (Eucalypt) is not a Gum, the 'Possum is not the
+carnivorous Opossum of America, the Goanna is not the equivalent of
+the vegetarian American Iguana; the "Wild Cat" is not a Cat, nor is
+the "Native Bear" a Bear, nor even remotely related to one, nor is
+the Kestrel a Sparrowhawk. It is an American error in popular naming,
+which has given us the Kestrel as the equivalent of the American
+Sparrowhawk, while the Sparrowhawk of the ornithologist is the
+equivalent of the Sparrowhawk of Britain.
+
+In one respect, we are unfortunate in this new land. No mass of
+association and tradition has yet had time to crystallize about our
+native animals and plants. Our poets have not been able to sing of our
+birds for want of names and knowledge. Little has been done beyond
+the giving and frequent altering of scientific names, and the
+misapplication of names of animals and plants living in other lands to
+often totally different animals and plants here, so that confusion
+has reigned supreme. However, in bird matters, at least, we are on
+a better footing, for the bird-lovers have provided a common, and in
+most cases an appropriate, name for each bird.
+
+The American Bobolink and Chickadee are famous birds, chiefly on
+account of an appropriate name; so is the British Cuckoo, while its
+even more noisy, more common, and practically identical Australian
+cousin is still unknown, or rather was until recently. The
+introduction of Bird Day has already produced gratifying results. We
+need good descriptive names for our varied and beautiful birds--more
+children's and poets' names, and less of the deadly formal
+"Yellow-vented Parrakeet," "Blue-bellied Lorikeet," and "Warty-faced
+Honeyeater" for some of the most glorious of the world's birds.
+
+The old Order _Raptores_--birds of prey--included Hawks and Eagles,
+and Owls. These are now placed in two orders as "Diurnal Birds of
+Prey"--Hawks, and "Nocturnal Birds of Prey"--Owls. They all seize prey
+with the very well-developed talons, and not with the bill. Hence
+they were called _Raptores_--seizing birds. They use these talons when
+flying, and do not catch prey in scrub, or very close to the ground,
+unless in a clear space.
+
+The two Harriers are typically Ground Hawks. The name is said to be
+derived from the habit these birds are said to possess of _harrying_
+birds. They are generally called "Swamp Hawks," and may frequently be
+seen flying low over bushes, to beat birds out.
+
+The Goshawks--_i.e._, Goosehawks--possibly received their name by
+confusion, as possibly a Falcon to hunt Geese was kept in olden days,
+but probably it was not this bird. Three of these birds are rare.
+The White Goshawk is a fine bird, and is confined to Australia and
+Tasmania. The Australian Goshawk is said to be the only troublesome
+Hawk to the poultry farmer, and he bears a bad name generally. The
+Lesser Goshawk is a casual visitor in the Eastern States.
+
+The Sparrowhawk of the ornithologist is much feared by small birds. He
+lurks in ambush, suddenly flashes out upon his prey, and is away
+with it instantly. The male is one of the smallest of Hawks. It is
+an almost universal rule in this order of birds that the females are
+larger, often much larger, than the males, and that there are several
+changes of plumage before the adult plumage is finally donned, so it
+is often a matter of difficulty to determine exactly the name of one
+of these birds.
+
+Eagles are found the world over except in New Zealand. Our Eagle has
+the honor of being, as already stated, the largest Eagle in the world.
+It is also of undoubted courage, as its specific name, _audax_ (bold)
+would lead one to suppose. It is, further, Gould says, of a "far more
+pleasing and elegant contour" than the Golden Eagle, the "pride and
+pest of the parish." Whoever heard of an Australian who was proud of
+his Eagle, though it is something to be proud of? Let our noble bird
+appear near a house, and there is a rush for a gun. On Eyre Peninsula
+we found the Eagles fed their young on rabbits, a serious pest in
+Australia.
+
+The equivalent of our Sea Eagle is the White-headed or Bald Eagle of
+America, the female of which is the same length as the male of our
+Eagle, 38 inches. Many of these glorious Sea Eagles were floating,
+with their peculiar butterfly-like flight, over the Brisbane River,
+and added much to our enjoyment of a recent bird excursion there. We
+found one nest on each island in the Capricorn Group. On Mast Head
+Island the nest was in a tree about 60 feet high. On tiny Erskine
+Island, where there were no big trees, it was built on the ground,
+though it had been added to until it is now over 6 feet high. The
+fully-feathered dark-brown young bird sat on the edge of the nest, and
+formed a good photographic subject. Eagles were ruthlessly slaughtered
+in the British Isles. There is a shadow of an excuse there, perhaps,
+with their game preserves, where rabbits and birds are bred for
+sporting purposes. These reasons do not exist here. But it is pleasing
+to find on record that, even there, "Lord Breadalbane, who died in
+1862, thought that the spectacle of a soaring Eagle was a fitting
+adjunct to the grandeur of the Argyllshire mountain scenery, and a
+good equivalent for the occasional loss of a lamb."
+
+Though the Sea Eagle lives mainly on fish and refuse cast up by the
+sea, it is pitiful to read that, though this interesting, picturesque,
+and valuable bird was once common, not one is left on the mainland
+of Scotland. Could blind, unreasoning slaughter do more? Why kill a
+harmless bird? But it is not only harmless; it is of distinct value
+in its sphere in Nature. Hawks altogether are misunderstood and
+misjudged. It is doubtful if it pays a farmer, aye, even a poultry
+farmer, to shoot Hawks. They might steal a few chickens, but they
+do not live on them. They live mainly on rabbits, mice, rats, and
+insects.
+
+The Whistling Eagle whistles while flying about in the fine large
+flight-houses of the Adelaide Zoological Gardens. One fine specimen
+accompanied the Federal trawler _Endeavour_ down Gladstone Harbor, but
+not far from shore, for it returned when we headed for the open ocean
+and the fairyland of the Great Barrier Reef.
+
+Kites used to be excessively common about many English towns, where
+they acted as scavengers. The introduction of the shot-gun has
+exterminated them. They are world-wide in distribution, so what
+you read about European Kites will fit Australian Kites. They are,
+perhaps, the most graceful of flyers, gliding, soaring, hovering,
+and performing all sorts of aerial evolutions. The toy kites of our
+childhood were suggested by the flight of these once common birds.
+Now, alas! they are very rarely seen. Being mainly insectivorous, they
+are invaluable birds, and we can ill spare them in this country, where
+insect life is so abnormally prolific.
+
+The Black-breasted Buzzard is the third largest of our Diurnal Birds
+of Prey. It is a rare visitor in Southern Australia, but in seasons of
+drought it comes down from Central Australia.
+
+The Falcon, which our ancestors trained for hawking, is almost
+identical with our Falcon, while our Little Falcon is, for its size,
+the "boldest and swiftest of all birds of prey," for it has been
+observed to decapitate a flying Duck with a blow of the edge of its
+wing. In Brisbane we had the pleasure of spending an interesting
+afternoon with Mr. J. Bell, who formerly practised falconry with
+trained Australian Falcons.
+
+The Kestrel of Australia is almost identical with the Kestrel of
+Europe. You must have noticed with interest its habit of hovering. One
+incident of the 1909 Ornithologists' Congress will show that, even
+in the midst of a crowded city like Adelaide, it is possible for
+scientific work in ornithology to be done. While the Director of
+Education, Mr. A. Williams, Mr. Le Souef (ex-Pres., A.O.U.), Mr. A.
+J. Campbell (Pres., A.O.U.), Mr. Robert Hall (Vice-Pres., A.O.U.), and
+myself were walking from the Education Office to Grote Street School,
+a Kestrel was seen on the grass in a small square. The members of
+the party were astonished to see the Kestrel rise carrying a
+bird, possibly a Sparrow, in its talons. Now, the interest of this
+observation is that most of our ornithologists were prepared to state
+that the Kestrel is entirely insectivorous, and never touches small
+birds. However, an observation in the heart of Adelaide is of value
+in this matter of scientific interest. This bird, unfortunately,
+is generally called the Sparrowhawk, a name which belongs to a much
+bolder Australian bird of prey (No. 157), which does eat small birds.
+
+Kestrels are very fond of mice, and would, if allowed, spend time
+protecting the farmer's haystacks, but if a Kestrel comes near the
+farmhouse the gun is at once produced, and so the farmer loses the
+services of one of his best friends.
+
+Jeffries and other Nature-lovers have written on the marvellous
+powers of hovering possessed by these birds. In fact, the Kestrel is
+frequently called the Windhover. In Australia Kestrels frequently nest
+in a hollow tree, but do not lay the usual white egg.
+
+The Osprey is another example of bad naming. The word is said to be a
+corruption of Ossifrage, the "bone-breaker." As it feeds on fish,
+it has no big bones to break. It is spread from "Alaska to Brazil,
+Lapland to Natal, Japan to Tasmania, and even out to the Pacific
+Isles," and it may be the same bird throughout, though Dr. Sharpe
+has allowed three species in the "_Handlist of Birds_." "_The A.O.U.
+Check-list of North American Birds_, 1910," however, recognizes the
+North American bird as a sub-species only, so it is possible the
+Australian bird will be also listed as a sub-species when the Royal
+Australasian Ornithologists' Union adopts its check-list in Sydney
+this year. These birds eat living fish, which they catch by plunging
+into the sea. Occasionally they drive their talons into too big a
+fish, and, not being able to withdraw them, are drowned.
+
+Flinders, in his journal, wrote about the enormous nests he met on
+rocky points, and considered they were built by a great "Dinornis."
+
+The Osprey and the White-bellied Sea Eagle, however, build on rocky
+points if no trees are available, and add to the nest each year. It
+is interesting to read in the Western Australian Year Book article
+on birds that the Government has placed an Osprey's nest in the
+cave district, "under the protection of the Cave Warden." A pleasing
+interest is growing in Australian nature in its many forms.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 72]
+
+  [Illustration: [151] [152] [153] [154] [155] [156]]
+
+    ORDER XV.--ACCIPITRIFORMES, DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY.
+
+    F. 66. _Serpentariidae_, Secretary-Bird, 2 sp. E.
+
+    F. 67. _Vulturidae_, Vultures, 17 sp.--8(5)O., 6(0)P., 9(5)E.
+
+    F. 68. FALCONIDAE (29), HARRIERS, GOSHAWKS, EAGLES, FALCON,
+    etc., 485 sp.--99 (86) A., 106(58)O., 70(19)P., 118(91)E.,
+    53(17)Nc., 144(112)Nl.
+
+2
+18
+
+    =151 Spotted Harrier= (Jardine), Spotted Swamp-Hawk, _Circus
+    assimilis_, Cel. to A., T.
+
+          Stat. c. _plains_      22
+
+    Facial disc, hind-neck, back, chest dark-gray; crown rust-red
+    streaked black; shoulders, rest of under rich-chestnut spotted
+    white; tail barred dark-brown, gray; legs long, yellow; m.,
+    smaller, duller. Lizards, mice, small snakes, birds.
+
+  [Page 73]
+
+    =152* Allied Harrier= (Gould), Swamp-Hawk, Kahu, _C. gouldi_,
+    A., T., N. Cal., Norfolk Is., Lord Howe Is., N.Z., Fiji =vt.
+    Eur. Marsh-Harrier.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _swampy_      20
+
+    Upper, head dark-brown; facial disc indistinct brown; under
+    buffy-white streaked and tinged red-brown; upper base tail
+    white; rest tail brownish-gray; f., larger. Reptiles, mice,
+    birds.
+
+5
+63
+
+    =153 Gray Goshawk= (New Holland, Gray-backed), _Astur clarus
+    (cinereus)_, A.
+
+          v.r. _dense brushes_      16.5
+
+    Upper gray; throat, under white finely barred gray; feet
+    yellow, claws black; f., larger. Reptiles, mice, birds.
+
+    =154 White Goshawk=, _A. novae-hollandiae_, E.A., S.A., T.
+
+          r. _timber_      16.5
+
+    Pure white; m., much smaller. Food as 153.
+
+    =155* Australian Goshawk=, Chicken-Hawk, _A. fasciatus
+    (approximans)_, A., T., Norfolk Is., N. Cal. =vt. Eur.
+    Goshawk.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_,      f., 20; m., 15
+
+    Upper dark-brown; shoulder thigh rust-red; tail dark-brown
+    barred black; throat buff; under buff barred brown; f.,
+    larger. Food as 153.
+
+    =156 Lesser Goshawk= (Western, Chestnut-colored), _A.
+    cruentus_, V. (acc.), W.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      17
+
+    Back, wings, tail slaty-brown; chestnut-red, indistinct
+    collar; under barred brown white; chin buffy-white; f., upper
+    brown. Birds, mice, lizards.
+
+  [Page 76]
+
+  [Illustration: [184] [185] [191] [193] [194] [196] [197] [198] [199]]
+
+  =184= Blue Mountain Lorikeet
+  =185= Musk Lorikeet
+  =191= Gang-gang Cockatoo
+  =193= Pink Cockatoo
+  =194= Rose-breasted Cockatoo
+  =196= Cockatoo-Parrot
+  =197= Superb Parrot
+  =198= Black-tailed Parrot
+  =199= King Parrot
+
+  [Page 78]
+
+  [Illustration: [200] [202] [203] [204] [205] [206] [209] [213] [214]]
+
+  =200= Crimson Parrot
+  =202= Rosella
+  =203= Mallee Parrot
+  =204= Blue Bonnet
+  =205= Many-colored Parrot
+  =206= Red-backed Parrot
+  =209= Grass Parrot
+  =213= Swift Parrot
+  =214= Warbling Grass-Parrot
+
+  [Page 80]
+
+  [Illustration: [157] [158] [159] [160] [161] [162]]
+
+1
+42
+
+    =157* Collared Sparrow-Hawk=, _Accipiter cirrhocephalus_,
+    N.G., A., T. =vt. Eur. Sparrow-Hawk.
+    [~157 _Astur cirrhocephalus._]
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_,      f., 14; m., 12
+
+    Head, upper brownish-gray; tail barred deep-brown; obscure
+    collar reddish-brown; throat, under, thighs rufous barred
+    white; f., much larger. Mice, birds.
+
+  [Page 81]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =158* Wedge-tailed Eagle=, Eaglehawk (e), _Uroaetus audax_,
+    A., T. =vt. Eur. Golden Eagle (32in.).
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_, _plains_      38
+
+    "Noble bird;" largest eagle known; upper, under
+    blackish-brown; feathers edged pale-brown; hind-neck
+    golden-brown; f., larger. Rabbits, rats, carrion.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =159 Little Eagle=, _Eutolmaetus morphnoides_, N.G., A.
+
+          r. _timber_      22
+
+    Back of head, under rufous striped black; back, rump, wings
+    brown; tail grayish-brown, barred blackish-brown. Carrion,
+    rats, mice.
+
+1
+10
+
+    =160 White-bellied Sea Eagle=, _Haliaetus leucogaster_, Ind.
+    Malay to A., T., Oceania =vt. American Bald Eagle.
+
+          r. _shores_      30
+
+    "Noble species;" white; wing-quills, base-tail blackish-brown;
+    f., larger; young; head buff; upper wings chocolate-brown;
+    under buffy-brown. Dead fish, shellfish. "Floats like a great
+    butterfly."
+
+2
+4
+
+    =161 Whistling-Eagle= (-Hawk), _Haliastur sphenurus_, A., N.
+    Cal.
+
+          Nom. c. _swamps_, _shores_      24
+
+    Under light sandy-brown streaked white; back, wings brown
+    marked lighter, spotted white; tail ashy-brown; head, neck
+    sandy streaked lighter; f., larger. Caterpillars, mice, rats,
+    floating food.
+
+1
+6
+
+    =162 Allied Kite=, _Milvus affinis_, Sunda Is., Cel. to A.
+    =vt. Eur. Black Kite.
+
+          Nom. c. _open country_      20
+
+    Upper glossy brown; wing-quills black; slightly-forked
+    tail brown; under rufous-brown; chest dark lines; f., sim.
+    Scavenger, birds.
+
+  [Page 82]
+
+  [Illustration: [163] [164] [165] [166] [167] [168]]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =163 Square-tailed Kite=, _Lophoictinia isura_, A. =vt. Eur.
+    Common Kite.
+
+          r. _timber_, _plains_      19
+
+    Neck, shoulders, under reddish-orange; chest marked black;
+    head streaked black; abdomen, flanks barred lighter; upper
+    blackish-brown; square tail brownish-gray; f., larger.
+    Caterpillars, birds.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =164 Black-breasted Buzzard=, _Gypoictinia melanosternum_, A.
+    (interior).
+
+          v.r. _timber_, _plains_      23
+
+    "Fine species;" crown, face, chest, abdomen black; flanks
+    chestnut; hind-neck light-brown; upper brownish-black;
+    wing-quills white base, rest black; this white patch gives
+    appearance of window in wing when flying; f., larger. Animals.
+
+2
+5
+
+    =165* Australian Black-shouldered Kite=, _Elanus axillaris_,
+    A.
+
+          Mig. r. _open plains_      12.5
+
+    Upper delicate-gray; head, under white; jet black shoulder,
+    patch under wing; tail grayish-white; f., sim. Insects,
+    reptiles.
+
+    =166 Letter-winged Kite=, White-breasted Sparrow Hawk (e), _E.
+    scriptus_, E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          r. _plains (interior)_      12.5
+
+    Like 165, but more black on under angle of wing gives letter W
+    when wings expanded; f., sim. Insects.
+
+4
+37
+
+    =167* Black-cheeked Falcon=, _Falco melanogenys_, A., T. =vt.
+    Eur. Peregrine Falcon.
+
+          Stat. c. _plains_, _coast_, _rocky_      15
+
+    Crown, side of head black; upper-breast creamy spotted black;
+    rest of under barred black, reddish-gray; upper, wings, tail
+    dark-gray; tail barred brown, gray; f., larger. Birds.
+
+  [Page 83]
+
+  [Illustration: [169] [170] [171] [172] [173]]
+
+    =168 Gray Falcon=, Blue (Smoke) Hawk, _F. hypoleucus_, A. =vt.
+    Eur. Gyrfalcon.
+
+          v.r. _timber_, _plains_      f., 17; m., 12
+
+    "Rare beautiful falcon;" bluish-white below; grey above; tail
+    barred gray, brown. Birds.
+
+    =169 Black Falcon=, _F. subniger_, A.
+
+          v.r. _plains (inland)_      17
+
+    Dark, sooty-brown, paler below; chin whitish; f., larger.
+
+    =170* Little Falcon= (White-fronted), Duck Hawk (e),
+    Australian Hobby, _F. lunulatus_, A., T., =vt. Eur. Hobby.
+
+          Stat. c. _plains_      f., 13.5; m., 11.5
+
+    Forehead white; upper grayish-black; cheeks black; tail barred
+    gray, chestnut; throat buff; chest reddish-buff, striped
+    dark-brown; under, thighs reddish; incomplete whitish collar;
+    f., larger. Birds, insects.
+
+2
+3
+
+    =171 Striped Brown Hawk= (Western, Orange-speckled),
+    _Hieracidea berigora_, A.
+    [~171 _Ieracidea berigora._]
+
+          v.c. _swampy_, _plains_      17
+
+    Upper dark-brown; wings spotted reddish; incomplete collar,
+    under buff-white striped dark-brown; throat whitish; naked
+    skin round bill yellow; tail barred dark-brown, gray; f.,
+    larger. Caterpillars, insects, birds.
+
+    =172* Brown Hawk=, _H. orientalis_, A., T.
+    [~172 _Ieracidea orientalis._]
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_      17
+
+    Head, upper dark-brown; line over eye, throat buff; under buff
+    spotted rust-brown; tail brown barred rust-red; Skin round
+    bill bluish; f., larger. Food as 171.
+
+1
+28
+
+    =173* Nankeen Kestrel=, Windhover, Mosquito Hawk, Sparrowhawk
+    (e), _Cerchneis cenchroides_, A., T., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Kestrel.
+
+          Stat, v.c. _timber_, _plains_      11.5
+
+    Upper cinnamon-red, spotted black; tail rufous, faintly banded
+    black above, tipped white, then black bar; side neck, throat,
+    abdomen, under tail white; chest buff striped black; f.,
+    larger. Insects, mice.
+
+    F. 69. PANDIONIDAE (1), OSPREYS, 6 sp.--3(0)A., 5(1)O.,
+    1(0)P., 1(0)E., 1(0)Nc, 1(0)Nl.
+
+1
+3
+
+    =174 White-headed Osprey=, Fish Hawk, _Pandion leucocephalus_,
+    Mol., N.G., A., T. =vt. cos. bird.
+
+          Stat. r. _shores_      23
+
+    Crown, hind-neck, throat, abdomen, under tail white; upper
+    dark-brown; chest mottled brown; side-neck dark-brown, marked
+    white; wing-quills black; dives; f., sim. Fish.
+
+====
+[Page 84]
+
+  [Illustration: [174] [175] [176] [177] [178]]
+
+Just as the Diurnal Birds of Prey (e.g., Hawks) are closely related to
+those of the Northern Hemisphere, so are the Nocturnal Birds of Prey
+(Owls) very closely related to those of the Old World. The different
+kinds of Owls are so closely similar that there are many disputes as
+to their classification, and it is not likely that we shall ever be
+able to recognize in the living, free state all the species recognized
+by scientists.
+
+Indeed, I was much interested at the Adelaide Museum to see our
+leading ornithologists fail to pick out the skins of two English Barn
+Owls when they were placed with three Australian Lesser Masked Owls,
+and yet ornithologists give our birds such widely-different names that
+literature is useless to us. These names have seriously hampered the
+popularization of bird-study in Australia. If ornithologists, with
+skins in hand, cannot separate them, what is the use of manufacturing
+species?
+
+As Owls are active late in the afternoon or at night, there has
+always been a certain amount of mystery regarding them, and, speaking
+generally, the ordinary observer knows little of them. Two of the
+Australian birds have forced themselves on our notice to some extent.
+The Powerful Owl, the largest of our Owls, has alarmed many by means
+of its blood-curdling screeches heard in quiet forest gullies.
+
+The Boobook Owl, though not often seen, calls "Mopoke," which sounded
+like "Boobook" to the aboriginal ear, but became "Cuckoo"--the
+best-loved bird-call of their far-distant home to the ears of the
+homesick first white residents. And was it not, they asked, what one
+might expect in a country where Christmas came at the wrong time
+of the year, where the trees were always green, and shed their bark
+instead of their leaves--where the leaves grew vertically, instead
+of horizontally, and so gave no shade--was it not natural that the
+Cuckoo, a day bird in England, should become a night bird in this land
+of paradoxes and contradictions? Thus Australia's reputation was added
+to even by the Boobook Owl.
+
+Confusion was caused, for, when daylight came, and the Frogmouth was
+seen sitting in the tree, the Frogmouth was supposed to be responsible
+for the frequent calls of the previous night. However, some reliable
+observers, notably Mr. C. H. McLennan, "Mallee Bird," and Mr. T. H.
+Tregellas, claim that the Frogmouth does call "Mopoke'" occasionally,
+but the Boobook Owl is the bird that is responsible for the frequent
+"Mopoke" on calm evenings.
+
+The Owls are divided into two families. The members of the first
+family--the Owls Proper, or Hawk-Owls--have the facial disc almost
+absent, while in the second family the facial disc is complete. In
+each, the eyes are directly obliquely forward, and, since they are not
+capable of much movement, the bird turns its head from side to side.
+Though mainly nocturnal, Owls are sometimes seen hunting for their
+prey by day. As they feed mostly on mice, rats, and insects, they are
+very valuable birds. The feathers are very soft, with a weak central
+axis, so that no sound is made when flying. They are thus able to
+approach their prey without giving warning. The Powerful Owl well
+deserves its name, as it possesses great strength, and is a formidable
+enemy if wounded. However, Owls are, fortunately, seldom shot at.
+
+Like Hawks, Owls catch their prey with and carry it in their feet,
+unless the feet are required for climbing. One peculiarity of the feet
+is that the bird can reverse one toe, so that it can have three toes
+in front and one behind, like most birds, or two in front and two
+behind, like Parrots and Cuckoos.
+
+Although not so strong of flight as the Diurnal Birds of Prey (_e.g._,
+Hawks), Owls have managed to spread throughout the world, so that
+they are found even in New Zealand. The different kinds are not easily
+separated, so most people are satisfied when they have classed a
+bird as an Owl, though you will probably want to divide them into two
+groups--the Owls Proper and the Barn Owls.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 85]
+
+    ORDER XVI--STRIGIFORMES, NOCTURNAL BIRDS OF PREY, OWLS.
+
+    F. 70. BUBONIDAE (11) HAWK OWLS, 280 sp.--47(44)A., 88(74)O.,
+    33(17)P., 48(42)E., 34(16)Nc, 75(61)Nl.
+
+11
+44
+
+    =175 Boobook Owl= (Cuckoo), _Ninox boobook_, A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_      16
+
+    Head, upper, wings, tail reddish-brown; under rufous blotched
+    white; facial disc indistinct, grayish-white edged black; f.,
+    larger. Insects, mice, birds.
+
+    =176 Spotted Owl=, _N. maculata_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.,
+    King Is.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      13
+
+    Head, upper brown spotted white; under brown blotched tawny
+    and white; disc indistinct; f., slightly larger. Insects,
+    birds.
+
+    =177 Winking Owl= (Western), _N. connivens_, A., exc. N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _brushes_, _wooded gullies_      16
+
+    Upper dark-brown spotted white; tail dark-brown barred
+    grayish-white; under mottled brown, white; disc indistinct;
+    f., larger. Insects, birds.
+
+    =178 Powerful Owl= (Eagle), _N. strenua_, N. Ter., E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _dense gullies_      24
+
+    Crown, upper brown marked whitish; face, throat, chest whitish
+    streaked brown; rest of under whitish barred brown; f., sim.
+    Birds, quadrupeds.
+
+  [Page 86]
+
+  [Illustration: [179] [180] [181] [182] [183]]
+
+    F. 71. STRIGIDAE (5), BARN OWLS, 26 sp.--13(11)A., 3(1)O.,
+    1(0)P., 4(3)E., 1(1)Nc., 7(7)Nl.
+
+5
+26
+
+    =179 Australian Barn Owl= (Lesser Masked, Delicate, Screech),
+    _Strix delicatula_, N.G., A.
+    [~179-183 _Genus, Tyto._]
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      14
+
+    Upper beautiful soft light grayish-brown tinged yellow, finely
+    spotted blackish-brown and white; under white, few small
+    brownish spots; disc white edged buff; f., sim. Mice, rats.
+
+  [Page 87]
+
+    =180 Masked Owl=, _S. novae-hollandiae_, A.
+    [~179-183 _Genus, Tyto._]
+
+          Stat. r. _forests_, _rocky_      14
+
+    Pale buff; head, back wings marked dark-brown, few white
+    spots; under paler, few brown spots; disc purplish-white,
+    edged with deep-brown spots; f., larger. Mice, rats.
+
+    =181 Chestnut-faced Owl=, _S. castanops_, N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+    [~179-183 _Genus, Tyto._]
+
+          Stat. c. _brushes_, _swamps_;      f., 17; m., 14.5
+
+    Disc deep-chestnut edged black; upper rufous-brown marked
+    dark-brown; few small spots on head, shoulders; under deep
+    sandy-brown with blackish spots; f., larger. Mice, rats.
+
+    =182 Sooty Owl=, Dusky Barn Owl, _S. tenebricosa_, N.G., E.A.
+    [~179-183 _Genus, Tyto._]
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dense brushes_;      f., 16; m., 13.5
+
+    Disc sooty-gray deeper round eyes; upper brownish-black finely
+    spotted white; under brownish-black washed buff, fainter
+    spots; legs mottled brown, white; f., larger. Mice, rats.
+
+    =183 Grass Owl=, _S. candida_, India, Formosa, China,
+    Philippines to E.A.
+    [~179-183 _Genus, Tyto._]
+
+          Stat. v.r. _grass_      14
+
+    Disc white or tinged pale-pink; brownish spot before eye; edge
+    disc dark-brown above, buff below; upper dark-brown finely
+    spotted white; under white tinged orange-buff with scattered
+    brown spots; tail whitish barred brown; legs long; f., sim.
+
+====
+
+While Australia possesses representatives of nearly all the important
+widely-spread families of birds this favored land also contains many
+birds that are unknown elsewhere. In addition, there are some groups
+which are found in other continents, but which reach their highest
+development here. Conspicuous amongst these are Parrots and Cockatoos.
+Australians are so accustomed to see these beautiful birds on every
+country road, and in cages outside their houses, that they do not
+appreciate their beauty or their interest, for "familiarity breeds
+contempt," even with bird life.
+
+When one reflects that no figure of a Parrot is found in ancient
+Egyptian art, and that no Parrot is mentioned in the Bible, then
+one begins to understand the interest of Europeans in these "spoilt
+children" of the animal world, the "monkeys of the bird world," and
+"the cream of the Australian avifauna."
+
+Their tameness, their affection, their entertaining habits, and their
+remarkable powers of speech, all help to render Parrots the favorites
+amongst birds. The brilliance of their plumage, their intelligence,
+and their longevity excite wonder, for Parrots have been known to live
+100 years in captivity. Presumably, they would live even longer in a
+state of nature. Humboldt recorded, as quoted in Newton's "Dictionary
+of Birds," "that in South America he met with a venerable bird, which
+remained the sole possessor of a literally dead language, the
+whole tribe of Indians, Atures by name, who spoke it, having become
+extinct."
+
+Australians will perhaps be surprised to learn that there are no
+Parrots or Cockatoos in Europe, and none in Asia, excepting India,
+none in Africa north of the Tropic of Cancer, and only two in North
+America, and that one of these is rapidly becoming extinct, and
+that Africa and India are poor in Parrots. Thus South America and
+Australasia alone are left as the lands that contain these interesting
+birds in any number. While South America contains the largest
+Parrots--the Macaws--all the South American species belong to
+one family. In the Australian region six families of Parrots are
+represented. Four of them are confined to the region, while but one
+species of the fifth family (Cockatoos) is found outside the region.
+
+The Brush-tongued Parrots, or "Lorikeets," are a purely Australian
+family. Some of these are very common at times in flowering eucalypts,
+even in the public gardens and streets. The Blue Mountain Parrot, very
+common at times, is a giant of the family. It has been described as
+a "noble bird, gorgeously apparelled." Its vernacular name of
+Blue-bellied Lorikeet has been altered to Blue Mountain Lorikeet.
+We found these birds nesting in the big sugar-gums bordering Warunda
+Creek, Eyre Peninsula. They keenly and noisily resented our curiosity,
+and screeched much as we tried to discover them amongst the green
+foliage. Though so gaudy, they were picked out with difficulty.
+This bird was very troublesome in my garden at Bengworden, near
+the Gippsland Lakes, where, when the apples were about the size of
+marbles, they tore them to pieces to get the developing "pips." In
+common with the other members of the family, they have a swift, direct
+flight, and screech much when flying. The "Green Keets," generally
+called "Green Leeks," which are so very numerous at times, are often
+accompanied by two other Lorikeets, the Little and Purple-crowned
+Lorikeets. These green birds hang, head down, among the eucalyptus
+leaves, and brush up the honey from the flowers with their brush
+tongue. They follow the flowering of the eucalypts from district to
+district, and since the eucalypts flower at irregular intervals, these
+birds are not so regular in their movements as Swifts, Snipe, Curlews,
+Cuckoos, and other migratory birds. For this reason the birds may be
+absent from a district for some years, and then suddenly appear again
+in great numbers.
+
+Cockatoos are almost confined to the Australian region. This includes
+the islands north-west of Australia out to Wallace's line, passing
+between Celebes and the Philippine Islands, Celebes and Borneo, and
+between the small islands of Lombok and Bali, east of Java. These
+islands, though but fifteen miles apart, "differ far more from each
+other in their birds and quadrupeds than do England and Japan. The
+birds of the one are extremely unlike those of the other." Another
+authority says that the faunas of Bali and Lombok are more unlike
+than those of South America and Africa. Bali has Woodpeckers, Barbets,
+Bulbuls, and Black and White Magpie-Robins, none of which is found
+in Lombok, where we find Screaming Cockatoos, Friar-birds, and other
+Honey-eaters, and the strange mound-building Megapodes and numerous
+other remarkable birds. This narrow strait is over 1000 fathoms in
+depth, and is probably one of the most ancient and most permanent
+dividing lines in the world. Instead of being united to Asia, it is
+probable that Australia has been more recently joined to New Zealand,
+South America, and South Africa. Only one Cockatoo transgresses
+Wallace's line to the west, and that is found in the Philippine
+Islands; evidently it has spread there from the adjacent part of the
+Australian region.
+
+The sombre, slow-flying Black Cockatoo is the largest of all
+Cockatoos. It is seen fairly often in small companies, especially on
+wattles and eucalypts, the wood of which it tears to pieces with its
+powerful bill to get the insect larvae feeding there. It is a valuable
+forest-saving bird.
+
+The Glossy or Leach Black Cockatoo is named after Dr. Leach, who did a
+great amount of work on Australian animals about 100 years ago. It is
+a rare bird, and may readily be distinguished by its smaller size and
+more glossy plumage.
+
+The peculiar gray Gang-gang Cockatoos are common in parts of the
+forest country. The male is easily recognized by his red head and
+crest. I occasionally see these interesting birds in the big eucalypt
+forests of Gippsland. I was surprised to discover that, in South
+Gippsland, it is generally called the Galah, a name which belongs to
+quite a different bird (194).
+
+The screeching, fussy White Cockatoo, with its delicate sulphur crest,
+is well known. Many country dwellers enjoy the privilege of often
+seeing these snowy-white birds almost covering a dead tree. They
+are favorites as pets, and live to a good old age. They render good
+service at times by digging up and eating grasshoppers' eggs, though
+they do damage to maize and other crops. As they post sentinels, they
+are difficult birds to approach.
+
+The Pink Cockatoo (Major Mitchell) is unfortunately becoming rare. It
+was fairly common when I taught in a Mallee school, near where Hopetoun
+now is. It has been described as "quite the most beautiful of all the
+Cockatoos, being a harmony of delicate rose-pink and white, with a
+handsome crest of acuminate feathers barred in crimson, yellow, and
+white." It does not take kindly to captivity. It nested in the smaller
+"spouts" of the green "box-trees" in the "box-flats" and swamps about
+the Goyura School, south of Lake Corrong.
+
+What is more glorious than a mob of Rose-breasted Cockatoos
+(Galahs), 500 strong, airing their beauties and graces as they take a
+constitutional before retiring for the night? Probably no other kind
+of bird shows better company-flying than Galahs; now one sheet of
+a delicate gray lavender, and the next instant a flash of brilliant
+salmon-pink, as the whole company turns and wheels, obedient to some
+command or signal unperceived by us; again, the sun lights up the
+pale-pink crests and gray backs, as they turn once more and wheel,
+screeching, to continue their evolutions further afield. It is a sight
+that lingers in the memory. They are charming pets, and some talk
+well. Their beauty adds charm to our almost perfectly level great
+inland plains.
+
+The delicately-colored and friendly Cockatoo Parrot, with its
+immovable crest, takes a sub-family to itself. It migrates from the
+North, and, in a dry year, may even reach the South Coast. In 1908
+some of these birds reached Colac, in Southern Victoria. They are
+favorite aviary birds, and thousands have been exported.
+
+In the true Parrot family, Australia is strongly represented by many
+beautiful birds. The first is the Barraband Parrakeet of Gould, and
+the Green Leek of some ornithologists. As the name Green Leek is
+practically in universal use for the Musk Lorikeet (Green Keet) of the
+ornithologist, it seems desirable to sink an inappropriate name into
+a synonym, and use the earlier name, Superb Parrot, for it is a
+beautiful bird. Sad to say, it has become exceedingly rare, though Mr.
+A. W. Milligan informed me, a few days ago, that he saw six fly into
+some pines at Black Rock one day this month (January, 1911).
+
+The Rock Pebble, or Smoker, of the country dweller, formally called
+the Black-tailed Parrot, is a fine bird. His tail, however, is not
+really black, but is strongly iridescent. He nested in numbers, at
+the beginning of the nineties, in the dead box-trees in Lake Corrong.
+After an early tea, we frequently went over to the lake and watched
+the birds feeding their young. No longer do they inhabit that
+district, which has been completely cleared and placed under
+cultivation.
+
+The big King Parrot is a "showy, noble species," and is still common
+in parts, especially the moist forest districts.
+
+The members of the next group form a sub-family--the
+Broad-tails--confined to Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the
+Pacific Islands. Judging by their names, they must be amongst the most
+beautiful of birds. The best known is the common Rosella, often
+quoted in European books as one of the most beautiful of birds.
+Its scientific name is eximius, which means excellent. Indeed, the
+scientific names of Australian parrots give a good indication of
+their place amongst the glories of the bird world. The cousin of the
+Rosella--the large blue-winged and blue-cheeked Crimson Parrot--is
+well named elegans; a grass parrot is also elegans, then follow
+splendidus, splendida, and pulchella, while that great ornithologist,
+Gould, has conferred the honor of pulcherrimus on another Australian
+parrot. These names, given by scientists, will show Australians in
+what high esteem these birds, so common with us, are held by observers
+from other lands.
+
+The Crimson Parrot, previously mentioned, is, I think, becoming
+common, for I have lately seen it flying about in towns, notably in
+the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, the Zoological Gardens, Melbourne, and
+the school yard at Wangaratta.
+
+The Yellow Parrakeet, with its blue cheeks, is a "harmony in blue and
+canary yellow, and is an exceedingly lovely bird." It is unfortunately
+rare.
+
+The next bird is one of our well-known cage pets--the beautiful
+Ringneck--the Mallee Parrot. It flies ahead of one along the
+half-chain strip of scrub left on mallee roads, and is a feature of
+interest.
+
+The next group contains some inland parrots. The "Bulloak," or "Blue
+Bonnet," is a beautiful bird, and is common on inland plains. It has
+a brownish-olive back and a gray chest. The bright, blue cheeks,
+forehead, and shoulder, red abdomen, and light yellow base to tail
+present a striking appearance. Its vernacular name--Yellow-vented
+Parrakeet--has now been altered to Blue Bonnet Parrot.
+
+The Many-colored Parrot, with its large yellow shoulder patch, is a
+glory. It is, indeed, difficult to imagine a more beautiful bird as
+it flies about in the bright Mallee sunshine. The Red-backed Parrot is
+the common "Grass Parrot" of country dwellers. Large flocks of these
+birds are to be seen on the inland plains. The female is much plainer
+than her gaudy mate. This is unusual amongst parrots; for, as the work
+of sitting on the eggs is done in a hollow tree under good shelter,
+there is apparently no reason why the female should be plainer than
+the male, and in most parrots she is equally pretty.
+
+The brownish female offers a strong contrast to her more brightly
+coloured mate, which is immediately distinguished by the large red
+patch on the back. (The Many-colored Parrot has a much smaller red
+patch on the back, near the base of the tail.)
+
+The seven small Grass-Parrots (_Neophemas_) are amongst the most
+beautiful of parrots. These birds have become so rare that the South
+Australian Government has wisely placed them on the totally-protected
+list. Bird trappers formerly exported numbers to Europe each year.
+These rare Parrots are said to be worth about L7 each as cage birds.
+
+We found the rare Rock Parrot nesting in the edges and hollows of
+a tiny travertine-limestone island (Goat Island) in an inlet at the
+eastern end of the Great Australian Bight. The eggs were laid on the
+bare earth, often within two or three feet of high-tide mark. The
+whole island was less than an acre in extent, and at no point was ten
+feet above high-tide level. Many similar islands on the Australian
+coast have not yet been explored ornithologically, so we do not know
+what matters of interest are awaiting us.
+
+The next bird, the Swift-flying Lorikeet, is a honey feeder, like the
+first four Parrots (Lorikeets) mentioned. It is often found with
+them, and was common all the winter, and is common now in a clump
+of flowering gums outside the Melbourne Cricket Ground. It has given
+scientists much trouble as to its correct name and position. It can
+be distinguished from the "Green Keets" by having scarlet under the
+wings.
+
+The beautiful and affectionate little Budgerigar (Warbling Grass
+Parrot), or Love Bird, has many names. It is migratory, and sometimes
+appears in thousands, though it may not be seen again for years. It is
+a favorite cage bird, and breeds as freely as caged canaries, so it is
+well-known in Europe.
+
+The last two Parrots are ground birds, which never perch or climb.
+It was feared that the Ground Parrot was extinct, but it is seen
+occasionally in the National Park at Wilson's Promontory. The Night
+Parrot is better called the Western Ground Parrot. It is found amongst
+the Spinifex (_Triodia_) scrub of the interior.
+
+Though Parrots are essentially "climbers," having the suitable
+arrangement of two toes in front and two behind, it is interesting to
+learn of these two Australian Parrots which cannot perch or climb. The
+Parrot's foot is of interest, further, in so far as it is used as a
+hand, and the food is held in it while being eaten. The powerful bill
+not only serves to reduce its food to powder, but also assists in
+climbing. It is sometimes amusing to note the "absurd caution," and
+great deliberation with which a parrot climbs down in his cage to pick
+up some dainty.
+
+Possessing no less than 76 kinds of Parrots and Cockatoos, Australians
+should be alive to their privileges as contrasted with the dwellers of
+northern lands, where Parrots do not live. They should insist on the
+proper protection of these beautiful and wonderful birds.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 88]
+
+  [Illustration: [184] [185] [186] [187] [188]]
+
+    ORDER XVII.--PSITTACIFORMES.
+
+    F. 72. _Nestoridae_, Nestor, Kaka, Kea, 4 sp. A. (N.Z.).
+
+    F. 73. LORIIDAE (9), BRUSH-TONGUED PARROTS, LORIES, LORIKEETS,
+    87 sp. A.
+
+3
+16
+
+    =184* Blue Mountain Lorikeet= (-Parrot), Rainbow Lory,
+    Blue--bellied (Swainson) Lorikeet, _Trichoglossus
+    novae-hollandiae_, N.A., E.A., S.A., T.
+
+          Nom. flocks c. _eucalypts_      14
+
+    Head, throat, abdomen blue; chest blood-red tinged yellow;
+    back green; bill blood-red; f., sim. Honey. Screech.
+
+  [Page 89]
+
+3
+5
+
+    =185* Musk Lorikeet=, Green Keet, Green Leek (e),
+    _Glossopsittacus concinnus_, E.A., S.A., T.
+    [~185-187 _Genus, Glossopsitta._]
+
+          Nom. v.c. _flowering eucalypts_      8.5
+
+    Green; forehead, behind ear red; bill black tipped red; f.,
+    sim. Honey. Screech.
+
+    =186 Purple-crowned Lorikeet=, _G. porphyrocephalus_, N.S.W.
+    V., S.A., W.A.
+    [~185-187 _Genus, Glossopsitta._]
+
+          Nom. flocks with 185. r. _eucalypts_      6.5
+
+    Green; forehead red, yellow; behind ear fainter red,
+    yellow; crown purple; behind head yellowish-green; shoulder
+    light-blue; under wing crimson; under greenish-gray; flanks,
+    under-tail golden-green; bill black; f., sim. Honey. Screech.
+
+    =187 Little Lorikeet=, Jerryang, _G. pusillus_, E.A., S.A., T.
+    [~185-187 _Genus, Glossopsitta._]
+
+          Nom. flocks with 185. c. _eucalypts_      6.5
+
+    Green; face deep-red; hind-neck brown; wings black edged
+    green; tail feathers grass-green, inner webs red at base,
+    yellowish at tip; f., smaller. Honey. Screech.
+
+    F. 74. CYCLOPSITTACIDAE (2), Fig-Parrots, 23 sp. A.
+
+    F. 75. CACATUIDAE (17), COCKATOOS, 29 sp.--28(28)A., 1(1)O.
+    (Philippine Is.).
+
+7
+7
+
+    =188 Black Cockatoo=, Funereal Black Cockatoo,
+    _Calyptorhynchus funereus_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T., King
+    Is.
+
+          Small flocks, r. _timber_      26
+
+    Black; ear-patch, under tail yellow; f., sim. Wood-boring
+    larvae. Seeds. "Wy-la."
+
+  [Page 90]
+
+  [Illustration: [189] [190] [191] [192] [193]]
+
+    =189 Banksian Cockatoo=, Banksian Black Cockatoo, C. _banksi_,
+    E.A., S.A.
+
+          r. _timber_      24
+
+    Glossy greenish-black; vermilion-red band on tail; f., yellow
+    side of head, neck. Caterpillars, seeds.
+
+  [Page 91]
+
+    =190 Glossy Cockatoo= (Leach Black), _C. viridis_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Small flocks, r. _timber_      19.5
+
+    Glossy greenish-black; deep vermilion-red on tail; f., no
+    vermilion on tail. Sheoak (_Casuarina_) seeds.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =191* Gang-gang Cockatoo= (Red-crowned), Red-crowned Parrot (e),
+    Galah (e), _Callocephalum galeatum_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., T., King Is.
+    [~191 _Genus, Callocephalon._
+
+          v.r. _forest_      13.5
+
+    Head, crest fine scarlet; rest slate-gray barred
+    grayish-green; wings tinged green; under tinged red; f., head,
+    crest gray. Eucalypt seeds.
+
+5
+17
+
+    =192 White Cockatoo= (Sulphur-crested), _Cacatua galerita_,
+    A., T., King Is.
+    [~192-194 _Genus, Cacatoees._]
+
+          Nom. Flocks, v.c. _timber_, _open plains_      20
+
+    White; crest, under wing, portion of tail sulphur-yellow; f.,
+    sim. Seeds, grain, native bread, bulbous roots, grasshoppers'
+    eggs. Screech.
+
+    =193* Pink Cockatoo= (Leadbeater), Major Mitchell, _C.
+    leadbeateri_, Int. A.
+    [~192-194 _Genus, Cacatoees._]
+
+          Nom. r. _lofty gums_      16
+
+    "Most beautiful and elegant" cockatoo; white; forehead, neck,
+    under wing, middle abdomen, base of tail salmon pink becoming
+    deeper under wing; crest crimson, yellow, white; eyes black;
+    f., yellow in crest brighter; eyes reddish-brown. Plaintive
+    cry.
+
+  [Page 92]
+
+  [Illustration: [194] [195] [196] [197] [198] [199]]
+
+    =194* Rose-breasted Cockatoo=, Galah, Willie-willock, Willock,
+    _C. roseicapilla_, A., T. (acc).
+    [~192-194 _Genus, Cacatoees._]
+
+          Nom. large flocks, c. _plains_      14
+
+    Upper gray; under deep rose pink; head pinky-white; "the
+    second most beautiful of cockatoos;" f., sim. Seeds,
+    salt-bush.
+
+  [Page 93]
+
+2
+2
+
+    =195 Long-billed Cockatoo=, Corella, _Licmetis nasica_, N.
+    Ter., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+    [~195 _Licmetis tenuirostris._]
+
+          Flocks r. _ground_      17
+
+    White; under wing pale-yellow; under tail bright-yellow;
+    forehead, face scarlet; neck, breast tinged scarlet; naked
+    blue skin round eye; long bill, 1-5/8 in.; f., sim. Bulbous
+    roots.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =196* Cockatoo-Parrot=, Cockatiel, Quarrion, _Calopsittacus
+    novae-hollandiae_, A.
+    [~196 _Calopsitta novae-hollandiae._]
+
+          Mig. flocks, c. _plains_, _timber_      12
+
+    Forehead, crest lemon-yellow; ear-patch rich reddish-orange in
+    a patch yellow above white below; upper, under gray; white on
+    wings, chest; f., face, crest dull olive-yellow; tail barred
+    brown. Seeds.
+
+    F. 76. PSITTACIDAE (47), PARROTS, Macaws, 433 sp.--144(144)A.,
+    49(49)O., 42(42)E., 2(1)Nc., 197(196)Nl.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =197* Superb Parrot= (Scarlet-breasted), Green Leek, Barraband
+    Parrakeet, _Polytelis barrabandi_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _timber_      16
+
+    Green; forehead, cheeks, throat rich gamboge-yellow; crescent
+    of scarlet next to yellow on chest; bill yellow; sometimes
+    red on thigh; f., green tinged dull rose on chest; thigh red.
+    Seeds.
+
+    =198* Black-tailed Parrot=, Rock-Pebbler, Rock-Pebble, Smoker,
+    _P. melanura_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A. (interior).
+    [~198 _Polytelis anthopeplus._]
+
+          Nom. v.r. _Box flats_, _timber_      16
+
+    Head, neck, greenish-yellow; shoulders, under yellow;
+    upper-back olive; wing-quills, tail iridescent black; some
+    pink on wing; bill scarlet; f., duller. Seeds, honey.
+
+1
+9
+
+    =199* King Parrot= (Scarlet and Green, Spud), Blood Rosella,
+    King Lory (e), _Aprosmictus cyanopygius_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _forest_      16
+
+    "Showy, noble species;" head, neck, under scarlet; back, wings
+    green; rump, base tail rich dark blue; band bright green on
+    wing; bill scarlet; f., head, upper green; throat, chest green
+    tinged red; abdomen scarlet; young male like female for two
+    years. Bulbous roots, seeds.
+
+  [Page 95]
+
+  [Illustration: [219] [220] [221] [223] [224] [227] [229] [230] [235]]
+
+  =219= Australian Roller
+  =220= Blue Kingfisher
+  =221= Laughing Kingfisher
+  =223= Sacred Kingfisher
+  =224= Australian Bee-eater
+  =227= Spine-tailed Swift
+  =229= Pallid Cuckoo
+  =230= Fan-tailed Cuckoo
+  =235= Bronze Cuckoo
+
+  [Page 97]
+
+  [Illustration: [238] [240] [242] [244] [244^A] [245^A] [248] [248^A]]
+
+  =238= Welcome Swallow
+  =240= Tree Martin
+  =242= Brown Flycatcher
+  =244= Scarlet-breasted Robin
+  =244^A= Scarlet-breasted Robin (Female)
+  =245= Flame-breasted Robin
+  =245^A= Ditto (Female)
+  =248= Red Capped Robin
+  =248^A= Red Capped Robin (Female)
+
+  [Page 100]
+
+  [Illustration: [200] [201] [202] [203] [204] [205]]
+
+16
+16
+
+    =200* Crimson Parrot=, Crimson Rosella, Pennant Parrakeet,
+    Red Lory (e), Mountain Lowry (e), _Platycercus elegans_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_, _open_      13.5
+
+    Head, neck, under, rump rich deep crimson; feathers of back
+    black, edged crimson; cheeks, shoulders blue; tail tipped
+    pale-blue; f., sim.; young all green at first. Grass, seeds,
+    insects, caterpillars.
+
+  [Page 101]
+
+    =201 Yellow Parrot=, Yellow Rosella, Murray Smoker (e), Swamp
+    Lory (e), Yellow-rumped Parrakeet, _P. flaveolus_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A. (interior).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _lofty river gums_      13.5
+
+    "Exceedingly lovely bird, a harmony in blue and canary
+    yellow;" upper under canary-yellow; back feathers black edged
+    pale-yellow; wing blue; tip quills dark-brown; tail tipped
+    light blue and white; forehead crimson; cheeks blue; f.,
+    duller. Seeds.
+
+    =202* Rosella=, Rosehill Parrakeet, Nonpareil Parrot, _P.
+    eximius_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _open timber_      12.5
+
+    Crown, hind-neck, chest, under base tail scarlet; cheeks
+    white; back feathers black edged rich yellow; rump, upper
+    base tail, lower abdomen pale-green; centre-abdomen yellow;
+    shoulders blue; tail tipped pale blue; f., young sim.
+
+5
+5
+
+    =203* Mallee Parrot= (Scrub), Barnard Parrakeet, Ring-neck,
+    Bulla-Bulla, _Barnardius barnardi_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+    (interior).
+
+          Stat. c. _mallee scrub_, _water courses_      13
+
+    Crown, chest, abdomen, rump rich-green; yellow band on
+    hind-neck; forehead red; back bluish-gray; centre-abdomen
+    orange; wing-quills black; shoulder blue; centre tail feathers
+    green becoming deep iridescent blue at tip; side tail deep
+    blue at base becoming bluish white at tip; bill horn color;
+    f., sim. Seeds.
+
+8
+8
+
+    =204* Blue-Bonnet=, Bulloak Parrot, Yellow-vented Parrakeet,
+    _Psephotus zanthorrhous_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A. (inland).
+
+          c. _mallee-scrub_, _plains_      12.5
+
+    Forehead, face blue; crown, upper, chest yellowish-gray; rump,
+    under base tail, abdomen deep yellow, about legs scarlet; edge
+    shoulder, patch on wing blue; wing-quills blackish-brown; f.,
+    duller. Seeds.
+
+    =205* Many-colored Parrot= (Varied, Mulga), _P. multicolor_,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. c. _plains_      12
+
+    Head, neck, chest, back green; rump little red; abdomen,
+    thighs scarlet; forehead, shoulder, under base tail yellow;
+    f., brick red patch on shoulder, duller. Grass-seeds.
+
+  [Page 102]
+
+  [Illustration: [206] [207] [208] [209] [210]]
+
+    =206* Red-backed Parrot= (Grass, Red-rumped, Ground), _P.
+    haematonotus_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Large flocks, v.c. _grass_      11
+
+    Green; lower-back scarlet; tip-shoulder outer wing-quills
+    blue; centre-shoulder, abdomen yellow; f., brownish-olive
+    upper. Seeds.
+
+7
+7
+
+    =207 Bourke Grass-Parrot= (Night, Pink-bellied), _Neophema
+    bourkei_, N.S.W., V., S.A. (interior).
+
+          v.r. _plains_      8.5
+
+    Upper olive-brown; under delicate brown tinged pink; forehead,
+    shoulder, flanks, under tail blue; f., forehead not blue.
+    Seeds.
+
+    =208 Blue-winged Grass-Parrot= (Blue-banded), _N. venusta_,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., T., King Is.
+    [~208 _Neophema chrysostoma._]
+
+          Mig. r. _open timber_      9
+
+    Forehead, large patch shoulder deep-blue; crown, neck, back,
+    breast green; face, abdomen light-yellow; tail tipped fine
+    yellow; f., sim. Grass seeds.
+
+    =209* Grass-Parrot= (Elegant Grass), _N. elegans_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Mig. r. _grass_      9
+
+    Forehead, patch shoulder, wing-quills blue; about eye
+    rich-yellow; back golden-green; chest green; abdomen, side of
+    tail yellow; f., duller. Seeds. Musical whistle.
+
+    =210 Orange-breasted Grass-Parrot= (Orange-bellied), _N.
+    chrysogastra_, N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Mig. r. _grass_      9
+
+    Crown, upper grass-green; forehead blue; cheeks, breast
+    yellowish-green; shoulder, patch on wing deep-blue; abdomen,
+    under base tail yellow; lower abdomen much orange; f., less
+    orange. Seeds. Sharp snapping note.
+
+    =211 Red-Shouldered Grass-Parrot= (Chestnut-shouldered,
+    Beautiful), _N. pulchella_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Mig. c. _timber_      8
+
+    Cheeks, shoulders rich metallic-blue; crown, hind-neck,
+    upper, flanks bright olive-green; bright patch chestnut-red
+    at insertion of wing; under rich-yellow, tail green tipped
+    yellow; f., sim. Seeds.
+
+  [Page 103]
+
+  [Illustration: [211] [212] [213] [214] [215] [216]]
+
+    =212 Scarlet-chested Grass-Parrot= (Orange-throated,
+    Splendid), _N. splendida_, N.S.W., V., S., W.A.
+
+          v.r. _scrub_      8
+
+    Head, neck beautiful deep-blue; shoulder blue; breast scarlet;
+    abdomen light-yellow; upper green; f., duller, breast green.
+    Seeds.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =213* Swift Parrot= (Red-shouldered), Swift-flying Lorikeet
+    (e), _Euphema discolor_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+    [~213 _Lathamus discolor._]
+
+          Mig. r. _flowering eucalypts_      9.5
+
+    Green; forehead, throat, tip-shoulder, base tail above below,
+    under-wing red; crown, edge wing blue; f., smaller, duller.
+    Honey.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =214* Warbling Grass-Parrot= (Shell-, Canary-, Zebra-),
+    Betcherrygah, Budgerigar, Love-Bird (Flight-), _Melopsittacus
+    undulatus_, A. (int.).
+
+          Mig. flocks c. _timber_      7.5
+
+    Head, throat yellow; under, rump green; upper green finely
+    barred black; several dark spots on throat; f., smaller.
+    Grass-seeds.
+
+1
+2
+
+    =215 Ground Parrot= (Swamp), _Pezoporus terrestris_, V., S.A.
+    W.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          v.r. u. _sandy_, _swampy_      13
+
+    Green uniformly barred black yellow; forehead scarlet; tail
+    long; never perches; f., sim. Seeds.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =216 Night Parrot= (Spinifex), Western Ground Parrakeet,
+    _Geopsittacus occidentalis_, V., S.A., C.A., W.A., N.W.A.
+
+          v.r. u. _swampy_      10
+
+    Like 215, but forehead not red; under base short tail yellow.
+
+    F. 77. _Stringopidae_, Owl-Parrot, 2 sp. A. (N.Z.).
+
+====
+
+Australia is well represented in Order XVIII.--Picarian Birds. The
+Tawny Frogmouth is one of "the most peculiar," and is the "ugliest of
+birds." On account of its wide mouth, it is called the Frogmouth, and
+on account of the confusion connecting it with the Boobook Owl, which
+calls "Mopoke," this bird is also called the "Mopoke" (see p. 85).
+It so closely mimics a broken branch during the day that it is seldom
+seen, though it is fairly common.
+
+Gould bears eloquent testimony to the value of Australian birds in
+general, and the _Podargus_ in particular, when he says: "In no other
+country is there a greater proportion of insectivorous birds, and
+certainly none in which nocturnal species such as the Podargi are more
+numerous."
+
+The Australian Roller (Dollar-Bird) has the family beauty, and has a
+white circular patch on each wing, which shows clearly when the wing
+is expanded during flight. At the Tallangatta excursion a pair was
+working even after dusk near the schoolground. Flying from the topmost
+dead branch, one bird suddenly closed its wings, and cut queer antics
+in the air. After flying a considerable distance, it returned to its
+former perch, and the mate set off. On the return of the mate the
+first set off again, and so on. With their disagreeable, rough "treek
+treek," and peculiar antics, they are conspicuous birds. It is our one
+representative of a family most strongly developed in Africa.
+
+While Kingfishers are cosmopolitan (world-wide in distribution), yet
+the Australian region contains far more of these beautiful birds than
+any other region. They are famous in legend and story, and we owe to
+them the expression, "halcyon days" (Gr. _alkuon_, a Kingfisher).
+
+The great terrestrial Kingfishers, of which Australia has three
+species--the fourth being confined to New Guinea--are amongst the
+avine curiosities of Australia. Few birds are more famous than the
+Laughing Kingfisher (Jackass), first, on account of his gigantic
+size--hence his specific name, _gigas_--and, secondly, because of
+his laugh, which brightens many a gloomy, misty day in lonely country
+districts. Homesick travellers from foreign lands could only hear
+evil spirits laughing at their trials and loneliness, but, just as
+mountains, once thought ugly, are now considered beautiful, so
+other thoughts are now associated with the laugh of our remarkable
+Australian Kingfisher.
+
+True to the law of representatives, Australia presents us with a
+beautiful representative of the Old World family of Bee-eaters. A
+writer has well said that there are "few so beautiful, and none so
+graceful." Its scientific name, _ornatus_, shows that our bird stands
+well amongst its fellows. One kind occasionally visits England (about
+thirty records in the last hundred years).
+
+In the same order come the Goatsuckers, or Nightjars, wide-mouthed,
+swift-flying, insectivorous birds, which have an almost cosmopolitan
+range, being absent only from New Zealand and the Polynesian Islands.
+These Owl-like birds have very long wings, thus indicating their rapid
+flight. They are very valuable insect destroyers, though they are
+sometimes called "Night Hawks," and are shot by people who foolishly
+shoot hawks. Many destructive insects fly only at night, and these
+night-flying birds are a necessity to maintain the balance of Nature.
+
+Swifts are cosmopolitan birds. One Swiftlet is world-famous on account
+of its saliva-built nest, which is the edible swallows' nest we used
+to read about. This bird occasionally visits Queensland. Two of the
+Australian birds breed in Japan. They are essentially creatures of
+the air; their long, pointed wings, shown much longer than the tail,
+indicate great speed. Gould said that a Swift might be hawking for
+insects over Victoria one hour, and over Tasmania the next hour; that
+is, it can cross Bass Strait in an hour. The spines at the end of
+the short tail feathers are thought to assist as a prop when the bird
+settles on a wall or a cliff face. In some Swifts the four toes point
+forward; this helps also in cliff clinging. Though so common in the
+upper air, Swifts have not, in Victoria, been recorded as having been
+seen to alight.
+
+Most birds have hollow bones which are filled with air. It was claimed
+by those who like to find a use for everything that this was an
+obvious adaptation for purposes of flight, but when one reflects that,
+in some of the Ostrich and Emu group, the members of which never fly,
+the bones are strongly "pneumatic," while in Terns and Swifts, and
+some other flying birds, the bones are solid, one must hesitate before
+generalizing even about such an apparently obvious matter. Swifts are
+in no way related to Swallows, but are close to Humming Birds, which
+are born with a wide, Swift-like mouth.
+
+====
+
+  [Page 104]
+
+  [Illustration: [217] [218] [219] [220] [221] [222]]
+
+    ORDER XVIII.--CORACIIFORMES, PICARIAN BIRDS.
+
+    F. 78. _Steatornithidae_, Oil-Bird, Guacharo, 1 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 79. PODARGIDAE (6), FROGMOUTHS, 32 sp.--20(20)A., 12(12)O.
+
+4
+7
+
+    =217 Tawny Frogmouth= (Tawny-shouldered), Mopoke (e),
+    _Podargus strigoides_, A.T.
+
+          Stat. c. _open forest_      18
+
+    Upper brown freckled grayish-white and darker-brown; wings
+    lighter, spotted black and buff; tawny patch on wing; tail
+    tawny-brown barred blackish-brown; wide bill brown; nocturnal;
+    f., sim. Insects. "Oom, oom."
+
+2
+13
+
+    =218 Owlet Nightjar= (Little), Banded Goatsucker (e), Moth Owl
+    (e), _AEgotheles novae-hollandiae_, A., T.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      8.5
+
+    Blackish-gray; tail faintly banded; obscure collar; short,
+    wide bill; bristles round bill; nocturnal; f., sim. Insects,
+    mosquitoes, moths.
+
+    F. 80. _Leptosomatidae_, Kirombos, Madagascar Rollers, 2 sp.
+    E.
+
+  [Page 105]
+
+    F. 81. CORACIIDAE (1), ROLLERS, 32 sp.--5(5)A., 6(3)O.,
+    3(0)P., 22(21)E.
+
+1
+11
+
+    =219* Australian Roller=, Dollar (Star) Bird, _Eurystomus
+    pacificus_, Cel., Mol., A. exc. S.A., W.A., Lord Howe Is.,
+    N.Z.
+
+          Mig. r. _timber_      12
+
+    Head, upper dark-brown; inner-wing bluish, outer-wing
+    dark-blue with a silvery-blue patch (dollar); throat
+    dark-blue; eyelash, wide curved bill, feet red; many shades of
+    blue and green; abdomen light-green; f., sim. Insects.
+
+    F. 82. ALCEDINIDAE (14), KINGFISHERS, 200 sp.--112(105)A.,
+    52(44)O., 5(0)P., 31(30)E., 3(0)Nc., 11(8)Nl.
+
+3
+7
+
+    =220* Blue Kingfisher= (Azure, Water, River), _Alcyone
+    azurea_, E.A., S.A., T.
+
+          Mig. r. _water_      8
+
+    Upper ultramarine-blue; behind ear yellowish-white patch;
+    wings black; throat whitish; under rusty-orange; bill black;
+    f., sim. Fish, insects.
+
+3
+4
+
+    =221* Laughing Kingfisher= (Great Brown, Giant), Laughing
+    Jackass, Bushman's (Settler's) Clock, Kookaburra, _Dacelo
+    gigas_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_      17.5
+
+    Upper, line from bill past eye brown; side-head, under
+    whitish; blue, white spots on wing; tail barred brown, black,
+    tipped white; f., sim. Lizards, insects, snakes.
+
+6
+71
+
+    =222 Red-backed Kingfisher= (Golden), _Halcyon pyrrhopygius_,
+    A. (interior).
+
+          r. _open country_      8
+
+    Back, rump reddish-brown; collar, under white; crown
+    dull-green streaked white; dark band from bill through
+    eye round back of head; wings, tail bluish; f., sim. Fish,
+    insects.
+
+  [Page 106]
+
+  [Illustration: [223] [224] [225] [226] [227] [228]]
+
+    =223* Sacred Kingfisher= (Wood, Forest, Tree), _H. sanctus_,
+    Cel., Java to A., T., N. Heb.
+
+          Mig. c. _timber_, _near water_      8
+
+    Head, upper greenish-blue; whitish collar; buffy-white under;
+    bill long black; f., sim. Insects, ants, lizards, fish.
+
+    F. 83. _Bucerotidae_, Hornbills, 71 sp.--4(4)A., 33(33)O.,
+    34(34)E.
+
+    F. 84. _Upupidae_, Hoopoes, 6 sp.--2(1)O., 2(0)P., 4(3)E.
+
+    F. 85. _Irrisoridae_, Wood-Hoopoes, 12 sp. E.
+
+    F. 86. MEROPIDAE (1), BEE-EATERS, 41 sp.--5(4)A., 10(6)O.,
+    2(0)P., 30(27)E.
+
+  [Page 107]
+
+1
+21
+
+    =224* Australian Bee-eater=, Rainbow Bird, Sandpiper (e),
+    Kingfisher (e), Spinetail, Pintail, _Merops ornatus_, Cel.,
+    Lesser Sunda Is., Mol., A.
+
+          Mig. c. _open forests_      10
+
+    Crown, back, inner-wing brownish-green; wing-quills
+    orange-brown, tipped black; band on throat blackish; line
+    below eye, lower-back blue; throat orange; tail black; two
+    tail feathers longer; curved bill black: f., sim. Insects,
+    very rarely bees.
+
+    F. 87. _Momotidae_, Motmots, 24 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 88. _Todidae_, Todies, 7 sp. Nl. (West Indies).
+
+    F. 89. CAPRIMULGIDAE (3), NIGHTJARS, GOATSUCKERS, 124
+    sp.--11(8)A., 22(17)O., 10(4)P., 30(26)E., 11(5)Nc., 57(51)Nl.
+
+2
+3
+
+    =225 White-throated Nightjar=, Night Hawk (e), Moth (Fern)
+    Owl, _Eurostopus albigularis_, N.G., E.A., S.A.
+    [~225 _Eurostopodus albigularis._]
+
+          Stat. r. _open forest_      13
+
+    Upper mottled, striped gray, brown; head darker; wings
+    dark-brown marked gray, spotted buff, with white patch
+    (see figure); white patch side of throat; under buff marked
+    dark-brown; f., sim. Insects. Valuable nocturnal birds.
+
+    =226 Spotted Nightjar=, _E. argus_., Aru Is., New Ireland, A.
+
+          Stat. r. _open forest_      12
+
+    Like 225, but uniform rusty-brown abdomen and under base tail;
+    f., sim. Insects. Valuable, nocturnal.
+
+    F. 90. _Macropterygidae_, Tree-Swifts, 7 sp.--3(3)A., 4(4)O.
+
+    F. 91. CYPSELIDAE (4), SWIFTS, 103 sp.--11(7)A., 33(24)O.,
+    9(1)P., 28(22)E., 4(0)Nc., 30(26)Nl.
+
+1
+34
+
+    =227* Spine-tailed Swift=, _Chactura caudacuta_, Sib., Jap.,
+    China, to A., T., N.Z.
+
+          Mig. c. _upper air_      7.5
+
+    Throat, forehead, back edge wing, flanks, under base
+    tail white; wings, tail deep shining-green; under, back
+    grayish-brown; short tail ends in spines; f. smaller. Flying
+    insects.
+
+1
+25
+
+    =228 White-rumped Swift= (Australian), _Cypselus pacificus_,
+    E. Sib., Jap., Indo-China to A., T., N.Z.
+    [~228 _Apus pacificus._]
+
+          Mig. r. _upper air_      7
+
+    Upper brownish-black; rump, throat white; under brown; long
+    forked tail; indistinct collar; f., sim. Flying insects.
+
+    F. 92. _Trochilidae_, Humming-Birds, 581 sp.--18 (5) Nc.,
+    576(563)Nl.
+
+    F. 93. _Coliidae_, Mouse-Birds, 14 sp. E.
+
+    F. 94. _Trogonidae_, Trogons, 54 sp.--16(16)O., 4(4)E.,
+    1(0)Nc., 34(33)Nl.
+
+====
+
+Few birds have attracted more notice, or have been more written about,
+than Cuckoos. To dwellers in lands with a dreary winter, the Cuckoo
+heralds the spring, so its call is most welcome. Then, too, the
+mysteries connected with its upbringing have proved of interest to
+all Nature and bird lovers. Its call, "Cuckoo," aptly described as the
+"most imitable of bird calls," has also assisted in making the bird a
+favorite.
+
+The Pallid Cuckoo belongs to the same genus as the well-known Cuckoo
+of England. It also resembles that bird in appearance. Its note,
+however, is quite different. At times it seems to be endeavoring to
+run up a chromatic scale, so, in some districts, it is called the
+Scale Bird. At other times, after three running notes, it repeats one
+note strongly. So persistent is it in calling that it is called in
+places the Brain-fever Bird. Last September, in Castlemaine, it called
+all night in the street trees. Few, however, seemed to notice it, and
+fewer still knew what was uttering the persistent call.
+
+Possibly other birds recognize the Cuckoo as an enemy, or possibly its
+remarkable superficial resemblance to a Hawk causes birds to chase it.
+However, in some cases, possibly, the male Cuckoo does not object to
+being chased. He draws the birds away, while the female Cuckoo quietly
+places an egg in a convenient nest, and retires unmolested.
+
+The Fan-tailed or Ash-colored Cuckoo is not so conspicuous, as it
+keeps to more secluded places, and is a solitary bird. Its flight is
+heavy and labored. It also has a habit of elevating and lowering
+its tail several times both before and after flight. Its frequent,
+plaintive, trilling note often reveals its presence, which would
+otherwise be overlooked.
+
+The Brush Cuckoo is rare. In fact, considerable difficulty was
+experienced in obtaining a specimen for the photograph above, as
+there was no named specimen in the National Museum. Thanks to Messrs.
+Kershaw and French, the difficulty was at last overcome.
+
+The Bronze Cuckoos are very similar. They will be immediately
+recognized by the under-surface barred brown and white, and the
+golden-green or bronze lustre of the dark back. The New Zealand
+Bronze-Cuckoo migrates from N.E. Australia and New Guinea. Apparently
+it sometimes migrates down the East Coast, instead of to New Zealand.
+
+The Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo has a narrower bill, and the centre
+tail feathers are brownish-chestnut at the base. While the birds are
+so similar, their eggs are quite unlike. The Bronze Cuckoo lays a
+bronze egg, generally in dome-shaped or covered nests. It is
+sometimes found in Tits' nests. The Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo has a
+red-speckled egg, which is placed often in an open or cup-shaped nest.
+
+The last Cuckoo--the Channel-bill--is one of the largest of Cuckoos.
+It is a northern bird, which very rarely reaches the southern part of
+the continent. Its large bill is characteristic. Its tail is large,
+and often spread out fanwise, thus giving a majestic appearance to
+the bird. Its call is not pleasing, as it is described by Gould as a
+"frightful scream," and again as consisting of "awful notes." It lays
+its eggs sometimes in the nest of a Sparrowhawk (not Kestrel), or in
+the nest of a Magpie, Bell-Magpie (_Strepera_), or even of a Crow. It
+appears with the first flood-waters, and follows the rivers from the
+Gulf of Carpentaria watershed down to Cooper's Creek and Lake Eyre.
+
+One large Australian Cuckoo builds its own nest, and rears its own
+young. This bird, however, does not visit Southern Australia.
+
+In addition to the interest of their habits and life history, Cuckoos
+are amongst the most valuable of insectivorous birds. Few birds will
+eat the vine caterpillar or hairy caterpillar. The Cuckoos, however,
+are very fond of these, and so should be encouraged. They do no harm
+to anything we need.
+
+    ====
+
+  [Page 108]
+
+  [Illustration: [229] [230] [231] [232]]
+
+    ORDER XIX.--COCCYGES.
+
+    F. 95. _Musophagidae_, Plantain-eaters, Touracos, 35 sp. E.
+
+    F. 96. CUCULIDAE (14), CUCKOOS (Cuckows), 202 sp.--61(50)A.,
+    57(42)O., 8(0)P., 55(51)E., 8(0)Nc., 43(35)Nl.
+
+  [Page 109]
+
+2
+11
+
+    =229* Pallid Cuckoo= (Unadorned), Harbinger-of-Spring, Scale
+    (Semitone, Brain-fever, Storm) Bird, Mosquito (Grasshopper)
+    Hawk, _Cuculus inornatus_, A., T. =vt Eur. Cuckoo.
+    [~229 _Cuculus pallidus._]
+
+          Mig. v.c. _open_, _timber_      12
+
+    Upper brown; under gray; tail barred white, brown; eyelash
+    yellow; white at edge wing; wing spotted, marked lighter; f.,
+    upper mottled whitish, rufous. Caterpillars, insects. Runs up
+    scale, calls frequently at night.
+
+3
+13
+
+    =230* Fan-tailed Cuckoo=, Ash-colored, _Cacomantis rufulus
+    (flabelliformis)_, Aru Is., A., T.
+
+          Mig. c. _open_, _timber_      10
+
+    Head, upper dark slate-gray; under rust-red; throat gray;
+    tail dark toothed with white; white edge of wing; eyelash
+    citron-yellow; f., smaller. Caterpillars, insects. Sad trill
+    often repeated.
+
+    =231 Square-tailed Cuckoo= (Brush), _C. flabelliformis
+    (variolosus)_, Mol., Timor, N.G., A.
+
+          Mig. v.r. _open timber_      9.2
+
+    Like 230, but smaller; tail feathers toothed with white on
+    inner web only; f., sim. Insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =232 Black-eared Cuckoo=, _Mesocalius palliolatus_, Mol., Aru
+    Is., A.
+    [~232 _Misocalius palliolatus._]
+
+          Mig. v.r. _scrub_      7.5
+
+    Head, upper, wings glossy olive-brown; shoulder darker; tail
+    olive-brown tipped white; side tail feather five white bars;
+    behind ear a narrow black streak; above this a lighter patch;
+    under pale-brown; f., duller. Insects. Feeble plaintive note.
+
+  [Page 110]
+
+  [Illustration: [233] [234] [235] [236]]
+
+5
+15
+
+    =233 Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo=, _Chalcococcyx basalis_,
+    Mal. Pen., Java, Cel., to A., T.
+
+          Mig. c. _open_, _timber_      6.2
+
+    Upper beautiful bronze-green; under barred brown, white; like
+    234 but bill narrower; lighter brown head; paler back; outer
+    tail feathers strongly barred blackish-brown, white; centre
+    abdomen not barred; base tail much chestnut; f., duller.
+    Insects, caterpillars.
+
+  [Page 111]
+
+    =234 Broad-billed Bronze Cuckoo= (New Zealand, Shining),
+    Pipiwharauroa, _C. lucidus_, E.A., T., N.Z., Chatham Is.,
+    Macquarie Is. (acc).
+
+          Mig. v.r. _open_, _timber_      6.2
+
+    Like 233, but outer tail feathers barred white; next feathers
+    barred rufous; forehead freckled with white; crown, hind-neck
+    shining-green; bill broader; f., duller. Insects.
+
+    =235* Bronze Cuckoo=, _C. plagosus_, A., T., Pac. Is.
+
+          Mig. c. _open_, _timber_      6.2
+
+    Like 233, 234; crown, hind-neck dark violet-brown; very little
+    rufous on tail; f., duller. Insects, caterpillars.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =236 Channel-bill=, Giant Cuckoo, Storm (Flood, Rain) Bird,
+    Toucan (e), Hornbill (e), _Scythrops novae-hollandiae_, Cel.,
+    Flores, Mol., A., T. (once).
+
+          Mig. r. _plains_      24
+
+    Gray; tail banded black; tipped white barred black, white
+    below; bill very large, light horn-color; red about eye; f.,
+    smaller. Insects, berries.
+
+    F. 97. _Indicatoridae_, Honey-Guides, 18 sp.--2(2)O., 16(16)E.
+
+    F. 98. _Capitonidae_, Barbets, 140 sp.--40(40)O., 82(82)E.,
+    18(18)Nl.
+
+    F. 99. _Rhamphastidae_, Toucans, 60 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 100. _Galbulidae_, Jacamars, 22 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 101. _Bucconidae_, Puff Birds, 45 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 102. _Picidae_, Woodpeckers, Piculets, Wrynecks, Flickers,
+    440 sp.--6(5)A., 124(117)O., 41(33)P., 54(53)E., 44(32)Nc.,
+    197(181)Nl.
+
+    F. 103. _Eurylaemidae_, Broadbills, 16 sp. O. The only family
+    of birds restricted to the Oriental Region.
+
+====
+
+One of the most interesting birds in the world is the Lyre Bird, whose
+beautiful tail, alas, often brings early death to its rightful owner.
+There are three species of these birds, found only in the mountainous
+parts of South-eastern Australia, and as far as Wide Bay, in Southern
+Queensland. Two of the species are found in New South Wales and
+Southern Queensland, while the third is found in Victoria. Though
+these beautiful birds are supposed to be protected, hundreds of their
+tails are sold annually in London.
+
+The Lyre Bird is responsible for the statement that Australia
+possesses "Wrens as large as peacocks," whereas most Wrens are very
+small. However, the Lyre Bird is not now classed with Wrens. In all
+its ways, the Lyre Bird is of interest. Its dancing mounds, its large
+domed nest, containing but one egg, and its remarkable mimicking
+powers have frequently been written about. Dr. Sharpe has lately
+placed the Lyre Birds in an Order by themselves--Order XX.
+
+Gould considered the Lyre Bird the most shy of birds, for he spent
+days in the forest gullies surrounded by them, but though he was
+entertained by their many and varied calls, he caught no sight of a
+bird. The wonderful tail is not attained until the male bird is four
+years old. It is unique, and is the most beautiful tail ornament worn
+by any bird. Dr. Newton hoped that "so remarkable a form as the Lyre
+Bird, the nearly sole survivor, apparently, of a very ancient race
+of beings, will not be allowed to become extinct--its almost certain
+fate, so far as can be judged--without many more observations of its
+manners being made, and fuller details of them placed on record."
+Australians please note. You alone can assist by collecting facts and
+recording reliable observations. Bird-lovers hope that the Lyre
+Bird will be successfully established in the National Park, Wilson's
+Promontory, where some have already been placed, and so be preserved
+for future generations. Its large, domed nest is usually placed on the
+ground, and the large single egg (or the young one) is often taken by
+the fox. Further, its natural haunts--dense forest scrubs--are
+being rapidly cleared, so that the bird is doomed, except in special
+sanctuaries.
+
+The Lyre Bird is now generally acknowledged to be the prince of
+mocking birds. It mimics clearly all bush noises, the chopping of
+trees, sawing of logs, barking of dogs, clucking of hens, the singing
+of native birds. Its dancing mounds are interesting. Near one of
+these mounds, on the Upper Snowy River, in the wild cherry scrub, we
+observed a nest at a height of about thirty feet from the ground.
+
+Australians! you owe it to mankind in general to see that the
+protection supposed to be given to the Lyre Bird is a reality.
+Recently, after passing a lady much bedecked with Bird of Paradise
+plumes, I thought it was fortunate the Lyre Bird's tail was too large
+for a lady's hat. Imagine my surprise when, at the next street corner
+(Collins and Spring Streets), I met a lady with a Lyre Bird's tail
+stuck through her head-dress. However, I have seen no other tail used
+for such a purpose.
+
+In America the Audubon Society has done splendid work by disseminating
+knowledge about American birds, and arousing public interest in the
+value of birds. There, also, thorough scientific investigation has
+been made of the value of insect-eating and seed-eating birds. It has
+been stated, as the result of full research, that one wild pigeon,
+in whose crop over 7000 weed seeds were found, was as efficacious in
+destroying weeds as two farm laborers.
+
+It is to be noted that no less an agricultural authority than
+Professor Gilruth, of the Veterinary School, Melbourne University, has
+given it as his deliberate opinion that the Australian farmer would
+find life impossible without the aid of the detested Sparrow as a weed
+destroyer. This is the judgment of a man whose opinion is worthy of
+serious consideration.
+
+It is open to serious doubt if it pays commercially to kill
+indiscriminately any kind of bird found on this continent. It may,
+of course, happen that one individual bird has learnt where to get an
+easy food supply at the expense of a farmer or orchardist. Such a bird
+could be kept away. To kill birds at all times, because of the damage
+done by a few at a particular time, is foolish.
+
+On the lines of the American Audubon Society, the Gould League of Bird
+Lovers has recently been established. Just as Audubon was the great
+father of American ornithology, so "John Gould, the bird man," was the
+father of Australian ornithology. Hence his name has been associated
+with this movement to save our birds. The movement is progressing by
+leaps and bounds.
+
+The Victorian branch has a very large body of members, about 40,000
+certificates having already been issued to adults and children.
+Tasmania has a branch in full operation. In South Australia bird clubs
+are doing excellent work, especially amongst the young people, and
+Queensland and New South Wales bird-lovers have taken active steps
+to develop the movement in their States. A Bird Day, by order of the
+Minister of Education, Hon. A. A. Billson, and the Director, Mr.
+F. Tate, was observed in Victorian schools in 1909 and 1910, with
+gratifying results. Bird-nesting, for the collection of eggs, has
+practically wholly disappeared from our schools, while at most country
+schools native birds can be seen nesting on the school grounds, the
+children keeping observation notes of nesting and feeding habits of
+the birds as part of their work in Nature-study. What study is of
+greater economic importance to this wealthy, though occasionally
+insect-troubled, land?
+
+====
+
+  [Page 112]
+
+  [Illustration: [237]]
+
+
+    ORDER XX.--MENURIFORMES, LYRE-BIRDS.
+
+    F. 104. MENURIDAE (3), LYRE-BIRDS, 3 sp. A. (South-Eastern
+    A.).
+
+3
+3
+
+    =237 Victoria Lyre-Bird=, Pheasant (e), _Menura victoriae_, V.
+
+          Stat. r. _dense scrubs_,      m., 36; f., 27
+
+    Beautiful lyre tail; f., sooty-brown; all tail feathers fully
+    webbed. Insects, centipedes, snails.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI.--Perching-Birds--contains 11,500 species, more than
+three-fifths of the world's 19,000 birds. As Perching-Birds
+(_Passeres_) are still undergoing evolution, connecting links still
+live, so that it is very difficult to divide the Perching Birds
+into well-defined families. Sharpe has divided them into sixty-one
+families, but, for several of these, no exact characters that exclude
+other birds can be assigned, so that some of these, at least, are "not
+worthy of family rank." However, Sharpe's classification represents
+the latest thought of scientists on this difficult matter, so it must
+be adopted here.
+
+This large order of birds is divided into two sub-orders:--
+
+1. Songless Perching-Birds, made up mainly of South American
+birds, though two families are included that are represented in the
+Australian region--_viz._, Pittas (_Pittidae_) and New Zealand Wrens
+(_Xenicidae_).
+
+2. Song-Birds.
+
+Birds of the second division are again divided into two:--A.: Abnormal
+Song-Birds. B.: Normal Song-Birds.
+
+The first group, Abnormal Song-Birds, comprises only the two
+remarkable Scrub-Birds (_Atrichornithidae_) of Australia. One of these
+inhabits West Australian scrubs only, while the other inhabits East
+Australian (Richmond River) scrubs only.
+
+The breast bone and the muscles of the voice apparatus are unusual.
+These birds are about the size of a thrush, and form "one of the most
+curious ornithological types of the many furnished by that country"
+(Australia).
+
+So far, no female bird has been examined, and little is known about
+these remarkable, noisy, scrub-haunting birds.
+
+The remaining forty-eight "families" of birds belong to the Normal
+Song-Birds. It is interesting to note that Australia contains
+representatives of twenty-nine families of Song-Birds. Representatives
+of but nineteen families have been recorded from Britain. The Indian
+Empire, including Burmah and Ceylon, contains representatives of
+twenty-two families, North America, also, of twenty-two families,
+while in South America twenty-three families are represented in this
+highest division of birds.
+
+Again, while only 89 Song-Birds have been recorded as permanent
+residents of, or regular visitors to, Britain, almost 500 species of
+Song-Birds have, so far, been recorded from Australia and Tasmania.
+Of these, 157 have been recorded from Victoria, and are illustrated in
+this volume. And yet, we are told, this is a land of songless birds.
+
+Swallows have always attracted much notice, perhaps, because of their
+airy play when enjoying themselves after their long migration flight.
+It is very difficult to realize that Cuvier and most scientists of
+one hundred years ago believed that Swallows hibernated by burying
+themselves in the mud in the bottom of lakes and pools. It is
+interesting to note, in Gilbert White's _Natural History of Selborne_,
+the growing doubt concerning this belief; but, as it was supported by
+apparently good authority, he is cautious. Fuller observation shows
+that there are well-marked lines of migration, so that the European
+Swallow migrates sometimes even as far as South Africa, and the
+Swallows of North Asia are said to migrate even to Australia. However,
+in our winterless clime, migration is not complete, and this year
+(1910) there was probably little migration of Swallows. As Swallows
+are such rapid fliers, and spend much of their time on the wing, it is
+not a matter of surprise to find that they have spread the world over,
+except to New Zealand, though Tree Swallows are said to reach even
+that distant land occasionally.
+
+The Australian members of the Swallow family present very different
+nesting habits. While the Welcome Swallow builds the well-known
+cup-like mud nest, the rare White-backed Swallow drills a two-inch
+hole into a bank for two or three feet, and there builds its nest. The
+Tree Martin (Swallow), on the other hand, makes no nest, but lays its
+eggs on leaves placed on the rotten wood in the hollow of a tree. The
+Fairy Martin builds a long, bottle-shaped mud flask, under a bridge,
+or a ledge, and so is sometimes called the Bottle or Retort Swallow.
+Wood-Swallows and Swifts do not belong to the Swallow family.
+
+The Flycatcher family is a large one, nearly 700 species being
+accepted by Dr. Sharpe. More than half of these are restricted to the
+Australian region.
+
+The Brown Flycatcher is almost as common as the Willie Wagtail (Black
+and White Fantail). The white feather on each side of the tail is a
+valuable guide, though the Groundlark also has this. So often does it
+sit on fence posts looking at the passer-by that it has been called
+the "Post-Sitter." Its Sydney name, Jacky Winter, is less formal than
+Brown Flycatcher--a name which is already in use for another bird.
+
+The Robin Redbreast of Britain is regarded with affection by all
+English children. That feeling has been transferred to the externally
+slightly similar "Robin Redbreasts" of this country, though they are
+not at all related to the British Robins. Redbreast is really the name
+of the English bird, and Robin is perhaps a term of endearment added
+to the name Redbreast. While the British bird has a rufous breast, the
+Australian birds have a scarlet breast, and are much handsomer birds.
+The British Robin is now placed in the Thrush family.
+
+Once given to members of this family, the name Robin has been adopted
+for related birds that have no red--_e.g._, the black and white Hooded
+Robin, and the Tasmanian Dusky Robin. The Shrike Robins belong to the
+Shrike family, so they need not be mentioned here. The Scrub Robin of
+the inland dry scrubs belongs to the same family as the Coachwhip Bird
+and the Babbler.
+
+The Fantails and some, at least, of the Flycatchers proper are known
+to all. Who does not know and admire the plucky, though fussy Black
+and White Fantail (Willie Wagtail), as it drives a cat or a dog away
+from the vicinity of its nest, or as it waits impatiently about the
+mouth of a grazing cow or horse, or as it expresses its opinion of
+itself in the melodious "sweet, pretty creature," heard even late on
+moonlight nights? The friendly White-shafted Fantail is almost as
+well known, as it flits about a camp or catches flies near some
+water-course.
+
+At the Summer School, a Fantail spent some time each day in the
+dining-tent. The beautiful Rufous Fantail is just as tame, but is not
+quite so common. The nests of the White-shafted and Rufous Fantails
+are things of beauty. The long wine-glass stem is said by some to
+serve to drain the water away down from the nest, or as a means of
+carrying the eye down from the nest itself, so that it is seldom
+seen, or as a balance, so that the nest is not tilted too far in windy
+weather.
+
+The Scissors Grinder, or Restless Flycatcher, is very much like a
+Black and White Fantail, but the throat is white, while that of the
+Fantail is black. The Grinder is often mentioned in popular books on
+bird-life, on account of its peculiar scissors-grinding note uttered
+while hovering in search of insects.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 113]
+
+    ORDER XXI.--PASSERIFORMES, PERCHING BIRDS.
+
+    F. 105. _Pteroptochidae_, Tapaculos, Tilt-birds, 31 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 106. _Conophagidae_, Antwrens, 16 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 107. _Formicariidae_, Ant-thrushes, 348 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 108. _Dendrocolaptidae_, Wood-hewers, Spinetails, 405 sp.
+    Nl.
+
+    F. 109. _Tyrannidae_, Tyrant-birds, American Flycatchers,
+    Kingbird, Phoebe, 560 sp.--41(9)Nc., 551(519)Nl.
+
+    F. 110. _Oxyrhamphidae_, 3 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 111. _Pipridae_, Mannikins, 84 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 112. _Cotingidae_, Cotingas, Chatterers, 145 sp.--1(0)Nc.,
+    145(144)Nl.
+
+    F. 113. _Phytotomidae_, Plant-cutters, 4 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 114. PITTIDAE (4), ANT-THRUSHES, 63 sp.--32(32)A.,
+    30(30)O., 1(1)E.
+
+    F. 115. _Philepittidae_, Wattled Ant-thrushes, 2 sp. E.
+    (Madagascar).
+
+    F. 116. _Xenicidae_, New Zealand Wrens, 4 sp. A. (N.Z.).
+
+    F. 117. ATRICHORNITHIDAE (2), SCRUB-BIRDS, 2 sp. A.(N.S.W., W.A.).
+
+  [Page 116]
+
+  [Illustration: [251] [254] [255] [256] [259] [262] [265] [265^A] [266]]
+
+  =251= White-throated Flyeater
+  =254= White-shafted Fantail
+  =255= Rufous Fantail
+  =256= Black and White Fantail
+  =259= Restless Flycatcher
+  =262= Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike
+  =265= White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater
+  =265^A= White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater (F.)
+  =266= Spotted Ground-Bird
+
+  [Page 118]
+
+  [Illustration: [272] [273] [276] [278] [279] [280] [281] [281^A] [282]]
+
+  =272= Coachwhip Bird
+  =273= Gray-crowned Babbler
+  =276= White browed Field-Wren
+  =278= Brown Song Lark
+  =279= Rufous Song Lark
+  =280= Mountain Thrush
+  =281= White-fronted Chat
+  =281^A= White-fronted Chat (Female)
+  =282= Crimson-breasted Chat
+
+  [Page 120]
+
+  [Illustration: [238] [239] [240] [241] [242] [243]]
+
+    F. 118. HIRUNDINIDAE (6), SWALLOWS, MARTINS, 116 sp.--9(6)A.,
+    25(7)O., 16(2)P., 54(50)E., 10(1)Nc., 34(27)Nl.
+
+3
+40
+
+    =238* Welcome Swallow= (House), _Chelidon (Hirundo) neoxena_,
+    A., T. =vt. Eur. House Swallow.
+
+          Mig. c. _houses_      6.6
+
+    Breast, throat, forehead rust-red; abdomen whitish; head,
+    back, rump black; tail forked, a band of whitish spots; f.,
+    duller. Flying insects.
+
+  [Page 121]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =239 White-backed Swallow= (Black and White, White-breasted,
+    White-capped), _Cheramoeca leucosternum_, A., exc. N. Ter.
+    =vt. Eur. Sand-Martin.
+
+          Stat. r. _inland_      5.8
+
+    Back, throat, chest white; wings, tail, rump, abdomen black;
+    no rust-red; f., sim. Insects.
+
+2
+10
+
+    =240* Tree Martin=, Tree Swallow, _Petrochelidon nigricans_,
+    Mol., N.G., A., T., Bass St. Is., N.Z. =vt. Eur. Tree Swallow.
+
+          Mig. flocks, v.c. _timber_      5.1
+
+    Head, back black; under, rump whitish-gray; indistinct whitish
+    collar; rust-red forehead; f., sim. Flying insects.
+
+    =241 Fairy Martin=, Bottle (Land, Cliff, Retort) Swallow, _P.
+    ariel_, E.A., S.A., T. (occ).
+
+          Mig. c. _cliffs_, _banks_      4.7
+
+    Head rust-red; black back; rump, under white; tail slightly
+    forked; f., sim. Insects.
+
+    F. 119. MUSCICAPIDAE (71), FLYCATCHERS, 690 sp.--354(346)A.,
+    164(148)O., 14(1)P., 155(151)E., 5(2)Nc., 20(17)Nl.
+
+4
+11
+
+    =242* Australian Brown Flycatcher=, Jacky Winter, Postboy,
+    Post-sitter, White-tail, Stump-Bird, Spinks, Peter-Peter,
+    _Microeca fascinans_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _open_, _forest_      5.2
+
+    Upper pale-brown; side tail white; under lighter; chin,
+    abdomen white; swings tail sideways; f., sim. Insects.
+    Songster.
+
+    =243 Allied Flycatcher= (Lesser Brown), _M. assimilis_, N.A.,
+    V. (acc), W.A. Insects.
+
+          Stat. c. _open_, _forest_      4.6
+
+    Like 242, but smaller; outer tail feathers brown at base.
+
+  [Page 122]
+
+  [Illustration: [244] [245] [246] [247] [248] [249]]
+
+11
+17
+
+    =244* Scarlet-breasted Robin=, _Petroica leggei_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., T.
+
+          Mig. c. (winter) _open_, (summer) _forest gullies_      5.2
+
+    Head, throat, upper black; cap white; white bands on wing;
+    breast scarlet; lower-abdomen dull-white; outer-tail white;
+    bill, feet black; f.,* upper, under brown; breast tinged red;
+    white marks on wing. Insects.
+
+  [Page 123]
+
+    =245* Flame-breasted Robin=, _P. phoenicea_, S.Q., N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Mig. c. (winter) _open_, (summer) _mt.-gullies_      5.3
+
+    Crown, upper sooty-gray; small white forehead; white on wing;
+    outer-tail white; chin sooty-gray; under scarlet; under
+    base tail white; f.,* under brown; outer-tail white; under
+    reddish-gray. Insects.
+
+    =246 Pink-breasted Robin=, _P. rhodinogaster_, V., S.A., T.,
+    Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _deep forest_, _gullies_      5.2
+
+    Head, neck, back sooty-black; white spot on forehead; breast,
+    abdomen rose-pink; under base tail white; f., upper brown;
+    buff marks on wing; under gray; under base tail white.
+    Insects. "Tick-tick-tick;" like snapping dead twig.
+
+    =247 Rose-breasted Robin=, _P. rosea_, E.A. Insects.
+
+          Stat. r. _dense brushes_, _gullies_      4.5
+
+    Crown, throat, upper dark slate-gray; narrow white forehead;
+    chest rich rose-red; under base tail white; outer-tail white;
+    f., forehead buff; upper grayish-brown.
+
+    =248* Red-capped Robin=, Redhead (e), _P. goodenovii_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.
+
+          Nom. r. _open inland scrubs_      4.7
+
+    Crown, breast scarlet; upper, neck black; white stripe on
+    wing; abdomen, under tail white; f.,* dark-brown upper;
+    forehead tinged reddish; throat, breast faintly tinged red.
+    Insects.
+
+    =249 Hooded Robin= (Black and White, Black, Pied), _P.
+    bicolor_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _open_, _forest_      6.5
+
+    Head, upper, throat black; patch on wing, abdomen, under base
+    tail, outer-tail white; f., brownish-gray instead of black.
+    Insects.
+
+  [Page 124]
+
+  [Illustration: [250] [251] [252] [253] [254]]
+
+2
+2
+
+    =250 Short-billed Tree-Tit= (Sombre), Scrub-Tit, _Smicrornis
+    brevirostris_, E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _treetops_      3.5
+
+    Crown brownish-gray; back olive; behind eye reddish-brown;
+    throat, chest whitish; abdomen citron-yellow; tail brown at
+    base, banded blackish, spotted white at tip; short bill brown;
+    f., sim. Insects. Clear whistle.
+
+16
+62
+
+    =251* White-throated Flyeater=, Native Canary (e),
+    Bush-Warbler, _Gerygone albigularis_, N.A., E.A., N.W.A.
+    Insects. Musician.
+
+          Mig. c. _tree-tops_      4.3
+
+    Upper ashy-brown; throat, face white; chest, abdomen
+    greenish-yellow; tail blackish band, white tip; f., sim.
+
+    =252 Southern Flyeater= (Western), White-tailed Bush-Warbler,
+    _G. (Pseudogerygone) culicivora_, E.A., S.A., C.A., W.A. f.
+    sim. Insects.
+
+          v.r. _forests_, _scrubs_      4.2
+
+    Upper olive-brown; throat, chest light-gray; abdomen white;
+    tail white base; black band, tip spotted white.
+
+    =253 Brown Flyeater=, Brown Bush-Warbler, _G. fusca_, E.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _forest_, _scrubs_      3.8
+
+    Back, sides reddish-brown; forehead, eyebrow, throat, chest
+    gray; tail black band, tip spotted white; f., sim. Insects.
+    Feeble "What is it? What is it?"
+
+10
+99
+
+    =254* White-shafted Fantail= (-Flycatcher, -Flysnapper),
+    Cranky Fan, Devil-Bird, Land-Wagtail (e), _Rhipidura
+    albiscapa_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _open forest_      6
+
+    Upper, band across chest sooty-black; under buff; stripe over
+    eye, mark behind eye, throat, bars on wing, shafts of tail
+    feathers (except 2 centre feathers) white; outer-tail, tip
+    white; f., sim. Insects. Musical song.
+
+    =255* Rufous Fantail= (-Flycatcher), _R. rufifrons_, E.A.
+
+          Part.-Mig. (winter) _open_, (summer) _gullies_,
+          _brushes_      6.2
+
+    Crown, hind-neck brown; forehead, lower-back, base tail
+    rust-red; throat, centre-abdomen white; chest black; flanks,
+    under base tail light fawn; f., smaller. Insects.
+
+  [Page 125]
+
+  [Illustration: [255] [256] [257] [258] [259] [260]]
+
+    =256* Black and White Fantail= (-Flycatcher), Shepherd's
+    Companion, Willie Wagtail, Wagtail (e), Frog (Morning) Bird,
+    _R. motacilloides (tricolor)_, Mol., N.G., A. "Sweet pretty
+    little creature."
+
+          Stat. v.c. _open forest_      7.5
+
+    Upper, throat, breast black; eyebrow, rest under white; long
+    fan-tail; f., sim. Insects. Often sings at night.
+
+4
+29
+
+    =257 Leaden Flycatcher= (-Flysnapper), Frog-Bird, _Myiagra
+    rubecula_, N.G., A., T.
+
+          Mig. r. _coast scrubs_, _gullies_      6.5
+
+    Upper, wings, tail, breast leaden-gray glossed with green;
+    abdomen, under base tail white; f., throat, breast rust-red.
+    Insects. Squeaking note.
+
+    =258 Satin Flycatcher= (Shining), Satin Sparrow (e), _M.
+    nitida_, Louisiade Is., E.A., S.A., T.
+
+          Mig. r. _gullies_      6.5
+
+    Upper, breast blackish metallic-green; abdomen, under base
+    tail white; f., upper duller; throat, breast rust-red.
+    Insects. Loud piping whistle.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =259* Restless Flycatcher=, Scissors Grinder, Grinder, Willie
+    Wagtail (e), Dishwasher (e), Who-are-you? _Seisura inquieta_,
+    A.
+
+          Stat. c. _open_, _scrub_      8
+
+    Upper shining black; under white; like 256 but throat white;
+    hovers; f., throat, breast buff. Insects. Harsh grinding,
+    "Tu-whee, tu-whee."
+
+2
+8
+
+    =260 Black-faced Flycatcher= (Carinated), _Monarcha
+    melanopsis_, Timor, N.G., N. Ter., E.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _brushes_      6.7
+
+    Forehead, face, throat black; upper gray; wings, tail brown;
+    chest gray; abdomen rufous; f., sim. Insects. Loud whistle,
+    "Why-yew, witch-yew."
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+More than half the species of birds making up the family of
+Caterpillar-eaters are restricted to the Australian region.
+
+The common Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike has many names. Leatherhead, Blue
+Pigeon, and Blue Jay are amongst the most common, and all are
+wrong. The Leatherhead is a Honey-eater, and is better known as the
+Friar-Bird. The Cuckoo-Shrike is not a Pigeon, but is a perching bird;
+nor is it a Jay, which is a Northern Hemisphere bird, a member of the
+Crow family.
+
+The Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike is partly migratory, being stationary
+in the northern parts of its range, but migratory in the south. It
+occasionally reaches New Zealand. These birds undergo many changes of
+plumage before assuming the adult dress. The Little Cuckoo-Shrike,
+in particular, has several plumage phases, the throat and neck being
+black in the young, but gray in the adult. Its Cuckoo-like flight
+undoubtedly suggested part of the name. When young males are unlike
+the adult males, they usually resemble the female. Here, however, the
+adults of both sexes are similar.
+
+The male White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater resembles a Hooded Robin
+(249). It is supposed to be shy, but at the Tallangatta excursion,
+two pairs were attending to domestic duties in the school ground and
+surprised all by their fine musical performances. The male called
+"Peter, Peter," or some syllabize it "Pretty Joey," and then broke
+into a trilling song that fully equalled any canary performance I have
+heard. This was repeated frequently during the day. The female seemed
+to have a creak in her note, which, however, was musical. The bill is
+slender in this species.
+
+The Jardine Caterpillar-eater is rare and very shy. It keeps to the
+topmost branches of lofty trees. The male is dark blue-gray and black,
+and has a strong bill. The brown female is quite dissimilar, her
+whitish under surface being crossed with numerous brown arrow-head
+markings.
+
+The Cuckoo-Shrikes and Caterpillar-eaters are, like the Cuckoos, very
+fond of caterpillars, and so should receive all the protection we can
+give them.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 126]
+
+  [Illustration: [261] [262] [263] [264] [265] [265^A]]
+
+    F. 120. CAMPOPHAGIDAE (10), CUCKOO-SHRIKES,
+    Caterpillar-eaters, 186 sp.--104(103)A., 63(61)O., 2(1)P.,
+    19(19)E.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =261 Ground Cuckoo-Shrike=, Ground Graucalus, Ground
+    (Long-tailed) Jay (e), _Pteropodocys phasianella_, Q., N.S.W.,
+    V., C.A., W.A. (interior).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _plains_      13
+
+    Head, neck, chest, back delicate-gray; abdomen, rump white,
+    many narrow black bars; under base tail white; wings, tail
+    black; side tail tipped white; f., sim. Insects, larvae.
+    Shrill note.
+
+  [Page 127]
+
+5
+34
+
+    =262* Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike=, Leatherhead (e), Cherry-Hawk
+    (e), Lapwing (e), Summer (Blue) Bird, Blue (Gray) Jay
+    (e), Blue (Mountain) Pigeon (e), Australian Shrike (N.Z.),
+    _Coracina robusta (Graucalus melanops)_, Cel., Mol., N.G., A.,
+    N.Z. (acc.).
+
+          Part.-Mig. v.c. _plains_, _timber_      13
+
+    Delicate gray; forehead, face, throat black; wing-quills black
+    edged gray; tail gray base, black centre, tip white; lifts
+    wings after settling; f., sim. Caterpillars, insects, fruit.
+    Purring note.
+
+    =263 Little Cuckoo-Shrike=, Varied Graucalus, Lesser Blue-Jay
+    (e), _C. mentalis_, E.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _forest_      10.5
+
+    Upper dark slate-gray; wing-quills black; tail black tipped
+    white; about eye black; throat, breast gray (adult), under
+    wing, under base tail white; young many changes of color;
+    head, neck black; f., sim. Caterpillars, insects, berries.
+    Soft rolling note.
+
+1
+35
+
+    =264 Jardine Caterpillar-eater= (-Campophaga), _Edolisoma
+    tenuirostre_, N. Ter., E.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _treetops_      10.6
+
+    Face black: upper, under, centre-tail deep blue-gray;
+    wing-quills, outer-tail black; f., smaller; upper, wings, tail
+    feathers brown, edged lighter; under creamy-buff with many
+    blackish bars; line over eye buff. Insect larvae. "Kree-kree."
+
+2
+25
+
+    =265* White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater= (-Campophaga),
+    Peewee-Lark (e), _Lalage tricolor_, N.G., A., T.
+
+          Mig. c. _thick timber_      6.5
+
+    Crown, hind-neck, upper-back black; shoulders, line on wing
+    white; rest wing black; lower-back gray; tail black outer
+    tipped white; under white; somewhat like 248 but throat white;
+    f.,* upper brown; wing marked light lines; under whitish.
+    Insects. Fine musician, canary-like song.
+
+    F. 121. _Pycnonotidae_, Bulbuls, 257 sp.--7(6)A., 148(145)O.,
+    6(4)P., 99(99)E.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+The family _Timeliidae_ is an ill-defined one, the members of which
+are mostly ground birds, or, at least, spend a good deal of time on
+the ground.
+
+The Spotted and Chestnut-backed Ground-Birds are rare and are very
+quiet and shy as they run back under the shade of a bush. Thus,
+they are seldom seen, though they are very beautiful in their
+richly-spotted plumage. Driving along mallee roads, one sometimes sees
+these birds make a short, quick run to cover. A good name is required
+for them. Ground-Bird is not very definite.
+
+The rich brown Pilot Bird rarely flies, but keeps low down in the
+dense tangles and undergrowths in country like that about Ferntree
+Gully. It must be patiently waited for, as it is very shy.
+It, apparently, values its services highly, for it often calls
+"A-guinea-a-week."
+
+The larger Scrub-Robin which lives only in the interior flies little,
+but, as shown in the figure, it has long legs, suitable for running.
+Its color is not the dark-brown suitable for dark scrubs, but is the
+light-brown which matches the dead mallee twigs lying so thickly on
+the ground under the scrub. We met the Scrub-Robin on Eyre Peninsula,
+but it was difficult to get a second look at it. Almost as rare are
+the closely-similar Chestnut-rumped and Red-rumped Ground-Wrens. Few
+will see these birds, as they live only in the drier parts.
+
+That interesting bird--the Coachwhip Bird--is far more often heard
+than seen. Along the densely-scrubbed creeks of Eastern Australia,
+the interesting whip-crack of this bird is very often heard. An exact
+representative lives in West Australian scrubs. I was surprised
+to hear, in several places lately, the Rufous-breasted Whistler
+(Thickhead) called the Coachwhip Bird. It has been found that both
+birds take part in the peculiar call which has a loud crack very like
+that of a whip. This bird dwells in the dense eastern scrubs, and uses
+its short wings but little for flight. It was seen, however, recently
+at Sandringham, a few miles from Melbourne.
+
+The Australian Babblers are of interest from all points of view. Their
+habits are peculiar; their calls are varied and usually pleasant, and
+their large domed stick nests are common objects along a country road.
+Usually seen in companies of from four to a dozen, these birds work
+energetically and systematically. They are entirely insectivorous, and
+so are of great value economically. They are tame, as I have watched a
+flock at work in the gardens in the middle of a town such as Dunolly.
+They occasionally visit orchards and attack the codlin moth pupae.
+They are said never to squabble, and so are called "Happy Family"
+or "Happy Jacks." Their names, however, are many. The commonest is,
+perhaps, "Catbird." There is a "Catbird," a Bower-Bird, in Queensland,
+so the use of that name should be discouraged. Babblers sometimes
+make six or seven nests, laying only in one. The others are said to
+be shelter nests, or possibly play nests.
+
+That pleasing songster--the White-browed Field-Wren--is uniformly
+streaked with black both above and below. It is fairly common, but is
+not often seen unless looked for. Dogs will follow the scent of this
+bird, as they do that of a quail; so it is sometimes called the
+Stink-Bird by sportsmen.
+
+Now we come to two of the four native Skylarks. Who has not, while
+lying on his back on the grass enjoying a rest in the warm sunshine,
+felt pleasure at the beautiful song of the Rufous Song-Lark as
+it soars singing away so high overhead? The British Skylark often
+receives the credit for the harmony of our four Skylarks. Two belong
+to this family, and two come later with the Larks and Pipits. One
+is larger and darker on the breast, hence the name Black-breasted
+Song-Lark. I saw many of these birds, when examining the glacial
+deposits at Hallet's Cove, near Adelaide. As there was a continuous
+chorus of these fine songsters above the crops, the reason for the
+name Harvest Birds was apparent.
+
+The Thrush family (_Turdidae_) includes the British Song-Thrush,
+Blackbird, Nightingale, and many other famous songsters, The
+Australian Mountain-Thrush is larger and more prettily marked, but is
+not such a good songster as its European cousin--the Song-Thrush. It,
+however, has one of its calls closely similar to one of the calls of
+its more famous relative. It is a quiet, shy bird, though I walked
+within five feet of one this morning as it was busy digging up worms
+on the lawn in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens. I left it at work
+pleased that my presence had caused no feeling of fear in so beautiful
+and so shy a bird. Its beautiful moss-covered nest is built even
+so early as July. It flies little, preferring to keep near the dark
+scrubs, especially the tea-tree scrub along the coast.
+
+The Song-Thrush and Blackbird have been successfully introduced,
+and they are common in suburban gardens. Their delightful song makes
+richer the lives of busy city dwellers, though their attentions to
+soft fruits are not always appreciated. For sweetness and fulness
+of notes, however, these introduced birds cannot compare with our
+Harmonious Shrike-Thrush (315), deservedly named _harmonica_ by
+Latham, a British ornithologist. The call of the latter bird, however,
+is not so continuous as that of the introduced birds.
+
+The four Australian birds known as Chats take the next sub-family
+to themselves. The common Chat is known as a "Tang," "Nun," and
+"Tin-tac." While the White-fronted Chat is very common in the South,
+the beautiful Crimson-breasted Chat, with its crimson cap and pure
+white throat, and the Orange-fronted Chat, are found mostly in the dry
+interior, where they are known as Salt-bush Canaries. A good common
+name is urgently required for this Australian sub-family of birds.
+North calls them Nuns; but that name is preoccupied, and is suitable
+only for one of them. I was much interested last week (January, 1911)
+to see a male White-fronted Chat feeding a fully-fledged young Bronze
+Cuckoo. Two female Sparrows were also in attendance, one of which
+fed the Cuckoo three times while I was observing it. A female Bronze
+Cuckoo sat for some time by the young one, but did not interfere, or
+offer to feed it. The Chat returned the fifth time for the purpose of
+feeding the young Cuckoo, when the passing of a motor-car broke up the
+party. The young Cuckoo flew across the road and some distance on to
+a bush, where it resumed its constant wheezing whine. It is unusual to
+find birds so far apart as a Finch, like the Sparrow and a member of
+the Thrush family, like the Chat, feeding the one young Cuckoo.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 128]
+
+  [Illustration: [266] [267] [268] [269] [270] [271] [272]]
+
+    F. 122. TIMELIIDAE (27), BABBLERS, BABBLING-THRUSHES, 590
+    sp.--65(65)A., 447(443)O., 7(3)P., 75(75)E. (an ill-defined
+    family).
+
+6
+6
+
+    =266* Spotted Ground-Bird= (-Thrush, -Dove), Babbling-Thrush,
+    _Cinclosoma punctatum_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. r. _scrubby_      10.7
+
+    Crown, back rufous-brown; back striped black; shoulders
+    steel-black spotted white; throat, narrow chest band
+    steel-black; eyebrow, patches on throat white; breast gray;
+    tail tipped white; f., upper lighter; throat white, rufous
+    patch at side. Insects. Rise with a whirr-r-r. Low piping
+    whistle.
+
+  [Page 129]
+
+    =267 Chestnut-backed Ground-Bird= (-Thrush), _C.
+    castano-notum_, W.N.S.W., W.V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _plains_      9
+
+    Upper chestnut-brown; eyebrow, side-throat white; throat,
+    chest black; shoulder black spotted white; tail tipped white;
+    f., duller; throat, chest gray. Insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =268 Pilot Bird=, _Pycnoptilus floccosus_, E.N.S.W., E.V.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dense scrubby gullies_      6.7
+
+    Rich dark-brown; throat rufous mottled dusky; f., sim.
+    Insects. "Guinea-a-week."
+
+3
+5
+
+    =269 Scrub-Robin=, _Drymodes brunneipygius_, N.S.W., V., S.A.
+    (interior).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _mallee_, _scrub_      8
+
+    Upper brown; wings brown barred white; tail brown, slightly
+    tipped white; under grayish-brown; long legs; shy, runs; f.,
+    smaller. Insects. Monotonous whistle.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =270 Chestnut-rumped Ground-Wren=, Red-rumped Scrub-Warbler,
+    _Hylacola pyrrhopygia_, N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dry scrubs_      5.3
+
+    Upper brown; base tail chestnut-red, tip white; eyebrow white;
+    under streaked black, white; f., sim. Agreeable song.
+
+    =271 Shy Ground-Wren= (Red-rumped, Cautious, Rufous-rumped),
+    Shy Scrub-Warbler, _H. cauta_, V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dry scrubs_      5.7
+
+    Like 270, but small white patch near outer edge of wing;
+    shier; f., sim. Insects.
+
+3
+3
+
+    =272* Coachwhip Bird= (Whip, Stockwhip), _Psophodes
+    crepitans_, E.S.Q., E.N.S.W., E.V.
+
+          Stat. c. _dense scrubs_      10
+
+    Dark olive-green; black crest, breast; white side of throat,
+    centre of abdomen, tip-tail; f., smaller, duller. Insects.
+    Loud full note ends in a whip crack.
+
+  [Page 130]
+
+  [Illustration: [273] [274] [275] [276] [277] [278] [279]]
+
+4
+34
+
+    =273* Gray-crowned Babbler=, Chatterer (e), Cackler, Barker,
+    Pine (Cat (e), Dog) Bird, Codlin-Moth-eater, Hopper, Jumper
+    (e), Yahoo, Happy Family, Happy Jack, Twelve Apostles (e),
+    Apostle-Bird (e), _Pomatorhinus frivolus (temporalis)_, E.A.,
+    S.A.
+
+          Stat. flocks, c. _open timber_      11
+
+    Dark brown; crown light-gray; brow white; throat, breast
+    white; tail tipped white; bill long black, curved; runs; f.,
+    sim. Insects. Many peculiar notes, noisy.
+
+  [Page 131]
+
+    =274 White-browed Babbler=, Go-aways, Stick-Birds, _P.
+    superciliosus_, A. inland (exc. N. Ter., N.Q.).
+
+          Stat. flocks, c. _open timber_      8
+
+    Like 273, but smaller; crown dark-brown; f., sim. Insects.
+    "Most noisy bird I ever observed." (G.) Many notes.
+
+    =275 Chestnut-crowned Babbler=, _P. ruficeps_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A. (interior). Insects. Noisy.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      8.5
+
+    Like 273, 274, but crown, hind-neck chestnut; f., sim.
+
+7
+7
+
+    =276* White-browed Field-Wren=, White-lored Reed-Lark, Rush
+    Warbler (e), Stink-Bird, _Calamanthus albiloris_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _grass_, _heath_      5
+
+    Greenish-brown streaked black; face, brow white; throat
+    whitish streaked black; erect tail; shy; f., sim. Insects.
+    Pretty song on bush-top.
+
+    =277 Field-Wren=, Field Reed-Lark, _C. campestris_, V., S.A.,
+    N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _open plains_      4.6
+
+    Upper ashy-brown streaked dark-brown; upper base tail
+    rufous-brown; side tail tipped white, banded black; forehead
+    rufous streaked dark-brown; eyebrow white; under whitish
+    streaked dark-brown; f., sim. Insects.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =278* Brown Song-Lark= (Black-breasted), Australian Skylark,
+    Harvest-Bird, Singing-Lark, Corn-Crake (e), _Cincloramphus
+    cruralis_, A. exc. C.A.
+
+          Mig. c. _crops_      9
+
+    Dark-brown, upper feathers edged lighter; abdomen blackish;
+    f., much smaller; paler; eyebrow, under whitish. Insects.
+    "Fine songster, ranks with the Skylark;" sings flying like
+    Skylark.
+
+    =279* Rufous Song-Lark= (Rufous-tinted), Rufous-rumped
+    Singing-Lark, Skylark, _C. rufescens_, A.
+
+          Mig. c. _grass_, _crops_      7.5
+
+    Upper brown, feathers edged lighter; upper base tail rufous;
+    brow, throat whitish; under brownish-gray; side face darker;
+    f., smaller; face not dark. Insects. "Amongst the richest and
+    sweetest of Australian bird songs." Sings flying like Skylark.
+
+  [Page 132]
+
+  [Illustration: [279^A] [280] [280^A] [281] [282] [283]]
+
+    F. 123. _Troglodytidae_, Wrens, 255 sp.--2(1)A., 18(17)O.,
+    10(10)P., 43(32)Nc., 194(183)Nl.
+
+    F. 124. _Cinclidae_, Dippers, Water-Ouzels, 19 sp.--5(2)O.,
+    11(8)P., 1(0)Nc., 6(5)Nl.
+
+    F. 125. _Mimidae_, Mocking-Birds, Thrashers, 71
+    sp.--17(10)Nc., 61(54)Nl.
+
+    F. 126. TURDIDAE (8), THRUSHES (Blackbird (Br.),
+    Nightingale, Robin (Br.), Wheatear, Bluebird (Am.), Redstart,
+    Hedge-Sparrow), 588 sp.--48(44)A., 167(117)O., 124(53)P.,
+    192(163)E., 29(14)Nc., 132(118)Nl.
+
+1
+114
+
+    =279^A Blackbird=, _Turdus merula_, Eur., N. Afr.,
+    Egypt, Syria, Persia, Azores, A. (introduced).
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      10
+
+    Black; bill yellow; f., dark-brown; breast reddish-brown
+    marked darker. Insects, snails, fruit. Songster.
+
+  [Page 133]
+
+4
+13
+
+    =280* Australian Mountain Thrush= (Ground), King Thrush,
+    _Turdus (Oreocichla) lunulata_, N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _coastal scrubs_, _mt. gullies_      10.5
+
+    Upper brown marked with black half-moons; under white stained
+    buff on breast, flanks, marked with black half-moons; f., sim.
+    Snails, insects, worms.
+
+1
+24
+
+    =280^A Song Thrush=, _T. musicus_, Eur., W. Asia,
+    India, A. (introduced).
+
+          Stat. c. _gardens_      9
+
+    Upper brown; breast yellowish spotted brown; throat, abdomen
+    white; f., sim. Snails, insects, worms. Famous singer.
+
+5
+5
+
+    =281* White-fronted Chat=, Banded Tintac, Tang, Ringlet (e),
+    Clipper, Nun, Dottrel (e), Jenny-Wren (e), Ballyhead, Gar,
+    Ringneck (e), _Epthianura albifrons_, Bass St. Is., T., A.
+    exc. N. Ter. Insects. Dull metallic "tang."
+
+          Mig. v.c. _grass_     4.5
+
+    Forehead, face, under, tip tail white; back gray; band on
+    chest, wings, tail black; f.,* duller, faint band on chest.
+
+    =282* Crimson-breasted Chat= (Tricolored), Saltbush Canary
+    (e), _E. tricolor_, A. exc. N. Ter.
+
+          Mig. r. _timber_      4.3
+
+    Crown, base tail, breast, abdomen scarlet; face, back of head,
+    back dark-brown; tip-tail spotted white; throat, under base
+    tail white; f., duller. Insects.
+
+    =283 Orange-fronted Chat=, Saltbush Canary, _E. aurifrons_, A.
+    exc. N. Ter.
+
+          Nom. r. _open plains_      4.3
+
+    Head, upper base tail, under golden-orange; back brown; tip
+    tail spotted white; chin black; f., duller. Grasshoppers,
+    other insects.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+The Warbler family, _Sylviidae_, is a large one, found all through the
+Eastern Hemisphere. One migratory species crosses Behring Strait each
+year to summer in Alaska.
+
+As no less than 79 Australian small birds have been grouped in this
+family, it is of considerable importance to our bird lovers. At
+the head of the family, we have an exact representative of the
+Reed-Warbler of Europe in the delightful plain-brown songster which
+charms all who frequent river sides. Its song is "louder and more
+melodious than that of any of its European relations except" the
+Reed-Warbler. It is a welcome spring visitor, and can be heard on any
+spring or summer day in the Botanic Gardens, or in any reed bed by
+stream or lake.
+
+The next bird is the Australian representative of the Fantail-Warblers
+(_Cisticola_). These birds are related to the Tailor-Bird.
+
+Much has been written of the Tailor-Bird of India which so cleverly
+sews leaves together to enclose its nest, but few know we have a bird
+that does similar work when building its nest. Dr. Sharpe has decided
+that our bird is identical with an Indian species, so we must take the
+Indian name--Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler. This bird moults twice
+a year. At the autumn moult, it obtains a long tail and a streaked
+crown. The four Australian species described by Gould are now known
+to be but different forms of the one species which undergoes seasonal
+change.
+
+Speckled Jack, the Speckled Warbler (Little Field-Wren), is a tame
+little bird with a pleasing song. Its chocolate-colored egg used to
+be much valued in the days when schoolboys collected eggs. It walks
+instead of hopping.
+
+The Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler (_Acanthiza_) is a member of an
+Australian genus, which has been split up into 27 species, all of
+which, except a New Guinea form, are restricted to Australia. Some are
+pleasing songsters. The two-storied nest of the Yellow-tail is well
+known and is peculiar. What is the use of the upper nest--for the male
+to rest in, to delude the cuckoo, or what?
+
+These birds are not Tits (_Paridae_). They have been called Thornbills
+by Mr. A. J. North. The name Tit-Warbler has been adopted by the
+"names" sub-committee of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists'
+Union, pending the completion of the Australian Check-List. The common
+White-browed Scrub-Wren is not a Wren, but is a Warbler. He is the
+best known of the genus, though even he is seldom seen. His dark-brown
+color leads one to suspect a dark scrub as his dwelling place. Though
+common in places, he is seldom noticed, but if you sit down in a quiet
+scrubby corner, his inquisitiveness will often impel him to run almost
+over your feet. Some light spots on the shoulder and the white eyebrow
+will assist you in identifying him. His mouse-like run further assists
+in identification.
+
+Amongst the glories of the bird world, the Superb-Warbler stands high.
+His beautiful enamel-blue and black costume, and his cheery, fussy
+song justify his name. He is generally accompanied by four or five
+plain-colored mates, and is said to lose his beautiful coat of blue
+each autumn, but the balance of evidence now seems to be with
+Mr. Keartland and Dr. Horne, who claim that he gets the permanent
+beautiful coat late in life (that is, when three or four years old),
+and does not lose it afterwards, except for a few days at moulting
+time. But, being so conspicuous, he soon falls a prey to one of his
+numerous enemies, of whom the small boy with a pea-rifle is probably
+the worst. I, too frequently, hear of these enemies of their country
+being caught with three or four of these lovely little birds in their
+possession. However, Bird Day in the schools did much good, and the
+next generation of boy will probably have less of the savage in him.
+
+The Emu-Wren, which has tail feathers like Emu feathers, is easily
+recognized if seen. It is difficult to cause it to fly out of the
+rushes round a swamp. The Bristle-Birds are Australian, and are fairly
+common in some dense scrubs.
+
+Grass-Wrens are not Wrens, but are placed in the Warbler family. They
+are Central Australian birds. They seldom fly, but "progress like a
+rubber ball" with great swiftness. They are of the light tawny color
+that so well matches desert sands. It is very difficult to get a
+second look at one, as it hides in the grass and scrub, and almost
+refuses to be flushed. Sometimes it nearly allows itself to be walked
+upon.
+
+Fourteen of the 17 members of the Wood-Swallow family are confined
+to the Australian region. The White-rumped Wood-Swallow extends from
+Australia through the islands to the Andaman Islands; another kind
+is found in India, Ceylon, and Burma. Some kinds are migratory. They
+appear suddenly in great companies, build a flimsy, careless nest in
+any spot high or low, and soon have the young on the wing. They are
+the "Blue-Birds," "Summer-Birds," or "Martins" of our youth. Some of
+these birds have the remarkable habit of hanging in a cluster similar
+to a great swarm of bees. Like Honey-eaters, they take honey from the
+flowering eucalypts. The street trees of Bendigo were alive with these
+birds in May, 1909. The Sordid Wood-Swallow is partly migratory, and
+lives in small companies. Most towns in Southern Australia have a
+company of these birds in the neighborhood. One such company lives in
+the Domain, near the entrance to the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.
+
+These tame woodland birds, admirable in their graceful wheeling and
+floating flight, destroy numbers of destructive insects. Occasionally,
+a company has discovered that a good food supply can easily be
+obtained close to a beehive. Thus rarely they do a slight amount of
+harm, but the balance is overwhelmingly in their favor.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+    F. 127. SYLVIIDAE (79), WARBLERS (Whitethroat, Blackcap
+    (Br.), Chiffchaff), 525 sp.--107(102)A., 137(84)O., 108(22)P.,
+    267(228)E., 1(0)Nc.
+
+  [Page 135]
+
+  [Illustration: [284] [285] [286] [287] [288] [289] [291] [293] [297]]
+
+  =284= Australian Reed-Warbler
+  =285= Australian Fantail-Warbler
+  =286= Grass-Bird
+  =287= Speckled Warbler
+  =288= Little Tit-Warbler
+  =289= Brown Tit-Warbler
+  =291= Striated Tit-Warbler
+  =293= Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler
+  =297= White-browed Scrub-Wren
+
+  [Page 137]
+
+  [Illustration: [300] [300^A] [302] [304] [306] [311] [312] [313] [315]]
+
+  =300= Superb-Warbler
+  =300^A= Superb-Warbler (Female)
+  =302= White-winged Superb-Warbler
+  =304= Emu Wren
+  =306= Bristle Bird
+  =311= White-browed Wood-Swallow
+  =312= Masked Wood-Swallow
+  =313= Wood-Swallow
+  =315= Gray Shrike-Thrush
+
+  [Page 139]
+
+  [Illustration: [319] [320] [321] [322] [322^A] [323] [323^A] [326] [327]]
+
+  =319= Australian Butcher-Bird
+  =320= Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit
+  =321= Crested Bell-Bird
+  =322= Golden-breasted Whistler
+  =322^A= Golden-breasted Whistler (Female)
+  =323= Rufous-breasted Whistler
+  =323^A= Rufous-breasted Whistler (F.)
+  =326= Shrike-Robin
+  =327= Whiteface
+
+  [Page 142]
+
+  [Illustration: [284] [285] [286] [287] [288] [289]]
+
+2
+29
+
+    =284* Australian Reed-Warbler=, Reed-Bird, (Nightingale),
+    Water-Sparrow (e), _Acrocephalus australis_, Lombok, E.A.,
+    S.A., T. =vt. Eur. Reed-Warbler.
+
+          Mig. c. _reeds_      6.2
+
+    Brown; head darker; under lighter; throat whitish; bill long,
+    pointed; f., sim. Insects. Rich melodious song.
+
+1
+51
+
+    =285* Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler=, Grass-Warbler (Exiled),
+    Corn (Barley) Bird, _Cisticola exilis_, Ind., Formosa to A.
+    (exc. C.A.), King Is.
+
+          Stat. r. _grass_, _crops_      3.6
+
+    Golden-buff; upper streaked blackish; tail 1.2in., blackish,
+    edged buff; f., crown streaked black. Winter* crown streaked
+    black; throat whitish; tail 1.9in.; f., sim.
+
+3
+10
+
+    =286* Grass-Bird= (Little Reed), Marsh-Warbler, _Megalurus
+    gramineus_, N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _tussocks_      5.2
+
+    Upper brown streaked, lined blackish; throat, chest gray
+    faintly streaked black; tail reddish-brown; f., sim. Insects.
+    "Four or five plaintive notes."
+
+1
+1
+
+    =287* Speckled Warbler=, Little Field-Lark (-Wren), Speckled
+    Jack, Blood Tit (e), Jenny-Wren (e), _Chthonicola sagittata_,
+    E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _grass_      5
+
+    Under whitish boldly streaked black; head brown faintly
+    streaked white; back brown, feathers edged lighter; tip-tail
+    spotted white; f., sim. Insects. Singer.
+
+26
+27
+
+    =288* Little Tit-Warbler= (Yellow), Yellow-breasted Thornbill,
+    Tomtit, Little Tit, _Acanthiza nana_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _trees_      3.5
+
+    Upper dull olive-green; under yellow; tail grayish-brown,
+    black band; f., sim. Insects. "Tiz, tiz, tiz."
+
+    =289* Brown Tit-Warbler= (Tit), Scrub Thornbill, Dwarf
+    Warbler, _A. pusilla_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _scrub_      3.7
+
+    Upper, wings brown; tail brown, banded black, slightly tipped
+    white; throat, chest spotted black and white; flanks, abdomen
+    buff; f., sim. Insects. Singer.
+
+  [Page 143]
+
+  [Illustration: [290] [291] [292] [293] [294] [295]]
+
+    =290 Red-rumped Tit-Warbler= (Tit), Rufous-rumped Thornbill,
+    _A. pyrrhopygia_, N.S.W., V., S.A. (interior).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _mallee_, _scrubs_      4
+
+    Upper pale olive-brown; forehead blackish-brown, feathers
+    tipped white; throat, chest mottled gray, white; abdomen
+    whitish; upper base tail rufous; tail olive, black band, white
+    tip; f., sim. Insects.
+
+    =291* Striated Tit-Warbler=, Striped Tit, Striped-crowned
+    Thornbill, _A. lineata_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      3.7
+
+    Throat, chest whitish streaked black; head brown streaked
+    whitish; back olive-brown; flanks, abdomen yellowish; tail
+    black band; f., sim. Insects. Songster.
+
+    =292 Chestnut-rumped Tit-Warbler= (Thornbill), _A.
+    uropygialis_, A. exc. C.A., N. Ter.
+
+          Stat. r. _scrubs_, _forests_      3.6
+
+    Upper brown; upper base tail rich reddish-chestnut; tail
+    brownish-black tipped white; under whitish; f., sim.
+
+    =293* Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler=, Yellow-rumped Thornbill
+    (-Tit), Yellow-tail, Geobasileus, _A. chrysorrhoa_, E.A.,
+    S.A., W.A., T.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _gardens_, _timber_      3.8
+
+    Upper olive-brown; base tail bright-yellow; under
+    yellowish-white; forehead black spotted white; cheeks, throat,
+    line over eye grayish-white; f., sim. Insects. Singer.
+
+    =294 Buff-tailed Tit-Warbler=, Buff-rumped Thornbill (Tit),
+    _A. reguloides_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _open timber_      4.3
+
+    Upper olive-brown; upper base tail pale yellow; throat, chest
+    white slightly marked brown; forehead feathers tipped lighter;
+    f., sim. Insects. Song.
+
+10
+16
+
+    =295 Redthroat=, Red-throated Scrub-Wren, _Sericornis
+    brunnea_, N.S.W., V., S., C., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _scrubs_      4.5
+
+    Upper dark-brown; tail brownish-black tipped white; throat
+    rufous; under brownish-gray; f., sim. Insects. "Fine song
+    equal to that of any small bird."
+
+  [Page 144]
+
+  [Illustration: [296] [297] [298] [299] [300] [301]]
+
+    =296 Yellow-throated Scrub-Wren=, Devil Bird, _S. barbata_,
+    E.Q., E.N.S.W., E.V.
+
+          Stat. r. _coastal scrubs_      5.5
+
+    Crown, upper brown tinged yellow; side of face, round eye,
+    ear black; white line over eye; throat yellow; chest, flanks
+    olive-brown; centre abdomen white; f., smaller; duller.
+    Insects. Pleasing rich note.
+
+    =297* White-browed Scrub-Wren= (White-fronted), _S.
+    frontalis_, E.A., S.A., Kent Group.
+
+          Stat. c. _undergrowth_      4.5
+
+    Upper dark-brown; throat white streaked dusky; brow white;
+    chest, abdomen light-yellow; flanks olive-brown; small
+    distinct white marks on shoulder; f., duller, throat not
+    streaked. Insects. Inward warble.
+
+    =298 Large-billed Scrub-Wren=, _S. magnirostris_, E.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _tree-tops_, _coast_, _gully scrubs_      4.7
+
+    Brown; rump rufous; about bill tawny; eye, long bill black;
+    legs flesh-color; f., sim. Insects.
+
+    =299 Spotted Scrub-Wren= (Striated), _S. maculata_, V., S.A.,
+    Kangaroo Is., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _scrubby_      4.5
+
+    Upper brown; tail black band tipped white; forehead, side of
+    face black; stripe above, very small patch below eye, marks
+    on edge of wing white; under grayish-white, sometimes washed
+    yellow; throat, chest grayish-white spotted (striated) black;
+    f., duller. Insects.
+
+23
+23
+
+    =300* Superb-Warbler=, Blue-Wren (-Bonnet, -Tit, -Cap, -Head),
+    Mormon-Wren, Cocktail, _Malurus cyanochlamys_, E.A., S.A.,
+    Kangaroo Is.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _gardens_      5
+
+    Crown, behind ear, upper-back enamel-blue; throat, chest,
+    hind-neck, lower-back black; tail deep-blue; f.,* brown; round
+    eye reddish-brown; under lighter; bill reddish-brown. Insects.
+    "Animated song." "Lovely bird."
+
+    =301 Black-backed Superb-Warbler= (Wren), _M. melanonotus_,
+    E.A., C.S.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. r. _scrubs_      4.7
+
+    Crown, under, upper-back, upper and under base tail beautiful
+    metallic blue; behind ear verditer-blue; side of face, band
+    on back, faint band across chest black; wing green; tail
+    greenish-blue; f., side of face, round eye reddish-brown;
+    upper brown; under whitish; wings brown; tail green. Insects.
+
+  [Page 145]
+
+  [Illustration: [302] [303] [304] [305] [306] [307]]
+
+    =302* White-winged Superb-Warbler= (Wren), _M. cyanotus
+    (leucopterus)_, A. (exc. N. Ter.).
+
+          r. _saltbush_, _plains_      4.8
+
+    Above, below deep cobalt-blue; wings white; quills brown; tail
+    dark-blue; f., upper brown, under white tinged brown. Insects.
+
+    =303 Purple-backed Superb Warbler= (Wren), _M. assimilis_, A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _scrubs_      5
+
+    Crown, side of head, back purplish-blue; throat, chest, band
+    on upper back, rump black; chestnut-red patch inner wing; rest
+    wing brown; abdomen white; tail dark-blue tipped white;
+    f., brown; about eye rich chestnut; under whitish; tail
+    greenish-blue. Insects.
+
+4
+4
+
+    =304* Emu-Wren=, Stick-tail, _Stipiturus malachurus_, S.A.,
+    E.A., W.A., f., throat brown. Insects.
+
+          Stat. c. _tussocks_      7
+
+    Upper brown streaked rufous; tail feathers long loosely
+    webbed, erect; throat blue; abdomen brown; runs.
+
+    =305 Mallee Emu-Wren=, _S. mallee_, N.W.V.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _Spinifex (Triodia)_      5
+
+    Like 304, but forehead chestnut; throat, chest light
+    purplish-blue; abdomen grayish-brown.
+
+4
+4
+
+    =306* Bristle-Bird=, _Sphenura brachyptera_, N.S.W., E.V.,
+    Insects. Rich, varied notes.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _undergrowth_      8.8
+
+    Brown; throat, centre-breast lighter; shy; runs; f., sim.
+
+    =307 Rufous Bristle-Bird= (Rufous-headed), _S. broadbenti_,
+    W.V., S.A. (Otway Ranges to Mt. Lofty).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dense scrub_      10.5
+
+    Rufous-brown; f., sim. Insects.
+
+  [Page 146]
+
+  [Illustration: [308] [309] [310] [311] [312] [313]]
+
+10
+10
+
+    =308 Grass-Wren=, _Amytornis textilis_, V., C.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _plains_, _dense scrubs_      6.2
+
+    Upper dark-brown striped white; under paler; flanks rust-red;
+    seldom flies; progresses like a rubber ball; tail erect; f.,
+    sim. Insects.
+
+    =309 Striated Grass-Wren= (Black-cheeked), _A. striatus_,
+    N.S.W., V., C.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dense scrubs_      6.8
+
+    Like 308, but black stripe on cheek; plumage strongly rufous;
+    runs, seldom flies; f., sim. Insects.
+
+  [Page 147]
+
+    F. 128. _Vireonidae_, Vireos, Greenlets, 112 sp.--24(7)Nc.,
+    105(88)Nl.
+
+    F. 129. _Ampelidae_, Waxwings, Cedar-Bird, 10 sp.--1(0)O.,
+    2(0)P., 3(0)Nc., 7(5)Nl.
+
+    F. 130. ARTAMIDAE (12), WOOD-SWALLOWS, Swallow-Shrikes, 17
+    sp.--15(14)A., 2(1)O., 1(1)E.
+
+9
+16
+
+    =310 White-rumped Wood-Swallow= (Swallow-Shrike), _Artamus
+    leucogaster_, Andaman Is., Mal. Arch., Papuan Is., A.
+
+          Mig. r. _timber_      7.4
+
+    Head, neck grayish-black; back brown; tail, wing-quills black;
+    rump, breast, abdomen white; f., sim. Insects. Plaintive note.
+
+    =311* White-browed Wood-Swallow=, Summer-Bird, Martin (e), _A.
+    superciliosus_, E.A., S.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Mig. v.c. _timber_      8
+
+    Slaty-gray; white eyebrow; abdomen rich chestnut; tail tipped
+    white; f., faint white eyebrow. Insects, honey. "Sweet, clear
+    whistling note."
+
+    =312* Masked Wood-Swallow=, Bush (Blue) Martin (e), _A.
+    personatus_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Mig. c. _timber_      8
+
+    Dark-gray upper; pure white edge to jet-black throat patch;
+    under gray; tail tipped white; f., duller. Insects.
+
+    =313* Wood-Swallow= (Sordid, Dusky), Jacky-Martin, Martin (e),
+    _A. tenebrosus_, A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Part-Mig. v.c. _timber_      7.3
+
+    Smoky vinous-gray; wing-quills black; white line in edge of
+    wing; tail tipped white; bill blue tipped black; f., sim.
+    Insects.
+
+    F. 131. _Vangidae_, 12 sp. E. (Madagascar).
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+Family 132--Wood-Shrikes--contains two of the best known of Australian
+birds, for they are to be found about almost every town and city, as
+well as in the country. The well-known Magpie-Lark has but one close
+cousin in the world, a New Guinea bird. Its mud nest is familiar to
+country boys. It is notable that, excepting Swallows, only two other
+Australian birds build a mud nest. These birds, the Apostle-Bird and
+the White-winged Chough, are mentioned later. Its dainty, well-kept
+plumage renders the Magpie-Lark one of the most graceful of birds. Its
+flight is "unlike that of any bird known to me." (Gould.) "It flies in
+a straight line, with a heavy, flapping motion of the wings." Its
+loud call is responsible for the name of Pee-wee, a common name for
+a European Plover; its black and white coloring for the vernacular
+name--Magpie-Lark.
+
+This bird is of great value, as it consumes large quantities of pond
+snails, the necessary host of the early stages of the liver fluke.
+Exterminate the pond snails, and immediately the liver fluke is
+completely destroyed, and all future loss from its ravages is saved
+to the pastoralists. In 1846, fluke caused a loss of L10,000,000
+in England alone, so it is a serious pest, and may yet prove a very
+expensive one to Australia.
+
+This bird's scientific position is disputed. It has been classed with
+Crows and with Thrushes. Gould placed it by itself. Dr. Sharpe has,
+however, placed it in the family _Prionopidae_. Its vocal organs are
+anomalous, and it may be that its position is not finally settled yet.
+
+Placed by Sharpe in the same family are the Shrike-Thrushes, strictly
+Australian birds. The glorious "powerful swelling notes" of our common
+bird caused Latham to bestow the well-deserved name _harmonica_ on it.
+Yet there are some who talk of Australia as a land of songless birds.
+This falsehood seems to have had its origin in a note written by
+Caley, who, about 1825, collected near Sydney, for the Linnean Society
+of London. As quoted by North, he said, "They (Superb-Warblers) are
+good songsters, and, I may say, almost the only ones in the colony."
+Fortunately, the Harmonious Shrike-Thrush is becoming common and tame
+about school grounds and most towns. It is occasionally to be heard in
+the Melbourne Botanic Gardens.
+
+Family 134 contains the famous Shrikes, those birds which are said
+to keep a butcher's shop. Not being "birds of prey," they do not hold
+their prey in their feet, so they fasten it in the fork of a tree, or
+on a thorn. Then they proceed to eat it, or leave it until they are
+hungry. Our Shrike or Butcher-Bird has the same habit.
+
+The Australian Butcher-Bird has a rich, mellow, flute-like note, which
+is more frequently heard in autumn. Some consider his one of the best
+of bird-notes. His strongly-hooked bill renders him a terror to small
+birds, including caged Canaries.
+
+That glorious songster, the Australian Magpie, is placed in this
+family. These Australian songsters are now divided into five
+closely-similar species, all possessing the same rich carol. The
+Tasmanian bird was formerly called the "Organ-Bird." This Australian
+musician is responsible for the European epigram of "white Crows that
+sing." These birds are not Crows, nor are they white, but they _sing_,
+so that Alfred Russel Wallace has declared that no European songbird
+can equal them. Gould found it impossible to describe their "carol,"
+and regretted that "his readers could not," as he had done, "listen to
+the birds in their native wilds." Their early morning carol lives
+in the memory. The Australian Magpie is not related to the European
+Magpie, which is a member of the Crow family (164), but is a glorified
+Butcher-Bird. However, it would be a difficult matter to displace the
+name magpie for the Australian bird.
+
+In the same family, though in the next sub-family, are some peculiar
+Australian birds. The two Shrike-Tits are found one in Eastern
+Australia and the other in Western Australia. Gould said feelingly--he
+was nipped by one--that "no bird of its size has stronger mandibles."
+It is to be seen in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, tearing off bark as
+it seeks for insects.
+
+The Crested Bell-Bird is restricted to Australia. Being a perfect
+ventriloquist, it is very difficult to locate it. Some of its
+notes are bell-like, and have misled those seeking horses. I met it
+frequently in the Mallee and in the Maryborough and Ararat districts.
+It often hopped out on to the road on frosty mornings. It is one of
+Australia's singular and interesting birds.
+
+Those badly-named, but often attractive, songsters--the Thickheads
+(now called Whistlers)--are placed next. Eighty-eight of these birds
+are known from the Australian region, though but twenty occur in
+Australia itself and Tasmania. On account of the difficulty of
+skinning these birds, they were given the name _Pachycephala_. It is
+unfortunate that the literal translation--thick head--was the name
+used by bird people for these beautiful singers. It is now proposed to
+change the name to Whistler. Strange to say, we have not heard a good
+local name for these attractive and often gorgeous birds.
+
+To complete this interesting sub-family, we have the Yellow-breasted
+Shrike-Robin--a confiding favorite, found in most dark scrubs. Its
+single, often-repeated, piping note is responsible for its name,
+_Eopsaltria_, "Psalm of the Dawn." This delightful forest-dweller
+frequently perches sideways on a sapling. Six kinds are known from
+Australia, and two more from adjacent islands.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 148]
+
+  [Illustration: [314] [314^A] [315] [316] [317] [318] [319]]
+
+    F. 132. PRIONOPIDAE (11), WOOD-SHRIKES, 95 sp.--55(55)A.,
+    15(15)O., 25(25)E.
+
+1
+2
+
+    =314 Magpie-Lark=, Murray (Little) Magpie (e), Mudlark (e),
+    Soldiers, Peewee (e), Peewit (e), Pugwall, _Grallina picata_,
+    A., T. (acc).
+
+          Stat. v.c. (near water) _open_, _timber_      10.5
+
+    Black and white; slender stilt-like legs; throat white (f.),
+    black (m.); mud nest. Insects, pond-snails. "Pee-wee."
+
+  [Page 149]
+
+10
+10
+
+    =315* Gray Shrike-Thrush= (Harmonious), Gray (Native) Thrush,
+    Pluff, Mourner, _Colluricincla harmonica_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      9.5
+
+    Gray; back umber-brown; face whitish; under lighter: f.,
+    throat streaked dusky. Insects. Powerful swelling harmonious
+    note.
+
+    F. 133. _Aerocharidae_, 1 sp. E. (Madagascar).
+
+    F. 134. LANIIDAE (42), SHRIKES, 313 sp.--134(132)A., 36(22)O.,
+    33(10)P., 140(127)E., 6(6)Nc., 1(1)Nl.
+
+5
+5
+
+    =316 Black-backed Magpie=, Piping Crow-Shrike (Varied), Organ
+    (Flute) Bird, Singing White Crow (e), _Gymnorhina tibicen_,
+    E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat, v.c. _open_      17
+
+    Black; hind-neck, upper under base tail, patch on wing white;
+    f., grayish instead of white. Insects. "To describe the
+    note of this bird is beyond the power of my pen." (Gould.)
+    "Wonderfully modulated whistle ... unequalled among European
+    birds." (Alfred Russel Wallace).
+
+    =317 White-backed Magpie= (Crow-Shrike), _G. leuconota_,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _open_      18
+
+    Upper white, except head, tip-tail, wing-quills black; under
+    black; f., back gray. Insects. Glorious carol, see 316.
+
+8
+11
+
+    =318 Black-throated Butcher-Bird= (Crow-Shrike), _Cracticus
+    nigrigularis_, A. exc. N. Ter.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _timber_      13.5
+
+    Head, neck, chest black; hind-neck, centre-wing, rump, under
+    white; tail black, side tipped white; f., sim. Insects, mice.
+    One of the best of songsters, rich notes.
+
+    =319* Australian Butcher-Bird= (Shrike), Collared Crow-Shrike,
+    Derwent (Tasmanian, Whistling) Jackass, Durbaner, _C.
+    destructor_, E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_      11.2
+
+    Head, neck black; back gray; side hind-neck, upper base tail,
+    patch on wing white; under grayish-white; f., duller. Insects,
+    mice, birds. Fine song (autumn); rich notes.
+
+  [Page 150]
+
+  [Illustration: [320] [321] [322] [323] [324]]
+
+3
+3
+
+    =320* Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit= (Yellow-bellied, Frontal,
+    Crested), Falcon-Shrike, _Falcunculus frontatus_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      7.5
+
+    Upper green; crest, throat, line through eye black; patch
+    above eye, patch below eye white; under bright-yellow; strong
+    hooked bill; f., throat green. Insects. Musical notes.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =321* Crested Bell-Bird=, _Oreoica cristata_, A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      9
+
+    Upper brown; top of head black, side-head gray; white on face,
+    throat; black from eye to black chest band; abdomen white
+    tinged sandy-buff; f., duller. Caterpillars, insects. Bell
+    notes, ventriloquist.
+
+20
+88
+
+    =322* Golden-breasted Whistler=, White-throated Thickhead,
+    Thunder-Bird, Cutthroat, Coachwhip-Bird (e), _Pachycephala
+    pectoralis (gutturalis_), E.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      7
+
+    Throat white; black head, band on chest; outside black band,
+    under golden-yellow; back olive green; f.,* brown; throat
+    whitish faintly streaked dusky. Caterpillars, insects. Fine
+    songster, many melodious calls; whip-like smack ends one of
+    notes.
+
+    =323* Rufous-breasted Whistler= (Thickhead), Little Thrush,
+    Ring Coachman, Coachwhip-Bird (e), _P. rufiventris_, E.A.,
+    S.A., C.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      6.7
+
+    Upper gray; throat white; head blackish; black side of neck,
+    band on chest; rest under light rufous-brown; f.,* upper
+    brownish-gray; throat white streaked blackish-brown; rest
+    under buff; breast, sides streaked blackish-brown. Insects,
+    caterpillars, wild berries. Famous songster; whip-like smack
+    at end of one of its calls.
+
+    =324 Red-throated Whistler=, Gilbert Thickhead, _P. gilberti_,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _timber_      7.2
+
+    Dark-gray; black before eye; throat dull rust-red; under gray;
+    f., no black on face; throat gray. Insects. Clear whistling
+    note.
+
+  [Page 152]
+
+  [Illustration: [325] [326] [327] [328] [329]]
+
+    =325 Olive Whistler=, Olivaceous Thickhead, _P. olivacea_,
+    N.S.W., V., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. r. _humid scrubs_      8
+
+    Olive brown; head dark-gray; throat whitish marked brown;
+    faint gray band across chest; under reddish-brown; f., no band
+    on chest. Insects. "Liquid, whistling note."
+
+6
+8
+
+    =326* Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin=, Yellow Robin (e), Wild
+    Canary (e), _Eopsaltria australis_. N.S.W., V.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      5.3
+
+    Dark-gray; upper base tail olive-yellow; throat grayish-white;
+    under bright yellow. Tame, perches on side of sapling; f.,
+    sim. Insects. Piping note often repeated.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+In Family 135--Titmice or Tits--Australia has but five
+representatives--the peculiar Wedgebill, "Kitty-lin-tof," and the four
+Australian "Whitefaces." The Whiteface is "lively, with sweet chirping
+notes." Its former scientific name (_Xerophila_) means "dry lover,"
+for it is found mainly in the drier parts.
+
+The European Tits belong to this family, so it is not desirable to use
+the name "Tit" for the Australian birds of the genus _Acanthiza_, for
+they belong to the Warbler family (_Sylviidae_), and not to the Tit
+family (_Paridae_).
+
+The Nuthatches of the Old World and America are represented by
+closely-related birds, with somewhat similar habits, in Australia.
+These run spirally down a tree-trunk, searching every crack or piece
+of bark. Eight of these birds occur in Australia. Latham called them
+Nuthatches. It is now proposed to return to this name, as it is used
+for the British, Indian, and North American birds of this family
+(_Sittidae_).
+
+The male Black-capped Nuthatch (Tree-runner) is true to name, but the
+female has the head and hind-neck black, instead of a black cap only.
+Nuthatches are not found in Tasmania. Possibly Bass Strait was formed
+before they reached Southern Victoria. Thus bird-study supports the
+geographer and ethnologist when they declare that Bass Strait is of
+comparatively remote formation. As the Tasmanian blacks were ignorant
+of boats, they evidently reached Tasmania before Bass Strait was
+formed. They are a more primitive type than the Australian blacks, who
+were improved by later influxes of more highly-developed Caucasians.
+
+Many country dwellers will not admit that there is no Woodpecker in
+Australia, but it is a fact, nevertheless. Our so-called "Woodpecker"
+is the Tree-Creeper. It never chisels mortice-holes in a tree to get
+out a grub, as the true Woodpecker does. These birds occur all over
+the continent, and are often to be seen alighting on the side of a
+tree or fence post and then running up spirally to the top. They soon
+fly off to another tree, alighting lower than the place they started
+from. The bright-brown band on the wing is conspicuous as they fly.
+Their lively notes brighten a country drive.
+
+The White-eye is one of a large genus, for no less than 157 species
+have been accepted by Dr. Sharpe. However, one of the rarest of these
+was a Victorian species. It was based on one specimen, a female, taken
+at Marong, near Bendigo. It was said to be slightly different from the
+common White-eye. Hence Dr. Horne, of Clifton Hill, one of our most
+enthusiastic bird-lovers, created a new species, and named it in honor
+of his niece, Miss Bowie, who is a favorite with all the birds in
+Dr. Horne's extensive aviaries. White-eyes are found from Africa
+and Madagascar to India and Japan, and from Australia out past New
+Zealand.
+
+Our common White-eye is one of the interesting birds of the world at
+the present time, for it is showing that man is not the only animal
+with a colonizing instinct. It was unknown in New Zealand until, in
+1856, it was first recorded. The Maoris, keen Nature-students,
+who have a name for every native animal and plant, called it the
+"Stranger." Its presence has been accounted for by some authorities as
+being due to the fierce winds that accompanied Black Thursday having
+blown it over from Australia. However, not satisfied with spreading
+throughout New Zealand until it is said to be the commonest bird
+there, it has spread out to Chatham Island, and a flock was reported
+recently a considerable distance from the coast, apparently looking
+for fresh fields, or rather islands, to colonize. It is a well-known
+city dweller. Though it destroys grapes and other soft fruits, it also
+so completely destroys aphides that it is appropriately called the
+Blight-Bird. Again, the balance is strongly in its favor, for it is
+probably but taking fair toll of that which will probably not have
+reached maturity but for its labors, and the laborer, even if a bird,
+is worthy of his hire.
+
+A bird's color usually affords it protection from its natural enemies.
+These are mainly birds of prey flying overhead. Thus, speaking
+generally, protective coloration applies only to the upper surface,
+so that a white throat or under surface does not necessarily render a
+bird conspicuous to its natural enemies.
+
+Again, a bird may be very conspicuous when seen away from its natural
+surroundings, but the concealment may be perfect under natural
+conditions. It has been already mentioned that the gorgeous Blue
+Mountain Lorikeet was very difficult to discern in its native
+sugar-gums. A tiger is said to be invisible at a distance of ten yards
+in a jungle; the black stripes being similar to the shadows of the
+bamboos, and the light bands to the sunlight between the vegetation.
+
+The White-eye and Tree-Creepers just noticed may be considered
+protectively colored, for they are difficult to see in a tree. Still,
+the brown patch on the wing of the Tree-Creeper is conspicuous as it
+flies. Alfred Russel Wallace, the great evolutionist, supplied a
+good explanation, when he regarded bright wing bands, white rump,
+and white-tipped tail, as "warning colors." An enemy is, perchance,
+perceived by a bird. This individual flies away quietly; others see
+the bright wing patch disappear, and they seek shelter as quickly and
+quietly as possible. This is often a great advantage, for, in many
+cases, all reach safety, possibly, before the enemy has seen one of
+them. If the first bird had given an alarming call, it would have
+warned the enemy too.
+
+It is noteworthy that these bright markings on the upper surface are,
+usually, not visible when the bird is at rest. The white wing patch
+folds in, the white rump is covered, while, in a white-tipped tail,
+it is usual for the two centre feathers to be plain throughout (see
+illustrations of species 313 and 329). The tail is folded, and the
+white tips are covered by the two non-white centre feathers. The
+introduced Indian Turtle-Dove, common about nearly every city in
+Australia, shows the spread-out, white-tipped tail splendidly when
+flying. The bird itself is barely visible if it settles in the shade
+or on the soil. The Indian Myna, a city bird, has both white wing-patch
+and white-tipped tail.
+
+This explanation is also applied to other wild animals; thus many Deer
+have the white patch on the hind quarters. Other Deer, seeing this
+warning signal displayed in flight, immediately make for safety.
+Similarly, Wallace has explained the white tail of a Rabbit.
+
+The Skunk also has this white patch on the hind quarters, but here a
+different explanation is required, for the Skunk does not trouble
+to run away when a possible enemy appears. The bright color is here
+regarded as an "advertizing color." The Skunk has other means of
+protection, and he is labelled dangerous or objectionable, just as our
+one poisonous Spider is plainly labelled dangerous by means of a red
+stripe. An inexperienced enemy may rush at the Skunk, but the means
+of protection enjoyed by it effectively protects it, and the enemy
+retires.
+
+It is a rule recognized by collectors that conspicuous animals have
+generally some effective means of protection, and they are best left
+alone, or at least taken with caution. This is readily understood when
+it is considered that a young, inexperienced chicken will rush at a
+brightly-colored caterpillar. He then retires, endeavoring to get rid
+of the objectionable taste. For the future, he avoids brightly-colored
+animals. Thus the bright color is an obvious advantage to its
+possessor, as it saves a dangerous peck. It is also an advantage to
+its enemies, for it saves them an unpleasant experience. We are told
+the Parrot is the only bird with a sense of taste, but it seems that
+the chicken possesses one also.
+
+Still another phase of color is shown by Diamond-Birds, where three
+species have a yellow spot, a red spot, or an orange spot respectively
+on the wing. It is also shown by the Red-breasted Robins. One has
+a white forehead, one a white cap, and the third a red cap. These
+colored patches are considered to be recognition marks, so that a bird
+can recognize its mate, or a bird of its own kind, readily and with
+certainty.
+
+That rarely-seen, but beautiful, bird, the Mistletoe-Swallow, is
+fairly common. From several points of view, it is of great interest.
+Ranging from India, through Malaysia, to Australia, it did not reach
+Tasmania. Possibly Bass Strait was formed before this bird reached
+Southern Victoria. Interesting, also, is the fact that no mistletoe is
+found in Tasmania. This bird is closely associated with the mistletoe,
+for, wherever you find it, you find the mistletoe. It furnishes
+another example of those interesting partnerships between animals and
+plants. It is not related to Swallows, but while it sits on a bough,
+its external form somewhat resembles that of a Swallow. Its nest
+is one of the most beautiful of all nests--a finely-felted, domed
+structure, often suspended in a clump of mistletoe. This bird has a
+long-continued, pretty, animated song, which is seldom heard, for
+it is low, and, as the bird is high in the tree-tops, it might be
+inaudible; but the main reason is probably that our ears are not
+attuned to pick out these fine songs. It is said that Tyndall found
+the insects on the Alps almost deafening, while his companions heard
+nothing. So it is with the high-pitched call of a Bat. Have you heard
+one? Few have.
+
+The Mistletoe-Swallow should be called the Australian Flower-Pecker,
+for it is our one representative of a large genus, best developed in
+the Indian Region.
+
+Placed at present in Family 141 with the little Mistletoe-Bird are the
+Diamond-Birds of Australia, the plumage of our common kind of which is
+"so variegated and beautiful as to render description impossible."
+
+The Diamond-Birds are restricted to Australia. Though they are found
+mainly in high tree-tops, whence they prettily and continuously call
+"wit-e-chu" and "wit-loo," some usually nest in a bank of earth. The
+bank of a dam, the side of a creek, and the earth suspended on the
+roots of a fallen tree are favorite places. Some people find the
+continuous, musical note annoying, and have named the Diamond-Bird the
+Headache-Bird. Others find it entertaining, and syllabize it as "Sweet
+Dick," or "Sleep, Baby."
+
+Three of these birds are recognized by a small, bright spot on the
+side of the wing. In one this spot is said to be red, in another it is
+orange, and in the third yellow. However, Gould said the young of the
+Red-tipped had the orange tip, and later investigation seems to be
+supporting his view, for the Orange-tipped is possibly not a
+different species, but only a phase of the Red-tipped. One of our bird
+observers, Mr. F. Wilson, has lately recorded finding the nest of
+a pair of Pardalotes, of which one was red-tipped and the other
+orange-tipped. The Yellow-tipped is said to be the commonest bird
+in Tasmania. These birds are plentifully spotted, "spotted like the
+pard," hence the name Pardalote, Panther-Bird, or Diamond-Bird.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 153]
+
+    F. 135. PARIDAE (5), TITMICE, Tits, 206 sp.--5(5)A., 55(48)O.,
+    88(78)P., 32(32)E., 34(28)Nc., 8(5)Nl.
+
+4
+4
+
+    =327* Whiteface=, White-faced Titmouse (Squeaker),
+    _Aphelocephala (Xerophila) leucopsis_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.,
+    C.A., W.A. (interior).
+
+          Stat. small flocks, c. _plains_      4
+
+    Upper olive-brown; forehead, face white; under pale-buff; tail
+    tipped white; f., sim. Small seeds. Sweet chirping notes.
+
+    F. 136. _Chamaeidae_, Wren-Tits, 3 sp. Nc. (W.U.S.). The only
+    family of birds restricted to the Nearctic Region.
+
+    F. 137. _Regulidae_, Gold-crested Wren, Fire-crested Wren,
+    Kinglet, 20 sp.--6(5)O., 9(7)P., 1(0)E., 4(2)Nc. 4(2)Nl.
+
+    F. 138. SITTIDAE (8), NUTHATCHES, 60 sp.--12(11)A., 21(18)O.,
+    18(16)P., 1(1)E., 10(7)Nc., 3(1)Nl.
+
+8
+10
+
+    =328* Orange-winged Nuthatch= (Tree-runner, Bark-pecker),
+    Woodpecker (e), _Neositta (Sittella) chrysoptera_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _open forest_      4.5
+
+    Head brown; upper gray streaked black; wing dark-brown with
+    rich rufous band; upper base tail white; tail black tipped
+    white; under gray; under base tail white barred brown;
+    bill sharp slightly upturned; f., head darker. Insects.
+    "Chip-chip."
+
+    =329 Black-capped Nuthatch= (Tree-runner, Bark-pecker),
+    Woodpecker (e), _N. pileata_, N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.,
+    N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _open timber_      4.7
+
+    Grayish-brown; upper base tail white; cap black; quills
+    blackish-brown with rich rufous band; tail black tipped white;
+    forehead, stripe over eye, under white; thighs blackish-brown;
+    f., head, face, hind-neck black. Insects.
+
+  [Page 154]
+
+  [Illustration: [330] [331] [332] [333] [334] [335]]
+
+    F. 139. CERTHIIDAE (8), CREEPERS, 39 sp.--10(10)A., 13(12)O.,
+    9(8)P., 1(1)E., 5(4)Nc., 3(2)Nl.
+
+9
+10
+
+    =330* Brown Tree-Creeper=, Woodpecker (e), _Climacteris
+    picumna_, E.A., S.A. =vt. Eur. Creeper.
+
+          Stat. c. _open timber_      7.2
+
+    Crown blackish-brown; line over eye buff; throat buff with
+    few blackish spots; upper brown; wings banded buff; under
+    grayish-brown; flanks striped white; f., throat chestnut
+    spots. Insects. Sharp piercing cry. Creep _up_ a tree.
+
+  [Page 155]
+
+    =331* White-throated Tree-Creeper=, Woodpecker (e), _C.
+    scandens_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. c. _forest_      6.5
+
+    Crown sooty-black; back olive-brown; buff band on wing;
+    throat, centre-abdomen white; flanks brownish-black striped
+    white; f., orange spot below ear. Insects. Shrill piping cry.
+    Creeps _up_.
+
+    =332 Red-browed Tree-Creeper=, _C. erythrops_, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+    V., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _rough barked trees_      6
+
+    Back brown; head blackish-brown; forehead marked dusky-gray;
+    rump, tail gray; buff band on wing; face, stripe above eye
+    rust-red; throat white; under grayish-brown striped white; f.,
+    face brighter; throat rust-red, striped white. Insects. Creeps
+    up.
+
+    =333 White-browed Tree-Creeper=, _C. superciliosa_, Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., C.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _timber_      5.7
+
+    Upper brown; wings rich fawn band; broad white stripe over
+    eye; under grayish-brown; abdomen striped white; f., narrow
+    line rust-red above the white eyebrow; tail washed with gray.
+    Insects. Creeps up.
+
+    F. 140. ZOSTEROPIDAE (14), WHITE-EYES, Silver-eyes, 171
+    sp.--83(80)A., 38(34)O., 4(3)P., 50(50)E.
+
+13
+157
+
+    =334* White-eye= (Silver, Ring, Glass-), Blight-Bird
+    (Spectacled-), Grape-eater, Silve, Tauhou, _Zosterops
+    coerulescens_, E.A., S.A., T., N.Z., Chatham Is.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _open gardens_      4.5
+
+    Crown, wings, tail olive; back dark-gray; white ring round
+    eye; throat, centre-abdomen, under base tail whitish; flanks
+    chestnut-brown; sometimes throat, side-head yellow; f., sim.
+    Insects, fruit. Pretty lively song.
+
+    =335 Gray White-eye=, _Z. bowiae_, V. (Marong). One specimen
+    only. Mathews now says it is 334.
+
+    Like 334, but gray instead of olive, abdomen darker.
+
+  [Page 158]
+
+  [Illustration: [328] [330] [331] [334] [336] [336^A] [337] [340] [341]]
+
+  =328= Orange-winged Nuthatch
+  =330= Brown Tree-Creeper
+  =331= White-throated Tree-Creeper
+  =334= White-eye
+  =336= Flower-Pecker
+  =336A= Flower-Pecker (Female)
+  =337= Red-tipped Diamond-Bird
+  =340= Spotted Diamond-Bird
+  =341= Golden-rumped Diamond-Bird
+
+  [Page 160]
+
+  [Illustration: [342] [345] [346] [347] [348] [349] [350] [351] [353]]
+
+  =342= White-naped Honey-eater
+  =345= Striped Honey-eater
+  =346= Sanguineous Honey-eater
+  =347= Black Honey-eater
+  =348= Spinebill
+  =351= Painted Honey-eater
+  =349= Tawny-crowned Honey-eater
+  =350= White-fronted Honey-eater
+  =353= Regent Honey-eater
+
+  [Page 162]
+
+  [Illustration: [355] [356] [357] [358] [359] [362] [363] [364] [365]]
+
+  =355= Yellow-eared Honey-eater
+  =356= Singing Honey-eater
+  =357= Yellow-faced Honey-eater
+
+  =358= White-eared Honey-eater
+  =359= Yellow-tufted Honey-eater
+  =362= Yellow-plumed Honey-eater
+
+  =363= White-plumed Honey-eater
+  =364= Crescent Honey-eater
+  =365= White-bearded Honey-eater
+
+  [Page 164]
+
+  [Illustration: [360] [366] [367] [368] [370] [372] [373] [374]]
+
+  =360= Helmeted Honey-eater
+  =366= White-cheeked Honey-eater
+  =367= Bell-Miner
+  =368= Noisy Miner
+  =370= Wattle-Bird
+  =372= Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater
+  =373= Blue-faced Honey-eater
+  =374= Friar-Bird
+
+  [Page 166]
+
+  [Illustration: [336] [337] [338] [339] [340] [341]]
+
+    F. 141. DICAEIDAE (11), FLOWER-PECKERS, 113 sp.--57(57)A.,
+    56(56)O.
+
+1
+74
+
+    =336* Australian Flower-Pecker=, Mistletoe-Bird (-Swallow),
+    _Dicaeum hirundinaceum_, A.
+
+          Stat. c. _treetops_      3.5
+
+    Black glossed steel-blue; throat, breast, under base tail
+    scarlet; abdomen white, black patch down centre; flanks
+    dusky; f.,* throat, centre-abdomen buff; under base tail pale
+    scarlet. Honey, pollen, fruits, insects. Pretty, feeble song.
+
+  [Page 167]
+
+10
+10
+
+    =337* Red-tipped Diamond-Bird= (Striated, -Pardalote),
+    Wittychu, Pickwick, Chuck-e-chuc, _Pardalotus ornatus_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _treetops_, _scrub_      4.2
+
+    Crown, wings, tail black spotted, lined white; back gray; rump
+    brown; throat yellow; red spots side of wing, yellow stripe
+    from bill above eye joins white stripe to nape; centre-abdomen
+    white; flanks pale-brown, tinged yellow; f., sim. Insects.
+    "Wit-e-chu."
+
+    =338 Orange-tipped Diamond-Bird= (Ramsay, -Pardalote), _P.
+    assimilis_, E.A., C.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _treetops_, _timber_      4.3
+
+    Like 337, but upper paler; orange spots on wing; as a rule
+    only one feather in the wing edged with white; Gould thought
+    it the young of 337; f., sim. Insects. "Wit-e-chu."
+
+    =339 Yellow-tipped Diamond-Bird=, Allied Pardalote, _P.
+    affinis_, E.A., S.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      4.3
+
+    Like 337, 338, but yellow spot on side of wing; head black,
+    striped white; yellow stripe from bill joins white stripe
+    above eye; back grayish-brown; upper base tail olive-brown;
+    tail black, tip spotted white; throat yellow; centre abdomen
+    white; flanks buffy-brown; wings black, tipped white, a few
+    feathers lined white; f., sim. Insects. "Witloo." "Sleep,
+    Baby."
+
+    =340* Spotted Diamond-Bird= (Pardalote), Diamond Dyke
+    (Ground), Ground-Diamond, Diamond Sparrow (e), _P. punctatus_,
+    T., A. (exc. N.A., C.A.).
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_      3.3
+
+    Head, wings, tail black, spotted white; white stripe above
+    eye; back grayish-brown, marked buff and black; upper base
+    tail crimson; throat, under base tail rich yellow; abdomen
+    fawn; f., duller; head yellow spots; throat whitish. Insects.
+    "Sleep, Baby," "Sweet Dick."
+
+    =341* Golden-rumped Diamond-Bird=, Yellow-rumped Pardalote,
+    _P. xanthopygius_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A. f., duller. Insects.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      3.5
+
+    Like 340, but upper base tail golden-yellow; throat, under
+    base tail golden-yellow; rest under buffy-white.
+
+  [Illustration: [342] [343] [344] [345] [346] [347]]
+
+    F. 142. NECTARINIIDAE (1), SUN-BIRDS, 234 sp.--36(33)A.,
+    77(74)O., 2(1)P., 123(122)E.
+
+    F. 143. _Promeropidae_, Promerops, 2 sp. E. (S. Afr.)
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+The most characteristic family of birds of the Australian region is
+the Honey-eaters. Flowering eucalypts and other myrtaceous plants,
+with their honey-bearing flowers and usually inedible fruits, are
+the characteristic Australian trees; so are these birds, depending so
+largely on the honey of these brilliant flowers and the insects which
+visit them, the characteristic Australian birds. The Honey-eaters form
+a very large family, and are found throughout the Australian region
+as far as New Zealand and away to the Sandwich Islands, which,
+zoologically, belong to Australia. Strange it is that only one species
+should have spread to the west across Wallace's line to the island of
+Bali. These birds are provided with a brush tongue, which is used in
+brushing up honey from the flowers. They have usually a long, slender,
+curved bill, suitable for exploring flowers. Their feet are well
+developed and strong, for they are used while hanging in all sorts
+of positions as the flowers are explored. No less than eighty-eight
+Honey-eaters are found in Australia, but they are often restricted to
+very limited areas, so that no district would contain many kinds of
+these birds. Many are well known, though not by the name Honey-eater.
+Who does not know the harsh note of the Wattle-Bird (Wattled
+Honey-eater)? Again, who does not often meet the Noisy Miner
+(Garrulous Honey-eater), a bird that makes such a fuss when a snake
+appears that he is sometimes called the Snake-Bird? Is there a city
+boy who does not know the Greenie (White-plumed Honey-eater)? Some of
+the Honey-eaters are amongst the most beautiful of birds.
+
+The Regent (Warty-faced) Honey-eater is a glory, and is often figured
+in British books as one of the world's beautiful birds.
+
+The Helmeted Honey-eater is very rare, and is probably confined to the
+deep forests of Gippsland. It is one of the most splendid of
+Honey-eaters.
+
+That active city-dweller, the Greenie, is found in almost every large
+eucalypt that happens to be in flower. It is pugnacious. As it busily
+brushes honey from the flowers, or catches an insect on the wing, the
+white ear plume can be seen. Otherwise, it has not conspicuous colors.
+Its lively call of "chick-oo-wee" adds something to life for the busy
+city toiler.
+
+Now come the Miners. The Noisy Miner is known to nearly everyone. It
+is a common visitor to school grounds at lunch time, and is a noisy
+bird that is little loved by sportsmen, for it persists in alarming
+all game within reach. A second Miner is famous as the Bell-Bird,
+better Bell-Miner. The tinkling notes, "like silver bells from a
+distant shrine," must be heard in a deep fern gully to be appreciated
+fully. The green birds are seldom seen. Kendall has immortalized this
+bird in his beautiful poem, "Bell-Birds."
+
+The Wattle-Bird is known to all. It is a pugnacious bird, and has a
+rough, disagreeable note. It has a small wattle of naked red flesh
+hanging at the side of the neck, hence the name. The bold, pugnacious
+Brush Wattle-Bird is not so well known, though its notes are even
+more remarkable. Both birds to-day are common in the Melbourne Botanic
+Gardens on the flowering plants in the "Australian" section.
+
+The Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater is said to be a rare bird, but there is
+probably not a park about Melbourne but has some of these at present,
+as well as all through the winter. It is somewhat similar in build
+and habits to the Wattle-Birds, but is an elegant and attractive bird,
+with many peculiar notes.
+
+The Blue-eye (Blue-faced Honey-eater) is a conspicuous bird in country
+districts. He is noisy, and is handsomely attired. His nesting habits
+are peculiar, for he often builds in the deserted nest of a Babbler.
+
+The remarkable Friar-Bird has a naked, dark-blue head, and is an
+"impudent and daring" bird, that does not hesitate to steal fruit. Its
+loud call has been variously interpreted as "Four o'clock," "Pimlico,"
+or "Tobacco-box." This bird has a hump on its long curved bill. The
+Yellow-throated Friar-Bird, when young, has yellow on the end of the
+throat feathers, and has no hump on the bill. It is a summer visitor
+to Southern Australia.
+
+The well-known Ground-Lark, or Australian Pipit, is the Australian
+representative of the cosmopolitan family (147) of Pipits. Even New
+Zealand has its representative of this family. The Wagtails of
+Britain and North America belong to this family, whereas the so-called
+Australian Wagtail is a flycatcher. Like the other members of its
+family, our Ground-Lark, or Pipit, sometimes sings beautifully as it
+soars.
+
+The Skylark of Britain comes in the next family (the _Alaudidae_),
+which is almost cosmopolitan. This beautiful songster, singing at
+Heaven's gate, pours forth a flood of melody. The man who has these
+delightful songsters on open land near his home is indeed fortunate.
+Australia has its representative of this family--the Bush-Lark, a bird
+so remarkably like the Australian Pipit in external appearance that
+it is well-nigh impossible to distinguish them in the field. The
+Bush-Lark, however, is "shorter, plumper, and has a stouter bill." It
+further has a peculiar, greatly undulating flight. It mounts up, then
+sinks, then mounts, and so on alternately, "singing all the time very
+melodiously, but with a weaker strain than that favorite bird" (the
+British Skylark).
+
+Four introduced Finches have succeeded in establishing themselves
+in Southern Australia. The Greenfinch is spreading, though slowly. A
+specimen was recently sent in from Horsham, in Western Victoria.
+The Goldfinch, "one of the prettiest birds in Britain," is spreading
+rapidly. It is often to be seen on thistles, for it destroys their
+seeds.
+
+The Tree-Sparrow is rare as yet, but the House-Sparrow is already a
+serious pest, though probably he has not been valued highly enough as
+a weed destroyer. However, it was a pity early colonists did not take
+notice of Gould's protests and warnings, for possibly the greatest
+harm introduced birds do is the displacing of native birds.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 168]
+
+    F. 144. MELIPHAGIDAE (88), HONEY-EATERS, Honey-Suckers
+    (-Birds), 251 sp.--250(250)A., 1(1)O.
+
+11
+11
+
+    =342* White-naped Honey-eater= (Lunulated), Blackcap,
+    _Melithreptus atricapillus_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., Kent
+    Group.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_      5.5
+
+    Upper yellowish-olive; quills brown; head, hind-neck black;
+    narrow white band on nape; under white; naked patch about eye
+    orange-scarlet; f., sim.; young no black cap. Tame. Honey,
+    pollen, insects. Peevish, half-whistling note.
+
+  [Page 169]
+
+    =343 Black-chinned Honey-eater= (Black-throated), _M.
+    gularis_, E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      6.7
+
+    Upper olive-yellow; head, nape black; whitish band on nape
+    joins white band up to eye; sides of throat white, centre
+    blackish; chest grayish; sides creamy; centre-abdomen white;
+    naked skin about eye turquoise-blue; f., sim. Honey, insects,
+    seeds. Sweet song.
+
+    =344 Brown-headed Honey-eater= (Short-billed), _M.
+    brevirostris_, E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      5.7
+
+    Greenish-olive upper; quills brown; head, nape dark-brown;
+    whitish band on nape continued as brownish-white band on head;
+    under creamy; bare skin about eye greenish-blue in winter,
+    dull yellow (delicate flesh-tint) in summer; f., sim. Honey,
+    insects. Rough, rattle-like note.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =345* Striped Honey-eater= (Lanceolated), _Plectoramphus
+    lanceolatus_, E.A., S.A., W.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      8.8
+
+    Upper grayish-brown, striped blackish-brown; wing-quills
+    brown, edged lighter; throat white; under, upper base tail
+    white; black marks side of neck, flanks. Honey, insects.
+    Cheerful, loud whistle, "Chirp, chirp, cherry, cherry."
+
+6
+52
+
+    =346* Sanguineous Honey-eater= (Blood), Humming-Bird (e),
+    Blood-Bird, _Myzomela sanguinolenta_, E.A. (coastal).
+
+          Nom. r. _thick bushes_, _heath_      4.3
+
+    Head, neck, breast, back, upper base tail rich shining
+    scarlet; side-face, wings, tail black, wings lined lighter;
+    abdomen buff; f., light brown, lighter below. Pollen, honey,
+    insects. Beautiful song.
+
+    =347* Black Honey-eater=, _M. nigra_, A. exc. N. Ter.
+    (interior).
+
+          Mig. v.r. _plains_      4.4
+
+    Black; side abdomen, under base tail white; f., brown; under
+    dull-white; breast marked dark-brown; under base tail white.
+    Insects. Plaintive song.
+
+  [Page 170]
+
+  [Illustration: [348] [349] [350] [351] [352] [353]]
+
+4
+4
+
+    =348* Spinebill=, Spinebill Honey-eater, Humming-Bird (e),
+    Cobbler's Awl, _Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris_, E.A., S.A., T.,
+    Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. c. _Banksias_, _heath_      6.5
+
+    Crown, line to crescent on side of chest, wings, tail black;
+    chest white, chestnut-brown patch on throat; back brown;
+    abdomen light chestnut-brown; outer tail tipped white; eye
+    scarlet; f., duller. Insects, honey. Monotonous strong call.
+
+4
+12
+
+    =349* Tawny-crowned Honey-eater= (Fulvous-fronted),
+    _Gliciphila melanops (fulvifrons)_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.,
+    W.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. c. _sandy_, _heathy_      7
+
+    Upper ashy-brown; crown tawny, blackish line from bill past
+    eye down side of breast; buff spot behind ear; throat, abdomen
+    white. Insects, honey. Plaintive notes.
+
+    =350* White-fronted Honey-eater=, _G. albifrons_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A., W.A., T. (inland).
+
+          Stat. c. _dry scrubs_      5.7
+
+    Upper grayish-brown; crown, throat black; forehead, behind
+    ear white; abdomen white, streaked dark-brown. Insects, honey.
+    "Tink-tink."
+
+1
+1
+
+    =351* Painted Honey-eater=, _Entomophila picta_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _plains_      5.5
+
+    Upper black; band on wings, side tail yellow; tip tail white;
+    abdomen white, faintly streaked brown; f., smaller. Insects.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =352 Pied Honey-eater=, _Certhionyx variegatus_, N.S.W., V.,
+    S.A., C.A., W.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dry scrubs_      6.5
+
+    Black and white; head, throat, back, wings, tip-tail black;
+    rest white; f., light-brown upper; under whitish, throat
+    buffy, streaked dark-brown. Pollen, honey, berries.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =353* Regent Honey-eater= (Warty-faced), Turkey-Bird (Mock
+    Regent), Flying Coachman, _Meliphaga phrygia_. S.Q., N.S.W.,
+    V., S.A.
+
+          Nom. flocks r. _eucalypts_      9.2
+
+    One of the most beautiful of birds; see colored plate;
+    richly contrasted black and yellow; warty patch about eye;
+    pugnacious; f., sim. Ringing "Clink-clank."
+
+  [Page 171]
+
+  [Illustration: [354] [355] [356] [357] [358]]
+
+27
+53
+
+    =354 Fuscous Honey-eater=, _Ptilotis fusca_, S.Q., N.S.W., V.,
+    (exc. dry parts).
+
+          Stat. c. _open forest_      6.2
+
+    Grayish-brown, quills dark-brown, edged yellow; a circle
+    blackish feathers round eye; pale yellow ear tufts; under
+    whitish, chest faintly streaked brownish; f., smaller.
+    Insects, honey.
+
+    =355* Yellow-eared Honey-eater= (Lewin), _P. chrysotis_, E.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _humid scrubs_      9
+
+    Upper olive-green, under lighter; large bright yellow ear
+    tufts; gape straw-white; about eye blackish. Insects, honey.
+    Quavering whistling notes.
+
+    =356* Singing Honey-eater= (Large-striped), _P. sonora_, A.
+    exc. extreme N.
+
+          Stat. c. _forest_, _scrub_      7.5
+
+    Upper brown; black stripe through eye to side of neck; faint
+    yellow band below black stripe; bright yellow ear patch,
+    behind this a small white patch; throat whitish; under gray,
+    faintly streaked blackish; f., sim. Insects, berries. Loud
+    calls.
+
+    =357* Yellow-faced Honey-eater= (Yellow-gaped), Chick-up,
+    Love-Bird (e), _P. chrysops_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _scrub_      6.8
+
+    Ashy-brown; two black lines along side of face, bright yellow
+    band between these to ear tufts; spot of white behind ear;
+    throat grayish-white; chest ashy-brown; f., sim. Insects,
+    honey. Strong musical call.
+
+    =358* White-eared Honey-eater=, _P. leucotis_, S.Q., N.S.W.,
+    V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _scrub_, _timber_      8
+
+    Fine, showy bird; upper, abdomen yellowish-olive; head
+    dark-gray; throat, chest black; ear patch pure white: f.,
+    smaller. Insects. Loud ringing note.
+
+  [Page 172]
+
+  [Illustration: [359] [360] [361] [362] [363] [364]]
+
+    =359* Yellow-tufted Honey-eater= (Golden-tufted, Black-faced,
+    Spectacled), Yellow-Whiskers, _P. melanops (auricomis)_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V.
+
+          Stat. c. _eucalypts_      7.8
+
+    "One of the most beautiful of birds," crown olive-yellow;
+    throat, about ear bright yellow; black from bill, round
+    eye above ear; upper dark-brown; under yellow; f., smaller.
+    Insects, honey. Varied, high-pitched notes.
+
+    =360* Helmeted Honey-eater=, _P. cassidix_, V.
+
+          Stat. r. _forest_      8.5
+
+    "This splendid" Honey-eater; greenish-black; head black;
+    crown, ears, under yellow; tail tipped white; about eye black;
+    f., smaller, paler. Insects.
+
+    =361 Wattled-cheeked Honey-eater=, _P. cratitia_, V., S.A.,
+    W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _eucalypts_      7
+
+    Crown gray; upper olive-green; tail, wings brown; about eye,
+    ear black; narrow yellow line below black; from bill to side
+    of neck naked lilac skin; under olive yellow; f., smaller.
+    Pollen, honey.
+
+    =362* Yellow-plumed Honey-eater= (Graceful), _P.
+    novae-hollandiae (ornata)_, N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          c. _scrub_      6.5
+
+    "Elegant bird;" upper olive-brown; under grayish-white,
+    streaked brown; yellow ear-tuft; f., sim. Honey, insects. Loud
+    ringing note.
+
+    =363* White-plumed Honey-eater=, Greenie, Linnet (e),
+    Chickoowee; Ringeye (e), Ringneck (e), Australian Canary (e),
+    _P. penicillata_, E.A., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _gardens_      6.7
+
+    Grayish-brown, tinged olive; under light yellowish-brown; long
+    white ear plumes, sometimes not seen until the head is moved;
+    f., smaller. Insects, pollen, honey. Loud ringing notes;
+    "Chick-oo-wee."
+
+5
+6
+
+    =364* Crescent Honey-eater= (Horseshoe, Tasmanian), Egypt,
+    _Meliornis pyrrhoptera (australasiana)_, N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. c. _forest_, _heath_      6.2
+
+  [Page 173]
+
+  [Illustration: [365] [366] [367] [368] [369]]
+
+    Upper dusky black; black bar each side of breast; under white;
+    flanks dusky; wings, tail marked golden-yellow; side-tail
+    spotted white; f., dusky-brown, faint yellow on wings and
+    tail. Loud varied calls, "Egypt."
+
+    =365* White-bearded Honey-eater= (New Holland), Yellow Wings,
+    _M. novae-hollandiae_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., SA., T.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _scrubby_, _Banksias_      7.2
+
+    Blackish-brown, marked white; much yellow on wings; tail
+    black, margined yellow, tipped white; line side of nape,
+    cheeks, behind ear white; f., sim. Insects, honey.
+
+    =366* White-cheeked Honey-eater=, _M. nigra (sericea)_, S.Q.,
+    N.S.W., V., W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _scrub_, _undergrowth_      7
+
+    Like 365, but forehead white; large tuft of white plumes on
+    side of head; tail not tipped white; f., smaller. Insects,
+    honey. Clear double whistling note.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =367* Bell-Miner=, Bell-Bird, _Manorina melanophrys_, E.A. f.,
+    sim. Insects. Bell note, "Tink."
+
+          Stat. r. _dense gullies_      7
+
+    Olive-green; bright yellow patch between eye and bill; small
+    red patch behind eye; forehead, about eye black.
+
+4
+4
+
+    =368* Noisy Miner=, Garrulous Honeyeater, Snake-Bird,
+    Cherry-eater, Soldier, Micky, Squeaker, _Myzantha garrula_,
+    E.A., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _open forest_      10
+
+    Gray; marked whitish on hind-neck, marked dusky-gray chest;
+    crown, about eye, ear, chin black; wing tinged yellow; tail
+    tipped white; legs, bill, skin behind eye bright yellow; f.,
+    smaller. Insects, fruit, honey. Noisy.
+
+    =369 Yellow-throated Miner=, _M. flavigula_, E.A., S.A., C.A.
+    W.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      10
+
+    Gray; hind-neck marked whitish, chest marked brown; rump, tip
+    tail white; naked space behind eye; forehead, throat, bill,
+    legs yellow; a little olive-yellow on wing, base-tail; f.,
+    smaller. Insects, honey.
+
+  [Page 174]
+
+  [Illustration: [370] [371] [372] [373] [374] [375]]
+
+2
+2
+
+    =370* Wattle-Bird=, Red Wattle-Bird, Gill-Bird, Wattled
+    Honey-eater, Mutton-Bird (e), _Acanthcchaera carunculata_,
+    S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      14.5
+
+    Brown streaked, lined white; red wattle 1/4in.; whitish below
+    eye, between shoulder and gill; wing quills and tail tipped
+    white; centre abdomen yellow; f., smaller. Insects, honey.
+    "Kwock, kwock;" "Up with the rag." Many curious guttural
+    notes.
+
+  [Page 175]
+
+2
+2
+
+    =371 Brush Wattle-Bird=, Mocking-Bird, Mocker, Cookaycock,
+    _Anellobia chrysoptera (mellivora)_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.,
+    T.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      12
+
+    Brown, lined white; quills lined, tipped white; tail tipped
+    white; throat whitish; no wattle; f., smaller. Showy,
+    pugnacious, many curious notes.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =372* Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater=, _Acanthagenys rufigularis_,
+    A.
+
+          Nom. c. _timber_, _scrub_      10
+
+    Upper dusky-brown; white spiny feathers, below eye to ear;
+    throat, chest rufous; abdomen whitish, streaked dusky-brown;
+    tail tipped white; f., sim. Insects, honey. Many peculiar loud
+    notes, a plaintive trill.
+
+3
+3
+
+    =373* Blue-faced Honey-eater=, Banana-Bird, Blue-eye,
+    _Entomyzon cyanotis_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _timber_      12
+
+    Attractive, beautiful; upper golden olive-green; head,
+    hind-neck black; throat dusky; line on hind-neck, side throat,
+    under white; about eye blue; f., sim. Insects, honey. Loud
+    monotonous call.
+
+3
+8
+
+    =374* Friar-Bird=, Monk, Leatherhead, Four-o'-clock, Pimlico,
+    Poor Soldier, _Tropidorhynchus corniculatus_, E.A., S.A.
+    Insects.
+
+          Nom. c. _open forest_, _orchard_      13.2
+
+    Head naked, ink-black; knob on bill; brown; tail tipped white;
+    silver-white lanceolate feathers on throat; f., sim. Noisy,
+    "Tobacco-box," "four-o'-clock." Fruit.
+
+2
+12
+
+    =375* Yellow-throated Friar-Bird=, Little Leatherhead,
+    _Philemon citreigularis_, N. Ter., E.A., S.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Nom. r. _timber_      10
+
+    Upper brown; under pale brown; throat yellow (young), white
+    (adult); the colored plate shows a young bird; the adult loses
+    yellow on throat, black on face, grayish marks on back, and
+    becomes "one of the plainest of birds"; f., similar to adult
+    male. Insects, berries, honey. "Five-o'-clock."
+
+    F. 145. _Mniotiltidae_, American Warblers, 231 sp.--2(0)P.,
+    80(12)Nc., 219(151)Nl.
+
+    F. 146. _Drepanididae_, Sandwich Island Honeyeaters, 40 sp. A.
+
+  [Page 176]
+
+  [Illustration: [376] [376^A] [377] [377^A] [377^B] [377^C]]
+
+    F. 147. MOTACILLIDAE (2), Pipits, Wagtails, 107 sp.--11(6)A.,
+    32(6)O., 53(12)P., 49(32)E., 7(1)Nc.,
+
+1
+55
+
+    =376* Australian Pipit=, Ground-Lark, _Anthus australis_, A.,
+    T. =vt. Eur. Pipit.
+
+          Part-Mig. v.c. _grass_      7
+
+    Upper dark-brown, feathers edged lighter; buff stripe above
+    eye; under white streaked dark-brown; most streaked on chest;
+    outer-tail white; f., sim. Insects, small seeds. Sometimes
+    soars singing melodiously.
+
+    F. 148. ALAUDIDAE (4), Larks, Skylark, Horned-Larks,
+    Shore-Larks, 224 sp.--6(6)A., 45(29)O., 69(48)P., 108(99)E.,
+    18(10)Nc., 11(4)Nl.
+
+  [Page 177]
+
+1
+12
+
+    =376^A Skylark=, _Alauda arvensis_, Eur., N. Afr., V.
+    (introduced).
+
+          Mig. c. _grass_      7
+
+    Upper warm-brown mottled, streaked darker; stripe over eye
+    lighter; throat, chest brownish-buff, streaked brown; abdomen
+    yellowish-white; f., smaller. Insects, seeds. Sings soaring;
+    famous songster.
+
+4
+45
+
+    =377* Bush-Lark=, Horsfield Bush-Lark, Skylark (e), _Mirafra
+    horsfieldi_, E.A., W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _grass_      5.3
+
+    Like 376, but plumper, shorter; bill stouter, almost
+    finch-like; f., sim. Insects, small seeds. Sings melodiously
+    soaring, also on moonlight nights; "one of our most pleasing
+    songsters."
+
+    F. 149. _Catamblyrhynchidae_, 2 sp. Nl. (Peru).
+
+    F. 150. _Fringillidae_, Finches, Grosbeak, Bullfinch, Bunting,
+    Cardinal (Am.), Crossbill, Chaffinch, Linnet, Redpoll, Canary,
+    1087 sp.--129(83)O., 202(138)P., 107(96)E., 191(125)Nc.,
+    529(474)Nl.
+
+1
+10
+
+    =377^A Greenfinch=, Green Linnet, _Ligurinus chloris_,
+    Europe to Persia, V. (introduced).
+
+          Stat. c. _fields_, _gardens_      6
+
+    Upper olive-green; golden-yellow eyestripe; tail yellow
+    base, black tip; wing dark-brown, lined bright yellow; under
+    greenish-yellow, darker on flanks; f., much duller. Seeds.
+    "One of the prettiest of British songsters."
+
+1
+11
+
+    =377B Goldfinch=, Thistle-Finch, _Carduelis
+    carduelis_, Europe, Canary Is. to Egypt, to Persia, Siberia,
+    V. (introduced).
+
+          Stat. v.c. _fields_      5
+
+    Crown black; face, chin red; behind eye, throat, under, upper
+    base tail white; bright yellow on wings; f., sim. Thistle
+    seeds, insects. Loud, sweet song; "twit-it."
+
+2
+56
+
+    =377C Tree-Sparrow= (Mountain-), _Passer montanus_,
+    Eur., N. Asia, A. (introduced).
+
+          Stat. r. _trees_      5.6
+
+    Like 377D, but head, nape chestnut; black ear patch
+    in centre of a large white patch; two white bars on side of
+    wing; shier; f., sim. Seeds, insects. Chirps.
+
+  [Page 178]
+
+  [Illustration: [377^D] [378] [379] [380] [381] [382]]
+
+    =377D House-Sparrow=, _P. domesticus_, Eur., Siberia,
+    A. (introduced).
+
+          Stat. v.c. _houses_      5
+
+    Crown, nape bluish-gray; behind eye, side neck broad chestnut
+    band; upper brown; one white bar on wing; cheeks, throat
+    black; under whitish; f., duller; darker below; no black
+    throat. Seeds, insects. Chirps.
+
+    F. 151. _Coerebidae_, Honey-Creepers, 93 sp.--1(0)Nc.,
+    93(92)Nl.
+
+    F. 152. _Procniatidae_, 1 sp. Nl.
+
+    F. 153. _Tanagridae_, Tanagers, 424 sp.--6(0)Nc., 424(418)Nl.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+Gould placed the Australian Finches in the same family as the
+Sparrow--the _Fringillidae_--which includes also the Linnet and the
+cage Canary. Most writers now put them in with the Weaver-Birds or
+Weaver Finches (family _Ploceidae_). Twenty-three Finches have been
+recorded from Australia. All have the well-known Finch bill, adapted
+for shelling seeds, and all are seed-eaters, though some occasionally
+take insects in addition.
+
+The Spotted-sided Finch is true to name, as a glance at the
+illustration shows. The rare Fire-tail is beautifully and closely
+banded below, while the Chestnut-eared Finch is banded on the throat
+and chest. The Plum-headed Finch has a deep crimson forehead, and is
+banded below.
+
+The Red-browed Finch is often called the "Firetail," for it has the
+red rump as well as the red brow and bill, but the under surface is
+not banded. These birds usually build a very large nest, which has
+been compared to a "stocking hung by the toe, while the eggs are laid
+in the heel, and entrance is gained through the leg."
+
+The introduced Starling has firmly established itself, and is
+extending its range rapidly. Incredible numbers gather at lagoon-sides
+to roost in the reed-beds.
+
+This bird is a favorite with farmers and graziers, but orchardists
+view its rapid increase with alarm. It is possible, as Mr. C. French,
+Government Entomologist, has pointed out, that the Starling will yet
+prove a more expensive pest than the Rabbit.
+
+Starlings, at least, upset the balance of nature, for, by occupying
+all available nesting sites, early and late, they displace the native
+birds. Kingfishers, Parrots, and other birds that nest in hollows are
+thus being driven away from their old haunts.
+
+The Australian Oriole is a member of the family of true Orioles. The
+Fig-Birds of Queensland towns are closely related. The members of
+this family are restricted to the Eastern Hemisphere. Our Oriole is an
+interesting migrant which visits even cities. Its beautiful hanging,
+cup-shaped nest woven amongst the twigs at the end of a leafy bough
+is a clever piece of work. Its note is melodious and varied. It often
+calls "o-ree-ee-o-ole." It is also fond of mimicking other birds.
+
+The Baltimore Oriole, or Golden Robin, is properly not an Oriole, but
+comes in a related family--the _Icteridae_--which contains American
+birds somewhat similar to Orioles. The Australian bird, as shown by
+the colored illustration, has not the conspicuous golden and black
+plumage of the European bird.
+
+The Spangled Drongo is the Australian representative of a family
+of birds spread from Africa, Madagascar, and India up to Japan, and
+through the islands to Australia. They are a characteristic feature of
+Indian ornithology, for they are found everywhere in that country.
+The one Australian bird is a migrant, and seldom reaches Southern
+Australia. Like other Drongos, it is a glossy black, has a long,
+forked tail, is a good mimic of other birds' calls, and is also a
+vicious fighter. It is exceedingly active, and has a disagreeably
+harsh, cackling, and creaking whistle. It will drive away even hawks
+and crows.
+
+After the Shining Starlings of Queensland, come the
+marvellously-beautiful Birds of Paradise--"God's Birds."
+
+These unique birds are found only in New Guinea, Papuan Islands,
+Molucca Islands, and the rich, tropical coast scrubs of Eastern
+Australia. One, the Riflebird, is found even down to North-Eastern New
+South Wales.
+
+The Federal and State Governments are doing excellent work in
+protecting our beautiful birds, and are giving what seems to be a
+really efficient protection, so that some of our birds which possess
+the fatal gift of beauty in an extreme degree will probably survive
+for some time yet. Collectors as well as plume-hunters should be
+compelled to keep hands off our exquisite birds.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+    F. 154. PLOCEIDAE (23), WEAVER-FINCHES, 487 sp.--59(56)A.,
+    41(37)O., 1(0)P., 391(391)E.
+
+  [Page 179]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =378* Spotted-sided Finch=, Diamond-Sparrow (e), Java-Sparrow
+    (e), _Stagonopleura guttata_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. c. _grass_      4.6
+
+    "Showy, attractive;" crown gray; back, wings brown; rump,
+    bill, eye red; sides, chest-band, tail black; sides spotted
+    white; throat, centre abdomen white; f., sim. Grass-seeds.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =379* Firetailed Finch=, Firetail, _Zonaeginthus bellus_,
+    S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A., T.
+
+          Stat. r. _grass_      4.6
+
+    Upper olive-brown, finely-barred black; under gray,
+    finely-barred black; rump, bill scarlet; about eye black; f.,
+    sim. Seeds.
+
+1
+2
+
+    =380* Chestnut-eared Finch= (Zebra), _Taeniopygia castanotis_,
+    A. (interior).
+
+          Nom. small flocks, v.r. _plains_      4.2
+
+    Upper brown; rump white; upper base tail black, with three
+    white spots; cheeks chestnut; throat, chest gray, barred
+    black; black band on chest; abdomen white; flanks chestnut,
+    spotted white; feet, bill orange; f., throat, chest gray,
+    fringed brown; abdomen yellowish-brown. Grass-seeds.
+
+1
+4
+
+    =381* Plum-headed Finch= (Diadem, Plain-colored), _Aidemosyne
+    modesta_, S.Q., N.S.W., V., S.A.
+
+          Stat. small flocks, r. _grass_      4.6
+
+    Crown deep purple; bill, between eye and bill, spot on chin
+    black; upper brown; wings spotted white; side-tail tipped
+    white; under white barred brown; f., no black on chin. Seeds.
+
+2
+2
+
+    =382* Red-browed Finch= (Temporal), Redhead, Redbill (e),
+    Sydney Waxbill, _AEgintha temporalis_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. small flocks, r. _grass_      4.5
+
+    Bill, patch over eye, rump crimson; crown gray; upper
+    olive-brown; under lighter; f., sim. Seeds.
+
+    F. 155. _Icteridae_, Bobolink, Cowbird, Blackbirds (Am.),
+    Oriole (Am.), Redwing (Am.), 185 sp.--35(15)Nc., 170(150) Nl.
+
+    F. 156. _Sturnidae_, Starlings, Grackles, 60 sp.--2(1)A.,
+    42(28)O., 29(14)P., 2(1)E.
+
+  [Page 181]
+
+  [Illustration: [375] [376] [377] [378] [379] [380] [381] [382] [383]]
+
+  =375= Yellow-throated Friar-Bird
+  =376= Australian Pipit
+  =377= Bush-Lark
+  =378= Spotted-Sided Finch
+  =379= Firetailed Finch
+  =380= Chestnut-eared Finch
+  =381= Plum-headed Finch
+  =382= Red-browed Finch
+  =383= Olive-backed Oriole
+
+  [Page 183]
+
+  [Illustration: [384] [385] [385^A] [386] [390] [391] [392] [394]]
+
+  =384= Spangled Drongo
+  =385= Satin Bower-Bird
+  =385^A= Satin Bower-Bird (Female)
+  =386= Spotted Bower-Bird
+  =390= Apostle-Bird
+  =391= White-winged Chough
+  =392= Pied Bell-Magpie
+  =394= Gray Bell-Magpie
+
+  [Page 186]
+
+  [Illustration: [382^A] [382^B] [383] [384] [385] [385^A]]
+
+1
+23
+
+    =382^A Starling=, _Sturnus vulgaris_, Eur., N. Afr.,
+    Asia, A. (introduced).
+
+          Nom. v.c. _open_      8.5
+
+    Glossy-black, with metallic reflections; upper feathers tipped
+    buff, under tipped white; light tips lost in summer; bill
+    lemon-yellow summer, blackish winter; f., sim. Insects,
+    caterpillars, fruit. Wheezing, whining notes. Mimic.
+
+  [Page 187a]
+
+1
+3
+
+    =382^B Common Myna= (Indian, Calcutta), _Acridotheres
+    tristis_, India, Afghanistan, V. (Introduced).
+
+          Stat. v.c. _houses_      10
+
+    Head, neck black; upper brown; under rich vinous-brown;
+    tip-tail, large patch on wing white; about eye, bill, legs
+    yellow; f., sim. Insects, fruit. Many notes.
+
+    F. 157. EULABETIDAE (2), SHINING STARLINGS, 139 sp.--51(51)A.,
+    20(20)O., 1(1)P., 67(67)E.
+
+    F. 158. _Paramythidae_, 1 sp. A. (N.G.).
+
+    F. 159. _Buphagidae_, Oxpecker, Rhinoceros-Bird, 2 sp. E.
+
+    F. 160. ORIOLIDAE (4), ORIOLES, Fig-Birds, 70 sp.--27(27)A.,
+    29(26)O., 3(0)P., 15(14)E.
+
+1
+12
+
+    =383* Olive-backed Oriole=, Green Thrush (e), _Mimetes
+    sagittata (Oriolus viridis)_, E.A., N.W.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _open forest_      11.5
+
+    Upper yellowish olive-green; wings, tail brown, tipped white;
+    under whitish, streaked black; bill flesh-red; eyes scarlet;
+    variable in color; f., sim. Insects, fruit. "Or-ree-ee-oale."
+    Mimic.
+
+    F. 161. DICRURIDAE (1), DRONGOS, 73 sp.--24(23)A., 39(38)O.,
+    11(11)E.
+
+1
+29
+
+    =384* Spangled Drongo=, Drongo-Shrike, King-Crow, _Dicruropsis
+    (Chibia, Dicrurus) bracteata_, N.G., N. Ter., E.A., N.W.A., T.
+    (acc.).
+
+          Nom. r. _timber_      12.2
+
+    Black glossed, spotted green; spotted white under wing; f.,
+    sim. Insects. Noisy, harsh peculiar notes.
+
+    F. 162. PARADISEIDAE (4), BIRDS OF PARADISE, Rifle-Bird, 70
+    sp. A.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+Mr. A. J. North, C.M.B.O.U., the ornithologist of the Australian
+Museum, Sydney, and one of the greatest of living Australian
+ornithologists, has declared that "without exception, the
+bower-building birds of Australia are the most extraordinary and
+interesting group of birds found in the world."
+
+These wonderful birds construct, apart from their nests,
+play-houses--structures that "are perfectly anomalous in the
+architecture of birds." Gould considered the accounts of the
+"extraordinary habits" of the Bower Birds "as some of the valuable and
+interesting portions" of his work. Though the bird was known before
+Gould's time, its "extraordinary habits had never been brought
+before the scientific world until I (Gould) had the gratification of
+publishing an account of them after my return from Australia."
+
+This month I had the gratification of seeing the Satin Bower Birds
+playing about a perfect bower within one chain of a country school,
+and within one yard of a busy roadside. The birds have quite made
+friends with the school children. They have helped themselves to the
+blue flowers from the school garden, pieces of blue paper, and even
+a blue hair ribbon, besides blue parrot's feathers. These are used to
+decorate this very interesting playhouse.
+
+Unfortunately, Satin Bower Birds are mainly fruit-eaters, and so
+will possibly do some damage, but they are amongst the wonders of the
+world, and it is hoped all will hesitate to shoot them, "for their
+highly-decorated halls of assembly must be regarded as the most
+wonderful instances of bird-architecture yet discovered." The male
+gets his beautiful blue-black coat after he is seven years old.
+
+Many of the schools of South Gippsland can show Satin Bower-Birds
+regularly in attendance at lunch-time to gather the crusts. We have
+destroyed their native fruits, and should submit to some slight
+loss to enable young Australians to become familiar with the "most
+interesting group of birds" in the world.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 187b]
+
+    F. 163. PTILONORHYNCHIDAE (11), BOWER-BIRDS, Regent-Bird, Cat
+    (Gardener) Bird, 37 sp. A.
+
+1
+1
+
+    =385* Satin Bower-Bird=, Satin Bird, _Ptilonorhynchus
+    violaceus_, E.A.
+
+          Stat. r. _coast-scrubs_, _mt.-gullies_      12.5
+
+    Lustrous blue-black, with black centres to feathers; f.,*
+    upper grayish-green; quills dark-brown; tail golden-brown;
+    under yellow, washed bluish-green, marked blackish-brown;
+    young male up to 3 years sim. to f. Gets fully adult
+    blue-black after 7 years of age. Fruits, berries, insects.
+    Many notes, mimics.
+
+  [Page 188a]
+
+  [Illustration: [386] [387] [388] [389] [390]]
+
+5
+6
+
+    =386* Spotted Bower-Bird=, Cabbage-Bird, _Chlamydera
+    maculata_, E.A, S.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. v.r. _dry scrubs_      12
+
+    Upper dark-brown spotted buff; rose-lilac opalescent plumes
+    on nape; tail tipped buff, white; abdomen pale creamy-buff,
+    flanks barred dusky brown; f., no rose-lilac plumes. Varied,
+    harsh, plaintive notes, mimics.
+
+====
+
+Order XXI. (continued)
+
+The members of the Crow Family--the _Corvidae_--were considered the
+most highly-developed of birds--the most highly organized, so far as
+structure was concerned, and the most intelligent. However, Sharpe has
+erected the seven Australian Bell-Magpies (_Streperas_) into a family
+which, in his _Hand-List of Birds_ is placed at the top of the bird
+tree.
+
+In the Crow Family many well-known birds are placed. The Jays,
+Magpie, Daws, Rooks, and Nutcrackers of Europe are not represented
+in Australia. The Crows and the Raven, however, are represented by
+closely-related birds.
+
+It is important to tell the difference between the Australian Crow and
+the Australian Raven, for, we are told, the Crow is all that is good,
+while the Raven is the reverse.
+
+The ornithologists say it is easy to tell the difference. Just examine
+the down, say, on the neck. It is white in the Crow, but dusky in
+the Raven. Unfortunately, the birds will not always wait to permit an
+examination of the down.
+
+The eye is often mentioned, but hazel-eyed birds have become white-eyed.
+However, the Raven has lanceolate feathers on the neck, and a rougher,
+unmusical voice.
+
+The Raven seems the more common bird, though most people will tell you
+there are no Ravens in their district.
+
+The Apostle-Bird (Gray Jumper), and the White-winged Chough are two
+of Australia's "anomalous birds." Both go in flocks, so each has been
+called the "Twelve Apostles." However, the name has become attached to
+the Gray Jumper.
+
+The White-winged Chough has no close relative in the world; possibly,
+the Chough that nests in the cliffs of Cornwall is nearest to it.
+
+The Bell-Magpies (_Streperas_), perhaps better known as Black or Gray
+Magpies, are now receiving much notice, because of their position
+at the head of the bird-world. They are restricted to Australia,
+Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island. A good name is required for these
+birds, for, of course, they are not Magpies, though they have a
+white-tipped tail, and there is usually white in the wing, and about
+the base of the tail. They are fine, large birds, with a variety of
+notes.
+
+(continued below)
+
+====
+
+  [Page 188b]
+
+    F. 164. CORVIDAE (5), CROWS, Rook, Raven, Jackdaw, Magpie
+    (Br.), Jay, Nutcracker, Chough, 274 sp.--27(25)A., 73(58)O.,
+    69(53)P., 15(9)E., 43(35)Nc., 73(65)Nl.
+
+3
+63
+
+    =387 Hazel-eyed Crow=, _Corvus coronoides_, A.
+
+          Nom. c. _open_, _timber_      20
+
+    Black glossed with purple; white down; hazel eyes; f.,
+    smaller. Insects, carrion, fruit, not lambs.
+
+    =388 Small-billed Crow=, _C. bennetti_, W.N.S.W., V., S.A.
+    Like 387, but smaller; bill small; eye white; f., sim.
+    Insects, carrion. "Car" repeated.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _plains_      18.5
+
+    =389 Australian Raven=, Crow (e), _C. marianae (Corone
+    australis)_, A., T.
+
+          Nom. v.c. _plains_, _timber_      20
+
+    Black glossed purple; throat feathers lanceolate, tinged
+    green; down dusky-gray; eyes white; f., smaller, lanceolate
+    feathers not so well developed. Locusts, caterpillars,
+    omnivorous, destructive. "Loud, deep Gwar-gwar, varied with
+    shrill, high-sounding Korr-Korr" (North).
+
+1
+1
+
+    =390* Apostle-Bird=, Gray Jumper, Twelve Apostles, _Struthidea
+    cinerea_, N. Ter., E.A., S.A. (inland).
+
+          Stat. small flocks, r. _open timber_      13
+
+    Gray; wings brown; bill, legs black; eye white; f., sim. Mud
+    nest. Insects. Incessant chattering.
+
+  [Page 189]
+
+  [Illustration: [391] [392] [393] [394] [395]]
+
+1
+1
+
+    =391* White-winged Chough=, Black Magpie (e), Jay (e),
+    Apostle-Bird (e), _Corcorax melanorhamphus_, E.A., S.A.
+
+          Stat. small flocks, c. _timber_      16
+
+    Sooty black, white on wing only; eyes red; f., sim. Mud nest.
+    Insects, fruits, seeds. Low, mournful whistle.
+
+    F. 165. STREPERIDAE (7), BELL-MAGPIES, Streperas,
+    Crow-Shrikes, 7 sp. A.
+
+7
+7
+
+    =392* Pied Bell-Magpie= (Crow-Shrike), Currawong. Mutton-Bird
+    (e), _Strepera graculina_, E.A., Lord Howe Is.
+
+          Nom. r. _timber_      18.5
+
+    Black; white patch on wing, upper base tail, under base tail,
+    tip tail; eye yellow; f., smaller. Berries, fruit, insects.
+
+    =393 Black-winged Bell-Magpie= (Crow-Shrike), _S.
+    melanoptera_, V., S.A., Kangaroo Is.
+
+          Stat. v.r. _scrub_      19
+
+    Black, white tip tail, under base tail; f., smaller. Insects.
+
+    =394* Gray Bell-Magpie= (Crow-Shrike), Gray Magpie, Rain-Bird,
+    Squeaker, _S. versicolor (cuneicaudata)_, E.A.
+
+          Stat. v.c. _timber_, _orchard_      19
+
+    Gray; white on wing, tip tail, under base tail; eye
+    orange; f., sim. Insects, fruit. Loud, ringing notes.
+    "It's-going-to-rain." "Two and two are four." Cree-e-ling,
+    cree-e-ling.
+
+    =395 Sooty Bell-Magpie= (Crow-Shrike), Black Magpie (e), _S.
+    fuliginosa_, E.A., S.A., T., Bass St. Is.
+
+          Stat. r. _timber_      18
+
+    Sooty black; white in wing, tip tail; eye yellow; big bill
+    black; f., sim. Insects, fruit.
+
+====
+
+This concludes a necessarily brief outline of the classification
+of the Birds of Australia, and, incidentally, of the birds of the
+world, for, while the Emu is one of the most primitive of birds placed
+right at the foot, the Bell-Magpies (_Streperas_) are placed at the
+very summit of the avine tree.
+
+Australians! Realize that you live in a land favored far beyond most
+as regards birds, and that you have a duty to perform in preserving as
+many as possible of these unique, interesting, and valuable forms
+for posterity. Teachers! Your influence is more potent than all the
+legislation. Bird lovers already freely acknowledge the fundamental
+change that has come over the schoolboy since the introduction of
+nature-study, and they look to you with confidence to extend greatly
+the good work of cultivating an interest and a pride in
+things Australian, for this interest will eradicate the once
+almost-universal, but now rapidly-disappearing, desire for slaughter
+of anything wearing a feather.
+
+If women could be persuaded to come in line with the once destructive
+schoolboy in this respect, the bird lover and the well-wisher of his
+country would have further cause for gratification, and our beautiful
+birds a further enjoyment of a useful, indeed, often a necessary life,
+one necessary to the welfare of the agriculturist and the pastoralist,
+as well as of all dwellers in this fair, sunny land of ours.
+
+Australians! Your wonderful Lyre-Birds, your marvellous Bower-Birds,
+your gorgeous Birds of Paradise, your Mound-Builders, your flute-noted
+Magpies, your charming Whistlers, your beautiful and intelligent
+Cockatoos, your glorious Parrots--the pets of the bird world--your
+Superb-Warblers, your varied, valuable, and attractive Honey-eaters,
+and your giant Laughing-Kingfisher are here for your enjoyment and
+appreciation. No other people has your privilege of knowing these
+birds in their native state. On the other hand, you enjoy most of the
+privileges of dwellers in other lands, in addition to your own, for
+"every widely-spread family of birds but two is found in Australia.
+The only notable absentees are Vultures and Woodpeckers." Be proud
+of your heritage, and pass it on uninjured. Though that, alas! is not
+possible, yet you may pass on at least the remnant that still survives
+the "blessings and advance of civilization."
+
+
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+
+Having obtained the approximate length of a bird, look for it on the
+following pages. Compare the bird before you with the half-tone and
+colored illustrations, and, if necessary, the written description:--
+
+    PAGES
+
+    3-5 inches, 14, 121, 123, 124, 131, 133, 142-145, 153, 155,
+    166, 167, 169, 179.
+
+    5-7 inches, 13, 15, 22, 23, 26, 27, 44, 49, 89, 110, 111,
+    120-125, 127, 129, 131, 142, 144-146, 151, 152, 155, 168-172,
+    177, 178.
+
+    7-9 inches, 13, 15, 17, 18, 27, 31, 42, 43, 45, 47-49, 89,
+    102-107, 109, 125, 129, 131, 145, 147, 150-152, 154, 169-173,
+    176, 177, 186.
+
+    9-11 inches, 17, 18, 24, 25, 31, 40, 43, 44, 49-51, 61, 102,
+    103, 107, 109, 127-129, 131-133, 145, 148, 149, 151, 170, 171,
+    173, 175, 187.
+
+    11-13 inches, 28-30, 34, 43, 46, 49, 80, 82, 83, 93, 101, 102,
+    105, 107, 109, 130, 149, 175, 187, 188.
+
+    13-15 inches, 17, 18, 23, 25, 28, 29, 35, 43, 45, 47, 80, 83,
+    85-88, 91, 92, 100, 101, 103, 107, 126, 127, 149, 174, 175,
+    188.
+
+    15-17 inches, 18, 23, 28, 29, 45-47, 64, 65, 67, 73, 82, 85,
+    87, 91, 93, 189.
+
+    17-20 inches, 16, 23, 25, 27, 28, 35, 40, 41, 43, 61, 63, 65,
+    67, 73, 82, 83, 91, 93, 104, 105, 149, 188, 189.
+
+    20-23 inches, 35, 41, 45, 51, 61, 63, 66, 67, 72, 73, 81, 91,
+    188.
+
+    23-25 inches, 13, 25, 41, 45, 60, 61, 65, 69, 81, 82, 84, 85,
+    90, 111.
+
+    25-30 inches, 25, 33, 41, 53, 60, 65, 67, 69, 89, 112.
+
+    30-35 inches, 29, 32, 33, 53, 60, 63, 69, 71, 81.
+
+    Over 35 inches, 12, 31, 32, 51, 52, 62, 68, 70, 71, 81, 112.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX (Colored Plates).
+
+
+  Frontispiece.
+
+    =2= Mallee-Fowl
+    =3= Stubble Quail
+    =4= Brown Quail
+    =6= King Quail
+    =8= Painted Quail
+   =11= Plain Wanderer
+   =14= Diamond Dove
+   =16= Bronzewing Pigeon
+
+
+  Page 19
+
+   =21= Pectoral Rail
+   =22= Aust. Spotted Crake
+   =26= Black Moor-Hen
+   =27= Bald Coot
+   =30= Hoary-headed Grebe
+   =67= Crested Tern
+   =71= White-faced Ternlet
+   =72= Silver Gull
+   =73= Pacific Gull
+
+
+  Page 38
+
+   =81= Black-breasted Plover
+   =87= Black-fronted Dottrel
+  =102= Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
+  =106= Australian Snipe
+  =107= Australian  Painted Snipe
+  =109= Southern Stone-Curlew
+  =119= White-fronted Heron
+  =123= Nankeen Night Heron
+  =125= Australian Bittern
+
+
+  Page 55
+
+  =128= Cape Barren Goose
+  =129= Maned Goose
+  =131= Plumed Whistling Duck
+  =133= Black Duck
+  =134= Australian Teal
+  =135= Gray Teal
+  =136= Australian Shoveller
+  =137= Pink-eared Duck
+  =139= White-eyed Duck
+
+
+  Page 57
+
+  =152= Allied Harrier
+  =155= Australian Goshawk
+  =157= Collared Sparrowhawk
+  =158= Wedge-tailed Eagle
+  =165= Black-shouldered Kite
+  =167= Black-cheeked Falcon
+  =170= Little Falcon
+  =172= Brown Hawk
+  =173= Nankeen Kestrel
+
+
+  Page 76
+
+  =184= Blue Mountain Lorikeet
+  =185= Musk Lorikeet
+  =191= Gang-gang Cockatoo
+  =193= Pink Cockatoo
+  =194= Rose-breasted Cockatoo
+  =196= Cockatoo-Parrot
+  =197= Superb Parrot
+  =198= Black-tailed Parrot
+  =199= King Parrot
+
+
+  Page 78
+
+  =200= Crimson Parrot
+  =202= Rosella
+  =203= Mallee Parrot
+  =204= Blue Bonnet
+  =205= Many-colored Parrot
+  =206= Red-backed Parrot
+  =209= Grass-Parrot
+  =213= Swift Parrot
+  =214= Warbling Grass-Parrot
+
+
+  Page 95
+
+  =219= Australian Roller
+  =220= Blue Kingfisher
+  =221= Laughing Kingfisher
+  =223= Sacred Kingfisher
+  =224= Aust. Bee-eater
+  =227= Spine-tailed Swift
+  =229= Pallid Cuckoo
+  =230= Fan-tailed Cuckoo
+  =235= Bronze Cuckoo
+
+
+  Page 97
+
+  =238= Welcome Swallow
+  =240= Tree Martin
+  =242= Brown Flycatcher
+  =244= Scarlet-breasted Robin
+  =244^A= Scarlet-breasted Robin (Female)
+  =245= Flame-breasted Robin
+  =245^A= Flame-breasted Robin (Female)
+  =248= Red Capped Robin
+  =248^A= Red Capped Robin (Female)
+
+
+  Page 116
+
+  =251= White-throated Flyeater
+  =254= White-shafted Fantail
+  =255= Rufous Fantail
+  =256= Black and White Fantail
+  =259= Restless Flycatcher
+  =262= Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike
+  =265= White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater
+  =265^A= White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater (Female)
+  =266= Spotted Ground-Bird
+
+
+  Page 118
+
+  =272= Coachwhip Bird
+  =273= Gray-crowned Babbler
+  =276= White-browed Field-Wren
+  =278= Brown Song-Lark
+  =279= Rufous Song-Lark
+  =280= Mountain Thrush
+  =281= White-fronted Chat
+  =281^A= White-fronted Chat (F.)
+  =282= Crimson-breasted Chat
+
+
+  Page 135
+
+  =284= Aust. Reed-Warbler
+  =285= Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler
+  =286= Grass-Bird
+  =287= Speckled Warbler
+  =288= Little Tit-Warbler
+  =289= Brown Tit-Warbler
+  =291= Striated Tit-Warbler
+  =293= Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler
+  =297= White-browed Scrub-Wren
+
+
+  Page 137
+
+  =300= Superb-Warbler
+  =300^A= Superb-Warbler (Female)
+  =302= White-winged Superb-Warbler
+  =304= Emu Wren
+  =306= Bristle-Bird
+  =311= White-browed Wood-Swallow
+  =312= Masked Wood-Swallow
+  =313= Wood-Swallow
+  =315= Gray Shrike-Thrush
+
+
+  Page 139
+
+  =319= Aust. Butcher-Bird
+  =320= Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit
+  =321= Crested Bell-Bird
+  =322= Golden-breasted Whistler
+  =322^A= Golden-breasted Whistler (F.)
+  =323= Rufous-breasted Whistler
+  =323^A= Rufous-breasted Whistler (F.)
+  =326= Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin
+  =327= Whiteface
+
+
+  Page 158
+
+  =328= Orange-winged Nuthatch
+  =330= Brown Tree-Creeper
+  =331= White-throated Tree-Creeper
+  =334= White-eye
+  =336= Australian Flower-Pecker
+  =336^A= Australian Flower-Pecker (Female)
+  =337= Red-tipped Diamond Bird
+  =340= Spotted Diamond Bird
+  =341= Golden-rumped Diamond Bird
+
+
+  Page 160
+
+  =342= White-naped Honey-eater
+  =345= Striped Honey-eater
+  =346= Sanguineous Honey-eater
+  =347= Black Honey-eater
+  =348= Spinebill
+  =349= Tawny-crowned Honey-eater
+  =350= White-fronted Honey-eater
+  =351= Painted Honey-eater
+  =353= Regent Honey-eater
+
+
+  Page 162
+
+  =355= Yellow-eared Honey-eater
+  =356= Singing Honey-eater
+  =357= Yellow-faced Honey-eater
+  =358= White-eared Honey-eater
+  =359= Yellow-tufted Honey-eater
+  =362= Yellow-plumed Honey-eater
+  =363= White-plumed Honey-eater
+  =364= Crescent Honey-eater
+  =365= White-bearded Honey-eater
+
+
+  Page 164
+
+  =360= Helmeted Honey-eater
+  =366= White-cheeked Honey-eater
+  =367= Bell-Miner
+  =368= Noisy Miner
+  =370= Wattle-Bird
+  =372= Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater
+  =373= Blue-faced Honey-eater
+  =374= Friar-Bird
+
+
+  Page 181
+
+  =375= Yellow-throated Friar-Bird
+  =376= Australian Pipit
+  =377= Bush-Lark
+  =378= Spotted-Sided Finch
+  =379= Firetailed Finch
+  =380= Chestnut-eared Finch
+  =381= Plum-headed Finch
+  =382= Red-browed Finch
+  =383= Olive-backed Oriole
+
+
+  Page 183
+
+  =384= Spangled Drongo
+  =385= Satin Bower-Bird
+  =385^A= Satin Bower-Bird (Female)
+  =386= Spotted Bower-Bird
+  =390= Apostle-Bird
+  =391= White-winged Chough
+  =392= Pied Bell-Magpie
+  =394= Gray Bell-Magpie
+
+
+
+
+INDEX (General).
+
+
+The Ordinary Figures (175) refer to tabular matter and the Italic
+Figures (_141_) refer to the lecture.
+
+  _Acanthagenys_, 175
+
+  _Acanthiza_, 142, _141_, _153_
+
+  _Acanthochaera_, 174
+
+  _Acanthorhynchus_, 170
+
+  _Accipiter_, 80
+
+  _Acridotheres_, 187
+
+  _Acrocephalus_, 142
+
+  _AEgialitis_, 44, 45
+
+  _AEgintha_, 179
+
+  _AEgotheles_, 104
+
+  _Aerocharidae_, 149
+
+  _AEstrelata_, 28, 29
+
+  _Aidemosyne_, 179
+
+  Alarm-Bird, 43
+
+  _Alauda_, 177
+
+  _Alaudidae_, 176, _177_
+
+  Albatross, 31, 32, 33, _33_, _34_
+
+  _Alcedinidae_, 105
+
+  _Alcidae_, 33
+
+  _Alcyone_, 105
+
+  _Ampelidae_, 147
+
+  _Amytornis_, 146
+
+  _Anas_, 65
+
+  _Anatidae_, 62
+
+  _Ancylochilus_, 49
+
+  _Anellobia_, 175
+
+  _Anhinga_, 70
+
+  _Anseranas_, 63
+
+  Anteater, Spiny, _11_
+
+  _Anthus_, 176
+
+  _Antigone_, 52
+
+  Ant-thrushes, 113
+
+  Antwrens, 113
+
+  _Aphelocephala_, 153
+
+  Apostle-Bird, 188, 130, 189, _147_, _186_
+
+  _Aprosmictus_, 93
+
+  _Apterygidae_, 13
+
+  _Apteryx_, 13, _13_
+
+  _Aramidae_, 52
+
+  _Ardeidae_, 60
+
+  _Ardetta_, 61
+
+  _Arenaria_, 42
+
+  _Artamidae_, 147
+
+  _Artamus_, 147
+
+  _Astur_, 73
+
+  Atlantic O., _26_, _33_
+
+  _Atrichornithidae_, 113, _119_
+
+  Audubon Society, _114_
+
+  Auk, 33
+
+  _Aves_, 12
+
+  Avocet, 45, _47_
+
+  _Aythya_, 67
+
+
+  Babbler, 130, _130_, _175_
+
+  Babbling-Thrush, 128
+
+  _Balaenicipitidae_, 60
+
+  Bald-Coot, 23
+
+  Bali, _91_, 168
+
+  Ballyhead, 133
+
+  Banana-Bird, 175
+
+  Barbet, 111, _91_
+
+  Barker, 130
+
+  Bark-pecker, 153
+
+  Barley-Bird, 142
+
+  _Barnardius_, 101
+
+  Barn Owl, 86, 87, _85_
+
+  Barwing, 67
+
+  Bass St., _154_, _165_
+
+  Bat, _11_, _166_
+
+  Beach-Bird, 42
+
+  Bee-eater, 106, 107, _106_
+
+  Bell-Bird, 151, _151_, _174_
+
+  Bell-Magpie, 189, _12_, _39_, _185_, _186_, _187_
+
+  Bell-Miner, 173, _174_
+
+  Bird Day, _74_, _119_, _141_
+
+  Birds of Paradise, 187, _12_, _180_, _190_
+
+  Birds of Prey, 72, _71_, _74_, _79_, _84_, _87_
+
+  Bittern, 61, _59_
+
+  _Biziura_, 67
+
+  Blackbird, 132, 179, _133_, _134_
+
+  Blackcap, 142, 168
+
+  Bleater, 50
+
+  Blight-Bird, 155, _156_
+
+  Blood-Bird, 169
+
+  Blood Tit (e), 142
+
+  Blue-Bird, 127, 132, _146_
+
+  Blue-Bonnet,  101, 144, _99_
+
+  Bluecap, 144
+
+  Blue-eye, 175, _176_
+
+  Blue-Head, 144
+
+  Blue Mountain, 88, _90_, _156_
+
+  Blue-Tit, 144
+
+  Bluewing, 66
+
+  Blue-Wren, 144
+
+  Boatswain-Bird, 41, 71
+
+  Bobolink, 179, _74_
+
+  Bob-White, 15
+
+  Boobook Owl, 85, _85_, _104_
+
+  Booby, 71, _70_
+
+  Boomer, 61
+
+  _Botaurus_, 61
+
+  Bower-Birds, 187, 188, _12_, _185_, _190_
+
+  Brain-fever Bird, 109, _110_
+
+  Bristle Bird, 145, _141_
+
+  Broadbill, 111
+
+  Broad-tails, _94_
+
+  Brolga, 52
+
+  Brownhead, 67
+
+  Brush-Turkey, 13, _15_
+
+  _Bubonidae_, 85
+
+  _Bucconidae_, 111
+
+  _Bucerotidae_, 106
+
+  Budgerigar, 103, _100_
+
+  Bulbul, 127, _91_
+
+  Bulla-Bulla, 101
+
+  Bull-Bird, 61
+
+  Bullfinch, 177
+
+  Bully, 28
+
+  Bunting, 177
+
+  Bunyip, _59_
+
+  _Buphagidae_, 187
+
+  _Burhinus_, 51
+
+  Bush-Lark, 177, _177_
+
+  Bushman's Clock, 105
+
+  Bush-Warbler, 124
+
+  Bustard, 51, _51_, _52_
+
+  Bustard Quail, 15, _17_, _21_
+
+  Butcher-Bird, 149, _150_
+
+  Button Quail, 15
+
+  Buzzard, 82, _79_
+
+
+  Cabbage-Bird, 188
+
+  _Cacatua_, 91
+
+  _Cacatuidae_, 89
+
+  Cackler, 130
+
+  _Cacomantis_, 109
+
+  _Calamanthus_, 131
+
+  Caley, _149_
+
+  Calico-Bird, 42
+
+  _Calidris_, 48
+
+  _Callocephalum_, 91
+
+  _Calopsittacus_, 93
+
+  _Calyptorhynchus_, 89
+
+  Campophaga, 127
+
+  _Campophagidae_, 126
+
+  Canary, 124, 133, 152, 172, 177, _134_, _179_
+
+  Cape Barren Is., _32_
+
+  Cape Petrel, 29
+
+  Cape Pigeon, 29
+
+  Capercailly, 13
+
+  Cape Sheep, 31
+
+  _Capitonidae_, 111
+
+  _Caprimulgidae_, 107
+
+  Cardinal, 177
+
+  _Carduelis_, 177
+
+  _Cariamidae_, 53
+
+  _Carinatae_, 13, _13_, _14_
+
+  _Carphibis_, 53
+
+  Carr Goose, 25
+
+  _Casarca_, 65
+
+  Cassowary, 13, _11_, _13_
+
+  _Casuariidae_, 13
+
+  _Catamblyrhynchidae_, 177
+
+  _Catarrhactes_, 25
+
+  Catbird, 130, 187, _131_
+
+  Caterpillar-eater, 126, 127, _39_, _127_, _128_
+
+  _Cathartidae_, 71
+
+  _Cerchneis_, 83
+
+  _Cereopsis_, 63
+
+  _Certhiidae_, 154
+
+  _Certhionyx_, 170
+
+  _Chaetura_, 107
+
+  Chaffinch, 177
+
+  _Chalcococcyx_, 110
+
+  _Chalcophaps_, 17
+
+  _Chamaeidae_, 153
+
+  Channel-bill, 111, _111_
+
+  _Charadriidae_, 42
+
+  _Charadrius_, 44
+
+  Chat, 133, _134_
+
+  Chatterer, 113, 130
+
+  _Chelidon_, 120
+
+  _Chenonetta_, 63
+
+  _Chenopsis_, 62
+
+  _Cheramoeca_, 121
+
+  Cherry-eater, 173
+
+  Cherry-Hawk, 127
+
+  _Chibia_, 187
+
+  Chickadee, _74_
+
+  Chicken-Hawk, 73
+
+  Chickoowee, 172
+
+  Chick-up, 171
+
+  Chiffchaff, 142
+
+  _Chionididae_, 42
+
+  _Chlamydera_, 188
+
+  Chough, 189, _147_, _186_
+
+    " (Br.), 188, _186_
+
+  _Chthonicola_, 142
+
+  Chuck-e-chuc, 167
+
+  _Ciconiidae_, 60
+
+  _Cinclidae_, 132
+
+  _Cincloramphus_, 131
+
+  _Cinclosoma_, 128
+
+  _Circus_, 72
+
+  _Cisticola_, 142, _134_
+
+  _Cladorhynchus_, 45
+
+  _Climacteris_, 154
+
+  Clipper, 133
+
+  Coachwhip-Bird, 129, 151, _130_
+
+  Cobbler, 45
+
+  Cobbler's Awl, 45, 170
+
+  _Coccyges_, 108
+
+  Cockatiel, 93
+
+  Cockatoo, 89, 91, _88_, _91_, _89_
+
+  Cockatoo-Parrot, 93, _94_
+
+  Cocktail, 144
+
+  Codlin-Moth-eater, 130
+
+  _Coerebidae_, 178
+
+  _Coliidae_, 108
+
+  _Colluricincla_, 149
+
+  Coloration--
+
+    Advertizing, _165_
+
+    Protective, _21_, _156_
+
+    Recognition, _165_
+
+    Warning, _156_
+
+  _Columbidae_, 17
+
+  _Colymbidae_, 25
+
+  Condor, 71
+
+  _Conophagidae_, 113
+
+  Cooers, _21_, _24_
+
+  Cookaycock, 175
+
+  Coot, 23, _22_
+
+  _Coraciidae_, 105
+
+  _Coracina_, 127
+
+  _Corcorax_, 189
+
+  Corella, 93
+
+  Cormorant, 68, _68_
+
+  Corn-Bird, 142
+
+  Corn-Crake, 18, 131, _22_
+
+  _Corone_, 188
+
+  _Corvidae_, 188, _185_
+
+  _Corvus_, 188
+
+  Cotingas, 113
+
+  _Cotingidae_, 113
+
+  _Coturnix_, 13
+
+  Courlan, 52
+
+  Courser, 51
+
+  Cowbird, 179
+
+  Crab-Plover, 51
+
+  _Cracidae_, 13
+
+  _Cracticus_, 149
+
+  Crake, 18, 22, 23, _22_
+
+  Crane, 52, 60, _52_, _59_
+
+  Cranky Fan, 124
+
+  Creeper, 154, _154_
+
+  Crossbill, 177
+
+  Crow, 188, _12_, _185_
+
+   "  White, 149, _150_
+
+  Crow-Shrike, 149, 189
+
+  Cuckoo, 108-111, _74_, _85_, _87_, _109_, _112_, _134_
+
+  Cuckoo-Shrike, 126, _126_
+
+  _Cuculidae_, 108
+
+  _Cuculus_, 109
+
+  Curassow, 13
+
+  Curlew, 45, _39_, _49_, _50_
+
+  Curlew, Black, 53
+
+    "  Pygmy, 49
+
+    "  -Sandpiper, 49
+
+    "  -Stint, 49
+
+    "  Stone, 51, _50_
+
+  Currawong, 189
+
+  _Cursoriidae_, 51
+
+  Cutthroat, 151
+
+  _Cyclopsittacidae_, 89
+
+  _Cymodroma_, 27
+
+  _Cypselidae_, 107
+
+  _Cypselus_, 107
+
+
+  Dabchick, 23, 24, 25
+
+  _Dacelo_, 105
+
+  _Daption_, 29
+
+  Darter, 70, _69_
+
+  Daw, _185_
+
+  Deer, _165_
+
+  _Demiegretta_, 61
+
+  _Dendrocolaptidae_, 113
+
+  _Dendrocygna_, 63
+
+  Devil-Bird, 124, 144
+
+  Diamond-Bird, 167, _166_
+
+  Diamond Dyke, 167
+
+  _Dicaeidae_, 166
+
+  _Dicaeum_, 166
+
+  _Dicruridae_, 187
+
+  _Dicruropsis_, 187
+
+  _Dicrurus_, 187
+
+  _Didunculidae_, 18
+
+  Dimorphism, 41
+
+  Dinornis, 84
+
+  _Diomedea_, 31
+
+  _Diomedeidae_, 31
+
+  Dipper, 132
+
+  Dishwasher (e), 125
+
+  Diver, 24, 25, 69, 70, _24_, _69_
+
+  Diving-Petrel, 31, _32_
+
+  Dog-Bird, 130
+
+  Dollar Bird, 105, _105_
+
+  Dottrel, 42-45, 133, _48_, _59_
+
+  Dove, 16, 17, _21_, _39_
+
+  Dove-Petrel, 30, 31, _27_
+
+  _Drepanididae_, 175
+
+  _Dromadidae_, 51
+
+  _Dromaeidae_, 12
+
+  _Dromaius_, 12
+
+  Drongo, 187, _180_
+
+  _Drymodes_, 129
+
+  Dryweather-Bird, 53
+
+  Duck, 63-67, _62-67_
+
+  Dunlin, Little, 49
+
+  Durbaner, 149
+
+
+  Eagle,  81, _72_, _74_, _79_
+
+    "  Bald (Amer.), 81, _26_, _39_, _72_, _74_
+
+    "  Golden, 81, _72_, _74_, _79_
+
+    "  Sea, 81, _39_, _74_, _79_, _84_
+
+  Eaglehawk (e), 81, _72_
+
+  _Echidna_, 11
+
+  _Edolisoma_, 127
+
+  Egg (size), _16_
+
+  Egg-Bird, 40, _36_
+
+  Egret, 60, 61, _54_, _59_
+
+  Egypt, 172, _53_
+
+  Eider Duck, _65_
+
+  _Elanus_, 82
+
+  Emu, 12, _11_, _13_, _15_, _109_, _187_
+
+  Emu-Wren, 145, _141_
+
+  _Entomophila_, 170
+
+  _Entomyzon_, 175
+
+  _Eopsaltria_, 152, _152_
+
+  _Epthianura_, 133
+
+  _Erismatura_, 67
+
+  _Erolia_, 49
+
+  _Erythrogonys_, 43
+
+  _Eudyptula_, 25
+
+  _Eulabetidae_, 187
+
+  _Euphema_, 103
+
+  _Eupodotis_, 51
+
+  _Eurostopus_, 107
+
+  _Eurylaemidae_, 111
+
+  _Eurypygidae_, 53
+
+  _Eurystomus_, 105
+
+  _Eutolmaetus_, 81
+
+  _Excalfactoria_, 14
+
+
+  _Falco_, 82
+
+  Falcon, 82, 83, _72_, _79_
+
+  _Falconidae_, 72
+
+  Falcon-Shrike, 150
+
+  _Falcunculus_, 150
+
+  Fantail, 124, 125, _123_
+
+  Fantail-Warbler, 142, _134_, _141_
+
+  Farmer's Friend, 53
+
+  Fern-Owl, 107
+
+  Field-Lark, Little, 142
+
+  Field-Wren, 131, _132_
+
+  Fig-Bird, 187, _180_
+
+  Fig-Parrot, 89
+
+  Finch, 177-179, _178-180_, _134_
+
+  Finfoot, 23
+
+  Firetail, 179, _179_
+
+  Fish Hawk, 84, _59_, _72_
+
+  Flamingoes, 61
+
+  Flickers, 111
+
+  Flight-Bird, 103
+
+  Flood-Bird, 111
+
+  Flower-Pecker, 166
+
+  Fluke, _148_
+
+  Flute-Bird, 149
+
+  Flycatcher, 113, 121-125, _121-123_
+
+  Flyeater, 124
+
+  Flying Coachman, 170
+
+  Flying Phalanger, _11_
+
+  Flysnapper, 124, 125
+
+  _Formicariidae_, 113
+
+  Four-o'clock, 175
+
+  Fowl, Domestic, 13, _15_
+
+  _Fregata_, 71
+
+  _Fregatidae_, 71
+
+  _Fregetta_, 27
+
+  Friar-Bird, 175, _91_, _176_
+
+  Frigate Bird, 71, _39_, _70_
+
+  _Fringillidae_, 177, _179_
+
+  Frog-Bird, 125
+
+  Frogmouth, 104, _86_, _104_
+
+  Fruit-Pigeon, 16, _21_
+
+  _Fulica_, 23
+
+  Fulmar, 27, 28, 29, _29_
+
+
+  _Gabianus_, 41
+
+  Galah, 91, 92, _92_, _93_
+
+  _Galbulidae_, 111
+
+  _Gallinago_, 50
+
+  _Gallinula_, 23
+
+  Gallinule, 23
+
+  "  Purple, 23, _22_
+
+  Gang-gang, 91, _92_
+
+  Gannet, 71, _70_
+
+  Gar, 133
+
+  Gardener-Bird, 187
+
+  Garefowl, 33
+
+  _Garrodia_, 27
+
+  _Garzetta_, 61
+
+  Gaunt, 25
+
+  _Gaviidae_, 25
+
+  _Gelochelidon_, 35
+
+  _Geobasileus_, 143
+
+  _Geopelia_, 17
+
+  _Geopsittacus_, 103
+
+  _Gerygone_, 124
+
+  Gill-Bird, 174
+
+  _Glareolidae_, 51
+
+  Glass-eye, 155
+
+  _Gliciphila_, 170
+
+  _Glossopsittacus_, 89
+
+  _Glottis_, 47
+
+  Glutton, 29
+
+  Goatsucker, 104, 107, _107_
+
+  Goaway, 131
+
+  Godwit, 47, _39_, _49_
+
+  Golden Robin, _180_
+
+  Goldfinch, 177, _178_
+
+  Goose, 62, _62_, 63, 67
+
+  Goshawk, 72, 73, _74_
+
+  Gould League, _114_
+
+  _Gouridae_, 18
+
+  Grackle, 179
+
+  _Grallina_, 148
+
+  Grape-eater, 155
+
+  Grass-Bird, 142
+
+  Grasshopper-Hawk, 109
+
+  Grass-Warbler, 142
+
+  Grass-Wren, 146, _141_
+
+  Graucalus, 126, 127
+
+  _Graucalus_, 127
+
+  Grebe, 24, 25, _24_
+
+  Greenfinch, 177, _178_
+
+  Greenie, 172, _169_, _174_
+
+  Green Keet, 89, _90_, _100_
+
+  Green Leek, 93, _94_, _90_
+
+  Green Leek (e), 89, _94_
+
+  Greenlet, 147
+
+  Greenshank, 47
+
+  Grinder, 125, _126_
+
+  Grosbeak, 177
+
+  Ground-Bird, 128, _129_
+
+  Ground-Diamond, 167
+
+  Ground-Dove, 17, 128
+
+  Ground-Lark, 176, _176_
+
+  Ground-Pigeon, 17
+
+  Ground-Thrush, 128, 133
+
+  Ground-Wren, 129
+
+  Grouse, 13
+
+  _Gruidae_, 52
+
+  Guacharo, 104
+
+  Guan, 13
+
+  Guillemot, 33
+
+  Guinea-a-week, 129
+
+  Guinea-Fowl, 14
+
+  Gull, 34, 35, 41, _35_, _39_, _40_, _41_, _59_
+
+  _Gymnorhina_, 149
+
+  _Gypoictinia_, 82
+
+  Gyrfalcon, 83
+
+
+  _Haematopus_, 43
+
+  Hakoakoa, 41
+
+  _Halcyon_, 105
+
+  _Haliaetus_, 81
+
+  _Haliastur_, 81
+
+  _Halobaena_, 29
+
+  Hammer-Head, 60
+
+  Happy-Family, 130, _131_
+
+  Happy Jack, 130, _131_
+
+  Harbinger of Spring, 109
+
+  Hardhead, 67, _65_
+
+  Harrier, 72, 73, _72_, _74_
+
+  Harvest-Bird, 131, _133_
+
+  Hawk, 81, 83, 109, _72_, _74_, _79_, _87_
+
+  Hawk Owl, 85, _86_
+
+  Headache-Bird, _166_
+
+  Hedge-Sparrow, 132
+
+  _Heliornithidae_, 23
+
+  Hemipode, 15
+
+  _Herodias_, 60
+
+  Heron, 60, 61, _53_, _59_
+
+  _Heteropygia_, 49
+
+  _Hieracidea_, 83
+
+  _Himantopus_, 45
+
+  _Hirundinidae_, 120
+
+  _Hirundo_, 120
+
+  Hoactzin, 18
+
+  Hobby, 83
+
+  Honey-Bird, 168
+
+  Honey-Creeper, 178
+
+  Honey-eater, 168-175, _74_, _91_, _126_, _168-176_, _190_
+
+  Honey-guide, 111
+
+  Honey-sucker, 168
+
+  Hoopoe, 106
+
+  Hopper, 130
+
+  Houtman Abrolhos, _36_
+
+  Humming-Birds, 108, 169, 170, _109_
+
+  _Hydrochelidon_, 34
+
+  _Hydroprogne_, 35
+
+
+  _Hylacola_, 129
+
+  _Hypotaenidia_, 18
+
+
+  _Ibididae_, 53
+
+  _Ibis_, 53, _53_, _54_
+
+  _Icteridae_, 179, _180_
+
+  _Indicatoridae_, 111
+
+  _Irrisoridae_, 106
+
+
+  Jabiru, 60, _54_
+
+  Jacamar, 111
+
+  Jacana, 51
+
+  Jackass, 105, 149, _106_
+
+  Jackdaw, 188, _185_
+
+  Jacky Martin, 147
+
+  Jacky Winter, 121, _122_
+
+  Jaeger, 41
+
+  Jay, 126, 127, 188, 189, _126_, _185_
+
+  Jenny-Wren, 133, 142
+
+  Jerryang, 89
+
+  Jumper, 130, 188, _186_
+
+
+  Kagu, 53
+
+  Kahu, 73
+
+  Kaka, 88
+
+  Kaoriki, 61
+
+  Karakahia, 67
+
+  Kea, 88
+
+  Kelp-Pigeon, 42
+
+  Kestrel, 83, _73_, _80_, _81_
+
+  Kingbird, 113
+
+  King-Crow, 187
+
+  Kingfisher, 105, 106, 107, _11_, _39_, _105_, _106_, _190_
+
+  Kinglet, 153
+
+  Kirombo, 104
+
+  Kite, 81, 82, _79_
+
+  Kiwi, 13, _13_
+
+  Knot, 49
+
+  Knot-Snipe, 49
+
+  Kookaburra, 105
+
+  Kuaka, 47
+
+  Kuia, 28
+
+  Kuruwhengi, 66
+
+
+  _Lalage_, 127
+
+  Landrail, 18, _22_
+
+  Land-Snipe, 49
+
+  Land-Wagtail, 124
+
+  _Laniidae_, 149
+
+  Lapwing (e), 127
+
+  _Laridae_, 34
+
+  Lark, 176, _133_
+
+  _Larus_, 41
+
+  Leatherhead, 127, 175
+
+  _Leipoa_, 13
+
+  _Leptosomatidae_, 104
+
+  Letter-Bird, 53
+
+  _Leucosarcia_, 18, _21_
+
+  _Licmetis_, 93
+
+  _Ligurinus_, 177
+
+  _Limosa_, 47
+
+  Limpkin, 52
+
+  Linnet, 172, 177, 179
+
+  _Lipoa_, 13
+
+  _Lobivanellus_, 43
+
+  Logger-Head, _66_
+
+  Lombok, _91_
+
+  Longbill, 50
+
+  Longshanks, 45
+
+  Loon, 25
+
+  _Lophaethyia_, 25
+
+  _Lophoictinia_, 82
+
+  _Lopholaimus_, 16
+
+  _Loriidae_, 88
+
+  Lorikeet, 88, 89, 103, _74_, _89_, _90_, _99_, _156_
+
+  Lory, 88, 93, 100, 101
+
+  Love-Bird, 103, 171, _100_
+
+  Lowan, 13
+
+  Lowry, 100
+
+  Lyrebird, 112, _11_, _112_, _113_, _190_
+
+
+  Macaw, 93, _89_
+
+  Macquarie-Hen, 23
+
+  _Macronectes_, 29
+
+  _Macropterygidae_, 107
+
+  Magpie, 148, 149, 189, _150_, _151_, _190_
+
+  "  Br., 188, _151_, _185_
+
+  Magpie-Lark, 148, _147_
+
+  _Majaqueus_, 28
+
+  Major Mitchell, 91, _93_
+
+  _Malacorhynchus_, 67
+
+  Mallard, 65, _63_
+
+  Mallee-Fowl, 13, _15_
+
+  _Malurus_, 144
+
+  Mannikin, 113
+
+  Man-of-war-bird, 31, 71
+
+  _Manorina_, 173
+
+  Marsh-Harrier, 73
+
+  Marsh-Tringa, 49
+
+  Marsh-Warbler, 142
+
+  Marsupials, _11_, _52_
+
+  Martin, 120, 121, 147, _121_, _146_
+
+  Matuku, 60
+
+  Matuku-Lurepo, 61
+
+  Maycock, 43
+
+  Mayfowl, 46
+
+  _Megalestris_, 41
+
+  _Megalurus_, 142
+
+  Megapode, 13, _91_
+
+  _Megapodiidae_, 13
+
+  _Meleagridae_, 15
+
+  _Meliornis_, 172
+
+  _Meliphaga_, 170
+
+  _Meliphagidae_, 168
+
+  _Melithreptus_, 168
+
+  _Melopsittacus_, 103
+
+  _Menura_, 112
+
+  _Menuridae_, 112
+
+  _Meropidae_, 106
+
+  _Merops_, 107
+
+  _Merula_, 132
+
+  _Mesocalius_, 109
+
+  _Mesoenatidae_, 53
+
+  _Mesophoyx_, 60
+
+  _Mesoscolopax_, 46
+
+  Micky, 173
+
+  _Microeca_, 121
+
+  _Microtribonyx_ see _Tribonyx_, 23
+
+  _Milvus_, 81
+
+  _Mimetes_, 187
+
+  _Mimidae_, 132
+
+  Miner, 173, _169_, _174_
+
+  _Mirafra_, 177
+
+  Mistletoe-Bird, 166
+
+  Mistletoe-Swallow, 166, _165_
+
+  _Mniotiltidae_, 175
+
+  Mocker, 175
+
+  Mocking-Bird, 114, 132, 175
+
+  Mock Regent Bird, 170
+
+  Mollymawk, 31, 32, 33
+
+  _Momotidae_, 107
+
+  _Monarcha_, 125
+
+  Monk, 175
+
+  Monotremata, 11
+
+  Moor-Hen, 23, _22_
+
+  Mopoke, 104, _86_, _85_, _104_
+
+  Mormon-Wren, 144
+
+  Morning-Bird, 125
+
+  _Motacillidae_, 176
+
+  Mother Carey's Chicken, 26, 27, _30_
+
+  Mother Carey's Goose, 29
+
+  Moth-Owl, 104, 107
+
+  Motmot, 107
+
+  Mound-builders, 13, _11_, _15_, _16_, _190_
+
+  Mourner, 149
+
+  Mouse-Bird, 108
+
+  Mud Island, _30_, _36_
+
+  Mudlark, 148
+
+  Murre, 33
+
+  _Muscicapidae_, 121
+
+  _Musophagidae_, 108
+
+  Mutton Bird, 28, _32_
+
+  " (e), 174, 189
+
+  _Myiagra_, 125
+
+  Myna, 187, _156_
+
+  _Myzantha_, 173
+
+  _Myzomela_, 169
+
+
+  Native Bear, 73
+
+  Native Companion, 52, _52_, _53_
+
+  Native-Hen, 23, _22_
+
+  Native Pheasant, 13
+
+  Nature-study, _48_, _190_
+
+  _Nectariniidae_, 168
+
+  Nelly, 29
+
+  _Neognathae_, 13, _14_
+
+  _Neophema_, 102, _99_
+
+  _Neositta_, 153
+
+  Nestor, 88
+
+  _Nestoridae_, 88
+
+  _Nettium_, 65
+
+  Night Hawk (e), 28, 107, _107_, _108_
+
+  Night Heron, 61, _53_, _59_
+
+  Nightingale, 132, _133_
+
+  Nightjar, 104, 107, _107_
+
+  _Ninox_, 85
+
+  Noddy, 34, _35_, _36_, _39_, _40_
+
+  North Pole, 26
+
+  _Notophoyx_, 60
+
+  _Numenius_, 45
+
+  _Numididae_, 14
+
+  Nun, 133, _134_
+
+  Nutcracker, 188, _185_
+
+  Nuthatch, 153, _153_
+
+  _Nycticorax_,  61
+
+
+  _Oceanites_, 26, _31_
+
+  _Ochthodromus_, 44
+
+  _Ocyphaps_, 18
+
+  _Odontophoridae_, 15
+
+  _Oedicnemidae_, 51
+
+  _Oestrelata (AEstrelata)_
+
+  Oil-Bird, 104
+
+  Olive, 43
+
+  _Opisthocomidae_, 18
+
+  _Oreocichla_, 133
+
+  _Oreoica_, 151
+
+  Organ-Bird, 149, _150_
+
+  Oriole, 179, 187, _180_
+
+  _Oriolidae_, 187
+
+  _Ornithorhynchus_, _11_
+
+  Osprey, 84, _59_, _72_, _81_, _84_
+
+  Ostrich, 12, _13, 109_
+
+  _Otididae_, 51
+
+  Owl, 85, _74_, _84_, _87_
+
+  Owlet Nightjar, 104
+
+  Owl-Parrot, 103
+
+  Oxpecker, 187
+
+  _Oxyrhamphidae_, 113
+
+  Oyster-catcher, 43, _39_, _46_
+
+
+  _Pachycephala_, 151, _152_
+
+  Pacific O., 26, _33_
+
+  Painted Lady, 45
+
+  _Palaeognathae_, 12, _14_
+
+  _Palamedeidae_, 61
+
+  _Pandion_, 84
+
+  _Pandionidae_, 84
+
+  Panther-Bird, _167_
+
+  _Paradiseidae_, 187
+
+  _Paramythidae_, 187
+
+  Pardalote, 167, _165_, _167_
+
+  _Pardalotus_, 167
+
+  Parera, 65
+
+  _Paridae_, 153, _141_, _153_
+
+  Parra, 51
+
+  Parrakeet, see Parrot
+
+  _Parridae_, 51
+
+  Parrot, 88, 93-103, _11_, _88-101_, _190_
+
+  Partridge, 13, 15
+
+  _Passer_, 177
+
+  _Passeres_, _119_
+
+  Peafowl, 13, _15_
+
+  Peary, _26_
+
+  _Pedionomus_, 15
+
+  Pee-wee, 148, _148_
+
+  Peewee Lark, 127
+
+  Peewit, 148
+
+  _Pelagodroma_, 27, _30_
+
+  _Pelecanidae_, 71
+
+  _Pelecanoides_, 31
+
+  _Pelecanoididae_, 31
+
+  _Pelecanus_, 71
+
+  Pelican, 71, _71_
+
+  _Peltohyas_, 45
+
+  Penguins, 25, _25_, _26_
+
+  _Penguinus_, 25
+
+  Perching Birds, 113, _119_
+
+  _Peristeridae_, 17
+
+  Peter-Peter, 121, _127_
+
+  Petrel, 27-31, _27_, _30-39_
+
+  _Petrochelidon_, 121
+
+  _Petroica_, 122
+
+  _Pezoporus_, 103
+
+  _Phaethontidae_, 71
+
+  _Phalacrocoracidae_, 68
+
+  _Phalacrocorax_, 68
+
+  _Phaps_, 17
+
+  _Phasianidae_, 13
+
+  Pheasant, 13, 112, _15_
+
+  _Philemon_, 175
+
+  _Philepittidae_, 113
+
+  Phoebe, 113
+
+  _Phoebetria_, 33
+
+  _Phoenicopteridae_, 61
+
+  _Phytotomidae_, 113
+
+  Picarian Birds, 104, _104_
+
+  _Picidae_, 111
+
+  Pickwick, 167
+
+  Piculets, 111
+
+  Pigeon, 16-18, _11_, _21_, _126_, _127_
+
+  Pilot-Bird, 129, _129_
+
+  Pimlico, 175
+
+  Pine-Bird, 130
+
+  Pintado, 29
+
+  Pintail, 107
+
+  Pipit, 176, _133_, _176_
+
+  Pipiwharauroa, 111
+
+  _Pipridae_, 113
+
+  _Pisobia_, 49
+
+  _Pitta_, _119_
+
+  _Pittidae_, 113, _119_
+
+  Plantain-eater, 108
+
+  Plant-cutters, 113
+
+  _Platalea_, 53
+
+  _Plataleidae_, 53
+
+  _Platibis_, 60
+
+  _Platycercus_, 100
+
+  Platypus, _11_
+
+  _Plectoramphus_, 169
+
+  _Plegadis_, 53
+
+  _Ploceidae_, 178, _179_
+
+  _Plotidae_, 70
+
+  _Plotus_, 70
+
+  Plover, 43-45, _39_, _42_, _46_, _49_, _59_, _148_
+
+  Pluff, 149
+
+  Plumage, Eclipse, _64_
+
+  "  Phase, 41
+
+  _Podargidae_, 104
+
+  _Podargus_, 104, _105_
+
+  _Podiceps_, 24
+
+  _Podicipedidae_, 24
+
+  Pohowera, 44
+
+  _Polytelis_, 93
+
+  _Pomatorhinus_, 130
+
+  Poor Soldier, 175
+
+  _Porphyrio_, 23
+
+  Port Egmont Hen, 41
+
+  _Porzana_, 18
+
+  Postboy, 121
+
+  Post-sitter, 121, _121_
+
+  Prairie-Fowl, 13
+
+  Pratincole, 51, _50_
+
+  Pretty Joey, _127_
+
+  Priocella, 28
+
+  _Priofinus_, 28
+
+  Prion, 27, 30, 31
+
+  _Prion_, 29, 30, 31
+
+  _Prionopidae_, 148, _148_
+
+  _Procellaria_, 28
+
+  _Procellariidae_, 26
+
+  _Procniatidae_, 178
+
+  _Promeropidae_, 168
+
+  Promerops, 168
+
+  _Psephotus_, 101
+
+  _Pseudogerygone_, 124
+
+  _Psittacidae_, 93
+
+  _Psophiidae_, 53
+
+  _Psophodes_, 129
+
+  Ptarmigan, 13
+
+  _Pteroclididae_, 15
+
+  _Pteropodocys_, 126
+
+  _Pteroptochidae_, 113
+
+  _Ptilonorhynchidae_, 187
+
+  _Ptilonorhynchus_, 187
+
+  _Ptilotis_, 171, 172
+
+  Puff-Birds, 111
+
+  Puffin, 33
+
+  _Puffinidae_, 27
+
+  _Puffinus_, 27
+
+  Pugwall, 148
+
+  Pukeko, 23
+
+  Putoto, 23
+
+  _Pycnonotidae_, 127
+
+  _Pycnoptilus_, 129
+
+
+  Quail, 13, 14, 15, _15_, _17_, _21_
+
+  Quarrion, 93
+
+
+  Rabbit, _165_, _180_
+
+  Racehorse, _66_
+
+  Rail, 18, 23
+
+  Rain-Bird, 111, 189
+
+  Rainbow Bird, 107
+
+  _Rallidae_, 18
+
+  _Raptores_, _74_
+
+  _Ratitae_, 12, _13_
+
+  Ratite, _52_
+
+  Raven, 188, _185_, _186_
+
+  Razorbill, 33
+
+  _Recurvirostra_, 45
+
+  Redbill, 23, 43, 179, _46_
+
+  Redbreast, _122_
+
+  Redhead, 123, 179
+
+  Redpoll, 177
+
+  Redstart, 132
+
+  Redthroat, 143
+
+  Redwing, 179
+
+  Reed-Bird, 142
+
+   "  -Lark, 131
+
+   "  -Nightingale, 142
+
+   "  Warbler, 142, _134_
+  Reef Heron, 61, _39_, _59_
+
+  Regent-Bird, 187
+
+  _Regulidae_, 153
+
+  _Rhamphastidae_, 111
+
+  Rhea, 12, _13_
+
+  _Rheidae_, 12
+
+  Rhinoceros-Bird, 187
+
+  _Rhinochetidae_, 53
+
+  _Rhipidura_, 124, 125
+
+  _Rhynchaea_, 50
+
+  Riflebird, 187, _180_
+
+  Ring Coachman, 151
+
+  Ringeye, 155, 172
+
+  Ringlet, 133
+
+  Ringneck, 101, 133, 172, _99_
+
+  Robin, 122, 123, _122_, _127_
+
+    "  (Br.), 132, _122_
+
+    "  (Scrub), 129, _129_
+
+    "  (Shrike), 152, _152_
+
+  Rock-Dove, 17
+
+  Rock-Pebbler, 93, _94_
+
+  Rock-Pigeon, 15
+
+  Roller, 105
+
+    "  Madagascar, 104
+
+  Rook, 188, _185_
+
+  Rosella, 93, 100, 101, _94_
+
+  Rostratula, 50
+
+  Rush-Warbler, 131
+
+
+  Saltbush Canary, 133, _134_
+
+  Sanderling, 48
+
+  Sand-Grouse, 15
+
+  Sandlark, 44
+
+  Sand-Martin, 121
+
+  Sandpiper, 43, 47, 49, 107, _39_, _43_
+
+  Sandwich Is. Honey-eaters, 175
+
+  Saria, 53
+
+  Satin-Bird, 187
+
+  Scale-Bird, 109, _110_
+
+  Scissors Grinder, 125, _123_, _126_
+
+  Scooper, 45
+
+  _Scopidae_, 60
+
+  Scratcher, _15_, _24_
+
+  Screamer, 61
+
+  Scrub-Birds, 113, _119_
+
+  Scrub-Curlew, 51
+
+  Scrub-Fowl, 13
+
+  Scrub-Tit, 124
+
+  Scrub-Warbler, 129
+
+  Scrub-Wren, 143, 144, _141_
+
+  _Scythrops_, 111
+
+  Seagull (see Gull)
+
+  Sea-Hawk, 41
+
+  Seal-Bird, 28
+
+  Seapie, 43
+
+  Sea-Pigeon, 41
+
+  Sea-Pirate, 41, _40_
+
+  Sea-Swallow, 40, _35_
+
+  Secretary-Bird, 72
+
+  Seed-Plover, 42
+
+  Seed-Snipe, 42
+
+  _Seisura_, 125
+
+  Semitone-Bird, 109
+
+  _Sericornis_, 143
+
+  Seriema, 53
+
+  _Serpentariidae_, 72
+
+  Settler's Clock, 105
+
+  Sexual Selection, 21
+
+  Shag, 68, 69, 70, _68_
+
+  Shearwater, 27, 28, _27_
+
+  Sheathbill, 42
+
+  Sheldrake, 65, _63_
+
+  Shepherd's Companion, 125
+
+  Shieldrake, 65, _63_
+
+  Shoebill, 60
+
+  Shoebird, 60
+
+  Shoveller, 66, _64_
+
+  Shrike, 127, 149, _149_
+
+  Shrike-Tit, 150, _151_
+
+  Sickle-bill, 53
+
+  Silve, 155
+
+  Silver-eye, 155, _39_, _156_
+
+  Singing-Lark, 131
+
+  _Sittella_, 153
+
+  _Sittidae_, 153, _153_
+
+  Skimmers, 34, _35_
+
+  Skua, 41, _35_, _40_, _41_, _165_
+
+  Skunk, 165
+
+  Skylark, 131, 176, 177, _132_, _133_, _177_
+
+  _Smicrornis_, 124
+
+  Smoker, 93, 101, _94_
+
+  Snake-Bird, 70, 173, _69_
+
+  Snipe, 45, 47, 49, 50, _48_, _49_, _90_
+
+  Snow-Bird, 31
+
+  Solan Goose, 71, _70_
+
+  Soldier, 148, 173
+
+  Song Birds, _119_
+
+  Song-Lark, 131, _133_
+
+  Song Thrush, 133, _134_
+
+  Sparrow, 125, 167, 177, 178, 179, _114_, _134_, _178_
+
+  Sparrowhawk, 80, 82, 83, _73_, _74_, _81_, _112_
+
+  _Spatula_, 66
+
+  Speckled Jack, 142, _141_
+
+  Spectacled-Bird, 155
+
+  _Spheniscidae_, 25
+
+  _Sphenura_, 145
+
+  Spider, 165
+
+  Spinebill, 170
+
+  Spinetail, 107, 113
+
+  Spinks, 121
+
+  Spoonbill, 53, 60, _53_, _54_
+
+  _Squatarola_, 43
+
+  Squeaker, 153, 173, 189
+
+  _Stagonopleura_, 179
+
+  Star-Bird, 105
+
+  Starling, 179, 186, _180_
+
+     "  Shining, 187, _180_
+
+  Steamer Duck, _65_
+
+  _Steatornithidae_, 104
+
+  _Stercorariidae_, 41
+
+  _Stercorarius_, 41
+
+  _Sterna_, 35
+
+  Stick-Bird, 131
+
+  Stick-tail, 145
+
+  _Stictonetta_, 67
+
+  Stilt, 45, _47_
+
+  _Stiltia_, 51
+
+  Stink-Bird, 131, _132_
+
+  Stinker, 66
+
+  Stinkpot, 29
+
+  Stint, 49
+
+  _Stipiturus_, 145
+
+  Stockwhip-Bird, 129
+
+  Stone-Plover, 51, _50_, _51_
+
+  Stork, 60, _54_
+
+    "  Whaleheaded, 60
+
+  Storm-Bird, 109, 111
+
+  Storm-Petrel, 26, _27_, _30_, _31_
+
+  Straw-Tails, 71
+
+  _Strepera_, 189, _39_, _112_, _185_, _186_, _187_
+
+  _Streperidae_, 189
+
+  _Strigidae_, 86
+
+  _Stringopidae_, 103
+
+  _Strix_, 86
+
+  _Struthidea_, 188
+
+  _Struthionidae_, 12
+
+  Stump-Bird, 121
+
+  _Sturnidae_, 179
+
+  _Sturnus_, 186
+
+  _Sula_, 71
+
+  _Sulidae_, 71
+
+  Summer-Bird, 127, _146_
+
+  Sun-Bird, 168
+
+  Sun-Bittern, 53
+
+  Superb-Warbler, 144, 145, _141_, _149_, _190_
+
+  Swallow, 120, _109_, _120_, _147_
+
+  Swallow-Plover, 51, _50_
+
+  Swallow-Shrike, 147
+
+  Swamp-Hawk, 72, 73, _74_
+
+  Swamp-Hen, 23
+
+  Swamp-Rail, 23
+
+  Swan, 62, _62_
+
+  Swift, 107, _90_, _108_, _121_
+
+  _Sylviidae_, 142, _134_, _153_
+
+  _Synoicus_, 13
+
+
+  _Taeniopygia_, 179
+
+  Tailor Bird, _134_
+
+  Takupu, 71
+
+  Tanager, 178
+
+  _Tanagridae_, 178
+
+  Tang, 133, _134_
+
+  Taonui, 28
+
+  Tapaculo, 113
+
+  Tapir, _52_
+
+  Taraiti, 40
+
+  Taranui, 35
+
+  Tauhou, 155
+
+  Teal, 65, _64_
+
+  Teaser, 41
+
+  Tee-tee, 31
+
+  Tern, 34-40, _35-39_, _59_, _109_
+
+  Ternlet, 40
+
+  _Tetraonidae_, 13
+
+  _Thalassogeron_, 33
+
+  Thickhead, 151, 152, _21_, _130_, _151_, _190_
+
+  Thick-Knee, 51
+
+  _Thinocorythidae_, 42
+
+  Thornbill, 142, 143, _141_
+
+  Thrasher, 132
+
+  Thrush, 132, 133, 149, 151, 187, _133_, _148_, _149_
+
+    "  Shrike,  149, _134_
+
+  Thunder-Bird, 151
+
+  Tilt-Birds, 113
+
+  _Timeliidae_, 128, _128_
+
+  _Tinamidae_, 12, 13
+
+  Tinamous, 13, _14_
+
+  Tintac, 133, _134_
+
+  Tit (_Acanthiza_) see Tit-Warbler
+
+  Tit (_Paridae_), 153, _141_, _152_
+
+  Titmouse, 153, _152_
+
+  Tit-Warbler, 142, 143, _141_
+
+  _Todidae_, 107
+
+  Todies, 107
+
+  Tom Pudding, 25
+
+  Tomtit, 142
+
+  Torea, 43
+
+  Toreo-pango, 43
+
+  Toroa, 31
+
+  Toucan, 111
+
+  Touraco, 108
+
+  Tree-Creeper, 154, 155, _154_, _156_
+
+  Tree-runner, 153, _153_
+
+  Tree-Swifts, 107
+
+  Tree-Tit, 124
+
+  _Treronidae_, 16
+
+  _Tribonyx_, 23
+
+  _Trichoglossus_, 88
+
+  _Tringa_, 49
+
+  _Tringoides_, 47
+
+  _Trochilidae_, 108
+
+  _Troglodytidae_, 132
+
+  _Trogonidae_, 108
+
+  Trogons, 108
+
+  Tropic-Bird, 71
+
+  _Tropidorhynchus_, 175
+
+  Trumpeters, 53
+
+  Tube-nosed Swimmers, 26
+
+  _Tubinares_, 26
+
+  _Turdidae_, 132, _133_
+
+  _Turdus_, 133
+
+  Turkey, 15
+
+  Turkey-Bird, 170
+
+  _Turnicidae_, 15
+
+  _Turnix_, 15
+
+  Turnstone, 42, _39_, _46_
+
+  Turtle-Dove, 17, _156_
+
+  _Turtur_, 17
+
+  _Tyrannidae_, 113
+
+  Tyrant-Bird, 113
+
+
+  Unicorn-Bird, 61
+
+  _Upupidae_, 106
+
+  _Uroaetus_, 81
+
+
+  _Vangidae_, 147
+
+  Village Blacksmith, 35
+
+  _Vireonidae_, 147
+
+  Vireos, 147
+
+  Vulture, 71, 72, _11_, _190_
+
+    " of the Seas, 29
+
+  _Vulturidae_, 72
+
+
+  Waders, 42, _42_
+
+  Wagtail, 125, 176, 177
+
+  Wallace's Line, _11_, _17_, _91_, _168_
+
+  Wanderer, 15, _17_, _21_
+
+  Warbler, 142-146, 124, 175, _134_, _153_
+
+  Water-Hen, 23
+
+  Water-Ouzel, 132
+
+  Water-Pheasant, 51
+
+  Water-Sparrow, 142
+
+  Water-Turkey, _69_
+
+  Wattle-Bird, 174, 175, _169_, _175_
+
+  Waxbill, 179
+
+  Waxwing, 147
+
+  Weaver-Birds, _179_
+
+  Weaver-Finches, 178, _179_
+
+  Wedgebill, _153_
+
+  Whale-Bird, 30, 31
+
+  Wheatear, 132
+
+  Whimbrel, 46, _49_
+
+  Whip-Bird, 129
+
+  Whiroia, 31
+
+  Whistler, 151, 153, _21_, _130_, _151_, _152_
+
+  White-eye, 155, _155_, _156_
+
+  Whiteface, 153, _153_
+
+  White-tail, 121
+
+  Whitethroat, 133
+
+  White-tipped tail, _156_
+
+  Who-are-you, 125
+
+  Wide-Awake, 40
+
+  Wide-Awake Fair, _36_
+
+  Widgeon, 67, _65_
+
+  Wild-Canary, 152
+
+  Wild-Cat, _73_
+
+  Wild Turkey, 51, _51_
+
+  Willaroo, 51
+
+  Willie-Wagtail, 125, _121_, _123_
+
+  Willie-Willock, 92
+
+  Windhover, 83, _81_
+
+  Wittychu, 167
+
+  Wood-hewer, 113
+
+  Wood Hoopoe, 106
+
+  Woodpecker, 111, 153, 154, 155, _11_, _91_, _154_, _190_
+
+  Wood-Pigeon, 17
+
+  Wood-Shrike, 148, _147_
+
+  Wood-Swallow, 147, _146_
+
+  Wren, 113, 132, 144, 153
+
+   " Tits, 153
+
+  Wrynecks, 111
+
+
+  _Xenicidae_, 113, _119_
+
+  _Xerophila_, 153, _153_
+
+
+  Yabbie, _59_, _69_
+
+  Yahoo, 130
+
+  Yellow-tail, 143, _141_
+
+  Yellow-Whiskers, 172
+
+  Yellow Wings, 173
+
+
+  _Zonaeginthus_, 179
+
+  _Zonifer_, 43
+
+  _Zosteropidae_, 155
+
+  _Zosterops_, 155
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's An Australian Bird Book, by John Albert Leach
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN AUSTRALIAN BIRD BOOK ***
+
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