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+Project Gutenberg's What Gunpowder Plot Was, by Samuel Rawson Gardiner
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: What Gunpowder Plot Was
+
+Author: Samuel Rawson Gardiner
+
+Release Date: December 9, 2010 [EBook #34606]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robin Monks and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE RIVER FRONT OF THE HOUSE OCCUPIED BY
+WHYNNIARD
+
+_The words 'Prince's Chamber, House of Lords,' in the foreground can
+only mean that those buildings are behind the house._]
+
+
+
+
+  WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS
+
+
+  BY
+  SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D.
+  FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD
+
+
+  LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
+  39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
+  NEW YORK AND BOMBAY
+  1897
+
+  All rights reserved
+
+
+
+
+WORKS BY SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L. LL.D.
+
+
+HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of
+the Civil War, 1603-1642. 10 vols. crown 8vo. 6s. each.
+
+A HISTORY OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR, 1642-1649. 4 vols. crown 8vo. 6s.
+each.
+
+A HISTORY OF THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE PROTECTORATE. 1649-1660. Vol. I.
+1649-1651. With 14 Maps. 8vo. 21s.
+
+A STUDENT'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. From the Earliest Times to 1885.
+
+     Vol. I. (B.C. 55-A.D. 1509.) With 173 Illustrations. Crown 8vo.
+     4s.
+
+     Vol. II. (1509-1689.) With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s.
+
+     Vol. III. (1689-1885.) With 109 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s.
+
+     Complete in One Volume, with 378 Illustrations, crown 8vo. 12s.
+
+A SCHOOL ATLAS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Edited by SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER,
+D.C.L. LL.D. With 66 Coloured Maps and 22 Plans of Battles and Sieges.
+Fcp. 4to. 5s.
+
+This Atlas is intended to serve as a companion to Mr. S. R.
+Gardiner's 'Student's History of England.' In addition to the historical
+maps of the British Isles, in whole or in part, are others of
+Continental countries or districts which were the scenes of events
+connected more or less closely with English History. Indian and Colonial
+development also obtain due recognition.
+
+CROMWELL'S PLACE IN HISTORY, Founded on Six Lectures delivered at
+Oxford. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
+
+WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS: a Reply to Father Gerard.
+
+THE FIRST TWO STUARTS AND THE PURITAN REVOLUTION, 1603-1660. 4 Maps.
+Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
+
+THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR, 1618-1648. With a Map. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
+
+OUTLINE OF ENGLISH HISTORY, B.C. 55-A.D. 1895. With 67 Woodcuts and 17
+Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
+
+THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1795. By Mrs. S. R. GARDINER. With 7 Maps.
+Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
+
+
+  LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. 39 Paternoster Row, London
+  New York and Bombay.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                 PAGE
+
+    I. HISTORICAL EVIDENCE                   1
+
+   II. GUY FAWKES'S STORY                   17
+
+  III. THE LATER DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE       43
+
+   IV. STRUCTURAL DIFFICULTIES              77
+
+    V. THE DISCOVERY                       114
+
+   VI. THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CATHOLICS    138
+
+  VII. THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIESTS      173
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                            PAGE
+
+VIEW OF THE RIVER FRONT OF THE HOUSE OCCUPIED
+BY WHYNNIARD                                      _Frontispiece_
+
+FROM A PLAN OF THE ANCIENT PALACE OF WESTMINSTER,
+BY THE LATE MR. W. CAPON                                      80
+
+FROM A PLAN OF PART OF WESTMINSTER, 1685                      81
+
+FROM A PLAN OF PART OF WESTMINSTER, 1739                      82
+
+FROM A PLAN OF WESTMINSTER HALL AND THE HOUSES OF
+PARLIAMENT, 1761                                              83
+
+EAST END OF THE PRINCE'S CHAMBER                              88
+
+VIEWS OF THE EAST SIDE OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, &C.             89
+
+THE FOUR WALLS OF THE SO-CALLED CELLAR UNDER THE
+HOUSE OF LORDS                                               109
+
+
+
+
+CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES
+
+(_Political events in italics_)
+
+
+1603. March 24.--_Accession of James I._
+
+      June 17.--_James informs Rosny of his intention to remit the
+                Recusancy fines._
+
+      July 17.--_James assures a deputation of Catholics that the fines
+                will be remitted._
+
+      Aug. 20.--_Parry writes to announce the overtures of the Nuncio in
+                Paris._
+
+1604. Feb. 22.--_Proclamation banishing priests._
+
+      March.--Catesby imparts the design to Winter.
+
+      About the beginning of April.--Winter goes to Flanders.
+
+      Towards the end of April.--Winter returns with Fawkes.
+
+      Early in May.--The five conspirators take an oath, and then receive
+                     the sacrament.
+
+      May 24.--Agreement for a lease of part of Whynniard's block of
+               houses.
+
+      June.--(Shortly before midsummer Keyes sworn in and intrusted with
+             the charge of the powder at Lambeth).
+
+      July 7.--_The Royal consent given to a new Recusancy Act._
+
+      Aug.--_Executions under the Recusancy Act._
+
+      Sept 5.--_Commission appointed to preside over the banishment of
+               the priests._
+
+      Sept. 14.--_The Council recommends that the Act shall not be put in
+                 force against lay Catholics._
+
+      Nov. 28.--_Fines required from thirteen Catholics rich enough to pay
+                20l. a month._
+
+      About Dec.--Bates sworn.
+
+      About Dec. 11.--The five conspirators begin to dig the mine.
+
+      Before Christmas.--The diggers having reached the wall of the House
+                         of Lords, suspend their work.
+
+1605. Jan.--The day cannot be fixed.--John Grant and Robert Winter sworn.
+
+      About Jan. 18.--Work resumed.
+
+      Jan.--Christopher Wright and Keyes brought to join in the work.
+
+      About Feb. 2.--Wall of House of Lords excavated halfway through.
+
+      Feb. 10.--_James orders that the Recusancy Act be fully executed._
+
+      March, before Lady Day.--The conspirators begin to work a third time,
+             but finding that the 'cellar' is to let, hire it, and having
+             moved the powder into it, disperse.
+
+      Oct. 26.--Monteagle receives the letter.
+
+           27.--Ward informs Winter.
+
+           28.--Winter informs Catesby.
+
+           30.--Tresham returns to London.
+
+           31.--Winter summons Tresham.
+
+      Nov. 1.--Meeting of Tresham with Catesby and Winter.
+
+           2.--Winter meets Tresham at Lincoln's Inn.
+
+           3.--Meeting behind St. Clement's.
+
+           4.--Percy goes to Sion. Fawkes taken.
+
+           5.--Flight of the conspirators.
+
+           6.--Arrival at Huddington at 2 P.M.
+
+           7.--Arrival at Holbeche at 10 P.M.
+
+           8.--Capture at Holbeche.
+
+
+
+
+WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+HISTORICAL EVIDENCE
+
+
+In 'What was the Gunpowder Plot? The Traditional Story tested by
+Original Evidence,'[1] Father Gerard has set forth all the difficulties
+he found while sifting the accessible evidence, and has deduced from his
+examination a result which, though somewhat vague in itself, leaves upon
+his readers a very distinct impression that the celebrated conspiracy
+was mainly, if not altogether, a fiction devised by the Earl of
+Salisbury for the purpose of maintaining or strengthening his position
+in the government of the country under James I. Such, at least, is what
+I gather of Father Gerard's aim from a perusal of his book. Lest,
+however, I should in any way do him an injustice, I proceed to quote the
+summary placed by him at the conclusion of his argument:--
+
+     "The evidence available to us appears to establish principally two
+     points: that the true history of the Gunpowder Plot is now known to
+     no man, and that the history commonly received is certainly untrue.
+
+     "It is quite impossible to believe that the Government were not
+     aware of the Plot long before they announced its discovery.
+
+     "It is difficult to believe that the proceedings of the
+     conspirators were actually such as they are related to have been.
+
+     "It is unquestionable that the Government consistently falsified
+     the story and the evidence as presented to the world, and that the
+     points upon which they most insisted prove upon examination to be
+     the most doubtful.
+
+     "There are grave reasons for the conclusion that the whole
+     transaction was dexterously contrived for the purpose which in fact
+     it opportunely served, by those who alone reaped benefit from it,
+     and who showed themselves so unscrupulous in the manner of
+     reaping."
+
+No candid person, indeed, can feel surprise that any English Roman
+Catholic, especially a Roman Catholic priest, should feel anxious to
+wipe away the reproach which the plot has brought upon those who share
+his faith. Not merely were his spiritual predecessors subjected to a
+persecution borne with the noblest and least self-assertive constancy,
+simply in consequence of what is now known to all historical students to
+have been the entirely false charge that the plot emanated from, or was
+approved by the English Roman Catholics as a body, but this false belief
+prevailed so widely that it must have hindered, to no slight extent, the
+spread of that organisation which he regards as having been set forth
+by divine institution for the salvation of mankind. If Father Gerard has
+gone farther than this, and has attempted to show that even the handful
+of Catholics who took part in the plot were more sinned against than
+sinning, I, for one, am not inclined to condemn him very harshly, even
+if I am forced to repudiate alike his method and his conclusions.
+
+Erroneous as I hold them, Father Gerard's conclusions at least call for
+patient inquiry. Up to this time critics have urged that parts at least
+of the public declarations of the Government were inconsistent with the
+evidence, and have even pointed to deliberate falsification. Father
+Gerard is, as far as I know, the first to go a step farther, and to
+argue that much of the evidence itself has been tampered with, on the
+ground that it is inconsistent with physical facts, so that things
+cannot possibly have happened as they are said to have happened in
+confessions attributed to the conspirators themselves. I can only speak
+for myself when I say that after reading much hostile criticism of
+Father Gerard's book--and I would especially refer to a most able review
+of it, so far as negative criticism can go, in the _Edinburgh Review_ of
+January last--I did not feel that all difficulties had been removed, or
+that without further investigation I could safely maintain my former
+attitude towards the traditional story. It is, indeed, plain, as the
+_Edinburgh Review_ has shown, that Father Gerard is unversed in the
+methods of historical inquiry which have guided recent scholars. Yet,
+for all that, he gives us hard nuts to crack; and, till they are
+cracked, the story of Gunpowder Plot cannot be allowed to settle down in
+peace.
+
+It seems strange to find a writer so regardless of what is, in these
+days, considered the first canon of historical inquiry, that evidence
+worth having must be almost entirely the evidence of contemporaries who
+are in a position to know something about that which they assert. It is
+true that this canon must not be received pedantically. Tradition is
+worth something, at all events when it is not too far removed from its
+source. If a man whose character for truthfulness stands high, tells me
+that his father, also believed to be truthful, seriously informed him
+that he had seen a certain thing happen, I should be much more likely to
+believe that it was so than if a person, whom I knew to be untruthful,
+informed me that he had himself witnessed something at the present day.
+The historian is not bound, as the lawyer is, to reject hearsay
+evidence, because it is his business to ascertain the truth of
+individual assertions, whilst the lawyer has to think of the bearing of
+the evidence not merely on the case of the prisoner in the dock, but on
+an unrestricted number of possible prisoners, many of whom would be
+unjustly condemned if hearsay evidence were admitted. The historian is,
+however, bound to remember that evidence grows weaker with each link of
+the chain. The injunction, "Always leave a story better than you found
+it," is in accordance with the facts of human nature. Each reporter
+inevitably accentuates the side of the narrative which strikes his
+fancy, and drops some other part which interests him less. The rule laid
+down by the late Mr. Spedding, "When a thing is asserted as a fact,
+always ask who first reported it, and what means he had of knowing the
+truth," is an admirable corrective of loose traditional stories.
+
+A further test has to be applied by each investigator for himself. When
+we have ascertained, as far as possible, on what evidence our knowledge
+of an alleged fact rests, we have to consider the inherent probability
+of the allegation. Is the statement about it in accordance with the
+general workings of human nature, or with the particular working of the
+nature of the persons to whom the action in question is ascribed? Father
+Gerard, for instance, lavishly employs this test. Again and again he
+tells us that such and such a statement is incredible, because, amongst
+other reasons, the people about whom it was made could not possibly have
+acted in the way ascribed to them. If I say in any of these cases that
+it appears to me probable that they did so act, it is merely one
+individual opinion against another. There is no mathematical certainty
+on either side. All we can respectively do is to set forth the reasons
+which incline us to one opinion or another, and leave the matter to
+others to judge as they see fit.
+
+It will be necessary hereafter to deal at length with Father Gerard's
+attack upon the evidence, hitherto accepted as conclusive, of the facts
+of the plot. A short space may be allotted to the reasons for rejecting
+his preliminary argument, that it was the opinion of some
+contemporaries, and of some who lived in a later generation, that
+Salisbury contrived the plot in part, if not altogether. Does he
+realise, how difficult it is to prove such a thing by any external
+evidence whatever? If hearsay evidence can be taken as an argument of
+probability, and, in some cases, of strong probability, it is where some
+one material fact is concerned. For instance, I am of opinion that it is
+very likely that the story of Cromwell's visit to the body of Charles I.
+on the night after the King's execution is true, though the evidence is
+only that Spence heard it from Pope, and Pope heard it, mediately or
+immediately, from Southampton, who, as is alleged, saw the scene with
+his own eyes. It is very different when we are concerned with evidence
+as to an intention necessarily kept secret, and only exhibited by overt
+acts in such form as tampering with documents, suggesting false
+explanation of evidence, and so forth. A rumour that Salisbury got up
+the plot is absolutely worthless; a rumour that he forged a particular
+instrument would be worth examining, because it might have proceeded
+from some one who had seen him do it.
+
+For these reasons I must regard the whole of Father Gerard's third
+chapter on 'The Opinion of Contemporaries and Historians' as absolutely
+worthless. To ask Mr. Spedding's question, 'What means had they of
+knowing the truth?' is quite sufficient to condemn the so-called
+evidence. Professor Brewer, Lodge, and the author of the 'Annals of
+England,'[2] to whose statements Father Gerard looks for support, all
+wrote in the nineteenth century, and had no documents before them which
+we are unable to examine for ourselves. Nor is reliance to be placed on
+the statements of Father John Gerard, because though he is a
+contemporary witness he had no more knowledge of Salisbury's actions
+than any indifferent person, and had far less knowledge of the evidence
+than we ourselves possess. Bishop Talbot, again, we are told, asserted,
+in 1658, 'that Cecil was the contriver, or at least the fomenter, of
+[the plot],' because it 'was testified by one of his own domestic
+gentlemen, who advertised a certain Catholic, by name Master Buck, two
+months before, of a wicked design his master had against Catholics.'[3]
+Was Salisbury such an idiot as to inform his 'domestic gentleman' that
+he had made up his mind to invent Gunpowder Plot? What may reasonably be
+supposed to have happened--on the supposition that Master Buck reported
+the occurrence accurately--is that Salisbury had in familiar talk
+disclosed, what was no secret, his animosity against the Catholics, and
+his resolution to keep them down. Even the Puritan, Osborne, it seems,
+thought the discovery 'a neat device of the Treasurer's, he being very
+plentiful in such plots'; and the 'Anglican Bishop,' Goodman, writes,
+that 'the great statesman had intelligence of all this, and because he
+would show his service to the State, he would first contrive and then
+discover a treason, and the more odious and hateful the treason were,
+his service would be the greater and the more acceptable.'[4] Father
+Grene again, in a letter written in 1666, says that Bishop Usher was
+divers times heard to say 'that if the papists knew what he knew, the
+blame of the Gunpowder Treason would not be with them.' "In like
+manner," adds Father Gerard, citing a book published in 1673, "we find
+it frequently asserted, on the authority of Lord Cobham and others, that
+King James himself, when he had time to realise the truth of the matter,
+was in the habit of speaking of the Fifth of November as 'Cecil's
+holiday.'"[5]
+
+Lord Cobham (Richard Temple) was created a peer in 1669, so that the
+story is given on very second-hand evidence indeed. The allegation about
+Usher, even if true, is not to the point. We are all prepared now to say
+as much as Usher is represented as saying. The blame of the Gunpowder
+Treason does not lie on 'the papists.' It lies, at the most, on a small
+body of conspirators, and even in their case, the Government must bear a
+share of it, not because it invented or encouraged the plot, but
+because, by the reinforcement of the penal laws, it irritated ardent and
+excitable natures past endurance. If we had Usher's actual words before
+us we should know whether he meant more than this. At present we are
+entirely in the dark. As for the evidence of Goodman and Osborne, it
+proves no more than this, that there were rumours about to the effect
+that the plot was got up by Salisbury. Neither Osborne nor Goodman are
+exactly the authorities which stand high with a cautious inquirer, and
+they had neither of them any personal acquaintance with the facts. Yet
+we may fairly take it from them that rumours damaging to Salisbury were
+in circulation. Is it, however, necessary to prove this? It was
+inevitable that it should be so. Granted a Government which conducted
+its investigations in secret, and which when it saw fit to publish
+documents occasionally mutilated them to serve its own ends; granted,
+too, a system of trial which gave little scope to the prisoner to bring
+out the weakness of the prosecution, while it allowed evidence to be
+produced which might have been extracted under torture, and what was to
+be expected but that some people, in complete ignorance of the facts,
+should, whenever any very extraordinary charge was made, assert
+positively that the whole of the accusation had been invented by the
+Government for political purposes?
+
+Once, indeed, Father Gerard proffers evidence which appears to bring the
+accusation which he has brought against Salisbury nearer home. He
+produces certain notes by an anonymous correspondent of Anthony Wood,
+preserved in Fulman's collection in the library of Corpus Christi
+College, Oxford.
+
+     "These remarkable notes, he tells us,[6] have been seen by Fulman,
+     who inserted in the margin various questions and objections, to
+     which the writer always supplied definite replies. In the following
+     version this supplementary information is incorporated in the body
+     of his statement, being distinguished by italics."[7]
+
+The paper is as follows:--
+
+     "I should be glad to understand what your friend driveth at about
+     the Fifth of November. It was without all peradventure a State
+     plot. I have collected many pregnant circumstances concerning it.
+
+     "'Tis certain that the last Earl of Salisbury[8] confessed to
+     William Lenthall it was his father's contrivance; which Lenthall
+     soon after told one Mr. Webb (_John Webb, Esq._), a person of
+     quality, and his kinsman, yet alive.
+
+     "Sir Henry Wotton says, 'twas usual with Cecil to create plots that
+     he might have the honour of the discovery, or to such effect.
+
+     "The Lord Monteagle knew there was a letter to be sent to him
+     before it came. (_Known by Edmund Church, Esq., his confidant._)
+
+     "Sir Everard Digby's sons were both knighted soon after, and Sir
+     Kenelm would often say it was a State design to disengage the king
+     of his promise to the Pope and the King of Spain to indulge the
+     Catholics if ever he came to be king here; and somewhat to his[9]
+     purpose was found in the Lord Wimbledon's papers after his death.
+
+     "Mr. Vowell, who was executed in the Rump time, did also affirm it
+     so.
+
+     "Catesby's man (_George Bartlet_) on his death-bed confessed his
+     master went to Salisbury House several nights before the discovery,
+     and was always brought privately in at a back door."
+
+Father Gerard, it is true, does not lay very great stress on this
+evidence; but neither does he subject it to the criticism to which it is
+reasonably open. What is to be thought, for instance, of the accuracy of
+a writer, who states that 'Sir Everard Digby's two sons were both
+knighted soon after,' when, as a matter of fact, the younger, Kenelm,
+was not knighted till 1623, and the elder, John, not till 1635? Neither
+Sir Kenelm's alleged talk, nor that of Wotton and Vowell, prove
+anything. On the statement about Catesby I shall have something to say
+later, and, as will be seen, I am quite ready to accept what is said
+about Monteagle. The most remarkable allegation in the paper is that
+relating to the second Earl of Salisbury. In the first place it may be
+noted that the story is produced long after the event. As the words
+imply that Lenthall was dead when they were written down, and as his
+death occurred in 1681, they relate to an event which occurred at least
+seventy-six years before the story took the shape in which it here
+reaches us. The second Earl of Salisbury, we are told, informed Lenthall
+that the plot was 'his father's contrivance,' and Lenthall told Webb.
+Are we quite sure that the story has not been altered in the telling?
+Such a very little change would be sufficient. If the second Earl had
+only said, "People talked about my father having contrived the plot,"
+there would be nothing to object to. If we cannot conceive either
+Lenthall or Webb being guilty of 'leaving the story better than they
+found it,'--though Wood, no doubt a prejudiced witness, says that
+Lenthall was 'the grand braggadocio and liar of the age in which he
+lived'[10]--our anonymous and erudite friend who perpetrated that little
+blunder about the knighthood of Sir Everard Digby's sons was quite
+capable of the feat. The strongest objection against the truth of the
+assertion, however, lies in its inherent improbability. Whatever else a
+statesman may communicate to his son, we may be sure that he does not
+confide to him such appalling guilt as this. A man who commits forgery,
+and thereby sends several innocent fellow creatures to torture and
+death, would surely not unburden his conscience to one of his own
+children. _Maxima debetur pueris reverentia._ Moreover the second Earl,
+who was only twenty-one years of age at his father's death, was much too
+dull to be an intellectual companion for him, and therefore the less
+likely to invite an unprecedented confidence.
+
+It is not only on the reception of second-hand evidence that I find
+myself at variance with Father Gerard. I also object to his criticism as
+purely negative. He holds that the evidence in favour of the traditional
+story breaks down, but he has nothing to substitute for it. He has not
+made up his mind whether Salisbury invented the whole plot or part of
+it, or merely knew of its existence, and allowed its development till a
+fitting time arrived for its suppression. Let me not be misunderstood. I
+do not for an instant complain of a historian for honestly avowing that
+he has not sufficient evidence to warrant a positive conclusion. What I
+do complain of is, that Father Gerard has not started any single
+hypothesis wherewith to test the evidence on which he relies, and has
+thereby neglected the most potent instrument of historical
+investigation. When a door-key is missing, the householder does not lose
+time in deploring the intricacy of the lock, he tries every key at his
+disposal to see whether it will fit the wards, and only sends for the
+locksmith when he finds that his own keys are useless. So it is with
+historical inquiry, at least in cases such as that of the Gunpowder
+Plot, where we have a considerable mass of evidence before us. Try, if
+need be, one hypothesis after another--Salisbury's guilt, his
+connivance, his innocence, or what you please. Apply them to the
+evidence, and when one fails to unlock the secret, try another. Only
+when all imaginable keys have failed have you a right to call the public
+to witness your avowal of incompetence to solve the riddle.
+
+At all events, this is the course which I intend to pursue. My first
+hypothesis is that the traditional story is true--cellar, mine, the
+Monteagle letter and all. I cannot be content with merely negativing
+Father Gerard's inferences. I am certain that if this hypothesis of
+mine be false, it will be found to jar somewhere or another with
+established facts. In that case we must try another key. Of course there
+must be some ragged ends to the story--some details which must be left
+in doubt; but I shall ask my readers to watch narrowly whether the
+traditional story meets with any obstacles inconsistent with its
+substantial truth.
+
+Before proceeding further, it will be well to remind my readers what the
+so-called traditional story is--or, rather, the story which has been
+told by writers who have in the present century availed themselves of
+the manuscript treasures now at our disposal, and which are for the most
+part in the Public Record Office. With this object, I cannot do better
+than borrow the succinct narrative of the Edinburgh Reviewer.[11]
+
+     Early in 1604, the three men, Robert Catesby, John Wright, and
+     Thomas Winter, meeting in a house at Lambeth, resolved on a Powder
+     Plot, though, of course, only in outline. By April they had added
+     to their number Wright's brother-in-law, Thomas Percy, and Guy
+     Fawkes, a Yorkshire man of respectable family, but actually a
+     soldier of fortune, serving in the Spanish army in the Low
+     Countries, who was specially brought over to England as a capable
+     and resolute man. Later on they enlisted Wright's brother
+     Christopher; Winter's brother Robert; Robert Keyes, and a few more;
+     but all, with the exception of Thomas Bates, Catesby's servant, men
+     of family, and for the most part of competent fortune, though Keyes
+     is said to have been in straitened circumstances, and Catesby to
+     have been impoverished by a heavy fine levied on him as a
+     recusant.[12] Percy, a second cousin of the Earl of
+     Northumberland, then captain of the Gentleman Pensioners, was
+     admitted by him into that body in--it is said--an irregular manner,
+     his relationship to the earl passing in lieu of the usual oath of
+     fidelity. The position gave him some authority and license near the
+     Court, and enabled him to hire a house, or part of a house,
+     adjoining the House of Lords. From the cellar of this house they
+     proposed to burrow under the House of Lords; to place there a large
+     quantity of powder, and to blow up the whole when the King and his
+     family were there assembled at the opening of Parliament. On
+     December 11, 1604, they began to dig in the cellar, and after a
+     fortnight's labour, having come to a thick wall, they left off work
+     and separated for Christmas.
+
+     Early in January they began at the wall, which they found to be
+     extremely hard, so that, after working for about two months,[13]
+     they had not got more than half way through it. They then learned
+     that a cellar actually under the House of Lords, and used as a coal
+     cellar, was to be let; and as it was most suitable for their
+     design, Percy hired it as though for his own use. The digging was
+     stopped, and powder, to the amount of thirty-six barrels, was
+     brought into the cellar, where it was stowed under heaps of coal or
+     firewood, and so remained under the immediate care of Guy
+     Fawkes,[14] till, on the night of November 4, 1605--the opening of
+     Parliament being fixed for the next day--Sir Thomas Knyvet, with a
+     party of men, was ordered to examine the cellar. He met Fawkes
+     coming out of it, arrested him, and on a close search, found the
+     powder, of which a mysterious warning had been conveyed to Lord
+     Monteagle a few days before. On the news of this discovery the
+     conspirators scattered, but by different roads rejoined each other
+     in Warwickshire, whence, endeavouring to raise the country, they
+     rode through Worcestershire, and were finally shot or taken
+     prisoners at Holbeche in Staffordshire.
+
+It is this story that I now propose to compare with the evidence. When
+any insuperable difficulties appear, it will be time to try another key.
+To reach the heart of the matter, let us put aside for the present all
+questions arising out of the alleged discovery of the plot through the
+letter received by Monteagle, and let us take it that Guy Fawkes has
+already been arrested, brought into the King's presence, and, on the
+morning of the 5th, is put through his first examination.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+GUY FAWKES'S STORY
+
+
+First of all, let us restrict ourselves to the story told by Guy Fawkes
+himself in the five[15] examinations to which he was subjected
+previously to his being put to the torture on November 9, and to the
+letters, proclamations, &c., issued by the Government during the four
+days commencing with the 5th. From these we learn, not only that
+Fawkes's account of the matter gradually developed, but that the
+knowledge of the Government also developed; a fact which fits in very
+well with the 'traditional story,' but which is hardly to be expected if
+the Government account of the affair was cut-and-dried from the first.
+
+Fawkes's first examination took place on the 5th, and was conducted by
+Chief Justice Popham and Attorney-General Coke. It is true that only a
+copy has reached us, but it is a copy taken for Coke's use, as is shown
+by the headings of each paragraph inserted in the margin in his own
+hand. It is therefore out of the question that Salisbury, if he had been
+so minded, would have been able to falsify it. Each page has the
+signature (in copy) of 'Jhon Jhonson,' the name by which Fawkes chose to
+be known.
+
+The first part of the examination turns upon Fawkes's movements abroad,
+showing that the Government had already acquired information that he had
+been beyond sea. Fawkes showed no reluctance to speak of his own
+proceedings in the Low Countries, or to give the names of persons he had
+met there, and who were beyond the reach of his examiners. As to his
+movements after his return to England he was explicit enough so far as
+he was himself concerned, and also about Percy, whose servant he
+professed himself to be, and whose connection with the hiring of the
+house could not be concealed. Fawkes stated that after coming back to
+England he 'came to the lodging near the Upper House of Parliament,' and
+'that Percy hired the house of Whynniard for 12_l._ rent, about a year
+and a half ago'; that his master, before his own going abroad, _i.e._,
+before Easter, 1605, 'lay in the house about three or four times.'
+Further, he confessed 'that about Christmas last,' _i.e._, Christmas,
+1604, 'he brought in the night time gunpowder [to the cellar under the
+Upper House of Parliament.]'[16] Afterwards he told how he covered the
+powder with faggots, intending to blow up the King and the Lords; and,
+being pressed how he knew that the King would be in the House on the
+5th, said he knew it only from general report and by the making ready of
+the King's barge; but he would have 'blown up the Upper House whensoever
+the King was there.' He further acknowledged that there was more than
+one person concerned in the conspiracy, and said he himself had promised
+not to reveal it, but denied that he had taken the sacrament on his
+promise. Where the promise was given he could not remember, except that
+it was in England. He refused to accuse his partners, saying that he
+himself had provided the powder, and defrayed the cost of his journey
+beyond sea, which was only undertaken 'to see the country, and to pass
+away the time.' When he went, he locked up the powder and took the key
+with him, and 'one Gibbons' wife, who dwells thereby, had the charge of
+the residue of the house.'
+
+Such is that part of the story told by Fawkes which concerns us at
+present. Of course there are discrepancies enough with other statements
+given later on, and Father Gerard makes the most of them. What he does
+not observe is that it is in the nature of the case that these
+discrepancies should exist. It is obvious that Fawkes, who, as
+subsequent experience shows, was no coward, had made up his mind to
+shield as far as possible his confederates, and to take the whole of the
+blame upon himself. He says, for instance, that Percy had only lain in
+the house for three or four days before Easter, 1605; a statement, as
+subsequent evidence proved, quite untrue; he pretends not to know,
+except from rumour and the preparations of the barge, that the King was
+coming to the House of Lords on the 5th, a statement almost certainly
+untrue. In order not to criminate others, and especially any priest, he
+denies having taken the Sacrament on his promise, which is also untrue.
+What is more noticeable is that he makes no mention of the mine, about
+which so much was afterwards heard, evidently--so at least I read the
+evidence--because he did not wish to bring upon the stage those who had
+worked at it. If indeed the passage which I have placed in square
+brackets be accepted as evidence, Fawkes did more than keep silence upon
+the mine. He must have made a positive assertion, soon afterwards found
+to be untrue, that the cellar was hired several months before it really
+was.[17] This passage is, however, inserted in a different hand from the
+rest of the document. My own belief is that it gives a correct account
+of a statement made by the prisoner, but omitted by the clerk who made
+the copy for Coke, and inserted by some other person. Nobody that I can
+think of had the slightest interest in adding the words, whilst they are
+just what Fawkes might be expected to say if he wanted to lead his
+examiners off the scent. At all events, even if these words be left out
+of account, it must be admitted that Fawkes said nothing about the
+existence of a mine.
+
+Though Fawkes kept silence as to the mine, he did not keep silence on
+the desperate character of the work on which he had been engaged. "And,"
+runs the record, "he confesseth that when the King had come to the
+Parliament House this present day, and the Upper House had been sitting,
+he meant to have fired the match and have fled for his own safety before
+the powder had taken fire, and confesseth that if he had not been
+apprehended this last night, he had blown up the Upper House, when the
+King, Lords, Bishops, and others had been there, and saith that he spake
+for [and provided][18] those bars and crows of iron, some in one place,
+some in another, in London, lest it should be suspected, and saith that
+he had some of them in or about Gracious Street."[19]
+
+After this it will little avail Father Gerard to produce arguments in
+support of the proposition that the story of the plot was contrived by
+the Government as long as this burning record is allowed to stand.
+Fawkes here clearly takes the whole terrible design, with the exception
+of the incident of the mine, on his own shoulders. He may have lied to
+save his friends; he certainly would not lie to save Salisbury.
+
+So far, however, there is no proof that Salisbury was not long ago
+cognisant of the plot through one of the active conspirators. Yet, in
+that case, it might be supposed that the accounts that he gave of his
+discoveries would be less dependent than they were on the partial
+revelations which came in day by day. There is, however, no hint of
+superior knowledge in the draft of a letter intended to be sent by
+Salisbury to Sir Thomas Parry, the English ambassador in Paris, and
+dated on November 6, the day after that on which Fawkes's first
+examination was taken:
+
+     Sir Thomas Parry, it hath pleased Almighty God, out of his singular
+     goodness, to bring to light the most cruel and detestable practice
+     against the person of his Majesty and the whole estate of this
+     realm, that ever was conceived by the heart of man at any time or
+     in any place whatsoever, by which practice there was intended not
+     only the extirpation of the King's Majesty and his issue royal, but
+     the whole subversion and downfal of this estate, the plot being to
+     take away at an instant the King, Queen, Prince, Council, Nobility,
+     Clergy, Judges, and the principal gentlemen of this realm, as they
+     should have been yesterday altogether assembled at the Parliament
+     House, in Westminster, the 5th of November, being Tuesday. The
+     means how to have compassed so great an act, was not to be
+     performed by strength of men or outward violence, for that might
+     have be espied and prevented in time; but by a secret conveying of
+     a great quantity of gunpowder into a vault under the Upper House of
+     Parliament, and so to have blown up all at a clap, if God out of
+     his mercy and his just revenge against so great an abomination had
+     not destined it to be discovered, though very miraculously even
+     some twelve hours before the matter should have been put into
+     execution. The person that was the principal undertaker of it, is
+     one Johnson, a Yorkshire man, and servant to one Thomas Percy, a
+     gentleman pensioner to his Majesty, and a near kinsman and a
+     special confidant to the Earl of Northumberland. This Percy had
+     about a year and a half ago hired a part of Whynniard's house in
+     the old palace, from whence he had access into this vault to lay
+     his wood and coal, and as it seemeth now, taken this place of
+     purpose to work some mischief in a fit time. He is a Papist by
+     profession, and so is this his man Johnson, a desperate fellow,
+     whom of late years he took into his service.
+
+     Into this vault Johnson had, at sundry times, very privately
+     conveyed a great quantity of powder, and therewith filled two
+     hogsheads and some thirty-two small barrels; all which he had
+     cunningly covered with great store of billets and faggots, and on
+     Tuesday[20] at midnight, as he was busy to prepare the things for
+     execution was apprehended in the place itself with a false lantern,
+     booted and spurred.[21]
+
+There is not much knowledge here beyond what Salisbury had learnt from
+Fawkes's own statement with all its deceptions. Nor, if there had been
+any such knowledge, was it in any way revealed by the actions of the
+Government on the 5th or on the morning of the 6th. On the 5th a
+proclamation was issued for the apprehension of Percy alone.[22] On the
+same day Archbishop Bancroft forwarded to Salisbury a story, afterward
+known to be untrue, that Percy had been seen riding towards Croydon;
+whilst Popham sent another untrue story that he had been seen riding
+towards Gravesend.[23] A letter from Waad, the Lieutenant of the Tower,
+of the same date, revealed the truth that Percy had escaped northwards.
+Of course, Percy's house was searched for papers, but those discovered
+were of singularly little interest, and bore no relation to the
+plot.[24] An examination of a servant of Ambrose Rokewood, a Catholic
+gentleman afterwards known to have been involved in the plot, and of the
+landlady of the house in London in which Rokewood had been lodging,
+brought out the names of persons who had been in his company, some of
+whom were afterwards found to be amongst the conspirators; but there was
+nothing in these examinations to connect them with the plot, and there
+is no reason to suppose that they were prompted by anything more than a
+notion that it would generally be worth while to trace the movements of
+a noted Catholic gentleman. On the same day a letter from Chief Justice
+Popham shows that inquiries were being directed into the movements of
+other Catholics, and amongst them Christopher Wright, Keyes, and Winter;
+but the tone of the letter shows that Popham was merely acting upon
+general suspicion, and had no special information on which to work.[25]
+Up to the morning of November 6th, the action of Government was that of
+men feeling in the dark, so far as anything not revealed by Fawkes was
+concerned.
+
+Commissioners were now appointed to conduct the investigation further.
+They were--Nottingham, Suffolk, Devonshire, Worcester, Northampton,
+Salisbury, Mar, and Popham, with Attorney-General Coke in
+attendance.[26] This was hardly a body of men who would knowingly cover
+an intrigue of Salisbury's:--Worcester is always understood to have been
+professedly a Catholic, Northampton was certainly one, though he
+attended the King's service, whilst Suffolk was friendly towards the
+Catholics;[27] and Nottingham, if he is no longer to be counted amongst
+them,[28] was at least not long afterwards a member of the party which
+favoured an alliance with Spain, and therefore a policy of toleration
+towards the Catholics. It is not the least of the objections to the view
+which Father Gerard has taken, that it would have been impossible for
+Salisbury to falsify examinations of prisoners without the connivance of
+these men.
+
+Before five of these Commissioners--Nottingham, Suffolk, Devonshire,
+Northampton, and Salisbury--Fawkes was examined a second time on the
+forenoon of the 6th. In some way the Government had found out that Percy
+had had a new door made in the wall leading to the cellar, and they now
+drew from Fawkes an untrue statement that it was put in about the middle
+of Lent, that is to say, early in March 1605.[29] They had also
+discovered a pair of brewer's slings, by which barrels were usually
+carried between two men, and they pressed Fawkes hard to say who was his
+partner in removing the barrels of gunpowder. He began by denying that
+he had had a partner at all, but finally answered that 'he cannot
+discover the party, but'--_i.e._ lest--'he shall bring him in question.'
+He also said that he had forgotten where he slept on Wednesday, Thursday
+or Friday in the week before his arrest.[30]
+
+Upon this James himself intervened, submitting to the Commissioners a
+series of questions with the object of drawing out of the prisoner a
+true account of himself, and of his relations to Percy. A letter had
+been found on Fawkes when he was taken, directed not to Johnson, but to
+Fawkes, and this amongst other things had raised the King's suspicions.
+In his third examination, on the afternoon of the 6th, in the presence
+of Northampton, Devonshire, Nottingham, and Salisbury, Fawkes gave a
+good deal of information, more or less true, about himself; and, whilst
+still maintaining that his real name was Johnson, said that the letter,
+which was written by a Mrs. Bostock in Flanders, was addressed to him by
+another name 'because he called himself Fawkes,' that is to say, because
+he had acquired the name of Fawkes as an alias.
+
+'If he will not otherwise confess,' the King had ended by saying, 'the
+gentler tortures are to be first used unto him, _et sic per gradus ad
+ima tenditur_.' To us living in the nineteenth century these words are
+simply horrible. As a Scotchman, however, James had long been familiar
+with the use of torture as an ordinary means of legal investigation,
+whilst even in England, though unknown to the law, that is to say, to
+the practice of the ordinary courts of justice, it had for some
+generations been used not infrequently by order of the Council to
+extract evidence from a recalcitrant witness, though, according to
+Bacon, not for the purpose of driving him to incriminate himself.
+Surely, if the use of torture was admissible at all, this was a case for
+its employment. The prisoner had informed the Government that he had
+been at the bottom of a plot of the most sanguinary kind, and had
+acknowledged by implication that there were fellow-conspirators whom he
+refused to name. If, indeed, Father Gerard's view of the case, that the
+Government, or at least Salisbury, had for some time known all about the
+conspiracy, nothing--not even the Gunpowder Plot itself--could be more
+atrocious than the infliction of torments on a fellow-creature to make
+him reveal a secret already in their possession. If, however, the
+evidence I have adduced be worth anything, this was by no means the
+case. What it shows is, that on the afternoon of the 6th all that the
+members of the Government were aware of was that an unknown number of
+conspirators were at large--they knew not where--and might at that very
+moment be appealing--they knew not with what effect--to Catholic
+landowners and their tenants, who were, without doubt, exasperated by
+the recent enforcement of the penal laws. We may, if we please, condemn
+the conduct of the Government which had brought the danger of a general
+Catholic rising within sight. We cannot deny that, at that particular
+moment, they had real cause of alarm. At all events, no immediate steps
+were taken to put this part of the King's orders in execution. Some
+little information, indeed, was coming in from other witnesses. In his
+first examination, on November 5, Fawkes had stated that in his absence
+he locked up the powder, and 'one Gibbons' wife who dwells thereby had
+the charge of the residue of the house.' An examination of her husband
+on the 5th, however, only elicited that he, being a porter, had with two
+others carried 3,000 billets into the vault.[31] On the 6th Ellen, the
+wife of Andrew Bright, stated that Percy's servant had, about the
+beginning of March, asked her to let the vault to his master, and that
+she had consented to abandon her tenancy of it if Mrs. Whynniard, from
+whom she held it, would consent. Mrs. Whynniard's consent having been
+obtained, Mrs. Bright, or rather Mrs. Skinner--she being a widow
+remarried subsequently to Andrew Bright[32]--received 2_l._ for giving
+up the premises. The important point in this evidence is that the date
+of March 1605, given as that on which Percy entered into possession of
+the cellar, showed that Fawkes's statement that he had brought powder
+into the cellar at Christmas 1604 could not possibly be true. On the
+7th, Mrs. Whynniard confirmed Mrs. Bright's statement, and also stated
+that, a year earlier, in March 1604, 'Mr. Percy began to labour very
+earnestly with this examinate and her husband to have the lodging by the
+Parliament House, which one Mr. Henry Ferris, of Warwickshire, had long
+held before, and having obtained the said Mr. Ferris's good will to part
+from it after long suit by himself and great entreaty of Mr. Carleton,
+Mr. Epsley,[33] and other gentlemen belonging to the Earl of
+Northumberland, affirming him to be a very honest gentleman, and that
+they could not have a better tenant, her husband and she were contented
+to let him have the said lodging at the same rent Mr. Ferris paid for
+it.'[34] Mrs. Whynniard had plainly never heard of the mine; and that
+the Government was in equal ignorance is shown by the endorsement on the
+agreement of Ferris, or rather Ferrers, to make over his tenancy to
+Percy. 'The bargain between Ferris and Percy for the bloody cellar,
+found in Winter's lodging.' Winter's name had been under consideration
+for some little time, and doubtless the discovery of this paper was made
+on, or more probably before, the 7th. The Government, having as yet
+nothing but Fawkes's evidence to go upon, connected the hiring of the
+house with the hiring of the cellar, and at least showed no signs of
+suspecting anything more.
+
+On the same day, the 7th, something was definitely heard of the
+proceedings of the other plotters, who had either gathered at Dunchurch
+for the hunting-match, or had fled from London to join them, and a
+proclamation was issued for the arrest of Percy, Catesby, Rokewood,
+Thomas Winter, Edward[35] Grant, John and Christopher Wright, and
+Catesby's servant, Robert Ashfield. They were charged with assembling in
+troops in the counties of Warwick and Worcester, breaking into stables
+and seizing horses.[36] Fawkes, too, was on that day subjected to a
+fourth examination.[37] Not very much that was new was extracted from
+him. He acknowledged that his real name was Guy Fawkes, that--which he
+had denied before--he had received the Sacrament not to discover any of
+the conspirators, and also that there had been at first five persons
+privy to the plot, and afterwards five or six more 'were generally
+acquainted that an action was to be performed for the Catholic cause,
+and saith that he doth not know that they were acquainted with the whole
+conspiracy.' Being asked whether Catesby, the two Wrights, Winter, or
+Tresham were privy, he refused to accuse any one.
+
+The increase of the information received by the Government left its
+trace on Salisbury's correspondence. Whether the letter to Parry, from
+which a quotation has already been given, was sent away on the 6th, is
+unknown; but it was copied and completed, with sundry alterations, for
+Cornwallis and Edmondes, the ambassadors at Madrid and Brussels, and
+signed by Salisbury on the 7th, though it was kept back and sent off
+with two postscripts on the 9th, and it is likely enough that the letter
+to Parry was treated in the same way. One of the alterations concerns
+Fawkes's admission that he had taken the Sacrament as well as an oath to
+keep the secret. What is of greater significance is, that there is
+absolutely no mention of a mine in the letter. If it had really been
+written on the 9th, this silence would have gone far to justify Father
+Gerard's suspicions, as the existence of the mine was certainly known to
+the Government at that date. On the 7th the Government knew nothing of
+it.[38]
+
+That Fawkes had already been threatened with torture is known,[39] and
+it may easily be imagined that the threats had been redoubled after this
+last unsatisfactory acknowledgment. On the morning of the 8th, however,
+Waad, who was employed to worm out his secrets, reported that little was
+to be expected. "I find this fellow," he wrote, "who this day is in a
+most stubborn and perverse humour, as dogged as if he were possessed.
+Yesternight I had persuaded him to set down a clear narration of all his
+wicked plots from the first entering to the same, to the end they
+pretended, with the discourses and projects that were thought upon
+amongst them, which he undertook [to do] and craved time this night to
+bethink him the better; but this morning he hath changed his mind and is
+[so] sullen and obstinate as there is no dealing with him."[40]
+
+The sight of the examiners, together with the sight of the rack,[41]
+changed Fawkes's mind to some extent. He was resolved that nothing but
+actual torture should wring from him the names of his fellow plotters,
+who so far as was known in London were still at large.[42] He prepared
+himself, however, to reveal the secrets of the plot so far as was
+consistent with the concealment of the names of those concerned in it.
+His fifth examination on the 8th, the last before the one taken under
+torture on the 9th, gives to the inquirer into the reality of the plot
+all that he wants to know.
+
+     "He confesseth," so the tale begins, "that a practice was first
+     broken unto him against his Majesty for the Catholic cause, and not
+     invented or propounded by himself, and this was first propounded
+     unto him about Easter last was twelvemonth, beyond the seas in the
+     Low Countries, by an English layman,[43] and that Englishman came
+     over with him in his company, into England, and they two and three
+     more[44] were the first five mentioned in the former examination.
+     And they five resolving to do somewhat for the Catholic cause (a
+     vow being first taken by all of them for secrecy), one of the other
+     three[45] propounded to perform it with powder, and resolved that
+     the place should be (where this action should be performed and
+     justice done) in or near the place of the sitting of the
+     Parliament, wherein Religion had been unjustly suppressed. This
+     being resolved, the manner of it was as followeth:--
+
+     "First they hired the house at Westminster, of one Ferres, and
+     having his house they sought then[46] to make a mine under the
+     Upper House of Parliament, and they began to make the mine in or
+     about the 11 of December, and they five first entered into the
+     works, and soone after took an other[47] to[48] them, having first
+     sworn him and taken the sacrament for secrecy; and when they came
+     to the wall (that was about three yards thick) and found it a
+     matter of great difficulty, they took to them an other in like
+     manner, with oath and sacrament as aforesaid;[49] all which seven
+     were gentlemen of name and blood, and not any[50] was employed in
+     or about this action (no, not so much as in digging and mining)
+     that was not a gentleman. And having wrought to the wall before
+     Christmas, they ceased until after the holidays, and the day before
+     Christmas (having a mass of earth that came out of the mine), they
+     carried it into the garden of the said house, and after Christmas
+     they wrought the wall till Candlemas, and wrought the wall half
+     through; and saith that all the time while the other[51] wrought,
+     he stood as sentinel, to descry any man that came near, and when
+     any man came near to the place upon warning given by him, they
+     ceased until they had notice to proceed from him, and sayeth that
+     they seven all lay in the house, and had shot and powder, and they
+     all resolved to die in that place, before they yielded or were
+     taken.
+
+     "And, as they were working, they heard a rushing in the cellar,
+     which grew by one[52] Bright's selling of his coals,[53] whereupon
+     this examinant, fearing they had been discovered, went into the
+     cellar, and viewed the cellar[54] and perceiving the commodity
+     thereof for their purpose, and understanding how it would be
+     letten,[55] his master, Mr. Percy, hired the cellar for a year for
+     4_l._ rent; and confesseth that after Christmas twenty barrels of
+     powder were brought by themselves to a house, which they had on the
+     Bankside in hampers, and from that house removed[56] the powder to
+     the said house near the Upper House of Parliament; and presently,
+     upon hiring the cellar they themselves removed the powder into the
+     cellar, and covered the same with fagots which they had before laid
+     into the cellar.
+
+     "After, about Easter, he went into the Low Countries (as he before
+     hath declared in his former examination) and that the true purpose
+     of his going over was, lest, being a dangerous man, he should be
+     known and suspected, and in the mean time he left the key of the
+     cellar with Mr. Percy, who, in his absence caused more billets to
+     be laid into the cellar, as in his former examination he confessed,
+     and returned about the end of August, or the beginning of
+     September, and went again to the said house, near to the said
+     cellar, and received the key of the cellar again of one of the
+     five,[57] and then they brought in five or six barrels of powder
+     more into the cellar, which also they covered with billets, saving
+     four little barrels covered with fagots, and then this examinant
+     went into the country about the end of September.
+
+     "It appeareth the powder was in the cellar placed as it was found
+     the 5 of November, when the Lords came to prorogue the Parliament,
+     and sayeth that he returned again to the said house near the cellar
+     on Wednesday the 30 of October.
+
+     "_He confesseth he was at the Earl of Montgomery's marriage, but,
+     as he sayeth, with no intention of evil having a sword about him,
+     and was very near to his Majesty and the Lords there present._[58]
+
+     "Forasmuch as they knew not well how they should come by the person
+     of the Duke Charles, being near London, where they had no forces
+     (if he had not been also blown up) he confesseth that it was
+     resolved among them that, the same day that this detestable act
+     should have been performed, the same day should other of their
+     confederacy have surprised the person of the Lady Elizabeth, and
+     presently have proclaimed her Queen, _to which purpose a
+     proclamation was drawn, as well to avow and justify the action, as
+     to have protested against the Union, and in no sort to have meddled
+     with religion therein, and would have protested also against all
+     strangers_, and this proclamation should have been made in the name
+     of the Lady Elizabeth.
+
+     "Being demanded why they did not surprise the King's person, and
+     draw him to the effecting of their purpose sayeth that so many must
+     have been acquainted with such an action as it[59] would not have
+     been kept secret.
+
+     "He confesseth that if their purpose had taken effect, until they
+     had had power enough, they would not have avowed the deed to be
+     theirs; but if their power (for their defence and safety) had been
+     sufficient, they themselves would then[60] have taken it upon them.
+     They meant also to have sent for the prisoners in the Tower to have
+     come to them, of whom particularly they had some consultation.
+
+     "He confesseth that the place of rendezvous was in Warwickshire,
+     and that armour was sent thither, but[61] the particular
+     thereof[62] he knows not.
+
+     "He confesseth that they had consultation for the taking of the
+     Lady Mary into their possession, but knew not how to come by her.
+
+     "And confesseth that provision was made by some of the conspiracy
+     of some armour of proof this last summer for this action.
+
+     "He confesseth that the powder was bought by the common purse of
+     the confederates.
+
+       "L. Admiral [Earl of Nottingham]  }
+        L. Chamberlain [Earl of Suffolk] }
+        Earl of Devonshire               } Attended by Mr.
+        Earl of Northampton              } Attorney-General
+        Earl of Salisbury                } [Coke]."
+        Earl of Mar                      }
+        Lord Chief Justice [Popham][63]  }
+
+Father Gerard, who has printed this examination in his Appendix,[64]
+styles it a draft, placing on the opposite pages the published
+confession of Guy Fawkes on November 17. That later confession, indeed,
+though embodying many passages of the earlier one, contains so many new
+statements, that it is a misapplication of words to speak of the one as
+the draft of the other. A probable explanation of the similarity is that
+when Fawkes was re-examined on the 17th, his former confession was
+produced, and he was required to supplement it with fresh information.
+
+In one sense, indeed, the paper from which the examination of the 8th
+has been printed both by Father Gerard and myself, may be styled a
+draft, not of the examination of the 17th, but of a copy forwarded to
+Edmondes on the 14th.[65] The two passages crossed out and printed
+above[66] in italics have been omitted in the copy intended for the
+ambassadors. All other differences, except those of punctuation, have
+been given in my notes, and it will be seen that they are merely the
+changes of a copyist from whom absolute verbal accuracy was not
+required. Father Gerard, indeed, says that in the original of the
+so-called draft five paragraphs were 'ticked off for omission.' He may
+be right, but in Winter's declaration of November 23, every paragraph is
+marked in the same way, and, at all events, not one of the five
+paragraphs is omitted in the copy sent to Edmondes.
+
+In any other sense to call this paper a draft is to beg the whole
+question. What we want to know is whether it was a copy of the rough
+notes of the examination, signed by Fawkes himself, or a pure invention
+either of Salisbury or of the seven Commissioners and the
+Attorney-General. Curiously enough, one of the crossed out passages
+supplies evidence that the document is a genuine one. The first, indeed,
+proves nothing either way, and was, perhaps, left out merely because it
+was thought unwise to allow it to be known that the King had been so
+carelessly guarded that Percy had been admitted to his presence with a
+sword by his side. The second contains an intimation that the
+conspirators did not intend to rely only on a Catholic rising. They
+expected to have on their side Protestants who disliked the union with
+Scotland, and who were ready to protest 'against all strangers,' that is
+to say, against all Scots. We can readily understand that Privy
+Councillors, knowing as they did the line taken by the King in the
+matter of the union, would be unwilling to spread information of there
+being in England a Protestant party opposed to the union, not only of
+sufficient importance to be worth gaining, but so exasperated that even
+these gunpowder plotters could think it possible to win them to their
+side. Nor is this all. If it is difficult to conceive that the
+Commissioners could have allowed such a paragraph to go abroad, it is at
+least equally difficult to think of their inventing it. We may be sure
+that if Fawkes had not made the statement, no one of the examiners would
+ever have committed it to paper at all, and if the document is genuine
+in this respect, why is it not to be held genuine from beginning to end?
+
+Father Gerard, indeed, objects to this view of the case that the
+document 'is unsigned; the list of witnesses is in the same handwriting
+as the rest, and in no instance is a witness indicated by such a title
+as he would employ for his signature. Throughout this paper Fawkes is
+made to speak in the third person, and the names of accomplices to whom
+he refers are not given.'[67] All this is quite true, and unless I am
+much mistaken, are evidences for the genuineness of the document, not
+for its fabrication. If Salisbury had wished to palm off an invention of
+his own as a copy of a true confession by Fawkes, he surely would not
+have stuck at so small a thing as an alleged copy of the prisoner's
+signature, nor is it to be supposed that the original signatures of the
+Commissioners would appear in what, in my contention, is a copy of a
+lost original. As for the titles Lord Admiral and Lord Chamberlain being
+used instead of their signatures, it was in accordance with official
+usage. A letter, written on January 21, 1604-5, by the Council to the
+Judges, bears nineteen names at the foot in the place where signatures
+are ordinarily found. The first six names are given thus:--'L.
+Chancellor, L. Treasurer, L. Admirall, L. Chamberlaine, E. of
+Northumberland, E. of Worcester.'[68] Fawkes is made to speak in the
+third person in all the four preceding examinations, three of which bear
+his autograph signature. That the names of accomplices are not given is
+exactly what one might expect from a man of his courage. All through the
+five examinations he refused to break his oath not to reveal a name,
+except in the case of Percy in which concealment was impossible. It
+required the horrible torture of the 9th to wring a single name from
+him.
+
+Moreover, Father Gerard further urges what he intends to be damaging to
+the view taken by me, that a set of questions formed by Coke upon the
+examination of the 7th, apparently for use on the 8th, is 'not founded
+on information already obtained, but is, in fact, what is known as a
+"fishing document," intended to elicit evidence of some kind.'[69]
+Exactly so! If Coke had to fish, casting his net as widely as Father
+Gerard correctly shows him to have done, it is plain that the Government
+had no direct knowledge to guide its inquiries. Father Gerard's charge
+therefore resolves itself into this: that Salisbury not only deceived
+the public at large, but his brother-commissioners as well. Has he
+seriously thought out all that is involved in this theory? Salisbury,
+according to hypothesis, gets an altered copy of a confession drawn up,
+or else a confession purely invented by himself. The clerk who makes it
+is, of course, aware of what is being done, and also the second
+clerk,[70] who wrote out the further copy sent to Edmondes. Edmondes, at
+least, received the second copy, and there can be little doubt that
+other ambassadors received it also. How could Salisbury count on the
+life-long silence of all these? Salisbury, as the event proved, was not
+exactly loved by his colleagues, and if his brother-commissioners--every
+one of them men of no slight influence at Court--had discovered that
+their names had been taken in vain, it would not have been left to the
+rumour of the streets to spread the news that Salisbury had been the
+inventor of the plot. Nay, more than this. Father Gerard distinctly sets
+down the story of the mine as an impossible one, and therefore one
+which must have been fabricated by Salisbury for his own purposes. The
+allegation that there had been a mine was not subsequently kept in the
+dark. It was proclaimed on the house-tops in every account of the plot
+published to the world. And all the while, it seems, six out of these
+seven Commissioners, to say nothing of the Attorney-General, knew that
+it was all a lie--that Fawkes, when they examined him on the 8th, had
+really said nothing about it, and yet, neither in public, nor, so far as
+we know, in private--either in Salisbury's lifetime or after his
+death--did they breathe a word of the wrong that had been done to them
+as well as to the conspirators!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE LATER DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE.
+
+
+Having thus, I hope, established that the story of the mine and cellar
+is borne out by Fawkes's own account, I proceed to examine into the
+objections raised by Father Gerard to the documentary evidence after
+November 8, the date of Fawkes's last examination before he was
+subjected to torture. In the declaration, signed with his tortured hand
+on the 9th, before Coke, Waad and Forsett,[71] and acknowledged before
+the Commissioners on the 10th, Fawkes distinctly refers to the
+examination of the 8th. "The plot," he says, "was to blow up the King
+with all the nobility about him in Parliament, as heretofore he hath
+declared, to which end, they proceeded as is set down in the examination
+taken (before the Lords of the Council Commissioners) yesternight."
+Here, then, is distinct evidence that Fawkes acknowledged that the
+examination of the 8th had been taken in presence of the Commissioners,
+and thus negatives the theory that that examination was invented or
+altered by Salisbury, as these words came on the 10th under the eyes of
+the Commissioners themselves.[72]
+
+The fact is, that the declaration of the 9th fits the examination of the
+8th as a glove does a hand. On the 8th, before torture, Fawkes described
+what had been done, and gave the number of persons concerned in doing
+it. On the 9th he is required not to repeat what he had said before, but
+to give the missing names. This he now does. It was Thomas Winter who
+had fetched him from the Low Countries, having first communicated their
+design to a certain Owen.[73] The other three, who made up the original
+five, were Percy, Catesby, and John Wright. It was Gerard who had given
+them the Sacrament.[74] The other conspirators were Sir Everard Digby,
+Robert Keyes, Christopher Wright, Thomas[75] Grant, Francis Tresham,
+Robert Winter, and Ambrose Rokewood. The very order in which the names
+come perhaps shows that the Government had as yet a very hazy idea of
+the details of the conspiracy. The names of those who actually worked in
+the mine are scattered at hap-hazard amongst those of the men who merely
+countenanced the plot from a distance.
+
+However this may be, the 9th, the day on which Fawkes was put to the
+torture, brought news to the Government that the fear of insurrection
+need no longer be entertained. It had been known before this that
+Fawkes's confederates had met on the 5th at Dunchurch on the pretext of
+a hunting match,[76] and had been breaking open houses in Warwickshire
+and Worcestershire in order to collect arms. Yet so indefinite was the
+knowledge of the Council that, on the 8th, they offered a reward for the
+apprehension of Percy alone, without including any of the other
+conspirators.[77] On the evening of the 9th[78] they received a letter
+from Sir Richard Walsh, the Sheriff of Worcestershire:--
+
+     "We think fit," he wrote, "with all speed to certify your Lordships
+     of the happy success it hath pleased God to give us against the
+     rebellious assembly in these parts. After such time as they had
+     taken the horses from Warwick upon Tuesday night last,[79] they
+     came to Mr. Robert Winter's house to Huddington upon Wednesday
+     night,[80] where--having entered--[they] armed themselves at all
+     points in open rebellion. They passed from thence upon Thursday
+     morning[81] unto Hewell--the Lord Windsor's house--which they
+     entered and took from thence by force great store of armour,
+     artillery of the said Lord Windsor's, and passed that night into
+     the county of Staffordshire unto the house of one Stephen
+     Littleton, Gentleman, called Holbeche, about two miles distant from
+     Stourbridge whither we pursued, with the assistance of Sir John
+     Foliot, Knight, Francis Ketelsby, Esquire, Humphrey Salway,
+     Gentleman, Edmund Walsh, and Francis Conyers, Gentlemen, with few
+     other gentlemen and the power and face of the country. We made
+     against them upon Thursday morning,[81] and freshly pursued them
+     until the next day,[82] at which time about twelve or one of the
+     clock in the afternoon, we overtook them at the said Holbeche
+     House--the greatest part of their retinue and some of the better
+     sort being dispersed and fled before our coming, whereupon and
+     after summons and warning first given and proclamation in his
+     Highness's name to yield and submit themselves--who refusing the
+     same, we fired some part of the house and assaulted some part of
+     the rebellious persons left in the said house, in which assault,
+     one Mr. Robert Catesby is slain, and three others verily thought
+     wounded to death whose names--as far as we can learn--are Thomas
+     Percy, Gentleman, John Wright, and Christopher Wright Gentlemen,
+     and these are apprehended and taken Thomas Winter Gentleman, John
+     Grant Gentleman, Henry Morgan Gentleman, Ambrose Rokewood
+     Gentleman, Thomas Ockley carpenter, Edmund Townsend servant to the
+     said John Grant, Nicholas Pelborrow, servant unto the said Ambrose
+     Rokewood, Edward Ockley carpenter, Richard Townsend servant to the
+     said Robert Winter, Richard Day servant to the said Stephen
+     Littleton, which said prisoners are in safe custody here, and so
+     shall remain until your Honours good pleasures be further known.
+     The rest of that rebellious assembly is dispersed, we have caused
+     to be followed with fresh suite and hope of their speedy
+     apprehension. We have also thought fit to send unto your
+     Honours--according unto our duties--such letters as we have found
+     about the parties apprehended; and so resting in all duty at your
+     Honours' further command, we take leave, from Stourbridge this
+     Saturday morning, being the ixth of this instant November 1605.
+
+     "Your Honours' most humble to be commanded,
+
+     "RICH. WALSH."
+
+Percy and the two Wrights died of their wounds, so that, in addition to
+Fawkes, Thomas Winter was the only one of the five original workers in
+the mine in the hands of the Government. Of the seven others who had
+been named in Fawkes's confession of the 9th, Christopher Wright had
+been killed; Rokewood, Robert Winter, and Grant had been apprehended at
+Holbeche; Sir Everard Digby, Keyes, and Tresham were subsequently
+arrested, as was Bates a servant of Catesby.
+
+That for some days the Government made no effort to get further
+information about the mine and the cellar cannot be absolutely proved,
+but nothing bearing on the subject has reached us except that, on the
+14th, when a copy of Fawkes's deposition of the 8th was forwarded to
+Edmondes, the names of the twelve chief conspirators are given, not as
+Fawkes gave them on the 9th, in two batches, but in three, Robert Winter
+and Christopher Wright being said to have joined after the first five,
+whilst Rokewood, Digby, Grant, Tresham, and Keyes are said to have been
+'privy to the practice of the powder but wrought not at the mine.'[83]
+As Keyes is the only one whose Christian name is not given, this list
+must have been copied from one now in the Record Office, in which this
+peculiarity is also found, and was probably drawn up on or about the
+10th[84] from further information derived from Fawkes when he certified
+the confession dragged from him on the preceding day.[84]
+
+What really seems to have been at this time on the minds of the
+investigators was the relationship of the Catholic noblemen to the plot.
+On the 11th Talbot of Grafton was sent for. On the 15th Lords Montague
+and Mordaunt were imprisoned in the Tower. On the 16th Mrs. Vaux and the
+wives of ten of the conspirators were committed to various aldermen and
+merchants of London.[85] When Fawkes was re-examined on the 16th,[86] by
+far the larger part of the answers elicited refer to the hints given, or
+supposed to have been given, to Catholic noblemen to absent themselves
+from Parliament on the 5th. Then comes a statement about Percy buying a
+watch for Fawkes on the night of the 4th and sending it 'to him by Keyes
+at ten of the clock at night, because he should know how the time went
+away.' The last paragraph alone bears upon the project itself. "He also
+saith he did not intend to set fire to the train [until] the King was
+come to the House, and then he purposed to do it with a piece of
+touchwood and with a match also, _which were about him when he was
+apprehended on the 4th day of November at 11 of the clock at night_ that
+the powder might more surely take fire a quarter of an hour after."
+
+The words printed in italics are an interlineation in Coke's hand. They
+evidently add nothing of the slightest importance to the evidence, and
+cannot have been inserted with any design to prejudice the prisoner or
+to carry conviction in quarters in which disbelief might be supposed to
+exist. Is not the simple explanation sufficient, that when the evidence
+was read over to the examinee, he added, either of his own motion or on
+further question, this additional information. If this explanation is
+accepted here, may it not also be accepted for other interlineations,
+such as that relating to the cellar in the first examination?[87]
+
+That the examiners at this stage of the proceedings should not be eager
+to ask further questions about the cellar and the mine was the most
+natural thing in the world. They knew already quite enough from
+Fawkes's earlier examinations to put them in possession of the general
+features of the plot, and to them it was of far greater interest to
+trace out its ramifications, and to discover whether a guilty knowledge
+of it could be brought home either to noblemen or to priests, than to
+attain to a descriptive knowledge of its details, which would be dear to
+the heart of the newspaper correspondent of the present day. Yet, after
+all, even in 1605, the public had to be taken into account. There must
+be an open trial, and the more detailed the information that could be
+got the more verisimilitude would be given to the story told. It is
+probably, in part at least, to these considerations, as well as to some
+natural curiosity on the part of the Commissioners themselves, that we
+owe the examinations of Fawkes on the 17th and of Winter on the 23rd.
+
+     "Amongst all the confessions and 'voluntary declarations' extracted
+     from the conspirators," writes Father Gerard, "there are two of
+     exceptional importance, as having furnished the basis of the story
+     told by the Government, and ever since generally accepted. These
+     are a long declaration made by Thomas Winter, and another by Guy
+     Fawkes, which alone were made public, being printed in the 'King's
+     Book,' and from which are gathered the essential particulars of the
+     story, as we are accustomed to hear it."
+
+If Father Gerard merely means that the story published by the Government
+rested on these two confessions, and that the Government publications
+were the source of all knowledge about the plot till the Record Office
+was thrown open, in comparatively recent years, he says what is
+perfectly true, and, it may be added, quite irrelevant. If he means that
+our knowledge at the present day rests on these two documents, he is, as
+I hope I have already shown, mistaken. With the first five examinations
+of Fawkes in our hands, all the essential points of the conspiracy,
+except the names, are revealed to us. The names are given in the
+examination under torture, and a day or two later the Government was
+able to classify these names, though we are unable to specify the source
+from which it drew its information. If both the declarations to which
+Father Gerard refers had been absolutely destroyed we should have missed
+some picturesque details, which assist us somewhat in understanding what
+took place; but we should have been able to set forth the main features
+of the plot precisely as we do now.
+
+Nevertheless, as we do gain some additional information from these
+documents, let us examine whether there are such symptoms of foul play
+as Father Gerard thinks he can descry. Taking first Fawkes's declaration
+of November 17, it will be well to follow Father Gerard's argument. He
+brings into collocation three documents: first the interrogatories
+prepared by Coke after the examination of the 7th, then the examination
+of the 8th, which he calls a draft, and then the full declaration of the
+17th, which undoubtedly bears the signature of Fawkes himself.
+
+That the three documents are very closely connected is undeniable. Take,
+for instance, a paragraph to which Father Gerard not unnaturally draws
+attention, in which the repetition of the words 'the same day' proves at
+least partial identity of origin between Coke's interrogatories and the
+examination founded on them on the 8th.[88]
+
+"Was it not agreed," asks Coke, "the same day that the act should have
+been done, the same day, or soon after, the person of the Lady Elizabeth
+should have been surprised?" "He confesseth," Fawkes is stated to have
+said, "that the same day this detestable act should have been performed
+the same day should other of their confederacy have surprised the Lady
+Elizabeth." Yet before setting down Fawkes's replies as a fabrication of
+the Government, let us remember how evidence of this kind is taken and
+reported. If we take up the report of a criminal trial in a modern
+newspaper we shall find, for the most part, a flowing narrative put into
+the mouths of witnesses. John Jones, let us say, is represented as
+giving some such evidence as this: "I woke at two o'clock in the
+morning, and, looking out of window, saw by the light of the moon John
+Smith opening the stable door," &c. Nobody who has attended a law court
+imagines John Jones to have used these consecutive words. Questions are
+put to him by the examining counsel. When did you wake? Did you see
+anyone at the stable door? How came you to be able to see him, and so
+forth; and it is by combining these questions with the Yes and No, and
+other brief replies made by the witness, that the reporter constructs
+his narrative with no appreciable violation of truth. Is it not
+reasonable to suppose that the same practice prevailed in 1605? Fawkes,
+I suppose, answered to Coke's question, "Yes, others of the confederates
+proposed to surprise her," or something of the sort, and the result was
+the combination of question and answer which is given above.
+
+What, however, was the relation between the examination of the 8th and
+the declaration of the 17th? Father Gerard has printed them side by
+side,[89] and it is impossible to deny that the latter is founded on the
+former. Some paragraphs of the examination are not represented in the
+declaration, but these are paragraphs of no practical importance, and
+those that are represented are modified. The modifications admitted,
+however, are all consistent with what is a very probable supposition,
+that the Government wanted to get Fawkes's previous statements collected
+in one paper. He had given his account of the plot on one occasion, the
+names of the plotters on another, and had stated on a third that they
+were to be classified in three divisions--those who worked first at the
+mine, those who worked at it afterwards, and those who did not work at
+all. If the Government drew up a form combining the three statements and
+omitting immaterial matter, and got Fawkes to sign it, this would fully
+account for the form in which we find the declaration. At the present
+day, we should object to receive evidence from a man who had been
+tortured once and might be tortured again; but as this declaration adds
+nothing of any importance to our previous knowledge, it is unnecessary
+to recur to first principles on this occasion.[90]
+
+Winter's examination of the 23rd, as treated by Father Gerard, raises a
+more difficult question. The document itself is at Hatfield, and there
+is a copy of it in the 'Gunpowder Plot Book' in the Public Record
+Office. "The 'original' document," writes Father Gerard,[91] "is at
+Hatfield, and agrees in general so exactly with the copy as to
+demonstrate the identity of their origin. But while, as we have seen,
+the 'copy' is dated November 23rd, the 'original' is dated on the 25th."
+In a note, we are told 'that this is not a slip of the pen is evidenced
+by the fact that Winter first wrote 23, and then corrected it to 25.' To
+return to Father Gerard's text, we find, "On a circumstance so
+irregular, light is possibly thrown by a letter from Waad, the
+Lieutenant of the Tower, to Cecil[92] on the 20th of the same month.
+'Thomas Winter,' he wrote, 'doth find his hand so strong, as after
+dinner he will settle himself to write that he hath verbally declared to
+your Lordship, adding what he shall remember.' The inference is
+certainly suggested that torture had been used until the prisoner's
+spirit was sufficiently broken to be ready to tell the story required
+of him, and that the details were furnished by those who demanded it. It
+must, moreover, be remarked that, although Winter's 'original'
+declaration is witnessed only by Sir E. Coke, the Attorney-General, it
+appears in print attested by all those whom Cecil had selected for the
+purpose two days before the declaration was made."
+
+Apparently Father Gerard intends us to gather from his statement that
+the whole confession of Winter was drawn up by the Government on or
+before the 23rd, and that he was driven on the 25th by fears of renewed
+torture to put his hand to a tissue of falsehoods contained in a paper
+which the Government required him to copy out and sign. The whole of
+this edifice, it will be seen, rests on the assertion that Winter first
+wrote 23 and then corrected it to 25.
+
+So improbable did this assertion appear to me, that I wrote to Mr.
+Gunton, the courteous secretary of the Marquis of Salisbury, requesting
+him to examine the handwriting of the date in question. He tells me that
+the confession itself is, as Father Gerard states, in Winter's hand, as
+is also the date '23 {9 ber} 1605.' Two changes have been made; in the
+first place 23 has been altered to 25, and there has been added at the
+head of the paper: "The voluntary declaration of Thomas Winter, of
+Hoodington, in the County of Worcester, gent. the 25 of November, 1605."
+"This heading," Mr. Gunton writes, "is so tucked in at the top, that it
+must, I think, have been written after the confession itself." He also
+assures me that the 5 of the substituted date and the 5 in the added
+heading 'are exactly alike, and both different from the 5' at the end of
+the date of the year, as written by Winter. "The heading," Mr. Gunton
+writes, "I believe to be in Coke's hand. It is more carefully written
+than he usually writes, and more carefully than his attestation at the
+end; but as far as my judgment goes, it is decidedly his hand."
+
+The alleged fact that lies at the basis of Father Gerard's argument is
+therefore finally disposed of. Why Coke, if Coke it was, changed the
+date can be no more than matter for conjecture. Yet an explanation,
+conjectural though it be, seems to me to be probable enough. We have
+seen that Fawkes's confession under torture bears two dates, the 9th,
+when it was taken before Coke and Waad the Lieutenant of the Tower,
+together with a magistrate, Edward Forsett; the second, on the 10th,
+when it was declared before the Commissioners. Why may not this
+confession of Winter's have been subjected to a similar process. Winter,
+I suppose, writes it on the 23rd, and it is then witnessed, as Father
+Gerard says, by Coke alone. Though no copy with the autograph signatures
+of the Commissioners exists it is reasonable to suppose that one was
+made, in which a passage about Monteagle--whom the Government did not
+wish to connect with the plot except as a discoverer--was omitted, and
+that this, still bearing the date of the 23rd, may have been brought
+before the Commissioners on the 25th. They would thus receive a
+statement from Winter that it was his own, and the signatures of the
+Commissioners would then be appended to it, together with those of Coke
+and Waad. This then would be the document from which copies would be
+taken for the use of individual Commissioners, and we can thus account
+for Salisbury's having appended to his own copy now in the Record
+Office, "Taken before us, Nottingham, Suffolk, &c." The recognition
+before the Commissioners would become the official date, and Coke,
+having access to the original, changes the date on which it was written
+to that on which it was signed by the Commissioners. This explanation is
+merely put forward as a possible one. The important point is that Father
+Gerard's argument founded on the alteration of the date is inadmissible,
+now that Mr. Gunton has thrown light on the matter.
+
+Winter's confession having been thus vindicated is here inserted, partly
+because it gives the story from a different point of view from that of
+Fawkes, and partly because it will enable those who read it to see for
+themselves whether there is internal evidence of its having been
+manipulated by the Government.
+
+     _My Most Honourable Lords._
+
+     "23 {9 ber} 1605.
+
+     "Not out of hope to obtain pardon for speaking--of my temporal part
+     I may say the fault is greater than can be forgiven--nor affecting
+     hereby the title of a good subject for I must redeem my country
+     from as great a danger as I have hazarded the bringing her into,
+     before I can purchase any such opinion; only at your Honours'
+     command, I will briefly set down my own accusation, and how far I
+     have proceeded in this business which I shall the faithfuller do
+     since I see such courses are not pleasing to Almighty God; and that
+     all, or the most material parts have been already confessed.
+
+     "I remained with my brother in the country for All-hollantide,[93]
+     in the year of our Lord 1603, the first of the King's reign, about
+     which time, Mr. Catesby sent thither, entreating me to come to
+     London, where he and other friends would be glad to see me. I
+     desired him to excuse me, for I found not myself very well
+     disposed, and (which had happened never to me before) returned the
+     messenger without my company. Shortly I received another letter, in
+     any wise to come. At the second summons I presently came up and
+     found him with Mr. John Wright at Lambeth, where he brake with me
+     how necessary it was not to forsake my country (for he knew I had
+     then a resolution to go over), but to deliver her from the
+     servitude in which she remained, or at least to assist her with our
+     uttermost endeavours. I answered that I had often hazarded my life
+     upon far lighter terms, and now would not refuse any good occasion
+     wherein I might do service to the Catholic cause; but, for myself,
+     I knew no mean probable to succeed. He said that he had bethought
+     him of a way at one instant to deliver us from all our bonds, and
+     without any foreign help[94] to replant again the Catholic
+     religion, and withal told me in a word it was to blow up the
+     Parliament House with gunpowder; for, said he, in that place have
+     they done us all the mischief, and perchance God hath designed that
+     place for their punishment. I wondered at the strangeness of the
+     conceit, and told him that true it was this strake at the root and
+     would breed a confusion fit to beget new alterations, but if it
+     should not take effect (as most of this nature miscarried) the
+     scandal would be so great which the Catholic religion might hereby
+     sustain, as not only our enemies, but our friends also would with
+     good reason condemn us. He told me the nature of the disease
+     required so sharp a remedy, and asked me if I would give my
+     consent. I told him Yes, in this or what else soever, if he
+     resolved upon it, I would venture my life; but I proposed many
+     difficulties, as want of a house, and of one to carry the mine;
+     noise in the working, and such like. His answer was, let us give an
+     attempt, and where it faileth, pass no further. But first, quoth
+     he, because we will leave no peaceable and quiet way untried, you
+     shall go over and inform the Constable[95] of the state of the
+     Catholics here in England, intreating him to solicit his Majesty at
+     his coming hither that the penal laws may be recalled, and we
+     admitted into the rank of his other subjects. Withal, you may
+     bring over some confidant gentleman such as you shall understand
+     best able for this business, and named unto me Mr. Fawkes. Shortly
+     after I passed the sea and found the Constable at Bergen, near
+     Dunkirk, where, by the help of Mr. Owen,[96] I delivered my
+     message, whose answer was that he had strict command from his
+     master to do all good offices for the Catholics, and for his own
+     part he thought himself bound in conscience so to do, and that no
+     good occasion should be omitted, but spake to him nothing of this
+     matter.
+
+     "Returning to Dunkirk with Mr. Owen, we had speach whether he
+     thought the Constable would faithfully help us or no. He said he
+     believed nothing less, and that they sought only their own ends,
+     holding small account of Catholics. I told him, that there were
+     many gentlemen in England, who would not forsake their country
+     until they had tried the uttermost, and rather venture their lives
+     than forsake her in this misery; and to add one more to our number
+     as a fit man, both for counsel and execution of whatsoever we
+     should resolve, wished for Mr. Fawkes whom I had heard good
+     commendations of. He told me the gentleman deserved no less, but
+     was at Brussels, and that if he came not, as happily he might,
+     before my departure, he would send him shortly after into England.
+     I went soon after to Ostend, where Sir William Stanley as then was
+     not, but came two days after. I remained with him three or four
+     days, in which time I asked him, if the Catholics in England should
+     do anything to help themselves, whether he thought the Archduke
+     would second them. He answered, No; for all those parts were so
+     desirous of peace with England as they would endure no speach of
+     other enterprise, neither were it fit, said he, to set any project
+     afoot now the peace is upon concluding. I told him there was no
+     such resolution, and so fell to discourse of other matters until I
+     came to speak of Mr. Fawkes whose company I wished over into
+     England. I asked of his sufficiency in the wars, and told him we
+     should need such as he, if occasion required. He gave very good
+     commendations of him; and as we were thus discoursing and I ready
+     to depart for Nieuport and taking my leave of Sir William, Mr.
+     Fawkes came into our company newly returned and saluted us. This is
+     the gentleman, said Sir William, that you wished for, and so we
+     embraced again. I told him some good friends of his wished his
+     company in England; and that if he pleased to come to Dunkirk, we
+     would have further conference, whither I was then going: so taking
+     my leave of both, I departed. About two days after came Mr. Fawkes
+     to Dunkirk, where I told him that we were upon a resolution to do
+     somewhat in England if the peace with Spain helped us not, but had
+     as yet resolved upon nothing. Such or the like talk we passed at
+     Gravelines, where I lay for a wind, and when it served, came both
+     in one passage to Greenwich, near which place we took a pair of
+     oars, and so came up to London, and came to Mr. Catesby whom we
+     found in his lodging. He welcomed us into England, and asked me
+     what news from the Constable. I told him Good words, but I feared
+     the deeds would not answer. This was the beginning of Easter
+     term[97] and about the midst of the same term (whether sent for by
+     Mr. Catesby, or upon some business of his own) up came Mr. Thomas
+     Percy. The first word he spake (after he came into our company) was
+     Shall we always, gentlemen, talk and never do anything? Mr. Catesby
+     took him aside and had speech about somewhat to be done, so as
+     first we might all take an oath of secrecy, which we resolved
+     within two or three days to do, so as there we met behind St.
+     Clement's, Mr. Catesby, Mr. Percy, Mr. Wright, Mr. Guy Fawkes, and
+     myself, and having, upon a primer given each other the oath of
+     secrecy in a chamber where no other body was, we went after into
+     the next room and heard mass, and received the blessed sacrament
+     upon the same. Then did Mr. Catesby disclose to Mr. Percy,[98] and
+     I together with Jack Wright tell to Mr. Fawkes the business for
+     which they took this oath which they both approved; and then Mr.
+     Percy sent to take the house, which Mr. Catesby, in my absence, had
+     learnt did belong to one Ferris, which with some difficulty in the
+     end he obtained, and became, as Ferris before was, tenant to
+     Whynniard. Mr. Fawkes underwent the name of Mr. Percy's man,
+     calling himself Johnson, because his face was the most unknown,[99]
+     and received the keys of the house, until we heard that the
+     Parliament was adjourned to the 7 of February. At which time we all
+     departed several ways into the country, to meet again at the
+     beginning of Michaelmas term.[100] Before this time also it was
+     thought convenient to have a house that might answer to Mr.
+     Percy's, where we might make provision of powder and wood for the
+     mine which, being there made ready, should in a night be conveyed
+     by boat to the house by the Parliament because we were loth to foil
+     that with often going in and out. There was none that we could
+     devise so fit as Lambeth where Mr. Catesby often lay, and to be
+     keeper thereof, by Mr. Catesby's choice, we received into the
+     number Keyes, as a trusty honest man.[101]
+
+     "Some fortnight after, towards the beginning of the term, Mr.
+     Fawkes and I came to Mr. Catesby at Moorcrofts, where we agreed
+     that now was time to begin and set things in order for the mine, so
+     as Mr. Fawkes went to London and the next day sent for me to come
+     over to him. When I came, the cause was for that the Scottish Lords
+     were appointed to sit in conference on the Union in Mr. Percy's
+     house. This hindered our beginning until a fortnight before
+     Christmas, by which time both Mr. Percy and Mr. Wright were come to
+     London, and we against their coming had provided a good part of the
+     powder, so as we all five entered with tools fit to begin our work,
+     having provided ourselves of baked-meats, the less to need sending
+     abroad. We entered late in the night, and were never seen, save
+     only Mr. Percy's man, until Christmas-eve, in which time we wrought
+     under a little entry to the wall of the Parliament House, and
+     underpropped it as we went with wood.
+
+     "Whilst we were together we began to fashion our business, and
+     discourse what we should do after this deed were done. The first
+     question was how we might surprise the next heir; the Prince
+     happily would be at the Parliament with the King his father: how
+     should we then be able to seize on the Duke?[102] This burden Mr.
+     Percy undertook; that by his acquaintance he with another gentleman
+     would enter the chamber without suspicion, and having some dozen
+     others at several doors to expect his coming, and two or three on
+     horseback at the Court gate to receive him, he would undertake (the
+     blow being given, until which he would attend in the Duke's
+     chamber) to carry him safe away, for he supposed most of the Court
+     would be absent, and such as were there not suspecting, or
+     unprovided for any such matter. For the Lady Elizabeth it were easy
+     to surprise her in the country by drawing friends together at a
+     hunting near the Lord Harrington's, and Ashby, Mr. Catesby's house,
+     being not far off was a fit place for preparation.
+
+     "The next was for money and horses, which if we could provide in
+     any reasonable measure (having the heir apparent) and the first
+     knowledge by four or five days was odds sufficient. Then, what
+     Lords we should save from the Parliament, which was agreed in
+     general as many as we could that were Catholics or so disposed.
+     Next, what foreign princes we should acquaint with this before or
+     join with after. For this point we agreed that first we would not
+     enjoin princes to that secrecy nor oblige them by oath so to be
+     secure of their promise; besides, we know not whether they will
+     approve the project or dislike it, and if they do allow thereof, to
+     prepare before might beget suspicion and[103] not to provide until
+     the business were acted; the same letter that carried news of the
+     thing done might as well entreat their help and furtherance. Spain
+     is too slow in his preparations to hope any good from in the first
+     extremities, and France too near and too dangerous, who with the
+     shipping of Holland we feared of all the world might make away with
+     us. But while we were in the middle of these discourses, we heard
+     that the Parliament should be anew adjourned until after
+     Michaelmas, upon which tidings we broke off both discourse and
+     working until after Christmas. About Candlemas we brought over in a
+     boat the powder which we had provided at Lambeth and layd it in Mr.
+     Percy's house because we were willing to have all our danger in one
+     place. We wrought also another fortnight in the mine against the
+     stone wall, which was very hard to beat through, at which time we
+     called in Kit Wright, and near to Easter[104] as we wrought the
+     third time, opportunity was given to hire the cellar, in which we
+     resolved to lay the powder and leave the mine.
+
+     "Now by reason that the charge of maintaining us all so long
+     together, besides the number of several houses which for several
+     uses had been hired, and buying of powder, &c., had lain heavy on
+     Mr. Catesby alone to support, it was necessary for to call in some
+     others to ease his charge, and to that end desired leave that he
+     with Mr. Percy and a third whom they should call might acquaint
+     whom they thought fit and willing to the business, for many, said
+     he, may be content that I should know who would not therefore that
+     all the Company should be acquainted with their names. To this we
+     all agreed.
+
+     "After this Mr. Fawkes laid into the cellar (which he had newly
+     taken) a thousand of billets and five hundred of faggots, and with
+     that covered the powder, because we might have the house free to
+     suffer anyone to enter that would. Mr. Catesby wished us to
+     consider whether it were not now necessary to send Mr. Fawkes over,
+     both to absent himself for a time as also to acquaint Sir William
+     Stanley and Mr. Owen with this matter. We agreed that he should;
+     provided that he gave it them with the same oath that we had taken
+     before, viz., to keep it secret from all the world. The reason why
+     we desired Sir William Stanley should be acquainted herewith was to
+     have him with us so soon as he could, and, for Mr. Owen, he might
+     hold good correspondency after with foreign princes. So Mr. Fawkes
+     departed about Easter for Flanders and returned the later end of
+     August. He told me that when he arrived at Brussels, Sir William
+     Stanley was not returned from Spain, so as he uttered the matter
+     only to Owen, who seemed well pleased with the business, but told
+     him that surely Sir William would not be acquainted with any plot
+     as having business now afoot in the Court of England, but he
+     himself would be always ready to tell it him and send him away so
+     soon as it were done.
+
+     "About this time did Mr. Percy and Mr. Catesby meet at the Bath
+     where they agreed that the company being yet but few, Mr. Catesby
+     should have the others' authority to call in whom he thought best,
+     by which authority he called in after Sir Everard Digby, though at
+     what time I know not, and last of all Mr. Francis Tresham. The
+     first promised, as I heard Mr. Catesby say, fifteen hundred pounds.
+     Mr. Percy himself promised all that he could get of the Earl of
+     Northumberland's rent,[105] and to provide many galloping horses,
+     his number was ten.[106] Meanwhile Mr. Fawkes and myself alone
+     bought some new powder, as suspecting the first to be dank, and
+     conveyed it into the cellar and set it in order as we resolved it
+     should stand. Then was the Parliament anew prorogued until the 5 of
+     November; so as we all went down until some ten days before. When
+     Mr. Catesby came up with Mr. Fawkes to a house by Enfield Chase
+     called White Webbs, whither I came to them, and Mr. Catesby willed
+     me to inquire whether the young Prince[107] came to Parliament, I
+     told him that his Grace thought not to be there. Then must we have
+     our horses, said Mr. Catesby, beyond the water,[108] and provision
+     of more company to surprise the Prince and leave the Duke alone.
+     Two days after, being Sunday[109] at night, in came one to my
+     chamber and told me that a letter had been given to my Lord
+     Monteagle to this effect, that he wished his lordship's absence
+     from the Parliament because a blow would there be given, which
+     letter he presently carried to my Lord of Salisbury. On the morrow
+     I went to White Webbs and told it to Mr. Catesby, assuring him
+     withal that the matter was disclosed and wishing him in any wise to
+     forsake his country. He told me he would see further as yet and
+     resolved to send Mr. Fawkes to try the uttermost, protesting if the
+     part belonged to myself he would try the same adventure. On
+     Wednesday Mr. Fawkes went and returned at night, of which we were
+     very glad. Thursday[110] I came to London, and Friday[111] Mr.
+     Catesby, Mr. Tresham and I met at Barnet, where we questioned how
+     this letter should be sent to my Lord Monteagle, but could not
+     conceive, for Mr. Tresham forsware it, whom we only suspected. On
+     Saturday night[112] I met Mr. Tresham again in Lincoln's Inn Walks,
+     where he told such speeches that my Lord of Salisbury should use to
+     the King, as I gave it lost the second time, and repeated the same
+     to Mr. Catesby, who hereupon was resolved to be gone, but stayed to
+     have Mr. Percy come up whose consent herein we wanted. On Sunday
+     night[113] came Mr. Percy, and no 'Nay,' but would abide the
+     uttermost trial.
+
+     "This suspicion of all hands put us into such confusion as Mr.
+     Catesby resolved to go down into the country the Monday[114] that
+     Mr. Percy went to Sion and Mr. Percy resolved to follow the same
+     night or early the next morning. About five o'clock being
+     Tuesday[115] came the younger Wright to my chamber and told me that
+     a nobleman called the Lord Monteagle, saying "Rise and come along
+     to Essex House, for I am going to call up my Lord of
+     Northumberland," saying withal 'the matter is discovered.' "Go back
+     Mr. Wright," quoth I, "and learn what you can at Essex Gate."
+     Shortly he returned and said, "Surely all is lost, for Leyton is
+     got on horseback at Essex door, and as he parted, he asked if their
+     Lordship's would have any more with him, and being answered "No,"
+     is rode as fast up Fleet Street as he can ride." "Go you then,"
+     quoth I, "to Mr. Percy, for sure it is for him they seek, and bid
+     him begone: I will stay and see the uttermost." Then I went to the
+     Court gates, and found them straitly guarded so as nobody could
+     enter. From thence I went down towards the Parliament House, and in
+     the middle of King's Street found the guard standing that would not
+     let me pass, and as I returned, I heard one say, "There is a
+     treason discovered in which the King and the Lords shall have been
+     blown up," so then I was fully satisfied that all was known, and
+     went to the stable where my gelding stood, and rode into the
+     country. Mr. Catesby had appointed our meeting at Dunchurch, but I
+     could not overtake them until I came to my brother's which was
+     Wednesday night.[116] On Thursday[117] we took the armour at my
+     Lord Windsor's, and went that night to one Stephen Littleton's
+     house, where the next day, being Friday,[118] as I was early abroad
+     to discover, my man came to me and said that a heavy mischance had
+     severed all the company, for that Mr. Catesby, Mr. Rokewood and Mr.
+     Grant were burnt with gunpowder, upon which sight the rest
+     dispersed. Mr. Littleton wished me to fly and so would he. I told
+     him I would first see the body of my friend and bury him,
+     whatsoever befel me. When I came I found Mr. Catesby reasonable
+     well, Mr. Percy, both the Wrights, Mr. Rokewood and Mr. Grant. I
+     asked them what they resolved to do. They answered "We mean here to
+     die." I said again I would take such part as they did. About eleven
+     of the clock came the company to beset the house, and as I walked
+     into the court was shot into the shoulder, which lost me the use of
+     my arm. The next shot was the elder Wright struck dead; after him
+     the younger Mr. Wright, and fourthly Ambrose Rokewood. Then, said
+     Mr. Catesby to me (standing before the door they were to enter),
+     "Stand by, Mr. Tom, and we will die together." "Sir," quoth I, "I
+     have lost the use of my right arm and I fear that will cause me to
+     be taken." So as we stood close together Mr. Catesby, Mr. Percy and
+     myself, they two were shot (as far as I could guess, with one
+     bullet), and then the company entered upon me, hurt me in the belly
+     with a pike and gave me other wounds, until one came behind and
+     caught hold of both my arms, and so I remain, Your &c."
+
+     "[Taken before us
+
+     "Nottingham, Suffolk, Northampton, Salisbury, Mar, Dunbar, Popham.
+
+       EDW. COKE,
+       W. WAAD.]"[119]
+
+I have printed this interesting statement in full, because it is the
+only way in which I can convey to my readers the sense of spontaneity
+which pervades it from beginning to end. To me, at least, it seems
+incredible that it was either written to order, or copied from a paper
+drawn up by some agent of the Government. Nor is it to be forgotten that
+if there was one thing the Government was anxious to secure, it was
+evidence against the priests, and that no such evidence can be extracted
+from this confession. What is, perhaps, still more to the point is, that
+no candid person can, I imagine, rise from the perusal of these
+sentences without having his estimate of the character of the
+conspirators raised. There is no conscious assumption of high qualities,
+but each touch as it comes strengthens the belief that the men concerned
+in the plot were patient and loyal, brave beyond the limits of ordinary
+bravery, and utterly without selfish aims. Could this result have been
+attained by a confession written to order or dictated by Salisbury or
+his agents, to whom the plotters were murderous villains of the basest
+kind?
+
+There is nothing to show that Winter's evidence was procured by torture.
+Father Gerard, indeed, quotes a letter from Waad, written on the 21st,
+in which he says that 'Thomas Winter doth find his hand so strong as
+after dinner he will settle himself to write that he hath verbally
+declared to your Lordship adding what he shall remember.' Considering
+that he had a ball through his shoulder a fortnight before, the
+suggestion of torture is hardly needed to find a cause for his having
+for some time been unable to use his hand.
+
+Before turning to another branch of the investigation, it will be
+advisable to clear up one difficulty which is not quite so easy to
+solve.
+
+     "Fawkes," writes Father Gerard,[120] "in the confession of November
+     17, mentioned Robert Keyes as amongst the first seven of the
+     conspirators who worked at the mine, and Robert Winter as one of
+     the five introduced at a later period. The names of these two were
+     deliberately interchanged in the published version, Robert Winter
+     appearing as a worker in the mine, and Keyes, who was an obscure
+     man, of no substance, among the gentlemen of property whose
+     resources were to have supported the subsequent rebellion.
+     Moreover, in the account of the same confession sent to Edmondes by
+     Cecil three days before Fawkes signed it--_i.e._, November 14--the
+     same transposition occurs, Keyes being explicitly described as one
+     of those 'who wrought not at the mine,' although, as we have seen,
+     he is one of the three who alone make any mention of it.
+
+     "Still more irregular is another circumstance. About November 28,
+     Sir Edward Coke, the Attorney-General, drew up certain further
+     notes of questions to be put to various prisoners. Amongst these we
+     read: 'Winter[121] to be examined of his brother, for no man else
+     can accuse him.' But a fortnight or so before this time the
+     Secretary of State had officially informed the ambassador in the
+     Low Countries that Robert Winter was one of those deepest in the
+     treason, and, to say nothing of other evidence, a proclamation for
+     his apprehension had been issued on November 18th. Yet Coke's
+     interrogatory seems to imply that nothing had yet been established
+     against him, and that he was not known to the general body of the
+     traitors as a fellow-conspirator."
+
+If this tangled skein is to be unravelled, the first thing to be done is
+to place the facts in their chronological order, upon which many if not
+all the difficulties will disappear, premising that, as a matter of
+fact, Keyes did work at the mine, and Robert Winter did not.
+
+In his examination of November 7, in which no names appear, and nothing
+is said about a mine, Fawkes spoke of five original conspirators, and of
+five or six subsequently joining them, and being generally acquainted
+with the plot.[122] On the 8th,[123] when the mine was first mentioned,
+he divided the seven actual diggers into two classes: first, the five
+who worked from the beginning, and, secondly, two who were afterwards
+added to that number, saying nothing of the conspirators who took no
+part in the mining operations. On the 9th, under torture, he gave the
+names of the first five apart, and then lumped all the other
+conspirators together, so that both Keyes and Robert Winter appear in
+the same class. On the 17th he gave, as the names of two, who, as he now
+said, subsequently worked at the mine, Christopher Wright and Robert
+Winter, but the surname of the latter is deleted with pen-strokes, and
+that of Keyes substituted above it; whilst, in the list of the persons
+made privy to the plot but not engaged in digging, we have the name of
+Keyes, afterwards deleted, and that of Wynter substituted for it.[124]
+The only question is, when was the double substitution effected?
+
+As far as the action of the Government is known, we have the list
+referred to at pp. 47, 48, and probably written on or about the
+10th.[125] In this the additional workers are first said to have been
+John Grant and Christopher Wright. The former name is, however,
+scratched out, and that of 'Robyn Winter' substituted for it, and from
+this list is taken the one forwarded to Edmondes on the 14th.[126] Even
+if we could discover any conceivable motive for the Government wishing
+to accuse Keyes rather than Winter, it would not help us to explain why
+the name of Winter was substituted for that of Grant at one time, and
+the name of Keyes substituted for that of Winter at another.
+
+On the other hand, Fawkes, if he had any knowledge of what was going on,
+had at least a probable motive for putting Winter rather than Keyes in
+the worse category. Keyes had been seized, whilst Winter was still at
+large, and Fawkes may have thought that as Winter might make his escape
+beyond sea, it was better to load him with the burden which really
+belonged to Keyes. If this solution be accepted as a possible one, it
+is easy to understand how the Government fixed on Winter as one of the
+actual diggers. On the 18th, the day after his name had been given by
+Fawkes, a proclamation is issued for his apprehension as one 'known to
+be a principal.'[127] It is not for ten days that any sign is given of a
+belief that Keyes was the right man. Then, on the 28th, Coke suggests
+that Thomas Winter may be examined about his brother, 'for no man else
+can accuse him,' a suggestion which would be absurd if Fawkes's
+statement had still held good. On the 30th Keyes himself acknowledges
+that he bought some of the powder and assisted in carrying it to
+Ferrers' house, and that he also helped to work at the mine.
+
+I am inclined therefore to assign the alteration of the name which
+Fawkes gave in his examination of the 17th to some day shortly before
+the 28th, and to think that the sending of the 'King's Book'[128] to
+press took place on some day between the 23rd, the date of Thomas
+Winter's examination, and the 28th. If so, the retention of the name of
+Robert Winter amongst the diggers, and that of Keyes amongst those made
+privy afterwards, needs no further explanation.[129] Cromwell once
+adjured the Presbyterians of Edinburgh to believe it possible that they
+might be mistaken. If Father Gerard would only believe it possible that
+Salisbury may have been mistaken, he would hardly be so keen to mark
+conscious deception, where deception is not necessarily to be found.
+After all, the Government left the names of Winter and Keyes perfectly
+legible under the pen-strokes drawn across them, and the change they
+made was at least the erasure of a false statement and the substitution
+of a true one.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+STRUCTURAL DIFFICULTIES.
+
+
+From a study of the documentary evidence, I pass to an examination of
+those structural conditions which Father Gerard pronounces to be fatal
+to the 'traditional' story. The first step is obviously to ascertain the
+exact position of Whynniard's house, part of which was rented by Percy.
+The investigator is, however, considerably assisted by Father Gerard,
+who has successfully exploded the old belief that this building lay to
+the southwest of the House of Lords. His argument, which appears to me
+to be conclusive, runs as follows:--
+
+     "That the lodging hired by Percy stood near the southeast corner of
+     the old House of Lords (_i.e._ nearer to the river than that
+     building, and adjacent to, if not adjoining the Prince's Chamber)
+     is shown by the following arguments:--
+
+     "1. John Shepherd, servant to Whynniard, gave evidence as to having
+     on a certain occasion seen from the river 'a boat lie close to the
+     pale of Sir Thomas Parry's garden, and men going to and from the
+     water through the back door that leadeth into Mr. Percy, his
+     lodging.--[_Gunpowder Plot Book_, 40, part 2.]
+
+     "2. Fawkes, in his examination of November 5, 1605, speaks of the
+     window in his chamber near the Parliament House towards the
+     water-side.
+
+     "3. It is said that when digging their mine the conspirators were
+     troubled by the influx of water from the river, which would be
+     impossible if they were working at the opposite side of the
+     Parliament House."[130]
+
+I think, however, that a still closer identification is possible. On
+page 80 will be seen a frontage towards the river, marked 'very old
+walls, remaining in 1795 & 1800,' of which the line corresponds fairly
+with that of the house in the view given as the frontispiece to this
+volume.
+
+On part of the site behind it is written 'Very Old House,' and the
+remainder is said to have been occupied by a garden for many years. It
+may, however, be gathered from the view that this piece of ground was
+covered by part of the house in 1799, and I imagine that the 'many
+years' must have commenced in 1807, when the house was demolished (see
+view at p. 89). If any doubt remains as to the locality of the front it
+will be removed by Capon's pencilled note on the door to the left,[131]
+stating that it led to Parliament Place.[132]
+
+The house marked separately to the right in the plan, as Mrs. Robe's
+house, 1799, is evidently identical with the more modern building in
+the frontispiece, and therefore does not concern us.
+
+With this comparatively modern plan should be compared the three which
+follow in succession (pp. 81, 82, 83), respectively dated 1685, 1739,
+and 1761. They are taken from the Crace Collection of plans in the Print
+Room of the British Museum, Portfolio xi. Nos. 30, 45, 46.
+
+The first of these three plans differs from the later ones in two
+important particulars. In the first place, the shaded part indicating
+buildings is divided by dark lines, and, in the second place, this
+shaded part covers more ground. I suppose there can be little doubt that
+the dark lines indicate party walls, and we are thus enabled to
+understand how it is that, whilst in writing to Parry[133] Salisbury
+speaks of Percy as having taken a part of Whynniard's house, Percy is
+spoken of in all the remaining evidence that has reached us as taking a
+house. Salisbury, no doubt, was thinking of the whole tenement held by
+Whynniard as a house, whilst others gave that name to such a part of it
+as could be separately held by a single tenant. The other difference
+between the plans is less easy to explain. Neither of the later ones
+show that excrescence towards the river-bank, abutting on its northern
+side on Cotton Garden, which is so noted a feature in the plan of 1685.
+At one time I was inclined to think that we had here the 'low room new
+builded,' that in which Percy at first stored his powder; but this
+would be to make the house rented by him far larger than it is likely to
+have been. A more probable explanation is given by the plan itself. It
+will be seen that the shading includes the internal courtyard,
+perceptible in the two later plans, and it does not therefore
+necessarily indicate the presence of buildings. May not the shaded part
+reaching to the river mean no more than that in 1685 there was some yard
+or garden specially attached to the House?
+
+
+[Illustration: PART OF A PLAN OF THE ANCIENT PALACE OF WESTMINSTER, BY
+THE LATE MR. WILLIAM CAPON, MEASURED AND DRAWN BETWEEN 1793 AND
+1823.--_Vetusta Monumenta_, vol. v. The houses at the edge of the river
+were not in existence in 1605, the ground on which they were built
+having been reclaimed since that date.]
+
+
+[Illustration: FROM A PLAN OF PART OF WESTMINSTER, 1685.
+
+A. Probable position of the chamber attached to the House of Lords. B.
+Probable position of the house leased to Percy. These references are not
+in the original plan.]
+
+
+[Illustration: FROM A PLAN OF PART OF WESTMINSTER, WITH INTENDED
+IMPROVEMENTS OF THE HOUSES OF LORDS AND COMMONS, BY W. KENT, 1739.
+
+A red line showing the ground set apart by Kent for building is
+omitted.]
+
+
+[Illustration: FROM A PLAN OF WESTMINSTER HALL AND THE HOUSES OF
+PARLIAMENT AS IT APPEARED IN 1761
+
+Part of this lettering is in pencil in the original plan.]
+
+
+Before giving reasons for selecting any one part of Whynniard's block as
+that rented from him by Percy, it is necessary to face a difficulty
+raised by Father Gerard:--
+
+     "Neither," he writes, "does the house appear to have been well
+     suited for the purposes for which it was taken. Speed tells us,
+     and he is confirmed by Bishop Barlow, of Lincoln, that it was let
+     out to tenants only when Parliament was not assembled, and during a
+     session formed part of the premises at the disposal of the Lords,
+     whom it served as a withdrawing room. As this plot was of necessity
+     to take effect during a session, when the place would be in other
+     hands, it is very hard to understand how it was intended that the
+     final and all-important operation should be conducted."[134]
+
+This objection is put still more strongly in a subsequent passage:--
+
+     "We have already observed on the nature of the house occupied in
+     Percy's name. If this were, as Speed tells us, and as there is no
+     reason to doubt, at the service of the Peers during a session for a
+     withdrawing-room, and if the session was to begin on November 5,
+     how could Fawkes hope not only to remain in possession, but to
+     carry on his strange proceedings unobserved amid the crowd of
+     lacqueys and officials with whom the opening of the Parliament by
+     the Sovereign must needs have flooded the premises. How was he,
+     unobserved, to get into the fatal 'cellar'?"[135]
+
+It is easy enough to brush away Father Gerard's alleged confirmation by
+Bishop Barlow,[136] who, writing as he did in the reign of Charles II.,
+carries no weight on such a point. Besides, he did not write a book on
+the Gunpowder Plot at all. He merely republished, in 1679, an old
+official narrative of the trial, with an unimportant preface of his
+own. What Father Gerard quotes here and elsewhere is, however, not even
+taken from this republication, but from an anonymous pamphlet published
+in 1678, and reprinted in _The Harleian Miscellany_, iii. 121, which is
+avowedly a cento made up from earlier writers, and in which the words
+referred to are doubtless copied directly from Speed.
+
+Speed's own testimony, however, cannot be so lightly dismissed,
+especially as it is found in the first edition of his _History_,
+published in 1611, and therefore only six years after the event:--
+
+     "No place," he says, "was held fitter than a certain edifice
+     adjoining the wall of the Parliament House, which served for
+     withdrawing rooms for the assembled Lords, and out of Parliament
+     was at the disposal of the keeper of the place and wardrobe
+     thereunto belonging."[137]
+
+This is quite specific, and unless Speed's evidence can be in any way
+modified, fully justifies Father Gerard in his contention. Let us,
+however, turn to the agreement for the house in question:--
+
+     "Memorandum that it is concluded between Thomas Percy of London
+     Esquire and Henry Ferrers of Bordesley Clinton in the County of
+     Warwick Gentleman the xxiiii day of March in the second year of our
+     Sovereign Lord King James.[138]
+
+     "That the said Henry hath granted to the said Thomas to enjoy his
+     house in Westminster belonging to the Parliament House, the said
+     Thomas getting the consent of Mr. Whynniard, and satisfying me,
+     the said Henry, for my charges bestowed thereupon, as shall be
+     thought fit by two indifferent men chosen between us.
+
+     "And that he shall also have the other house that Gideon Gibbons
+     dwelleth in, with an assignment of a lease from Mr. Whynniard
+     thereof, satisfying me as aforesaid, and using the now tenant well.
+
+     "And the said Thomas hath lent unto me the said Henry twenty
+     pounds, to be allowed upon reckoning or to be repaid again at the
+     will of the said Thomas.
+
+     "HENRY FERRERS.
+
+     "Sealed and delivered in the presence of
+
+     Jo: White and Christopher Symons.[139]"
+
+It is therefore beyond question, on the evidence of this agreement, that
+Speed was right in connecting with Parliament a house rented by Percy.
+It is, however, also beyond question, on the evidence of the same
+agreement, that he also took a second house, of which Whynniard was to
+give him a lease. The inference that Percy would have been turned out of
+this second house when Parliament met seems, therefore, to be untenable.
+Whynniard, it may be observed, had, on March 24, 1602, been appointed,
+in conjunction with his son, Keeper of the Old Palace,[140] so that the
+block of buildings concerned, which is within the Old Palace, may very
+well have been his official residence.
+
+Let us now cast our eyes on the plan on p. 81. We find there a long
+division of the building running between the wall of the House of Lords
+and the back wall of the remainder of the block. It certainly looks as
+if this must have been the house, or division of a house, belonging to
+Parliament, and this probability is turned into something like certainty
+by the two views that now follow, taken from the _Crace Collection_;
+Views, Portfolio xv., Nos. 18, 26.
+
+It will be seen that the first of these two views, taken in 1804 (p.
+88), shows us a large mullioned window, inside which must have been a
+room of some considerable length to require so large an opening to admit
+light, as its breadth must evidently have been limited. Such a room
+would be out of place in the rambling building we have been examining,
+but by no means out of place as a chamber or gallery connected with the
+House of Lords, and capable of serving as a place of meeting for the
+Commissioners appointed to consider a scheme of union with Scotland. A
+glance at the view on page 89, which was taken in 1807, when the wall of
+the House of Lords was being laid bare by the demolition of the houses
+abutting on it, shows two apertures, a window with a Gothic arch, and an
+opening with a square head, which may very well have served as a door,
+whilst the window may have been blocked up. If such a connection with
+the House of Lords can be established, there seems no reason to doubt
+that we have the withdrawing room fixed beyond doubt. Father Gerard
+mentions an old print representing 'the two Houses assembled in the
+presence of Queen Elizabeth,' and having 'windows on both sides.'[141]
+Such a print can only refer to a time before the mullioned chamber was
+in existence, and therefore--unless this print, like a subsequent one,
+was a mere copy of an earlier one still--we have fair evidence that
+the large room was not in existence in some year in the reign of
+Elizabeth, whilst the plan at p. 80 shows that it was in existence in
+1685. That it was there in 1605 is not, indeed, to be proved by other
+evidence than that it manifestly supplies us with the withdrawing room
+for the Lords and for the Commissioners for the Union of which we hear
+so much.
+
+
+[Illustration: EAST END OF THE PRINCE'S CHAMBER.
+
+Published July 1, 1804, by J. T. Smith.]
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEWS OF THE EAST SIDE OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, THE EAST
+END OF THE PRINCE'S CHAMBER, &C. TAKEN OCTOBER 8, 1807.
+
+N.B. From the doorway out of which a man is peeping, nearly in the
+centre of the print, Guy Fawkes was to have made his escape. Published
+Nov. 4, 1807, by J. T. Smith.]
+
+
+That in the early part of the nineteenth century the storey beneath this
+room was occupied by a passage leading from the court opening on
+Parliament Place, and Cotton Garden, is shown in the plan at p. 81; and
+the views at pp. 88, 89, rather indicate that that passage was in
+existence when the old house, which I call Whynniard's block, was still
+undemolished. If this was so, we are able to find a place for the
+'little entry,' under which, according to Winter, the conspirators
+worked. This view of the case, too, is borne out by Smith's statement,
+that 'in the further end of that court,' _i.e._ the court running up
+from Parliament Place, 'is a doorway, through which, and turning to the
+left through another doorway, is the immediate way out of the cellar
+where the powder-plot was intended to take effect.'[142] It seems likely
+that the whole long space under the withdrawing room was used as a
+passage, though, on the other hand, the part of what was afterwards a
+passage may have been blocked by a room, in which case we have the 'low
+room new builded'--_i.e._ built in some year in Elizabeth's reign--in
+which the powder was stored.
+
+Having thus fixed the position of the house belonging to Parliament, and
+shown that it probably consisted of a long room in one storey, we can
+hardly fail to discover the second house as that marked B in the plan on
+p. 81, since that house alone combines the conditions of being close to
+the House of Lords, and having a door and window looking towards the
+river.
+
+According to Father Gerard, however, the premises occupied by Percy were
+far too small to make this explanation permissible.
+
+     "We learn," he says, "on the unimpeachable evidence of Mrs.
+     Whynniard's servant that the house afforded accommodation only for
+     one person at a time, so that when Percy came there to spend the
+     night, Fawkes, who passed for his man, had to lodge out. This
+     suggests another question. Percy's pretext for laying in so much
+     fuel was that he meant to bring up his wife to live there. But how
+     could this be under such conditions?"[143]
+
+Mrs. Whynniard's servant, however, Roger James, did not use the words
+here put into his mouth. He said that he had heard from Mrs. Gibbons
+'that Mr. Percy hath lain in the said lodging divers times himself, but
+when he lay there, his man lay abroad, there being but one bed in the
+said lodging.'
+
+Fawkes, therefore, lodged out when his master came, not because there
+was not a second room in the house, but because there was only one bed.
+If Mrs. Percy arrived alone she would probably find one bed sufficient
+for herself and her husband. If she brought any maidservants with her,
+beds could be provided for them without much difficulty. Is it not
+likely that the plan of sending Fawkes out to sleep was contrived with
+the object of persuading the Whynniards that as matters stood no more
+than one person could occupy the house at night, and of thus putting
+them off the scent, at the time when the miners were congregated in it?
+
+A more serious problem is presented by Father Gerard's inquiry 'how
+proceedings so remarkable' as the digging of the mine could have escaped
+the notice, not only of the Government, but of the entire neighbourhood.
+
+     "This," he continues, "it must be remembered, was most populous.
+     There were people living in the very building a part of which
+     sheltered the conspirators. Around were thickly clustered the
+     dwellings of the Keeper of the Wardrobe, auditors and tellers of
+     the Exchequer, and other such officials. There were tradespeople
+     and workmen constantly employed close to the spot where the work
+     was going on; while the public character of the place makes it
+     impossible to suppose that tenants such as Percy and his friends,
+     who were little better than lodgers, could claim the exclusive use
+     of anything beyond the rooms they rented--even when allowed the use
+     of them--or could shut against the neighbours and visitors in
+     general the precincts of so frequented a spot."[144]
+
+To this is added the following footnote:--
+
+     "The buildings of the dissolved College of St. Stephen, comprising
+     those around the House of Lords, were granted by Edward VI. to Sir
+     Ralph Lane. They reverted to the Crown under Elizabeth, and were
+     appropriated as residences for the auditors and tellers of the
+     Exchequer. The locality became so populous that in 1606 it was
+     forbidden to erect more houses."
+
+This statement is reinforced by a conjectural view of the neighbourhood
+founded on the 'best authorities' by Mr. H. W. Brewer.[145] Mr. Brewer
+who has since kindly examined with me the drawings and plans in the
+Crace Collection, on which I rely, has, I think, been misled by those
+early semi-pictorial maps, which, though they may be relied on for
+larger buildings, such as the House of Lords or St. Stephen's Chapel,
+are very imaginative in their treatment of private houses. In any case I
+deny the existence of the two large houses placed by him between what I
+infer to have been Whynniard's house and the river side.
+
+The history of the land between the wall of the old palace on which
+stood the river front of Whynniard's house, and the bank of the Thames,
+can be traced with tolerable accuracy. It formed part of a larger
+estate, formerly the property of the dissolved chapel of St. Stephen,
+granted by Edward VI. to Sir Ralph Fane;[146] Father Gerard's Sir Ralph
+Lane being a misprint or a mistake. Fane, however, was hanged shortly
+afterwards, and the estate, reverting to the Crown, was re-granted to
+Sir John Gates.[147] Again reverting to the Crown, it was dealt with in
+separate portions, and the part on which the Exchequer officers'
+residences was built was to the north of Cotton Garden, and being quite
+out of earshot of Whynniard's house, need not concern us here. In 1588,
+the Queen granted to John Whynniard, then an officer of the Wardrobe, a
+lease of several parcels of ground for thirty years.[148] Some of these
+were near Whitehall, others to the south of Parliament Stairs. The only
+one which concerns us is a piece of land lying between the wall of the
+Old Palace, on which the river-front of Whynniard's house was built, and
+the Thames. In 1600 the reversion was granted to two men named Evershed
+and Holland, who immediately sold it to Whynniard, thus constituting him
+the owner of the land in perpetuity. In the deed conveying it to him,
+this portion is styled:--
+
+     "All that piece of waste land lying there right against the said
+     piece, and lieth and is without the said stone wall, that is to say
+     between the said passage or entry of the said Parliament House[149]
+     on the north part, and abutteth upon the said stone wall which
+     compasseth the said Old Palace towards the West, and upon the
+     Thames aforesaid towards the East, and continueth at length between
+     the passage aforesaid and the sluice coming from the said
+     Parliament House, seventy-five foot."[150]
+
+On this piece of waste land I place the garden mentioned in connection
+with the house rented by Percy. This is far more probable than it was
+where Mr. Brewer has placed it, in the narrow court which leads from
+Parliament Place to the other side of Percy's house, and ends by the
+side of the Prince's Chamber. If this arrangement be accepted, it gets
+rid of the alleged populousness of neighbourhood. No doubt people
+flocked up and down from Parliament Stairs, but they would be excluded
+from the garden on the river side, and with few exceptions would pass on
+without turning to the right into the court. Nobody who had not business
+with Percy himself or with his neighbour on the south[151] would be
+likely to approach Percy's door. As far as that side of the house was
+concerned, it would be difficult to find a more secluded dwelling. The
+Thames was then the 'silent highway' of London, and the sight of a barge
+unloading before the back door of a house can have been no more
+surprising than the sight of a gondola moored to the steps of a palace
+on a canal in Venice. John Shepherd, for instance, was not startled by
+the sight:--
+
+     Memorandum that John Shepherd servant to the said Mr. Whynniard,
+     saith that the fourth of September last being Wednesday before the
+     Queen's Majesty removed from Windsor to Hampton Court,[152] he
+     being taken suddenly sick, and therefore sent away to London, and
+     coming late to lie at the Queen's Bridge,[153] the tide being high,
+     he saw a boat lie close by the pale of Sir Thomas Parry's
+     garden[154] and men going to and fro the water through the back
+     door that leadeth into Mr. Percy's lodging, which he doth now
+     bethink himself of, though then, being sick and late, he did not
+     regard it.[155]
+
+It thus appears that this final supply of powder was carried in at
+night, and by a way through the garden--not by the more frequented
+Parliament Stairs.
+
+The story of the mine, no doubt, presents some difficulties which,
+though by no means insuperable, cannot be solved with absolute certainty
+without more information than we possess at present. We may, I think,
+dismiss the suggestion of the Edinburgh Reviewer that the conspirators
+may have dug straight down instead of making a tunnel, both because even
+bunglers could hardly have occupied a fortnight in digging a pit a few
+feet deep, and because their words about reaching the wall at the end of
+the fortnight would, on this hypothesis, have no meaning. Thomas
+Winter's statement is that he and his comrades 'wrought under a little
+entry to the wall of the Parliament House.'[156] The little entry, as I
+have already argued,[157] must be the covered passage under the
+withdrawing room; a tunnel leading from the cellar of Percy's house
+would be about seven or eight feet long. The main difficulty at the
+commencement of the work would be to get through the wall of Percy's
+house, and this, it may be noticed, neither Fawkes nor Winter speak of,
+though they are very positive as to the difficulties presented by the
+wall of the House of Lords. If, indeed, the wall on this side of Percy's
+house was, as may with great probability be conjectured, built of brick,
+as the river front undoubtedly was,[158] the difficulty cannot have been
+great, as I have been informed by Mr. Henry Ward[159] that the brick
+used in those days was, both from its composition and from the method in
+which it was dried, far softer than that employed in building at
+present. We may, therefore, fairly start our miners in the cellar of
+their own house with a soft brick wall to penetrate, and a tunnel
+afterwards to construct, having wood ready to prop up the earth, and
+appropriate implements to carry out their undertaking.[160]
+
+Here, however, Father Gerard waves us back:--
+
+     "It is not easy," he writes, "to understand how these amateurs
+     contrived to do so much without a catastrophe. To make a tunnel
+     through soft earth is a very delicate operation, replete with
+     unknown difficulties. To shore up the roof and sides there must,
+     moreover, have been required a large quantity of the 'framed
+     timber'[161] of which Speed tells us, and the provision and
+     importation of this must have been almost as hard to keep dark as
+     the exportation of the earth and stones. A still more critical
+     operation is that of meddling with the foundations of a
+     house--especially of an old and heavy structure--which a
+     professional craftsman would not venture upon except with extreme
+     care, and the employment of many precautions of which these
+     light-hearted adventurers knew nothing. Yet, recklessly breaking
+     their way out of one building, and to a large extent into another,
+     they appear to have occasioned neither crack nor settlement in
+     either."[162]
+
+I have already dealt with the problem of bringing in articles by night,
+and of getting through Percy's wall. For the rest, Father Gerard forgets
+that though six of the seven miners were amateurs, the seventh was not.
+Fawkes had been eight years in the service of the Archdukes in the Low
+Countries, and to soldiers on either side the war in the Low Countries
+offered the most complete school of military mining then to be found in
+the world. Though every soldier was not an engineer, he could not fail
+to be in the way of hearing about, if not of actually witnessing, feats
+of engineering skill, of which the object was not merely to undermine
+fortifications with tunnels of far greater length than can have been
+required by the conspirators, but to conduct the operation as quietly as
+possible. It must surely have been the habit of these engineers to use
+other implements than the noisy pick of the modern workman.[163] Fawkes,
+indeed, speaks of himself merely as a watcher whilst others worked. But
+he was a modest man, and there can be no reasonable doubt that he
+directed the operations.
+
+When the main wall was attacked after Christmas the conditions were
+somewhat altered. The miners, indeed, may still have been able to avoid
+the use of picks, and to employ drills and crowbars, but some noise they
+must necessarily have made. Yet the chances of their being overheard
+were very slight. Having taken the precaution to hire the long
+withdrawing room and the passage or passage-room beneath it, the sounds
+made on the lower part of the main wall could not very well reach the
+ears of the tenants of the other houses in Whynniard's block. The only
+question is whether there was any one likely to hear them in the
+so-called 'cellar' underneath the House of Lords, beneath which, again,
+they intended to deposit their store of powder. What that chamber was
+had best be told in Father Gerard's own words:--
+
+     "The old House of Lords,"[164] he writes, "was a chamber occupying
+     the first floor of a building which stood about fifty yards from
+     the left bank of the Thames,[165] to which it was parallel, the
+     stream at this point running about due north. Beneath the Peers'
+     Chamber on the ground floor was a large room, which plays an
+     important part in our history. This had originally served as the
+     palace kitchen, and, though commonly described as a 'cellar' or a
+     'vault,' was in reality neither, for it stood on the level of the
+     ground outside, and had a flat ceiling formed by the beams which
+     supported the flooring of the Lords apartment above. It ran beneath
+     the said Peers' Chamber from end to end, and measured seventy-seven
+     feet in length by twenty-four feet four inches in width.
+
+     "At either end the building abutted upon another running
+     transversely to it; that on the north being the 'Painted Chamber,'
+     probably erected by Edward the Confessor, and that on the south the
+     'Prince's Chamber,' assigned by its architectural features to the
+     reign of Henry III. The former served as a place of conference for
+     Lords and Commons, the latter as the robing-room of the Lords. The
+     royal throne stood at the south end of the House, near the Prince's
+     Chamber."[166]
+
+According to the story told by Fawkes this place was let to Mrs. Skinner
+by Whynniard to store her coals in. In an early draft of the narrative
+usually known as the 'King's Book,'[167] we are told that there was
+'some stuff of the King's which lay in part of a cellar under those
+rooms'--_i.e._ the House of Lords, and 'that Whynniard had let out some
+part of a room directly under the Parliament chamber to one that used it
+for a cellar.' This statement is virtually repeated in the 'King's Book'
+itself, where Whynniard is said to have stated 'that Thomas Percy had
+hired both the house and part of the cellar or vault under the
+same.'[168] That part was so let is highly probable, as the internal
+length of the old kitchen was about seventy-seven feet, and it would
+therefore be far too large for the occupation of a single coalmonger. We
+must thus imagine the so-called vault divided into two portions,
+probably with a partition cutting off one from the other. If, therefore,
+the conspirators restricted their operations to the night-time, there
+was little danger of their being overheard. There was not much
+likelihood either that Whynniard would get out of bed to visit the
+tapestry or whatever the stuff belonging to the King may have been, or
+that Mrs. Skinner would want to examine her coal-sacks whilst her
+customers were asleep. The only risk was from some belated visitor
+coming up the quiet court leading from Parliament Place to make his way
+to one of the houses in Whynniard's block. Against this, however, the
+plotters were secured by the watchfulness of Fawkes.
+
+The precautions taken by the conspirators did not render their task
+easier. It was in the second fortnight, beginning after the middle of
+January, when the hard work of getting through the strong and broad
+foundation of the House of Lords tried their muscles and their patience,
+that they swore in Christopher Wright, and brought over Keyes from
+Lambeth together with the powder which they now stored in 'a low room
+new-builded.'[169] After a fortnight's work, reaching to Candlemas (Feb.
+2), they had burrowed through about four feet six inches into the wall,
+after which they again gave over working.[170] Some time in the latter
+part of March they returned to their operations, but they had scarcely
+commenced when they found out that it would be possible for them to gain
+possession of a locality more suited to their wants, and they therefore
+abandoned the project of the mine as no longer necessary.[171]
+
+Before passing from the story of the mine, the more important of Father
+Gerard's criticisms require an answer. How, he asks, could the
+conspirators have got rid of such a mass of earth and stones without
+exciting attention?[172] Fawkes, indeed, says that 'the day before
+Christmas having a mass of earth that came out of the mine, they carried
+it into the garden of the said house.' Then Goodman declares that he saw
+it,[173] but, even if we assume that his memory did not play him false,
+it is impossible that the whole of the produce of the first fortnight's
+diggings should be disposed of in this way. The shortest length that can
+be ascribed to the mine before the wall was reached is eight feet, and
+if we allow five feet for height and depth we have 200 cubical feet, or
+a mass more than six feet every way, besides the stones coming out of
+the wall after Christmas. Some of the earth may have been, as Fawkes
+said, spread over the garden beds, but the greater part of it must have
+been disposed of in some other way. Is it so very difficult to surmise
+what that was? The nights were long and dark, and the river was very
+close.
+
+We are further asked to explain how it was that, if there was really a
+mine, the Government did not find it out for some days after the arrest
+of Fawkes. Why should they? The only point at which it was accessible
+was at its entrance in Percy's own cellar, and it is an insult to the
+sharp wits of the plotters, to suppose that they did not close it up as
+soon as the project of the mine was abandoned. All that would be needed,
+if the head of the mine descended, as it probably did, would be the
+relaying of a couple or so of flagstones. How careful the plotters were
+of wiping out all traces of their work, is shown by the evidence of
+Whynniard's servant, Roger James, who says that about Midsummer 1605,
+Percy, appearing to pay his quarter's rent, 'agreed with one York, a
+carpenter in Westminster, for the repairing of his lodging,' adding
+'that he would send his man to pay the carpenter for the work he was to
+do.'[174] Either the mine had no existence, or all traces of it must
+have been effectually removed before a carpenter was allowed to range
+the house in the absence of both Percy and Fawkes. I must leave it to my
+readers to decide which alternative they prefer.
+
+According to the usually received story, the conspirators, hearing a
+rustling above their heads, imagined that their enterprise had been
+discovered, but having sent Fawkes to ascertain the cause of the noise,
+they learnt that Mrs. Skinner (afterwards Mrs. Bright) was selling
+coals, and having also ascertained that she was willing to give up her
+tenancy to them for a consideration, they applied to Whynniard--from
+whom the so-called 'cellar' was leased through his wife, and obtained a
+transfer of the premises to Percy. All that remained was to convey the
+powder from the house to the 'cellar,' and after covering it with
+billets and faggots, to wait quietly till Parliament met.
+
+Father Gerard's first objection to this is, that whilst they were
+mining, 'ridiculous as is the supposition, the conspirators appear to
+have been ignorant of the existence of the "cellar," and to have fancied
+that they were working their way immediately beneath the Chamber of
+Peers.' The supposition would be ridiculous enough if it were not a
+figment of Father Gerard's own brain. He relies on what he calls
+'Barlow's Gunpowder Treason,'[175] published in 1678, and on a remark
+made by Tierney in 1841, adding that it is 'obviously implied' by Fawkes
+and Winter. What Fawkes says on November 17 is:--
+
+     "As they were working upon the wall, they heard a rushing in a
+     cellar of removing of coals; whereupon we feared we had been
+     discovered, and they sent me to go to the cellar, who finding that
+     the coals were a selling, and that the cellar was to be let,
+     viewing the commodity thereof for our purpose, Percy went and hired
+     the same for yearly rent."[176]
+
+What Winter says is that, 'near to Easter ... opportunity was given to
+hire the cellar, in which we resolved to lay the powder and leave the
+mine.' What single word is there here about the conspirators thinking
+that there was no storey intervening between the foundation and the
+House of Lords? The mere fact of Percy having been in the house close to
+the passage from which there was an opening closed only by a grating
+into the 'cellar' itself,[177] would negative the impossible
+supposition. Father Gerard, however, adds that Mrs. Whynniard tells us
+that the cellar was not to let, and that Bright, _i.e._ Mrs. Skinner,
+had not the disposal of the lease, but one Skinner, and that Percy
+'laboured very earnestly before he succeeded in obtaining it.' What
+Mrs. Whynniard says is that the cellar had been already let, and that
+her husband had not the disposal of it. Percy then 'intreated that if he
+could get Mrs. Skinner's good-will therein, they would then be contented
+to let him have it, whereto they granted it.'[178] Is not this exactly
+what one might expect to happen on an application for a lease held by a
+tenant who proves willing to remove?
+
+Father Gerard proceeds to raise difficulties from the structural nature
+of the cellar itself. Mr. William Capon, he says, examined the
+foundations of the House of Lords when it was removed in 1823, and did
+not discover the hole which the conspirators were alleged to have made.
+His own statement, however, printed in the fifth volume of _Vetusta
+Monumenta_,[179] says nothing about the foundations; and besides, as
+Father Gerard has shown, he had a totally erroneous theory of the place
+whence he supposes the conspirators to have had access to the 'cellar.'
+Nothing--as I have learnt by experience--is so likely as a false theory
+to blind the eyes to existing evidence.
+
+Then we have remarks upon the mode of communication between Percy's
+house and the cellar. Father Gerard tells us that:--
+
+     "Fawkes says (November 6th, 1605) that about the middle of
+     Lent[180] of that year, Percy caused 'a new door' to be made into
+     it, that he might have a nearer way out of his own house into the
+     cellar.
+
+     "This seems to imply that Percy took the cellar for his firewood
+     when there was no convenient communication between it and his
+     house. Moreover, it is not very easy to understand how a
+     tenant--under such conditions as his--was allowed at discretion to
+     knock doors through the walls of a royal palace. Neither did the
+     landlady say anything of this door-making, when detailing what she
+     knew of Percy's proceedings."
+
+Without perceiving it, Father Gerard proceeds to dispose of the
+objection he had raised.
+
+     "In some notes of Sir E. Coke, it is said 'The powder was first
+     brought into Percy's house, and lay there in a low room new built,
+     and could not have been conveyed into the cellar but that all the
+     street must have seen it; and therefore he caused a new door out of
+     his house into the cellar to be made, where before there had been a
+     grate of iron."[181]
+
+To Father Gerard this 'looks very like an afterthought.' Considering,
+however, that every word except the part about the grating is based on
+evidence which has reached us, it looks to me very like the truth. It
+is, indeed, useless to attempt to reconcile the position of the doors
+opening out of the 'cellar' apparently indicated on Capon's plan (p. 80)
+with those given in Smith's views (p. 109) of the four walls taken
+from the inside of the cellar, and I therefore conclude that the
+apertures shown in the former are really those of the House of Lords on
+the upper storey, a conjecture which is supported by the insertion of a
+flight of steps, which would lead nowhere if the whole plan was intended
+to record merely the features of the lower level. In any case, Smith's
+illustration shows three entrances--one through the north wall which I
+have marked A, another with a triangular head near the north end of the
+east wall marked B, and a third with a square head near the south end of
+the same wall marked C. The first of these would naturally be used by
+Mrs. Skinner, as it opened on a passage leading westwards, and we know
+that she lived in King Street; the second would be used by Whynniard,
+whilst, either he or some predecessor might very well have put up a
+grating at the third to keep out thieves. That third aperture was,
+however, just opposite Percy's house, and when he hired Mrs. Skinner's
+part of the 'cellar,' he would necessarily wish to have it open and a
+door substituted for the grating. There was no question of knocking
+about the walls of a royal palace in the matter. If he had not that door
+opened he must either use Whynniard's, of which Whynniard presumably
+wished to keep the key, or go round by Parliament Place to reach the one
+hitherto used by Mrs. Skinner. It is true that, if the north door was
+really the one used by Mrs. Skinner, it necessitates the conclusion that
+there was no insurmountable barrier between Whynniard's part of the
+cellar, and that afterwards used by Percy. Moreover, it is almost
+certainly shown that this was the case by the ease with which the
+searchers got into Percy's part of the cellar on the night of November
+4th, though entering by another door. In this case the conspirators must
+have been content with the strong probability that whenever their
+landlord came into his end of the 'cellar,' he would not come further to
+pull about the pile of wood with which their powder barrels were
+covered. On the other hand, the entrances knocked in blocked-up arches
+may not have been the same in 1605 and in 1807. At all events, the
+square-headed aperture in Smith's view agrees so well with that in the
+view at p. 89, that it can be accepted without doubt as the one in which
+Percy's new door was substituted for a grating, and which led out of the
+covered passage opening from the court leading from Parliament Place.
+
+
+[Illustration: Four walls of the so-called cellar under the House of
+Lords. From Smith's _Antiquities of Westminster_, p. 39.]
+
+
+Though it is possible that Whynniard might, if he chose, come into the
+plotters' 'cellar,' we are under no compulsion to accept Father Gerard's
+assertion that Winter declared 'that the confederates so arranged as to
+leave the cellar free for all to enter who would.'[182] "It is stated,"
+writes Father Gerard, in another place, "in Winter's long declaration on
+this subject, that the barrels were thus completely hidden 'because we
+might have the house free to suffer anyone to enter that would,' and we
+find it mentioned by various writers, subsequently, that free ingress
+was actually allowed to the public."[183] As the subsequent writers
+appear to be an anonymous writer, who wrote on _The Gunpowder Plot_
+under the pseudonym of L., in 1805, and Hugh F. Martyndale, who wrote _A
+Familiar Analysis of the Calendar of the Church of England_ in 1830, I
+am unable to take them very seriously. The extraordinary thing is that
+Father Gerard does not see that his quotation from Winter is fatal to
+his argument. Winter says that Fawkes covered the powder in the cellar
+'because we might have the house free to suffer anyone to enter that
+would.[184] The cellar was not part of the house; and, although the
+words are not entirely free from ambiguity, the more reasonable
+interpretation is that Fawkes disposed of the powder in the cellar, in
+order that visitors might be freely admitted into the house. Winter, in
+fact, makes no direct statement that the powder was moved, and it is
+therefore fair to take this removal as included in what he says about
+the faggots.
+
+As for the quantity of the gunpowder used, the opinion of the writer
+discussed in the _Edinburgh Review_ (January, 1897), appears reasonable
+enough:--
+
+     "Apart from the hearsay reports, Father Gerard seems to base his
+     computations on the statement that a barrel of gunpowder contained
+     400 pounds. This is an error. The barrel of gunpowder contained 100
+     pounds;[185] the last, which is rightly given at 2,400 pounds,
+     contained twenty-four barrels. The quantity of powder stored in
+     the cellar is repeatedly said, both in the depositions and the
+     indictment to have been thirty-six barrels--that is, a last and a
+     half, or about one ton twelve hundredweight; and this agrees very
+     exactly with the valuation of the powder at 200_l._ In 1588, the
+     cost of a barrel of 100 pounds was 5_l._ But to carry, and move,
+     and stow, a ton and a half in small portable barrels is a very
+     different thing from the task on which Father Gerard dwells of
+     moving and hiding, not only the large barrels of 400 pounds, but
+     also the hogsheads that were spoken of."[186]
+
+I will merely add that Father Gerard's surprise that the disposal of so
+large a mass of powder is not to be traced is the less justifiable, as
+the Ordnance accounts of the stores in the Tower have been very
+irregularly preserved, those for the years with which we are concerned
+being missing.
+
+Having thus, I hope, shown that the traditional account of the mine and
+the cellar are consistent with the documentary and structural evidence,
+I pass to the question of the accuracy of the alleged discovery of the
+conspiracy.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE DISCOVERY
+
+
+In one way the evidence on the discovery of the plot differs from that
+on the plot itself. The latter is straightforward and simple, its
+discrepancies, where there are any, being reducible to the varying
+amount of the knowledge of the Government. The same cannot be said of
+the evidence relating to the mode in which the plot was discovered. If
+we accept the traditional story that its discovery was owing to the
+extraordinary letter brought to Monteagle at Hoxton, there are
+disturbing elements in the case. In the first place, the Commissioners
+would probably wish to conceal any mystery connected with the delivery
+of the letter, if it were only for the sake of Monteagle, to whom they
+owed so much; and, in the second place, when they had once committed
+themselves to the theory that the King had discovered the sense of the
+letter by a sort of Divine inspiration, there could not fail to be a
+certain amount of shuffling to make this view square with the actual
+facts. Other causes of hesitancy to set forth the full truth there may
+have been, but these two were undeniably there.
+
+Father Gerard, however, bars the way to the immediate discussion of
+these points by a theory which he has indeed adopted from others, but
+which he has made his own by the fulness with which he has treated it.
+He holds that Salisbury knew of the plot long before the incident of the
+letter occurred, a view which is by no means inconsistent with the
+belief that the plot itself was genuine, and, it may be added, is far
+less injurious to Salisbury's character than the supposition that he had
+either partially or wholly invented the plot itself. If the latter
+charge could have been sustained Salisbury would have to be ranked
+amongst the most infamous ministers known to history. If all that can be
+said of him is that he kept silence longer than we should have expected,
+we may feel curious as to his motives, or question his prudence, but we
+shall have no reason to doubt his morality.
+
+Father Gerard, having convinced himself that in all probability the
+Government, or, at least Salisbury, had long had a secret agent amongst
+the plotters, fixes his suspicions primarily on Percy. Beginning by an
+attack on Percy's moral character, he writes as follows:--
+
+     "It unfortunately appears that, all the time, this zealous convert
+     was a bigamist, having one wife living in the capital and another
+     in the provinces. When his name was published in connection with
+     the Plot, the magistrates of London arrested the one and those of
+     Warwickshire the other, alike reporting to the secretary what they
+     had done, as may be seen in the State Paper Office."[187]
+
+The papers in the Public Record Office here referred to prove nothing of
+the sort. On November 5 Justice Grange writes to Salisbury that Percy
+had a house in Holborne 'where his wife is at this instant. She saith
+her husband liveth not with her, but being attendant on the Right
+Honourable the Earl of Northumberland, liveth and lodgeth as she
+supposeth with him. She hath not seen him since Midsummer.[188] She
+liveth very private and teacheth children. I have caused some to watch
+the house, as also to guard her until your Honour's pleasure be further
+known.'[189] There is, however, nothing to show that Salisbury did not
+within a couple of hours direct that she should be set free, as she had
+evidently nothing to tell; nor is there anything here inconsistent with
+her having been arrested in Warwickshire on the 12th, especially as she
+was apprehended in the house of John Wright,[190] her brother. What is
+more likely than that, when the terrible catastrophe befell the poor
+woman, she should have travelled down to seek refuge in her brother's
+house, where she might perchance hear some tidings of her husband? It is
+adding a new terror to matrimony to suggest that a man is liable to be
+charged with bigamy because his wife is seen in London one day and in
+Warwickshire a week afterwards.
+
+The fact probably is that Father Gerard received the suggestion from
+Goodman, whose belief that Percy was a bigamist rested on information
+derived from some lady who may very well have been as hardened a gossip
+as he was himself.[191] His own attempt to bolster up the story by
+further evidence can hardly be reckoned conclusive.
+
+In any case the question of Percy's morality is quite irrelevant. It is
+more to the purpose when Father Gerard quotes Goodman as asserting that
+Percy had been a frequent visitor to Salisbury's house by night.[192]
+
+     "Sir Francis Moore," he tells us, "... being the lord keeper
+     Egerton's favourite, and having some occasion of business with him
+     at twelve of the clock at night, and going then homeward from York
+     House to the Middle Temple at two, several times he met Mr. Percy,
+     coming out of that great statesman's house, and wondered what his
+     business should be there."[193]
+
+There are many ways in which the conclusion that Percy went to tell
+tales may be avoided. In the days of James I., the streets of London
+were inconceivably dark to the man who at the present day is accustomed
+to gas and electricity. Not even lanterns were permanently hung out for
+many a year to come. Except when the moon was shining, the only light
+was a lantern carried in the hand, and by the light of either it would
+be easy to mistake the features of any one coming out from a door way.
+Yet even if Moore's evidence be accepted, the inference that Percy
+betrayed the plot to Salisbury is not by any means a necessary one.
+Percy may, as the Edinburgh Reviewer suggests, have been employed by
+Northumberland. Nor does Father Gerard recognise that it was clearly
+Percy's business to place his connection with the Court as much in
+evidence as possible. The more it was known that he was trusted by
+Northumberland, and even by Salisbury, the less people were likely to
+ask awkward questions as to his reasons for taking a house at
+Westminster. In 1654 a Royalist gentleman arriving from the Continent to
+take part in an insurrection against the Protector, went straight to
+Cromwell's Court in order to disarm suspicion. Why may not Percy have
+acted in a similar way in 1605? All that we know of Percy's character
+militates against the supposition that he was a man to play the
+dastardly part of an informer.
+
+Other pieces of evidence against Percy may be dismissed with equal
+assurance. We are told, for instance,[194] that Salisbury found a
+difficulty in tracing Percy's movements before the day on which
+Parliament was to have been blown up; whereas, ten days before, the same
+Percy had received a pass issued by the Commissioners of the North, as
+posting to court for the King's especial service. The order, however,
+is signed, not by the Commissioners of the North as a body, but by two
+of their number, and was dated at Seaton Delaval in Northumberland.[195]
+As Percy's business is known to have been the bringing up the Earl of
+Northumberland's rents, and he might have pleaded that it was his duty
+to be in his place as Gentleman Pensioner at the meeting of Parliament,
+two gentlemen living within hail of Alnwick were likely enough to
+stretch a point in favour of the servant of the great earl. In any case
+it was most unlikely that they should have thought it necessary to
+acquaint the Secretary of State with the terms in which a posting order
+had been couched.
+
+The supposition that Salisbury sent secret orders to the sheriff of
+Worcestershire not to take Percy alive is sufficiently disposed of, as
+the Edinburgh Reviewer has remarked, by Sheriff Walsh's own letter, and
+by the extreme improbability that if Salisbury had known Percy to have
+been a government spy he would have calculated on his being such a
+lunatic as to join the other conspirators in their flight, apparently
+for the mere pleasure of getting himself shot.[196] It may be added
+that it is hard to imagine how Salisbury could know beforehand in what
+county the rebels would be taken, and consequently to what sheriff he
+should address his compromising communication. As to the suggestion that
+there was something hidden behind the failure of the King's messenger to
+reach the sheriff with orders to avoid killing the chief conspirators,
+on the ground that 'the distance to be covered was about 112 miles, and
+there were three days to do it in, for not till November 8 were the
+fugitives surrounded,' it may fairly be answered, in the first place,
+that the whereabouts of the conspirators was not known at Westminster
+till the Proclamation for their arrest was issued on the 7th, and in the
+second place, that as the sheriff was constantly on the move in pursuit,
+it must have been hard to catch him in the time which sufficed to send a
+message to a fixed point at Westminster.[197]
+
+It is needless to argue that Catesby was not the informer. The evidence
+is of the slightest, depending on the alleged statement by a
+servant,[198] long ago dead when it was committed to paper, and even
+Father Gerard appears hardly to believe that the charge is tenable.
+
+There remains the case of Tresham. Since the publication of Jardine's
+work Tresham has been fixed on as the author or contriver of the letter
+to Monteagle which, according to the constant assertion of the
+Government, gave the first intimation of the existence of the plot, and
+this view of the case was taken by many contemporaries. Tresham was the
+last of three wealthy men--the others being Digby and Rokewood--who were
+admitted to the plot because their money could be utilised in the
+preparations for a rising. He was a cousin of Catesby and the two
+Winters, and had taken part in the negotiations with Spain before the
+death of Elizabeth. During the weeks immediately preceding November 5
+there had been much searching of heart amongst the plotters as to the
+destruction in which Catholic peers would be involved, and it is
+probable that hints were given to some of them that it would be well to
+be absent from Parliament on the morning fixed for the explosion.
+Amongst the peers connected with one or other of the plotters was Lord
+Monteagle, who had married Tresham's sister.
+
+That Tresham should have desired to warn his brother-in-law was the most
+likely thing in the world. We know that he was in London on October 25
+or 26, because Thomas Winter received 100_l._ from him on one of those
+days at his chambers in Clerkenwell.[199] It was in the evening of the
+26th that Monteagle arrived at his house at Hoxton though he had not
+been there for more than twelve months. As he was sitting down to supper
+one of his footmen brought him a letter. Monteagle on receiving it, took
+the extraordinary course of handing it to one of his gentlemen named
+Ward, and bade him read it aloud. The letter was anonymous, and ran as
+follows:--
+
+     "My Lord, out of the love I bear to some of your friends, I have a
+     care of your preservation. Therefore I would advise you, as you
+     tender your life, to devise some excuse to shift of your attendance
+     at this Parliament; for God and man hath concurred to punish the
+     wickedness of this time. And think not slightly of this
+     advertisement but retire yourself into your country, where you may
+     expect the event in safety, for though there be no appearance of
+     any stir, yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow this
+     Parliament, and yet they shall not see who hurts them. This counsel
+     is not to be contemned, because it may do you good, and can do you
+     no harm, for the danger is past as soon as you have burnt this
+     letter; and I hope God will give you the grace to make good use of
+     it, to whose holy protection I commend you."
+
+Monteagle took the letter to Salisbury, and if the protestations of the
+Government are to be trusted, this was the first that Salisbury or any
+one of his fellow councillors heard of the conspiracy. Father Gerard
+follows Jardine and others in thinking this to be improbable if not
+incredible.
+
+It may at least be freely granted that it is hardly probable that
+Monteagle had not heard of the plot before. As Jardine puts it
+forcibly:--
+
+     "The circumstance of Lord Monteagle's unexpected visit to his house
+     at Hoxton, without any other assignable reason, on the evening in
+     question, looks like the arrangement of a convenient scene; and it
+     is deserving of notice that the gentleman to whom his lordship gave
+     the letter to read at his table was Thomas Ward, an intimate friend
+     of several of the conspirators, and suspected to have been an
+     accomplice in the treason. The open reading of such a letter before
+     his household (which, unless it be supposed to be part of a
+     counterplot, seems a very unnatural and imprudent course for Lord
+     Monteagle to adopt) might be intended to secure evidence that the
+     letter was the first intimation he had of the matter, and would
+     have the effect of giving notice to Ward that the plot was
+     discovered, in order that he might communicate the fact to the
+     conspirators. In truth he did so on the very next morning; and if
+     they had then taken the alarm, and instantly fled to Flanders (as
+     it is natural to suppose they would have done) every part of
+     Tresham's object would have been attained. This scheme was
+     frustrated by the unexpected and extraordinary infatuation of the
+     conspirators themselves, who, notwithstanding their knowledge of
+     the letter, disbelieved the discovery of the plot from the absence
+     of any search at the cellar, and, omitting to avail themselves of
+     the means afforded for their flight, still lingered in
+     London."[200]
+
+It is unnecessary to add any word to this, so far as it affects the
+complicity of Tresham with Monteagle. I submit, however, that the
+stronger is the evidence that the letter was prearranged with Monteagle
+the more hopeless is the reasoning of those who, like Father Gerard,
+hold that it was prearranged with Salisbury. Salisbury's object,
+according to Father Gerard's hypothesis, was to gain credit by springing
+upon the King and the world a partly or totally imaginary plot. If he
+was to do this, he must have some evidence to bring which would convince
+the world that the affair was not a mere imposture; and yet it is to be
+imagined that he contrives a scheme which threatens to leave him in
+possession of an obscure letter, and the knowledge that every one of the
+plotters was safely beyond the sea. As a plan concocted by Monteagle and
+Tresham to stop the plot, and at the same time secure the escape of
+their guilty friends, the little comedy at Hoxton was admirably
+concocted. From the point of view of the Government its advantages are
+not obvious. Add to this that all Salisbury's alleged previous knowledge
+did not enable him to discover that a mine had been dug till Fawkes told
+him as late as November 8, and that the Government for two or three
+days after Fawkes was taken were in the dark as to the whereabouts of
+the conspirators, and we find every reason to believe that the statement
+of the Government, that they only learnt the plot through the Monteagle
+letter, was absolutely true.
+
+That the Government dealt tenderly with Tresham in not sending him to
+the Tower till the 12th, and allowing him the consolation of his wife's
+nursing when he fell ill, is only what was to have been expected if they
+had learnt from Monteagle the source of his information, whilst they
+surely would have kept his wife from all access to him if he had had
+reason to complain to her that he had been arrested in spite of his
+services to the Government. After his death, which took place in the
+Tower, there was no further consideration of him, and, on December 23,
+the Council ordered that his head should be cut off and preserved till
+further directions, but his body buried in the Tower.[201]
+
+It is unnecessary to go deeply into the question of the discrepancy
+between the different accounts given by the Government of the manner in
+which the Monteagle letter was expounded. The probable truth is that
+Salisbury himself interpreted it correctly, and that his
+fellow-councillors came to the same conclusion as himself. It was,
+however, a matter of etiquette to hold that the King was as sharp-witted
+as Elizabeth had been beautiful till the day of her death, and as the
+solution of the riddle was not difficult, some councillor--perhaps
+Salisbury himself--may very well have suggested that the paper should be
+submitted to his Majesty. When he had guessed it, it would be also a
+matter of etiquette to believe that by the direct inspiration of God his
+Majesty had solved a problem which no other mortal could penetrate. We
+are an incredulous race nowadays, and we no more believe in the Divine
+inspiration of James I. than in the loveliness of Elizabeth at the age
+of seventy; and we even find it difficult to understand Father Gerard's
+seriousness over the strain which the poor councillors had to put upon
+themselves in fitting the facts to the courtly theory.
+
+Nor is there any reason to be surprised at the postponement by the
+Government of all action to the night of November 4. It gave them a
+better chance of coming upon the conspirators preparing for the action,
+and if their knowledge was, as I hold it was, confined to the Monteagle
+letter, they may well have thought it better not to frighten them into
+flight by making premature inquiries. No doubt there was a danger of
+gunpowder exploding and blowing up not only the empty House of Lords,
+but a good many innocent people as well; but there had been no explosion
+yet, and the powder was in the custody of men whose interest it was that
+there should be no explosion before the 5th. After all, neither the King
+nor Salisbury, nor indeed any of the other councillors, lived near
+enough to be hurt by any accident that might occur. Smith's wildly
+improbable view that the shock might have 'levelled and destroyed all
+London and Westminster like an earthquake,'[202] can hardly be taken
+seriously.
+
+We now come to the alleged discrepancies between various accounts of
+Fawkes's seizure. Father Gerard compares three documents--(_a_) what he
+terms 'the account furnished by Salisbury for the information of the
+King of France, November 6, 1605,' (_b_) the letter sent on November 9
+to Edmondes and other ambassadors,[203] and (_c_) the King's Book. On
+the first, I would remark that there is no evidence, I may add, no
+probability, that, as it stands, it was ever despatched to France at
+all. It is a draft written on the 6th, which was gradually moulded into
+the form in which it was, as we happen to know, despatched on the 9th to
+Edmondes and Cornwallis. If the despatches received by Parry had been
+preserved, I do not doubt but that we should find that he also received
+it in the same shape as the other ambassadors.
+
+Having premised this remark as a caution against examining the document
+too narrowly, we may admit that the three statements differ about the
+date at which the Monteagle letter was received--(_a_) says it was some
+four or five days before the Parliament; (_b_) that it was eight days;
+(_c_) that it was ten days. The third and latest statement is accurate;
+but the mistakes of the others are of no importance, except to show
+that the draft was carelessly drawn up, probably by Munck, Salisbury's
+secretary, in whose handwriting it is; and that the mistake was
+corrected with an approach to accuracy three days later, and made quite
+right further on.
+
+With respect to the more important point raised by Father Gerard
+that--while (_a_) does not mention Suffolk's search in the afternoon,
+(_b_) does not mention the presence of Fawkes at the time of the
+afternoon visit--it is quite true that the hurried draft does not
+mention Suffolk's visit; but it is not true that it in any way denies
+the fact that such a visit had taken place.
+
+Father Gerard abbreviates the story of (_a_) as follows:--
+
+     "It was accordingly determined, the night before, 'to make search
+     about that place, and to appoint a watch in the Old Palace to
+     observe what persons might resort thereunto.'
+
+     "Sir T. Knyvet, being appointed to the charge thereof, _going by
+     chance, about midnight, into the vault, by another door,[204] found
+     Fawkes within_. Thereupon he caused some few faggots to be removed,
+     and so discovered some of the barrels, '_merely, as it were, by
+     God's direction, having no other cause but a general
+     jealousy_.'"[205]
+
+The italics are Father Gerard's own, and I think we are fairly entitled
+to complain, so far as the first phrase thus distinguished is concerned,
+because being printed in this manner it looks like a quotation, though
+as a matter of fact is not so. This departure from established usage is
+the more unfortunate, as the one important word--'chance'--upon which
+Father Gerard's argument depends, is a misprint or a miswriting for the
+word 'change,' which is to be seen clearly written in the MS. The whole
+passage as it there stands runs as follows:--
+
+     "This advertisement being made known to his Majesty and the Lords,
+     their Lordships found not good, coming as it did in that fashion,
+     to give much credit to it, or to make any apprehension of it by
+     public show, nor yet so to contemn it as to do nothing at all in
+     it, but found convenient the night before under a pretext that some
+     of his Majesty's wardrobe stuff was stolen and embezzled to make
+     search about that place, and to appoint a watch in the old palace
+     to observe what persons might resort thereabouts, and appointed the
+     charge thereof to Sir Thomas Knyvet, who about midnight going by
+     change into the vault by another door, found the fellow, as is said
+     before,[206] whereupon suspicion being increased, he caused some
+     few faggots to be removed, and so discovered some of the barrels of
+     powder, merely, as it were, by God's direction, having no other
+     cause but a general jealousy."[207]
+
+If the word 'chance' had been found in the real letter, it could hardly
+be interpreted otherwise than to imply a negative of the earlier visit
+said to have been followed by a resolve on the King's part to search
+farther. As the word stands, it may be accepted as evidence that an
+earlier visit had taken place. How could Knyvet go 'by change' into the
+vault by another door, unless he or someone else had gone in earlier by
+some other approach? It is, however, the positive evidence which may be
+adduced from this letter, which is most valuable. The letter is, as I
+said, a mere hurried draft, in all probability never sent to anyone. It
+is moreover quite inartistic in its harking back to the story of the
+arrest after giving fuller details. Surely such a letter is better
+calculated to reveal the truth than one subsequently drawn up upon
+fuller consideration. What is it then, that stares us in the face, if we
+accept this as a genuine result of the first impression made upon the
+writer--whether he were Munck or Salisbury himself? What else than that
+the Government had no other knowledge of the plot than that derived from
+the Monteagle letter, and that not only because the writer says that the
+discovery of the powder was 'merely as it were, by God's direction,
+having no other cause but a general jealousy,' but because the whole
+letter, and still more the amplified version which quickly followed, is
+redolent with uncertainty. Given that Suffolk's mission in the afternoon
+was what it was represented to be, it becomes quite intelligible why the
+writer of the draft should be inclined to leave it unnoticed. It was an
+investigation made by men who were afraid of being blown up, but almost
+as much afraid of being made fools of by searching for gunpowder which
+had no existence, upon the authority of a letter notoriously ambiguous.
+
+     "And so," wrote Salisbury, in the letter despatched to the
+     ambassadors on the 9th,[208] "on Monday in the afternoon,
+     accordingly the Lord Chamberlain, whose office is to see all places
+     of assembly put in readiness when the King's person shall come,
+     took his coach privately, and after he had seen all other places in
+     the Parliament House, he took a slight occasion to peruse that
+     vault, where, finding only piles of billets and faggots heaped up,
+     which were things very ordinarily placed in that room, his Lordship
+     fell inquiring only who ought[209] the same wood, observing the
+     proportion to be somewhat more than the housekeepers were likely to
+     lay in for their own use; and answer being made before the Lord
+     Monteagle, who was there present with the Lord Chamberlain, that
+     the wood belonged to Mr. Percy, his Lordship straightway conceived
+     some suspicion in regard of his person; and the Lord Monteagle also
+     took notice that there was great profession between Percy and him,
+     from which some inference might be made that it was a warning from
+     a friend, my Lord Chamberlain resolved absolutely to proceed in a
+     search, though no other materials were visible, and being returned
+     to court about five o'clock took me up with him to the King and
+     told him that, although he was hard of belief that any such thing
+     was thought of, yet in such a case as this whatsoever was not done
+     to put all out of doubt, was as good as nothing, whereupon it was
+     resolved by his Majesty that this matter should be so carried as
+     no man should be scandalised by it, nor any alarm taken for any
+     such purpose."
+
+Even if it be credible that Salisbury had invented all this, it is
+incredible that if he alone had been the depository of the secret, he
+should not have done something to put other officials on the right
+track, or have put into the foreground his own clear-sightedness in the
+matter.
+
+The last question necessary to deal with relates to the unimportant
+point where Fawkes was when he was arrested.
+
+     "To say nothing," writes Father Gerard, "of the curious
+     discrepancies as to the date of the warning, it is clearly
+     impossible to determine the locality of Guy's arrest. The account
+     officially published in the 'King's Book,' says that this took
+     place in the street. The letter to the ambassadors assigns it to
+     the cellar and afterwards to the street; that to Parry to the
+     cellar only. Fawkes himself, in his confession of November 5, says
+     that he was apprehended neither in the street nor in the cellar,
+     but in his own room in the adjoining house. Chamberlain writes to
+     Carleton, November 7, that it was in the cellar. Howes, in his
+     continuation of Stowes' _Annals_, describes two arrests of Fawkes,
+     one in the street, the other in his own chamber. This point, though
+     seemingly somewhat trivial, has been invested with much importance.
+     According to a time-honoured story, the baffled desperado roundly
+     declared that had he been within reach of the powder when his
+     captors appeared, he would have applied a match and involved them
+     in his own destruction."[210]
+
+This passage deserves to be studied, if only as a good example of the
+way in which historical investigation ought not to be conducted, that is
+to say, by reading into the evidence what, according to preconception of
+the inquirer, he thinks ought to be there, but is not there at all. In
+plain language, the words 'cellar' and 'street' are not mentioned in any
+one of the documents cited by Father Gerard. There is no doubt a
+discrepancy, but it is not one between these two localities. The
+statements quoted by Father Gerard in favour of a capture in the
+'cellar' merely say that it was effected 'in the place.' The letter of
+the 9th says 'in the place itself,'[211] and this is copied from the
+draft of the 6th. Chamberlain says[212] that Fawkes was 'taken making
+his trains at midnight,' but does not say where. Is it necessary to
+interpret this as meaning the 'cellar'? There was, as we know, a door
+out of the 'cellar' into the passage, and probably a door opposite into
+Percy's house. If Fawkes were arrested in this passage as he was coming
+out of the cellar and going into the house, or even if he had come out
+of the passage into the head of the court, he might very well be said to
+have been arrested 'in the place itself,' in contradistinction to a
+place a few streets off.
+
+The only real difficulty is how to reconcile this account of the arrest,
+with Fawkes's own statement on his first examination on November 5, when
+he said:--
+
+     "That he meant to have fired the same by a match, and saith that
+     he had touchwood and a match also, about eight or nine inches long,
+     about him, and when they came to apprehend him he threw the
+     touchwood and match out of the window in his chamber near the
+     Parliament House towards the waterside."
+
+Fawkes, indeed, was not truthful in his early examinations, but he had
+no inducement to invent this story, and it may be noted that whenever
+the accounts which have reached us go into details invariably they speak
+of two separate actions connected with the arrest. The draft to Parry,
+indeed, only speaks of the first apprehension, but the draft of the
+narrative which finally appeared in the King's Book[213] says that
+Knyvet 'finding the same party with whom the Lord Chamberlain before and
+the Lord Monteagle had spoken newly, come out of the vault, made stay of
+him.' Then Knyvet goes into the vault and discovers the powder.
+"Whereupon the caitiff being surely seized, made no difficulty to
+confess, &c."[214] The letter to the ambassadors[215] tells the same
+story. Knyvet going into the vault 'found that fellow Johnson newly come
+out of the vault, and without asking any more questions stayed him.'
+Then after the search 'he perceived the barrels and so bound the caitiff
+fast.' The King's Book itself separates at least the 'apprehending' from
+the searching.
+
+     "But before his entry into the house finding Thomas Percy's alleged
+     man standing without the doors,[216] his clothes and boots on at
+     so dead a time of the night, he resolved to apprehend him, as he
+     did, and thereafter went forward to the searching of the house ...
+     and thereafter, searching the fellow whom he had taken, found three
+     matches, and all other instruments fit for blowing up the powder
+     ready upon him."
+
+All these are cast more or less in the same mould. On the other hand, a
+story, in all probability emanating from Knyvet, which Howes
+interpolated in a narrative based on the official account, gives a
+possibility of reconciling the usual account of the arrest with the one
+told by Fawkes. After telling, after the fashion of the King's Book, of
+Fawkes' apprehension and Knyvet's search, he bursts on a sudden into a
+narrative of which no official document gives the slightest hint:--
+
+     "And upon the hearing of some noise Sir T. Knyvet required Master
+     Edmond Doubleday, Esq.[217] to go up into the chamber to understand
+     the cause thereof, the which he did, and had there some speech of
+     Fawkes, being therewithal very desirous to search and see what
+     books or instruments Fawkes had about him; but Fawkes being
+     wondrous unwilling to be searched, very violently griped M[aster]
+     Doubleday by his fingers of the left hand, through pain thereof
+     Ma[ster] Doubleday offered to draw his dagger to have stabbed
+     Fawkes, but suddenly better bethought himself and did not; yet in
+     that heat he struck up the traitor's heels and therewithal fell
+     upon him and searched him, and in his pocket found his garters,
+     wherewith M[aster] Doubleday and others that assisted they bound
+     him. There was also found in his pocket a piece of touchwood, and a
+     tinder box to light the touchwood and a watch which Percy and
+     Fawkes had bought the day before, to try conclusions for the long
+     or short burning of the touchwood, which he had prepared to give
+     fire to the train of powder."
+
+Surely this life-like presentation of the scene comes from no other than
+Doubleday himself, as he is the hero of the little scene. Knyvet plainly
+had not bound Fawkes when he 'stayed' or 'apprehended' him. He must have
+given him in charge of some of his men, who for greater safety's sake
+took him out of the passage or the court--whichever it was--into his own
+chamber within the house. Then a noise is heard, and Knyvet, having not
+yet concluded the examination, sends Doubleday to find out what is
+happening, with the result we have seen. When Knyvet arrives on the
+scene, he has Fawkes more securely bound than with a pair of garters.
+The only discrepancy remaining is between Fawkes's statement that he
+threw touchwood and match out of window, and Doubleday's that the
+touchwood at least was found in his pocket. Perhaps Doubleday meant only
+that the touchwood thrown out came from Fawkes's pocket. Perhaps there
+is some other explanation. After all, this is too trivial a matter to
+trouble ourselves about.
+
+Wearisome as these details are, they at least bring once more into
+relief the hesitancy which characterises every action of the Government
+till the powder is actually discovered. Though Fawkes has been seen by
+Suffolk in the afternoon, no preparations are made for his arrest.
+Knyvet does not even bring cord with him to tie the wrists of a possible
+conspirator, and when Doubleday at last proceeds to bind him, he has to
+rely upon the garters found in his pocket. It is but one out of many
+indications which point to the conclusion that the members of the
+Government had nothing to guide their steps but an uncertain light in
+which they put little confidence. Taken together with the revelations of
+their ignorance as to the whereabouts of the plotters after Fawkes's
+capture had been effected, it almost irresistibly proves that they had
+no better information to rest on than the obscure communication which
+had been handed to Monteagle at Hoxton. As I have said before, the truth
+of the ordinary account of the plot would not be in the slightest degree
+affected if Salisbury had known of it six weeks or six months earlier. I
+feel certain, however, that he had no such previous knowledge, because,
+if he had, he would have impressed on the action of his colleagues the
+greater energy which springs from certainty. It is strange, no doubt,
+that a Government with so many spies and intelligencers afoot, should
+not have been aware of what was passing in the Old Palace of
+Westminster. It was, however, not the first or the last time that
+governments, keeping a watchful eye on the ends of the earth, have been
+in complete ignorance of what was passing under their noses.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CATHOLICS
+
+
+Having thus disposed of Father Gerard's assaults on the general truth of
+the accepted narrative of the Plot, we can raise ourselves into a larger
+air, and trace the causes leading or driving the Government into
+measures which persuaded such brave and constant natures to see an act
+of righteous vengeance in what has seemed to their own and subsequent
+ages, a deed of atrocious villainy. Is it true, we may fairly ask, that
+these measures were such as no honourable man could in that age have
+adopted, and which it is therefore necessary to trace to the vilest of
+all origins--the desire of a half-successful statesman to root himself
+in place and power?
+
+It would, indeed, be difficult to deny that the feeling of advanced
+English Protestants towards the Papal Church was one of doctrinal and
+moral estrangement. They held that the teaching of that church was false
+and even idolatrous, and they were quite ready to use the power of the
+state to extirpate a falsity so pernicious. On the other hand, the
+priests, Jesuits, and others, who flocked to England with their lives in
+their hands, were filled with the joy of those whose work it is to
+disseminate eternal truths, and to rescue souls, lost in heresy, from
+spiritual destruction.
+
+The statesman, whether in his own person aggressively Protestant or not,
+was forced to consider this antagonism from a different point of view.
+The outbreak against Rome which had marked the sixteenth century had
+only partially a doctrinal significance. It meant also the desire of the
+laity to lower the authority of the clergy. Before the Reformation the
+clergy owed a great part of their power to the organisation which
+centred in Rome, and the only way to weaken that organisation, was to
+strengthen the national organisation which centred in the crown. Hence
+those notions of the Divine Right of Kings and of _Cujus regio ejus
+religio_, which, however theoretically indefensible, marked a stage of
+progress in the world's career. The question whether, in the days of
+Elizabeth, England should accept the authority of the Pope or the
+authority of the Queen, was political as much as religious, and it is no
+wonder that Roman Catholics when they burnt Protestants, they placed the
+religious aspect of the quarrel in the foreground; nor that Protestants
+when they hanged and disembowelled Roman Catholics, placed the political
+aspect in the foreground. As a matter of fact, these were but two sides
+of the shield. Protestants who returned to the Papal Church not merely
+signified the acceptance of certain doctrines which they had formerly
+renounced, but also accepted a different view of the relations between
+Church and State, and denied the sufficiency of the national Government
+to decide finally on all causes, ecclesiastical and civil, without
+appeal. If the religious teaching of the Reformed Church fell, a whole
+system of earthly government would fall with it.
+
+To the Elizabethan statesman therefore the missionary priests who
+flocked over from the continent constituted the gravest danger for the
+State as well as for the Church. He was not at the bottom of his heart a
+persecutor. Neither Elizabeth nor her chief advisers, though, even in
+the early part of the reign, inflicting sharp penalties for the denial
+of the royal supremacy, would willingly have put men to death because
+they held the doctrine of transubstantiation, or any other doctrine
+which had found favour with the Council of Trent; but after 1570 they
+could not forget that Pius V. had excommunicated the Queen, and had, as
+far as his words could reach, released her subjects from the bond of
+obedience. Hence those excuses that, in enforcing the Recusancy laws
+against the Catholic laity, and, in putting Catholic priests to death as
+traitors, Elizabeth and her ministers were actuated by purely political
+motives. It was not exactly the whole truth, but there was a good deal
+more of truth in it than Roman Catholic writers are inclined to admit.
+
+It was in this school of statesmanship that Sir Robert Cecil--as he was
+in Elizabeth's reign--had been brought up, and it was hardly likely that
+he would be willing to act otherwise than his father had done. It was,
+indeed, hard to see how the quarrel was to be lifted out of the groove
+into which it had sunk. How could statesmen be assured that, if the
+priests and Jesuits were allowed to extend their religious influence
+freely, the result would not be the destruction of the existing
+political system? That Cecil would have solved the problem is in any
+case most unlikely. It was, perhaps, too difficult to be as yet solved
+by any one, and Cecil was no man of genius to lead his age. Yet there
+were two things which made for improvement. In the first place, the
+English Government was immensely stronger at Elizabeth's death than it
+had been at her accession, and those who sat at the helm could therefore
+regard, with some amount of equanimity, dangers that had appalled their
+predecessors forty-five years before. The other cause for hope lay in
+the accession of a new sovereign; James had never been the subject of
+Papal excommunication as Elizabeth had been, and was consequently not
+personally committed to extreme views.
+
+James's character and actions lend themselves so easily to the
+caricaturist, and so much that he did was the result either of egotistic
+vanity or of a culpable reluctance to take trouble, that it is difficult
+to give him credit for the good qualities that he really possessed. Yet
+hazy as his opinions in many respects were, it is easy to trace through
+his whole career a tolerably consistent principle. He would have been
+pleased to put an end, not indeed to the religious dispute, but to the
+political antagonism between those who were divided in religion, and
+would gladly have laid aside the weapon of persecution for that of
+argument. The two chief actions of his reign in England were the attempt
+to secure religious peace for his own dominions by an understanding with
+the Pope, and the attempt to secure a cessation of religious wars in
+Europe by an understanding with the King of Spain. In both cases is
+revealed a desire to obtain the co-operation of the leader of the party
+opposed to himself. Of course it is possible, perhaps even right, to say
+that this line of action was hopeless from the beginning, as involving
+too sanguine an estimate of the conciliatory feelings of those for whose
+co-operation he was looking. All that we are here concerned with is to
+point out that James brought with him ideas on the subject of the
+relations between an English--and, for the matter of that, a
+Scottish--king and the papacy, which were very different from those in
+which Cecil had been trained.
+
+On the other hand, James's ideas, even when they had the element of
+greatness in them, never lifted him into greatness. He looked upon large
+principles in a small way, usually regarding them through the medium of
+his own interests. The doctrine that the national government ought to be
+supreme, took in his mind the shape of a belief that his personal
+government ought to be supreme. When in Scotland he sought an
+understanding with the Pope, his own succession to the English Crown
+occupied the foreground, and the advantage of having the English
+Catholics on his side made him eager to strike a bargain. On the other
+hand, he refused to strike that bargain unless his own independent
+position were fully recognised. When, in 1599, he despatched Edward
+Drummond to Italy, he instructed him to do everything in his power to
+procure the elevation of a Scottish Bishop of Vaison to the Cardinalate,
+in order that he might advocate his interests at Rome. Yet he refused to
+write directly to the Pope himself, merely because he objected to
+address him as 'Holy Father.'[218] It was hardly the precise objection
+that would have been taken by a man of greater practical ability.
+
+Nor was it only on niceties of this sort that James's desire to come to
+some sort of understanding with the Pope was likely to be wrecked. His
+correspondence with Cecil during the last years of Elizabeth, shows how
+little he had grasped the special difficulties of the situation, whilst
+on the other hand it throws light on the shades of difference between
+himself and his future minister. In a letter written to Cecil in the
+spring of 1602, James objects to the immediate conclusion of a peace
+with Spain on three grounds, the last being that the 'Jesuits, seminary
+priests, and that rabble, wherewith England is already too much
+infected, would then resort there in such swarms as the caterpillars or
+flies did in Egypt, no man any more abhorring them, since the Spanish
+practices was the greatest crime that ever they were attainted of, which
+now by this peace will utterly be forgotten.'
+
+     "And now," he proceeds, "since I am upon this subject, let the
+     proofs ye have had of my loving confidence in you plead for an
+     excuse to my plainness, if I freely show you that I greatly wonder
+     from whence it can proceed that not only so great a flock of
+     Jesuits and priests dare both resort and remain in England, but so
+     proudly do use their functions through all the parts of England
+     without any controlment or punishment these divers years past: it
+     is true that for remedy thereof there is a proclamation lately set
+     forth, but blame me not for longing to hear of the exemplary
+     execution thereof, _ne sit lex mortua_. I know it may be justly
+     thought that I have the like beam in my own eye, but alas, it is a
+     far more barbarous and stiffnecked people that I rule over. St.
+     George surely rides upon a towardly riding horse, where I am daily
+     bursting in daunting a wild unruly colt, and I protest in God's
+     presence the daily increase that I hear of popery in England, and
+     the proud vauntery that the papists makes daily there of their
+     power, their increase, and their combined faction, that none shall
+     enter to be King there but by their permission; this their
+     bragging, I say, is the cause that moves me, in the zeal of my
+     religion, and in that natural love I owe to England, to break forth
+     in this digression, and to forewarn you of these apparent evils."
+
+To this Cecil replied as follows:--
+
+     "For the matter of priests, I will also clearly deliver your
+     Majesty my mind. I condemn their doctrine, I detest their
+     conversation, and I foresee the peril which the exercise of their
+     function may bring to this island, only I confess that I shrink to
+     see them die by dozens, when (at the last gasp) they come so near
+     loyalty, only because I remember that mine own voice, amongst
+     others, to the law (for their death) in Parliament, was led by no
+     other principle than that they were absolute seducers of the people
+     from temporal obedience, and consequent persuaders to rebellion,
+     and which is more, because that law had a retrospective to all
+     priests made twenty years before. But contrary-wise for that
+     generation of vipers (the Jesuits) who make no more ordinary
+     merchandise of anything than of the blood and crowns of princes, I
+     am so far from any compassion, as I rather look to receive
+     commandment from you to abstain than prosecute."
+
+This plain language drove James to reconsider his position.
+
+     "The fear," he replied, "I have to be mistaken by you in that part
+     of my last letter wherein I discover the desire I have to see the
+     last edict against Jesuits and priests put in execution; the fear,
+     I say, of your misconstruing my meaning hereon (as appears by your
+     answer), enforceth me in the very throng of my greatest affairs to
+     pen by post an answer and clear resolution of my intention. I did
+     ever hate alike both extremities in any case, only allowing the
+     midst for virtue, as by my book now lately published doth plainly
+     appear. The like course do I hold in this particular. I will never
+     allow in my conscience that the blood of any man shall be shed for
+     diversity of opinions in religion, but I would be sorry that
+     Catholics should so multiply as they might be able to practise
+     their old principles upon us. I will never agree that any should
+     die for error in faith against the first table, but I think they
+     should not be permitted to commit works of rebellion against the
+     second table. I would be sorry by the sword to diminish their
+     number, but I would also be loth that, by so great connivance and
+     oversight given unto them, their numbers should so increase in that
+     land as by continual multiplication they might at least become
+     masters, having already such a settled monarchy amongst them, as
+     their archpriest with his twelve apostles keeping their terms in
+     London, and judging all questions as well civil as spiritual
+     amongst all Catholics. It is for preventing of their multiplying,
+     and new set up empire, that I long to see the execution of the last
+     edict against them, not that thereby I wish to have their heads
+     divided from their bodies, but that I would be glad to have both
+     their heads and bodies separated from this whole island and safely
+     transported beyond seas, where they may freely glut themselves upon
+     their imaginated gods. No! I am so far from any intention of
+     persecution, as I protest to God I reverence their Church as our
+     Mother Church, although clogged with many infirmities and
+     corruptions, besides that I did ever hold persecution as one of the
+     infallible notes of a false church. I only wish that such order
+     might be taken as the land might be purged of such great flocks of
+     them that daily diverts the souls of many from the sincerity of the
+     Gospel, and withal, that some means might be found for debarring
+     their entry again, at least in so great swarms. And as for the
+     distinction of their ranks, I mean between the Jesuits and the
+     secular priests, although I deny not that the Jesuits, like venomed
+     wasps and firebrands of sedition, are far more intolerable than the
+     other sort that seem to profess loyalty, yet is their so plausible
+     profession the more to be distrusted that like married women or
+     minors, whose vows are ever subject to the controlment of their
+     husbands and tutors,[219] their consciences must ever be commanded
+     and overruled by their Romish god as it pleases him to allow or
+     revoke their conclusions."[220]
+
+The agreement and disagreement between the two writers is easily traced
+in these words. Both are averse to persecute for religion. Both are
+afraid lest the extension of the firmly organised Roman Church should be
+dangerous to the State as well as to religion. On the other hand, whilst
+Cecil is content to plod on in the old ways, James vaguely adumbrates
+some scheme by which the priests, being banished, might be kept from
+returning, and thus the chance of a dangerous growth of their religion
+being averted, it would be possible to protect the existing forms of
+government without having recourse to the old persecuting laws. We feel,
+in reading James's words, that we are reading the phrases of a pedant
+who has not imagination enough to see how his scheme would work out in
+real life; but at all events we have before us, as we so often have in
+James's writings, a glimpse of new possibilities, and a desire to escape
+from old entanglements.
+
+With such ideas floating in his mind, and with a strong desire to gain
+the support of the English Catholics to his succession, James may easily
+have given assurances to Thomas Percy of an intention to extend
+toleration to the English Catholics, which may have overrun his own
+somewhat fluid intentions, and may very well have been interpreted as
+meaning more than his words literally meant. James's engagement to
+Percy's master, Northumberland, was certainly not devoid of ambiguity.
+"As for the Catholics," he wrote, "I will neither persecute any that
+will be quiet and give but an outward obedience to the law, neither will
+I spare to advance any of them that will by good service worthily
+deserve it."[221]
+
+When James reached England in 1603 he seemed inclined to carry out his
+intentions. He is reported, at least, to have told Cecil in June that
+the fines were not to be levied, adding that he did not wish to make
+merchandise of consciences, nor to set a price on faith. Yet, in spite
+of this, the meshes of the administrative system closed him in, and the
+fines continued to be collected.[222] The result was the conspiracy of
+Copley and others, including Watson, a secular priest. This foolish plot
+was, however, betrayed to the Government by some of the Roman Catholic
+clergy, who were wise enough to see that any violence attempted against
+James would only serve to aggravate their lot.
+
+The discovery that there were those amongst the priests who were ready
+to oppose disloyalty quickened James to carry out his earlier intention.
+On June 17 he informed Rosny, the French ambassador, of his intention to
+remit the recusancy fines, and, after some hesitation, he resolved to
+put his engagement in execution. On July 17, 1603, he allowed a
+deputation from the leading Catholics to be heard by the Privy Council
+in his own presence, and assured them that as long as they remained
+loyal subjects their fines would be remitted. If they would obey the
+law--in other words, if they would soil their consciences by attending
+church--the highest offices in the State should be open to them.[223]
+The assurance thus given was at once carried out as far as possible. The
+20_l._ fines ceased, and the greater part of the two-thirds of the rents
+of convicted recusants were no longer required. If some of the latter
+were still paid, it is probable that this was only done in cases in
+which the rents had been granted to lessees on a fixed payment to the
+Crown by contracts which could not be broken.
+
+Obviously there were two ways in which attempts might be made to obviate
+danger from Catholic disloyalty. Individual Catholics might be won over
+to confidence in the Government by the redress of personal grievances,
+or the Pope, as the head of the Catholic organisation, might be induced
+to prohibit conspiracies as likely to injure rather than to advance the
+cause which he had at heart. It is unnecessary to say that the latter
+was a more delicate operation than the former.
+
+An opening, indeed, had been already given. When James refused to sign a
+letter to Pope Clement VIII., on the ground that he could not address
+him as 'Holy Father,'[224] his secretary, Elphinstone, surreptitiously
+procured his signature, and sent it off without his knowledge.[225]
+Clement, therefore, was under the impression that he had received a
+genuine overture from James, and replied by a complimentary letter,
+which he intrusted to Sir James Lindsay, a Scottish Catholic then in
+Rome. In 1602 Lindsay reached Scotland, and delivered his letter. As he
+was to return to Rome, James instructed him to ask Clement to excuse him
+for not writing in reply, and for being unable to accept some proposal
+contained in the Pope's letters, the reasons in both cases having been
+verbally communicated to Lindsay. Finally, Lindsay was to assure Clement
+that James was resolved to observe two obligations inviolably. In the
+first place he would openly and without hypocrisy declare his opinion,
+especially in such matters as bore upon religion and conscience. In the
+second place, that his opinion might not be too obstinate where reason
+declared against it, he would, laying aside all prejudice, admit
+whatever could be clearly proved by the laws and reason.[226]
+
+It is no wonder that James had rejected the Pope's proposal, as Clement
+had not only offered to oppose all James's competitors for the English
+succession, but had declared his readiness to send him money on
+condition that he would give up his eldest son to be educated as
+Clement might direct.[227] That such a proposal should have been made
+ought to have warned James that it was hopeless to attempt to come to an
+understanding with the Pope on terms satisfactory to a Protestant
+Government. For a time no more was heard of the matter. Lindsay was
+taken ill, and was unable to start before James was firmly placed on the
+English throne.
+
+The announcement to the lay Catholics that their fines would be remitted
+had been preluded by invitations to James to come to terms with the
+authorities of the Papal Church. Del Bufalo, Bishop of Camerino, the
+Nuncio at Paris, despatched a certain Degl' Effetti to England in
+Rosny's train, to feel the way, and the Nuncio at Brussels sent over his
+secretary, Sandrino, to inquire, though apparently without the sanction
+of the Pope himself, whether James would be willing to receive a
+'_legate_,'[228] which may probably be interpreted merely as a
+negotiator, not as a 'legate' in the full sense of the term. On July
+11/21, Del Bufalo, writing to Cardinal Aldobrandino, reports that the
+strongest argument used by James against toleration for the Catholics
+was, that if they were allowed to live in Catholic fashion they must
+obey the Pope, and consequently disobey the King; whilst those who were
+favourable to toleration were of opinion that this argument would be
+deprived of strength if James could be assured that the Pope might
+remove this impediment by commanding Catholics under the highest
+possible penalty, to make oath of fidelity and obedience to his Majesty.
+When this reached Rome the following note was written on it in the
+Pope's hand:--
+
+     "It is rather heresy which leads to disobedience. The Catholic
+     religion teaches obedience to Princes, and defends them. As to
+     reaching the King's ears, we shall be glad to do so, and we wish
+     him to know with what longing for the safety[229] and quiet of
+     himself and his kingdom we have proceeded and are proceeding. It is
+     our conscientious desire so to proceed as we have written to one
+     king and the other."[230]
+
+As the letter referred to must have been the one in which Clement asked
+to have the education of Prince Henry, this note does not sound very
+promising. Nor was James's language, on the other hand, such as would be
+counted satisfactory at Rome. After his return from England Rosny
+informed Del Bufalo that James had assured him that he would not
+persecute the Catholics as long as they did not trouble the realm, and
+had praised the Pope as a temporal sovereign, adding that if he could
+find a way of agreeing with him he would gladly adopt it, provided that
+he might remain at the head of his own Church.[231]
+
+A letter written on August 8/18, by Barneby, a priest recently liberated
+from prison, to Del Bufalo, throws further light on the situation. From
+this it appears that what the Nuncio at Brussels had proposed was not
+the sending of a fully authorised legate to England, but merely the
+appointment of someone who, being a layman, would, without offending
+James's susceptibility, be at hand to plead the cause of the Catholics
+and to give account of anything relating to their interests. We are thus
+able to understand how it was that the Nuncio had made the proposal
+without special orders from the Pope. More germane to the present
+inquiry is the account given by Barneby of James's own position:--
+
+     "For though," he writes, "it is certain that his Majesty
+     conscientiously follows a religion contrary to us, and will
+     therefore, as he says, never suffer his subjects to exercise
+     lawfully and freely any other religion than his own--and that, both
+     on account of his civil position, as on account of certain reasons
+     and considerations relating to his conscience--nevertheless he
+     openly promises to persecute no one on the ground of religion. And
+     this he has so far happily begun to carry out with great honour to
+     himself, and with the greatest joy advantage and pleasure to
+     ourselves, though some of our most truculent enemies revolt,
+     desiring that nothing but fine and sword may be used against us.
+     What will happen in the end I can hardly imagine before the meeting
+     of Parliament.[232]"
+
+As far as it is possible to disengage James's real intentions from these
+words, it would seem that he had positively declared against liberty of
+worship, but that he would not levy the legal fines for not going to
+church on those who remained obedient subjects. Did he mean to wink at
+the Mass being said in the private houses of the recusants, or at the
+activity of the priests in making converts? These were the questions he
+would have to face before he was out of his difficulties.
+
+On the other side of the channel Del Bufalo was doing his best to convey
+assurances to James of the Pope's desire to keep the English Catholics
+in obedience. With this view he communicated with James's ambassador in
+Paris, Sir Thomas Parry, who on August 20, gave an account of the matter
+to Cecil:--
+
+     "The Pope's Nuncio," he wrote, "sent me a message, the effect
+     whereof was that he had received authority and a mandate from Rome
+     to call out of the King our master's dominions the factious and
+     turbulent priests and Jesuits, and that, at M. de Rosny's[233]
+     passage into the realm, he had advertised them thereof by a
+     gentleman of his train, and that he was desirous to continue that
+     service to the King, and further to stop such as at Rome shall move
+     any suit with any such intent, and would advertise his Majesty of
+     it; that he had stayed two English monks in that city whose names
+     he sent me in writing, who had procured heretofore faculty from
+     thence to negotiate in England among the Catholics for such bad
+     purposes; that not long since a petition had been exhibited to the
+     Pope for assistance of the English Catholics with money promising
+     to effect great matters for advancement of the Catholic cause upon
+     receipt thereof; that his Holiness had rejected the petition and
+     sharply rebuked the movers; that he would no more allow those
+     turbulent courses to trouble the politic governments of Christian
+     Princes, but by charitable ways of conference and exhortation seek
+     to reduce them to unity. Lastly his request was to have this
+     message related to the King, offering for the first trial of his
+     sincere meaning that, if there remained any in his dominions,
+     priest or Jesuit, or other busy Catholic, whom he had intelligence
+     of for a practice in the state which could not be found out, upon
+     advertisement of the names he would find means that by
+     ecclesiastical censures they should be delivered unto his
+     justice."[234]
+
+The last words are somewhat vague, and as we have not the Nuncio's own
+words, but merely Parry's report of them, we cannot be absolutely
+certain what were the exact terms offered, or how far they went beyond
+the offers previously made by the Nuncio at Brussels.[235] Nor does a
+letter written by the Nuncio to the King on Sept. 19/29, throw any light
+on the subject, as Del Bufalo confines himself to general expressions of
+the duty of Catholics to obey the King.[236] That the Nuncio's
+proposals met with considerable resistance among James's councillors is
+not only probable in itself, but is shown by the length of time which
+intervened before an answer was despatched at the end of November or the
+beginning of December.[237] The covered language with which Cecil opened
+the despatch in which he forwarded to Parry the letter giving the King's
+authorisation to the ambassador to treat with the Nuncio, leaves no
+doubt as to his own feelings.
+
+     "But now, Sir," writes Cecil, "I am to deliver you his Majesty's
+     pleasure concerning a matter of more importance, though for mine
+     own part it is so tender as I could have wished I had little dealt
+     in it; not that the King doth not most prudently manage it, as you
+     see, but because envious men suspect verity itself."
+
+Parry, Cecil went on to say, was to offer to the Nuncio a Latin
+translation of the King's letter, and also to give him a copy of the
+instructions formerly given to Sir James Lindsay. The object of this was
+to prevent Lindsay from going beyond them. Cecil then proceeds to hint
+that Lindsay, who was now at last about to start from Italy, would not
+have been allowed to meddle further in the business but that it would
+disgrace him if he were deprived of the mission with which he had
+formerly been intrusted. The main negotiation, however, was to pass
+between Parry and the Nuncio, though only by means of a third person;
+and, as a matter of fact, Lindsay did not start for many months to come.
+
+So far as concerns us, the King's letter accepts the Pope's objections
+to the sending of a 'legatus,' as he would be unable to show him proper
+respect; and then proceeds to contrast the Catholics who are animated by
+pure religious zeal with those who have revolutionary designs. With
+respect to both of these he professes his readiness to deal in such a
+way that neither the Pope nor any right-minded or sane man shall be able
+to take objection. In an earlier part of the letter he had assumed that
+the Pope was prepared actually to excommunicate those Catholics who were
+of an unquiet and turbulent disposition. Whether this were justified or
+not by the Nuncio's words, it was an exceedingly large assumption that
+the Pope would bind himself to excommunicate Catholics practically at
+the bidding of a Protestant king.
+
+On or about December 4/14, 1604, the King's letter was forwarded by the
+Nuncio to Rome.[238] Nor did James confine his assurances to mere words.
+A person who left England on January 11,[239] 1604, assured the Nuncio
+that peaceful Catholics were living quietly, and that those who were
+devout were able 'to serve God according to their consciences without
+any danger.' He himself, he added, could bear witness to this, as,
+during the whole time he had been in London, he had heard mass daily in
+the house of one Catholic or another.[240]
+
+This idyllic state of things--from the Roman Catholic point of view--was
+soon to come to an end. Clement VIII. refused, at least for the present,
+either to send a representative to England or to promise to call off
+turbulent persons under pain of excommunication.[241] Possibly nothing
+else was to be expected, as the idea of turning the Pope into a kind of
+spiritual policeman was not a happy one. Still, it is easy to understand
+that James must have felt mortified at the Pope's failure to respond to
+his overtures, and it is easy, also, to understand that Cecil would take
+advantage of the King's irritation for furthering his own aims. Nor were
+other influences wanting to move James in the same direction. Sir
+Anthony Standen had lately returned from a mission to Italy, and had
+brought with him certain relics as a present to the Queen, who was a
+Roman Catholic, and had entered into communication with Father Persons.
+Still more disquieting was it that a census of recusants showed that
+their numbers had very considerably increased since the King's
+accession. No doubt many of those who apparently figured as new converts
+were merely persons who had concealed their religion as long as it was
+unsafe to avow it, and who made open profession of it when no unpleasant
+consequences were to be expected; but there can also be little doubt
+that the number of genuine conversions had been very large. From the
+Roman Catholic point of view, this was a happy result of a purely
+religious nature. From the point of view of an Elizabethan statesman, it
+constituted a grave political danger. It is unnecessary here to discuss
+the first principles of religious toleration. It is enough to say that
+no Pope had reprimanded Philip II. for refusing to allow the spread of
+Protestantism in his dominions, and that James's councillors, as well as
+James himself, might fairly come to the conclusion that if the Roman
+Catholics of England increased in future years as rapidly as they had
+increased in the first year of the reign, it would not be long before a
+Pope would be found ready to launch against James the excommunication
+which had been launched against Elizabeth, and that his throne would be
+shaken, together with that national independence which that throne
+implied.
+
+For the time James--pushed hard by his councillors,[242] as he
+was--might fancy that he had found a compromise. There was to be no
+enforcement of the recusancy laws against the laity, but on February 22,
+1604, a proclamation was issued ordering the banishment of the
+priests[243]. It was not a compromise likely to be of long endurance.
+For our purposes the most important of its results was that it produced
+the Gunpowder Plot. A few days after its issue that meeting of the five
+conspirators took place behind St. Clement's, at which they received the
+sacrament in confirmation of their mutual promise of secrecy. All that
+has been said of the tyranny of the penal laws upon the laity, as
+affording a motive for the plot, is so much misplaced rhetoric.
+Moreover, if we accept Fawkes's evidence[244] of the date at which he
+first heard of the plot as being about Easter, 1604, _i.e._ about April
+8, the communication of the design to Winter must have taken place
+towards the end of March, that is to say after the issue of the
+proclamation and before any other step had been taken to enforce the
+penal laws. Consequently all arguments, attributing the invention of the
+plot to Cecil for the sake of gaining greater influence with the King
+fall to the ground. He had just achieved a triumph of no common order,
+the prelude, as he must have been keen enough to discern, of greater
+triumphs to come. Granted, for argument's sake, that Cecil was capable
+of any wickedness--we at least require some motive for the crime which
+Father Gerard attributes to him by innuendo.
+
+As time went on, there was even less cause for the powerful minister to
+invent or to foster a false plot. It is unnecessary to tell again in
+detail the story which I have told elsewhere of the way in which James
+fell back upon the Elizabethan position, and put in force once more the
+penal laws against the laity. On November 28, 1604, he decided on
+requiring the 20_l._ fines from the thirteen wealthy recusants who were
+liable to pay them, and on February 10, 1605[245]--a few days after the
+plotters had got half through the wall of the House of Lords--he
+announced his resolution that the penal laws should be put in execution.
+On May 4, 1605, Cecil, who in August, 1604, had been made Viscount
+Cranborne, was raised to the Earldom of Salisbury. Yet this is the
+politician who is supposed by Father Gerard to have been necessitated to
+keep himself in favour by the atrocious wickedness he is pleased to
+ascribe to him. In plain truth, Salisbury did not need to gain favour
+and power. He had both already.
+
+A policy of intolerance is so opposed to the instincts of the present
+day, that it is worth while to hear a persecutor in his own defence. On
+March 7, 1605, less than a month after the King's pronouncement, Nicolo
+Molin, the Venetian ambassador, writes, that he had lately spoken to
+Cranborne on the recent treatment of the Catholics.
+
+     "He replied that, through the too great clemency of the King, the
+     priests had gone with great freedom through all the country, the
+     City of London and the houses of many citizens, to say mass, which
+     they had done with great scandal, and thereupon had arrived advices
+     from Rome that the Pope had constituted a congregation of Cardinals
+     to treat of the affairs of this kingdom which gave occasion to many
+     to believe that the King was about to grant liberty of
+     conscience,[246] and had caused a great stir amongst our Bishops
+     and other ministers, the Pope having come to this resolution mainly
+     through the offices of that light-headed man Lindsay,[247] and then
+     his Majesty, whose thoughts were far from it, resolved to use a
+     rather unusual diligence to restrict a little the liberty of these
+     priests of yours, as also to assure those of our religion that
+     there was not the least thought of altering things in this
+     direction. Sir James Lindsay, he said, had disgusted his Majesty,
+     and the Pope would in the end discover that he was a lightheaded,
+     unstable man. I understood, said I, that he had gone to Rome with
+     the King's permission. It is quite true, said he, and if your
+     Lordship wishes to understand the matter I will explain it. Sir
+     James Lindsay, he continued, a year before the death of Queen
+     Elizabeth asked leave to go to Rome, and his request was easily
+     granted. When he arrived there he got means, with the help of
+     friends, to be introduced to the Pope to whom, as is probable, he
+     addressed many impertinencies, as he has done at the present time.
+     In short, he was presented to the Pope, and got from him a good sum
+     of money, perhaps promising to do here what he will never do, and
+     obtained an autograph letter from the Pope to our King to the
+     effect that he had understood from Sir James Lindsay his Majesty's
+     good disposition, if not to favour the Catholic religion, at least
+     not to persecute it, for which he felt himself to be under great
+     obligations to him, and promised to assist him when Queen Elizabeth
+     died, and to help him as far as possible to gain the succession to
+     her realm as was just and reasonable, but that if his Majesty would
+     consent to have the Prince, his son, educated in the Catholic
+     religion, he would bind himself to engage his state and life to
+     assist him, and would do what he could[248] that the Christian
+     Princes should act in union with the same object.[249] With this
+     letter Sir James arrived, two months before the Queen's death,
+     repeating to his Majesty many things besides to the same effect.
+     The King was willing enough to look at the letter, as coming from a
+     Prince, and filled with many affectionate and courteous
+     expressions, but he never thought of answering it, though he was
+     frequently solicited by Sir James. The reason of this was that it
+     would be necessary in writing to the Pope to give him his titles of
+     Holiness and Blessedness, to which, being held by us to be
+     impertinent, after the teaching of our religion, his Majesty could
+     not be in any way persuaded, so that the affair remained asleep
+     till the present time. Then came the Queen's death, on which Sir
+     James again urged the King to answer the letter, assuring him that
+     he would promise himself much advantage from the Pope's assistance
+     if occasion served; but it pleased God to show such favour to the
+     King that he met with no opposition, as every one knows. Some
+     months ago, however, it again occurred to Sir James to think of
+     going to Rome; he asked licence from his Majesty, and obtained it
+     courteously enough. At his departure he said, 'I shall have
+     occasion to see the Pope, and am certain that he will ask me about
+     that letter of his. What answer am I to make?' 'You are to say,'
+     replied the King, 'that you gave me the letter, and that I am much
+     obliged to him for the love and affection he has shown me, to which
+     I shall always try to correspond effectually.' 'Sire,' said Sir
+     James, 'the Pope will not believe me. Will your Majesty find some
+     means of assuring the Pope of the truth of this?' On which his
+     Majesty took the pen and drew up a memoir with his own hand,
+     telling Sir James that if he had occasion to talk to the Pope he
+     should assure him of his desire to show, by acts, the good will of
+     which he spoke, and the esteem he felt for him as a temporal
+     Prince. He then directed Sir James to dwell on this as much as he
+     could, and that as to religion[250] he wished to preserve and
+     maintain that in which he had been brought up, being assured that
+     it was the best, but that, not having a sanguinary disposition, he
+     had not persecuted the Catholics in their property or their life,
+     as long as they remained obedient subjects. As to instructing the
+     Prince, his son, in the Catholic religion, he would never do it,
+     because he believed it would bring down on him a heavy punishment
+     from God, and the reproach of the world, if he were willing, whilst
+     he himself professed a religion as the best, to promise that his
+     son should be brought up in one full of corruptions and
+     superstitions. Cecil then recounted the substance of the memoir,
+     which was sealed with the King's seal, in order that the Pope and
+     every one else might give credence to it on these points. Now, Sir
+     James, to gain favour and get money, has transgressed these orders,
+     as we understand that he has given occasion to the Pope to appoint
+     a congregation of Cardinals on our affairs, and to us to have our
+     eyes a little more open to the Catholics, and especially to the
+     priests. To this I replied that I did not think that his Majesty
+     should for this reason act against his constant professions not to
+     wish to take any one's property or life, on account of religion.
+     'Sir,' he replied, 'be content as to blood, so long as the
+     Catholics remain quiet and obedient. As to property, it is
+     impossible to do less than observe[251] the laws in this respect,
+     but even in that we shall proceed dexterously and much more gently
+     than in the times of the late Queen, as the Catholics who refuse to
+     attend our churches, and who are rich, will not think it much to
+     pay �20 a month. Those who are less rich and have not the means to
+     pay as much, and from whom two thirds of their revenue is taken
+     during their lifetime will now have this advantage by the King's
+     clemency that whereas in the Queen's time their property was
+     granted to strangers who, to get as much as they could, did not
+     hesitate to ruin their houses and possessions, it will now be
+     granted to their own patrons, at the lowest rate, so that they will
+     pay rather a quarter than two thirds of their estate. This
+     arrangement has been come to in order not to afflict the Catholics
+     too much, and to prevent our own people from believing that we wish
+     to give liberty to the Catholic religion, as they undoubtedly will
+     if the payments are absolutely abolished."
+
+After a further remonstrance from the ambassador, Cranborne returned to
+the charge.
+
+     "Sir," he replied, "nothing else can be done. These are the laws,
+     and they must be observed. Their object is undoubtedly to
+     extinguish the Catholic religion in this kingdom, because we do not
+     think it fit, in a well-governed monarchy, to increase the number
+     of persons who profess to depend on the will of other Princes as
+     the Catholics do, the priests not preaching anything more
+     constantly than this, that the good Catholic ought to be firmly
+     resolved in himself to be ready to rise for the preservation of his
+     religion even against the life and state of his natural
+     Prince.[252] This is a very perilous doctrine, and we will
+     certainly never admit it here, but will rather do our best to
+     overthrow it, and we will punish most severely those who teach it
+     and impress it on the minds of good subjects."[253]
+
+It is unnecessary to pursue the conversation further, or even to discuss
+how far Cranborne was serious when he expressed his intention of
+moderating the incidence of the laws which the Government had resolved
+to carry out. It is certain that they were not so moderated, and that
+the enforcement of law rapidly degenerated into mere persecution. What
+is important for our purposes is that the language I have just quoted
+leads us to the bed-rock of the situation. Between Pope and king a
+question of sovereignty had arisen, a question which could not be
+neglected without detriment to the national independence till the Pope
+either openly or tacitly abandoned his claim to excommunicate kings, and
+to release such subjects as looked up to him for guidance from the duty
+of obedience to their King. That the Pope should openly abandon this
+claim was more than could be expected; but he had not excommunicated
+James as his predecessor had excommunicated Elizabeth, and there was
+some reason to hope that he might allow the claim to be buried in
+oblivion. At all events, Clement VIII. had not only refused to
+excommunicate James, but had enjoined on the English Catholics the duty
+of abstaining from any kind of resistance to him. James had, however,
+wished to go further. Incapable--as most people in all ages are--of
+seeing the position with other eyes than his own, he wanted the Pope
+actively to co-operate with him in securing the obedience of his
+subjects. He even asked him to excommunicate turbulent Catholics, a
+thing to which it was impossible for the Pope--who also looked on these
+matters from his own point of view--to consent. In the meanwhile it was
+becoming evident that the Pope was not working for a Protestant England
+under a Protestant king, with a Catholic minority accepting what crumbs
+of toleration that king might fling to them, and renouncing for ever the
+right to resist his laws however oppressive they might be; but rather
+for a Catholic England under a Catholic King. This appeared in Clement's
+demand that Prince Henry should be educated in a religion which was not
+that of his father, and it appeared again in the reports of Lindsay,
+which had caused such a commotion at Whitehall. "His Holiness," wrote
+Lindsay, "hath commanded to continue to pray for your Majesty, and he
+himself stays every night two large hours in prayer for your Majesty,
+the Queen, and your children, and for the conversion of your Majesty and
+your dominions. This I may very well witness as one who was
+present."[254] We should have thought the worse of the Pope if he had
+done otherwise; but the news of it was hardly likely to be welcome to an
+English statesman. Who was to guarantee that, if the priests were
+allowed full activity in England a Roman Catholic majority would not be
+secured--or, that when such a majority was secured, the suspended
+excommunication would not be launched, and a rebellion, such as that of
+the League in France, encouraged against an obstinately Protestant
+Sovereign. We may be of opinion that those statesmen who attempted to
+meet the danger with persecution were men of little faith, who might
+have trusted to the strength of their religious and political
+creed--the two could not in those days be separated from one another;
+but there can be no doubt that the danger was there. We may hold
+Salisbury to have been but a commonplace man for meeting it as he did,
+but he had on his side nearly the whole of the official class which had
+stood by the throne of Elizabeth, and which now stood by the throne of
+James.
+
+At all events, Salisbury's doctrine that there was to be no personal
+understanding with the Pope was the doctrine which prevailed then and in
+subsequent generations. James's attempt came to nothing through its
+insuperable difficulties, as well as through his own defects of
+character. A pleading, from a Roman Catholic point of view, in favour of
+such an understanding may be found in a letter written by Sir Everard
+Digby to Salisbury, which Father Gerard has shown to have been written,
+not in December, as Mrs. Everett Green suggested, but between May 4 and
+September, 1605, and which I ascribe to May, or as soon after May as is
+possible. The letter, after a reference to a conversation recently held
+between Digby himself and Salisbury, proceeds as follows:--
+
+     "One part of your Lordship's speech, as I remember, was that the
+     King could not get so much from the Pope (even then, when his
+     Majesty had done nothing against the Catholics) as a promise that
+     he would not excommunicate him, wherefore it gave occasion to
+     suspect that, if Catholics were suffered to increase, the Pope
+     might afterwards proceed to excommunication if the King would not
+     change his religion.[255] But to take away that doubt, I do assure
+     myself that his Holiness may be drawn to manifest so contrary a
+     disposition of excommunicating the King, that he will proceed with
+     the same course against all as shall go about to disturb the King's
+     quiet and happy reign[256]; and the willingness of Catholics,
+     especially of priests and Jesuits, is such as I dare undertake to
+     procure any priest in England (though it were the Superior of the
+     Jesuits) to go himself to Rome to negotiate this business, and that
+     both he and all other religious men (till the Pope's pleasure be
+     known) shall take any spiritual course to stop the effect that may
+     proceed from any discontented or despairing Catholic.
+
+     "And I doubt not but his return would bring both assurance that
+     such course should not be taken with the King, and that it should
+     be performed against any that should seek to disturb him for
+     religion. If this were done, there could then be no cause to fear
+     any Catholic, and this may be done only with those proceedings
+     (which, as I understood your Lordship) should be used. If your
+     Lordship apprehend it to be worth the doing I shall be glad to be
+     the instrument, for no hope to put off from myself any punishment,
+     but only that I wish safety to the King and ease to the Catholics.
+     If your Lordship and the State think it fit to deal severely with
+     Catholics within brief there will be massacres, rebellions and
+     desperate attempts against the King and State. For it is a general
+     received reason amongst Catholics that there is not that expecting
+     and suffering course now to be run that was in the Queen's time,
+     who was the last of her line, and the last in expectance to run
+     violent courses against Catholics; for then it was hoped that the
+     King that now is would have been at least free from persecuting, as
+     his promise was before his coming into this realm, and as divers
+     his promises have been since his coming, saying that he would take
+     no soul-money nor blood. Also, as it appeared, was the whole body
+     of the Council's pleasure when they sent for divers of the better
+     sort of Catholics (as Sir Thomas Tresham and others) and told them
+     it was the King's pleasure to forgive the payment of Catholics, so
+     long as they should carry themselves dutifully and well. All these
+     promises every man sees broken, and to thrust them further in
+     despair, most Catholics take note of a vehement book written by Mr.
+     Attorney, whose drift (as I have heard) is to prove that only being
+     a Catholic is to be a traitor, whose book coming forth after the
+     breach of so many promises, and before the ending of such a violent
+     Parliament, can work no less effect in men's minds than a belief
+     that every Catholic will be brought within that compass before the
+     King and State have done with them. And I know, as the priest
+     himself told me, that if he had not hindered, there had somewhat
+     been attempted, before our offence,[257] to give ease to Catholics.
+     But being so safely prevented, and so necessary to avoid, I doubt
+     not but your Lordship and the rest of the Lords will think of a
+     more mild and undoubted safe course, in which I will undertake the
+     performance of what I have promised, and as much as can be
+     expected; and when I have done I shall be as willing to die as I am
+     ready to offer my service, and expect not nor desire favour for it,
+     either before the doing it, nor in the doing it, nor after it is
+     done, but refer myself to the resolved course for me."[258]
+
+I have thought it well to set forth the pleadings on both sides, though
+it has led me somewhat out of my appointed track. Though our sympathies
+are with the weaker and oppressed party, it cannot be said that Digby's
+letter meets the whole case which Salisbury had raised. Whether that be
+so or not, it is enough, for our present purpose if we are able to
+discern that Salisbury had a case, and was not merely manoeuvring for
+place or power. At all events, his opinion, whether it were bad or good,
+had, in the spring of 1605, been accepted by James, and he was therefore
+in less need even than in the preceding year of producing an imaginary
+or half-imaginary plot to frighten to his side a king who had already
+come round to his ideas.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIESTS
+
+
+It was unavoidable that the persecution to which Catholics were
+subjected should bear most hardly on the priests, who were held guilty
+of disseminating a disloyal religion. It is therefore no matter for
+surprise that we find, about April 1604,[259] an informer, named Henry
+Wright, telling Cecil that another informer named Davies, was able to
+set, _i.e._ to give information of the localities of above threescore
+more priests, but that he had told him that twenty principal ones would
+be enough. Davies, adds Wright, will not discover the treason till he
+had a pardon for it himself, and on this Father Gerard remarks 'that the
+treason in question was none other than the Gunpowder Plot there can be
+no question; unless, indeed, we are to say that the authorities were
+engaged in fabricating a bogus conspiracy for which there was no
+foundation whatever in fact.' Why this inference should be drawn I do
+not know. If Davies was a renegade priest he would require a pardon, and
+in order to get it he may very well have told a story about a treason
+which the authorities, on further inquiry, thought it needless to
+investigate further. It is to no purpose that Father Gerard produces an
+application to James in which it is stated that Wright had furnished
+information to Popham and Challoner who 'had a hand in the discovery of
+the practices of the Jesuits in the powder plot, and did reveal the same
+from time to time to your Majesty, for two years' space almost before
+the said treason burst forth.'[260] That Wright, being in want of money,
+made the most of his little services in spying upon Jesuits is likely
+enough; but if he had come upon Gunpowder Plot two years before the
+Monteagle letter, that is to say, in October, 1603, some five months
+before it was in existence, except, perhaps, in Catesby's brain, we may
+be certain that he would have been far more specific in making his
+claim. The same may be said of Wright's letter to Salisbury on March 26,
+1606, in which he pleads for assistance 'forasmuch as his Majesty is
+already informed of me that in something I have been, and that hereafter
+I may be, a deserving man of his Majesty and the State in discovering of
+villainous practices.' Very gentle bleating indeed for a man who had
+found out the Gunpowder Plot, as I have just said, before it was in
+existence!
+
+Nor is much more to be made of the remainder of Father Gerard's evidence
+on this head. The world being what it was, what else could be expected
+but that there should be talk amongst priests of possible risings--Sir
+Everard Digby in his letter predicted as much--or even that some less
+wise of their number should discuss half formed plans, or that renegade
+priests should pick up their reckless words and report them to the
+Government, probably with some additions of their own?[261] When Father
+Gerard says that a vague statement by an informer, made as early as
+April 1604, refers to the Gunpowder Plot, because Coke said two years
+later that it did,[262] he merely shows that he has little acquaintance
+with the peculiar intellect of that idol of the lawyers of the day. If
+Father Gerard had studied, as I have had occasion to do, Coke's
+treatment of the case of the Earl and Countess of Somerset, he would, I
+fancy, have come to the conclusion that whenever Coke smelt a mystery,
+there was a strong probability that it either never existed at all, or,
+at all events, was something very different from what Coke imagined it
+to be.
+
+That the Government believed, with or without foundation, that there
+were plots abroad, and that priests had their full share in them, may be
+accepted as highly probable. It must, however, be remembered that in
+Salisbury's eyes merely to be a priest was _ipso facto_ to be engaged in
+a huge conspiracy, because to convert an Englishman to the Roman
+Catholic faith, or to confirm him in it, was to pervert him from his due
+allegiance to the Crown. Regarded from this point of view, the words
+addressed by Salisbury to Edmondes on October 17, 1605, 'more than a
+week,' as Father Gerard says, 'before the first hint of danger is said
+to have been breathed,'[263] are seen to be perfectly in character,
+without imagining that the writer had any special information on the
+Gunpowder Plot, or any intention of making use of it to pave the way for
+more persecuting legislation than already existed.
+
+     "I have received" writes Salisbury, "a letter of yours ... to which
+     there needeth no great answer for the present ... because I have
+     imparted to you some part of my conceit concerning the insolencies
+     of the priests and Jesuits, whose mouths we cannot stop better than
+     by contemning their vain and malicious discourses, only the evil
+     which biteth is the poisoned bait, wherewith every youth is taken
+     that cometh among them, which liberty (as I wrote before) must for
+     one cause or other be retrenched."[264]
+
+This language appears to Father Gerard to be ominous of further
+persecution. To me it appears to be merely ominous of an intention to
+refuse passports to young men of uncertain religion wishing to travel on
+the Continent.
+
+We can now understand why it was that Salisbury and the Government in
+general were so anxious to bring home the plot, after its discovery, to
+some, at least, of the priests, and more especially to the Jesuits.
+
+Three of these, Garnet, Greenway and Gerard, were in England while the
+plot was being devised, and were charged with complicity in it. Of the
+three, Garnet, the Provincial of England, was tried and executed; the
+other two escaped to the Continent. My own opinion is that Gerard was
+innocent of any knowledge of the plot,[265] and, as far as I am
+concerned, it is only the conduct of Garnet and Greenway that is under
+discussion. That they both had detailed knowledge of the plot is beyond
+doubt, as it stands on Garnet's own admission that he had been informed
+of it by Greenway, and that Greenway had heard it in confession from
+Catesby.[266] A great deal of ink has been spilled on the question
+whether Garnet ought to have revealed matters involving destruction of
+life which had come to his knowledge in confession; but on this I do
+not propose to touch. It is enough here to say that the law of England
+takes no note of the excuse of confession, and that no blame would have
+been due on this score either to the Government which ordered Garnet's
+prosecution, or to the judges and the jury by whom he was condemned,
+even if there had not been evidence of his knowledge when no question of
+confession was involved.
+
+In considering Garnet's case the first point to be discussed is, whether
+the Government tampered with the evidence against the priests, either by
+omitting that which made in favour of the prisoner, or by forging
+evidence which made against him. An instance of omission is found in the
+mark 'hucusque' made by Coke in the margin of Fawkes's examination of
+November 9, implying the rejection of his statement that, though he had
+received the communion at Gerard's hands as a confirmation of his oath,
+Gerard had not known anything of the object which had led him to
+communicate.[267] The practice of omitting inconvenient evidence was
+unfortunately common enough in those days, and all that can be said for
+Coke on this particular occasion is, that the examination contained many
+obvious falsehoods, and Coke may have thought that he was keeping back
+only one falsehood more. Coke, however, at Garnet's trial did not
+content himself with omitting the important passage, but added the
+statement that 'Gerard the Jesuit, being well acquainted with all
+designs and purposes, did give them the oath of secrecy and a mass, and
+they received the sacrament together at his hands.'[268] Clearly,
+therefore, Coke is convicted, not merely of concealing evidence making
+in the favour of an accused, though absent, person, but of substituting
+for it his own conviction without producing evidence to support it. All
+that can be said is, in the first place, that Gerard was not on trial,
+and could not therefore be affected by anything that Coke might say; and
+that, in the second place, even if Coke's words were--as they doubtless
+were--accepted by the jury, the position of the prisoners actually at
+the bar would be neither better nor worse.
+
+Much more serious is Father Gerard's argument that the confession of
+Bates, Catesby's servant, to the effect that he had not only informed
+Greenway of the plot, but that Greenway had expressed approval of it,
+was either not genuine, or, at least, had been tampered with by the
+Government. As Father Gerard again italicises,[269] not a passage from
+the examination itself, but his own abstract of the passage, it is
+better to give in full so much of the assailed examination as bears upon
+the matter:--
+
+     "Examination of Thomas Bate,[270] servant to Robert Catesby, the
+     4th of December, 1605, before the Lords Commissioners.
+
+     "He confesseth that about this time twelvemonth his master asked
+     this said examinant whether he could procure him a lodging near the
+     Parliament House. Whereupon he went to seek some such lodging and
+     dealt with a baker that had a room joining to the Parliament House,
+     but the baker answered that he could not spare it.
+
+     "After that some fortnight or thereabouts (as he thinketh) his
+     master imagining, as it seemed, that this examinant suspected
+     somewhat of that which the said Catesby went about, called him to
+     him at Puddle Wharf in the house of one Powell (where Catesby had
+     taken a lodging) and in the presence of Thomas Winter, asked him
+     what he thought what business they were about, and this examinant
+     answered that he thought they went about some dangerous business,
+     whereupon they asked him again what he thought the business might
+     be, and he answered that he thought they intended some dangerous
+     matter about the Parliament House, because he had been sent to get
+     a lodging near that House.
+
+     "Thereupon they made this examinant take an oath to be secret in
+     the business, which being taken by him, they told him that it was
+     true that they meant to do somewhat about the Parliament House,
+     namely, to lay powder under it to blow it up.
+
+     "Then they told him that he was to receive the sacrament for the
+     more assurance, and he thereupon went to confession to a priest
+     named Greenway, and in his confession told Greenway that he was to
+     conceal a very dangerous piece of work that his master Catesby and
+     Thomas Winter had imparted unto him, and that he being fearful of
+     it, asked the counsel of Greenway, telling the said Greenway (which
+     he was not desirous to hear) their particular intent and purpose of
+     blowing up the Parliament House, and Greenway the priest thereto
+     said that he would take no notice thereof, but that he, the said
+     examinant, should be secret in that which his master had imparted
+     unto him, because that was for a good cause, and that he willed
+     this examinant to tell no other priest of it; saying moreover that
+     it was not dangerous unto him nor any offence to conceal it, and
+     thereupon the said priest Greenway gave this examinant absolution,
+     and he received the sacrament in the company of his master Robert
+     Catesby and Mr. Thomas Winter.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "Thomas Bate,
+      Nottingham,
+      Suffolk,
+      E. Worcester,
+      H. Northampton,
+      Salisbury,
+      Mar,
+      Dunbar."
+
+     Indorsed:--"_The exam._ of Tho. Bate 4 Dec. 1605. _Greenway_,
+     �."[271]
+
+Out of this document arise two questions which ought to be kept
+carefully distinct:--
+
+     1. Did the Government invent or falsify the document here partially
+     printed?
+
+     2. Did Bates, on the hypothesis that the document is genuine, tell
+     the truth about Greenway?
+
+1. In the first place, Father Gerard calls our attention to the fact
+that the document has only reached us in a copy. It is quite true;
+though, on the other hand, I must reiterate the argument, which I have
+already used in a similar case,[272] that a copy in which the names of
+the Commissioners appear, even though not under their own hands, falls
+not far short of an original. If this copy, being a forgery, were read
+in court, as Father Gerard says it was,[273] some of the Commissioners
+would have felt aggrieved at their names being misused, unless, indeed,
+the whole seven concurred in authorising the forgery, which is so
+extravagant a supposition that we are bound to look narrowly into any
+evidence brought forward to support it.
+
+Father Gerard's main argument in favour of the conclusion at which he
+leads up to--one can hardly say he arrives at this or any other clearly
+announced conviction--is put in the following words:--
+
+     "If, however, this version were not genuine, but prepared for a
+     purpose, it is clear that it could not have been produced while
+     Bates was alive to contradict it, and there appears to be no doubt
+     that it was not heard of till after his death."
+
+The meaning of this is, that the Government did not dare to produce the
+confession till after Bates's death, lest he should contradict it. If
+this were true it would no doubt furnish a strong argument against the
+genuineness of the confession, though not a conclusive one, because at
+the trial of that batch of the prisoners among whom Bates stood, the
+Government may have wished to reserve the evidence to be used against
+Greenway, whom it chiefly concerned, if they still hoped to catch him. I
+do not, however, wish to insist on this suggestion, as I hope to be able
+to show that the evidence was produced at Bates's trial, when he had
+the opportunity, if he pleased, of replying to it.
+
+Father Gerard's first argument is, that in a certain 'manuscript account
+of the plot,[274] written between the trial of the conspirators and that
+of Garnet, that is, within two months of the former,' the author, though
+he argues that the priests must have been cognizant of the design, says
+nothing of the case of Bates's evidence against Greenway, 'but asserts
+him to have been guilty only because his Majesty's proclamation so
+speaks it.'[275] To this it may be answered that, in the first place,
+the manuscript does not profess to be a history of the plot. It contains
+the story of the arrest of Garnet and other persons, and is followed by
+the story of the taking of Robert Winter and Stephen Littleton. In the
+second place, there is strong reason to suppose, not only from the
+subjects chosen by the writer, but also from his mode of treating them,
+that he was not only a Staffordshire man, or an inhabitant of some
+county near Wolverhampton, but that his narrative was drawn up at no
+great distance from Wolverhampton. It does not follow that because his
+Majesty's proclamation had been heard of in Wolverhampton, a piece of
+evidence produced in court at Westminster would have reached so far.
+
+Another argument used by Father Gerard in his own favour, appears to me
+to tell against him. In a copy of a minute of Salisbury's to a certain
+Favat, who had been employed by the King to write to him, we find the
+following statement, which undoubtedly refers to Bates's confession, it
+being written on December 4, the day on which it was taken:--
+
+     "You may tell his Majesty that if he please to read privately what
+     this day we have drawn from a voluntary and penitent examination,
+     the point I am persuaded (but I am no undertaker) shall be so well
+     cleared, if he forebear to speak much of this but ten days, as he
+     shall see all fall out to that end whereat his Majesty
+     shooteth."[276]
+
+Father Gerard's comment on this, that the confession of Bates, here
+referred to, 'cannot be that afterwards given to the world; for it is
+spoken of as affording promise, but not yet satisfactory in its
+performance.'[277] Yes; but promise of what? The King, it may be
+presumed, had asked not merely to know what Greenway had done, but to
+know what had been the conduct of all the priests who had confessed the
+plotters. The early part of the minute is clear upon that. Salisbury
+writes that the King wanted
+
+     'to learn the names of those priests which have been confessors and
+     ministers of the sacrament to those conspirators, because it
+     followeth indeed in consequence that they could not be ignorant of
+     their purposes, seeing all men that doubt resort to them for
+     satisfaction, and all men use confession to obtain absolution.'
+
+Bearing this in mind, and also that Salisbury goes on to say that 'most
+of the conspirators have carefully forsworn that the priests knew
+anything particular, and obstinately refused to be accusers of them, yea
+what torture soever they be put to,' I cannot see that anything short of
+the statement about Greenway ascribed to Bates would justify Salisbury's
+satisfaction with what he had learnt, though he qualifies his pleasure
+with the thought that there is much more still to be learnt about
+Greenway himself, as well as about other priests. An autograph
+postscript to a letter written to Edmondes on March 8, 1606, shows
+Salisbury in exactly the spirit which I have here ascribed to him:--
+
+     "You may now confidently affirm that Whalley[278] is guilty _ex ore
+     proprio_. This day confessed of the Gunpowder Treason, but he saith
+     he devised it not, only he concealed it when Father Greenway
+     _alias_ Tesmond did impart to him all particulars, and Catesby only
+     the general. Thus do you see that Greenway is now by the
+     superintendent as guilty as we have accused him. He confesseth also
+     that Greenway told him that Father Owen was privy to all. More will
+     now come after this."[279]
+
+The tone of the letter to Favat is more subdued than this, as befitted
+writing that was to come under the King's eye; but the meaning is
+identical:--"I have got much, but I hope for more."
+
+We now come to Father Gerard's argument that the charge against
+Greenway of approving the plot was not produced even at Garnet's trial
+on March 28, 1606, Bates having been tried on January 27, and being
+executed on the 30th:--
+
+     "Still more explicit is the evidence furnished by another MS.
+     containing a report of Father Garnet's trial. In this the
+     confession of Bates is cited, but precisely the significant passage
+     of which we have spoken, as follows: 'Catesby afterwards discovered
+     the project unto him; shortly after which discovery, Bates went to
+     mass to Tesimond [Greenway] and there was confessed and had
+     absolution.'
+
+     "Here, again, it is impossible to suppose that the all-important
+     point was the one omitted. It is clear, however, that the mention
+     of a confession made to Greenway would _prim� facie_ afford a
+     presumption that this particular matter had been confessed, thus
+     furnishing a foundation whereon to build; and knowing, as we do,
+     how evidence was manipulated, it is quite conceivable that the copy
+     now extant incorporates the improved version thus suggested."
+
+Father Gerard has quoted the sentence about Bates and Greenway
+correctly,[280] but he has not observed that Coke, in his opening
+speech, is stated on the same authority to have expressed himself as
+follows:--
+
+     "In November following comes Bates to Greenway the Jesuit, and
+     tells him all his master's purpose; he hears his confession,
+     absolves him, and encourageth him to go on, saying it is for the
+     good of the Catholic cause, and therefore warrantable."[281]
+
+I acknowledge that Coke's unsupported assertion is worth very little;
+but I submit that so practised an advocate would hardly have produced a
+confession which, if it contained no more than Father Gerard supposes,
+would have directly refuted his own statement. Father Gerard, I fancy,
+fails to take into account the difficulties of note-takers in days prior
+to the invention of shorthand. The report-taker had followed the early
+part of Bates's examination fairly well. Then come the words quoted by
+Father Gerard at the very bottom of the page. May not the desire to get
+all that he had to say into that page have been too strong for the
+reporter, especially as, after what Coke had said earlier in the day,
+the statement that Bates 'confessed' might reasonably be supposed to
+cover the subject of confession? 'Catesby ... discovered the project
+unto him, shortly after which discovery' he confessed. What can he be
+supposed to have confessed except the project discovered? and, if so,
+Greenway's absolution implies approval.
+
+Father Gerard, moreover, though he quotes from another manuscript
+Garnet's objection that 'Bates was a dead man,' thereby meaning that
+Bates's testimony was now worthless, entirely omits to notice that the
+preceding paragraph is destructive of his contention. A question had
+arisen as to whether Greenway had shown contrition.
+
+     "Nay," replied Mr. Attorney, "I am sure that he had not, for to
+     Bates he approved the fact, and said he had no obligation to reveal
+     it to any other ghostly father, to which effect Bates his
+     confession was produced, which verified as much as Mr. Attorney
+     said, and then Mr. Attorney added that he had heard by men more
+     learned than he, that if for defect of contrition it was not a
+     sacrament, then it might lawfully be revealed.
+
+     "Mr. Garnet rejoined that Bates was a dead man, and therefore
+     although he would not discredit him, yet he was bound to keep that
+     secret which was spoken in confession as well as Greenway."[282]
+
+Having thus shown that Father Gerard's argument, that the statement
+about Greenway was not produced at Garnet's trial, cannot be maintained;
+that his argument drawn from the account of the arrest of Garnet and
+others is irrelevant, and that Salisbury's letter to Favat, so far from
+contradicting the received story, goes a long way to confirm it, I
+proceed to ask why we are not to accept the report of _A true and
+perfect relation_, where Coke is represented as giving the substance of
+the confession of Bates, beginning with Catesby's revelation of the plot
+to him, followed by his full confession to Greenway and Greenway's
+answer, somewhat amplified indeed, as Coke's manner was, but obviously
+founded on Bates's confession of December 4, 1605.
+
+     "Then they," _i.e._ Catesby and Winter, "told him that he was to
+     receive the sacrament for the more assurance, and thereupon he went
+     to confession to the said Tesmond the Jesuit, and in his confession
+     told him that he was to conceal a very dangerous piece of work,
+     that his master Catesby and Thomas Winter had imparted unto him,
+     and said he much feared the matter to be utterly unlawful, and
+     therefore thereon desired the counsel of the Jesuit, and revealed
+     unto him the whole intent and purpose of blowing up the Parliament
+     House upon the first day of the assembly, at what time the King,
+     the Queen, the Prince, the Lords spiritual and temporal, the
+     judges, knights, citizens, burgesses should all have been there
+     convented and met together. But the Jesuit being a confederate
+     therein before, resolved and encouraged him in the action, and said
+     that he should be secret in that which his master had imparted unto
+     him, for that it was for a good cause, adding, moreover, that it
+     was not dangerous unto him nor any offence to conceal it; and
+     thereupon the Jesuit gave him absolution, and Bates received the
+     sacrament of him, in the company of his master, Robert Catesby, and
+     Thomas Winter."[283]
+
+We have not, indeed, the evidence set forth, but we have a distinct
+intimation that amongst the confessions read was one from which 'it
+appeared that Bates was resolved from what he understood concerning the
+powder treason, and being therein warranted by the Jesuits.'[284]
+
+2. Being now able to assume that the confession ascribed to Bates was
+genuine, the further question arises whether Bates told the truth or
+not. We have, in the first place, Greenway's strong protestation that he
+had not heard of the plot from Bates. In the second place, Father Gerard
+adduces a retractation by Bates of a statement that he thought Greenway
+'knew of the business.' Now, whatever inference we choose to draw, it is
+a curious fact that this has nothing to do with Bates's confession of
+December 4--the letter of Bates printed in the narrative of the Gerard
+who lived in the seventeenth century running as follows:--
+
+     "At my last being before them I told them I thought Greenway knew
+     of this business, but I did not charge the others with it, but that
+     I saw them all together with my master at my Lord Vaux's, and that
+     after I saw Mr. Whalley," _i.e._ Garnet, "and Mr. Greenway at
+     Coughton, and it is true. For I was sent thither with a letter, and
+     Mr. Greenway rode with me to Mr. Winter's to my master, and from
+     thence he rode to Mr. Abington's. This I told them, and no more.
+     For which I am heartily sorry for, and I trust God will forgive me,
+     for I did it not out of malice but in hope to gain my life by it,
+     which I think now did me no good."[285]
+
+This clearly refers not to the confession of December 4, but to that of
+January 13,[286] in which these matters were spoken of, and it is to be
+noted that Bates does not acknowledge having spoken falsely, but of
+having told inconvenient truths.
+
+Bates's entire silence in this letter as to the confession of December 4
+may receive one of two interpretations. Either Greenway was not
+mentioned in that confession at all--a solution which in the face of
+Salisbury's letter to Favat seems to be an impossible one--or else
+Bates knew that he had at that time made disclosures to which he did not
+wish to refer. It is, perhaps, not so very unlikely that he compounded
+for what would in any case be regarded as a great fault by disclosing a
+smaller one.
+
+Are we, then, shut up to the conclusion that Father Greenway sheltered
+himself by telling a deliberate lie? I do not see that it is absolutely
+necessary; though I suppose, under correction, that he might feel
+himself bound to aver that he had never heard what he had only heard in
+confession. Is it not, however, possible that Bates in confessing to
+Greenway did not go into the details of the plot, but merely spoke of
+some design against the Government with which his master had entrusted
+him, and that Greenway told him that it was his master's secret, and he
+might be content to think that it was in a good cause?[287] As time went
+on Bates would easily read his own knowledge of the plot into the words
+he had used in confession, or may even have deliberately expanded his
+statement to please the examiners. Life was dear, and he may have hoped
+to gain pardon if he could throw the blame on a Jesuit. Besides,
+Greenway, as he probably knew, had not been arrested, and no harm would
+come if he painted him blacker than he was. This is but a conjecture,
+but if it is anywhere near the mark, it is easy to understand why Bates
+should not have been eager to call attention to the confession of
+December 4, when he wrote the letter which has been already
+quoted.[288] On the other hand Catesby seems to have had no doubt of
+Greenway's adherence, as is shown by his exclaiming on the priest's
+arrival at Coughton, that 'here, at least, was a gentleman that would
+live and die with them.'
+
+In any case, the general attitude of the priests is not difficult to
+imagine. Not even their warmest advocates can suppose that they received
+the news of a plot to blow up James I. and his Parliament with quite as
+much abhorrence as they would have manifested if they had heard of a
+plot to blow up the Pope and the College of Cardinals. They were men who
+had suffered much and were exposed at any moment to suffer more. They
+held that James had broken his promise without excuse. But they had
+their instructions from Rome to discountenance all disturbances; and we
+may do them the justice to add that both Garnet and Greenway were
+shocked when they were informed of the atrocious character of the plot
+itself; but, at all events, Sir Everard Digby was able to write from
+prison to his wife:--
+
+     "Before that I knew anything of the plot, I did ask Mr. Farmer,"
+     _i.e._ Garnet, "what the meaning of the Pope's Brief was; he told
+     me that they were not (meaning priests) to undertake or procure
+     stirs; but yet they would not hinder any, neither was it the Pope's
+     mind they should, that should be undertaken for the Catholic good.
+     I did never utter thus much, nor would not but to you; and this
+     answer with Mr. Catesby's proceedings with him and me give me
+     absolute belief that the matter in general was approved, though
+     every particular was not known."[289]
+
+Whatever may be thought of the value of this statement Garnet's attitude
+towards the plot was, on his own showing, hardly one of unqualified
+abhorrence. Assuming that all that Greenway had informed him of on one
+particular occasion, when the whole design was poured into his ears, was
+told under the sanction of the confessional, and that not only the rule
+of his Church, but other more worldly considerations, prohibited the
+disclosure of anything so heard, there was all the more reason why he
+should take any opportunity that occurred to learn the secret out of
+confession, and so to do his utmost to prevent the atrocious design from
+being carried into execution. Let us see whether he did so or not, on
+his own showing.
+
+On June 8 or 9, 1605,[290] Catesby asked Garnet the question whether it
+was lawful to kill innocent persons, together with nocents, on the
+pretence that his inquiry related to the siege of a town in war. At
+first Garnet treated the question as of no other import. "I ... thought
+it at the first but as it were an idle question, till I saw him, when we
+had done, make solemn protestation that he would never be known to have
+asked me any such question so long as he lived." On this Garnet began to
+muse within himself as to Catesby's meaning.
+
+     "And," he continues, "fearing lest he should intend the death of
+     some great persons, and by seeking to draw them together enwrap not
+     only innocents but friends and necessary persons for the
+     Commonwealth, I thought I would take fit occasion to admonish him
+     that upon my speech he should not run headlong to so great a
+     mischief."
+
+Garnet accordingly talked to him when he met him next, towards the end
+of June, telling him that he wished him 'to look what he did if he
+intended anything, that he must not have so little regard of innocents
+that he spare not friends and necessary persons to a Commonwealth, and
+told him what charge we had of all quietness, and to procure the like of
+others.' It was certainly rather mild condemnation of a design which, as
+Garnet understood, would involve considerable loss of life.
+
+Soon afterwards Garnet received a letter from the General of the
+Society, directing him, in the Pope's name, to hinder all conspiracies,
+and this letter he showed to Catesby when next he saw him:--
+
+     "I showed him my letter from Rome," wrote Garnet afterwards, "and
+     admonished him of the Pope's pleasure. I doubted he had some device
+     in his head, whatsoever it was, being against the Pope's will, it
+     could not prosper. He said that what he meant to do, if the Pope
+     knew, he would not hinder, for the general good of the country. But
+     I being earnest with him, and inculcating the Pope's prohibition
+     did add this _quia expresse hoc Papa non vult et prohibet_, he told
+     me he was not bound to take knowledge by me of the Pope's will. I
+     said indeed my own credit was but little, but our General, whose
+     letter I had read to him, was a man everywhere respected for his
+     wisdom and virtue, so I desired him that before he attempted
+     anything he would acquaint the Pope. He said he would not for all
+     the world make his particular project known to him, for fear of
+     discovery. I wished him at the last in general to inform him how
+     things stood here by some lay gentleman."
+
+This suggestion took shape in the mission of Sir Edmund Baynham. We are
+only concerned here with Garnet's expostulations, and again it must be
+said that they appear to have been singularly mild, considering all that
+Catesby had admitted.
+
+A few days later Garnet learnt the whole truth from Greenway, in a way
+which is said to have been tantamount to confession. Admitting once more
+that he may have been bound to keep silence to others on these details,
+he could not keep silence to himself. There are no partitions in the
+brain to divide what one wishes to know from what one wishes not to
+know, and if Garnet thoroughly abhorred the plot, he was surely bound to
+take up Catesby's earlier self-revelations, and to strive to the
+uttermost to probe the matter to the bottom, in all legitimate ways. No
+doubt he had moments in which his conscience was sorely troubled, but
+they were followed by no decisive action, and it is useless to say that
+he expected to meet Catesby at 'All-hallowtide.' With all the Jesuit
+machinery under his hands, he could surely have found Catesby out
+between July and November, and this omission is perhaps the most fatal
+condemnation of Garnet's course. If he had for many months known enough
+otherwise than in confession to enable him to remonstrate with Catesby
+in November, why could he not have remonstrated four months before with
+much more hope of success?
+
+Still more serious is Garnet's own account of his feelings when Greenway
+imparted the story to him, saying that he thought the plot unlawful, and
+'a most horrible thing.' He charged Greenway 'to hinder it if he could,
+for he knew well enough what strict prohibition we had had.' Greenway
+replied 'that in truth he had disclaimed it, and protested that he did
+not approve it, and that he would do what lay in him to dissuade it.'
+Yet up to the discovery of the plot, Garnet, though he met Greenway at
+least once, took no means of inquiring how Greenway had fared in his
+enterprise. "How he performed it after," he explained, "I have not heard
+but by the report of Bates's confession."[291]
+
+On July 24, Garnet writes a letter to the General of his Society, in
+which, as we are told, nothing learnt only in confession ought to have
+been introduced. Accordingly, either in this or a later letter,[292] he
+merely speaks in general terms of the danger of any private treason or
+violence against the King, and asks for the orders of his Holiness as to
+what is to be done in the case, and a formal prohibition of the use of
+armed force. Surely some stronger language would be expected here. It is
+true that, according to his own account, Garnet remained 'in great
+perplexity,' and prayed that God 'would dispose of all for the best, and
+find the best means which were pleasing to Him to prevent so great a
+mischief.' He tells us, indeed, that he wrote constantly to Rome 'to get
+a prohibition under censures of all attempts,' but as the answer he got
+was that the Pope was of the opinion that 'his general prohibition would
+serve,' it does not seem likely that Garnet enlarged on the real danger
+more than he had done in the letter referred to above. He expected, he
+says, some further action; 'and that hope and Mr. Catesby's promise of
+doing nothing until Sir Edmund had been with the Pope made me think that
+either nothing would be done or not before the end of the Parliament;
+before what time we should surely hear, as undoubtedly we should if
+Baynham had gone to Rome as soon as I imagined.'[293] In a further
+declaration, Garnet disclosed that there was more in his conduct than
+misplaced hopefulness. Speaking of Catesby's first consultation with
+himself, he adds:--
+
+     "Neither ever did I enter further with him then, as I wrote, but
+     rather cut off all occasions (after I knew his project) of any
+     discoursing with him of it, thereby to save myself harmless both
+     with the state here, and with my superiors at Rome, to whom I knew
+     this thing would be infinitely displeasing, insomuch as at my
+     second conference with Mr. Greenwell," _i.e._ Greenway, "I said
+     'Good Lord, if this matter go forward, the Pope will send me to the
+     galleys, for he will assuredly think I was privy to it.'"[294]
+
+To say that Garnet had two consciences, an official and a personal one,
+would doubtless err by giving too brutally clear-cut a definition of the
+mysterious workings of the mind. Yet we shall probably be right in
+thinking not only that, as a Catholic, a priest, and a Jesuit, he was
+bound to carry out the directions conveyed to him from the Pope, but
+that those directions commended themselves to his own mind whenever he
+set himself seriously to consider the matter. It was but human
+weakness[295] to be so shocked by the persecution going on around him as
+to regard with some complacency the horrors which sought to put a stop
+to it, or at least to find excuses for omitting to inquire, where
+inquiry must necessarily lead to active resistance. The Government
+theory that Garnet and the other Jesuits had originated the plot was
+undoubtedly false, but, as far as we are able to judge, they did not
+look upon it with extraordinary horror, neither did they take such means
+as were lawful and possible to avert the disaster.
+
+To sum up the conclusions to which I have been led. There may be
+difference of opinion as to my suggested explanations of some details in
+the 'traditional' story; but as a whole it stands untouched by Father
+Gerard's criticisms. What is more, no explanation has been offered by
+any one which will fit in with the evidence which I have adduced in its
+favour. As for the plot itself, it was the work of men indignant at the
+banishment of the priests after the promises made by James in Scotland.
+The worse persecution which followed no doubt sharpened their
+indignation and led to the lukewarmness with which Garnet opposed it;
+but it had nothing to do with the inception of the plot.
+
+As to the action of the Government, it was in the main straightforward.
+It had to disguise its knowledge that James did not discover the plot by
+Divine inspiration, and having firmly persuaded itself that the Jesuits
+had been at the bottom of the whole affair, it suppressed at least one
+statement to the contrary, which it may very well have believed to be
+untrue, whilst the Attorney General--not a man easily restrained--put
+forward his own impression as positive truth, though he had no evidence
+behind it. On the other hand, James, having before him in writing
+Garnet's account of the information gained from Greenway in confession,
+refused to allow it to be used against the prisoner.
+
+The attempt to make Salisbury the originator of the Plot for his own
+purposes breaks down entirely, if only because, at the time when the
+plot was started, he had already pushed James to take the first step in
+the direction in which he wished him to go, and that every succeeding
+step carried him further in the same direction. It is also highly
+probable that he had no information about it till the Monteagle letter
+was placed in his hands. That there was a plot at all is undoubtedly
+owing to James's conduct in receding from his promises. Yet, even his
+fault in this respect raises more difficult questions than Roman
+Catholic writers are inclined to admit. The question of toleration was a
+new one, and James may be credited with a sincere desire to avoid
+persecution for religion. He was, however, confronted by the question of
+allegiance. If the Roman Catholics increased in numbers, so far as to
+become a power in the land, would they or the Pope tolerate a 'heretic'
+King? This was the real crux of the situation. In the nineteenth century
+it is not felt, and we can regard it lightly. In the beginning of the
+seventeenth century men could remember how Henry IV. had been driven to
+submit to the Papal Church on pain of exclusion from the throne. Was
+there ever to be a possibility of the like happening to James? There can
+be no doubt that he believed in the doctrines of his own Church as
+firmly as any Jesuit believed in those which it was his duty to
+maintain. But, though this question of doctrine must not be left out of
+sight, it must by no means be forced into undue prominence. It was the
+question of allegiance that was at stake. James tried hard to avoid it,
+and it must be acknowledged that his efforts were, to some extent,
+reciprocated from the other side,[296] but the gulf could not be bridged
+over. In the end the antagonism took its fiercest shape in the
+disputation on the new oath of allegiance enjoined on all recusants in
+1606. The respective claims of Pope and King to divine right were then
+brought sharply into collision. Now that we are removed by nearly three
+centuries from the combatants, we may look somewhat beyond the
+contentions of the disputants. Behind the arguments of the Royalist, we
+may discern the claim of a nation for supreme control over its own
+legislation and government. Behind the arguments of the Papalist, we may
+discern an anxiety to forbid any chance occupant of a throne, or any
+chance parliamentary majority, from dictating to the consciences of
+those who in all temporal matters are ready to yield obedience to
+existing authority.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+[1] London: Osgood, McIlvaine & Co., 1897.
+
+[2] _Gerard_, p. 48.
+
+[3] _Ib._ p. 51, note 2.
+
+[4] _Goodman_, i. 102.
+
+[5] _Gerard_, pp. 46, 47.
+
+[6] _Gerard_, p. 159.
+
+[7] I imagine that the notes in Roman type proceed from Wood's
+correspondent, and that Fulman's marginal questions are omitted; but
+Father Gerard is not clear on this.
+
+[8] _I.e._, the second Earl.
+
+[9] ? this.
+
+[10] _Athen�_, iii. 902.
+
+[11] _Edin. Review_, January 1897, p. 192.
+
+[12] This is a mistake. The fine of 3,000_l._ was imposed for his part
+in the Essex rebellion. (See _Jardine_, p. 31.)
+
+[13] Off and on, a fortnight at the end of January and beginning of
+February, and then again probably for a very short time in March.
+
+[14] Fawkes was absent part of the time.
+
+[15] Mrs. Everett Green in her 'Calendar of Domestic State Papers,' adds
+a sixth (_Gunpowder Plot Book_, No. 50); but this is manifestly the
+deposition of November 17. It must be remembered that, when she produced
+this volume, Mrs. Everett Green was quite new to the work. She was
+deceived by an indorsement in the handwriting of the eighteenth century,
+assigning the document to the 8th.
+
+[16] The words between brackets are inserted in another hand.
+
+[17] It was not actually hired till about Lady Day, 1605.
+
+[18] Inserted in the same hand as that in which the words about the
+cellar were written. It will be observed that the insertion cannot serve
+any one's purpose.
+
+[19] Gracechurch Street.
+
+[20] A mistake for Monday if midnight is to be reckoned with the day
+preceding it.
+
+[21] The remainder of the draft is occupied with the discovery of the
+plot.
+
+[22] _Proclamation Book, R.O._, p. 114.
+
+[23] Bancroft to Salisbury, Nov. 5. Popham to Salisbury, Nov. 5--_G. P.
+B._ Nos. 7, 9.
+
+[24] Points and names of persons.--_S. P. Dom._ xvi. 9, 10.
+
+[25] Popham to Salisbury, November 5. (_G. P. B._ No. 10.) The P.S. only
+is of the 6th.
+
+[26] Narrative, _G. P. B._ No. 129.
+
+[27] In a letter of advice sent to the Nuncio at Paris, on Sept. 10/20,
+he is distinctly spoken of as a Catholic, as well as Worcester.--_Roman
+Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[28] On July 20/30, 1605, Father Creswell writes to Paul V. that
+Nottingham showed him every civility 'that could be expected from one
+who does not profess our holy religion.'
+
+[29] The 'cellar' was not really hired till a little before Easter,
+March 31.
+
+[30] Second examination of Fawkes, November 6.--_G. P. B._ No. 16 A.
+
+[31] Examination of Gibbons, November 5.--_S. P. Dom._ xvi. 14.
+
+[32] "Mrs. Whynniard, however, tells us," writes Father Gerard (p. 73),
+"that the cellar was not to let, and that Bright had not the disposal of
+the lease, but one Skinner." What Mrs. Whynniard said was that the vault
+was 'let to Mr. Skinner of King Street; but that she and her husband
+were ready to consent if Mrs. Skinner's good will could be had.' 'Mr.'
+in the first writing of the name is evidently a slip of the clerk's, as
+Mrs. Whynniard goes on to speak of 'Mrs. Skinner then, and now the wife
+of Andrew Bright.'--_G. P. B._ No. 39.
+
+[33] Probably 'Hippesley.'
+
+[34] Father Gerard, (p. 91, note 5) accepts Goodman's assertion that it
+was said that Whynniard 'as soon as ever he heard of the news what Percy
+intended, he instantly fell into a fright and died: so that it could not
+be certainly known who procured him the house, or by whose means.' That
+Whynniard was alive on the 7th is proved by the fact that Susan
+Whynniard is styled his wife and not his widow at the head of this
+examination. As he was himself not questioned it may be inferred that he
+was seriously ill at the time. That his illness was caused by fright is
+probably pure gossip. Mrs. Bright, when examined (_G. P. B._ No. 24)
+speaks of Mrs. Whynniard as agreeing to change the tenancy of the
+cellar, which looks as if the husband had been ill and inaccessible at
+least six months before his death.
+
+[35] Properly 'John.'
+
+[36] _S. P. Dom._ xvi. 20.
+
+[37] _G. P. B._ No. 37. Witnessed by Northampton and Popham only.
+
+[38] The letter to Cornwallis, printed in Winwood's _Memorials_, ii.
+170, is dated Nov. 9, as it is in Cott. MSS. Vesp. cix. fol. 240, from
+which it is printed. That volume, however, is merely a letter book. The
+letter to Edmondes, on the other hand, in the Stowe MSS. 168, fol. 213,
+is the original, with Salisbury's autograph signature, and its date has
+clearly been altered from 7 to 9.
+
+[39] Waad to Salisbury, Nov. 7.--Hatfield MSS.
+
+[40] Waad to Salisbury, Nov. 8.--_G. P. B._ No. 48 B.
+
+[41] In 'The King's Book' it is stated that Fawkes was shown the rack,
+but never racked. Probably the torture used on the 9th was that of the
+manacles, or hanging up by the wrists or thumbs.
+
+[42] The principal ones were either killed or taken at Holbeche on that
+very day.
+
+[43] Thomas Winter.
+
+[44] Catesby, Percy, and John Wright.
+
+[45] _I.e._ Catesby. In a copy forwarded to Edmondes by Salisbury (Stowe
+MSS. 168, fol. 223) the copyist had originally written 'three or four
+more,' which is altered to 'three.'
+
+[46] 'Then,' omitted in the Stowe copy.
+
+[47] Christopher Wright.
+
+[48] 'Unto,' in the Stowe copy.
+
+[49] Robert Winter. The question whether Keyes worked at this time will
+be discussed later on.
+
+[50] 'Any man,' in the Stowe copy.
+
+[51] 'Others,' in the Stowe copy.
+
+[52] 'One' is inserted above the line.
+
+[53] This is an obvious mistake, as the widow Skinner was not at this
+time married to Bright, but one just as likely to be made by Fawkes
+himself as by his examiners.
+
+[54] 'Viewed it,' in the Stowe copy.
+
+[55] 'Taken,' in Stowe copy.
+
+[56] 'Thence,' in Stowe copy.
+
+[57] Percy.
+
+[58] The words in italics are marked by penstrokes across them for
+omission.
+
+[59] 'With that practice, that,' in the Stowe copy.
+
+[60] 'Then,' omitted in the Stowe copy.
+
+[61] 'But,' omitted in the Stowe copy.
+
+[62] 'Whereof,' in the Stowe copy.
+
+[63] _G. P. B._, No. 49. In the Stowe copy the names of the
+Commissioners are omitted, and a list of fifteen plotters added. As the
+paper was inclosed in a letter to Edmondes of the 14th, these might
+easily be added at any date preceding that.
+
+[64] _Gerard_, p. 268.
+
+[65] _Stowe MSS._, 168, fol. 223.
+
+[66] _Gerard_, p. 170.
+
+[67] _Gerard_, p. 169.
+
+[68] _S. P. Dom._ xii. 24.
+
+[69] _Gerard_, p. 175. Coke's questions are in _S. P. Dom._ xvi. 38.
+
+[70] The handwriting is quite different.
+
+[71] This declaration, therefore, was not, as Mrs. Everett Green says,
+'made to Salisbury.'
+
+[72] If anyone chooses to argue that this examination was drawn up
+regardless of its truth, and only signed by Fawkes after torture had
+made him incapable of distinguishing truth from falsehood, he may be
+answered that, in that case, those who prepared it would never have
+added to the allegation that some of the conspirators had received the
+Sacrament from Gerard the Jesuit to bind them to secrecy, the
+passage:--"But he saith that Gerard was not acquainted with their
+purpose." This passage is marked for omission by Coke, and it assuredly
+would not have been found in the document unless it had really proceeded
+from Fawkes.
+
+[73] About whom more hereafter.
+
+[74] Gerard afterwards denied that this was true, and the late Father
+Morris (_Life of Gerard_, p. 437) argues, with a good deal of
+probability, that Fawkes mistook another priest for Gerard. For my
+purpose it is not a matter of any importance.
+
+[75] This should be John.
+
+[76] Probably, as Father Gerard suggests, what would now be known as a
+coursing match.
+
+[77] _Proclamation Book, R.O._ p. 117.
+
+[78] A late postscript added to the letter to the Ambassadors sent off
+on the 9th (_Winwood_, ii. 173) shows that before the end of the day
+Salisbury had learnt even more of the details than were comprised in the
+Sheriff's letter.
+
+[79] Nov. 5.
+
+[80] Nov. 6.
+
+[81] Nov. 7.
+
+[82] Nov. 8.
+
+[83] The question whether Winter or Keyes was one of two workers will be
+subsequently discussed.
+
+[84] Mrs. Everett Green suggests Nov. 8 (_G. P. B._ No. 133), but this
+is merely a deduction from her mistaken date of the examination of the
+17th (see p. 17, note 1). In Fawkes's confession of the 9th Keyes's
+Christian name appears to have been subsequently added.
+
+[85] Extracts from the Council Registers, _Add. MSS._ 11,402, fol. 108.
+The volume of the Council Book itself which recorded the transactions of
+these years has been lost.
+
+[86] _G. P. B._ No. 101. There is a facsimile in _National MSS._ Part
+iv. No. 8.
+
+[87] See pp. 18, 20.
+
+[88] _Gerard_, p. 174.
+
+[89] _Gerard_, p. 268.
+
+[90] The erasure of Winter's name, and the substitution of that of
+Keyes, will be dealt with later.
+
+[91] _Gerard_, p. 168.
+
+[92] Father Gerard appears to show his dislike of Salisbury by denying
+him his title.
+
+[93] All Saints Day.
+
+[94] Compare this with Fawkes's declaration at his second examination
+(_G. P. B._ 16, A.) "Being demanded when this good act had been done
+which must have brought this realm in peril to be subdued by some
+foreign prince, of what foreign prince he and his compliees could have
+wished to have been governed, one more than another, he doth protest
+upon his soul that neither he nor any other with whom he had conferred
+would have spared the last drop of their blood to have resisted any
+foreign prince whatsoever." Are we seriously asked to believe that
+Salisbury placed this crown of sturdy patriotism on the brows of those
+whom he wished to paint as the most atrocious villains?
+
+[95] Juan de Velasco, Duke of Frias, Constable of Castile, arrived at
+Brussels about the middle of January 1604 to conduct a negotiation for
+peace with England. There he remained, delegating his powers to others.
+This date of the Constable's arrival is important, as showing that
+Winter's conversation with Catesby cannot have taken place earlier than
+the second half of January.
+
+[96] Hugh Owen was, as Father Gerard says (p. 173, note 1), 'A soldier
+and not a priest, though in the _Calendar of State Papers_ he is
+continually styled "Father Owen," or "Owen the Jesuit."' He is however
+mistaken in saying that Mrs. Everett Green inserted the title without
+warrant in the original documents. A paper of intelligence received on
+April 29, 1604, begins, "Father Owen, Father Baldwin and Colonel Jaques,
+three men that rule the Archduke at their pleasure," &c.
+
+[97] In 1604 Easter term began on April 25, and ended May 21.
+
+[98] This distinctly implies that Percy did not know the secret before,
+and I therefore wish to retract my former argument--which is certainly
+not conclusive--in favour of an earlier knowledge by Percy. _Hist. of
+Engl._ 1603-1642, i. 235, note 1.
+
+[99] "In his declaration, November 8th, however," writes Father Gerard
+(p. 91, note 1), "he gives as a reason for going abroad, 'lest, being a
+dangerous man, he should be known and suspected.'" I see no discrepancy
+between the two statements. Having been long abroad, Fawkes's face would
+not be known to the ordinary Londoner as that of a Recusant, and he was
+therefore better qualified to act as a watchman than others who were so
+known. On the other hand, when there was no need for anybody to watch at
+all, somebody who had known him in Flanders might notify the Government
+of his appearance in England, and thereby raise suspicions against him.
+Besides, there were other reasons for his going over which Fawkes did
+not think fit to bring to the notice of the Government.
+
+[100] Began October 9, ended November 28.
+
+[101] Marginal note: "This was about a month before Michaelmas."
+
+[102] The Duke of York, afterwards Charles I.
+
+[103] Some such words as 'we resolved' are probably omitted here.
+
+[104] In MS. 'taken it before.'
+
+[105] Interlined in the King's hand 'which was about four thousand
+pounds.'
+
+[106] Altered in the King's hand to 'to the number of ten,' with a
+marginal note 'unclear phrase,' in the same hand.
+
+[107] Prince Henry.
+
+[108] Perhaps the Prince was with his mother at Greenwich.
+
+[109] Oct. 27.
+
+[110] Oct. 31.
+
+[111] Nov. 1.
+
+[112] Nov. 2.
+
+[113] Nov. 3.
+
+[114] Nov. 4.
+
+[115] 5 A.M. on Nov. 5.
+
+[116] Nov. 6.
+
+[117] Nov. 7.
+
+[118] Nov. 8.
+
+[119] The attestation in brackets is in Salisbury's hand.
+
+[120] _Gerard_, p. 182.
+
+[121] _I.e._, Thomas Winter.
+
+[122] Mrs. Everett Green's abstract of this, to the effect that Fawkes
+said that the conspiracy 'was confined to five persons at first, then to
+two, and afterwards five more were added,' has no foundation in the
+document she had before her.
+
+[123] _G. P. B._ No. 49.
+
+[124] _G. P. B._ No. 37.
+
+[125] _G. P. B._ No. 133.
+
+[126] The name 'Key' or 'Keyes' occurs in both of them without his
+Christian name.
+
+[127] _Proclamation Book, R.O._
+
+[128] _G. P. B._ No. 129.
+
+[129] 'The Discourse of the Powder Treason,' published in Bishop
+Montague's _Works of James I._, p. 233, only forms part of the original
+so-called 'King's Book,' which was published anonymously in 1605
+(_i.e._, before March 25, 1606) under the title of _His Majesty's Speech
+in this last Session of Parliament ... together with a Discourse of the
+Manner of the Discovery of this late Intended Treason, joined with the
+Examination of Some of the Prisoners_.--Brit. Mus., Press Mark E. 1940,
+No. 10. In the Preface directed by the Printer to the Reader, the
+Printer states that he was about to commit the Speech to the press when
+there came into his hands 'a discourse of this late intended most
+abominable treason,' which he has added. The King's speech was delivered
+on November 9, and, if it was to be published, it is not likely to have
+been long kept back. The discourse consists of four parts--1. An account
+of the discovery of the plot, and arrest of Fawkes. 2. Fawkes's
+declaration of the 17th. 3. Winter's confession of the 23rd. 4. An
+account of the flight and capture of the conspirators. The whole
+composition shows signs of an early date. Part 1 knows nothing of any
+names except those of Percy and Johnson _alias_ Fawkes, and was
+probably, therefore, drawn up before the confession of the 9th. At the
+end it slips off from a statement that Fawkes, having been 'twice or
+thrice examined when the rack having been only offered and showed unto
+him, the mask of his Roman fortitude did visibly begin to wear and slide
+off his face, and then did he begin to confess part of the truth,' into
+'and thereafter to open up the whole matter as doth appear by his
+depositions immediately following.' Then comes the declaration of
+November 17, with Winter amongst the diggers and Keyes amongst those
+afterwards made privy. Between Parts 2 and 3 we have the following
+statement: "And in regard that before this discovery could be ready to
+go to the press, Thomas Winter, being apprehended and brought to the
+Tower, made a confession in substance agreeing with this former of
+Fawkes's, only larger in some circumstances. I have thought good to
+insert the same likewise in this place, for the further clearing of the
+matter and greater benefit of the reader." May we not gather from this
+that the 'discourse' was finally made up for the press on or very soon
+after the 23rd? Winter, it may be noted, does not mention the name
+either of his brother or of Keyes.
+
+[130] _Gerard_, App. E., p. 251.
+
+[131] This note is on too small a scale to be reproduced in the
+frontispiece.
+
+[132] This name is given at a later time to the 'Passage leading to the
+Parliament Stairs' of Capon's plan, and I have, for convenience sake,
+referred to it throughout by that name.
+
+[133] See p. 22.
+
+[134] _Gerard_, p. 62.
+
+[135] _Gerard_, pp. 141, 142.
+
+[136] I suppose Thomas Barlow is meant. William Barlow, who was Bishop
+of Lincoln in the reign of James I., did not write about the plot.
+
+[137] Speed's _History_, ed. 1611, p. 891.
+
+[138] March 24th, 1604.
+
+[139] Copy of the Agreement, _G. P. B._, No. 1.
+
+[140] Pat. 44 Eliz., Part 22.
+
+[141] _Gerard_, p. 60, note 1.
+
+[142] _Smith's Antiquities of Westminster_, p. 39. The question of the
+number of doors in the cellar will be dealt with hereafter.
+
+[143] _Gerard_, p. 67.
+
+[144] _Gerard_, p. 65.
+
+[145] P. 56.
+
+[146] Pat. 4 Edw. _VI._, Part 9.
+
+[147] Pat. 6 Edw. _VI._, Part 5.
+
+[148] Pat. 30 Eliz., Part 10.
+
+[149] Parliament Place.
+
+[150] Assignment, July 17, 42 Eliz., _Land Revenue Records Office_,
+Inrolments v. fol. 104. I have been unable to trac Whynniard's tenure of
+the house I have assigned to him. It was within the Old Palace, and was
+probably the official residence of its keeper. Whynniard was appointed
+Keeper of the Old Palace in 1602. Pat. 44 Eliz., Part 22.
+
+[151] See plan at p. 81. Was this the baker in whose house Catesby tried
+in vain to secure a room?--'Bates's Confession, Dec. 4, 1605'; _G. P.
+B._ No. 145.
+
+[152] Whynniard was Keeper of the Wardrobe at Hampton Court, which would
+account for his servant being concerned in the Queen's removal.
+
+[153] Otherwise Parliament Stairs.
+
+[154] I suspect that this was what was afterwards known as Cotton
+Garden. I have been unable to trace the date at which it was conveyed to
+Sir Robert Cotton.
+
+[155] _G. P. B._ No. 40.
+
+[156] See p. 63.
+
+[157] See p. 90.
+
+[158] This we know from Capon's pencilled notes to the sketch in the
+frontispiece.
+
+[159] The late Chairman of the Works Department of the London County
+Council; than whom no man is better qualified to speak on such matters.
+
+[160] There are indeed old walls marked in Capon's plan beneath the
+ground, but we do not know of what substance they were composed or how
+near the surface they came.
+
+[161] Speed, no doubt, rested this assertion on Winter's evidence that
+'we underpropped it, as we went, with wood.' (See p. 64.)
+
+[162] _Gerard_, pp. 66, 67.
+
+[163] See the remarks of the Edinburgh Reviewer on the ease with which
+Baron Trenck executed a far harder piece of work without being
+discovered for a considerable time.
+
+[164] Used as such, Father Gerard notes, till the Union with Ireland in
+1800.
+
+[165] This was true of the general line of the bank, but, as will be
+seen at pp. 81, 83, there was a kind of dock which brought the water
+within about thirty yards of the house.
+
+[166] _Gerard_, pp. 59, 60.
+
+[167] _G. P. B._ No. 129.
+
+[168] This is clearly a slip. The cellar was not under the house hired
+by Percy.
+
+[169] For its possible situation see p. 91; or it may have been erected
+in the courtyard shown in the plans at pp. 82, 83.
+
+[170] See pp. 34, 65. The difficulty of measuring the thickness of the
+wall was not so great as Father Gerard fancies. In 1678 Sir Christopher
+Wren reported that 'the walls are seven feet thick below' (_Hist. MSS._
+Com. Report XI. App. ii. p. 17). As he did not dig below the surface
+this must mean that they were seven feet thick at the level of the floor
+of the so-called cellar, and this measurement must have been known to
+the conspirators after they had access to it. I am informed that in the
+case of a heavy wall, especially when it is built on light soil, as was
+the case here, the foundations are always constructed to be broader than
+the wall itself. The diggers, observing the angle of the face they
+attacked, might roughly calculate that a foot on each side might be
+added, thus reaching the nine feet.
+
+[171] Father Gerard (p. 64, note 2) writes: "There is, as usual,
+hopeless confusion between the two witnesses upon whom, as will be seen,
+we wholly depend for this portion of the story. Fawkes (November 17,
+1605) makes the mining operations terminate at Candlemas, and Winter
+(November 23) says that they went on to 'near Easter' (March 31). The
+date of the hiring the 'cellar' was about Lady Day (March 25)." I can
+see no contradiction. The resumption of work for a third time in March
+was, from Winter's mode of referring to it, evidently for a very short
+time. "And," he says, "near to Easter, as we wrought the third time,
+opportunity was given to hire the cellar." Fawkes, though less clear and
+full, implicitly says much the same thing. He says that 'about Candlemas
+we had wrought the wall half through,' and then goes on to describe how
+he stood sentinel, &c. Then at the beginning of another paragraph we
+have "As they were working upon the wall they heard a rushing in a
+cellar, &c." Fawkes gives no dates, but he says nothing to contradict
+the third working spoken of by Winter.
+
+[172] _Gerard_, pp. 65, 66.
+
+[173] _Goodman_, i. 104.
+
+[174] _G. P. B._ No. 40. Father Gerard (p. 142) says that we learn on
+the unimpeachable testimony of Mrs. Whynniard, the landlady, that Fawkes
+not only paid the last instalment of rent on Sunday, November 3, but on
+the following day, the day immediately preceding the intended explosion,
+had carpenters and other work folk in the house for mending and
+repairing thereof (_G. P. B._ No. 39). "To say nothing of the wonderful
+honesty of paying rent under the circumstances, what was the sense of
+putting a house in repair upon Monday, which on Tuesday was to be blown
+to atoms?" The rent having fallen due at Michaelmas, is it not probable
+that it was paid in November to avoid legal proceedings, which might at
+least have drawn attention to the occupier of the house. As to the rest,
+the 'unimpeachable testimony' is that--not of Mrs. Whynniard, but of
+Roger James (_G. P. B._ No. 40), who says that the carpenter came in
+about Midsummer, not on November 4.
+
+[175] _Gerard_, p. 69.
+
+[176] _G. P. B._ No. 101.
+
+[177] See p. 108.
+
+[178] _G. P. B._ No. 39.
+
+[179] _Gerard_, p. 87.
+
+[180] Here is another 'discrepancy,' which Father Gerard has not
+noticed. As the 'cellar' was not taken till a little before Easter,
+Percy could not make a door into it about the middle of Lent. My
+solution is, that in his second examination, on November 6th, Fawkes was
+trying to conceal the existence of the mine, in order that he might not
+betray the miners, and therefore antedated the making of the door. See
+p. 25.
+
+[181] _Gerard_, p. 88.
+
+[182] _Gerard_, p. 89.
+
+[183] _Gerard_, p. 74.
+
+[184] See p. 66.
+
+[185] See the table in _State Papers relating to the Defeat of the
+Spanish Armada_, ed. by Prof. Laughton for the Navy Records Society, i.
+339.
+
+[186] _Edinburgh Review_, January 1897, p. 200.
+
+[187] _Gerard_, p. 148.
+
+[188] We know that Percy visited the house at Westminster at Midsummer.
+See p. 104.
+
+[189] Grange to Salisbury, Nov. 5.--_G. P. B._ No. 15.
+
+[190] Justices of Warwickshire to Salisbury, Nov. 12.--_Ib._ No. 75.
+
+[191] _Goodman_, i. 102.
+
+[192] _Gerard_, p. 151.
+
+[193] _Goodman_, i. 105.
+
+[194] _Gerard_, p. 152.
+
+[195] Warrant, Feb. 8; Commission, Feb. 21; Pass, Oct. 25, 1605.--_S. P.
+Dom._, xii. 65; Docquet Book, 1605; _S. P. Dom._, xv. 106.
+
+[196] To the theory that Salisbury wanted inconvenient witnesses
+disposed of, because the man who shot Percy and Catesby got a pension of
+two shillings a day, I reply that the Government was more afraid of a
+rebellion than of testimony. At all events, 2_s._ at that time was
+certainly not worth 1_l._ now, as Father Gerard assumes here, and in
+other passages of his book. It is usual to estimate the value of money
+as being about four or five times as much as it is in the present day.
+The relative price, however, depended so much on the commodities
+purchased that I hesitate to express myself positively on the subject.
+The only thing that I am quite clear about is that Father Gerard's
+estimate is greatly exaggerated. It is true that he grounds his errors
+on a statement by Dr. Jessopp that 4,000 marks was equivalent to
+30,000_l._, but the very exaggeration of these figures should have led
+him to suspect some error, or, at least--as I have recently been
+informed by Dr. Jessopp was the fact--that his calculation was based on
+other grounds than the relative price of commodities.
+
+[197] Father Greenway's statement, that while the rebels were in the
+field, messengers came post haste continually one after the other, from
+the capital, all bearing proclamations mentioning Percy by name
+(_Gerard_, p. 155) is disposed of by the fact that there were only three
+proclamations in which Percy's name was mentioned, dated the 5th, the
+7th, and the 8th. Percy was killed on the morning of the 8th, and even
+the messenger who started on the 7th can hardly have known that the
+sheriff had gone to Holbeche, and consequently could not himself have
+reached that place while Percy was living.
+
+[198] See p. 11.
+
+[199] T. Winter's examination, November 25 (_G. P. B._ No. 116). Compare
+Tresham's declaration of November 13 (_ib._ No. 63).
+
+[200] Jardine's _Gunpowder Plot_, p. 91.
+
+[201] _Add. MSS._ 11,402, fol. 109.
+
+[202] Smith's _Antiquities of Westminster_, p. 41.
+
+[203] See p. 31.
+
+[204] On this, see p. 110.
+
+[205] _Gerard_, p. 126, note 1.
+
+[206] In an earlier part of the letter we are told of 'Johnson,' that
+'on Tuesday at midnight, as he was busy to prepare his things for
+execution was apprehended in the place itself, with a false lantern,
+booted and spurred.'
+
+[207] _S. P. France._
+
+[208] See p. 31. I give the extract in the form received by Edmondes,
+that printed in _Winwood_, ii. 170, received by Cornwallis, being
+slightly different.
+
+[209] _i.e._ 'owned.'
+
+[210] _Gerard_, p. 127.
+
+[211] _Winwood_, ii. 170.
+
+[212] Chamberlain to Carleton, November 7.--_S. P. Dom._ xvi. 23.
+
+[213] See p. 99.
+
+[214] _G. P. B._ No. 129.
+
+[215] _Winwood_, ii. 170.
+
+[216] These words look as if he had been found not in the passage but in
+the court.
+
+[217] He was a favourite dependent of Knyvet's, who, on April 10, 1604,
+had recommended him for an office in the Tower.--_S. P. Dom._ vii. 18.
+
+[218] See my _History of England_, 1603-1642, i. 80, 81.
+
+[219] _I.e._ Guardians.
+
+[220] _Correspondence of King James VI. with Sir Robert Cecil_, pp. 31,
+33, 36.
+
+[221] _Correspondence of King James VI. with Sir Robert Cecil_, p. 75.
+
+[222] Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, June 16/26.--_Roman Transcripts,
+R.O._
+
+[223] Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, July 21/31.--_Roman Transcripts,
+R.O._
+
+[224] See p. 142.
+
+[225] _Hist. of England_, 1603-1642, i. 81.
+
+[226] S. P. Scotland, lxix. 20.
+
+[227] James I. to Sir T. Parry, Nov., 1603.--Tierney's _Dodd_, iv.; App.
+p. 66.
+
+[228] Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, June 30/July 10 (_Roman Transcripts,
+R.O._). There is a plain-spoken marginal note in the Pope's hand, 'Non
+sar� vero, n� noi gli habbiamo dato quest' ordine.' In the instructions
+by the Nuncio at Brussels to Dr. Gifford, July 22/August 1 (Tierney's
+_Dodd_, iv.; App. lxvi.), nothing is said about this mission, but a
+definite promise is given 'eosque omnes e regno evocare quos sua
+Majestas rationabiliter judicaverit regno et statui suo noxios fore.'
+
+[229] 'Salute.' Does this mean safety or salvation, or is it left
+doubtful?
+
+[230] _I.e._ to James and to Henry IV. Del Bufalo to Cardinal
+Aldobrandino, July 11/21.--_Roman Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[231] Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, July 20/30.--_Roman
+Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[232] Barneby to Del Bufalo, Aug. 8/18.--_Roman Transcripts, R.O._ (The
+original is in Latin.)
+
+[233] Afterwards Duke of Sully.
+
+[234] Parry to Cecil, Aug. 20, 1603.--_S. P. France._
+
+[235] See p. 151, note 2.
+
+[236] Del Bufalo to James I. Sept. 19/29; _compare_ Del Bufalo to
+Cardinal Aldobrandino, Sept. 21/Oct. 1.--_Roman Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[237] We have two copies of James's letter to Parry translated into
+Latin, but undated (_S. P. France._) Cecil's covering letter (_ib._) is
+in draft and dated Nov. 6. It must, however, have been held back, as
+both Parry's and Del Bufalo's despatches show that it did not reach
+Paris till early in December.
+
+[238] Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, December 4/14.--_Roman
+Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[239] January 11/21.
+
+[240] Information given to Del Bufalo.
+
+[241] He wrote on the margin of Del Bufalo's letter: "Quanto alla
+facolt� di chiamare sotto pena di scomunica i torbolenti, non ci par da
+darla per adesso, perch� trattiamo con heretici, e corriamo pericolo di
+perdere i sicuri, si come non ci par che il Nuntio debba premere nella
+cosa di mandar noi personaggio, perch� dubitiamo che essendo tanta
+gelosia tra Francia e Spagna non intrassimo in grandissima difficolt�. E
+meglio aspettare la conclusione della Pace secondo noi, perch� non
+sapiamo che chi mandassimo fosse per usar la prudentia necessaria."
+
+[242] He told the Spanish Ambassador, 'che quelli del Consiglio gli
+havevano fatto tanta forza che no haveva potuto far altro, ma che no si
+sarebbe eseguito con rigore alcuno.' (Del Bufalo to Aldobrandino, March
+27/April 6.)--_Roman Transcripts, R. O._
+
+[243] Precisely the course he had recommended in his letter written to
+Cecil whilst he was still in Scotland, see p. 144.
+
+[244] See p. 33.
+
+[245] A news-letter gives an account of the Council meeting, from which
+it appears that James began by haranguing against the Puritans, but
+Cranborne--Cecil was now known by this title--and others asked why the
+Catholics were not put on the same footing, on which the King got angry,
+and finally directed that the Catholics should also suffer. (Advices
+from London, Feb. 19/March 1).--_Roman Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[246] In those days liberty of conscience meant what we should call
+liberty of worship.
+
+[247] Lindsay at last got off to Rome in November 1604. On his
+proceedings there see _History of England_, 1603-1642, i. 224.
+
+[248] In the MS. 'et non haverebbe.' Mr. Rawdon Brown, amongst whose
+papers, now in the Record Office, this despatch is found, remarks that
+mistakes of this kind frequently occur in letters first ciphered and
+then deciphered.
+
+[249] In the margin is 'Questo poi � troppo,' perhaps an addition by the
+ambassador, or even by Mr. Rawdon Brown.
+
+[250] 'Religione' is suggested by Mr. Rawdon Brown for the 'ragione' of
+the decipherer.
+
+[251] In the copy 'non si pu� far di meno di non observar le leggi,' the
+'non' being incorrectly repeated.
+
+[252] "Non predicando li preti nessuna cosa pi� constantemente di questa
+che il buon Cattolico bisogna che habbia questa ferma rissolutione in se
+medesimo di esser per conservar la Religione pronto a solevarsi etiam
+contra la vita e stato del suo Principe naturale."
+
+[253] Molin to the Doge, March 7/17, 1605, _Venetian Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[254] Lindsay to James I. Jan. 26/Feb. 5, 1605, _S. P. Italian States_.
+
+[255] Compare the last passage quoted from Molin's despatch, p. 161.
+
+[256] This is, however, precisely what James had failed to induce the
+Pope to do.
+
+[257] Father Gerard asks what 'our offence' was. It was clearly nothing
+personal to the writer, and I am strongly inclined to interpret the
+words as referring to Lindsay's proceedings at Rome, of which so much
+had been made.
+
+[258] Sir Everard Digby to Salisbury (_S. P. Dom._ xvii. 10.) As Father
+Gerard says, the date cannot be earlier than May 4, 1605, when the
+Earldom was conferred on Cranborne.
+
+[259] Father Gerard gives the date of Davies's pardon from the Pardon
+Roll as April 25, 1605. It should be April 23, 1604.
+
+[260] _Gerard_, 94, 95, 254. Father Gerard ascribes this application to
+'a later date' than March 1606. It was, in fact a good deal later, as
+the endorsement 'Mr. Secretary Conway' shows that it was not earlier
+than 1623. The further endorsement 'touching Wright and his services
+performed in the damnable plot of the Powder Treason,' proves nothing.
+What did Conway's clerk know beyond the contents of the application
+itself?
+
+[261] Father Gerard (p. 98) tells us of one Thomas Coe, who wrote on
+Dec. 20, 1605, telling him that he had forwarded to the King 'the
+primary intelligence of these late treasons.' If this claim was
+justified, why do we not find Coe's name, either amongst the State
+Papers or on the Patent Rolls, as recipient of some favour from the
+Crown? A still more indefensible argument of Father Gerard's is one in
+which a letter written to Sir Everard Digby about an otter hunt is held
+(p. 103) to show the existence of Government espionage, because though
+written before Digby was acquainted with the plot it is endorsed,
+'Letter written to Sir Everard Digby--Powder Treason.' Any letter in
+Digby's possession would be likely to be endorsed in this way whatever
+its contents might have been.
+
+[262] _Gerard_, pp. 95, 96.
+
+[263] _Gerard_, p. 106.
+
+[264] Salisbury to Edmondes, Oct. 17, 1605.--_Stowe MSS._ 168, fol. 181.
+
+[265] See _History of England_, 1603-1642, i. 238, 243.
+
+[266] Garnet's Declaration, March 9, 1606.--_Hist. Rev._ July, 1888, p.
+513.
+
+[267] Father Gerard gives a facsimile, p. 199.
+
+[268] _Harl. MSS._ 360, fol. 112 b.
+
+[269] See p. 128.
+
+[270] As in the case of the merchant who refused to pay the imposition
+on currants, 'Bate' and 'Bates' were considered interchangeable.
+
+[271] _G. P. B._, No. 145. The words in italics are added in a different
+hand. Dunbar's name does not occur in the list of Commissioners at p.
+24.
+
+[272] See p. 41.
+
+[273] _Gerard_, p. 179. I do not think his argument on this point
+conclusive, but obviously it would be useless to forge a document unless
+it was to be used in evidence.
+
+[274] _Harl. MSS._ 360, fol. 96.
+
+[275] _Gerard_, p. 170.
+
+[276] Salisbury's Minute to Favat, Dec. 4, 1605.--_Add. MSS._ 6178, fol.
+98.
+
+[277] _Gerard_, p. 181.
+
+[278] An _alias_ for Garnet.
+
+[279] Salisbury to Edmondes, March 8, 1606.--_Stowe MSS._ 168, fol. 366.
+
+[280] _Harl. MSS._ 360, fol. 117.
+
+[281] _Ib._ fol. 113.
+
+[282] _Add. MSS._ 21203, fol. 38 b.
+
+[283] _A true and perfect relation._ Sig. G., 2, _verso_.
+
+[284] _Ib._, Sig. K., 3.
+
+[285] Morris's _Condition of Catholics_, 210. A Latin translation of
+part of the letter was printed in 1610, by Eud�mon Joannes, _Ad actionem
+proditoriam, &c._, p. 6.
+
+[286] _G. P. B._, No. 166.
+
+[287] See the express words ascribed to Bates at p. 180.
+
+[288] See p. 190.
+
+[289] Sir E. Digby's Papers, No. 9, published at the end of Bishop
+Barlow's reprint of _The Gunpowder Treason_.
+
+[290] The Saturday or Sunday after the octave of Corpus Christi, _i.e._,
+June 8 or 9, old style, which seems to have been used, as the same day
+is described as being about the beginning of Trinity Term, which began
+on May 31.
+
+[291] Garnet's Declaration, March 9.--_Hist. Rev._, July 1888 pp.
+510-517.
+
+[292] The letter is printed in Tierney's _Dodd_, iv. App. cix., where
+there is an argument in a note to show that the part from which I am
+about to quote came from a later letter. For my purpose the date is
+immaterial.
+
+[293] Garnet's Declaration, March 9.--_Hist. Rev._, July 1888, pp.
+510-517.
+
+[294] Garnet's Declaration, March 10. _Hist. Rev._, July 1888, p. 517.
+
+[295] The author of Sir Everard Digby's life writes:--"I fully admit
+that if Father Garnet was weak, his weakness was owing to an excess of
+kindheartedness and a loyalty to his friends that bordered on
+extravagance." (_The Life of a Conspirator_, by 'One of his
+Descendants,' p. 134.) It will be noticed that I am inclined to go
+further than this.
+
+[296] In addition to what has been already said, a letter from the
+Nuncio at Brussels to Dr. Gifford, written on July 22/Aug. 1, 1604,
+may be quoted. He says that the Pope 'paratissimum esse ea omnia pro su�
+in Catholicos authoritate facere qu� Serenissim� su� Majestati
+securitatem su� person�, et status procurare possunt, eosque omnes e
+regno evocare quos sua Majestas rationabiliter judicaverit regno et
+statui [MS. statuti] suo noxios fore.'--_Tierney's Dodd_, App. No. 5.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Aldobrandino, Cardinal, report by the Nuncio at Paris to, 151
+
+
+  Bancroft, Archbishop, informs Salisbury that Percy had ridden towards
+      Croydon, 23
+
+  Banishment of the priests, 160
+
+  Barlow, Bishop, mistaken reference to a book of, 84
+
+  Barneby, reports to the Nuncio at Paris, 153
+
+  Bartlet, George, said to have stated that Catesby visited Salisbury
+      House, 11
+
+  Bates, Thomas, arrest of, 47;
+    examination of, 179;
+    value of the evidence of, 182-189;
+    charge brought against Greenway by, 189
+
+  Baynham, Sir Edmund, mission of, 195
+
+  Brewer, Mr. H. W., author of a conjectural view of the neighbourhood
+      of the old House of Lords, 93
+
+  Brick, softer in 1605 than at present, 97
+
+  Bright, Mrs., evidence of, 28.
+    _See_ Skinner, Mrs.
+
+  Buck, Master, alleged statement by, 7
+
+  Bufalo, del, _see_ Nuncio in Paris
+
+
+  Capon, William, mistakes the position of Percy's house, 77;
+    worthlessness of the evidence of, 107
+
+  Catesby, Robert, said to visit Salisbury, 11;
+    cannot have given information, 121;
+    informs Greenway of the plot, 177;
+    his relations with Garnet, 192
+
+  Cecil, Sir Robert, corresponds with James on toleration, 143-148;
+    forwards James's reply to the Nuncio's overtures, 156;
+    has no motive for inventing Gunpowder Plot, 160.
+    _See_ Cranborne, Viscount, and Salisbury, Earl of
+
+  Cellar, the, Fawkes antedates the hiring of, 18, 20;
+    new door made into, 25;
+    evidence on the lease of, 28;
+    supposed bargain between Ferrers and Percy for, 30;
+    Fawkes's account of the hiring of, 34;
+    Winter's account of the hiring of, 65;
+    partly let to Mrs. Skinner, 100, 101;
+    leased to Percy, 105;
+    the miners said to be ignorant of the position of, 105;
+    Capon's evidence on the details of, 107;
+    new door into, _ib._;
+    entrances into, 110;
+    alleged public access to, 111;
+    Knyvet's visit to, 129;
+    Suffolk's search in, 131
+
+  Clement VIII., Pope, writes to James, 150;
+    annotates a report from the Nuncio at Paris, 151, 152;
+    rejects James's proposals, 158;
+    his conduct towards James, 167;
+    Lindsay's report on the proceedings of, 168
+
+  Cobham, Lord, reports a saying of James I., 8
+
+  Coe, Thomas, as informer, 175, _note_ 1
+
+  Coke, Attorney-General, conducts the first examination of Fawkes, 17;
+    attends the commissioners for the examination of the plot, 25;
+    his fishing inquiry, 40;
+    omits a passage in Fawkes's confession, and brings a false charge
+        against Gerard, 178
+
+  Cornwallis, Salisbury's letter to, 31
+
+  Cranborne, Viscount, his conversation with the Venetian ambassador,
+        162-166.
+    _See_ Cecil, Sir Robert, and Salisbury, Earl of
+
+
+  Davies, an informer, 173
+
+  Devonshire, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, 24
+
+  Digby, Sir Edward, misstatement about the knighting of the sons of, 10;
+    arrest of, 47;
+    writes to Salisbury, 169;
+    receives a letter about an otter hunt, 175, _note_ 1;
+    his evidence against Garnet, 192
+
+  Digby, Sir Kenelm, alleged statement by, 10
+
+  Doubleday, Edmond, secures Fawkes, 135-137
+
+  Dunchurch, hunting-match at, 30
+
+
+  _Edinburgh Reviewer_, the, negative criticism of, 3;
+    his summary of the story of the plot, 14
+
+  Edmondes, Salisbury's letter to, 31
+
+
+  Favat, Salisbury's letter to, 183, 184
+
+  Fawkes, Guy, first examination of, 17;
+    assumes the name of Johnson, 18;
+    shields his companions by false statements, 19;
+    alleged alteration of the examination of, 20;
+    confesses the whole of the design, 21;
+    second examination of, 25;
+    third examination of, 26;
+    fourth examination of, 30;
+    threatened with torture, 32;
+    fifth examination of, 33;
+    relation of the fifth examination of, with that of Nov. 17, 37;
+    his declaration under torture, 43;
+    gives the names of the plotters, 44;
+    examined on the hints given to noblemen to absent themselves from
+        Parliament, 48;
+    a watch bought for, 49;
+    doubts as to the genuineness of his full account of the plot
+        examined, 50-54;
+    capable of directing mining operations, 78;
+    ascertains that the cellar is to be let, 109;
+    alleged discrepancies in the accounts of the seizure of, 127;
+    arrest of, 132-136
+
+  Ferrers, or Ferris, Henry, gives up his house to Percy, 29;
+    agreement for the lease by, 89
+
+  Fulman's Collection, notes on the plot preserved in, 9
+
+
+  Garnet, Henry, receives information of the plot from Greenway, 177;
+    Digby's evidence against, 192;
+    his knowledge of the plot, 193-199
+
+  Gerard, John (Jesuit in the 17th century), not to be trusted when in
+      ignorance of the facts, 7;
+    said to have given the sacrament to the conspirators, 44;
+    probably ignorant of the plot, 177;
+    false charge brought by Coke against, 178
+
+  Gibbons, Mrs., has charge of the house, 28
+
+  Goodman, Bishop, thinks Salisbury contrived the plot, 7
+
+  Grant, John, his name erroneously given as digging the mine, 73
+
+  Greenway (_alias_ for Oswald Tesimond), informs Garnet of the plot, 177;
+    said to have been informed of the plot by Bates, 180;
+    discussion on Bates's evidence against, 183-192;
+    his relations with Garnet, 195-198
+
+  Grene, Father, reports a saying of Usher's, 8
+
+  Gunpowder stored by the plotters, exaggerations about the amount of, 112;
+    disposal of, 113
+
+
+  Holbeche House, capture or death of the plotters at, 46
+
+  House hired by Percy, the, Fawkes's statement about, 18;
+    in charge of Mrs. Gibbons, 28;
+    evidence on the lease of, 29;
+    situation of, 77-91;
+    alleged smallness of, 91;
+    alleged populousness of the neighbourhood of, 92;
+    position of the garden belonging to, 96;
+    powder brought to, 102;
+    a carpenter admitted to, 104
+
+  House of Lords, the old, description of, 100
+
+
+  James, Roger, evidence of, 91
+
+  James I. said to have called November 5 Cecil's holiday, 8;
+    orders the use of torture, 26;
+    said to have interpreted the Monteagle letter by inspiration, 114,
+        125, 126;
+    his relations with the Catholics, 141-142;
+    refuses to sign a letter to the Pope, 143;
+    corresponds with Cecil on toleration, _ib._;
+    letter falsely attributed to, 150;
+    interruption of Lindsay's mission from, 151;
+    receives overtures from the Nuncio at Brussels, 151;
+    his position towards the recusants, 153;
+    is assured of the Pope's desire to keep the Catholics in obedience,
+        154;
+    banishes the priests, 160
+
+
+  Keyes, Robert, inquiry into the movements of, 24;
+    arrest of, 47;
+    confusion about his working in the mine, 71;
+    acknowledges that he worked at the mine, 74;
+    mistake in the 'King's Book' about, _ib._;
+    brought from Lambeth, 102
+
+  'King's Book,' the, erroneous account of Robert Winter's proceedings
+        in, 74;
+    probable date of the issue of, 74, _note_ 1
+
+  Knyvet, Sir Thomas, visits the cellar, 128, 136
+
+
+  Lenthall said to have been told that Salisbury contrived the plot, 10;
+    Wood's character of, 12
+
+  Lindsay, Sir James, carries a letter from the Pope to James, 150;
+    is unable to return with the answer, 151;
+    starts for Italy, 156;
+    Cranborne's opinion of, 162;
+    reports from Rome, 168
+
+
+  Mar, Earl of, is a commissioner to examine the plot, 24
+
+  Mine, the, silence of Fawkes about, 20;
+    Mrs. Whynniard ignorant of, 29;
+    the Government ignorant of, 30;
+    first mentioned by Fawkes, 33;
+    described by Winter, 63;
+    position of, 96;
+    made through the wall of Percy's house, 97;
+    alleged inexperience of the makers of, 98;
+    precautions to avoid noise in, 99;
+    penetrates the wall under House of Lords, 102;
+    disposal of the earth and stones from, 103;
+    the Government ignorant of the position of, 104
+
+  Montague, Lord, sent to the Tower, 48
+
+  Monteagle, Lord, the letter addressed to said to have been known
+      beforehand, 10;
+    false statements about the interpretation of, 114;
+    Salisbury said to have been previously informed of, 115;
+    delivery of, 122;
+    taken to Salisbury, 123
+
+  Mordaunt, Lord, sent to the Tower, 48
+
+
+  Northampton, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, 24;
+    is a Catholic, 25
+
+  Nottingham, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, 24;
+    his relations to the Catholics, 25
+
+  Nuncio at Brussels, the, makes overtures to James, 151
+
+  Nuncio at Paris, the, reports on James's proceedings, 151;
+    writes to Parry on the Pope's desire to keep the Catholics in
+        obedience, 154;
+    writes to James, 155;
+    James's reply to the overtures of, 156;
+    sends the reply to Rome, 157
+
+
+  Osborne, Francis, thinks the plot a device of Salisbury, 7
+
+  Owen, Hugh, not a priest, 60, _note_ 1
+
+
+  Parry, Sir Thomas, draft of a letter to, 22;
+    uncertainty when Salisbury's letter was sent to, 31;
+    receives overtures from the Nuncio, 154
+
+  Percy, Thomas, Fawkes's statement about the hiring of the house and
+      cellar by, 18;
+    proclamation for the apprehension of, 23;
+    rumours about the movements of, _ib._;
+    search of his house, 24;
+    enters into possession of the house and cellar, 29;
+    reward offered for the apprehension of, 44;
+    the Sheriff of Worcestershire announces the death of, 44;
+    buys a watch for Fawkes, 49;
+    Winter's account of the proceedings of, 62-69;
+    agreement for the lease of the house to, 85;
+    not likely to be turned out when Parliament met, 86;
+    takes the cellar, 105;
+    alleged bigamy of, 115;
+    said to have visited Salisbury, 117;
+    displays his connection with the Court, 118;
+    receives a pass for post-horses, _ib._;
+    alleged secret orders to kill, 119
+
+  Pope, the (_see_ Clement VIII.)
+
+  Popham, Chief Justice, examines Fawkes, 17;
+    sends to Salisbury a rumour of Percy's movements, 23;
+    makes inquiries into the movements of Catholics, 24;
+    a commissioner to examine the plot, 25
+
+  Priests, the banishment of, proclamation for, 160
+
+  Privy Councillors, form of publishing the signatures of, 40
+
+
+  Recusants, their fines remitted, 149;
+    fines reimposed on, 161
+
+  Rokewood, Ambrose, examination of the landlady of, 24
+
+
+  Salisbury, Earl of, alleged to have invented the plot, 7;
+    said to have told his son that he had contrived the plot, 10;
+    writes an account of the plot to Parry, 22;
+    is a commissioner for the examination into the plot, 24;
+    his letter to the ambassadors, 31;
+    cannot have deceived his fellow-commissioners, 41;
+    said to have known of the plot before the Monteagle letter, 115;
+    said to have received visits from Percy, 117;
+    said to have issued orders not to take Percy alive, 119;
+    the Monteagle letter delivered to, 123;
+    probably knew nothing of the plot independent of the letter, 124;
+    was the probable interpreter of the letter, 125;
+    receives a letter from Sir E. Digby, 169;
+    has no motive for inventing the plot, 172;
+    expects plots, 176;
+    writes to Favat, 183;
+    failure of the charge against, 200
+
+  Shepherd, John, evidence of, 77
+
+  Skinner, Mrs., gives up the cellar to Percy, 28, 105
+
+  Spedding, James, his canon of historical evidence, 5
+
+  Speed, John, his statement that Percy's house was only to be let when
+      Parliament was not sitting, 85
+
+  Standen, Sir Anthony, mission of, 158
+
+  Suffolk, Earl of, a commissioner for examining the plot, 24;
+    friendly to the Catholics, 25;
+    sent to search the cellar, 131
+
+
+  Talbot of Grafton, John, summoned before the Council, 48
+
+  Tresham, Francis, informed of the plot, 66;
+    probably informs the Government, 121;
+    his connection with the letter to Monteagle, 122
+
+
+  Usher, language used about the plot by, 8
+
+
+  Vaux, Mrs., committed to the charge of an alderman, 48
+
+  Vowell, Peter, said to assert the plot to have been invented, 10
+
+
+  Waad, Sir William, gives information of Percy's movements, 23;
+    pronounces Fawkes obstinate, 32;
+    informs Salisbury that Winter is ready to confess, 70
+
+  Walsh, Sir Richard, writes to announce the death or capture of the
+      plotters, 45
+
+  Whynniard, John, Fawkes's evidence about his lease to Percy, 18;
+    position of the house of, 77;
+    appointed keeper of the Old Palace, 86;
+    history of the land held by him, 93, 94;
+    position of the garden of, 95;
+    leases the cellar to Percy, 105
+
+  Whynniard, Mrs., consents to the lease of the cellar, 28
+
+  Winter, Robert, arrest of, 47;
+    incorrectly stated to have worked in the mine, 71;
+    his name substituted for that of Keyes, 73
+
+  Winter, Thomas, inquiry into the movements of, 24;
+    captured at Holbeche, 46;
+    doubts as to the genuineness of his full account of the plot
+        examined, 54-67;
+    his account of the plot, 57-69;
+    no evidence of the torture of, 70;
+    explanation of the confusion between Keyes and, 72;
+    Coke wishes to examine, 74
+
+  Wood, Anthony, statements by a correspondent of, 9;
+    his character of Lenthall, 12
+
+  Worcester, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, 24;
+    is understood to be a Catholic, 25
+
+  Wotton, Sir Henry, says that Cecil invented plots, 10
+
+  Wright, Christopher, death of, 46, 47;
+    Robert Winter's name substituted for, 73
+
+  Wright, Henry, an informer, 173, 174
+
+  Wright, John, killed at Holbeche, 46, 47
+
+
+
+
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+CRICKET. By A. G. STEEL, and the Hon. R. H. LYTTELTON. With Contributions
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+Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10s. 6d.
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+DANCING. By Mrs. LILLY GROVE, F.R.G.S. With Contributions by Miss
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+DRIVING. By His Grace the DUKE OF BEAUFORT, K.G. With Contributions by
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+GOLF. By HORACE G. HUTCHINSON. With Contributions by the Rt. Hon. A. J.
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+HUNTING. By His Grace the DUKE OF BEAUFORT, K.G., and MOWBRAY MORRIS. With
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+POETRY OF SPORT (THE).--Selected by HEDLEY PEEK. With a Chapter on
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+RIDING AND POLO.
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+Vol. I. FIELD AND COVERT. By LORD WALSINGHAM and SIR RALPH PAYNE-GALLWEY,
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+SKATING, CURLING, TOBOGGANING. By J. M. HEATHCOTE, C. G. TEBBUTT, T.
+MAXWELL WITHAM, Rev. JOHN KERR, ORMOND HAKE, HENRY A. BUCK, &c. With 12
+Plates and 272 Illustrations and Diagrams in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10s.
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+SWIMMING. By ARCHIBALD SINCLAIR and WILLIAM HENRY, Hon. Secs. of the
+Life-Saving Society. With 13 Plates and 106 Illustrations in the Text. Cr.
+8vo., 10s. 6d.
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+TENNIS, LAWN TENNIS, RACQUETS, AND FIVES. By J. M. and C. G. HEATHCOTEE,
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+YACHTING.
+
+Vol. I. CRUISING, CONSTRUCTION OF YACHTS, YACHT RACING RULES, FITTING-OUT,
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+THE PARTRIDGE. Natural History, by the Rev. H. A. MACPHERSON; Shooting, by
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+THE GROUSE. Natural History by the Rev. H. A. MACPHERSON; Shooting, by A.
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+THE PHEASANT. Natural History by the Rev. H. A. MACPHERSON; Shooting, by
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+THE HARE. Natural History by the Rev. H. A. MACPHERSON; Shooting by the
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+
+DEAD SHOT (THE): or, Sportsman's Complete Guide. Being a Treatise on the
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+Pole (WILLIAM).
+
+     THE THEORY OF THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC GAME OF WHIST. Fcp. 8vo., 2s.
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+     THE HORSE. Revised and enlarged. By W. WATSON. M.R.C.V.S. With 52
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+     POETICAL WORKS. 2 vols. Fcp. 8vo., 12s.
+
+     LYRICAL AND OTHER POEMS. Selected from the Writings of JEAN INGELOW.
+     Fcp. 8vo., 2s. 6d.; cloth plain, 3s. cloth gilt.
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+Lang (ANDREW).
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+     BAN AND ARRI�RE BAN. A Rally of Fugitive Rhymes. Fcp. 8vo., 5s.
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+     THE BLUE POETRY BOOK. Edited by ANDREW LANG. With 100 Illustrations.
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+Lecky.--POEMS. By W. E. H. LECKY. Fcp. 8vo., 5s.
+
+Lindsay.--THE FLOWER SELLER, and other Poems. By LADY LINDSAY. Crown 8vo.,
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+Lytton (THE EARL OF) (OWEN MEREDITH).
+
+     MARAH. Fcp. 8vo., 6s. 6d.
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+     KING POPPY: a Fantasia. With 1 Plate and Design on Title-Page by Sir
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+          ---- Bijou Edition. 18mo., 2s. 6d., gilt top.
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+          ---- Popular Edition. Fcp. 4to., 6d. sewed, 1s. cloth.
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+     A BOOK OF STRIFE, IN THE FORM OF THE DIARY OF AN OLD SOUL: Poems.
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+
+Morris (WILLIAM).
+
+     POETICAL WORKS--LIBRARY EDITION. Complete in Ten Volumes. Crown 8vo.,
+     price 6s. each:--
+
+     THE EARTHLY PARADISE. 4 vols. 6s. each.
+
+     THE LIFE AND DEATH OF JASON. 6s.
+
+     THE DEFENCE OF GUENEVERE, and other Poems. 6s.
+
+     THE STORY OF SIGURD THE VOLSUNG, and the Fall of the Niblungs. 6s.
+
+     LOVE IS ENOUGH; or, The Freeing of Pharamond: a Morality; and POEMS
+     BY THE WAY. 6s.
+
+     THE ODYSSEY OF HOMER. Done into English Verse. 6s.
+
+     THE �NEIDS OF VIRGIL. Done into English Verse. 6s.
+
+Certain of the Poetical Works may also be had in the following Editions:--
+
+     THE EARTHLY PARADISE.
+
+          Popular Edition. 5 vols. 12mo., 25s.; or 5s. each, sold
+          separately.
+
+          The same in Ten Parts, 25s.; or 2s. 6d. each, sold separately.
+
+          Cheap Edition, in 1 vol. Cr. 8vo., 7s. 6d.
+
+     LOVE IS ENOUGH; or, The Freeing of Pharamond: a Morality. Square
+     crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.
+
+     POEMS BY THE WAY. Square crown 8vo., 6s.
+
+     For Mr. William Morris's Prose Works, see pp. 22 and 31.
+
+Nesbit.--LAYS AND LEGENDS. By E. NESBIT (Mrs. HUBERT BLAND). First Series.
+Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d. Second Series, with Portrait. Crown 8vo., 5s.
+
+Rhoades.--TERESA AND OTHER POEMS. By JAMES RHOADES. Crown 8vo., 3s.
+6d.
+
+Riley (JAMES WHITCOMB).
+
+     OLD FASHIONED ROSES: Poems. 12mo., 5s.
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+     A CHILD-WORLD: POEMS. Fcp. 8vo., 5s.
+
+Romanes.--A SELECTION FROM THE POEMS OF GEORGE JOHN ROMANES, M.A., LL.D.,
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+
+Shakespeare.--BOWDLER'S FAMILY SHAKESPEARE. With 36 Woodcuts. 1 vol. 8vo.,
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+THE SHAKESPEARE BIRTHDAY BOOK. By MARY F. DUNBAR. 32mo., 1s. 6d.
+
+Wordsworth and Coleridge.--A DESCRIPTION OF THE WORDSWORTH AND COLERIDGE
+MANUSCRIPTS IN THE POSSESSION OF Mr. T. NORTON LONGMAN. Edited, with
+Notes, by W. HALE WHITE. With Fac-similes. 4to., 10s. 6d.
+
+
+Works of Fiction, Humour, &c.
+
+Alden.--AMONG THE FREAKS. By W. L. Alden. With 55 Illustrations by J. F.
+SULLIVAN and FLORENCE K. UPTON. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.
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+
+     VOCES POPULI. Reprinted from 'Punch'. First Series. With 20
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+
+     THE MAN FROM BLANKLEY'S: a Story in Scenes, and other Sketches. With
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+
+Astor.--A JOURNEY IN OTHER WORLDS: a Romance of the Future. By JOHN JACOB
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+
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+Beaconsfield (THE EARL OF).
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+     NOVELS AND TALES.
+
+     Complete in 11 vols. Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d. each.
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+
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+     HEART OF THE WORLD. With 15 Illustrations, Crown 8vo., 6s.
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+     JOAN HASTE. With 20 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 6s.
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+     THE PEOPLE OF THE MIST. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s.
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+     SHE. With 32 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.
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+1429-31. By ANDREW LANG. With Illustrations by SELWYN IMAGE. Crown 8vo.,
+6s.
+
+Lyall (EDNA).
+
+     THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A SLANDER. Fcp. 8vo., 1s. sewed.
+
+          Presentation Edition. With 20 Illustrations by LANCELOT SPEED.
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+
+     THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A TRUTH. Fcp. 8vo., 1s. sewed; 1s. 6d.
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+
+     DOREEN: The Story of a Singer. Cr. 8vo., 6s.
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+Magruder.--THE VIOLET. By JULIA MAGRUDER. With 11 Illustrations by C. D.
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+
+Melville (G. J. WHYTE).
+
+          The Gladiators.
+          The Interpreter.
+          Good for Nothing.
+          The Queen's Maries.
+          Holmby House.
+          Kate Coventry.
+          Digby Grand.
+          General Bounce.
+
+            Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d. each.
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+Merriman.--FLOTSAM: The Study of a Life. By HENRY SETON MERRIMAN. With
+Frontispiece and Vignette by H. G. MASSEY, A.R.E. Cr. 8vo., 6s.
+
+Morris (WILLIAM).
+
+     THE WELL AT THE WORLD'S END. 2 vols., 8vo., 28s.
+
+     THE STORY OF THE GLITTERING PLAIN, which has been also called The
+     Land of the Living Men, or The Acre of the Undying. Square post 8vo.,
+     5s. net.
+
+     THE ROOTS OF THE MOUNTAINS, wherein is told somewhat of the Lives of
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+
+     A TALE OF THE HOUSE OF THE WOLFINGS, and all the Kindreds of the
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+
+     A DREAM OF JOHN BALL, AND A KING'S LESSON. 12mo., 1s. 6d.
+
+     NEWS FROM NOWHERE; or, An Epoch of Rest. Being some Chapters from an
+     Utopian Romance. Post 8vo., 1s. 6d.
+
+     For Mr. William Morris's Poetical Works, see p. 19.
+
+Newman (CARDINAL).
+
+     LOSS AND GAIN: The Story of a Convert. Crown 8vo. Cabinet Edition,
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+
+     CALLISTA: A Tale of the Third Century. Crown 8vo. Cabinet Edition,
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+
+Oliphant.--OLD MR. TREDGOLD. By Mrs. OLIPHANT. Crown 8vo., 6s.
+
+Phillipps-Wolley.--SNAP: a Legend of the Lone Mountain. By C.
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+
+Quintana.--THE CID CAMPEADOR; an Historical Romance. By D. ANTONIO DE
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+T.C.D. Crown 8vo., 6s.
+
+Rhoscomyl (OWEN).
+
+     THE JEWEL OF YNYS GALON: being a hitherto unprinted Chapter in the
+     History of the Sea Rovers. With 12 Illustrations by LANCELOT SPEED.
+     Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     BATTLEMENT AND TOWER: a Romance. With Frontispiece by R. CATON
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+     Crown 8vo., 6s.
+
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+
+Sewell (ELIZABETH M.).
+
+          A Glimpse of the World.
+          Laneton Parsonage.
+          Margaret Percival.
+          Katharine Ashton.
+          The Earl's Daughter.
+          The Experience of Life.
+          Amy Herbert.
+          Cleve Hall.
+          Gertrude.
+          Home Life.
+          After Life.
+          Ursula.
+          Ivors.
+
+            Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d. each, cloth plain. 2s. 6d. each, cloth
+            extra, gilt edges.
+
+Stevenson (ROBERT LOUIS).
+
+     THE STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE. Fcp. 8vo., 1s. sewed,
+     1s. 6d. cloth.
+
+     THE STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE; with Other Fables. Crown
+     8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     MORE NEW ARABIAN NIGHTS--THE DYNAMITER. By ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON and
+     FANNY VAN DE GRIFT STEVENSON. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     THE WRONG BOX. By ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON and LLOYD OSBOURNE. Crown
+     8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+Suttner.--LAY DOWN YOUR ARMS Die Waffen Nieder: The Autobiography of
+Martha Tilling. By BERTHA VON SUTTNER. Translated by T. HOLMES. Cr. 8vo.,
+1s. 6d.
+
+Trollope (ANTHONY).
+
+     The Warden. Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d.
+
+     Barchester Towers. Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d.
+
+TRUE (A) RELATION OF THE TRAVELS AND PERILOUS ADVENTURES OF MATHEW
+DUDGEON, Gentleman: Wherein is truly set down the Manner of his Taking,
+the Long Time of his Slavery in Algiers, and Means of his Delivery.
+Written by Himself, and now for the first time printed. Cr. 8vo., 5s.
+
+Walford (L. B.).
+
+     Mr. SMITH: a Part of his Life. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     THE BABY'S GRANDMOTHER. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     COUSINS. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     TROUBLESOME DAUGHTERS. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     PAULINE. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     DICK NETHERBY. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
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+     THE HISTORY OF A WEEK. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     A STIFF-NECKED GENERATION. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
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+     NAN, and other Stories. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     THE MISCHIEF OF MONICA. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     THE ONE GOOD GUEST. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     'PLOUGHED,' and other Stories. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     THE MATCHMAKER. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+West (B. B.).
+
+     HALF-HOURS WITH THE MILLIONAIRES: Showing how much harder it is to
+     spend a million than to make it. Cr. 8vo., 6s.
+
+     SIR SIMON VANDERPETTER, AND MINDING HIS ANCESTORS. Cr. 8vo., 5s.
+
+     A FINANCIAL ATONEMENT. Cr. 8vo., 6s.
+
+Weyman (STANLEY).
+
+     THE HOUSE OF THE WOLF. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     A GENTLEMAN OF FRANCE. Cr. 8vo., 6s.
+
+     THE RED COCKADE. Cr. 8vo., 6s.
+
+Whishaw.--A BOYAR OF THE TERRIBLE: a Romance of the Court of Ivan the
+Cruel, First Tzar of Russia. By FRED. WHISHAW. With 12 illustrations by H.
+G. MASSEY, A.R.E. Cr. 8vo., 6s.
+
+Yeats.--A GALAHAD OF THE CREEKS, and other Stories. By S. LEVETT YEATS,
+Author of "The Honour of Savelli". Crown 8vo., 6s.
+
+
+Popular Science (Natural History, &c.).
+
+Butler.--OUR HOUSEHOLD INSECTS. An Account of the Insect-Pests found in
+Dwelling Houses. By EDWARD A. BUTLER, B.A. B.Sc. (Lond.). With 113
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+Furneaux (W.).
+
+     THE OUTDOOR WORLD; or, The Young Collector's Handbook. With 18
+     Plates, 16 of which are coloured, and 549 Illustrations in the Text.
+     Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.
+
+     BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS (British). With 12 coloured Plates and 241
+     Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 12s. 6d.
+
+     LIFE IN PONDS AND STREAMS. With 8 coloured Plates and 331
+     Illustrations in the Text. Cr. 8vo., 12s. 6d.
+
+Hartwig (Dr. GEORGE).
+
+     THE SEA AND ITS LIVING WONDERS. With 12 Plates and 303 Woodcuts.
+     8vo., 7s. net.
+
+     THE TROPICAL WORLD. With 8 Plates and 172 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7s. net.
+
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+     net.
+
+     THE SUBTERRANEAN WORLD. With 3 Maps and 80 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7s. net.
+
+     THE AERIAL WORLD. With Map, 8 Plates and 60 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7s.
+     net.
+
+     HEROES OF THE POLAR WORLD. 19 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s.
+
+     WONDERS OF THE TROPICAL FORESTS. 40 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s.
+
+     WORKERS UNDER THE GROUND. 29 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s.
+
+     MARVELS OVER OUR HEADS. 29 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s.
+
+     SEA MONSTERS AND SEA BIRDS. 75 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     DENIZENS OF THE DEEP. 117 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES. 30 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     WILD ANIMALS OF THE TROPICS. 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s.
+     6d.
+
+Hayward.--BIRD NOTES. By the late JANE MARY HAYWARD. Edited by EMMA
+HUBBARD. With Frontispiece and 15 Illustrations by G. E. LODGE. Crown
+8vo., 6s.
+
+Helmholtz.--POPULAR LECTURES ON SCIENTIFIC SUBJECTS. By HERMANN VON
+HELMHOLTZ. With 68 Woodcuts. 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d. each.
+
+Hudson.--BRITISH BIRDS. By W. H. HUDSON, C.M.Z.S. With a Chapter on
+Structure and Classification by FRANK E. BEDDARD, F.R.S. With 17 Plates (8
+of which are Coloured), and over 100 Illustrations in the Text. Crown
+8vo., 12s. 6d.
+
+Proctor (RICHARD A.).
+
+     LIGHT SCIENCE FOR LEISURE HOURS. Familiar Essays on Scientific
+     Subjects. 3 vols. Crown 8vo., 5s. each.
+
+     ROUGH WAYS MADE SMOOTH. Familiar Essays on Scientific Subjects. Crown
+     8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     PLEASANT WAYS IN SCIENCE. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     NATURE STUDIES. By R. A. PROCTOR, GRANT ALLEN, A. WILSON, T. FOSTER
+     and E. CLODD. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     LEISURE READINGS. By R. A. PROCTOR, E. CLODD, A. WILSON, T. FOSTER,
+     and A. C. RANYARD. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     For Mr. Proctor's other books see Messrs. Longmans & Co.'s Catalogue
+     of Scientific Works.
+
+Stanley.--A Familiar History Of Birds. By E. STANLEY, D.D., formerly
+Bishop of Norwich. With Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+Wood (Rev. J. G.).
+
+     HOMES WITHOUT HANDS: a Description of the Habitation of Animals,
+     classed according to the Principle of Construction. With 140
+     Illustrations. 8vo., 7s. net.
+
+     INSECTS AT HOME: a Popular Account of British Insects, their
+     Structure, Habits and Transformations. With 700 Illustrations. 8vo.,
+     7s. net.
+
+     INSECTS ABROAD: a Popular Account of Foreign Insects, their
+     Structure, Habits and Transformations. With 600 Illustrations. 8vo.,
+     7s. net.
+
+     BIBLE ANIMALS: a Description of every Living Creature mentioned in
+     the Scriptures. With 112 Illustrations. 8vo., 7s. net.
+
+     PETLAND REVISITED. With 33 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     OUT OF DOORS: a Selection of Original Articles on Practical Natural
+     History. With 11 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     STRANGE DWELLINGS: a Description of the Habitations of Animals,
+     abridged from 'Homes without Hands'. With 60 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo.,
+     3s. 6d.
+
+     BIRD LIFE OF THE BIBLE. 32 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     WONDERFUL NESTS. 30 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
+
+     HOMES UNDER THE GROUND. 28 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     WILD ANIMALS OF THE BIBLE. 29 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.
+
+     DOMESTIC ANIMALS OF THE BIBLE. 23 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s.
+     6d.
+
+     THE BRANCH BUILDERS. 28 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
+
+     SOCIAL HABITATIONS AND PARASITIC NESTS. 18 Illustrations. Crown 8vo.,
+     2s.
+
+
+Works of Reference.
+
+Longmans' GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD. Edited by GEORGE G. CHISHOLM, M.A.,
+B.Sc. Imp. 8vo., �2 2s. cloth, �2 12s. 6d. half-morocca.
+
+Maunder (Samuel).
+
+     BIOGRAPHICAL TREASURY. With Supplement brought down to 1899. By Rev.
+     JAMES WOOD. Fcp. 8vo., 6s.
+
+     TREASURY OF NATURAL HISTORY: or, Popular Dictionary of Zoology. With
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+Vivekananda.--YOGA PHILOSOPHY: Lectures delivered in New York, Winter of
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+Transcriber's Notes:
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+The following misprints have been addressed:
+  "1663" corrected to "1689" (front advertisements)
+  "simlpy" corrected to "simply" (page 2)
+  "19/19" corrected to "19/29" (footnote 236)
+
+Other than the corrections listed above, inconsistencies in spelling and
+hyphenation have been retained from the original.
+
+The original text contains no in text marker for footnote 286.
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+
+<h1>WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS</h1>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a></p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/frontistmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/frontis.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">View of the River Front of the House occupied by Whynniard</span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>The words &#8216;Prince&#8217;s Chamber, House of Lords,&#8217; in the foreground<br />can only mean that those buildings are behind the house.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h1>WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">BY</p>
+<p class="center"><strong>SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D.</strong></p>
+<p class="center"><small>FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD</small></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.<br />
+39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON<br />
+NEW YORK AND BOMBAY<br />
+1897</p>
+<p class="center">All rights reserved</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="ads"><div class="adbox">
+<p class="center">WORKS<br />BY<br />SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L. LL.D.</p>
+
+<p>HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of
+the Civil War, 1603-1642. 10 vols. crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p>A HISTORY OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR, 1642-1649. 4 vols. crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i>
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+1649-1651. With 14 Maps. 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>A STUDENT&#8217;S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. From the Earliest Times to 1885.</p>
+
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+4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>Vol. II. (1509-1689.) With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>Vol. III. (<ins class="correction" title="original: 1663">1689</ins>-1885.) With 109 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8258; <i>Complete in One Volume, with 378 Illustrations, crown
+8vo. 12s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>A SCHOOL ATLAS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Edited by <span class="smcap">Samuel Rawson Gardiner</span>,
+D.C.L. LL.D. With 66 Coloured Maps and 22 Plans of Battles and Sieges.
+Fcp. 4to. 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8258; This Atlas is intended to serve as a companion to Mr. S. R.
+Gardiner&#8217;s &#8216;Student&#8217;s History of England.&#8217; In addition to the historical
+maps of the British Isles, in whole or in part, are others of
+Continental countries or districts which were the scenes of events
+connected more or less closely with English History. Indian and Colonial
+development also obtain due recognition.</p>
+
+<p>CROMWELL&#8217;S PLACE IN HISTORY, Founded on Six Lectures delivered at
+Oxford. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS: a Reply to Father Gerard.</p>
+
+<p>THE FIRST TWO STUARTS AND THE PURITAN REVOLUTION, 1603-1660. 4 Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE THIRTY YEARS&#8217; WAR, 1618-1648. With a Map. Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>OUTLINE OF ENGLISH HISTORY, <span class="smcaplc">B.C.</span> 55-<span class="smcaplc">A.D.</span> 1895. With 67 Woodcuts and 17
+Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
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+Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
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+<p class="center">LONGMANS, GREEN, &amp; CO. 39 Paternoster Row, London<br />New York and Bombay.</p></div></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td><small>CHAPTER</small></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">I.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Historical Evidence</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">II.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Guy Fawkes&#8217;s Story</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">III.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Later Documentary Evidence</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Structural Difficulties</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">V.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Discovery</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">VI.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Government and the Catholics</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">VII.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Government and the Priests</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">View of the River Front of the House Occupied By Whynniard</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#frontis"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">From a Plan of the Ancient Palace of Westminster, by the late Mr. W. Capon</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">From a Plan of Part of Westminster</span>, 1685</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">From a Plan of Part of Westminster</span>, 1739</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">From a Plan of Westminster Hall and the Houses Of Parliament</span>, 1761</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">East End of the Prince&#8217;s Chamber</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">88</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Views of the East Side of the House of Lords, &amp;c.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Four Walls of the so-called Cellar under the House of Lords</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">109</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2>CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES</h2>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>Political events in italics</i>)</p>
+
+<table width="70%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>1603.</td><td>March 24.&mdash;<i>Accession of James I.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>June 17.&mdash;<i>James informs Rosny of his intention to remit the Recusancy fines.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>July 17.&mdash;<i>James assures a deputation of Catholics that the fines will be remitted.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Aug. 20.&mdash;<i>Parry writes to announce the overtures of the Nuncio in Paris.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>1604.</td><td>Feb. 22.&mdash;<i>Proclamation banishing priests.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>March.&mdash;Catesby imparts the design to Winter.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>About the beginning of April.&mdash;Winter goes to Flanders.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Towards the end of April.&mdash;Winter returns with Fawkes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Early in May.&mdash;The five conspirators take an oath, and then receive the sacrament.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>May 24.&mdash;Agreement for a lease of part of Whynniard&#8217;s block of houses.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>June.&mdash;(Shortly before midsummer Keyes sworn in and intrusted with the charge of the powder at Lambeth).</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>July 7.&mdash;<i>The Royal consent given to a new Recusancy Act.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Aug.&mdash;<i>Executions under the Recusancy Act.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Sept 5.&mdash;<i>Commission appointed to preside over the banishment of the priests.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Sept. 14.&mdash;<i>The Council recommends that the Act shall not be put in force against lay Catholics.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Nov. 28.&mdash;<i>Fines required from thirteen Catholics rich enough to pay</i> 20<i>l. a month.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>About Dec.&mdash;Bates sworn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>About Dec. 11.&mdash;The five conspirators begin to dig the mine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Before Christmas.&mdash;The diggers having reached the wall of the House of Lords, suspend their work.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1605.</td><td>Jan.&mdash;The day cannot be fixed.&mdash;John Grant and Robert Winter sworn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>About Jan. 18.&mdash;Work resumed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Jan.&mdash;Christopher Wright and Keyes brought to join in the work.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>About Feb. 2.&mdash;Wall of House of Lords excavated halfway through.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Feb. 10.&mdash;<i>James orders that the Recusancy Act be fully executed.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>March, before Lady Day.&mdash;The conspirators begin to work a third time, but finding that the &#8216;cellar&#8217; is to let, hire it, and having moved the powder into it, disperse.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Oct. 26.&mdash;Monteagle receives the letter.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>27.&mdash;Ward informs Winter.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>28.&mdash;Winter informs Catesby.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>30.&mdash;Tresham returns to London.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>31.&mdash;Winter summons Tresham.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Nov. 1.&mdash;Meeting of Tresham with Catesby and Winter.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>2.&mdash;Winter meets Tresham at Lincoln&#8217;s Inn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>3.&mdash;Meeting behind St. Clement&#8217;s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>4.&mdash;Percy goes to Sion. Fawkes taken.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>5.&mdash;Flight of the conspirators.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>6.&mdash;Arrival at Huddington at 2 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>7.&mdash;Arrival at Holbeche at 10 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>8.&mdash;Capture at Holbeche.</td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h1>WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2>
+<h3>HISTORICAL EVIDENCE</h3>
+
+<p><br />In &#8216;What was the Gunpowder Plot? The Traditional Story tested by
+Original Evidence,&#8217;<small><a name="f1.1" id="f1.1" href="#f1">[1]</a></small> Father Gerard has set forth all the difficulties
+he found while sifting the accessible evidence, and has deduced from his
+examination a result which, though somewhat vague in itself, leaves upon
+his readers a very distinct impression that the celebrated conspiracy
+was mainly, if not altogether, a fiction devised by the Earl of
+Salisbury for the purpose of maintaining or strengthening his position
+in the government of the country under James I. Such, at least, is what
+I gather of Father Gerard&#8217;s aim from a perusal of his book. Lest,
+however, I should in any way do him an injustice, I proceed to quote the
+summary placed by him at the conclusion of his argument:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>&#8220;The evidence available to us appears to establish principally two
+points: that the true history of the Gunpowder Plot is now known to
+no man, and that the history commonly received is certainly untrue.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is quite impossible to believe that the Government were not
+aware of the Plot long before they announced its discovery.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is difficult to believe that the proceedings of the
+conspirators were actually such as they are related to have been.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is unquestionable that the Government consistently falsified
+the story and the evidence as presented to the world, and that the
+points upon which they most insisted prove upon examination to be
+the most doubtful.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There are grave reasons for the conclusion that the whole
+transaction was dexterously contrived for the purpose which in fact
+it opportunely served, by those who alone reaped benefit from it,
+and who showed themselves so unscrupulous in the manner of
+reaping.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>No candid person, indeed, can feel surprise that any English Roman
+Catholic, especially a Roman Catholic priest, should feel anxious to
+wipe away the reproach which the plot has brought upon those who share
+his faith. Not merely were his spiritual predecessors subjected to a
+persecution borne with the noblest and least self-assertive constancy,
+<ins class="correction" title="original: simlpy">simply</ins> in consequence of what is now known to all historical students to
+have been the entirely false charge that the plot emanated from, or was
+approved by the English Roman Catholics as a body, but this false belief
+prevailed so widely that it must have hindered, to no slight extent, the
+spread of that organisation which he regards as having been set<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> forth
+by divine institution for the salvation of mankind. If Father Gerard has
+gone farther than this, and has attempted to show that even the handful
+of Catholics who took part in the plot were more sinned against than
+sinning, I, for one, am not inclined to condemn him very harshly, even
+if I am forced to repudiate alike his method and his conclusions.</p>
+
+<p>Erroneous as I hold them, Father Gerard&#8217;s conclusions at least call for
+patient inquiry. Up to this time critics have urged that parts at least
+of the public declarations of the Government were inconsistent with the
+evidence, and have even pointed to deliberate falsification. Father
+Gerard is, as far as I know, the first to go a step farther, and to
+argue that much of the evidence itself has been tampered with, on the
+ground that it is inconsistent with physical facts, so that things
+cannot possibly have happened as they are said to have happened in
+confessions attributed to the conspirators themselves. I can only speak
+for myself when I say that after reading much hostile criticism of
+Father Gerard&#8217;s book&mdash;and I would especially refer to a most able review
+of it, so far as negative criticism can go, in the <i>Edinburgh Review</i> of
+January last&mdash;I did not feel that all difficulties had been removed, or
+that without further investigation I could safely maintain my former
+attitude towards the traditional story. It is, indeed, plain, as the
+<i>Edinburgh Review</i> has shown, that Father Gerard is unversed in the
+methods of historical inquiry which have guided recent scholars. Yet,
+for all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> that, he gives us hard nuts to crack; and, till they are
+cracked, the story of Gunpowder Plot cannot be allowed to settle down in
+peace.</p>
+
+<p>It seems strange to find a writer so regardless of what is, in these
+days, considered the first canon of historical inquiry, that evidence
+worth having must be almost entirely the evidence of contemporaries who
+are in a position to know something about that which they assert. It is
+true that this canon must not be received pedantically. Tradition is
+worth something, at all events when it is not too far removed from its
+source. If a man whose character for truthfulness stands high, tells me
+that his father, also believed to be truthful, seriously informed him
+that he had seen a certain thing happen, I should be much more likely to
+believe that it was so than if a person, whom I knew to be untruthful,
+informed me that he had himself witnessed something at the present day.
+The historian is not bound, as the lawyer is, to reject hearsay
+evidence, because it is his business to ascertain the truth of
+individual assertions, whilst the lawyer has to think of the bearing of
+the evidence not merely on the case of the prisoner in the dock, but on
+an unrestricted number of possible prisoners, many of whom would be
+unjustly condemned if hearsay evidence were admitted. The historian is,
+however, bound to remember that evidence grows weaker with each link of
+the chain. The injunction, &#8220;Always leave a story better than you found
+it,&#8221; is in accordance with the facts of human<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> nature. Each reporter
+inevitably accentuates the side of the narrative which strikes his
+fancy, and drops some other part which interests him less. The rule laid
+down by the late Mr. Spedding, &#8220;When a thing is asserted as a fact,
+always ask who first reported it, and what means he had of knowing the
+truth,&#8221; is an admirable corrective of loose traditional stories.</p>
+
+<p>A further test has to be applied by each investigator for himself. When
+we have ascertained, as far as possible, on what evidence our knowledge
+of an alleged fact rests, we have to consider the inherent probability
+of the allegation. Is the statement about it in accordance with the
+general workings of human nature, or with the particular working of the
+nature of the persons to whom the action in question is ascribed? Father
+Gerard, for instance, lavishly employs this test. Again and again be
+tells us that such and such a statement is incredible, because, amongst
+other reasons, the people about whom it was made could not possibly have
+acted in the way ascribed to them. If I say in any of these cases that
+it appears to me probable that they did so act, it is merely one
+individual opinion against another. There is no mathematical certainty
+on either side. All we can respectively do is to set forth the reasons
+which incline us to one opinion or another, and leave the matter to
+others to judge as they see fit.</p>
+
+<p>It will be necessary hereafter to deal at length with Father Gerard&#8217;s
+attack upon the evidence, hitherto<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> accepted as conclusive, of the facts
+of the plot. A short space may be allotted to the reasons for rejecting
+his preliminary argument, that it was the opinion of some
+contemporaries, and of some who lived in a later generation, that
+Salisbury contrived the plot in part, if not altogether. Does he
+realise, how difficult it is to prove such a thing by any external
+evidence whatever? If hearsay evidence can be taken as an argument of
+probability, and, in some cases, of strong probability, it is where some
+one material fact is concerned. For instance, I am of opinion that it is
+very likely that the story of Cromwell&#8217;s visit to the body of Charles I.
+on the night after the King&#8217;s execution is true, though the evidence is
+only that Spence heard it from Pope, and Pope heard it, mediately or
+immediately, from Southampton, who, as is alleged, saw the scene with
+his own eyes. It is very different when we are concerned with evidence
+as to an intention necessarily kept secret, and only exhibited by overt
+acts in such form as tampering with documents, suggesting false
+explanation of evidence, and so forth. A rumour that Salisbury got up
+the plot is absolutely worthless; a rumour that he forged a particular
+instrument would be worth examining, because it might have proceeded
+from some one who had seen him do it.</p>
+
+<p>For these reasons I must regard the whole of Father Gerard&#8217;s third
+chapter on &#8216;The Opinion of Contemporaries and Historians&#8217; as absolutely
+worthless. To ask Mr. Spedding&#8217;s question, &#8216;What means had they of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+knowing the truth?&#8217; is quite sufficient to condemn the so-called
+evidence. Professor Brewer, Lodge, and the author of the &#8216;Annals of
+England,&#8217;<small><a name="f2.1" id="f2.1" href="#f2">[2]</a></small> to whose statements Father Gerard looks for support, all
+wrote in the nineteenth century, and had no documents before them which
+we are unable to examine for ourselves. Nor is reliance to be placed on
+the statements of Father John Gerard, because though he is a
+contemporary witness he had no more knowledge of Salisbury&#8217;s actions
+than any indifferent person, and had far less knowledge of the evidence
+than we ourselves possess. Bishop Talbot, again, we are told, asserted,
+in 1658, &#8216;that Cecil was the contriver, or at least the fomenter, of
+[the plot],&#8217; because it &#8216;was testified by one of his own domestic
+gentlemen, who advertised a certain Catholic, by name Master Buck, two
+months before, of a wicked design his master had against Catholics.&#8217;<small><a name="f3.1" id="f3.1" href="#f3">[3]</a></small>
+Was Salisbury such an idiot as to inform his &#8216;domestic gentleman&#8217; that
+he had made up his mind to invent Gunpowder Plot? What may reasonably be
+supposed to have happened&mdash;on the supposition that Master Buck reported
+the occurrence accurately&mdash;is that Salisbury had in familiar talk
+disclosed, what was no secret, his animosity against the Catholics, and
+his resolution to keep them down. Even the Puritan, Osborne, it seems,
+thought the discovery &#8216;a neat device of the Treasurer&#8217;s, he being very
+plentiful in such plots&#8217;; and the &#8216;Anglican Bishop,&#8217; Goodman, writes,
+that &#8216;the great <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>statesman had intelligence of all this, and because he
+would show his service to the State, he would first contrive and then
+discover a treason, and the more odious and hateful the treason were,
+his service would be the greater and the more acceptable.&#8217;<small><a name="f4.1" id="f4.1" href="#f4">[4]</a></small> Father
+Grene again, in a letter written in 1666, says that Bishop Usher was
+divers times heard to say &#8216;that if the papists knew what he knew, the
+blame of the Gunpowder Treason would not be with them.&#8217; &#8220;In like
+manner,&#8221; adds Father Gerard, citing a book published in 1673, &#8220;we find
+it frequently asserted, on the authority of Lord Cobham and others, that
+King James himself, when he had time to realise the truth of the matter,
+was in the habit of speaking of the Fifth of November as &#8216;Cecil&#8217;s
+holiday.&#8217;&#8221;<small><a name="f5.1" id="f5.1" href="#f5">[5]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>Lord Cobham (Richard Temple) was created a peer in 1669, so that the
+story is given on very second-hand evidence indeed. The allegation about
+Usher, even if true, is not to the point. We are all prepared now to say
+as much as Usher is represented as saying. The blame of the Gunpowder
+Treason does not lie on &#8216;the papists.&#8217; It lies, at the most, on a small
+body of conspirators, and even in their case, the Government must bear a
+share of it, not because it invented or encouraged the plot, but
+because, by the reinforcement of the penal laws, it irritated ardent and
+excitable natures past endurance. If we had Usher&#8217;s actual words before
+us we should know whether he meant more than this. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>At present we are
+entirely in the dark. As for the evidence of Goodman and Osborne, it
+proves no more than this, that there were rumours about to the effect
+that the plot was got up by Salisbury. Neither Osborne nor Goodman are
+exactly the authorities which stand high with a cautious inquirer, and
+they had neither of them any personal acquaintance with the facts. Yet
+we may fairly take it from them that rumours damaging to Salisbury were
+in circulation. Is it, however, necessary to prove this? It was
+inevitable that it should be so. Granted a Government which conducted
+its investigations in secret, and which when it saw fit to publish
+documents occasionally mutilated them to serve its own ends; granted,
+too, a system of trial which gave little scope to the prisoner to bring
+out the weakness of the prosecution, while it allowed evidence to be
+produced which might have been extracted under torture, and what was to
+be expected but that some people, in complete ignorance of the facts,
+should, whenever any very extraordinary charge was made, assert
+positively that the whole of the accusation had been invented by the
+Government for political purposes?</p>
+
+<p>Once, indeed, Father Gerard proffers evidence which appears to bring the
+accusation which he has brought against Salisbury nearer home. He
+produces certain notes by an anonymous correspondent of Anthony Wood,
+preserved in Fulman&#8217;s collection in the library of Corpus Christi
+College, Oxford.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>&#8220;These remarkable notes,
+he tells us,<small><a name="f6.1" id="f6.1" href="#f6">[6]</a></small> have been seen by Fulman,
+who inserted in the margin various questions and objections, to
+which the writer always supplied definite replies. In the following
+version this supplementary information is incorporated in the body
+of his statement, being distinguished by italics.&#8221;<small><a name="f7.1" id="f7.1" href="#f7">[7]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>The paper is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;I should be glad to understand what your friend driveth at about
+the Fifth of November. It was without all peradventure a State
+plot. I have collected many pregnant circumstances concerning it.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8217;Tis certain that the last Earl of Salisbury<small><a name="f8.1" id="f8.1" href="#f8">[8]</a></small> confessed to
+William Lenthall it was his father&#8217;s contrivance; which Lenthall
+soon after told one Mr. Webb (<i>John Webb, Esq.</i>), a person of
+quality, and his kinsman, yet alive.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Sir Henry Wotton says, &#8217;twas usual with Cecil to create plots that
+he might have the honour of the discovery, or to such effect.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The Lord Monteagle knew there was a letter to be sent to him
+before it came. (<i>Known by Edmund Church, Esq., his confidant.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Sir Everard Digby&#8217;s sons were both knighted soon after, and Sir
+Kenelm would often say it was a State design to disengage the king
+of his promise to the Pope and the King of Spain to indulge the
+Catholics if ever he came to be king here; and somewhat to his<small><a name="f9.1" id="f9.1" href="#f9">[9]</a></small>
+purpose was found in the Lord Wimbledon&#8217;s papers after his death.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Vowell, who was executed in the Rump time, did also affirm it
+so.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>&#8220;Catesby&#8217;s man (<i>George Bartlet</i>) on his death-bed confessed his
+master went to Salisbury House several nights before the discovery,
+and was always brought privately in at a back door.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Father Gerard, it is true, does not lay very great stress on this
+evidence; but neither does he subject it to the criticism to which it is
+reasonably open. What is to be thought, for instance, of the accuracy of
+a writer, who states that &#8216;Sir Everard Digby&#8217;s two sons were both
+knighted soon after,&#8217; when, as a matter of fact, the younger, Kenelm,
+was not knighted till 1623, and the elder, John, not till 1635? Neither
+Sir Kenelm&#8217;s alleged talk, nor that of Wotton and Vowell, prove
+anything. On the statement about Catesby I shall have something to say
+later, and, as will be seen, I am quite ready to accept what is said
+about Monteagle. The most remarkable allegation in the paper is that
+relating to the second Earl of Salisbury. In the first place it may be
+noted that the story is produced long after the event. As the words
+imply that Lenthall was dead when they were written down, and as his
+death occurred in 1681, they relate to an event which occurred at least
+seventy-six years before the story took the shape in which it here
+reaches us. The second Earl of Salisbury, we are told, informed Lenthall
+that the plot was &#8216;his father&#8217;s contrivance,&#8217; and Lenthall told Webb.
+Are we quite sure that the story has not been altered in the telling?
+Such a very little change would be sufficient. If the second<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> Earl had
+only said, &#8220;People talked about my father having contrived the plot,&#8221;
+there would be nothing to object to. If we cannot conceive either
+Lenthall or Webb being guilty of &#8216;leaving the story better than they
+found it,&#8217;&mdash;though Wood, no doubt a prejudiced witness, says that
+Lenthall was &#8216;the grand braggadocio and liar of the age in which he
+lived&#8217;<small><a name="f10.1" id="f10.1" href="#f10">[10]</a></small>&mdash;our anonymous and erudite friend who perpetrated that little
+blunder about the knighthood of Sir Everard Digby&#8217;s sons was quite
+capable of the feat. The strongest objection against the truth of the
+assertion, however, lies in its inherent improbability. Whatever else a
+statesman may communicate to his son, we may be sure that he does not
+confide to him such appalling guilt as this. A man who commits forgery,
+and thereby sends several innocent fellow creatures to torture and
+death, would surely not unburden his conscience to one of his own
+children. <i>Maxima debetur pueris reverentia.</i> Moreover the second Earl,
+who was only twenty-one years of age at his father&#8217;s death, was much too
+dull to be an intellectual companion for him, and therefore the less
+likely to invite an unprecedented confidence.</p>
+
+<p>It is not only on the reception of second-hand evidence that I find
+myself at variance with Father Gerard. I also object to his criticism as
+purely negative. He holds that the evidence in favour of the traditional
+story breaks down, but he has nothing to substitute for it. He has not
+made up his mind whether Salisbury <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>invented the whole plot or part of
+it, or merely knew of its existence, and allowed its development till a
+fitting time arrived for its suppression. Let me not be misunderstood. I
+do not for an instant complain of a historian for honestly avowing that
+he has not sufficient evidence to warrant a positive conclusion. What I
+do complain of is, that Father Gerard has not started any single
+hypothesis wherewith to test the evidence on which he relies, and has
+thereby neglected the most potent instrument of historical
+investigation. When a door-key is missing, the householder does not lose
+time in deploring the intricacy of the lock, he tries every key at his
+disposal to see whether it will fit the wards, and only sends for the
+locksmith when he finds that his own keys are useless. So it is with
+historical inquiry, at least in cases such as that of the Gunpowder
+Plot, where we have a considerable mass of evidence before us. Try, if
+need be, one hypothesis after another&mdash;Salisbury&#8217;s guilt, his
+connivance, his innocence, or what you please. Apply them to the
+evidence, and when one fails to unlock the secret, try another. Only
+when all imaginable keys have failed have you a right to call the public
+to witness your avowal of incompetence to solve the riddle.</p>
+
+<p>At all events, this is the course which I intend to pursue. My first
+hypothesis is that the traditional story is true&mdash;cellar, mine, the
+Monteagle letter and all. I cannot be content with merely negativing
+Father Gerard&#8217;s inferences. I am certain that if this hypothesis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> of
+mine be false, it will be found to jar somewhere or another with
+established facts. In that case we must try another key. Of course there
+must be some ragged ends to the story&mdash;some details which must be left
+in doubt; but I shall ask my readers to watch narrowly whether the
+traditional story meets with any obstacles inconsistent with its
+substantial truth.</p>
+
+<p>Before proceeding further, it will be well to remind my readers what the
+so-called traditional story is&mdash;or, rather, the story which has been
+told by writers who have in the present century availed themselves of
+the manuscript treasures now at our disposal, and which are for the most
+part in the Public Record Office. With this object, I cannot do better
+than borrow the succinct narrative of the Edinburgh Reviewer.<small><a name="f11.1" id="f11.1" href="#f11">[11]</a></small></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Early in 1604, the three men, Robert Catesby, John Wright, and
+Thomas Winter, meeting in a house at Lambeth, resolved on a Powder
+Plot, though, of course, only in outline. By April they had added
+to their number Wright&#8217;s brother-in-law, Thomas Percy, and Guy
+Fawkes, a Yorkshire man of respectable family, but actually a
+soldier of fortune, serving in the Spanish army in the Low
+Countries, who was specially brought over to England as a capable
+and resolute man. Later on they enlisted Wright&#8217;s brother
+Christopher; Winter&#8217;s brother Robert; Robert Keyes, and a few more;
+but all, with the exception of Thomas Bates, Catesby&#8217;s servant, men
+of family, and for the most part of competent fortune, though Keyes
+is said to have been in straitened circumstances, and Catesby to
+have been impoverished by a heavy fine levied on him as a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>recusant.<small><a name="f12.1" id="f12.1" href="#f12">[12]</a></small> Percy, a second cousin of the Earl of
+Northumberland, then captain of the Gentleman Pensioners, was
+admitted by him into that body in&mdash;it is said&mdash;an irregular manner,
+his relationship to the earl passing in lieu of the usual oath of
+fidelity. The position gave him some authority and license near the
+Court, and enabled him to hire a house, or part of a house,
+adjoining the House of Lords. From the cellar of this house they
+proposed to burrow under the House of Lords; to place there a large
+quantity of powder, and to blow up the whole when the King and his
+family were there assembled at the opening of Parliament. On
+December 11, 1604, they began to dig in the cellar, and after a
+fortnight&#8217;s labour, having come to a thick wall, they left off work
+and separated for Christmas.</p>
+
+<p>Early in January they began at the wall, which they found to be
+extremely hard, so that, after working for about two months,<small><a name="f13.1" id="f13.1" href="#f13">[13]</a></small>
+they had not got more than half way through it. They then learned
+that a cellar actually under the House of Lords, and used as a coal
+cellar, was to be let; and as it was most suitable for their
+design, Percy hired it as though for his own use. The digging was
+stopped, and powder, to the amount of thirty-six barrels, was
+brought into the cellar, where it was stowed under heaps of coal or
+firewood, and so remained under the immediate care of Guy
+Fawkes,<small><a name="f14.1" id="f14.1" href="#f14">[14]</a></small> till, on the night of November 4, 1605&mdash;the opening of
+Parliament being fixed for the next day&mdash;Sir Thomas Knyvet, with a
+party of men, was ordered to examine the cellar. He met Fawkes
+coming out of it, arrested him, and on a close search, found the
+powder, of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>which a mysterious warning had been conveyed to Lord
+Monteagle a few days before. On the news of this discovery the
+conspirators scattered, but by different roads rejoined each other
+in Warwickshire, whence, endeavouring to raise the country, they
+rode through Worcestershire, and were finally shot or taken
+prisoners at Holbeche in Staffordshire.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is this story that I now propose to compare with the evidence. When
+any insuperable difficulties appear, it will be time to try another key.
+To reach the heart of the matter, let us put aside for the present all
+questions arising out of the alleged discovery of the plot through the
+letter received by Monteagle, and let us take it that Guy Fawkes has
+already been arrested, brought into the King&#8217;s presence, and, on the
+morning of the 5th, is put through his first examination.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2>
+<h3>GUY FAWKES&#8217;S STORY</h3>
+
+<p><br />First of all, let us restrict ourselves to the story told by Guy Fawkes
+himself in the five<small><a name="f15.1" id="f15.1" href="#f15">[15]</a></small> examinations to which he was subjected
+previously to his being put to the torture on November 9, and to the
+letters, proclamations, &amp;c., issued by the Government during the four
+days commencing with the 5th. From these we learn, not only that
+Fawkes&#8217;s account of the matter gradually developed, but that the
+knowledge of the Government also developed; a fact which fits in very
+well with the &#8216;traditional story,&#8217; but which is hardly to be expected if
+the Government account of the affair was cut-and-dried from the first.</p>
+
+<p>Fawkes&#8217;s first examination took place on the 5th, and was conducted by
+Chief Justice Popham and Attorney-General Coke. It is true that only a
+copy has reached us, but it is a copy taken for Coke&#8217;s use, as <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>is shown
+by the headings of each paragraph inserted in the margin in his own
+hand. It is therefore out of the question that Salisbury, if he had been
+so minded, would have been able to falsify it. Each page has the
+signature (in copy) of &#8216;Jhon Jhonson,&#8217; the name by which Fawkes chose to
+be known.</p>
+
+<p>The first part of the examination turns upon Fawkes&#8217;s movements abroad,
+showing that the Government had already acquired information that he had
+been beyond sea. Fawkes showed no reluctance to speak of his own
+proceedings in the Low Countries, or to give the names of persons he had
+met there, and who were beyond the reach of his examiners. As to his
+movements after his return to England he was explicit enough so far as
+he was himself concerned, and also about Percy, whose servant he
+professed himself to be, and whose connection with the hiring of the
+house could not be concealed. Fawkes stated that after coming back to
+England he &#8216;came to the lodging near the Upper House of Parliament,&#8217; and
+&#8216;that Percy hired the house of Whynniard for 12<i>l.</i> rent, about a year
+and a half ago&#8217;; that his master, before his own going abroad, <i>i.e.</i>,
+before Easter, 1605, &#8216;lay in the house about three or four times.&#8217;
+Further, he confessed &#8216;that about Christmas last,&#8217; <i>i.e.</i>, Christmas,
+1604, &#8216;he brought in the night time gunpowder [to the cellar under the
+Upper House of Parliament.]&#8217;<small><a name="f16.1" id="f16.1" href="#f16">[16]</a></small> Afterwards he told how he covered the
+powder with faggots, intending to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>blow up the King and the Lords; and,
+being pressed how he knew that the King would be in the House on the
+5th, said he knew it only from general report and by the making ready of
+the King&#8217;s barge; but he would have &#8216;blown up the Upper House whensoever
+the King was there.&#8217; He further acknowledged that there was more than
+one person concerned in the conspiracy, and said he himself had promised
+not to reveal it, but denied that he had taken the sacrament on his
+promise. Where the promise was given he could not remember, except that
+it was in England. He refused to accuse his partners, saying that he
+himself had provided the powder, and defrayed the cost of his journey
+beyond sea, which was only undertaken &#8216;to see the country, and to pass
+away the time.&#8217; When he went, he locked up the powder and took the key
+with him, and &#8216;one Gibbons&#8217; wife, who dwells thereby, had the charge of
+the residue of the house.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>Such is that part of the story told by Fawkes which concerns us at
+present. Of course there are discrepancies enough with other statements
+given later on, and Father Gerard makes the most of them. What he does
+not observe is that it is in the nature of the case that these
+discrepancies should exist. It is obvious that Fawkes, who, as
+subsequent experience shows, was no coward, had made up his mind to
+shield as far as possible his confederates, and to take the whole of the
+blame upon himself. He says, for instance, that Percy had only lain in
+the house for three or four days<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> before Easter, 1605; a statement, as
+subsequent evidence proved, quite untrue; he pretends not to know,
+except from rumour and the preparations of the barge, that the King was
+coming to the House of Lords on the 5th, a statement almost certainly
+untrue. In order not to criminate others, and especially any priest, he
+denies having taken the Sacrament on his promise, which is also untrue.
+What is more noticeable is that he makes no mention of the mine, about
+which so much was afterwards heard, evidently&mdash;so at least I read the
+evidence&mdash;because he did not wish to bring upon the stage those who had
+worked at it. If indeed the passage which I have placed in square
+brackets be accepted as evidence, Fawkes did more than keep silence upon
+the mine. He must have made a positive assertion, soon afterwards found
+to be untrue, that the cellar was hired several months before it really
+was.<small><a name="f17.1" id="f17.1" href="#f17">[17]</a></small> This passage is, however, inserted in a different hand from the
+rest of the document. My own belief is that it gives a correct account
+of a statement made by the prisoner, but omitted by the clerk who made
+the copy for Coke, and inserted by some other person. Nobody that I can
+think of had the slightest interest in adding the words, whilst they are
+just what Fawkes might be expected to say if he wanted to lead his
+examiners off the scent. At all events, even if these words be left out
+of account, it must be admitted that Fawkes said nothing about the
+existence of a mine.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>Though Fawkes kept silence as to the mine, he did not keep silence on
+the desperate character of the work on which he had been engaged. &#8220;And,&#8221;
+runs the record, &#8220;he confesseth that when the King had come to the
+Parliament House this present day, and the Upper House had been sitting,
+he meant to have fired the match and have fled for his own safety before
+the powder had taken fire, and confesseth that if he had not been
+apprehended this last night, he had blown up the Upper House, when the
+King, Lords, Bishops, and others had been there, and saith that he spake
+for [and provided]<small><a name="f18.1" id="f18.1" href="#f18">[18]</a></small> those bars and crows of iron, some in one place,
+some in another, in London, lest it should be suspected, and saith that
+he had some of them in or about Gracious Street.&#8221;<small><a name="f19.1" id="f19.1" href="#f19">[19]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>After this it will little avail Father Gerard to produce arguments in
+support of the proposition that the story of the plot was contrived by
+the Government as long as this burning record is allowed to stand.
+Fawkes here clearly takes the whole terrible design, with the exception
+of the incident of the mine, on his own shoulders. He may have lied to
+save his friends; he certainly would not lie to save Salisbury.</p>
+
+<p>So far, however, there is no proof that Salisbury was not long ago
+cognisant of the plot through one of the active conspirators. Yet, in
+that case, it might be supposed that the accounts that he gave of his
+discoveries <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>would be less dependent than they were on the partial
+revelations which came in day by day. There is, however, no hint of
+superior knowledge in the draft of a letter intended to be sent by
+Salisbury to Sir Thomas Parry, the English ambassador in Paris, and
+dated on November 6, the day after that on which Fawkes&#8217;s first
+examination was taken:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sir Thomas Parry, it hath pleased Almighty God, out of his singular
+goodness, to bring to light the most cruel and detestable practice
+against the person of his Majesty and the whole estate of this
+realm, that ever was conceived by the heart of man at any time or
+in any place whatsoever, by which practice there was intended not
+only the extirpation of the King&#8217;s Majesty and his issue royal, but
+the whole subversion and downfal of this estate, the plot being to
+take away at an instant the King, Queen, Prince, Council, Nobility,
+Clergy, Judges, and the principal gentlemen of this realm, as they
+should have been yesterday altogether assembled at the Parliament
+House, in Westminster, the 5th of November, being Tuesday. The
+means how to have compassed so great an act, was not to be
+performed by strength of men or outward violence, for that might
+have be espied and prevented in time; but by a secret conveying of
+a great quantity of gunpowder into a vault under the Upper House of
+Parliament, and so to have blown up all at a clap, if God out of
+his mercy and his just revenge against so great an abomination had
+not destined it to be discovered, though very miraculously even
+some twelve hours before the matter should have been put into
+execution. The person that was the principal undertaker of it, is
+one Johnson, a Yorkshire man, and servant to one Thomas Percy, a
+gentleman pensioner to his Majesty, and a near kinsman and a
+special confidant to the Earl of Northumberland. This <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>Percy had
+about a year and a half ago hired a part of Whynniard&#8217;s house in
+the old palace, from whence he had access into this vault to lay
+his wood and coal, and as it seemeth now, taken this place of
+purpose to work some mischief in a fit time. He is a Papist by
+profession, and so is this his man Johnson, a desperate fellow,
+whom of late years he took into his service.</p>
+
+<p>Into this vault Johnson had, at sundry times, very privately
+conveyed a great quantity of powder, and therewith filled two
+hogsheads and some thirty-two small barrels; all which he had
+cunningly covered with great store of billets and faggots, and on
+Tuesday<small><a name="f20.1" id="f20.1" href="#f20">[20]</a></small> at midnight, as he was busy to prepare the things for
+execution was apprehended in the place itself with a false lantern,
+booted and spurred.<small><a name="f21.1" id="f21.1" href="#f21">[21]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>There is not much knowledge here beyond what Salisbury had learnt from
+Fawkes&#8217;s own statement with all its deceptions. Nor, if there had been
+any such knowledge, was it in any way revealed by the actions of the
+Government on the 5th or on the morning of the 6th. On the 5th a
+proclamation was issued for the apprehension of Percy alone.<small><a name="f22.1" id="f22.1" href="#f22">[22]</a></small> On the
+same day Archbishop Bancroft forwarded to Salisbury a story, afterward
+known to be untrue, that Percy had been seen riding towards Croydon;
+whilst Popham sent another untrue story that he had been seen riding
+towards Gravesend.<small><a name="f23.1" id="f23.1" href="#f23">[23]</a></small> A letter from Waad, the Lieutenant of the Tower,
+of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>same date, revealed the truth that Percy had escaped northwards.
+Of course, Percy&#8217;s house was searched for papers, but those discovered
+were of singularly little interest, and bore no relation to the
+plot.<small><a name="f24.1" id="f24.1" href="#f24">[24]</a></small> An examination of a servant of Ambrose Rokewood, a Catholic
+gentleman afterwards known to have been involved in the plot, and of the
+landlady of the house in London in which Rokewood had been lodging,
+brought out the names of persons who had been in his company, some of
+whom were afterwards found to be amongst the conspirators; but there was
+nothing in these examinations to connect them with the plot, and there
+is no reason to suppose that they were prompted by anything more than a
+notion that it would generally be worth while to trace the movements of
+a noted Catholic gentleman. On the same day a letter from Chief Justice
+Popham shows that inquiries were being directed into the movements of
+other Catholics, and amongst them Christopher Wright, Keyes, and Winter;
+but the tone of the letter shows that Popham was merely acting upon
+general suspicion, and had no special information on which to work.<small><a name="f25.1" id="f25.1" href="#f25">[25]</a></small>
+Up to the morning of November 6th, the action of Government was that of
+men feeling in the dark, so far as anything not revealed by Fawkes was
+concerned.</p>
+
+<p>Commissioners were now appointed to conduct the investigation further.
+They were&mdash;Nottingham, Suffolk, Devonshire, Worcester, Northampton,
+Salisbury, Mar, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>and Popham, with Attorney-General Coke in
+attendance.<small><a name="f26.1" id="f26.1" href="#f26">[26]</a></small> This was hardly a body of men who would knowingly cover
+an intrigue of Salisbury&#8217;s:&mdash;Worcester is always understood to have been
+professedly a Catholic, Northampton was certainly one, though he
+attended the King&#8217;s service, whilst Suffolk was friendly towards the
+Catholics;<small><a name="f27.1" id="f27.1" href="#f27">[27]</a></small> and Nottingham, if he is no longer to be counted amongst
+them,<small><a name="f28.1" id="f28.1" href="#f28">[28]</a></small> was at least not long afterwards a member of the party which
+favoured an alliance with Spain, and therefore a policy of toleration
+towards the Catholics. It is not the least of the objections to the view
+which Father Gerard has taken, that it would have been impossible for
+Salisbury to falsify examinations of prisoners without the connivance of
+these men.</p>
+
+<p>Before five of these Commissioners&mdash;Nottingham, Suffolk, Devonshire,
+Northampton, and Salisbury&mdash;Fawkes was examined a second time on the
+forenoon of the 6th. In some way the Government had found out that Percy
+had had a new door made in the wall leading to the cellar, and they now
+drew from Fawkes an untrue statement that it was put in about the middle
+of Lent, that is to say, early in March 1605.<small><a name="f29.1" id="f29.1" href="#f29">[29]</a></small> They had also
+discovered a pair of brewer&#8217;s slings, by <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>which barrels were usually
+carried between two men, and they pressed Fawkes hard to say who was his
+partner in removing the barrels of gunpowder. He began by denying that
+he had had a partner at all, but finally answered that &#8216;he cannot
+discover the party, but&#8217;&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> lest&mdash;&#8216;he shall bring him in question.&#8217;
+He also said that he had forgotten where he slept on Wednesday, Thursday
+or Friday in the week before his arrest.<small><a name="f30.1" id="f30.1" href="#f30">[30]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>Upon this James himself intervened, submitting to the Commissioners a
+series of questions with the object of drawing out of the prisoner a
+true account of himself, and of his relations to Percy. A letter had
+been found on Fawkes when he was taken, directed not to Johnson, but to
+Fawkes, and this amongst other things had raised the King&#8217;s suspicions.
+In his third examination, on the afternoon of the 6th, in the presence
+of Northampton, Devonshire, Nottingham, and Salisbury, Fawkes gave a
+good deal of information, more or less true, about himself; and, whilst
+still maintaining that his real name was Johnson, said that the letter,
+which was written by a Mrs. Bostock in Flanders, was addressed to him by
+another name &#8216;because he called himself Fawkes,&#8217; that is to say, because
+he had acquired the name of Fawkes as an alias.</p>
+
+<p>&#8216;If he will not otherwise confess,&#8217; the King had ended by saying, &#8216;the
+gentler tortures are to be first used unto him, <i>et sic per gradus ad
+ima tenditur</i>.&#8217; To <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>us living in the nineteenth century these words are
+simply horrible. As a Scotchman, however, James had long been familiar
+with the use of torture as an ordinary means of legal investigation,
+whilst even in England, though unknown to the law, that is to say, to
+the practice of the ordinary courts of justice, it had for some
+generations been used not infrequently by order of the Council to
+extract evidence from a recalcitrant witness, though, according to
+Bacon, not for the purpose of driving him to incriminate himself.
+Surely, if the use of torture was admissible at all, this was a case for
+its employment. The prisoner had informed the Government that he had
+been at the bottom of a plot of the most sanguinary kind, and had
+acknowledged by implication that there were fellow-conspirators whom he
+refused to name. If, indeed, Father Gerard&#8217;s view of the case, that the
+Government, or at least Salisbury, had for some time known all about the
+conspiracy, nothing&mdash;not even the Gunpowder Plot itself&mdash;could be more
+atrocious than the infliction of torments on a fellow-creature to make
+him reveal a secret already in their possession. If, however, the
+evidence I have adduced be worth anything, this was by no means the
+case. What it shows is, that on the afternoon of the 6th all that the
+members of the Government were aware of was that an unknown number of
+conspirators were at large&mdash;they knew not where&mdash;and might at that very
+moment be appealing&mdash;they knew not with what effect&mdash;to Catholic
+landowners and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> their tenants, who were, without doubt, exasperated by
+the recent enforcement of the penal laws. We may, if we please, condemn
+the conduct of the Government which had brought the danger of a general
+Catholic rising within sight. We cannot deny that, at that particular
+moment, they had real cause of alarm. At all events, no immediate steps
+were taken to put this part of the King&#8217;s orders in execution. Some
+little information, indeed, was coming in from other witnesses. In his
+first examination, on November 5, Fawkes had stated that in his absence
+he locked up the powder, and &#8216;one Gibbons&#8217; wife who dwells thereby had
+the charge of the residue of the house.&#8217; An examination of her husband
+on the 5th, however, only elicited that he, being a porter, had with two
+others carried 3,000 billets into the vault.<small><a name="f31.1" id="f31.1" href="#f31">[31]</a></small> On the 6th Ellen, the
+wife of Andrew Bright, stated that Percy&#8217;s servant had, about the
+beginning of March, asked her to let the vault to his master, and that
+she had consented to abandon her tenancy of it if Mrs. Whynniard, from
+whom she held it, would consent. Mrs. Whynniard&#8217;s consent having been
+obtained, Mrs. Bright, or rather Mrs. Skinner&mdash;she being a widow
+remarried subsequently to Andrew <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+Bright<small><a name="f32.1" id="f32.1" href="#f32">[32]</a></small>&mdash;received 2<i>l.</i> for giving
+up the premises. The important point in this evidence is that the date
+of March 1605, given as that on which Percy entered into possession of
+the cellar, showed that Fawkes&#8217;s statement that he had brought powder
+into the cellar at Christmas 1604 could not possibly be true. On the
+7th, Mrs. Whynniard confirmed Mrs. Bright&#8217;s statement, and also stated
+that, a year earlier, in March 1604, &#8216;Mr. Percy began to labour very
+earnestly with this examinate and her husband to have the lodging by the
+Parliament House, which one Mr. Henry Ferris, of Warwickshire, had long
+held before, and having obtained the said Mr. Ferris&#8217;s good will to part
+from it after long suit by himself and great entreaty of Mr. Carleton,
+Mr. Epsley,<small><a name="f33.1" id="f33.1" href="#f33">[33]</a></small> and other gentlemen belonging to the Earl of
+Northumberland, affirming him to be a very honest gentleman, and that
+they could not have a better tenant, her husband and she were contented
+to let him have the said lodging at the same rent Mr. Ferris paid for
+it.&#8217;<small><a name="f34.1" id="f34.1" href="#f34">[34]</a></small> Mrs. Whynniard had plainly never heard of the mine; and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>that
+the Government was in equal ignorance is shown by the endorsement on the
+agreement of Ferris, or rather Ferrers, to make over his tenancy to
+Percy. &#8216;The bargain between Ferris and Percy for the bloody cellar,
+found in Winter&#8217;s lodging.&#8217; Winter&#8217;s name had been under consideration
+for some little time, and doubtless the discovery of this paper was made
+on, or more probably before, the 7th. The Government, having as yet
+nothing but Fawkes&#8217;s evidence to go upon, connected the hiring of the
+house with the hiring of the cellar, and at least showed no signs of
+suspecting anything more.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, the 7th, something was definitely heard of the
+proceedings of the other plotters, who had either gathered at Dunchurch
+for the hunting-match, or had fled from London to join them, and a
+proclamation was issued for the arrest of Percy, Catesby, Rokewood,
+Thomas Winter, Edward<small><a name="f35.1" id="f35.1" href="#f35">[35]</a></small> Grant, John and Christopher Wright, and
+Catesby&#8217;s servant, Robert Ashfield. They were charged with assembling in
+troops in the counties of Warwick and Worcester, breaking into stables
+and seizing horses.<small><a name="f36.1" id="f36.1" href="#f36">[36]</a></small> Fawkes, too, was on that day subjected to a
+fourth examination.<small><a name="f37.1" id="f37.1" href="#f37">[37]</a></small> Not very much that was new was extracted from
+him. He acknowledged that his real name was Guy Fawkes, that&mdash;which he
+had denied before&mdash;he had received the Sacrament not to discover any of
+the conspirators, and also that there had been at first five persons
+privy to the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>plot, and afterwards five or six more &#8216;were generally
+acquainted that an action was to be performed for the Catholic cause,
+and saith that he doth not know that they were acquainted with the whole
+conspiracy.&#8217; Being asked whether Catesby, the two Wrights, Winter, or
+Tresham were privy, he refused to accuse any one.</p>
+
+<p>The increase of the information received by the Government left its
+trace on Salisbury&#8217;s correspondence. Whether the letter to Parry, from
+which a quotation has already been given, was sent away on the 6th, is
+unknown; but it was copied and completed, with sundry alterations, for
+Cornwallis and Edmondes, the ambassadors at Madrid and Brussels, and
+signed by Salisbury on the 7th, though it was kept back and sent off
+with two postscripts on the 9th, and it is likely enough that the letter
+to Parry was treated in the same way. One of the alterations concerns
+Fawkes&#8217;s admission that he had taken the Sacrament as well as an oath to
+keep the secret. What is of greater significance is, that there is
+absolutely no mention of a mine in the letter. If it had really been
+written on the 9th, this silence would have gone far to justify Father
+Gerard&#8217;s suspicions, as the existence of the mine was certainly known to
+the Government at that date. On the 7th the Government knew nothing of
+it.<small><a name="f38.1" id="f38.1" href="#f38">[38]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>That Fawkes had already been threatened with torture is known,<small><a name="f39.1" id="f39.1" href="#f39">[39]</a></small> and
+it may easily be imagined that the threats had been redoubled after this
+last unsatisfactory acknowledgment. On the morning of the 8th, however,
+Waad, who was employed to worm out his secrets, reported that little was
+to be expected. &#8220;I find this fellow,&#8221; he wrote, &#8220;who this day is in a
+most stubborn and perverse humour, as dogged as if he were possessed.
+Yesternight I had persuaded him to set down a clear narration of all his
+wicked plots from the first entering to the same, to the end they
+pretended, with the discourses and projects that were thought upon
+amongst them, which he undertook [to do] and craved time this night to
+bethink him the better; but this morning he hath changed his mind and is
+[so] sullen and obstinate as there is no dealing with him.&#8221;<small><a name="f40.1" id="f40.1" href="#f40">[40]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>The sight of the examiners, together with the sight of the rack,<small><a name="f41.1" id="f41.1" href="#f41">[41]</a></small>
+changed Fawkes&#8217;s mind to some extent. He was resolved that nothing but
+actual torture should wring from him the names of his fellow plotters,
+who so far as was known in London were still at large.<small><a name="f42.1" id="f42.1" href="#f42">[42]</a></small> He prepared
+himself, however, to reveal the secrets of the plot so far as was
+consistent with the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>concealment of the names of those concerned in it.
+His fifth examination on the 8th, the last before the one taken under
+torture on the 9th, gives to the inquirer into the reality of the plot
+all that he wants to know.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;He confesseth,&#8221; so the tale begins, &#8220;that a practice was first
+broken unto him against his Majesty for the Catholic cause, and not
+invented or propounded by himself, and this was first propounded
+unto him about Easter last was twelvemonth, beyond the seas in the
+Low Countries, by an English layman,<small><a name="f43.1" id="f43.1" href="#f43">[43]</a></small> and that Englishman came
+over with him in his company, into England, and they two and three
+more<small><a name="f44.1" id="f44.1" href="#f44">[44]</a></small> were the first five mentioned in the former examination.
+And they five resolving to do somewhat for the Catholic cause (a
+vow being first taken by all of them for secrecy), one of the other
+three<small><a name="f45.1" id="f45.1" href="#f45">[45]</a></small> propounded to perform it with powder, and resolved that
+the place should be (where this action should be performed and
+justice done) in or near the place of the sitting of the
+Parliament, wherein Religion had been unjustly suppressed. This
+being resolved, the manner of it was as followeth:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;First they hired the house at Westminster, of one Ferres, and
+having his house they sought then<small><a name="f46.1" id="f46.1" href="#f46">[46]</a></small> to make a mine under the
+Upper House of Parliament, and they began to make the mine in or
+about the 11 of December, and they five first entered into the
+works, and soone after took an other<small><a name="f47.1" id="f47.1" href="#f47">[47]</a></small>
+to<small><a name="f48.1" id="f48.1" href="#f48">[48]</a></small> them, having first
+sworn him and taken <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>the sacrament for secrecy; and when they came
+to the wall (that was about three yards thick) and found it a
+matter of great difficulty, they took to them an other in like
+manner, with oath and sacrament as aforesaid;<small><a name="f49.1" id="f49.1" href="#f49">[49]</a></small> all which seven
+were gentlemen of name and blood, and not any<small><a name="f50.1" id="f50.1" href="#f50">[50]</a></small> was employed in
+or about this action (no, not so much as in digging and mining)
+that was not a gentleman. And having wrought to the wall before
+Christmas, they ceased until after the holidays, and the day before
+Christmas (having a mass of earth that came out of the mine), they
+carried it into the garden of the said house, and after Christmas
+they wrought the wall till Candlemas, and wrought the wall half
+through; and saith that all the time while the other<small><a name="f51.1" id="f51.1" href="#f51">[51]</a></small> wrought,
+he stood as sentinel, to descry any man that came near, and when
+any man came near to the place upon warning given by him, they
+ceased until they had notice to proceed from him, and sayeth that
+they seven all lay in the house, and had shot and powder, and they
+all resolved to die in that place, before they yielded or were
+taken.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;And, as they were working, they heard a rushing in the cellar,
+which grew by one<small><a name="f52.1" id="f52.1" href="#f52">[52]</a></small> Bright&#8217;s
+selling of his coals,<small><a name="f53.1" id="f53.1" href="#f53">[53]</a></small> whereupon
+this examinant, fearing they had been discovered, went into the
+cellar, and viewed the cellar<small><a name="f54.1" id="f54.1" href="#f54">[54]</a></small> and perceiving the commodity
+thereof for their purpose, and understanding how it would be
+letten,<small><a name="f55.1" id="f55.1" href="#f55">[55]</a></small> his master, Mr. Percy, hired the cellar for a year for
+4<i>l.</i> rent; and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>confesseth that after Christmas twenty barrels of
+powder were brought by themselves to a house, which they had on the
+Bankside in hampers, and from that house removed<small><a name="f56.1" id="f56.1" href="#f56">[56]</a></small> the powder to
+the said house near the Upper House of Parliament; and presently,
+upon hiring the cellar they themselves removed the powder into the
+cellar, and covered the same with fagots which they had before laid
+into the cellar.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;After, about Easter, he went into the Low Countries (as he before
+hath declared in his former examination) and that the true purpose
+of his going over was, lest, being a dangerous man, he should be
+known and suspected, and in the mean time he left the key of the
+cellar with Mr. Percy, who, in his absence caused more billets to
+be laid into the cellar, as in his former examination he confessed,
+and returned about the end of August, or the beginning of
+September, and went again to the said house, near to the said
+cellar, and received the key of the cellar again of one of the
+five,<small><a name="f57.1" id="f57.1" href="#f57">[57]</a></small> and then they brought in five or six barrels of powder
+more into the cellar, which also they covered with billets, saving
+four little barrels covered with fagots, and then this examinant
+went into the country about the end of September.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It appeareth the powder was in the cellar placed as it was found
+the 5 of November, when the Lords came to prorogue the Parliament,
+and sayeth that he returned again to the said house near the cellar
+on Wednesday the 30 of October.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>He confesseth he was at the Earl of Montgomery&#8217;s marriage, but,
+as he sayeth, with no intention of evil having a sword about him,
+and was very near to his Majesty and the Lords there present.</i><small><a name="f58.1" id="f58.1" href="#f58">[58]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>&#8220;Forasmuch as they knew not well how they should come by the person
+of the Duke Charles, being near London, where they had no forces
+(if he had not been also blown up) he confesseth that it was
+resolved among them that, the same day that this detestable act
+should have been performed, the same day should other of their
+confederacy have surprised the person of the Lady Elizabeth, and
+presently have proclaimed her Queen, <i>to which purpose a
+proclamation was drawn, as well to avow and justify the action, as
+to have protested against the Union, and in no sort to have meddled
+with religion therein, and would have protested also against all
+strangers</i>, and this proclamation should have been made in the name
+of the Lady Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Being demanded why they did not surprise the King&#8217;s person, and
+draw him to the effecting of their purpose sayeth that so many must
+have been acquainted with such an action as it<small><a name="f59.1" id="f59.1" href="#f59">[59]</a></small> would not have
+been kept secret.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;He confesseth that if their purpose had taken effect, until they
+had had power enough, they would not have avowed the deed to be
+theirs; but if their power (for their defence and safety) had been
+sufficient, they themselves would then<small><a name="f60.1" id="f60.1" href="#f60">[60]</a></small> have taken it upon them.
+They meant also to have sent for the prisoners in the Tower to have
+come to them, of whom particularly they had some consultation.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;He confesseth that the place of rendezvous was in Warwickshire,
+and that armour was sent thither, but<small><a name="f61.1" id="f61.1" href="#f61">[61]</a></small> the particular
+thereof<small><a name="f62.1" id="f62.1" href="#f62">[62]</a></small> he knows not.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;He confesseth that they had consultation for the taking of the
+Lady Mary into their possession, but knew not how to come by her.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>&#8220;And confesseth that provision was made by some of the conspiracy
+of some armour of proof this last summer for this action.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;He confesseth that the powder was bought by the common purse of
+the confederates.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;L. Admiral [Earl of Nottingham]<br />
+L. Chamberlain [Earl of Suffolk]<br />
+Earl of Devonshire<br />
+Earl of Northampton<br />
+Earl of Salisbury<br />
+Earl of Mar<br />
+Lord Chief Justice [Popham]<small><a name="f63.1" id="f63.1" href="#f63">[63]</a></small></td>
+<td><span class="bracket">}</span></td>
+<td>Attended by Mr.<br />Attorney-General [Coke].&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+</div>
+
+<p>Father Gerard, who has printed this examination in his Appendix,<small><a name="f64.1" id="f64.1" href="#f64">[64]</a></small>
+styles it a draft, placing on the opposite pages the published
+confession of Guy Fawkes on November 17. That later confession, indeed,
+though embodying many passages of the earlier one, contains so many new
+statements, that it is a misapplication of words to speak of the one as
+the draft of the other. A probable explanation of the similarity is that
+when Fawkes was re-examined on the 17th, his former confession was
+produced, and he was required to supplement it with fresh information.</p>
+
+<p>In one sense, indeed, the paper from which the examination of the 8th
+has been printed both by Father Gerard and myself, may be styled a
+draft, not of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>the examination of the 17th, but of a copy forwarded to
+Edmondes on the 14th.<small><a name="f65.1" id="f65.1" href="#f65">[65]</a></small> The two passages crossed out and printed
+above<small><a name="f66.1" id="f66.1" href="#f66">[66]</a></small> in italics have been omitted in the copy intended for the
+ambassadors. All other differences, except those of punctuation, have
+been given in my notes, and it will be seen that they are merely the
+changes of a copyist from whom absolute verbal accuracy was not
+required. Father Gerard, indeed, says that in the original of the
+so-called draft five paragraphs were &#8216;ticked off for omission.&#8217; He may
+be right, but in Winter&#8217;s declaration of November 23, every paragraph is
+marked in the same way, and, at all events, not one of the five
+paragraphs is omitted in the copy sent to Edmondes.</p>
+
+<p>In any other sense to call this paper a draft is to beg the whole
+question. What we want to know is whether it was a copy of the rough
+notes of the examination, signed by Fawkes himself, or a pure invention
+either of Salisbury or of the seven Commissioners and the
+Attorney-General. Curiously enough, one of the crossed out passages
+supplies evidence that the document is a genuine one. The first, indeed,
+proves nothing either way, and was, perhaps, left out merely because it
+was thought unwise to allow it to be known that the King had been so
+carelessly guarded that Percy had been admitted to his presence with a
+sword by his side. The second contains an intimation that the
+conspirators did not intend to rely only on a Catholic rising. They
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>expected to have on their side Protestants who disliked the union with
+Scotland, and who were ready to protest &#8216;against all strangers,&#8217; that is
+to say, against all Scots. We can readily understand that Privy
+Councillors, knowing as they did the line taken by the King in the
+matter of the union, would be unwilling to spread information of there
+being in England a Protestant party opposed to the union, not only of
+sufficient importance to be worth gaining, but so exasperated that even
+these gunpowder plotters could think it possible to win them to their
+side. Nor is this all. If it is difficult to conceive that the
+Commissioners could have allowed such a paragraph to go abroad, it is at
+least equally difficult to think of their inventing it. We may be sure
+that if Fawkes had not made the statement, no one of the examiners would
+ever have committed it to paper at all, and if the document is genuine
+in this respect, why is it not to be held genuine from beginning to end?</p>
+
+<p>Father Gerard, indeed, objects to this view of the case that the
+document &#8216;is unsigned; the list of witnesses is in the same handwriting
+as the rest, and in no instance is a witness indicated by such a title
+as he would employ for his signature. Throughout this paper Fawkes is
+made to speak in the third person, and the names of accomplices to whom
+he refers are not given.&#8217;<small><a name="f67.1" id="f67.1" href="#f67">[67]</a></small> All this is quite true, and unless I am
+much mistaken, are evidences for the genuineness of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>the document, not
+for its fabrication. If Salisbury had wished to palm off an invention of
+his own as a copy of a true confession by Fawkes, he surely would not
+have stuck at so small a thing as an alleged copy of the prisoner&#8217;s
+signature, nor is it to be supposed that the original signatures of the
+Commissioners would appear in what, in my contention, is a copy of a
+lost original. As for the titles Lord Admiral and Lord Chamberlain being
+used instead of their signatures, it was in accordance with official
+usage. A letter, written on January 21, 1604-5, by the Council to the
+Judges, bears nineteen names at the foot in the place where signatures
+are ordinarily found. The first six names are given thus:&mdash;&#8216;L.
+Chancellor, L. Treasurer, L. Admirall, L. Chamberlaine, E. of
+Northumberland, E. of Worcester.&#8217;<small><a name="f68.1" id="f68.1" href="#f68">[68]</a></small> Fawkes is made to speak in the
+third person in all the four preceding examinations, three of which bear
+his autograph signature. That the names of accomplices are not given is
+exactly what one might expect from a man of his courage. All through the
+five examinations he refused to break his oath not to reveal a name,
+except in the case of Percy in which concealment was impossible. It
+required the horrible torture of the 9th to wring a single name from
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, Father Gerard further urges what he intends to be damaging to
+the view taken by me, that a set of questions formed by Coke upon the
+examination of the 7th, apparently for use on the 8th, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>is &#8216;not founded
+on information already obtained, but is, in fact, what is known as a
+&#8220;fishing document,&#8221; intended to elicit evidence of some kind.&#8217;<small><a name="f69.1" id="f69.1" href="#f69">[69]</a></small>
+Exactly so! If Coke had to fish, casting his net as widely as Father
+Gerard correctly shows him to have done, it is plain that the Government
+had no direct knowledge to guide its inquiries. Father Gerard&#8217;s charge
+therefore resolves itself into this: that Salisbury not only deceived
+the public at large, but his brother-commissioners as well. Has he
+seriously thought out all that is involved in this theory? Salisbury,
+according to hypothesis, gets an altered copy of a confession drawn up,
+or else a confession purely invented by himself. The clerk who makes it
+is, of course, aware of what is being done, and also the second
+clerk,<small><a name="f70.1" id="f70.1" href="#f70">[70]</a></small> who wrote out the further copy sent to Edmondes. Edmondes, at
+least, received the second copy, and there can be little doubt that
+other ambassadors received it also. How could Salisbury count on the
+life-long silence of all these? Salisbury, as the event proved, was not
+exactly loved by his colleagues, and if his brother-commissioners&mdash;every
+one of them men of no slight influence at Court&mdash;had discovered that
+their names had been taken in vain, it would not have been left to the
+rumour of the streets to spread the news that Salisbury had been the
+inventor of the plot. Nay, more than this. Father Gerard distinctly sets
+down the story of the mine as an impossible one, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>therefore one
+which must have been fabricated by Salisbury for his own purposes. The
+allegation that there had been a mine was not subsequently kept in the
+dark. It was proclaimed on the house-tops in every account of the plot
+published to the world. And all the while, it seems, six out of these
+seven Commissioners, to say nothing of the Attorney-General, knew that
+it was all a lie&mdash;that Fawkes, when they examined him on the 8th, had
+really said nothing about it, and yet, neither in public, nor, so far as
+we know, in private&mdash;either in Salisbury&#8217;s lifetime or after his
+death&mdash;did they breathe a word of the wrong that had been done to them
+as well as to the conspirators!</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+<h3>THE LATER DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE.</h3>
+
+<p><br />Having thus, I hope, established that the story of the mine and cellar
+is borne out by Fawkes&#8217;s own account, I proceed to examine into the
+objections raised by Father Gerard to the documentary evidence after
+November 8, the date of Fawkes&#8217;s last examination before he was
+subjected to torture. In the declaration, signed with his tortured hand
+on the 9th, before Coke, Waad and Forsett,<small><a name="f71.1" id="f71.1" href="#f71">[71]</a></small> and acknowledged before
+the Commissioners on the 10th, Fawkes distinctly refers to the
+examination of the 8th. &#8220;The plot,&#8221; he says, &#8220;was to blow up the King
+with all the nobility about him in Parliament, as heretofore he hath
+declared, to which end, they proceeded as is set down in the examination
+taken (before the Lords of the Council Commissioners) yesternight.&#8221;
+Here, then, is distinct evidence that Fawkes acknowledged that the
+examination of the 8th had been taken in presence of the Commissioners,
+and thus negatives the theory that that examination was invented or
+altered by Salisbury, as these words <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>came on the 10th under the eyes of
+the Commissioners themselves.<small><a name="f72.1" id="f72.1" href="#f72">[72]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>The fact is, that the declaration of the 9th fits the examination of the
+8th as a glove does a hand. On the 8th, before torture, Fawkes described
+what had been done, and gave the number of persons concerned in doing
+it. On the 9th he is required not to repeat what he had said before, but
+to give the missing names. This he now does. It was Thomas Winter who
+had fetched him from the Low Countries, having first communicated their
+design to a certain Owen.<small><a name="f73.1" id="f73.1" href="#f73">[73]</a></small> The other three, who made up the original
+five, were Percy, Catesby, and John Wright. It was Gerard who had given
+them the Sacrament.<small><a name="f74.1" id="f74.1" href="#f74">[74]</a></small> The other conspirators were Sir Everard Digby,
+Robert Keyes, Christopher Wright, Thomas<small><a name="f75.1" id="f75.1" href="#f75">[75]</a></small> Grant, Francis Tresham,
+Robert Winter, and Ambrose Rokewood. The very order in which the names
+come <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>perhaps shows that the Government had as yet a very hazy idea of
+the details of the conspiracy. The names of those who actually worked in
+the mine are scattered at hap-hazard amongst those of the men who merely
+countenanced the plot from a distance.</p>
+
+<p>However this may be, the 9th, the day on which Fawkes was put to the
+torture, brought news to the Government that the fear of insurrection
+need no longer be entertained. It had been known before this that
+Fawkes&#8217;s confederates had met on the 5th at Dunchurch on the pretext of
+a hunting match,<small><a name="f76.1" id="f76.1" href="#f76">[76]</a></small> and had been breaking open houses in Warwickshire
+and Worcestershire in order to collect arms. Yet so indefinite was the
+knowledge of the Council that, on the 8th, they offered a reward for the
+apprehension of Percy alone, without including any of the other
+conspirators.<small><a name="f77.1" id="f77.1" href="#f77">[77]</a></small> On the evening of
+the 9th<small><a name="f78.1" id="f78.1" href="#f78">[78]</a></small> they received a letter
+from Sir Richard Walsh, the Sheriff of Worcestershire:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;We think fit,&#8221; he wrote, &#8220;with all speed to certify your Lordships
+of the happy success it hath pleased God to give us against the
+rebellious assembly in these parts. After such time as they had
+taken the horses from Warwick upon Tuesday night last,<small><a name="f79.1" id="f79.1" href="#f79">[79]</a></small> they
+came to Mr. Robert Winter&#8217;s house to Huddington upon Wednesday
+night,<small><a name="f80.1" id="f80.1" href="#f80">[80]</a></small>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>where&mdash;having entered&mdash;[they] armed themselves at all
+points in open rebellion. They passed from thence upon Thursday
+morning<small><a name="f81.1" id="f81.1" href="#f81">[81]</a></small> unto Hewell&mdash;the Lord Windsor&#8217;s house&mdash;which they
+entered and took from thence by force great store of armour,
+artillery of the said Lord Windsor&#8217;s, and passed that night into
+the county of Staffordshire unto the house of one Stephen
+Littleton, Gentleman, called Holbeche, about two miles distant from
+Stourbridge whither we pursued, with the assistance of Sir John
+Foliot, Knight, Francis Ketelsby, Esquire, Humphrey Salway,
+Gentleman, Edmund Walsh, and Francis Conyers, Gentlemen, with few
+other gentlemen and the power and face of the country. We made
+against them upon Thursday morning,<small><a href="#f81">[81]</a></small> and freshly pursued them
+until the next day,<small><a name="f82.1" id="f82.1" href="#f82">[82]</a></small> at which time about twelve or one of the
+clock in the afternoon, we overtook them at the said Holbeche
+House&mdash;the greatest part of their retinue and some of the better
+sort being dispersed and fled before our coming, whereupon and
+after summons and warning first given and proclamation in his
+Highness&#8217;s name to yield and submit themselves&mdash;who refusing the
+same, we fired some part of the house and assaulted some part of
+the rebellious persons left in the said house, in which assault,
+one Mr. Robert Catesby is slain, and three others verily thought
+wounded to death whose names&mdash;as far as we can learn&mdash;are Thomas
+Percy, Gentleman, John Wright, and Christopher Wright Gentlemen,
+and these are apprehended and taken Thomas Winter Gentleman, John
+Grant Gentleman, Henry Morgan Gentleman, Ambrose Rokewood
+Gentleman, Thomas Ockley carpenter, Edmund Townsend servant to the
+said John Grant, Nicholas Pelborrow, servant unto the said Ambrose
+Rokewood, Edward Ockley carpenter, Richard Townsend servant to the
+said Robert Winter, Richard Day servant <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>to the said Stephen
+Littleton, which said prisoners are in safe custody here, and so
+shall remain until your Honours good pleasures be further known.
+The rest of that rebellious assembly is dispersed, we have caused
+to be followed with fresh suite and hope of their speedy
+apprehension. We have also thought fit to send unto your
+Honours&mdash;according unto our duties&mdash;such letters as we have found
+about the parties apprehended; and so resting in all duty at your
+Honours&#8217; further command, we take leave, from Stourbridge this
+Saturday morning, being the ixth of this instant November 1605.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Your Honours&#8217; most humble to be commanded,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;<span class="smcap">Rich. Walsh.</span>&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Percy and the two Wrights died of their wounds, so that, in addition to
+Fawkes, Thomas Winter was the only one of the five original workers in
+the mine in the hands of the Government. Of the seven others who had
+been named in Fawkes&#8217;s confession of the 9th, Christopher Wright had
+been killed; Rokewood, Robert Winter, and Grant had been apprehended at
+Holbeche; Sir Everard Digby, Keyes, and Tresham were subsequently
+arrested, as was Bates a servant of Catesby.</p>
+
+<p>That for some days the Government made no effort to get further
+information about the mine and the cellar cannot be absolutely proved,
+but nothing bearing on the subject has reached us except that, on the
+14th, when a copy of Fawkes&#8217;s deposition of the 8th was forwarded to
+Edmondes, the names of the twelve chief conspirators are given, not as
+Fawkes gave them on the 9th, in two batches, but in three, Robert Winter
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> Christopher Wright being said to have joined after the first five,
+whilst Rokewood, Digby, Grant, Tresham, and Keyes are said to have been
+&#8216;privy to the practice of the powder but wrought not at the mine.&#8217;<small><a name="f83.1" id="f83.1" href="#f83">[83]</a></small>
+As Keyes is the only one whose Christian name is not given, this list
+must have been copied from one now in the Record Office, in which this
+peculiarity is also found, and was probably drawn up on or about the
+10th<small><a name="f84.1" id="f84.1" href="#f84">[84]</a></small> from further information derived from Fawkes when he certified
+the confession dragged from him on the preceding day.<small><a href="#f84">[84]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>What really seems to have been at this time on the minds of the
+investigators was the relationship of the Catholic noblemen to the plot.
+On the 11th Talbot of Grafton was sent for. On the 15th Lords Montague
+and Mordaunt were imprisoned in the Tower. On the 16th Mrs. Vaux and the
+wives of ten of the conspirators were committed to various aldermen and
+merchants of London.<small><a name="f85.1" id="f85.1" href="#f85">[85]</a></small> When
+Fawkes was re-examined on the 16th,<small><a name="f86.1" id="f86.1" href="#f86">[86]</a></small> by
+far the larger part of the answers elicited refer to the hints given, or
+supposed to have been given, to Catholic noblemen to absent themselves
+from Parliament <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>on the 5th. Then comes a statement about Percy buying a
+watch for Fawkes on the night of the 4th and sending it &#8216;to him by Keyes
+at ten of the clock at night, because he should know how the time went
+away.&#8217; The last paragraph alone bears upon the project itself. &#8220;He also
+saith he did not intend to set fire to the train [until] the King was
+come to the House, and then he purposed to do it with a piece of
+touchwood and with a match also, <i>which were about him when he was
+apprehended on the 4th day of November at 11 of the clock at night</i> that
+the powder might more surely take fire a quarter of an hour after.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The words printed in italics are an interlineation in Coke&#8217;s hand. They
+evidently add nothing of the slightest importance to the evidence, and
+cannot have been inserted with any design to prejudice the prisoner or
+to carry conviction in quarters in which disbelief might be supposed to
+exist. Is not the simple explanation sufficient, that when the evidence
+was read over to the examinee, he added, either of his own motion or on
+further question, this additional information. If this explanation is
+accepted here, may it not also be accepted for other interlineations,
+such as that relating to the cellar in the first examination?<small><a name="f87.1" id="f87.1" href="#f87">[87]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>That the examiners at this stage of the proceedings should not be eager
+to ask further questions about the cellar and the mine was the most
+natural thing in the world. They knew already <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>quite enough from
+Fawkes&#8217;s earlier examinations to put them in possession of the general
+features of the plot, and to them it was of far greater interest to
+trace out its ramifications, and to discover whether a guilty knowledge
+of it could be brought home either to noblemen or to priests, than to
+attain to a descriptive knowledge of its details, which would be dear to
+the heart of the newspaper correspondent of the present day. Yet, after
+all, even in 1605, the public had to be taken into account. There must
+be an open trial, and the more detailed the information that could be
+got the more verisimilitude would be given to the story told. It is
+probably, in part at least, to these considerations, as well as to some
+natural curiosity on the part of the Commissioners themselves, that we
+owe the examinations of Fawkes on the 17th and of Winter on the 23rd.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Amongst all the confessions and &#8216;voluntary declarations&#8217; extracted
+from the conspirators,&#8221; writes Father Gerard, &#8220;there are two of
+exceptional importance, as having furnished the basis of the story
+told by the Government, and ever since generally accepted. These
+are a long declaration made by Thomas Winter, and another by Guy
+Fawkes, which alone were made public, being printed in the &#8216;King&#8217;s
+Book,&#8217; and from which are gathered the essential particulars of the
+story, as we are accustomed to hear it.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>If Father Gerard merely means that the story published by the Government
+rested on these two confessions, and that the Government publications
+were the source of all knowledge about the plot till the Record Office
+was thrown open, in comparatively recent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> years, he says what is
+perfectly true, and, it may be added, quite irrelevant. If he means that
+our knowledge at the present day rests on these two documents, he is, as
+I hope I have already shown, mistaken. With the first five examinations
+of Fawkes in our hands, all the essential points of the conspiracy,
+except the names, are revealed to us. The names are given in the
+examination under torture, and a day or two later the Government was
+able to classify these names, though we are unable to specify the source
+from which it drew its information. If both the declarations to which
+Father Gerard refers had been absolutely destroyed we should have missed
+some picturesque details, which assist us somewhat in understanding what
+took place; but we should have been able to set forth the main features
+of the plot precisely as we do now.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, as we do gain some additional information from these
+documents, let us examine whether there are such symptoms of foul play
+as Father Gerard thinks he can descry. Taking first Fawkes&#8217;s declaration
+of November 17, it will be well to follow Father Gerard&#8217;s argument. He
+brings into collocation three documents: first the interrogatories
+prepared by Coke after the examination of the 7th, then the examination
+of the 8th, which he calls a draft, and then the full declaration of the
+17th, which undoubtedly bears the signature of Fawkes himself.</p>
+
+<p>That the three documents are very closely connected is undeniable. Take,
+for instance, a paragraph to which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> Father Gerard not unnaturally draws
+attention, in which the repetition of the words &#8216;the same day&#8217; proves at
+least partial identity of origin between Coke&#8217;s interrogatories and the
+examination founded on them on the 8th.<small><a name="f88.1" id="f88.1" href="#f88">[88]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Was it not agreed,&#8221; asks Coke, &#8220;the same day that the act should have
+been done, the same day, or soon after, the person of the Lady Elizabeth
+should have been surprised?&#8221; &#8220;He confesseth,&#8221; Fawkes is stated to have
+said, &#8220;that the same day this detestable act should have been performed
+the same day should other of their confederacy have surprised the Lady
+Elizabeth.&#8221; Yet before setting down Fawkes&#8217;s replies as a fabrication of
+the Government, let us remember how evidence of this kind is taken and
+reported. If we take up the report of a criminal trial in a modern
+newspaper we shall find, for the most part, a flowing narrative put into
+the mouths of witnesses. John Jones, let us say, is represented as
+giving some such evidence as this: &#8220;I woke at two o&#8217;clock in the
+morning, and, looking out of window, saw by the light of the moon John
+Smith opening the stable door,&#8221; &amp;c. Nobody who has attended a law court
+imagines John Jones to have used these consecutive words. Questions are
+put to him by the examining counsel. When did you wake? Did you see
+anyone at the stable door? How came you to be able to see him, and so
+forth; and it is by combining these questions with the Yes and No, and
+other brief replies made by the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>witness, that the reporter constructs
+his narrative with no appreciable violation of truth. Is it not
+reasonable to suppose that the same practice prevailed in 1605? Fawkes,
+I suppose, answered to Coke&#8217;s question, &#8220;Yes, others of the confederates
+proposed to surprise her,&#8221; or something of the sort, and the result was
+the combination of question and answer which is given above.</p>
+
+<p>What, however, was the relation between the examination of the 8th and
+the declaration of the 17th? Father Gerard has printed them side by
+side,<small><a name="f89.1" id="f89.1" href="#f89">[89]</a></small> and it is impossible to deny that the latter is founded on the
+former. Some paragraphs of the examination are not represented in the
+declaration, but these are paragraphs of no practical importance, and
+those that are represented are modified. The modifications admitted,
+however, are all consistent with what is a very probable supposition,
+that the Government wanted to get Fawkes&#8217;s previous statements collected
+in one paper. He had given his account of the plot on one occasion, the
+names of the plotters on another, and had stated on a third that they
+were to be classified in three divisions&mdash;those who worked first at the
+mine, those who worked at it afterwards, and those who did not work at
+all. If the Government drew up a form combining the three statements and
+omitting immaterial matter, and got Fawkes to sign it, this would fully
+account for the form in which we find the declaration. At the present
+day, we should object to receive <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>evidence from a man who had been
+tortured once and might be tortured again; but as this declaration adds
+nothing of any importance to our previous knowledge, it is unnecessary
+to recur to first principles on this occasion.<small><a name="f90.1" id="f90.1" href="#f90">[90]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>Winter&#8217;s examination of the 23rd, as treated by Father Gerard, raises a
+more difficult question. The document itself is at Hatfield, and there
+is a copy of it in the &#8216;Gunpowder Plot Book&#8217; in the Public Record
+Office. &#8220;The &#8216;original&#8217; document,&#8221; writes Father Gerard,<small><a name="f91.1" id="f91.1" href="#f91">[91]</a></small> &#8220;is at
+Hatfield, and agrees in general so exactly with the copy as to
+demonstrate the identity of their origin. But while, as we have seen,
+the &#8216;copy&#8217; is dated November 23rd, the &#8216;original&#8217; is dated on the 25th.&#8221;
+In a note, we are told &#8216;that this is not a slip of the pen is evidenced
+by the fact that Winter first wrote 23, and then corrected it to 25.&#8217; To
+return to Father Gerard&#8217;s text, we find, &#8220;On a circumstance so
+irregular, light is possibly thrown by a letter from Waad, the
+Lieutenant of the Tower, to Cecil<small><a name="f92.1" id="f92.1" href="#f92">[92]</a></small> on the 20th of the same month.
+&#8216;Thomas Winter,&#8217; he wrote, &#8216;doth find his hand so strong, as after
+dinner he will settle himself to write that he hath verbally declared to
+your Lordship, adding what he shall remember.&#8217; The inference is
+certainly suggested that torture had been used until the prisoner&#8217;s
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>spirit was sufficiently broken to be ready to tell the story required
+of him, and that the details were furnished by those who demanded it. It
+must, moreover, be remarked that, although Winter&#8217;s &#8216;original&#8217;
+declaration is witnessed only by Sir E. Coke, the Attorney-General, it
+appears in print attested by all those whom Cecil had selected for the
+purpose two days before the declaration was made.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Apparently Father Gerard intends us to gather from his statement that
+the whole confession of Winter was drawn up by the Government on or
+before the 23rd, and that he was driven on the 25th by fears of renewed
+torture to put his hand to a tissue of falsehoods contained in a paper
+which the Government required him to copy out and sign. The whole of
+this edifice, it will be seen, rests on the assertion that Winter first
+wrote 23 and then corrected it to 25.</p>
+
+<p>So improbable did this assertion appear to me, that I wrote to Mr.
+Gunton, the courteous secretary of the Marquis of Salisbury, requesting
+him to examine the handwriting of the date in question. He tells me that
+the confession itself is, as Father Gerard states, in Winter&#8217;s hand, as
+is also the date &#8216;23 <sup>9 ber</sup> 1605.&#8217; Two changes have been made; in the
+first place 23 has been altered to 25, and there has been added at the
+head of the paper: &#8220;The voluntary declaration of Thomas Winter, of
+Hoodington, in the County of Worcester, gent. the 25 of November, 1605.&#8221;
+&#8220;This heading,&#8221; Mr. Gunton writes, &#8220;is so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> tucked in at the top, that it
+must, I think, have been written after the confession itself.&#8221; He also
+assures me that the 5 of the substituted date and the 5 in the added
+heading &#8216;are exactly alike, and both different from the 5&#8217; at the end of
+the date of the year, as written by Winter. &#8220;The heading,&#8221; Mr. Gunton
+writes, &#8220;I believe to be in Coke&#8217;s hand. It is more carefully written
+than he usually writes, and more carefully than his attestation at the
+end; but as far as my judgment goes, it is decidedly his hand.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The alleged fact that lies at the basis of Father Gerard&#8217;s argument is
+therefore finally disposed of. Why Coke, if Coke it was, changed the
+date can be no more than matter for conjecture. Yet an explanation,
+conjectural though it be, seems to me to be probable enough. We have
+seen that Fawkes&#8217;s confession under torture bears two dates, the 9th,
+when it was taken before Coke and Waad the Lieutenant of the Tower,
+together with a magistrate, Edward Forsett; the second, on the 10th,
+when it was declared before the Commissioners. Why may not this
+confession of Winter&#8217;s have been subjected to a similar process. Winter,
+I suppose, writes it on the 23rd, and it is then witnessed, as Father
+Gerard says, by Coke alone. Though no copy with the autograph signatures
+of the Commissioners exists it is reasonable to suppose that one was
+made, in which a passage about Monteagle&mdash;whom the Government did not
+wish to connect with the plot except as a discoverer&mdash;was omitted, and
+that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> this, still bearing the date of the 23rd, may have been brought
+before the Commissioners on the 25th. They would thus receive a
+statement from Winter that it was his own, and the signatures of the
+Commissioners would then be appended to it, together with those of Coke
+and Waad. This then would be the document from which copies would be
+taken for the use of individual Commissioners, and we can thus account
+for Salisbury&#8217;s having appended to his own copy now in the Record
+Office, &#8220;Taken before us, Nottingham, Suffolk, &amp;c.&#8221; The recognition
+before the Commissioners would become the official date, and Coke,
+having access to the original, changes the date on which it was written
+to that on which it was signed by the Commissioners. This explanation is
+merely put forward as a possible one. The important point is that Father
+Gerard&#8217;s argument founded on the alteration of the date is inadmissible,
+now that Mr. Gunton has thrown light on the matter.</p>
+
+<p>Winter&#8217;s confession having been thus vindicated is here inserted, partly
+because it gives the story from a different point of view from that of
+Fawkes, and partly because it will enable those who read it to see for
+themselves whether there is internal evidence of its having been
+manipulated by the Government.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><i>My Most Honourable Lords.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;23 <sup>9 ber</sup> 1605.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Not out of hope to obtain pardon for speaking&mdash;of my temporal part
+I may say the fault is greater than can be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>forgiven&mdash;nor affecting
+hereby the title of a good subject for I must redeem my country
+from as great a danger as I have hazarded the bringing her into,
+before I can purchase any such opinion; only at your Honours&#8217;
+command, I will briefly set down my own accusation, and how far I
+have proceeded in this business which I shall the faithfuller do
+since I see such courses are not pleasing to Almighty God; and that
+all, or the most material parts have been already confessed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I remained with my brother in the country for All-hollantide,<small><a name="f93.1" id="f93.1" href="#f93">[93]</a></small>
+in the year of our Lord 1603, the first of the King&#8217;s reign, about
+which time, Mr. Catesby sent thither, entreating me to come to
+London, where he and other friends would be glad to see me. I
+desired him to excuse me, for I found not myself very well
+disposed, and (which had happened never to me before) returned the
+messenger without my company. Shortly I received another letter, in
+any wise to come. At the second summons I presently came up and
+found him with Mr. John Wright at Lambeth, where he brake with me
+how necessary it was not to forsake my country (for he knew I had
+then a resolution to go over), but to deliver her from the
+servitude in which she remained, or at least to assist her with our
+uttermost endeavours. I answered that I had often hazarded my life
+upon far lighter terms, and now would not refuse any good occasion
+wherein I might do service to the Catholic cause; but, for myself,
+I knew no mean probable to succeed. He said that he had bethought
+him of a way at one instant to deliver us from all our bonds, and
+without any foreign help<small><a name="f94.1" id="f94.1" href="#f94">[94]</a></small> to replant again the Catholic
+religion, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>withal told me in a word it was to blow up the
+Parliament House with gunpowder; for, said he, in that place have
+they done us all the mischief, and perchance God hath designed that
+place for their punishment. I wondered at the strangeness of the
+conceit, and told him that true it was this strake at the root and
+would breed a confusion fit to beget new alterations, but if it
+should not take effect (as most of this nature miscarried) the
+scandal would be so great which the Catholic religion might hereby
+sustain, as not only our enemies, but our friends also would with
+good reason condemn us. He told me the nature of the disease
+required so sharp a remedy, and asked me if I would give my
+consent. I told him Yes, in this or what else soever, if he
+resolved upon it, I would venture my life; but I proposed many
+difficulties, as want of a house, and of one to carry the mine;
+noise in the working, and such like. His answer was, let us give an
+attempt, and where it faileth, pass no further. But first, quoth
+he, because we will leave no peaceable and quiet way untried, you
+shall go over and inform the Constable<small><a name="f95.1" id="f95.1" href="#f95">[95]</a></small> of the state of the
+Catholics here in England, intreating him to solicit his Majesty at
+his coming hither that the penal laws may be recalled, and we
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>admitted into the rank of his other subjects. Withal, you may
+bring over some confidant gentleman such as you shall understand
+best able for this business, and named unto me Mr. Fawkes. Shortly
+after I passed the sea and found the Constable at Bergen, near
+Dunkirk, where, by the help of Mr. Owen,<small><a name="f96.1" id="f96.1" href="#f96">[96]</a></small> I delivered my
+message, whose answer was that he had strict command from his
+master to do all good offices for the Catholics, and for his own
+part he thought himself bound in conscience so to do, and that no
+good occasion should be omitted, but spake to him nothing of this
+matter.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Returning to Dunkirk with Mr. Owen, we had speach whether he
+thought the Constable would faithfully help us or no. He said he
+believed nothing less, and that they sought only their own ends,
+holding small account of Catholics. I told him, that there were
+many gentlemen in England, who would not forsake their country
+until they had tried the uttermost, and rather venture their lives
+than forsake her in this misery; and to add one more to our number
+as a fit man, both for counsel and execution of whatsoever we
+should resolve, wished for Mr. Fawkes whom I had heard good
+commendations of. He told me the gentleman deserved no less, but
+was at Brussels, and that if he came not, as happily he might,
+before my departure, he would send him shortly after into England.
+I went soon after to Ostend, where Sir William Stanley as then was
+not, but came two days after. I remained with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>him three or four
+days, in which time I asked him, if the Catholics in England should
+do anything to help themselves, whether he thought the Archduke
+would second them. He answered, No; for all those parts were so
+desirous of peace with England as they would endure no speach of
+other enterprise, neither were it fit, said he, to set any project
+afoot now the peace is upon concluding. I told him there was no
+such resolution, and so fell to discourse of other matters until I
+came to speak of Mr. Fawkes whose company I wished over into
+England. I asked of his sufficiency in the wars, and told him we
+should need such as he, if occasion required. He gave very good
+commendations of him; and as we were thus discoursing and I ready
+to depart for Nieuport and taking my leave of Sir William, Mr.
+Fawkes came into our company newly returned and saluted us. This is
+the gentleman, said Sir William, that you wished for, and so we
+embraced again. I told him some good friends of his wished his
+company in England; and that if he pleased to come to Dunkirk, we
+would have further conference, whither I was then going: so taking
+my leave of both, I departed. About two days after came Mr. Fawkes
+to Dunkirk, where I told him that we were upon a resolution to do
+somewhat in England if the peace with Spain helped us not, but had
+as yet resolved upon nothing. Such or the like talk we passed at
+Gravelines, where I lay for a wind, and when it served, came both
+in one passage to Greenwich, near which place we took a pair of
+oars, and so came up to London, and came to Mr. Catesby whom we
+found in his lodging. He welcomed us into England, and asked me
+what news from the Constable. I told him Good words, but I feared
+the deeds would not answer. This was the beginning of Easter
+term<small><a name="f97.1" id="f97.1" href="#f97">[97]</a></small> and about the midst of the same term (whether sent for <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>by
+Mr. Catesby, or upon some business of his own) up came Mr. Thomas
+Percy. The first word he spake (after he came into our company) was
+Shall we always, gentlemen, talk and never do anything? Mr. Catesby
+took him aside and had speech about somewhat to be done, so as
+first we might all take an oath of secrecy, which we resolved
+within two or three days to do, so as there we met behind St.
+Clement&#8217;s, Mr. Catesby, Mr. Percy, Mr. Wright, Mr. Guy Fawkes, and
+myself, and having, upon a primer given each other the oath of
+secrecy in a chamber where no other body was, we went after into
+the next room and heard mass, and received the blessed sacrament
+upon the same. Then did Mr. Catesby disclose to Mr. Percy,<small><a name="f98.1" id="f98.1" href="#f98">[98]</a></small> and
+I together with Jack Wright tell to Mr. Fawkes the business for
+which they took this oath which they both approved; and then Mr.
+Percy sent to take the house, which Mr. Catesby, in my absence, had
+learnt did belong to one Ferris, which with some difficulty in the
+end he obtained, and became, as Ferris before was, tenant to
+Whynniard. Mr. Fawkes underwent the name of Mr. Percy&#8217;s man,
+calling himself Johnson, because his face was the most unknown,<small><a name="f99.1" id="f99.1" href="#f99">[99]</a></small>
+and received the keys of the house, until we heard <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>that the
+Parliament was adjourned to the 7 of February. At which time we all
+departed several ways into the country, to meet again at the
+beginning of Michaelmas term.<small><a name="f100.1" id="f100.1" href="#f100">[100]</a></small> Before this time also it was
+thought convenient to have a house that might answer to Mr.
+Percy&#8217;s, where we might make provision of powder and wood for the
+mine which, being there made ready, should in a night be conveyed
+by boat to the house by the Parliament because we were loth to foil
+that with often going in and out. There was none that we could
+devise so fit as Lambeth where Mr. Catesby often lay, and to be
+keeper thereof, by Mr. Catesby&#8217;s choice, we received into the
+number Keyes, as a trusty honest man.<small><a name="f101.1" id="f101.1" href="#f101">[101]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Some fortnight after, towards the beginning of the term, Mr.
+Fawkes and I came to Mr. Catesby at Moorcrofts, where we agreed
+that now was time to begin and set things in order for the mine, so
+as Mr. Fawkes went to London and the next day sent for me to come
+over to him. When I came, the cause was for that the Scottish Lords
+were appointed to sit in conference on the Union in Mr. Percy&#8217;s
+house. This hindered our beginning until a fortnight before
+Christmas, by which time both Mr. Percy and Mr. Wright were come to
+London, and we against their coming had provided a good part of the
+powder, so as we all five entered with tools fit to begin our work,
+having provided ourselves of baked-meats, the less to need sending
+abroad. We entered late in the night, and were never seen, save
+only Mr. Percy&#8217;s man, until Christmas-eve, in which time we wrought
+under a little entry to the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>wall of the Parliament House, and
+underpropped it as we went with wood.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Whilst we were together we began to fashion our business, and
+discourse what we should do after this deed were done. The first
+question was how we might surprise the next heir; the Prince
+happily would be at the Parliament with the King his father: how
+should we then be able to seize on the Duke?<small><a name="f102.1" id="f102.1" href="#f102">[102]</a></small> This burden Mr.
+Percy undertook; that by his acquaintance he with another gentleman
+would enter the chamber without suspicion, and having some dozen
+others at several doors to expect his coming, and two or three on
+horseback at the Court gate to receive him, he would undertake (the
+blow being given, until which he would attend in the Duke&#8217;s
+chamber) to carry him safe away, for he supposed most of the Court
+would be absent, and such as were there not suspecting, or
+unprovided for any such matter. For the Lady Elizabeth it were easy
+to surprise her in the country by drawing friends together at a
+hunting near the Lord Harrington&#8217;s, and Ashby, Mr. Catesby&#8217;s house,
+being not far off was a fit place for preparation.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The next was for money and horses, which if we could provide in
+any reasonable measure (having the heir apparent) and the first
+knowledge by four or five days was odds sufficient. Then, what
+Lords we should save from the Parliament, which was agreed in
+general as many as we could that were Catholics or so disposed.
+Next, what foreign princes we should acquaint with this before or
+join with after. For this point we agreed that first we would not
+enjoin princes to that secrecy nor oblige them by oath so to be
+secure of their promise; besides, we know not whether they will
+approve the project or dislike it, and if they do allow thereof, to
+prepare before might beget <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>suspicion and<small><a name="f103.1" id="f103.1" href="#f103">[103]</a></small> not to provide until
+the business were acted; the same letter that carried news of the
+thing done might as well entreat their help and furtherance. Spain
+is too slow in his preparations to hope any good from in the first
+extremities, and France too near and too dangerous, who with the
+shipping of Holland we feared of all the world might make away with
+us. But while we were in the middle of these discourses, we heard
+that the Parliament should be anew adjourned until after
+Michaelmas, upon which tidings we broke off both discourse and
+working until after Christmas. About Candlemas we brought over in a
+boat the powder which we had provided at Lambeth and layd it in Mr.
+Percy&#8217;s house because we were willing to have all our danger in one
+place. We wrought also another fortnight in the mine against the
+stone wall, which was very hard to beat through, at which time we
+called in Kit Wright, and near to Easter<small><a name="f104.1" id="f104.1" href="#f104">[104]</a></small> as we wrought the
+third time, opportunity was given to hire the cellar, in which we
+resolved to lay the powder and leave the mine.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Now by reason that the charge of maintaining us all so long
+together, besides the number of several houses which for several
+uses had been hired, and buying of powder, &amp;c., had lain heavy on
+Mr. Catesby alone to support, it was necessary for to call in some
+others to ease his charge, and to that end desired leave that he
+with Mr. Percy and a third whom they should call might acquaint
+whom they thought fit and willing to the business, for many, said
+he, may be content that I should know who would not therefore that
+all the Company should be acquainted with their names. To this we
+all agreed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;After this Mr. Fawkes laid into the cellar (which he had newly
+taken) a thousand of billets and five hundred of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>faggots, and with
+that covered the powder, because we might have the house free to
+suffer anyone to enter that would. Mr. Catesby wished us to
+consider whether it were not now necessary to send Mr. Fawkes over,
+both to absent himself for a time as also to acquaint Sir William
+Stanley and Mr. Owen with this matter. We agreed that he should;
+provided that he gave it them with the same oath that we had taken
+before, viz., to keep it secret from all the world. The reason why
+we desired Sir William Stanley should be acquainted herewith was to
+have him with us so soon as he could, and, for Mr. Owen, he might
+hold good correspondency after with foreign princes. So Mr. Fawkes
+departed about Easter for Flanders and returned the later end of
+August. He told me that when he arrived at Brussels, Sir William
+Stanley was not returned from Spain, so as he uttered the matter
+only to Owen, who seemed well pleased with the business, but told
+him that surely Sir William would not be acquainted with any plot
+as having business now afoot in the Court of England, but he
+himself would be always ready to tell it him and send him away so
+soon as it were done.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;About this time did Mr. Percy and Mr. Catesby meet at the Bath
+where they agreed that the company being yet but few, Mr. Catesby
+should have the others&#8217; authority to call in whom he thought best,
+by which authority he called in after Sir Everard Digby, though at
+what time I know not, and last of all Mr. Francis Tresham. The
+first promised, as I heard Mr. Catesby say, fifteen hundred pounds.
+Mr. Percy himself promised all that he could get of the Earl of
+Northumberland&#8217;s rent,<small><a name="f105.1" id="f105.1" href="#f105">[105]</a></small> and to provide many galloping horses,
+his number was ten.<small><a name="f106.1" id="f106.1" href="#f106">[106]</a></small>
+Meanwhile Mr. Fawkes and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>myself alone
+bought some new powder, as suspecting the first to be dank, and
+conveyed it into the cellar and set it in order as we resolved it
+should stand. Then was the Parliament anew prorogued until the 5 of
+November; so as we all went down until some ten days before. When
+Mr. Catesby came up with Mr. Fawkes to a house by Enfield Chase
+called White Webbs, whither I came to them, and Mr. Catesby willed
+me to inquire whether the young Prince<small><a name="f107.1" id="f107.1" href="#f107">[107]</a></small> came to Parliament, I
+told him that his Grace thought not to be there. Then must we have
+our horses, said Mr. Catesby, beyond the water,<small><a name="f108.1" id="f108.1" href="#f108">[108]</a></small> and provision
+of more company to surprise the Prince and leave the Duke alone.
+Two days after, being Sunday<small><a name="f109.1" id="f109.1" href="#f109">[109]</a></small> at night, in came one to my
+chamber and told me that a letter had been given to my Lord
+Monteagle to this effect, that he wished his lordship&#8217;s absence
+from the Parliament because a blow would there be given, which
+letter he presently carried to my Lord of Salisbury. On the morrow
+I went to White Webbs and told it to Mr. Catesby, assuring him
+withal that the matter was disclosed and wishing him in any wise to
+forsake his country. He told me he would see further as yet and
+resolved to send Mr. Fawkes to try the uttermost, protesting if the
+part belonged to myself he would try the same adventure. On
+Wednesday Mr. Fawkes went and returned at night, of which we were
+very glad. Thursday<small><a name="f110.1" id="f110.1" href="#f110">[110]</a></small> I came to London, and Friday<small><a name="f111.1" id="f111.1" href="#f111">[111]</a></small> Mr.
+Catesby, Mr. Tresham and I met at Barnet, where we questioned how
+this letter should be sent to my Lord Monteagle, but could not
+conceive, for Mr. Tresham forsware it, whom we only suspected. On
+Saturday night<small><a name="f112.1" id="f112.1" href="#f112">[112]</a></small> I met Mr. Tresham again in Lincoln&#8217;s Inn Walks,
+where he told such speeches that my Lord of Salisbury should use to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>the King, as I gave it lost the second time, and repeated the same
+to Mr. Catesby, who hereupon was resolved to be gone, but stayed to
+have Mr. Percy come up whose consent herein we wanted. On Sunday
+night<small><a name="f113.1" id="f113.1" href="#f113">[113]</a></small> came Mr. Percy, and no &#8216;Nay,&#8217; but would abide the
+uttermost trial.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This suspicion of all hands put us into such confusion as Mr.
+Catesby resolved to go down into the country the Monday<small><a name="f114.1" id="f114.1" href="#f114">[114]</a></small> that
+Mr. Percy went to Sion and Mr. Percy resolved to follow the same
+night or early the next morning. About five o&#8217;clock being
+Tuesday<small><a name="f115.1" id="f115.1" href="#f115">[115]</a></small> came the younger Wright to my chamber and told me that
+a nobleman called the Lord Monteagle, saying &#8220;Rise and come along
+to Essex House, for I am going to call up my Lord of
+Northumberland,&#8221; saying withal &#8216;the matter is discovered.&#8217; &#8220;Go back
+Mr. Wright,&#8221; quoth I, &#8220;and learn what you can at Essex Gate.&#8221;
+Shortly he returned and said, &#8220;Surely all is lost, for Leyton is
+got on horseback at Essex door, and as he parted, he asked if their
+Lordship&#8217;s would have any more with him, and being answered &#8220;No,&#8221;
+is rode as fast up Fleet Street as he can ride.&#8221; &#8220;Go you then,&#8221;
+quoth I, &#8220;to Mr. Percy, for sure it is for him they seek, and bid
+him begone: I will stay and see the uttermost.&#8221; Then I went to the
+Court gates, and found them straitly guarded so as nobody could
+enter. From thence I went down towards the Parliament House, and in
+the middle of King&#8217;s Street found the guard standing that would not
+let me pass, and as I returned, I heard one say, &#8220;There is a
+treason discovered in which the King and the Lords shall have been
+blown up,&#8221; so then I was fully satisfied that all was known, and
+went to the stable where my gelding stood, and rode into the
+country. Mr. Catesby had appointed our meeting at Dunchurch, but I
+could not overtake them until I came to my brother&#8217;s which was
+Wednesday night.<small><a name="f116.1" id="f116.1" href="#f116">[116]</a></small> On
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>Thursday<small><a name="f117.1" id="f117.1" href="#f117">[117]</a></small> we took the armour at my
+Lord Windsor&#8217;s, and went that night to one Stephen Littleton&#8217;s
+house, where the next day, being Friday,<small><a name="f118.1" id="f118.1" href="#f118">[118]</a></small> as I was early abroad
+to discover, my man came to me and said that a heavy mischance had
+severed all the company, for that Mr. Catesby, Mr. Rokewood and Mr.
+Grant were burnt with gunpowder, upon which sight the rest
+dispersed. Mr. Littleton wished me to fly and so would he. I told
+him I would first see the body of my friend and bury him,
+whatsoever befel me. When I came I found Mr. Catesby reasonable
+well, Mr. Percy, both the Wrights, Mr. Rokewood and Mr. Grant. I
+asked them what they resolved to do. They answered &#8220;We mean here to
+die.&#8221; I said again I would take such part as they did. About eleven
+of the clock came the company to beset the house, and as I walked
+into the court was shot into the shoulder, which lost me the use of
+my arm. The next shot was the elder Wright struck dead; after him
+the younger Mr. Wright, and fourthly Ambrose Rokewood. Then, said
+Mr. Catesby to me (standing before the door they were to enter),
+&#8220;Stand by, Mr. Tom, and we will die together.&#8221; &#8220;Sir,&#8221; quoth I, &#8220;I
+have lost the use of my right arm and I fear that will cause me to
+be taken.&#8221; So as we stood close together Mr. Catesby, Mr. Percy and
+myself, they two were shot (as far as I could guess, with one
+bullet), and then the company entered upon me, hurt me in the belly
+with a pike and gave me other wounds, until one came behind and
+caught hold of both my arms, and so I remain, Your &amp;c.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#8220;[Taken before us</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">&#8220;Nottingham, Suffolk, Northampton, Salisbury, Mar, Dunbar, Popham.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;"><span class="smcap">Edw. Coke</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;"><span class="smcap">W. Waad</span>.]&#8221;<small><a name="f119.1" id="f119.1" href="#f119">[119]</a></small></span></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>I have printed this interesting statement in full, because it is the
+only way in which I can convey to my readers the sense of spontaneity
+which pervades it from beginning to end. To me, at least, it seems
+incredible that it was either written to order, or copied from a paper
+drawn up by some agent of the Government. Nor is it to be forgotten that
+if there was one thing the Government was anxious to secure, it was
+evidence against the priests, and that no such evidence can be extracted
+from this confession. What is, perhaps, still more to the point is, that
+no candid person can, I imagine, rise from the perusal of these
+sentences without having his estimate of the character of the
+conspirators raised. There is no conscious assumption of high qualities,
+but each touch as it comes strengthens the belief that the men concerned
+in the plot were patient and loyal, brave beyond the limits of ordinary
+bravery, and utterly without selfish aims. Could this result have been
+attained by a confession written to order or dictated by Salisbury or
+his agents, to whom the plotters were murderous villains of the basest
+kind?</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing to show that Winter&#8217;s evidence was procured by torture.
+Father Gerard, indeed, quotes a letter from Waad, written on the 21st,
+in which he says that &#8216;Thomas Winter doth find his hand so strong as
+after dinner he will settle himself to write that he hath verbally
+declared to your Lordship adding what he shall remember.&#8217; Considering
+that he had a ball through his shoulder a fortnight before, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+suggestion of torture is hardly needed to find a cause for his having
+for some time been unable to use his hand.</p>
+
+<p>Before turning to another branch of the investigation, it will be
+advisable to clear up one difficulty which is not quite so easy to
+solve.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Fawkes,&#8221; writes Father Gerard,<small><a name="f120.1" id="f120.1" href="#f120">[120]</a></small> &#8220;in the confession of November
+17, mentioned Robert Keyes as amongst the first seven of the
+conspirators who worked at the mine, and Robert Winter as one of
+the five introduced at a later period. The names of these two were
+deliberately interchanged in the published version, Robert Winter
+appearing as a worker in the mine, and Keyes, who was an obscure
+man, of no substance, among the gentlemen of property whose
+resources were to have supported the subsequent rebellion.
+Moreover, in the account of the same confession sent to Edmondes by
+Cecil three days before Fawkes signed it&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, November 14&mdash;the
+same transposition occurs, Keyes being explicitly described as one
+of those &#8216;who wrought not at the mine,&#8217; although, as we have seen,
+he is one of the three who alone make any mention of it.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Still more irregular is another circumstance. About November 28,
+Sir Edward Coke, the Attorney-General, drew up certain further
+notes of questions to be put to various prisoners. Amongst these we
+read: &#8216;Winter<small><a name="f121.1" id="f121.1" href="#f121">[121]</a></small> to be examined of his brother, for no man else
+can accuse him.&#8217; But a fortnight or so before this time the
+Secretary of State had officially informed the ambassador in the
+Low Countries that Robert Winter was one of those deepest in the
+treason, and, to say nothing of other evidence, a proclamation for
+his apprehension had been issued on November 18th. Yet Coke&#8217;s
+interrogatory seems to imply that nothing had yet been established
+against him, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>that he was not known to the general body of the
+traitors as a fellow-conspirator.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>If this tangled skein is to be unravelled, the first thing to be done is
+to place the facts in their chronological order, upon which many if not
+all the difficulties will disappear, premising that, as a matter of
+fact, Keyes did work at the mine, and Robert Winter did not.</p>
+
+<p>In his examination of November 7, in which no names appear, and nothing
+is said about a mine, Fawkes spoke of five original conspirators, and of
+five or six subsequently joining them, and being generally acquainted
+with the plot.<small><a name="f122.1" id="f122.1" href="#f122">[122]</a></small> On the 8th,<small><a name="f123.1" id="f123.1" href="#f123">[123]</a></small> when the mine was first mentioned,
+he divided the seven actual diggers into two classes: first, the five
+who worked from the beginning, and, secondly, two who were afterwards
+added to that number, saying nothing of the conspirators who took no
+part in the mining operations. On the 9th, under torture, he gave the
+names of the first five apart, and then lumped all the other
+conspirators together, so that both Keyes and Robert Winter appear in
+the same class. On the 17th he gave, as the names of two, who, as he now
+said, subsequently worked at the mine, Christopher Wright and Robert
+Winter, but the surname of the latter <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>is deleted with pen-strokes, and
+that of Keyes substituted above it; whilst, in the list of the persons
+made privy to the plot but not engaged in digging, we have the name of
+Keyes, afterwards deleted, and that of Wynter substituted for it.<small><a name="f124.1" id="f124.1" href="#f124">[124]</a></small>
+The only question is, when was the double substitution effected?</p>
+
+<p>As far as the action of the Government is known, we have the list
+referred to at pp. 47, 48, and probably written on or about the
+10th.<small><a name="f125.1" id="f125.1" href="#f125">[125]</a></small> In this the additional workers are first said to have been
+John Grant and Christopher Wright. The former name is, however,
+scratched out, and that of &#8216;Robyn Winter&#8217; substituted for it, and from
+this list is taken the one forwarded to Edmondes on the 14th.<small><a name="f126.1" id="f126.1" href="#f126">[126]</a></small> Even
+if we could discover any conceivable motive for the Government wishing
+to accuse Keyes rather than Winter, it would not help us to explain why
+the name of Winter was substituted for that of Grant at one time, and
+the name of Keyes substituted for that of Winter at another.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, Fawkes, if he had any knowledge of what was going on,
+had at least a probable motive for putting Winter rather than Keyes in
+the worse category. Keyes had been seized, whilst Winter was still at
+large, and Fawkes may have thought that as Winter might make his escape
+beyond sea, it was better to load him with the burden which really
+belonged <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>to Keyes. If this solution be accepted as a possible one, it
+is easy to understand how the Government fixed on Winter as one of the
+actual diggers. On the 18th, the day after his name had been given by
+Fawkes, a proclamation is issued for his apprehension as one &#8216;known to
+be a principal.&#8217;<small><a name="f127.1" id="f127.1" href="#f127">[127]</a></small> It is not for ten days that any sign is given of a
+belief that Keyes was the right man. Then, on the 28th, Coke suggests
+that Thomas Winter may be examined about his brother, &#8216;for no man else
+can accuse him,&#8217; a suggestion which would be absurd if Fawkes&#8217;s
+statement had still held good. On the 30th Keyes himself acknowledges
+that he bought some of the powder and assisted in carrying it to
+Ferrers&#8217; house, and that he also helped to work at the mine.</p>
+
+<p>I am inclined therefore to assign the alteration of the name which
+Fawkes gave in his examination of the 17th to some day shortly before
+the 28th, and to think that the sending of the &#8216;King&#8217;s Book&#8217;<small><a name="f128.1" id="f128.1" href="#f128">[128]</a></small> to
+press took place on some day between the 23rd, the date of Thomas
+Winter&#8217;s examination, and the 28th. If so, the retention of the name of
+Robert Winter amongst the diggers, and that of Keyes amongst those made
+privy afterwards, needs no further explanation.<small><a name="f129.1" id="f129.1" href="#f129">[129]</a></small> Cromwell once
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>adjured the Presbyterians of Edinburgh to believe it possible that they
+might be mistaken. If Father Gerard would only believe it possible that
+Salisbury may have been mistaken, he would hardly be so keen to mark
+conscious deception, where deception is not <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>necessarily to be found.
+After all, the Government left the names of Winter and Keyes perfectly
+legible under the pen-strokes drawn across them, and the change they
+made was at least the erasure of a false statement and the substitution
+of a true one.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+<h3>STRUCTURAL DIFFICULTIES.</h3>
+
+<p><br />From a study of the documentary evidence, I pass to an examination of
+those structural conditions which Father Gerard pronounces to be fatal
+to the &#8216;traditional&#8217; story. The first step is obviously to ascertain the
+exact position of Whynniard&#8217;s house, part of which was rented by Percy.
+The investigator is, however, considerably assisted by Father Gerard,
+who has successfully exploded the old belief that this building lay to
+the southwest of the House of Lords. His argument, which appears to me
+to be conclusive, runs as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;That the lodging hired by Percy stood near the southeast corner of
+the old House of Lords (<i>i.e.</i> nearer to the river than that
+building, and adjacent to, if not adjoining the Prince&#8217;s Chamber)
+is shown by the following arguments:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;1. John Shepherd, servant to Whynniard, gave evidence as to having
+on a certain occasion seen from the river &#8216;a boat lie close to the
+pale of Sir Thomas Parry&#8217;s garden, and men going to and from the
+water through the back door that leadeth into Mr. Percy, his
+lodging.&mdash;[<i>Gunpowder Plot Book</i>, 40, part 2.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;2. Fawkes, in his examination of November 5, 1605, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>speaks of the
+window in his chamber near the Parliament House towards the
+water-side.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;3. It is said that when digging their mine the conspirators were
+troubled by the influx of water from the river, which would be
+impossible if they were working at the opposite side of the
+Parliament House.&#8221;<small><a name="f130.1" id="f130.1" href="#f130">[130]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>I think, however, that a still closer identification is possible. On
+page 80 will be seen a frontage towards the river, marked &#8216;very old
+walls, remaining in 1795 &amp; 1800,&#8217; of which the line corresponds fairly
+with that of the house in the view given as the frontispiece to this
+volume.</p>
+
+<p>On part of the site behind it is written &#8216;Very Old House,&#8217; and the
+remainder is said to have been occupied by a garden for many years. It
+may, however, be gathered from the view that this piece of ground was
+covered by part of the house in 1799, and I imagine that the &#8216;many
+years&#8217; must have commenced in 1807, when the house was demolished (see
+view at p. 89). If any doubt remains as to the locality of the front it
+will be removed by Capon&#8217;s pencilled note on the door to the left,<small><a name="f131.1" id="f131.1" href="#f131">[131]</a></small>
+stating that it led to Parliament Place.<small><a name="f132.1" id="f132.1" href="#f132">[132]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>The house marked separately to the right in the plan, as Mrs. Robe&#8217;s
+house, 1799, is evidently identical <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>with the more modern building in
+the frontispiece, and therefore does not concern us.</p>
+
+<p>With this comparatively modern plan should be compared the three which
+follow in succession (pp. 81, 82, 83), respectively dated 1685, 1739,
+and 1761. They are taken from the Crace Collection of plans in the Print
+Room of the British Museum, Portfolio xi. Nos. 30, 45, 46.</p>
+
+<p>The first of these three plans differs from the later ones in two
+important particulars. In the first place, the shaded part indicating
+buildings is divided by dark lines, and, in the second place, this
+shaded part covers more ground. I suppose there can be little doubt that
+the dark lines indicate party walls, and we are thus enabled to
+understand how it is that, whilst in writing to Parry<small><a name="f133.1" id="f133.1" href="#f133">[133]</a></small> Salisbury
+speaks of Percy as having taken a part of Whynniard&#8217;s house, Percy is
+spoken of in all the remaining evidence that has reached us as taking a
+house. Salisbury, no doubt, was thinking of the whole tenement held by
+Whynniard as a house, whilst others gave that name to such a part of it
+as could be separately held by a single tenant. The other difference
+between the plans is less easy to explain. Neither of the later ones
+show that excrescence towards the river-bank, abutting on its northern
+side on Cotton Garden, which is so noted a feature in the plan of 1685.
+At one time I was inclined to think that we had here the &#8216;low room new
+builded,&#8217; that in which Percy at first stored his powder; but this
+would be to make the house rented by him far larger than it is likely to
+have been. A more probable explanation is given by the plan itself. It
+will be seen that the shading includes the internal courtyard,
+perceptible in the two later plans, and it does not therefore
+necessarily indicate the presence of buildings. May not the shaded part
+reaching to the river mean no more than that in 1685 there was some yard
+or garden specially attached to the House?</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image1tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/image1.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Part of a Plan of the Ancient Palace of Westminster, by
+the late Mr. William Capon,<br />Measured and Drawn between 1793 and
+1823.</span>&mdash;<i>Vetusta Monumenta</i>, vol. v.<br />The houses at the edge of the river
+were not in existence in 1605,<br />the ground on which they were built having been reclaimed since that date.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image2.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">From a Plan of part of Westminster, 1685.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">A. Probable position of the chamber attached to the House of Lords.<br />B.
+Probable position of the house leased to Percy.<br />These references are not in the original plan.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image3.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">From a Plan of Part of Westminster, with Intended Improvements of<br />the Houses of Lords and Commons, by W. Kent, 1739.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">A red line showing the ground set apart by Kent for building is omitted.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image4.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">From a Plan of Westminster Hall and the Houses of Parliament<br />as it appeared in 1761</span></p>
+<p class="center">Part of this lettering is in pencil in the original plan.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Before giving reasons for selecting any one part of Whynniard&#8217;s block as
+that rented from him by Percy, it is necessary to face a difficulty
+raised by Father Gerard:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Neither,&#8221; he writes, &#8220;does the house appear to have been well
+suited for the purposes for which it was taken. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>Speed tells us,
+and he is confirmed by Bishop Barlow, of Lincoln, that it was let
+out to tenants only when Parliament was not assembled, and during a
+session formed part of the premises at the disposal of the Lords,
+whom it served as a withdrawing room. As this plot was of necessity
+to take effect during a session, when the place would be in other
+hands, it is very hard to understand how it was intended that the
+final and all-important operation should be conducted.&#8221;<small><a name="f134.1" id="f134.1" href="#f134">[134]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>This objection is put still more strongly in a subsequent passage:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;We have already observed on the nature of the house occupied in
+Percy&#8217;s name. If this were, as Speed tells us, and as there is no
+reason to doubt, at the service of the Peers during a session for a
+withdrawing-room, and if the session was to begin on November 5,
+how could Fawkes hope not only to remain in possession, but to
+carry on his strange proceedings unobserved amid the crowd of
+lacqueys and officials with whom the opening of the Parliament by
+the Sovereign must needs have flooded the premises. How was he,
+unobserved, to get into the fatal &#8216;cellar&#8217;?&#8221;<small><a name="f135.1" id="f135.1" href="#f135">[135]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>It is easy enough to brush away Father Gerard&#8217;s alleged confirmation by
+Bishop Barlow,<small><a name="f136.1" id="f136.1" href="#f136">[136]</a></small> who, writing as he did in the reign of Charles II.,
+carries no weight on such a point. Besides, he did not write a book on
+the Gunpowder Plot at all. He merely republished, in 1679, an old
+official narrative of the trial, with an <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>unimportant preface of his
+own. What Father Gerard quotes here and elsewhere is, however, not even
+taken from this republication, but from an anonymous pamphlet published
+in 1678, and reprinted in <i>The Harleian Miscellany</i>, iii. 121, which is
+avowedly a cento made up from earlier writers, and in which the words
+referred to are doubtless copied directly from Speed.</p>
+
+<p>Speed&#8217;s own testimony, however, cannot be so lightly dismissed,
+especially as it is found in the first edition of his <i>History</i>,
+published in 1611, and therefore only six years after the event:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;No place,&#8221; he says, &#8220;was held fitter than a certain edifice
+adjoining the wall of the Parliament House, which served for
+withdrawing rooms for the assembled Lords, and out of Parliament
+was at the disposal of the keeper of the place and wardrobe
+thereunto belonging.&#8221;<small><a name="f137.1" id="f137.1" href="#f137">[137]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>This is quite specific, and unless Speed&#8217;s evidence can be in any way
+modified, fully justifies Father Gerard in his contention. Let us,
+however, turn to the agreement for the house in question:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Memorandum that it is concluded between Thomas Percy of London
+Esquire and Henry Ferrers of Bordesley Clinton in the County of
+Warwick Gentleman the xxiiii day of March in the second year of our
+Sovereign Lord King James.<small><a name="f138.1" id="f138.1" href="#f138">[138]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;That the said Henry hath granted to the said Thomas to enjoy his
+house in Westminster belonging to the Parliament House, the said
+Thomas getting the consent of Mr. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>Whynniard, and satisfying me,
+the said Henry, for my charges bestowed thereupon, as shall be
+thought fit by two indifferent men chosen between us.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;And that he shall also have the other house that Gideon Gibbons
+dwelleth in, with an assignment of a lease from Mr. Whynniard
+thereof, satisfying me as aforesaid, and using the now tenant well.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;And the said Thomas hath lent unto me the said Henry twenty
+pounds, to be allowed upon reckoning or to be repaid again at the
+will of the said Thomas.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;<span class="smcap">Henry Ferrers.</span></span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Sealed and delivered in the presence of<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Jo: White and Christopher Symons.<small><a name="f139.1" id="f139.1" href="#f139">[139]</a></small>&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>It is therefore beyond question, on the evidence of this agreement, that
+Speed was right in connecting with Parliament a house rented by Percy.
+It is, however, also beyond question, on the evidence of the same
+agreement, that he also took a second house, of which Whynniard was to
+give him a lease. The inference that Percy would have been turned out of
+this second house when Parliament met seems, therefore, to be untenable.
+Whynniard, it may be observed, had, on March 24, 1602, been appointed,
+in conjunction with his son, Keeper of the Old Palace,<small><a name="f140.1" id="f140.1" href="#f140">[140]</a></small> so that the
+block of buildings concerned, which is within the Old Palace, may very
+well have been his official residence.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now cast our eyes on the plan on p. 81. We find there a long
+division of the building running <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>between the wall of the House of Lords
+and the back wall of the remainder of the block. It certainly looks as
+if this must have been the house, or division of a house, belonging to
+Parliament, and this probability is turned into something like certainty
+by the two views that now follow, taken from the <i>Crace Collection</i>;
+Views, Portfolio xv., Nos. 18, 26.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen that the first of these two views, taken in 1804 (p.
+88), shows us a large mullioned window, inside which must have been a
+room of some considerable length to require so large an opening to admit
+light, as its breadth must evidently have been limited. Such a room
+would be out of place in the rambling building we have been examining,
+but by no means out of place as a chamber or gallery connected with the
+House of Lords, and capable of serving as a place of meeting for the
+Commissioners appointed to consider a scheme of union with Scotland. A
+glance at the view on page 89, which was taken in 1807, when the wall of
+the House of Lords was being laid bare by the demolition of the houses
+abutting on it, shows two apertures, a window with a Gothic arch, and an
+opening with a square head, which may very well have served as a door,
+whilst the window may have been blocked up. If such a connection with
+the House of Lords can be established, there seems no reason to doubt
+that we have the withdrawing room fixed beyond doubt. Father Gerard
+mentions an old print representing &#8216;the two Houses assembled in the
+presence of Queen Elizabeth,&#8217; and having &#8216;windows on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>both sides.&#8217;<small><a name="f141.1" id="f141.1" href="#f141">[141]</a></small>
+Such a print can only refer to a time before the mullioned chamber was
+in existence, and therefore&mdash;unless this print, like a subsequent one,
+was a mere copy of an earlier one still&mdash;we have fair evidence that
+the large room was not in existence in some year in the reign of
+Elizabeth, whilst the plan at p. 80 shows that it was in existence in
+1685. That it was there in 1605 is not, indeed, to be proved by other
+evidence than that it manifestly supplies us with the withdrawing room
+for the Lords and for the Commissioners for the Union of which we hear
+so much.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image5tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/image5.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">East End of the Prince&#8217;s Chamber.</span><br />
+Published July 1, 1804, by J. T. Smith.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image6tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/image6.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Views of the East Side of the House of Lords, the East
+End of the Prince&#8217;s Chamber, &amp;c.<br />Taken October 8, 1807.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">N.B. From the doorway out of which a man is peeping, nearly in the
+centre of the print,<br />Guy Fawkes was to have made his escape. Published Nov. 4, 1807, by J. T. Smith.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>That in the early part of the nineteenth century the storey beneath this
+room was occupied by a passage leading from the court opening on
+Parliament Place, and Cotton Garden, is shown in the plan at p. 81; and
+the views at pp. 88, 89, rather indicate that that passage was in
+existence when the old house, which I call Whynniard&#8217;s block, was still
+undemolished. If this was so, we are able to find a place for the
+&#8216;little entry,&#8217; under which, according to Winter, the conspirators
+worked. This view of the case, too, is borne out by Smith&#8217;s statement,
+that &#8216;in the further end of that court,&#8217; <i>i.e.</i> the court running up
+from Parliament Place, &#8216;is a doorway, through which, and turning to the
+left through another doorway, is the immediate way out of the cellar
+where the powder-plot was intended to take effect.&#8217;<small><a name="f142.1" id="f142.1" href="#f142">[142]</a></small> It seems likely
+that the whole long space under the withdrawing room was used as a
+passage, though, on the other hand, the part of what was afterwards a
+passage may have been <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>blocked by a room, in which case we have the &#8216;low
+room new builded&#8217;&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> built in some year in Elizabeth&#8217;s reign&mdash;in
+which the powder was stored.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus fixed the position of the house belonging to Parliament, and
+shown that it probably consisted of a long room in one storey, we can
+hardly fail to discover the second house as that marked B in the plan on
+p. 81, since that house alone combines the conditions of being close to
+the House of Lords, and having a door and window looking towards the
+river.</p>
+
+<p>According to Father Gerard, however, the premises occupied by Percy were
+far too small to make this explanation permissible.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;We learn,&#8221; he says, &#8220;on the unimpeachable evidence of Mrs.
+Whynniard&#8217;s servant that the house afforded accommodation only for
+one person at a time, so that when Percy came there to spend the
+night, Fawkes, who passed for his man, had to lodge out. This
+suggests another question. Percy&#8217;s pretext for laying in so much
+fuel was that he meant to bring up his wife to live there. But how
+could this be under such conditions?&#8221;<small><a name="f143.1" id="f143.1" href="#f143">[143]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>Mrs. Whynniard&#8217;s servant, however, Roger James, did not use the words
+here put into his mouth. He said that he had heard from Mrs. Gibbons
+&#8216;that Mr. Percy hath lain in the said lodging divers times himself, but
+when he lay there, his man lay abroad, there being but one bed in the
+said lodging.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>Fawkes, therefore, lodged out when his master came, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>not because there
+was not a second room in the house, but because there was only one bed.
+If Mrs. Percy arrived alone she would probably find one bed sufficient
+for herself and her husband. If she brought any maidservants with her,
+beds could be provided for them without much difficulty. Is it not
+likely that the plan of sending Fawkes out to sleep was contrived with
+the object of persuading the Whynniards that as matters stood no more
+than one person could occupy the house at night, and of thus putting
+them off the scent, at the time when the miners were congregated in it?</p>
+
+<p>A more serious problem is presented by Father Gerard&#8217;s inquiry &#8216;how
+proceedings so remarkable&#8217; as the digging of the mine could have escaped
+the notice, not only of the Government, but of the entire neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;This,&#8221; he continues, &#8220;it must be remembered, was most populous.
+There were people living in the very building a part of which
+sheltered the conspirators. Around were thickly clustered the
+dwellings of the Keeper of the Wardrobe, auditors and tellers of
+the Exchequer, and other such officials. There were tradespeople
+and workmen constantly employed close to the spot where the work
+was going on; while the public character of the place makes it
+impossible to suppose that tenants such as Percy and his friends,
+who were little better than lodgers, could claim the exclusive use
+of anything beyond the rooms they rented&mdash;even when allowed the use
+of them&mdash;or could shut against the neighbours and visitors in
+general the precincts of so frequented a spot.&#8221;<small><a name="f144.1" id="f144.1" href="#f144">[144]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>To this is added the following footnote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;The buildings of the dissolved College of St. Stephen, comprising
+those around the House of Lords, were granted by Edward VI. to Sir
+Ralph Lane. They reverted to the Crown under Elizabeth, and were
+appropriated as residences for the auditors and tellers of the
+Exchequer. The locality became so populous that in 1606 it was
+forbidden to erect more houses.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>This statement is reinforced by a conjectural view of the neighbourhood
+founded on the &#8216;best authorities&#8217; by Mr. H. W. Brewer.<small><a name="f145.1" id="f145.1" href="#f145">[145]</a></small> Mr. Brewer
+who has since kindly examined with me the drawings and plans in the
+Crace Collection, on which I rely, has, I think, been misled by those
+early semi-pictorial maps, which, though they may be relied on for
+larger buildings, such as the House of Lords or St. Stephen&#8217;s Chapel,
+are very imaginative in their treatment of private houses. In any case I
+deny the existence of the two large houses placed by him between what I
+infer to have been Whynniard&#8217;s house and the river side.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the land between the wall of the old palace on which
+stood the river front of Whynniard&#8217;s house, and the bank of the Thames,
+can be traced with tolerable accuracy. It formed part of a larger
+estate, formerly the property of the dissolved chapel of St. Stephen,
+granted by Edward VI. to Sir Ralph Fane;<small><a name="f146.1" id="f146.1" href="#f146">[146]</a></small> Father Gerard&#8217;s Sir Ralph
+Lane being a misprint or a mistake. Fane, however, was hanged <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>shortly
+afterwards, and the estate, reverting to the Crown, was re-granted to
+Sir John Gates.<small><a name="f147.1" id="f147.1" href="#f147">[147]</a></small> Again reverting to the Crown, it was dealt with in
+separate portions, and the part on which the Exchequer officers&#8217;
+residences was built was to the north of Cotton Garden, and being quite
+out of earshot of Whynniard&#8217;s house, need not concern us here. In 1588,
+the Queen granted to John Whynniard, then an officer of the Wardrobe, a
+lease of several parcels of ground for thirty years.<small><a name="f148.1" id="f148.1" href="#f148">[148]</a></small> Some of these
+were near Whitehall, others to the south of Parliament Stairs. The only
+one which concerns us is a piece of land lying between the wall of the
+Old Palace, on which the river-front of Whynniard&#8217;s house was built, and
+the Thames. In 1600 the reversion was granted to two men named Evershed
+and Holland, who immediately sold it to Whynniard, thus constituting him
+the owner of the land in perpetuity. In the deed conveying it to him,
+this portion is styled:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;All that piece of waste land lying there right against the said
+piece, and lieth and is without the said stone wall, that is to say
+between the said passage or entry of the said Parliament House<small><a name="f149.1" id="f149.1" href="#f149">[149]</a></small>
+on the north part, and abutteth upon the said stone wall which
+compasseth the said Old Palace towards the West, and upon the
+Thames aforesaid towards the East, and continueth at length between
+the passage aforesaid and the sluice coming from the said
+Parliament House, seventy-five foot.&#8221;<small><a name="f150.1" id="f150.1" href="#f150">[150]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>On this piece of waste land I place the garden mentioned in connection
+with the house rented by Percy. This is far more probable than it was
+where Mr. Brewer has placed it, in the narrow court which leads from
+Parliament Place to the other side of Percy&#8217;s house, and ends by the
+side of the Prince&#8217;s Chamber. If this arrangement be accepted, it gets
+rid of the alleged populousness of neighbourhood. No doubt people
+flocked up and down from Parliament Stairs, but they would be excluded
+from the garden on the river side, and with few exceptions would pass on
+without turning to the right into the court. Nobody who had not business
+with Percy himself or with his neighbour on the south<small><a name="f151.1" id="f151.1" href="#f151">[151]</a></small> would be
+likely to approach Percy&#8217;s door. As far as that side of the house was
+concerned, it would be difficult to find a more secluded dwelling. The
+Thames was then the &#8216;silent highway&#8217; of London, and the sight of a barge
+unloading before the back door of a house can have been no more
+surprising than the sight of a gondola moored to the steps of a palace
+on a canal in Venice. John Shepherd, for instance, was not startled by
+the sight:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>Memorandum that John Shepherd servant to the said Mr. Whynniard,
+saith that the fourth of September last being Wednesday before the
+Queen&#8217;s Majesty removed from Windsor to Hampton Court,<small><a name="f152.1" id="f152.1" href="#f152">[152]</a></small> he
+being taken suddenly sick, and therefore sent away to London, and
+coming late to lie at the Queen&#8217;s Bridge,<small><a name="f153.1" id="f153.1" href="#f153">[153]</a></small> the tide being high,
+he saw a boat lie close by the pale of Sir Thomas Parry&#8217;s
+garden<small><a name="f154.1" id="f154.1" href="#f154">[154]</a></small> and men going to and fro the water through the back
+door that leadeth into Mr. Percy&#8217;s lodging, which he doth now
+bethink himself of, though then, being sick and late, he did not
+regard it.<small><a name="f155.1" id="f155.1" href="#f155">[155]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>It thus appears that this final supply of powder was carried in at
+night, and by a way through the garden&mdash;not by the more frequented
+Parliament Stairs.</p>
+
+<p>The story of the mine, no doubt, presents some difficulties which,
+though by no means insuperable, cannot be solved with absolute certainty
+without more information than we possess at present. We may, I think,
+dismiss the suggestion of the Edinburgh Reviewer that the conspirators
+may have dug straight down instead of making a tunnel, both because even
+bunglers could hardly have occupied a fortnight in digging a pit a few
+feet deep, and because their words about reaching the wall at the end of
+the fortnight would, on this hypothesis, have no meaning. Thomas
+Winter&#8217;s statement is that he and his comrades <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>&#8216;wrought under a little
+entry to the wall of the Parliament House.&#8217;<small><a name="f156.1" id="f156.1" href="#f156">[156]</a></small> The little entry, as I
+have already argued,<small><a name="f157.1" id="f157.1" href="#f157">[157]</a></small> must be the covered passage under the
+withdrawing room; a tunnel leading from the cellar of Percy&#8217;s house
+would be about seven or eight feet long. The main difficulty at the
+commencement of the work would be to get through the wall of Percy&#8217;s
+house, and this, it may be noticed, neither Fawkes nor Winter speak of,
+though they are very positive as to the difficulties presented by the
+wall of the House of Lords. If, indeed, the wall on this side of Percy&#8217;s
+house was, as may with great probability be conjectured, built of brick,
+as the river front undoubtedly was,<small><a name="f158.1" id="f158.1" href="#f158">[158]</a></small> the difficulty cannot have been
+great, as I have been informed by Mr. Henry Ward<small><a name="f159.1" id="f159.1" href="#f159">[159]</a></small> that the brick
+used in those days was, both from its composition and from the method in
+which it was dried, far softer than that employed in building at
+present. We may, therefore, fairly start our miners in the cellar of
+their own house with a soft brick wall to penetrate, and a tunnel
+afterwards to construct, having wood ready to prop up the earth, and
+appropriate implements to carry out their undertaking.<small><a name="f160.1" id="f160.1" href="#f160">[160]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>Here, however, Father Gerard waves us back:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;It is not easy,&#8221; he writes, &#8220;to understand how these amateurs
+contrived to do so much without a catastrophe. To make a tunnel
+through soft earth is a very delicate operation, replete with
+unknown difficulties. To shore up the roof and sides there must,
+moreover, have been required a large quantity of the &#8216;framed
+timber&#8217;<small><a name="f161.1" id="f161.1" href="#f161">[161]</a></small> of which Speed tells us, and the provision and
+importation of this must have been almost as hard to keep dark as
+the exportation of the earth and stones. A still more critical
+operation is that of meddling with the foundations of a
+house&mdash;especially of an old and heavy structure&mdash;which a
+professional craftsman would not venture upon except with extreme
+care, and the employment of many precautions of which these
+light-hearted adventurers knew nothing. Yet, recklessly breaking
+their way out of one building, and to a large extent into another,
+they appear to have occasioned neither crack nor settlement in
+either.&#8221;<small><a name="f162.1" id="f162.1" href="#f162">[162]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>I have already dealt with the problem of bringing in articles by night,
+and of getting through Percy&#8217;s wall. For the rest, Father Gerard forgets
+that though six of the seven miners were amateurs, the seventh was not.
+Fawkes had been eight years in the service of the Archdukes in the Low
+Countries, and to soldiers on either side the war in the Low Countries
+offered the most complete school of military mining then to be found in
+the world. Though every soldier was not an engineer, he could not fail
+to be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>in the way of hearing about, if not of actually witnessing, feats
+of engineering skill, of which the object was not merely to undermine
+fortifications with tunnels of far greater length than can have been
+required by the conspirators, but to conduct the operation as quietly as
+possible. It must surely have been the habit of these engineers to use
+other implements than the noisy pick of the modern workman.<small><a name="f163.1" id="f163.1" href="#f163">[163]</a></small> Fawkes,
+indeed, speaks of himself merely as a watcher whilst others worked. But
+he was a modest man, and there can be no reasonable doubt that he
+directed the operations.</p>
+
+<p>When the main wall was attacked after Christmas the conditions were
+somewhat altered. The miners, indeed, may still have been able to avoid
+the use of picks, and to employ drills and crowbars, but some noise they
+must necessarily have made. Yet the chances of their being overheard
+were very slight. Having taken the precaution to hire the long
+withdrawing room and the passage or passage-room beneath it, the sounds
+made on the lower part of the main wall could not very well reach the
+ears of the tenants of the other houses in Whynniard&#8217;s block. The only
+question is whether there was any one likely to hear them in the
+so-called &#8216;cellar&#8217; underneath the House of Lords, beneath which, again,
+they intended to deposit their <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>store of powder. What that chamber was
+had best be told in Father Gerard&#8217;s own words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;The old House of Lords,&#8221;<small><a name="f164.1" id="f164.1" href="#f164">[164]</a></small> he writes, &#8220;was a chamber occupying
+the first floor of a building which stood about fifty yards from
+the left bank of the Thames,<small><a name="f165.1" id="f165.1" href="#f165">[165]</a></small> to which it was parallel, the
+stream at this point running about due north. Beneath the Peers&#8217;
+Chamber on the ground floor was a large room, which plays an
+important part in our history. This had originally served as the
+palace kitchen, and, though commonly described as a &#8216;cellar&#8217; or a
+&#8216;vault,&#8217; was in reality neither, for it stood on the level of the
+ground outside, and had a flat ceiling formed by the beams which
+supported the flooring of the Lords apartment above. It ran beneath
+the said Peers&#8217; Chamber from end to end, and measured seventy-seven
+feet in length by twenty-four feet four inches in width.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At either end the building abutted upon another running
+transversely to it; that on the north being the &#8216;Painted Chamber,&#8217;
+probably erected by Edward the Confessor, and that on the south the
+&#8216;Prince&#8217;s Chamber,&#8217; assigned by its architectural features to the
+reign of Henry III. The former served as a place of conference for
+Lords and Commons, the latter as the robing-room of the Lords. The
+royal throne stood at the south end of the House, near the Prince&#8217;s
+Chamber.&#8221;<small><a name="f166.1" id="f166.1" href="#f166">[166]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>According to the story told by Fawkes this place was let to Mrs. Skinner
+by Whynniard to store her <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>coals in. In an early draft of the narrative
+usually known as the &#8216;King&#8217;s Book,&#8217;<small><a name="f167.1" id="f167.1" href="#f167">[167]</a></small> we are told that there was
+&#8216;some stuff of the King&#8217;s which lay in part of a cellar under those
+rooms&#8217;&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> the House of Lords, and &#8216;that Whynniard had let out some
+part of a room directly under the Parliament chamber to one that used it
+for a cellar.&#8217; This statement is virtually repeated in the &#8216;King&#8217;s Book&#8217;
+itself, where Whynniard is said to have stated &#8216;that Thomas Percy had
+hired both the house and part of the cellar or vault under the
+same.&#8217;<small><a name="f168.1" id="f168.1" href="#f168">[168]</a></small> That part was so let is highly probable, as the internal
+length of the old kitchen was about seventy-seven feet, and it would
+therefore be far too large for the occupation of a single coalmonger. We
+must thus imagine the so-called vault divided into two portions,
+probably with a partition cutting off one from the other. If, therefore,
+the conspirators restricted their operations to the night-time, there
+was little danger of their being overheard. There was not much
+likelihood either that Whynniard would get out of bed to visit the
+tapestry or whatever the stuff belonging to the King may have been, or
+that Mrs. Skinner would want to examine her coal-sacks whilst her
+customers were asleep. The only risk was from some belated visitor
+coming up the quiet court leading from Parliament Place to make his way
+to one of the houses in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>Whynniard&#8217;s block. Against this, however, the
+plotters were secured by the watchfulness of Fawkes.</p>
+
+<p>The precautions taken by the conspirators did not render their task
+easier. It was in the second fortnight, beginning after the middle of
+January, when the hard work of getting through the strong and broad
+foundation of the House of Lords tried their muscles and their patience,
+that they swore in Christopher Wright, and brought over Keyes from
+Lambeth together with the powder which they now stored in &#8216;a low room
+new-builded.&#8217;<small><a name="f169.1" id="f169.1" href="#f169">[169]</a></small> After a fortnight&#8217;s work, reaching to Candlemas (Feb.
+2), they had burrowed through about four feet six inches into the wall,
+after which they again gave over working.<small><a name="f170.1" id="f170.1" href="#f170">[170]</a></small> Some time in the latter
+part of March they returned to their operations, but they had scarcely
+commenced when they found out that it would be possible for them to gain
+possession of a locality more suited to their wants, and they therefore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
+abandoned the project of the mine as no longer necessary.<small><a name="f171.1" id="f171.1" href="#f171">[171]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>Before passing from the story of the mine, the more important of Father
+Gerard&#8217;s criticisms require an answer. How, he asks, could the
+conspirators have got rid of such a mass of earth and stones without
+exciting attention?<small><a name="f172.1" id="f172.1" href="#f172">[172]</a></small> Fawkes, indeed, says that &#8216;the day before
+Christmas having a mass of earth that came out of the mine, they carried
+it into the garden of the said house.&#8217; Then Goodman declares that he saw
+it,<small><a name="f173.1" id="f173.1" href="#f173">[173]</a></small> but, even if we assume that his memory did not play him false,
+it is impossible that the whole of the produce of the first fortnight&#8217;s
+diggings should be disposed of in this way. The shortest length that can
+be ascribed to the mine before the wall was reached is eight feet, and
+if we allow five feet for height and depth we have 200 cubical <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>feet, or
+a mass more than six feet every way, besides the stones coming out of
+the wall after Christmas. Some of the earth may have been, as Fawkes
+said, spread over the garden beds, but the greater part of it must have
+been disposed of in some other way. Is it so very difficult to surmise
+what that was? The nights were long and dark, and the river was very
+close.</p>
+
+<p>We are further asked to explain how it was that, if there was really a
+mine, the Government did not find it out for some days after the arrest
+of Fawkes. Why should they? The only point at which it was accessible
+was at its entrance in Percy&#8217;s own cellar, and it is an insult to the
+sharp wits of the plotters, to suppose that they did not close it up as
+soon as the project of the mine was abandoned. All that would be needed,
+if the head of the mine descended, as it probably did, would be the
+relaying of a couple or so of flagstones. How careful the plotters were
+of wiping out all traces of their work, is shown by the evidence of
+Whynniard&#8217;s servant, Roger James, who says that about Midsummer 1605,
+Percy, appearing to pay his quarter&#8217;s rent, &#8216;agreed with one York, a
+carpenter in Westminster, for the repairing of his lodging,&#8217; adding
+&#8216;that he would send his man to pay the carpenter for the work he was to
+do.&#8217;<small><a name="f174.1" id="f174.1" href="#f174">[174]</a></small> Either <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>the mine had no existence, or all traces of it must
+have been effectually removed before a carpenter was allowed to range
+the house in the absence of both Percy and Fawkes. I must leave it to my
+readers to decide which alternative they prefer.</p>
+
+<p>According to the usually received story, the conspirators, hearing a
+rustling above their heads, imagined that their enterprise had been
+discovered, but having sent Fawkes to ascertain the cause of the noise,
+they learnt that Mrs. Skinner (afterwards Mrs. Bright) was selling
+coals, and having also ascertained that she was willing to give up her
+tenancy to them for a consideration, they applied to Whynniard&mdash;from
+whom the so-called &#8216;cellar&#8217; was leased through his wife, and obtained a
+transfer of the premises to Percy. All that remained was to convey the
+powder from the house to the &#8216;cellar,&#8217; and after covering it with
+billets and faggots, to wait quietly till Parliament met.</p>
+
+<p>Father Gerard&#8217;s first objection to this is, that whilst they were
+mining, &#8216;ridiculous as is the supposition, the conspirators appear to
+have been ignorant of the existence of the &#8220;cellar,&#8221; and to have fancied
+that they were <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>working their way immediately beneath the Chamber of
+Peers.&#8217; The supposition would be ridiculous enough if it were not a
+figment of Father Gerard&#8217;s own brain. He relies on what he calls
+&#8216;Barlow&#8217;s Gunpowder Treason,&#8217;<small><a name="f175.1" id="f175.1" href="#f175">[175]</a></small> published in 1678, and on a remark
+made by Tierney in 1841, adding that it is &#8216;obviously implied&#8217; by Fawkes
+and Winter. What Fawkes says on November 17 is:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;As they were working upon the wall, they heard a rushing in a
+cellar of removing of coals; whereupon we feared we had been
+discovered, and they sent me to go to the cellar, who finding that
+the coals were a selling, and that the cellar was to be let,
+viewing the commodity thereof for our purpose, Percy went and hired
+the same for yearly rent.&#8221;<small><a name="f176.1" id="f176.1" href="#f176">[176]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>What Winter says is that, &#8216;near to Easter ... opportunity was given to
+hire the cellar, in which we resolved to lay the powder and leave the
+mine.&#8217; What single word is there here about the conspirators thinking
+that there was no storey intervening between the foundation and the
+House of Lords? The mere fact of Percy having been in the house close to
+the passage from which there was an opening closed only by a grating
+into the &#8216;cellar&#8217; itself,<small><a name="f177.1" id="f177.1" href="#f177">[177]</a></small> would negative the impossible
+supposition. Father Gerard, however, adds that Mrs. Whynniard tells us
+that the cellar was not to let, and that Bright, <i>i.e.</i> Mrs. Skinner,
+had not the disposal of the lease, but one Skinner, and that Percy
+&#8216;laboured very earnestly before he succeeded in obtaining it.&#8217; <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>What
+Mrs. Whynniard says is that the cellar had been already let, and that
+her husband had not the disposal of it. Percy then &#8216;intreated that if he
+could get Mrs. Skinner&#8217;s good-will therein, they would then be contented
+to let him have it, whereto they granted it.&#8217;<small><a name="f178.1" id="f178.1" href="#f178">[178]</a></small> Is not this exactly
+what one might expect to happen on an application for a lease held by a
+tenant who proves willing to remove?</p>
+
+<p>Father Gerard proceeds to raise difficulties from the structural nature
+of the cellar itself. Mr. William Capon, he says, examined the
+foundations of the House of Lords when it was removed in 1823, and did
+not discover the hole which the conspirators were alleged to have made.
+His own statement, however, printed in the fifth volume of <i>Vetusta
+Monumenta</i>,<small><a name="f179.1" id="f179.1" href="#f179">[179]</a></small> says nothing about the foundations; and besides, as
+Father Gerard has shown, he had a totally erroneous theory of the place
+whence he supposes the conspirators to have had access to the &#8216;cellar.&#8217;
+Nothing&mdash;as I have learnt by experience&mdash;is so likely as a false theory
+to blind the eyes to existing evidence.</p>
+
+<p>Then we have remarks upon the mode of communication between Percy&#8217;s
+house and the cellar. Father Gerard tells us that:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Fawkes says (November 6th, 1605) that about the middle of
+Lent<small><a name="f180.1" id="f180.1" href="#f180">[180]</a></small> of that year, Percy caused &#8216;a new door&#8217; to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>be made into
+it, that he might have a nearer way out of his own house into the
+cellar.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This seems to imply that Percy took the cellar for his firewood
+when there was no convenient communication between it and his
+house. Moreover, it is not very easy to understand how a
+tenant&mdash;under such conditions as his&mdash;was allowed at discretion to
+knock doors through the walls of a royal palace. Neither did the
+landlady say anything of this door-making, when detailing what she
+knew of Percy&#8217;s proceedings.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Without perceiving it, Father Gerard proceeds to dispose of the
+objection he had raised.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;In some notes of Sir E. Coke, it is said &#8216;The powder was first
+brought into Percy&#8217;s house, and lay there in a low room new built,
+and could not have been conveyed into the cellar but that all the
+street must have seen it; and therefore he caused a new door out of
+his house into the cellar to be made, where before there had been a
+grate of iron.&#8221;<small><a name="f181.1" id="f181.1" href="#f181">[181]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>To Father Gerard this &#8216;looks very like an afterthought.&#8217; Considering,
+however, that every word except the part about the grating is based on
+evidence which has reached us, it looks to me very like the truth. It
+is, indeed, useless to attempt to reconcile the position of the doors
+opening out of the &#8216;cellar&#8217; apparently indicated on Capon&#8217;s plan (p. 80)
+with those given in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>Smith&#8217;s views (p. 109) of the four walls taken
+from the inside of the cellar, and I therefore conclude that the
+apertures shown in the former are really those of the House of Lords on
+the upper storey, a conjecture which is supported by the insertion of a
+flight of steps, which would lead nowhere if the whole plan was intended
+to record merely the features of the lower level. In any case, Smith&#8217;s
+illustration shows three entrances&mdash;one through the north wall which I
+have marked <span class="smcaplc">A</span>, another with a triangular head near the north end of the
+east wall marked <span class="smcaplc">B</span>, and a third with a square head near the south end of
+the same wall marked <span class="smcaplc">C</span>. The first of these would naturally be used by
+Mrs. Skinner, as it opened on a passage leading westwards, and we know
+that she lived in King Street; the second would be used by Whynniard,
+whilst, either he or some predecessor might very well have put up a
+grating at the third to keep out thieves. That third aperture was,
+however, just opposite Percy&#8217;s house, and when he hired Mrs. Skinner&#8217;s
+part of the &#8216;cellar,&#8217; he would necessarily wish to have it open and a
+door substituted for the grating. There was no question of knocking
+about the walls of a royal palace in the matter. If he had not that door
+opened he must either use Whynniard&#8217;s, of which Whynniard presumably
+wished to keep the key, or go round by Parliament Place to reach the one
+hitherto used by Mrs. Skinner. It is true that, if the north door was
+really the one used by Mrs. Skinner, it necessitates the conclusion that
+there was no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> insurmountable barrier between Whynniard&#8217;s part of the
+cellar, and that afterwards used by Percy. Moreover, it is almost
+certainly shown that this was the case by the ease with which the
+searchers got into Percy&#8217;s part of the cellar on the night of November
+4th, though entering by another door. In this case the conspirators must
+have been content with the strong probability that whenever their
+landlord came into his end of the &#8216;cellar,&#8217; he would not come further to
+pull about the pile of wood with which their powder barrels were
+covered. On the other hand, the entrances knocked in blocked-up arches
+may not have been the same in 1605 and in 1807. At all events, the
+square-headed aperture in Smith&#8217;s view agrees so well with that in the
+view at p. 89, that it can be accepted without doubt as the one in which
+Percy&#8217;s new door was substituted for a grating, and which led out of the
+covered passage opening from the court leading from Parliament Place.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span style="margin-left: 11em;">A</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>North<br />Side</td><td align="center"><img src="images/image7_tltmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /><a href="images/image7_tl.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></td>
+    <td align="center"><img src="images/image7_trtmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /><a href="images/image7_tr.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></td><td>South<br />Side</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">B</span></td><td><span style="margin-left: 14em;">C</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td colspan="2" align="center"><img src="images/image7_midtmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /><a href="images/image7_mid.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></td><td>East<br />Side</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td colspan="2" align="center"><img src="images/image7_bottmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /><a href="images/image7_bot.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></td><td>West<br />Side</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="center">Four walls of the so-called cellar under the House of Lords.<br />From Smith&#8217;s <i>Antiquities of Westminster</i>, p. 39.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Though it is possible that Whynniard might, if he chose, come into the
+plotters&#8217; &#8216;cellar,&#8217; we are under no compulsion to accept Father Gerard&#8217;s
+assertion that Winter declared &#8216;that the confederates so arranged as to
+leave the cellar free for all to enter who would.&#8217;<small><a name="f182.1" id="f182.1" href="#f182">[182]</a></small> &#8220;It is stated,&#8221;
+writes Father Gerard, in another place, &#8220;in Winter&#8217;s long declaration on
+this subject, that the barrels were thus completely hidden &#8216;because we
+might have the house free to suffer anyone to enter that would,&#8217; and we
+find it mentioned by various writers, subsequently, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>that free ingress
+was actually allowed to the public.&#8221;<small><a name="f183.1" id="f183.1" href="#f183">[183]</a></small> As the subsequent writers
+appear to be an anonymous writer, who wrote on <i>The Gunpowder Plot</i>
+under the pseudonym of L., in 1805, and Hugh F. Martyndale, who wrote <i>A
+Familiar Analysis of the Calendar of the Church of England</i> in 1830, I
+am unable to take them very seriously. The extraordinary thing is that
+Father Gerard does not see that his quotation from Winter is fatal to
+his argument. Winter says that Fawkes covered the powder in the cellar
+&#8216;because we might have the house free to suffer anyone to enter that
+would.<small><a name="f184.1" id="f184.1" href="#f184">[184]</a></small> The cellar was not part of the house; and, although the
+words are not entirely free from ambiguity, the more reasonable
+interpretation is that Fawkes disposed of the powder in the cellar, in
+order that visitors might be freely admitted into the house. Winter, in
+fact, makes no direct statement that the powder was moved, and it is
+therefore fair to take this removal as included in what he says about
+the faggots.</p>
+
+<p>As for the quantity of the gunpowder used, the opinion of the writer
+discussed in the <i>Edinburgh Review</i> (January, 1897), appears reasonable
+enough:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Apart from the hearsay reports, Father Gerard seems to base his
+computations on the statement that a barrel of gunpowder contained
+400 pounds. This is an error. The barrel of gunpowder contained 100
+pounds;<small><a name="f185.1" id="f185.1" href="#f185">[185]</a></small> the last, which is rightly given at 2,400 pounds,
+contained twenty-four <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>barrels. The quantity of powder stored in
+the cellar is repeatedly said, both in the depositions and the
+indictment to have been thirty-six barrels&mdash;that is, a last and a
+half, or about one ton twelve hundredweight; and this agrees very
+exactly with the valuation of the powder at 200<i>l.</i> In 1588, the
+cost of a barrel of 100 pounds was 5<i>l.</i> But to carry, and move,
+and stow, a ton and a half in small portable barrels is a very
+different thing from the task on which Father Gerard dwells of
+moving and hiding, not only the large barrels of 400 pounds, but
+also the hogsheads that were spoken of.&#8221;<small><a name="f186.1" id="f186.1" href="#f186">[186]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>I will merely add that Father Gerard&#8217;s surprise that the disposal of so
+large a mass of powder is not to be traced is the less justifiable, as
+the Ordnance accounts of the stores in the Tower have been very
+irregularly preserved, those for the years with which we are concerned
+being missing.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus, I hope, shown that the traditional account of the mine and
+the cellar are consistent with the documentary and structural evidence,
+I pass to the question of the accuracy of the alleged discovery of the
+conspiracy.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2>
+<h3>THE DISCOVERY</h3>
+
+<p><br />In one way the evidence on the discovery of the plot differs from that
+on the plot itself. The latter is straightforward and simple, its
+discrepancies, where there are any, being reducible to the varying
+amount of the knowledge of the Government. The same cannot be said of
+the evidence relating to the mode in which the plot was discovered. If
+we accept the traditional story that its discovery was owing to the
+extraordinary letter brought to Monteagle at Hoxton, there are
+disturbing elements in the case. In the first place, the Commissioners
+would probably wish to conceal any mystery connected with the delivery
+of the letter, if it were only for the sake of Monteagle, to whom they
+owed so much; and, in the second place, when they had once committed
+themselves to the theory that the King had discovered the sense of the
+letter by a sort of Divine inspiration, there could not fail to be a
+certain amount of shuffling to make this view square with the actual
+facts. Other causes of hesitancy to set forth the full truth there may
+have been, but these two were undeniably there.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>Father Gerard, however, bars the way to the immediate discussion of
+these points by a theory which he has indeed adopted from others, but
+which he has made his own by the fulness with which he has treated it.
+He holds that Salisbury knew of the plot long before the incident of the
+letter occurred, a view which is by no means inconsistent with the
+belief that the plot itself was genuine, and, it may be added, is far
+less injurious to Salisbury&#8217;s character than the supposition that he had
+either partially or wholly invented the plot itself. If the latter
+charge could have been sustained Salisbury would have to be ranked
+amongst the most infamous ministers known to history. If all that can be
+said of him is that he kept silence longer than we should have expected,
+we may feel curious as to his motives, or question his prudence, but we
+shall have no reason to doubt his morality.</p>
+
+<p>Father Gerard, having convinced himself that in all probability the
+Government, or, at least Salisbury, had long had a secret agent amongst
+the plotters, fixes his suspicions primarily on Percy. Beginning by an
+attack on Percy&#8217;s moral character, he writes as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;It unfortunately appears that, all the time, this zealous convert
+was a bigamist, having one wife living in the capital and another
+in the provinces. When his name was published in connection with
+the Plot, the magistrates of London arrested the one and those of
+Warwickshire the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>other, alike reporting to the secretary what they
+had done, as may be seen in the State Paper Office.&#8221;<small><a name="f187.1" id="f187.1" href="#f187">[187]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>The papers in the Public Record Office here referred to prove nothing of
+the sort. On November 5 Justice Grange writes to Salisbury that Percy
+had a house in Holborne &#8216;where his wife is at this instant. She saith
+her husband liveth not with her, but being attendant on the Right
+Honourable the Earl of Northumberland, liveth and lodgeth as she
+supposeth with him. She hath not seen him since Midsummer.<small><a name="f188.1" id="f188.1" href="#f188">[188]</a></small> She
+liveth very private and teacheth children. I have caused some to watch
+the house, as also to guard her until your Honour&#8217;s pleasure be further
+known.&#8217;<small><a name="f189.1" id="f189.1" href="#f189">[189]</a></small> There is, however, nothing to show that Salisbury did not
+within a couple of hours direct that she should be set free, as she had
+evidently nothing to tell; nor is there anything here inconsistent with
+her having been arrested in Warwickshire on the 12th, especially as she
+was apprehended in the house of John Wright,<small><a name="f190.1" id="f190.1" href="#f190">[190]</a></small> her brother. What is
+more likely than that, when the terrible catastrophe befell the poor
+woman, she should have travelled down to seek refuge in her brother&#8217;s
+house, where she might perchance hear some tidings of her husband? It is
+adding a new terror to matrimony to suggest that a man is liable to be
+charged with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>bigamy because his wife is seen in London one day and in
+Warwickshire a week afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>The fact probably is that Father Gerard received the suggestion from
+Goodman, whose belief that Percy was a bigamist rested on information
+derived from some lady who may very well have been as hardened a gossip
+as he was himself.<small><a name="f191.1" id="f191.1" href="#f191">[191]</a></small> His own attempt to bolster up the story by
+further evidence can hardly be reckoned conclusive.</p>
+
+<p>In any case the question of Percy&#8217;s morality is quite irrelevant. It is
+more to the purpose when Father Gerard quotes Goodman as asserting that
+Percy had been a frequent visitor to Salisbury&#8217;s house by night.<small><a name="f192.1" id="f192.1" href="#f192">[192]</a></small></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Sir Francis Moore,&#8221; he tells us, &#8220;... being the lord keeper
+Egerton&#8217;s favourite, and having some occasion of business with him
+at twelve of the clock at night, and going then homeward from York
+House to the Middle Temple at two, several times he met Mr. Percy,
+coming out of that great statesman&#8217;s house, and wondered what his
+business should be there.&#8221;<small><a name="f193.1" id="f193.1" href="#f193">[193]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>There are many ways in which the conclusion that Percy went to tell
+tales may be avoided. In the days of James I., the streets of London
+were inconceivably dark to the man who at the present day is accustomed
+to gas and electricity. Not even lanterns were permanently hung out for
+many a year to come. Except when the moon was shining, the only light
+was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>a lantern carried in the hand, and by the light of either it would
+be easy to mistake the features of any one coming out from a door way.
+Yet even if Moore&#8217;s evidence be accepted, the inference that Percy
+betrayed the plot to Salisbury is not by any means a necessary one.
+Percy may, as the Edinburgh Reviewer suggests, have been employed by
+Northumberland. Nor does Father Gerard recognise that it was clearly
+Percy&#8217;s business to place his connection with the Court as much in
+evidence as possible. The more it was known that he was trusted by
+Northumberland, and even by Salisbury, the less people were likely to
+ask awkward questions as to his reasons for taking a house at
+Westminster. In 1654 a Royalist gentleman arriving from the Continent to
+take part in an insurrection against the Protector, went straight to
+Cromwell&#8217;s Court in order to disarm suspicion. Why may not Percy have
+acted in a similar way in 1605? All that we know of Percy&#8217;s character
+militates against the supposition that he was a man to play the
+dastardly part of an informer.</p>
+
+<p>Other pieces of evidence against Percy may be dismissed with equal
+assurance. We are told, for instance,<small><a name="f194.1" id="f194.1" href="#f194">[194]</a></small> that Salisbury found a
+difficulty in tracing Percy&#8217;s movements before the day on which
+Parliament was to have been blown up; whereas, ten days before, the same
+Percy had received a pass issued by the Commissioners of the North, as
+posting to court for the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>King&#8217;s especial service. The order, however,
+is signed, not by the Commissioners of the North as a body, but by two
+of their number, and was dated at Seaton Delaval in Northumberland.<small><a name="f195.1" id="f195.1" href="#f195">[195]</a></small>
+As Percy&#8217;s business is known to have been the bringing up the Earl of
+Northumberland&#8217;s rents, and he might have pleaded that it was his duty
+to be in his place as Gentleman Pensioner at the meeting of Parliament,
+two gentlemen living within hail of Alnwick were likely enough to
+stretch a point in favour of the servant of the great earl. In any case
+it was most unlikely that they should have thought it necessary to
+acquaint the Secretary of State with the terms in which a posting order
+had been couched.</p>
+
+<p>The supposition that Salisbury sent secret orders to the sheriff of
+Worcestershire not to take Percy alive is sufficiently disposed of, as
+the Edinburgh Reviewer has remarked, by Sheriff Walsh&#8217;s own letter, and
+by the extreme improbability that if Salisbury had known Percy to have
+been a government spy he would have calculated on his being such a
+lunatic as to join the other conspirators in their flight, apparently
+for the mere pleasure of getting himself shot.<small><a name="f196.1" id="f196.1" href="#f196">[196]</a></small> It may be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>added
+that it is hard to imagine how Salisbury could know beforehand in what
+county the rebels would be taken, and consequently to what sheriff he
+should address his compromising communication. As to the suggestion that
+there was something hidden behind the failure of the King&#8217;s messenger to
+reach the sheriff with orders to avoid killing the chief conspirators,
+on the ground that &#8216;the distance to be covered was about 112 miles, and
+there were three days to do it in, for not till November 8 were the
+fugitives surrounded,&#8217; it may fairly be answered, in the first place,
+that the whereabouts of the conspirators was not known at Westminster
+till the Proclamation for their arrest was issued on the 7th, and in the
+second place, that as the sheriff was constantly on the move in pursuit,
+it must have been hard to catch him in the time which sufficed to send a
+message to a fixed point at Westminster.<small><a name="f197.1" id="f197.1" href="#f197">[197]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>It is needless to argue that Catesby was not the informer. The evidence
+is of the slightest, depending on the alleged statement by a
+servant,<small><a name="f198.1" id="f198.1" href="#f198">[198]</a></small> long ago dead when it was committed to paper, and even
+Father Gerard appears hardly to believe that the charge is tenable.</p>
+
+<p>There remains the case of Tresham. Since the publication of Jardine&#8217;s
+work Tresham has been fixed on as the author or contriver of the letter
+to Monteagle which, according to the constant assertion of the
+Government, gave the first intimation of the existence of the plot, and
+this view of the case was taken by many contemporaries. Tresham was the
+last of three wealthy men&mdash;the others being Digby and Rokewood&mdash;who were
+admitted to the plot because their money could be utilised in the
+preparations for a rising. He was a cousin of Catesby and the two
+Winters, and had taken part in the negotiations with Spain before the
+death of Elizabeth. During the weeks immediately preceding November 5
+there had been much searching of heart amongst the plotters as to the
+destruction in which Catholic peers would be involved, and it is
+probable that hints were given to some of them that it would be well to
+be absent from Parliament on the morning fixed for the explosion.
+Amongst the peers connected with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>one or other of the plotters was Lord
+Monteagle, who had married Tresham&#8217;s sister.</p>
+
+<p>That Tresham should have desired to warn his brother-in-law was the most
+likely thing in the world. We know that he was in London on October 25
+or 26, because Thomas Winter received 100<i>l.</i> from him on one of those
+days at his chambers in Clerkenwell.<small><a name="f199.1" id="f199.1" href="#f199">[199]</a></small> It was in the evening of the
+26th that Monteagle arrived at his house at Hoxton though he had not
+been there for more than twelve months. As he was sitting down to supper
+one of his footmen brought him a letter. Monteagle on receiving it, took
+the extraordinary course of handing it to one of his gentlemen named
+Ward, and bade him read it aloud. The letter was anonymous, and ran as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;My Lord, out of the love I bear to some of your friends, I have a
+care of your preservation. Therefore I would advise you, as you
+tender your life, to devise some excuse to shift of your attendance
+at this Parliament; for God and man hath concurred to punish the
+wickedness of this time. And think not slightly of this
+advertisement but retire yourself into your country, where you may
+expect the event in safety, for though there be no appearance of
+any stir, yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow this
+Parliament, and yet they shall not see who hurts them. This counsel
+is not to be contemned, because it may do you good, and can do you
+no harm, for the danger is past as soon as you have burnt this
+letter; and I hope <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>God will give you the grace to make good use of
+it, to whose holy protection I commend you.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Monteagle took the letter to Salisbury, and if the protestations of the
+Government are to be trusted, this was the first that Salisbury or any
+one of his fellow councillors heard of the conspiracy. Father Gerard
+follows Jardine and others in thinking this to be improbable if not
+incredible.</p>
+
+<p>It may at least be freely granted that it is hardly probable that
+Monteagle had not heard of the plot before. As Jardine puts it
+forcibly:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;The circumstance of Lord Monteagle&#8217;s unexpected visit to his house
+at Hoxton, without any other assignable reason, on the evening in
+question, looks like the arrangement of a convenient scene; and it
+is deserving of notice that the gentleman to whom his lordship gave
+the letter to read at his table was Thomas Ward, an intimate friend
+of several of the conspirators, and suspected to have been an
+accomplice in the treason. The open reading of such a letter before
+his household (which, unless it be supposed to be part of a
+counterplot, seems a very unnatural and imprudent course for Lord
+Monteagle to adopt) might be intended to secure evidence that the
+letter was the first intimation he had of the matter, and would
+have the effect of giving notice to Ward that the plot was
+discovered, in order that he might communicate the fact to the
+conspirators. In truth he did so on the very next morning; and if
+they had then taken the alarm, and instantly fled to Flanders (as
+it is natural to suppose they would have done) every part of
+Tresham&#8217;s object would have been attained. This scheme was
+frustrated by the unexpected and extraordinary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> infatuation of the
+conspirators themselves, who, notwithstanding their knowledge of
+the letter, disbelieved the discovery of the plot from the absence
+of any search at the cellar, and, omitting to avail themselves of
+the means afforded for their flight, still lingered in
+London.&#8221;<small><a name="f200.1" id="f200.1" href="#f200">[200]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>It is unnecessary to add any word to this, so far as it affects the
+complicity of Tresham with Monteagle. I submit, however, that the
+stronger is the evidence that the letter was prearranged with Monteagle
+the more hopeless is the reasoning of those who, like Father Gerard,
+hold that it was prearranged with Salisbury. Salisbury&#8217;s object,
+according to Father Gerard&#8217;s hypothesis, was to gain credit by springing
+upon the King and the world a partly or totally imaginary plot. If he
+was to do this, he must have some evidence to bring which would convince
+the world that the affair was not a mere imposture; and yet it is to be
+imagined that he contrives a scheme which threatens to leave him in
+possession of an obscure letter, and the knowledge that every one of the
+plotters was safely beyond the sea. As a plan concocted by Monteagle and
+Tresham to stop the plot, and at the same time secure the escape of
+their guilty friends, the little comedy at Hoxton was admirably
+concocted. From the point of view of the Government its advantages are
+not obvious. Add to this that all Salisbury&#8217;s alleged previous knowledge
+did not enable him to discover that a mine had been dug till Fawkes told
+him <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>as late as November 8, and that the Government for two or three
+days after Fawkes was taken were in the dark as to the whereabouts of
+the conspirators, and we find every reason to believe that the statement
+of the Government, that they only learnt the plot through the Monteagle
+letter, was absolutely true.</p>
+
+<p>That the Government dealt tenderly with Tresham in not sending him to
+the Tower till the 12th, and allowing him the consolation of his wife&#8217;s
+nursing when he fell ill, is only what was to have been expected if they
+had learnt from Monteagle the source of his information, whilst they
+surely would have kept his wife from all access to him if he had had
+reason to complain to her that he had been arrested in spite of his
+services to the Government. After his death, which took place in the
+Tower, there was no further consideration of him, and, on December 23,
+the Council ordered that his head should be cut off and preserved till
+further directions, but his body buried in the Tower.<small><a name="f201.1" id="f201.1" href="#f201">[201]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>It is unnecessary to go deeply into the question of the discrepancy
+between the different accounts given by the Government of the manner in
+which the Monteagle letter was expounded. The probable truth is that
+Salisbury himself interpreted it correctly, and that his
+fellow-councillors came to the same conclusion as himself. It was,
+however, a matter of etiquette to hold that the King was as sharp-witted
+as Elizabeth had been beautiful till the day of her death, and as the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>solution of the riddle was not difficult, some councillor&mdash;perhaps
+Salisbury himself&mdash;may very well have suggested that the paper should be
+submitted to his Majesty. When he had guessed it, it would be also a
+matter of etiquette to believe that by the direct inspiration of God his
+Majesty had solved a problem which no other mortal could penetrate. We
+are an incredulous race nowadays, and we no more believe in the Divine
+inspiration of James I. than in the loveliness of Elizabeth at the age
+of seventy; and we even find it difficult to understand Father Gerard&#8217;s
+seriousness over the strain which the poor councillors had to put upon
+themselves in fitting the facts to the courtly theory.</p>
+
+<p>Nor is there any reason to be surprised at the postponement by the
+Government of all action to the night of November 4. It gave them a
+better chance of coming upon the conspirators preparing for the action,
+and if their knowledge was, as I hold it was, confined to the Monteagle
+letter, they may well have thought it better not to frighten them into
+flight by making premature inquiries. No doubt there was a danger of
+gunpowder exploding and blowing up not only the empty House of Lords,
+but a good many innocent people as well; but there had been no explosion
+yet, and the powder was in the custody of men whose interest it was that
+
+there should be no explosion before the 5th. After all, neither the King
+nor Salisbury, nor indeed any of the other councillors, lived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> near
+enough to be hurt by any accident that might occur. Smith&#8217;s wildly
+improbable view that the shock might have &#8216;levelled and destroyed all
+London and Westminster like an earthquake,&#8217;<small><a name="f202.1" id="f202.1" href="#f202">[202]</a></small> can hardly be taken
+seriously.</p>
+
+<p>We now come to the alleged discrepancies between various accounts of
+Fawkes&#8217;s seizure. Father Gerard compares three documents&mdash;(<i>a</i>) what he
+terms &#8216;the account furnished by Salisbury for the information of the
+King of France, November 6, 1605,&#8217; (<i>b</i>) the letter sent on November 9
+to Edmondes and other ambassadors,<small><a name="f203.1" id="f203.1" href="#f203">[203]</a></small> and (<i>c</i>) the King&#8217;s Book. On
+the first, I would remark that there is no evidence, I may add, no
+probability, that, as it stands, it was ever despatched to France at
+all. It is a draft written on the 6th, which was gradually moulded into
+the form in which it was, as we happen to know, despatched on the 9th to
+Edmondes and Cornwallis. If the despatches received by Parry had been
+preserved, I do not doubt but that we should find that he also received
+it in the same shape as the other ambassadors.</p>
+
+<p>Having premised this remark as a caution against examining the document
+too narrowly, we may admit that the three statements differ about the
+date at which the Monteagle letter was received&mdash;(<i>a</i>) says it was some
+four or five days before the Parliament; (<i>b</i>) that it was eight days;
+(<i>c</i>) that it was ten days. The third and latest statement is accurate;
+but the mistakes of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>the others are of no importance, except to show
+that the draft was carelessly drawn up, probably by Munck, Salisbury&#8217;s
+secretary, in whose handwriting it is; and that the mistake was
+corrected with an approach to accuracy three days later, and made quite
+right further on.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to the more important point raised by Father Gerard
+that&mdash;while (<i>a</i>) does not mention Suffolk&#8217;s search in the afternoon,
+(<i>b</i>) does not mention the presence of Fawkes at the time of the
+afternoon visit&mdash;it is quite true that the hurried draft does not
+mention Suffolk&#8217;s visit; but it is not true that it in any way denies
+the fact that such a visit had taken place.</p>
+
+<p>Father Gerard abbreviates the story of (<i>a</i>) as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;It was accordingly determined, the night before, &#8216;to make search
+about that place, and to appoint a watch in the Old Palace to
+observe what persons might resort thereunto.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Sir T. Knyvet, being appointed to the charge thereof, <i>going by
+chance, about midnight, into the vault, by another door,<small><a name="f204.1" id="f204.1" href="#f204">[204]</a></small> found
+Fawkes within</i>. Thereupon he caused some few faggots to be removed,
+and so discovered some of the barrels, &#8216;<i>merely, as it were, by
+God&#8217;s direction, having no other cause but a general
+jealousy</i>.&#8217;&#8221;<small><a name="f205.1" id="f205.1" href="#f205">[205]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>The italics are Father Gerard&#8217;s own, and I think we are fairly entitled
+to complain, so far as the first phrase thus distinguished is concerned,
+because being <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>printed in this manner it looks like a quotation, though
+as a matter of fact is not so. This departure from established usage is
+the more unfortunate, as the one important word&mdash;&#8216;chance&#8217;&mdash;upon which
+Father Gerard&#8217;s argument depends, is a misprint or a miswriting for the
+word &#8216;change,&#8217; which is to be seen clearly written in the MS. The whole
+passage as it there stands runs as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;This advertisement being made known to his Majesty and the Lords,
+their Lordships found not good, coming as it did in that fashion,
+to give much credit to it, or to make any apprehension of it by
+public show, nor yet so to contemn it as to do nothing at all in
+it, but found convenient the night before under a pretext that some
+of his Majesty&#8217;s wardrobe stuff was stolen and embezzled to make
+search about that place, and to appoint a watch in the old palace
+to observe what persons might resort thereabouts, and appointed the
+charge thereof to Sir Thomas Knyvet, who about midnight going by
+change into the vault by another door, found the fellow, as is said
+before,<small><a name="f206.1" id="f206.1" href="#f206">[206]</a></small> whereupon suspicion being increased, he caused some
+few faggots to be removed, and so discovered some of the barrels of
+powder, merely, as it were, by God&#8217;s direction, having no other
+cause but a general jealousy.&#8221;<small><a name="f207.1" id="f207.1" href="#f207">[207]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>If the word &#8216;chance&#8217; had been found in the real letter, it could hardly
+be interpreted otherwise than to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>imply a negative of the earlier visit
+said to have been followed by a resolve on the King&#8217;s part to search
+farther. As the word stands, it may be accepted as evidence that an
+earlier visit had taken place. How could Knyvet go &#8216;by change&#8217; into the
+vault by another door, unless he or someone else had gone in earlier by
+some other approach? It is, however, the positive evidence which may be
+adduced from this letter, which is most valuable. The letter is, as I
+said, a mere hurried draft, in all probability never sent to anyone. It
+is moreover quite inartistic in its harking back to the story of the
+arrest after giving fuller details. Surely such a letter is better
+calculated to reveal the truth than one subsequently drawn up upon
+fuller consideration. What is it then, that stares us in the face, if we
+accept this as a genuine result of the first impression made upon the
+writer&mdash;whether he were Munck or Salisbury himself? What else than that
+the Government had no other knowledge of the plot than that derived from
+the Monteagle letter, and that not only because the writer says that the
+discovery of the powder was &#8216;merely as it were, by God&#8217;s direction,
+having no other cause but a general jealousy,&#8217; but because the whole
+letter, and still more the amplified version which quickly followed, is
+redolent with uncertainty. Given that Suffolk&#8217;s mission in the afternoon
+was what it was represented to be, it becomes quite intelligible why the
+writer of the draft should be inclined to leave it unnoticed. It was an
+investigation made by men who were afraid of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> being blown up, but almost
+as much afraid of being made fools of by searching for gunpowder which
+had no existence, upon the authority of a letter notoriously ambiguous.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;And so,&#8221; wrote Salisbury, in the letter despatched to the
+ambassadors on the 9th,<small><a name="f208.1" id="f208.1" href="#f208">[208]</a></small> &#8220;on Monday in the afternoon,
+accordingly the Lord Chamberlain, whose office is to see all places
+of assembly put in readiness when the King&#8217;s person shall come,
+took his coach privately, and after he had seen all other places in
+the Parliament House, he took a slight occasion to peruse that
+vault, where, finding only piles of billets and faggots heaped up,
+which were things very ordinarily placed in that room, his Lordship
+fell inquiring only who ought<small><a name="f209.1" id="f209.1" href="#f209">[209]</a></small> the same wood, observing the
+proportion to be somewhat more than the housekeepers were likely to
+lay in for their own use; and answer being made before the Lord
+Monteagle, who was there present with the Lord Chamberlain, that
+the wood belonged to Mr. Percy, his Lordship straightway conceived
+some suspicion in regard of his person; and the Lord Monteagle also
+took notice that there was great profession between Percy and him,
+from which some inference might be made that it was a warning from
+a friend, my Lord Chamberlain resolved absolutely to proceed in a
+search, though no other materials were visible, and being returned
+to court about five o&#8217;clock took me up with him to the King and
+told him that, although he was hard of belief that any such thing
+was thought of, yet in such a case as this whatsoever was not done
+to put all out of doubt, was as good as nothing, whereupon it was
+resolved by his Majesty that this matter should <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>be so carried as
+no man should be scandalised by it, nor any alarm taken for any
+such purpose.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Even if it be credible that Salisbury had invented all this, it is
+incredible that if he alone had been the depository of the secret, he
+should not have done something to put other officials on the right
+track, or have put into the foreground his own clear-sightedness in the
+matter.</p>
+
+<p>The last question necessary to deal with relates to the unimportant
+point where Fawkes was when he was arrested.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;To say nothing,&#8221; writes Father Gerard, &#8220;of the curious
+discrepancies as to the date of the warning, it is clearly
+impossible to determine the locality of Guy&#8217;s arrest. The account
+officially published in the &#8216;King&#8217;s Book,&#8217; says that this took
+place in the street. The letter to the ambassadors assigns it to
+the cellar and afterwards to the street; that to Parry to the
+cellar only. Fawkes himself, in his confession of November 5, says
+that he was apprehended neither in the street nor in the cellar,
+but in his own room in the adjoining house. Chamberlain writes to
+Carleton, November 7, that it was in the cellar. Howes, in his
+continuation of Stowes&#8217; <i>Annals</i>, describes two arrests of Fawkes,
+one in the street, the other in his own chamber. This point, though
+seemingly somewhat trivial, has been invested with much importance.
+According to a time-honoured story, the baffled desperado roundly
+declared that had he been within reach of the powder when his
+captors appeared, he would have applied a match and involved them
+in his own destruction.&#8221;<small><a name="f210.1" id="f210.1" href="#f210">[210]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>This passage deserves to be studied, if only as a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>good example of the
+way in which historical investigation ought not to be conducted, that is
+to say, by reading into the evidence what, according to preconception of
+the inquirer, he thinks ought to be there, but is not there at all. In
+plain language, the words &#8216;cellar&#8217; and &#8216;street&#8217; are not mentioned in any
+one of the documents cited by Father Gerard. There is no doubt a
+discrepancy, but it is not one between these two localities. The
+statements quoted by Father Gerard in favour of a capture in the
+&#8216;cellar&#8217; merely say that it was effected &#8216;in the place.&#8217; The letter of
+the 9th says &#8216;in the place itself,&#8217;<small><a name="f211.1" id="f211.1" href="#f211">[211]</a></small> and this is copied from the
+draft of the 6th. Chamberlain says<small><a name="f212.1" id="f212.1" href="#f212">[212]</a></small> that Fawkes was &#8216;taken making
+his trains at midnight,&#8217; but does not say where. Is it necessary to
+interpret this as meaning the &#8216;cellar&#8217;? There was, as we know, a door
+out of the &#8216;cellar&#8217; into the passage, and probably a door opposite into
+Percy&#8217;s house. If Fawkes were arrested in this passage as he was coming
+out of the cellar and going into the house, or even if he had come out
+of the passage into the head of the court, he might very well be said to
+have been arrested &#8216;in the place itself,&#8217; in contradistinction to a
+place a few streets off.</p>
+
+<p>The only real difficulty is how to reconcile this account of the arrest,
+with Fawkes&#8217;s own statement on his first examination on November 5, when
+he said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>&#8220;That he meant
+to have fired the same by a match, and saith that he had touchwood and a match also, about eight or nine inches long,
+about him, and when they came to apprehend him he threw the
+touchwood and match out of the window in his chamber near the
+Parliament House towards the waterside.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Fawkes, indeed, was not truthful in his early examinations, but he had
+no inducement to invent this story, and it may be noted that whenever
+the accounts which have reached us go into details invariably they speak
+of two separate actions connected with the arrest. The draft to Parry,
+indeed, only speaks of the first apprehension, but the draft of the
+narrative which finally appeared in the King&#8217;s Book<small><a name="f213.1" id="f213.1" href="#f213">[213]</a></small> says that
+Knyvet &#8216;finding the same party with whom the Lord Chamberlain before and
+the Lord Monteagle had spoken newly, come out of the vault, made stay of
+him.&#8217; Then Knyvet goes into the vault and discovers the powder.
+&#8220;Whereupon the caitiff being surely seized, made no difficulty to
+confess, &amp;c.&#8221;<small><a name="f214.1" id="f214.1" href="#f214">[214]</a></small> The letter to the ambassadors<small><a name="f215.1" id="f215.1" href="#f215">[215]</a></small> tells the same
+story. Knyvet going into the vault &#8216;found that fellow Johnson newly come
+out of the vault, and without asking any more questions stayed him.&#8217;
+Then after the search &#8216;he perceived the barrels and so bound the caitiff
+fast.&#8217; The King&#8217;s Book itself separates at least the &#8216;apprehending&#8217; from
+the searching.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;But before his entry into the house finding Thomas Percy&#8217;s alleged
+man standing without the doors,<small><a name="f216.1" id="f216.1" href="#f216">[216]</a></small> his <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>clothes and boots on at
+so dead a time of the night, he resolved to apprehend him, as he
+did, and thereafter went forward to the searching of the house ...
+and thereafter, searching the fellow whom he had taken, found three
+matches, and all other instruments fit for blowing up the powder
+ready upon him.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>All these are cast more or less in the same mould. On the other hand, a
+story, in all probability emanating from Knyvet, which Howes
+interpolated in a narrative based on the official account, gives a
+possibility of reconciling the usual account of the arrest with the one
+told by Fawkes. After telling, after the fashion of the King&#8217;s Book, of
+Fawkes&#8217; apprehension and Knyvet&#8217;s search, he bursts on a sudden into a
+narrative of which no official document gives the slightest hint:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;And upon the hearing of some noise Sir T. Knyvet required Master
+Edmond Doubleday, Esq.<small><a name="f217.1" id="f217.1" href="#f217">[217]</a></small> to go up into the chamber to understand
+the cause thereof, the which he did, and had there some speech of
+Fawkes, being therewithal very desirous to search and see what
+books or instruments Fawkes had about him; but Fawkes being
+wondrous unwilling to be searched, very violently griped M[aster]
+Doubleday by his fingers of the left hand, through pain thereof
+Ma[ster] Doubleday offered to draw his dagger to have stabbed
+Fawkes, but suddenly better bethought himself and did not; yet in
+that heat he struck up the traitor&#8217;s heels and therewithal fell
+upon him and searched him, and in his pocket found his garters,
+wherewith <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>M[aster] Doubleday and others that assisted they bound
+him. There was also found in his pocket a piece of touchwood, and a
+tinder box to light the touchwood and a watch which Percy and
+Fawkes had bought the day before, to try conclusions for the long
+or short burning of the touchwood, which he had prepared to give
+fire to the train of powder.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Surely this life-like presentation of the scene comes from no other than
+Doubleday himself, as he is the hero of the little scene. Knyvet plainly
+had not bound Fawkes when he &#8216;stayed&#8217; or &#8216;apprehended&#8217; him. He must have
+given him in charge of some of his men, who for greater safety&#8217;s sake
+took him out of the passage or the court&mdash;whichever it was&mdash;into his own
+chamber within the house. Then a noise is heard, and Knyvet, having not
+yet concluded the examination, sends Doubleday to find out what is
+happening, with the result we have seen. When Knyvet arrives on the
+scene, he has Fawkes more securely bound than with a pair of garters.
+The only discrepancy remaining is between Fawkes&#8217;s statement that he
+threw touchwood and match out of window, and Doubleday&#8217;s that the
+touchwood at least was found in his pocket. Perhaps Doubleday meant only
+that the touchwood thrown out came from Fawkes&#8217;s pocket. Perhaps there
+is some other explanation. After all, this is too trivial a matter to
+trouble ourselves about.</p>
+
+<p>Wearisome as these details are, they at least bring once more into
+relief the hesitancy which characterises<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> every action of the Government
+till the powder is actually discovered. Though Fawkes has been seen by
+Suffolk in the afternoon, no preparations are made for his arrest.
+Knyvet does not even bring cord with him to tie the wrists of a possible
+conspirator, and when Doubleday at last proceeds to bind him, he has to
+rely upon the garters found in his pocket. It is but one out of many
+indications which point to the conclusion that the members of the
+Government had nothing to guide their steps but an uncertain light in
+which they put little confidence. Taken together with the revelations of
+their ignorance as to the whereabouts of the plotters after Fawkes&#8217;s
+capture had been effected, it almost irresistibly proves that they had
+no better information to rest on than the obscure communication which
+had been handed to Monteagle at Hoxton. As I have said before, the truth
+of the ordinary account of the plot would not be in the slightest degree
+affected if Salisbury had known of it six weeks or six months earlier. I
+feel certain, however, that he had no such previous knowledge, because,
+if he had, he would have impressed on the action of his colleagues the
+greater energy which springs from certainty. It is strange, no doubt,
+that a Government with so many spies and intelligencers afoot, should
+not have been aware of what was passing in the Old Palace of
+Westminster. It was, however, not the first or the last time that
+governments, keeping a watchful eye on the ends of the earth, have been
+in complete ignorance of what was passing under their noses.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+<h3>THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CATHOLICS</h3>
+
+<p><br />Having thus disposed of Father Gerard&#8217;s assaults on the general truth of
+the accepted narrative of the Plot, we can raise ourselves into a larger
+air, and trace the causes leading or driving the Government into
+measures which persuaded such brave and constant natures to see an act
+of righteous vengeance in what has seemed to their own and subsequent
+ages, a deed of atrocious villainy. Is it true, we may fairly ask, that
+these measures were such as no honourable man could in that age have
+adopted, and which it is therefore necessary to trace to the vilest of
+all origins&mdash;the desire of a half-successful statesman to root himself
+in place and power?</p>
+
+<p>It would, indeed, be difficult to deny that the feeling of advanced
+English Protestants towards the Papal Church was one of doctrinal and
+moral estrangement. They held that the teaching of that church was false
+and even idolatrous, and they were quite ready to use the power of the
+state to extirpate a falsity so pernicious. On the other hand, the
+priests, Jesuits, and others, who flocked to England with their lives in
+their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> hands, were filled with the joy of those whose work it is to
+disseminate eternal truths, and to rescue souls, lost in heresy, from
+spiritual destruction.</p>
+
+<p>The statesman, whether in his own person aggressively Protestant or not,
+was forced to consider this antagonism from a different point of view.
+The outbreak against Rome which had marked the sixteenth century had
+only partially a doctrinal significance. It meant also the desire of the
+laity to lower the authority of the clergy. Before the Reformation the
+clergy owed a great part of their power to the organisation which
+centred in Rome, and the only way to weaken that organisation, was to
+strengthen the national organisation which centred in the crown. Hence
+those notions of the Divine Right of Kings and of <i>Cujus regio ejus
+religio</i>, which, however theoretically indefensible, marked a stage of
+progress in the world&#8217;s career. The question whether, in the days of
+Elizabeth, England should accept the authority of the Pope or the
+authority of the Queen, was political as much as religious, and it is no
+wonder that Roman Catholics when they burnt Protestants, they placed the
+religious aspect of the quarrel in the foreground; nor that Protestants
+when they hanged and disembowelled Roman Catholics, placed the political
+aspect in the foreground. As a matter of fact, these were but two sides
+of the shield. Protestants who returned to the Papal Church not merely
+signified the acceptance of certain doctrines which they had formerly
+renounced, but also accepted a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> different view of the relations between
+Church and State, and denied the sufficiency of the national Government
+to decide finally on all causes, ecclesiastical and civil, without
+appeal. If the religious teaching of the Reformed Church fell, a whole
+system of earthly government would fall with it.</p>
+
+<p>To the Elizabethan statesman therefore the missionary priests who
+flocked over from the continent constituted the gravest danger for the
+State as well as for the Church. He was not at the bottom of his heart a
+persecutor. Neither Elizabeth nor her chief advisers, though, even in
+the early part of the reign, inflicting sharp penalties for the denial
+of the royal supremacy, would willingly have put men to death because
+they held the doctrine of transubstantiation, or any other doctrine
+which had found favour with the Council of Trent; but after 1570 they
+could not forget that Pius V. had excommunicated the Queen, and had, as
+far as his words could reach, released her subjects from the bond of
+obedience. Hence those excuses that, in enforcing the Recusancy laws
+against the Catholic laity, and, in putting Catholic priests to death as
+traitors, Elizabeth and her ministers were actuated by purely political
+motives. It was not exactly the whole truth, but there was a good deal
+more of truth in it than Roman Catholic writers are inclined to admit.</p>
+
+<p>It was in this school of statesmanship that Sir Robert Cecil&mdash;as he was
+in Elizabeth&#8217;s reign&mdash;had been brought up, and it was hardly likely that
+he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> would be willing to act otherwise than his father had done. It was,
+indeed, hard to see how the quarrel was to be lifted out of the groove
+into which it had sunk. How could statesmen be assured that, if the
+priests and Jesuits were allowed to extend their religious influence
+freely, the result would not be the destruction of the existing
+political system? That Cecil would have solved the problem is in any
+case most unlikely. It was, perhaps, too difficult to be as yet solved
+by any one, and Cecil was no man of genius to lead his age. Yet there
+were two things which made for improvement. In the first place, the
+English Government was immensely stronger at Elizabeth&#8217;s death than it
+had been at her accession, and those who sat at the helm could therefore
+regard, with some amount of equanimity, dangers that had appalled their
+predecessors forty-five years before. The other cause for hope lay in
+the accession of a new sovereign; James had never been the subject of
+Papal excommunication as Elizabeth had been, and was consequently not
+personally committed to extreme views.</p>
+
+<p>James&#8217;s character and actions lend themselves so easily to the
+caricaturist, and so much that he did was the result either of egotistic
+vanity or of a culpable reluctance to take trouble, that it is difficult
+to give him credit for the good qualities that he really possessed. Yet
+hazy as his opinions in many respects were, it is easy to trace through
+his whole career a tolerably consistent principle. He would have been
+pleased to put an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> end, not indeed to the religious dispute, but to the
+political antagonism between those who were divided in religion, and
+would gladly have laid aside the weapon of persecution for that of
+argument. The two chief actions of his reign in England were the attempt
+to secure religious peace for his own dominions by an understanding with
+the Pope, and the attempt to secure a cessation of religious wars in
+Europe by an understanding with the King of Spain. In both cases is
+revealed a desire to obtain the co-operation of the leader of the party
+opposed to himself. Of course it is possible, perhaps even right, to say
+that this line of action was hopeless from the beginning, as involving
+too sanguine an estimate of the conciliatory feelings of those for whose
+co-operation he was looking. All that we are here concerned with is to
+point out that James brought with him ideas on the subject of the
+relations between an English&mdash;and, for the matter of that, a
+Scottish&mdash;king and the papacy, which were very different from those in
+which Cecil had been trained.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, James&#8217;s ideas, even when they had the element of
+greatness in them, never lifted him into greatness. He looked upon large
+principles in a small way, usually regarding them through the medium of
+his own interests. The doctrine that the national government ought to be
+supreme, took in his mind the shape of a belief that his personal
+government ought to be supreme. When in Scotland he sought an
+understanding with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> Pope, his own succession to the English Crown
+occupied the foreground, and the advantage of having the English
+Catholics on his side made him eager to strike a bargain. On the other
+hand, he refused to strike that bargain unless his own independent
+position were fully recognised. When, in 1599, he despatched Edward
+Drummond to Italy, he instructed him to do everything in his power to
+procure the elevation of a Scottish Bishop of Vaison to the Cardinalate,
+in order that he might advocate his interests at Rome. Yet he refused to
+write directly to the Pope himself, merely because he objected to
+address him as &#8216;Holy Father.&#8217;<small><a name="f218.1" id="f218.1" href="#f218">[218]</a></small> It was hardly the precise objection
+that would have been taken by a man of greater practical ability.</p>
+
+<p>Nor was it only on niceties of this sort that James&#8217;s desire to come to
+some sort of understanding with the Pope was likely to be wrecked. His
+correspondence with Cecil during the last years of Elizabeth, shows how
+little he had grasped the special difficulties of the situation, whilst
+on the other hand it throws light on the shades of difference between
+himself and his future minister. In a letter written to Cecil in the
+spring of 1602, James objects to the immediate conclusion of a peace
+with Spain on three grounds, the last being that the &#8216;Jesuits, seminary
+priests, and that rabble, wherewith England is already too much
+infected, would then resort there in such swarms as the caterpillars or
+flies did in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>Egypt, no man any more abhorring them, since the Spanish
+practices was the greatest crime that ever they were attainted of, which
+now by this peace will utterly be forgotten.&#8217;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;And now,&#8221; he proceeds, &#8220;since I am upon this subject, let the
+proofs ye have had of my loving confidence in you plead for an
+excuse to my plainness, if I freely show you that I greatly wonder
+from whence it can proceed that not only so great a flock of
+Jesuits and priests dare both resort and remain in England, but so
+proudly do use their functions through all the parts of England
+without any controlment or punishment these divers years past: it
+is true that for remedy thereof there is a proclamation lately set
+forth, but blame me not for longing to hear of the exemplary
+execution thereof, <i>ne sit lex mortua</i>. I know it may be justly
+thought that I have the like beam in my own eye, but alas, it is a
+far more barbarous and stiffnecked people that I rule over. St.
+George surely rides upon a towardly riding horse, where I am daily
+bursting in daunting a wild unruly colt, and I protest in God&#8217;s
+presence the daily increase that I hear of popery in England, and
+the proud vauntery that the papists makes daily there of their
+power, their increase, and their combined faction, that none shall
+enter to be King there but by their permission; this their
+bragging, I say, is the cause that moves me, in the zeal of my
+religion, and in that natural love I owe to England, to break forth
+in this digression, and to forewarn you of these apparent evils.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>To this Cecil replied as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;For the matter of priests, I will also clearly deliver your
+Majesty my mind. I condemn their doctrine, I detest their
+conversation, and I foresee the peril which <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>the exercise of their
+function may bring to this island, only I confess that I shrink to
+see them die by dozens, when (at the last gasp) they come so near
+loyalty, only because I remember that mine own voice, amongst
+others, to the law (for their death) in Parliament, was led by no
+other principle than that they were absolute seducers of the people
+from temporal obedience, and consequent persuaders to rebellion,
+and which is more, because that law had a retrospective to all
+priests made twenty years before. But contrary-wise for that
+generation of vipers (the Jesuits) who make no more ordinary
+merchandise of anything than of the blood and crowns of princes, I
+am so far from any compassion, as I rather look to receive
+commandment from you to abstain than prosecute.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>This plain language drove James to reconsider his position.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;The fear,&#8221; he replied, &#8220;I have to be mistaken by you in that part
+of my last letter wherein I discover the desire I have to see the
+last edict against Jesuits and priests put in execution; the fear,
+I say, of your misconstruing my meaning hereon (as appears by your
+answer), enforceth me in the very throng of my greatest affairs to
+pen by post an answer and clear resolution of my intention. I did
+ever hate alike both extremities in any case, only allowing the
+midst for virtue, as by my book now lately published doth plainly
+appear. The like course do I hold in this particular. I will never
+allow in my conscience that the blood of any man shall be shed for
+diversity of opinions in religion, but I would be sorry that
+Catholics should so multiply as they might be able to practise
+their old principles upon us. I will never agree that any should
+die for error in faith against the first table, but I think they
+should not be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> permitted to commit works of rebellion against the
+second table. I would be sorry by the sword to diminish their
+number, but I would also be loth that, by so great connivance and
+oversight given unto them, their numbers should so increase in that
+land as by continual multiplication they might at least become
+masters, having already such a settled monarchy amongst them, as
+their archpriest with his twelve apostles keeping their terms in
+London, and judging all questions as well civil as spiritual
+amongst all Catholics. It is for preventing of their multiplying,
+and new set up empire, that I long to see the execution of the last
+edict against them, not that thereby I wish to have their heads
+divided from their bodies, but that I would be glad to have both
+their heads and bodies separated from this whole island and safely
+transported beyond seas, where they may freely glut themselves upon
+their imaginated gods. No! I am so far from any intention of
+persecution, as I protest to God I reverence their Church as our
+Mother Church, although clogged with many infirmities and
+corruptions, besides that I did ever hold persecution as one of the
+infallible notes of a false church. I only wish that such order
+might be taken as the land might be purged of such great flocks of
+them that daily diverts the souls of many from the sincerity of the
+Gospel, and withal, that some means might be found for debarring
+their entry again, at least in so great swarms. And as for the
+distinction of their ranks, I mean between the Jesuits and the
+secular priests, although I deny not that the Jesuits, like venomed
+wasps and firebrands of sedition, are far more intolerable than the
+other sort that seem to profess loyalty, yet is their so plausible
+profession the more to be distrusted that like married women or
+minors, whose vows are ever subject to the controlment of their
+husbands and tutors,<small><a name="f219.1" id="f219.1" href="#f219">[219]</a></small>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> their consciences must ever be commanded
+and overruled by their Romish god as it pleases him to allow or
+revoke their conclusions.&#8221;<small><a name="f220.1" id="f220.1" href="#f220">[220]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>The agreement and disagreement between the two writers is easily traced
+in these words. Both are averse to persecute for religion. Both are
+afraid lest the extension of the firmly organised Roman Church should be
+dangerous to the State as well as to religion. On the other hand, whilst
+Cecil is content to plod on in the old ways, James vaguely adumbrates
+some scheme by which the priests, being banished, might be kept from
+returning, and thus the chance of a dangerous growth of their religion
+being averted, it would be possible to protect the existing forms of
+government without having recourse to the old persecuting laws. We feel,
+in reading James&#8217;s words, that we are reading the phrases of a pedant
+who has not imagination enough to see how his scheme would work out in
+real life; but at all events we have before us, as we so often have in
+James&#8217;s writings, a glimpse of new possibilities, and a desire to escape
+from old entanglements.</p>
+
+<p>With such ideas floating in his mind, and with a strong desire to gain
+the support of the English Catholics to his succession, James may easily
+have given assurances to Thomas Percy of an intention to extend
+toleration to the English Catholics, which may have overrun his own
+somewhat fluid intentions, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>may very well have been interpreted as
+meaning more than his words literally meant. James&#8217;s engagement to
+Percy&#8217;s master, Northumberland, was certainly not devoid of ambiguity.
+&#8220;As for the Catholics,&#8221; he wrote, &#8220;I will neither persecute any that
+will be quiet and give but an outward obedience to the law, neither will
+I spare to advance any of them that will by good service worthily
+deserve it.&#8221;<small><a name="f221.1" id="f221.1" href="#f221">[221]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>When James reached England in 1603 he seemed inclined to carry out his
+intentions. He is reported, at least, to have told Cecil in June that
+the fines were not to be levied, adding that he did not wish to make
+merchandise of consciences, nor to set a price on faith. Yet, in spite
+of this, the meshes of the administrative system closed him in, and the
+fines continued to be collected.<small><a name="f222.1" id="f222.1" href="#f222">[222]</a></small> The result was the conspiracy of
+Copley and others, including Watson, a secular priest. This foolish plot
+was, however, betrayed to the Government by some of the Roman Catholic
+clergy, who were wise enough to see that any violence attempted against
+James would only serve to aggravate their lot.</p>
+
+<p>The discovery that there were those amongst the priests who were ready
+to oppose disloyalty quickened James to carry out his earlier intention.
+On June 17 he informed Rosny, the French ambassador, of his intention to
+remit the recusancy fines, and, after some hesitation, he resolved to
+put his engagement in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>execution. On July 17, 1603, he allowed a
+deputation from the leading Catholics to be heard by the Privy Council
+in his own presence, and assured them that as long as they remained
+loyal subjects their fines would be remitted. If they would obey the
+law&mdash;in other words, if they would soil their consciences by attending
+church&mdash;the highest offices in the State should be open to them.<small><a name="f223.1" id="f223.1" href="#f223">[223]</a></small>
+The assurance thus given was at once carried out as far as possible. The
+20<i>l.</i> fines ceased, and the greater part of the two-thirds of the rents
+of convicted recusants were no longer required. If some of the latter
+were still paid, it is probable that this was only done in cases in
+which the rents had been granted to lessees on a fixed payment to the
+Crown by contracts which could not be broken.</p>
+
+<p>Obviously there were two ways in which attempts might be made to obviate
+danger from Catholic disloyalty. Individual Catholics might be won over
+to confidence in the Government by the redress of personal grievances,
+or the Pope, as the head of the Catholic organisation, might be induced
+to prohibit conspiracies as likely to injure rather than to advance the
+cause which he had at heart. It is unnecessary to say that the latter
+was a more delicate operation than the former.</p>
+
+<p>An opening, indeed, had been already given. When James refused to sign a
+letter to Pope Clement VIII., on the ground that he could not address
+him as &#8216;Holy <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>Father,&#8217;<small><a name="f224.1" id="f224.1" href="#f224">[224]</a></small> his secretary, Elphinstone, surreptitiously
+procured his signature, and sent it off without his knowledge.<small><a name="f225.1" id="f225.1" href="#f225">[225]</a></small>
+Clement, therefore, was under the impression that he had received a
+genuine overture from James, and replied by a complimentary letter,
+which he intrusted to Sir James Lindsay, a Scottish Catholic then in
+Rome. In 1602 Lindsay reached Scotland, and delivered his letter. As he
+was to return to Rome, James instructed him to ask Clement to excuse him
+for not writing in reply, and for being unable to accept some proposal
+contained in the Pope&#8217;s letters, the reasons in both cases having been
+verbally communicated to Lindsay. Finally, Lindsay was to assure Clement
+that James was resolved to observe two obligations inviolably. In the
+first place he would openly and without hypocrisy declare his opinion,
+especially in such matters as bore upon religion and conscience. In the
+second place, that his opinion might not be too obstinate where reason
+declared against it, he would, laying aside all prejudice, admit
+whatever could be clearly proved by the laws and reason.<small><a name="f226.1" id="f226.1" href="#f226">[226]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>It is no wonder that James had rejected the Pope&#8217;s proposal, as Clement
+had not only offered to oppose all James&#8217;s competitors for the English
+succession, but had declared his readiness to send him money on
+condition that he would give up his eldest son to be educated as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>Clement might direct.<small><a name="f227.1" id="f227.1" href="#f227">[227]</a></small> That such a proposal should have been made
+ought to have warned James that it was hopeless to attempt to come to an
+understanding with the Pope on terms satisfactory to a Protestant
+Government. For a time no more was heard of the matter. Lindsay was
+taken ill, and was unable to start before James was firmly placed on the
+English throne.</p>
+
+<p>The announcement to the lay Catholics that their fines would be remitted
+had been preluded by invitations to James to come to terms with the
+authorities of the Papal Church. Del Bufalo, Bishop of Camerino, the
+Nuncio at Paris, despatched a certain Degl&#8217; Effetti to England in
+Rosny&#8217;s train, to feel the way, and the Nuncio at Brussels sent over his
+secretary, Sandrino, to inquire, though apparently without the sanction
+of the Pope himself, whether James would be willing to receive a
+&#8216;<i>legate</i>,&#8217;<small><a name="f228.1" id="f228.1" href="#f228">[228]</a></small> which may probably be interpreted merely as a
+negotiator, not as a &#8216;legate&#8217; in the full sense of the term. On July
+11/21, Del Bufalo, writing to Cardinal Aldobrandino, reports that the
+strongest argument used by James against toleration for the Catholics
+was, that if they were allowed to live in Catholic fashion <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>they must
+obey the Pope, and consequently disobey the King; whilst those who were
+favourable to toleration were of opinion that this argument would be
+deprived of strength if James could be assured that the Pope might
+remove this impediment by commanding Catholics under the highest
+possible penalty, to make oath of fidelity and obedience to his Majesty.
+When this reached Rome the following note was written on it in the
+Pope&#8217;s hand:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;It is rather heresy which leads to disobedience. The Catholic
+religion teaches obedience to Princes, and defends them. As to
+reaching the King&#8217;s ears, we shall be glad to do so, and we wish
+him to know with what longing for the safety<small><a name="f229.1" id="f229.1" href="#f229">[229]</a></small> and quiet of
+himself and his kingdom we have proceeded and are proceeding. It is
+our conscientious desire so to proceed as we have written to one
+king and the other.&#8221;<small><a name="f230.1" id="f230.1" href="#f230">[230]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>As the letter referred to must have been the one in which Clement asked
+to have the education of Prince Henry, this note does not sound very
+promising. Nor was James&#8217;s language, on the other hand, such as would be
+counted satisfactory at Rome. After his return from England Rosny
+informed Del Bufalo that James had assured him that he would not
+persecute the Catholics as long as they did not trouble the realm, and
+had praised the Pope as a temporal sovereign, adding <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>that if he could
+find a way of agreeing with him he would gladly adopt it, provided that
+he might remain at the head of his own Church.<small><a name="f231.1" id="f231.1" href="#f231">[231]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>A letter written on August 8/18, by Barneby, a priest recently liberated
+from prison, to Del Bufalo, throws further light on the situation. From
+this it appears that what the Nuncio at Brussels had proposed was not
+the sending of a fully authorised legate to England, but merely the
+appointment of someone who, being a layman, would, without offending
+James&#8217;s susceptibility, be at hand to plead the cause of the Catholics
+and to give account of anything relating to their interests. We are thus
+able to understand how it was that the Nuncio had made the proposal
+without special orders from the Pope. More germane to the present
+inquiry is the account given by Barneby of James&#8217;s own position:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;For though,&#8221; he writes, &#8220;it is certain that his Majesty
+conscientiously follows a religion contrary to us, and will
+therefore, as he says, never suffer his subjects to exercise
+lawfully and freely any other religion than his own&mdash;and that, both
+on account of his civil position, as on account of certain reasons
+and considerations relating to his conscience&mdash;nevertheless he
+openly promises to persecute no one on the ground of religion. And
+this he has so far happily begun to carry out with great honour to
+himself, and with the greatest joy advantage and pleasure to
+ourselves, though some of our most truculent enemies revolt,
+desiring that nothing but fine and sword may be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>used against us.
+What will happen in the end I can hardly imagine before the meeting
+of Parliament.<small><a name="f232.1" id="f232.1" href="#f232">[232]</a></small>&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>As far as it is possible to disengage James&#8217;s real intentions from these
+words, it would seem that he had positively declared against liberty of
+worship, but that he would not levy the legal fines for not going to
+church on those who remained obedient subjects. Did he mean to wink at
+the Mass being said in the private houses of the recusants, or at the
+activity of the priests in making converts? These were the questions he
+would have to face before he was out of his difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>On the other side of the channel Del Bufalo was doing his best to convey
+assurances to James of the Pope&#8217;s desire to keep the English Catholics
+in obedience. With this view he communicated with James&#8217;s ambassador in
+Paris, Sir Thomas Parry, who on August 20, gave an account of the matter
+to Cecil:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;The Pope&#8217;s Nuncio,&#8221; he wrote, &#8220;sent me a message, the effect
+whereof was that he had received authority and a mandate from Rome
+to call out of the King our master&#8217;s dominions the factious and
+turbulent priests and Jesuits, and that, at M. de Rosny&#8217;s<small><a name="f233.1" id="f233.1" href="#f233">[233]</a></small>
+passage into the realm, he had advertised them thereof by a
+gentleman of his train, and that he was desirous to continue that
+service to the King, and further to stop such as at Rome shall move
+any suit with any such intent, and would advertise his Majesty of
+it; that he had stayed two English monks in that city whose names
+he sent me in writing, who had procured heretofore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> faculty from
+thence to negotiate in England among the Catholics for such bad
+purposes; that not long since a petition had been exhibited to the
+Pope for assistance of the English Catholics with money promising
+to effect great matters for advancement of the Catholic cause upon
+receipt thereof; that his Holiness had rejected the petition and
+sharply rebuked the movers; that he would no more allow those
+turbulent courses to trouble the politic governments of Christian
+Princes, but by charitable ways of conference and exhortation seek
+to reduce them to unity. Lastly his request was to have this
+message related to the King, offering for the first trial of his
+sincere meaning that, if there remained any in his dominions,
+priest or Jesuit, or other busy Catholic, whom he had intelligence
+of for a practice in the state which could not be found out, upon
+advertisement of the names he would find means that by
+ecclesiastical censures they should be delivered unto his
+justice.&#8221;<small><a name="f234.1" id="f234.1" href="#f234">[234]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>The last words are somewhat vague, and as we have not the Nuncio&#8217;s own
+words, but merely Parry&#8217;s report of them, we cannot be absolutely
+certain what were the exact terms offered, or how far they went beyond
+the offers previously made by the Nuncio at Brussels.<small><a name="f235.1" id="f235.1" href="#f235">[235]</a></small> Nor does a
+letter written by the Nuncio to the King on Sept. 19/29, throw any light
+on the subject, as Del Bufalo confines himself to general expressions of
+the duty of Catholics to obey the King.<small><a name="f236.1" id="f236.1" href="#f236">[236]</a></small> That the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>Nuncio&#8217;s
+proposals met with considerable resistance among James&#8217;s councillors is
+not only probable in itself, but is shown by the length of time which
+intervened before an answer was despatched at the end of November or the
+beginning of December.<small><a name="f237.1" id="f237.1" href="#f237">[237]</a></small> The covered language with which Cecil opened
+the despatch in which he forwarded to Parry the letter giving the King&#8217;s
+authorisation to the ambassador to treat with the Nuncio, leaves no
+doubt as to his own feelings.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;But now, Sir,&#8221; writes Cecil, &#8220;I am to deliver you his Majesty&#8217;s
+pleasure concerning a matter of more importance, though for mine
+own part it is so tender as I could have wished I had little dealt
+in it; not that the King doth not most prudently manage it, as you
+see, but because envious men suspect verity itself.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Parry, Cecil went on to say, was to offer to the Nuncio a Latin
+translation of the King&#8217;s letter, and also to give him a copy of the
+instructions formerly given to Sir James Lindsay. The object of this was
+to prevent Lindsay from going beyond them. Cecil then proceeds to hint
+that Lindsay, who was now at last about to start from Italy, would not
+have been allowed to meddle further in the business but that it would
+disgrace him if he were deprived of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>mission with which he had
+formerly been intrusted. The main negotiation, however, was to pass
+between Parry and the Nuncio, though only by means of a third person;
+and, as a matter of fact, Lindsay did not start for many months to come.</p>
+
+<p>So far as concerns us, the King&#8217;s letter accepts the Pope&#8217;s objections
+to the sending of a &#8216;legatus,&#8217; as he would be unable to show him proper
+respect; and then proceeds to contrast the Catholics who are animated by
+pure religious zeal with those who have revolutionary designs. With
+respect to both of these he professes his readiness to deal in such a
+way that neither the Pope nor any right-minded or sane man shall be able
+to take objection. In an earlier part of the letter he had assumed that
+the Pope was prepared actually to excommunicate those Catholics who were
+of an unquiet and turbulent disposition. Whether this were justified or
+not by the Nuncio&#8217;s words, it was an exceedingly large assumption that
+the Pope would bind himself to excommunicate Catholics practically at
+the bidding of a Protestant king.</p>
+
+<p>On or about December 4/14, 1604, the King&#8217;s letter was forwarded by the
+Nuncio to Rome.<small><a name="f238.1" id="f238.1" href="#f238">[238]</a></small> Nor did James confine his assurances to mere words.
+A person who left England on January 11,<small><a name="f239.1" id="f239.1" href="#f239">[239]</a></small> 1604, assured the Nuncio
+that peaceful Catholics were living quietly, and that those who were
+devout were able &#8216;to serve God according<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> to their consciences without
+any danger.&#8217; He himself, he added, could bear witness to this, as,
+during the whole time he had been in London, he had heard mass daily in
+the house of one Catholic or another.<small><a name="f240.1" id="f240.1" href="#f240">[240]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>This idyllic state of things&mdash;from the Roman Catholic point of view&mdash;was
+soon to come to an end. Clement VIII. refused, at least for the present,
+either to send a representative to England or to promise to call off
+turbulent persons under pain of excommunication.<small><a name="f241.1" id="f241.1" href="#f241">[241]</a></small> Possibly nothing
+else was to be expected, as the idea of turning the Pope into a kind of
+spiritual policeman was not a happy one. Still, it is easy to understand
+that James must have felt mortified at the Pope&#8217;s failure to respond to
+his overtures, and it is easy, also, to understand that Cecil would take
+advantage of the King&#8217;s irritation for furthering his own aims. Nor were
+other influences wanting to move James in the same direction. Sir
+Anthony Standen had lately returned from a mission to Italy, and had
+brought with him certain relics as a present to the Queen, who was a
+Roman Catholic, and had entered into communication with Father Persons.
+Still more disquieting was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>it that a census of recusants showed that
+their numbers had very considerably increased since the King&#8217;s
+accession. No doubt many of those who apparently figured as new converts
+were merely persons who had concealed their religion as long as it was
+unsafe to avow it, and who made open profession of it when no unpleasant
+consequences were to be expected; but there can also be little doubt
+that the number of genuine conversions had been very large. From the
+Roman Catholic point of view, this was a happy result of a purely
+religious nature. From the point of view of an Elizabethan statesman, it
+constituted a grave political danger. It is unnecessary here to discuss
+the first principles of religious toleration. It is enough to say that
+no Pope had reprimanded Philip II. for refusing to allow the spread of
+Protestantism in his dominions, and that James&#8217;s councillors, as well as
+James himself, might fairly come to the conclusion that if the Roman
+Catholics of England increased in future years as rapidly as they had
+increased in the first year of the reign, it would not be long before a
+Pope would be found ready to launch against James the excommunication
+which had been launched against Elizabeth, and that his throne would be
+shaken, together with that national independence which that throne
+implied.</p>
+
+<p>For the time James&mdash;pushed hard by his councillors,<small><a name="f242.1" id="f242.1" href="#f242">[242]</a></small> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>as he
+was&mdash;might fancy that he had found a compromise. There was to be no
+enforcement of the recusancy laws against the laity, but on February 22,
+1604, a proclamation was issued ordering the banishment of the
+priests<small><a name="f243.1" id="f243.1" href="#f243">[243]</a></small>. It was not a compromise likely to be of long endurance.
+For our purposes the most important of its results was that it produced
+the Gunpowder Plot. A few days after its issue that meeting of the five
+conspirators took place behind St. Clement&#8217;s, at which they received the
+sacrament in confirmation of their mutual promise of secrecy. All that
+has been said of the tyranny of the penal laws upon the laity, as
+affording a motive for the plot, is so much misplaced rhetoric.
+Moreover, if we accept Fawkes&#8217;s evidence<small><a name="f244.1" id="f244.1" href="#f244">[244]</a></small> of the date at which he
+first heard of the plot as being about Easter, 1604, <i>i.e.</i> about April
+8, the communication of the design to Winter must have taken place
+towards the end of March, that is to say after the issue of the
+proclamation and before any other step had been taken to enforce the
+penal laws. Consequently all arguments, attributing the invention of the
+plot to Cecil for the sake of gaining greater influence with the King
+fall to the ground. He had just achieved a triumph of no common order,
+the prelude, as he must have been keen enough to discern, of greater
+triumphs to come. Granted, for argument&#8217;s sake, that Cecil was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>capable
+of any wickedness&mdash;we at least require some motive for the crime which
+Father Gerard attributes to him by innuendo.</p>
+
+<p>As time went on, there was even less cause for the powerful minister to
+invent or to foster a false plot. It is unnecessary to tell again in
+detail the story which I have told elsewhere of the way in which James
+fell back upon the Elizabethan position, and put in force once more the
+penal laws against the laity. On November 28, 1604, he decided on
+requiring the 20<i>l.</i> fines from the thirteen wealthy recusants who were
+liable to pay them, and on February 10, 1605<small><a name="f245.1" id="f245.1" href="#f245">[245]</a></small>&mdash;a few days after the
+plotters had got half through the wall of the House of Lords&mdash;he
+announced his resolution that the penal laws should be put in execution.
+On May 4, 1605, Cecil, who in August, 1604, had been made Viscount
+Cranborne, was raised to the Earldom of Salisbury. Yet this is the
+politician who is supposed by Father Gerard to have been necessitated to
+keep himself in favour by the atrocious wickedness he is pleased to
+ascribe to him. In plain truth, Salisbury did not need to gain favour
+and power. He had both already.</p>
+
+<p>A policy of intolerance is so opposed to the instincts of the present
+day, that it is worth while to hear a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>persecutor in his own defence. On
+March 7, 1605, less than a month after the King&#8217;s pronouncement, Nicolo
+Molin, the Venetian ambassador, writes, that he had lately spoken to
+Cranborne on the recent treatment of the Catholics.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;He replied that, through the too great clemency of the King, the
+priests had gone with great freedom through all the country, the
+City of London and the houses of many citizens, to say mass, which
+they had done with great scandal, and thereupon had arrived advices
+from Rome that the Pope had constituted a congregation of Cardinals
+to treat of the affairs of this kingdom which gave occasion to many
+to believe that the King was about to grant liberty of
+conscience,<small><a name="f246.1" id="f246.1" href="#f246">[246]</a></small> and had caused a great stir amongst our Bishops
+and other ministers, the Pope having come to this resolution mainly
+through the offices of that light-headed man Lindsay,<small><a name="f247.1" id="f247.1" href="#f247">[247]</a></small> and then
+his Majesty, whose thoughts were far from it, resolved to use a
+rather unusual diligence to restrict a little the liberty of these
+priests of yours, as also to assure those of our religion that
+there was not the least thought of altering things in this
+direction. Sir James Lindsay, he said, had disgusted his Majesty,
+and the Pope would in the end discover that he was a lightheaded,
+unstable man. I understood, said I, that he had gone to Rome with
+the King&#8217;s permission. It is quite true, said he, and if your
+Lordship wishes to understand the matter I will explain it. Sir
+James Lindsay, he continued, a year before the death of Queen
+Elizabeth asked <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>leave to go to Rome, and his request was easily
+granted. When he arrived there he got means, with the help of
+friends, to be introduced to the Pope to whom, as is probable, he
+addressed many impertinencies, as he has done at the present time.
+In short, he was presented to the Pope, and got from him a good sum
+of money, perhaps promising to do here what he will never do, and
+obtained an autograph letter from the Pope to our King to the
+effect that he had understood from Sir James Lindsay his Majesty&#8217;s
+good disposition, if not to favour the Catholic religion, at least
+not to persecute it, for which he felt himself to be under great
+obligations to him, and promised to assist him when Queen Elizabeth
+died, and to help him as far as possible to gain the succession to
+her realm as was just and reasonable, but that if his Majesty would
+consent to have the Prince, his son, educated in the Catholic
+religion, he would bind himself to engage his state and life to
+assist him, and would do what he could<small><a name="f248.1" id="f248.1" href="#f248">[248]</a></small> that the Christian
+Princes should act in union with the same object.<small><a name="f249.1" id="f249.1" href="#f249">[249]</a></small> With this
+letter Sir James arrived, two months before the Queen&#8217;s death,
+repeating to his Majesty many things besides to the same effect.
+The King was willing enough to look at the letter, as coming from a
+Prince, and filled with many affectionate and courteous
+expressions, but he never thought of answering it, though he was
+frequently solicited by Sir James. The reason of this was that it
+would be necessary in writing to the Pope to give him his titles of
+Holiness and Blessedness, to which, being held by <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>us to be
+impertinent, after the teaching of our religion, his Majesty could
+not be in any way persuaded, so that the affair remained asleep
+till the present time. Then came the Queen&#8217;s death, on which Sir
+James again urged the King to answer the letter, assuring him that
+he would promise himself much advantage from the Pope&#8217;s assistance
+if occasion served; but it pleased God to show such favour to the
+King that he met with no opposition, as every one knows. Some
+months ago, however, it again occurred to Sir James to think of
+going to Rome; he asked licence from his Majesty, and obtained it
+courteously enough. At his departure he said, &#8216;I shall have
+occasion to see the Pope, and am certain that he will ask me about
+that letter of his. What answer am I to make?&#8217; &#8216;You are to say,&#8217;
+replied the King, &#8216;that you gave me the letter, and that I am much
+obliged to him for the love and affection he has shown me, to which
+I shall always try to correspond effectually.&#8217; &#8216;Sire,&#8217; said Sir
+James, &#8216;the Pope will not believe me. Will your Majesty find some
+means of assuring the Pope of the truth of this?&#8217; On which his
+Majesty took the pen and drew up a memoir with his own hand,
+telling Sir James that if he had occasion to talk to the Pope he
+should assure him of his desire to show, by acts, the good will of
+which he spoke, and the esteem he felt for him as a temporal
+Prince. He then directed Sir James to dwell on this as much as he
+could, and that as to religion<small><a name="f250.1" id="f250.1" href="#f250">[250]</a></small> he wished to preserve and
+maintain that in which he had been brought up, being assured that
+it was the best, but that, not having a sanguinary disposition, he
+had not persecuted the Catholics in their property or their life,
+as long as they remained obedient subjects. As to instructing the
+Prince, his son, in the Catholic religion, he would never do it,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>because he believed it would bring down on him a heavy punishment
+from God, and the reproach of the world, if he were willing, whilst
+he himself professed a religion as the best, to promise that his
+son should be brought up in one full of corruptions and
+superstitions. Cecil then recounted the substance of the memoir,
+which was sealed with the King&#8217;s seal, in order that the Pope and
+every one else might give credence to it on these points. Now, Sir
+James, to gain favour and get money, has transgressed these orders,
+as we understand that he has given occasion to the Pope to appoint
+a congregation of Cardinals on our affairs, and to us to have our
+eyes a little more open to the Catholics, and especially to the
+priests. To this I replied that I did not think that his Majesty
+should for this reason act against his constant professions not to
+wish to take any one&#8217;s property or life, on account of religion.
+&#8216;Sir,&#8217; he replied, &#8216;be content as to blood, so long as the
+Catholics remain quiet and obedient. As to property, it is
+impossible to do less than observe<small><a name="f251.1" id="f251.1" href="#f251">[251]</a></small> the laws in this respect,
+but even in that we shall proceed dexterously and much more gently
+than in the times of the late Queen, as the Catholics who refuse to
+attend our churches, and who are rich, will not think it much to
+pay &pound;20 a month. Those who are less rich and have not the means to
+pay as much, and from whom two thirds of their revenue is taken
+during their lifetime will now have this advantage by the King&#8217;s
+clemency that whereas in the Queen&#8217;s time their property was
+granted to strangers who, to get as much as they could, did not
+hesitate to ruin their houses and possessions, it will now be
+granted to their own patrons, at the lowest rate, so that they will
+pay rather a quarter than two thirds of their estate. This
+arrangement has been <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>come to in order not to afflict the Catholics
+too much, and to prevent our own people from believing that we wish
+to give liberty to the Catholic religion, as they undoubtedly will
+if the payments are absolutely abolished.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>After a further remonstrance from the ambassador, Cranborne returned to
+the charge.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Sir,&#8221; he replied, &#8220;nothing else can be done. These are the laws,
+and they must be observed. Their object is undoubtedly to
+extinguish the Catholic religion in this kingdom, because we do not
+think it fit, in a well-governed monarchy, to increase the number
+of persons who profess to depend on the will of other Princes as
+the Catholics do, the priests not preaching anything more
+constantly than this, that the good Catholic ought to be firmly
+resolved in himself to be ready to rise for the preservation of his
+religion even against the life and state of his natural
+Prince.<small><a name="f252.1" id="f252.1" href="#f252">[252]</a></small> This is a very perilous doctrine, and we will
+certainly never admit it here, but will rather do our best to
+overthrow it, and we will punish most severely those who teach it
+and impress it on the minds of good subjects.&#8221;<small><a name="f253.1" id="f253.1" href="#f253">[253]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>It is unnecessary to pursue the conversation further, or even to discuss
+how far Cranborne was serious when he expressed his intention of
+moderating the incidence of the laws which the Government had resolved
+to carry out. It is certain that they were not so moderated, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>that
+the enforcement of law rapidly degenerated into mere persecution. What
+is important for our purposes is that the language I have just quoted
+leads us to the bed-rock of the situation. Between Pope and king a
+question of sovereignty had arisen, a question which could not be
+neglected without detriment to the national independence till the Pope
+either openly or tacitly abandoned his claim to excommunicate kings, and
+to release such subjects as looked up to him for guidance from the duty
+of obedience to their King. That the Pope should openly abandon this
+claim was more than could be expected; but he had not excommunicated
+James as his predecessor had excommunicated Elizabeth, and there was
+some reason to hope that he might allow the claim to be buried in
+oblivion. At all events, Clement VIII. had not only refused to
+excommunicate James, but had enjoined on the English Catholics the duty
+of abstaining from any kind of resistance to him. James had, however,
+wished to go further. Incapable&mdash;as most people in all ages are&mdash;of
+seeing the position with other eyes than his own, he wanted the Pope
+actively to co-operate with him in securing the obedience of his
+subjects. He even asked him to excommunicate turbulent Catholics, a
+thing to which it was impossible for the Pope&mdash;who also looked on these
+matters from his own point of view&mdash;to consent. In the meanwhile it was
+becoming evident that the Pope was not working for a Protestant England
+under a Protestant king, with a Catholic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> minority accepting what crumbs
+of toleration that king might fling to them, and renouncing for ever the
+right to resist his laws however oppressive they might be; but rather
+for a Catholic England under a Catholic King. This appeared in Clement&#8217;s
+demand that Prince Henry should be educated in a religion which was not
+that of his father, and it appeared again in the reports of Lindsay,
+which had caused such a commotion at Whitehall. &#8220;His Holiness,&#8221; wrote
+Lindsay, &#8220;hath commanded to continue to pray for your Majesty, and he
+himself stays every night two large hours in prayer for your Majesty,
+the Queen, and your children, and for the conversion of your Majesty and
+your dominions. This I may very well witness as one who was
+present.&#8221;<small><a name="f254.1" id="f254.1" href="#f254">[254]</a></small> We should have thought the worse of the Pope if he had
+done otherwise; but the news of it was hardly likely to be welcome to an
+English statesman. Who was to guarantee that, if the priests were
+allowed full activity in England a Roman Catholic majority would not be
+secured&mdash;or, that when such a majority was secured, the suspended
+excommunication would not be launched, and a rebellion, such as that of
+the League in France, encouraged against an obstinately Protestant
+Sovereign. We may be of opinion that those statesmen who attempted to
+meet the danger with persecution were men of little faith, who might
+have trusted to the strength of their religious and political
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>creed&mdash;the two could not in those days be separated from one another;
+but there can be no doubt that the danger was there. We may hold
+Salisbury to have been but a commonplace man for meeting it as he did,
+but he had on his side nearly the whole of the official class which had
+stood by the throne of Elizabeth, and which now stood by the throne of
+James.</p>
+
+<p>At all events, Salisbury&#8217;s doctrine that there was to be no personal
+understanding with the Pope was the doctrine which prevailed then and in
+subsequent generations. James&#8217;s attempt came to nothing through its
+insuperable difficulties, as well as through his own defects of
+character. A pleading, from a Roman Catholic point of view, in favour of
+such an understanding may be found in a letter written by Sir Everard
+Digby to Salisbury, which Father Gerard has shown to have been written,
+not in December, as Mrs. Everett Green suggested, but between May 4 and
+September, 1605, and which I ascribe to May, or as soon after May as is
+possible. The letter, after a reference to a conversation recently held
+between Digby himself and Salisbury, proceeds as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;One part of your Lordship&#8217;s speech, as I remember, was that the
+King could not get so much from the Pope (even then, when his
+Majesty had done nothing against the Catholics) as a promise that
+he would not excommunicate him, wherefore it gave occasion to
+suspect that, if Catholics were suffered to increase, the Pope
+might afterwards proceed to excommunication if the King would <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>not
+change his religion.<small><a name="f255.1" id="f255.1" href="#f255">[255]</a></small> But to take away that doubt, I do assure
+myself that his Holiness may be drawn to manifest so contrary a
+disposition of excommunicating the King, that he will proceed with
+the same course against all as shall go about to disturb the King&#8217;s
+quiet and happy reign<small><a name="f256.1" id="f256.1" href="#f256">[256]</a></small>; and the willingness of Catholics,
+especially of priests and Jesuits, is such as I dare undertake to
+procure any priest in England (though it were the Superior of the
+Jesuits) to go himself to Rome to negotiate this business, and that
+both he and all other religious men (till the Pope&#8217;s pleasure be
+known) shall take any spiritual course to stop the effect that may
+proceed from any discontented or despairing Catholic.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;And I doubt not but his return would bring both assurance that
+such course should not be taken with the King, and that it should
+be performed against any that should seek to disturb him for
+religion. If this were done, there could then be no cause to fear
+any Catholic, and this may be done only with those proceedings
+(which, as I understood your Lordship) should be used. If your
+Lordship apprehend it to be worth the doing I shall be glad to be
+the instrument, for no hope to put off from myself any punishment,
+but only that I wish safety to the King and ease to the Catholics.
+If your Lordship and the State think it fit to deal severely with
+Catholics within brief there will be massacres, rebellions and
+desperate attempts against the King and State. For it is a general
+received reason amongst Catholics that there is not that expecting
+and suffering course now to be run that was in the Queen&#8217;s time,
+who was the last of her line, and the last in expectance to run
+violent courses against Catholics; for <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>then it was hoped that the
+King that now is would have been at least free from persecuting, as
+his promise was before his coming into this realm, and as divers
+his promises have been since his coming, saying that he would take
+no soul-money nor blood. Also, as it appeared, was the whole body
+of the Council&#8217;s pleasure when they sent for divers of the better
+sort of Catholics (as Sir Thomas Tresham and others) and told them
+it was the King&#8217;s pleasure to forgive the payment of Catholics, so
+long as they should carry themselves dutifully and well. All these
+promises every man sees broken, and to thrust them further in
+despair, most Catholics take note of a vehement book written by Mr.
+Attorney, whose drift (as I have heard) is to prove that only being
+a Catholic is to be a traitor, whose book coming forth after the
+breach of so many promises, and before the ending of such a violent
+Parliament, can work no less effect in men&#8217;s minds than a belief
+that every Catholic will be brought within that compass before the
+King and State have done with them. And I know, as the priest
+himself told me, that if he had not hindered, there had somewhat
+been attempted, before our offence,<small><a name="f257.1" id="f257.1" href="#f257">[257]</a></small> to give ease to Catholics.
+But being so safely prevented, and so necessary to avoid, I doubt
+not but your Lordship and the rest of the Lords will think of a
+more mild and undoubted safe course, in which I will undertake the
+performance of what I have promised, and as much as can be
+expected; and when I have done I shall be as willing to die as I am
+ready to offer my service, and expect not nor desire favour for it,
+either before the doing <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>it, nor in the doing it, nor after it is
+done, but refer myself to the resolved course for me.&#8221;<small><a name="f258.1" id="f258.1" href="#f258">[258]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>I have thought it well to set forth the pleadings on both sides, though
+it has led me somewhat out of my appointed track. Though our sympathies
+are with the weaker and oppressed party, it cannot be said that Digby&#8217;s
+letter meets the whole case which Salisbury had raised. Whether that be
+so or not, it is enough, for our present purpose if we are able to
+discern that Salisbury had a case, and was not merely man&oelig;uvring for
+place or power. At all events, his opinion, whether it were bad or good,
+had, in the spring of 1605, been accepted by James, and he was therefore
+in less need even than in the preceding year of producing an imaginary
+or half-imaginary plot to frighten to his side a king who had already
+come round to his ideas.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+<h3>THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIESTS</h3>
+
+<p><br />It was unavoidable that the persecution to which Catholics were
+subjected should bear most hardly on the priests, who were held guilty
+of disseminating a disloyal religion. It is therefore no matter for
+surprise that we find, about April 1604,<small><a name="f259.1" id="f259.1" href="#f259">[259]</a></small> an informer, named Henry
+Wright, telling Cecil that another informer named Davies, was able to
+set, <i>i.e.</i> to give information of the localities of above threescore
+more priests, but that he had told him that twenty principal ones would
+be enough. Davies, adds Wright, will not discover the treason till he
+had a pardon for it himself, and on this Father Gerard remarks &#8216;that the
+treason in question was none other than the Gunpowder Plot there can be
+no question; unless, indeed, we are to say that the authorities were
+engaged in fabricating a bogus conspiracy for which there was no
+foundation whatever in fact.&#8217; Why this inference should be drawn I do
+not know. If Davies was a renegade priest he would require a pardon, and
+in order to get it he may very <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>well have told a story about a treason
+which the authorities, on further inquiry, thought it needless to
+investigate further. It is to no purpose that Father Gerard produces an
+application to James in which it is stated that Wright had furnished
+information to Popham and Challoner who &#8216;had a hand in the discovery of
+the practices of the Jesuits in the powder plot, and did reveal the same
+from time to time to your Majesty, for two years&#8217; space almost before
+the said treason burst forth.&#8217;<small><a name="f260.1" id="f260.1" href="#f260">[260]</a></small> That Wright, being in want of money,
+made the most of his little services in spying upon Jesuits is likely
+enough; but if he had come upon Gunpowder Plot two years before the
+Monteagle letter, that is to say, in October, 1603, some five months
+before it was in existence, except, perhaps, in Catesby&#8217;s brain, we may
+be certain that he would have been far more specific in making his
+claim. The same may be said of Wright&#8217;s letter to Salisbury on March 26,
+1606, in which he pleads for assistance &#8216;forasmuch as his Majesty is
+already informed of me that in something I have been, and that hereafter
+I may be, a deserving man of his Majesty and the State in discovering of
+villainous practices.&#8217; Very gentle bleating <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>indeed for a man who had
+found out the Gunpowder Plot, as I have just said, before it was in
+existence!</p>
+
+<p>Nor is much more to be made of the remainder of Father Gerard&#8217;s evidence
+on this head. The world being what it was, what else could be expected
+but that there should be talk amongst priests of possible risings&mdash;Sir
+Everard Digby in his letter predicted as much&mdash;or even that some less
+wise of their number should discuss half formed plans, or that renegade
+priests should pick up their reckless words and report them to the
+Government, probably with some additions of their own?<small><a name="f261.1" id="f261.1" href="#f261">[261]</a></small> When Father
+Gerard says that a vague statement by an informer, made as early as
+April 1604, refers to the Gunpowder Plot, because Coke said two years
+later that it did,<small><a name="f262.1" id="f262.1" href="#f262">[262]</a></small> he merely shows that he has little acquaintance
+with the peculiar intellect of that idol of the lawyers of the day. If
+Father Gerard had studied, as I have had occasion to do, Coke&#8217;s
+treatment of the case of the Earl and Countess of Somerset, he would, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>I
+fancy, have come to the conclusion that whenever Coke smelt a mystery,
+there was a strong probability that it either never existed at all, or,
+at all events, was something very different from what Coke imagined it
+to be.</p>
+
+<p>That the Government believed, with or without foundation, that there
+were plots abroad, and that priests had their full share in them, may be
+accepted as highly probable. It must, however, be remembered that in
+Salisbury&#8217;s eyes merely to be a priest was <i>ipso facto</i> to be engaged in
+a huge conspiracy, because to convert an Englishman to the Roman
+Catholic faith, or to confirm him in it, was to pervert him from his due
+allegiance to the Crown. Regarded from this point of view, the words
+addressed by Salisbury to Edmondes on October 17, 1605, &#8216;more than a
+week,&#8217; as Father Gerard says, &#8216;before the first hint of danger is said
+to have been breathed,&#8217;<small><a name="f263.1" id="f263.1" href="#f263">[263]</a></small> are seen to be perfectly in character,
+without imagining that the writer had any special information on the
+Gunpowder Plot, or any intention of making use of it to pave the way for
+more persecuting legislation than already existed.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;I have received&#8221; writes Salisbury, &#8220;a letter of yours ... to which
+there needeth no great answer for the present ... because I have
+imparted to you some part of my conceit concerning the insolencies
+of the priests and Jesuits, whose mouths we cannot stop better than
+by contemning their vain and malicious discourses, only the evil
+which biteth is the poisoned bait, wherewith every <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>youth is taken
+that cometh among them, which liberty (as I wrote before) must for
+one cause or other be retrenched.&#8221;<small><a name="f264.1" id="f264.1" href="#f264">[264]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>This language appears to Father Gerard to be ominous of further
+persecution. To me it appears to be merely ominous of an intention to
+refuse passports to young men of uncertain religion wishing to travel on
+the Continent.</p>
+
+<p>We can now understand why it was that Salisbury and the Government in
+general were so anxious to bring home the plot, after its discovery, to
+some, at least, of the priests, and more especially to the Jesuits.</p>
+
+<p>Three of these, Garnet, Greenway and Gerard, were in England while the
+plot was being devised, and were charged with complicity in it. Of the
+three, Garnet, the Provincial of England, was tried and executed; the
+other two escaped to the Continent. My own opinion is that Gerard was
+innocent of any knowledge of the plot,<small><a name="f265.1" id="f265.1" href="#f265">[265]</a></small> and, as far as I am
+concerned, it is only the conduct of Garnet and Greenway that is under
+discussion. That they both had detailed knowledge of the plot is beyond
+doubt, as it stands on Garnet&#8217;s own admission that he had been informed
+of it by Greenway, and that Greenway had heard it in confession from
+Catesby.<small><a name="f266.1" id="f266.1" href="#f266">[266]</a></small> A great deal of ink has been spilled on the question
+whether Garnet ought to have revealed matters involving destruction of
+life which had come to his knowledge <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>in confession; but on this I do
+not propose to touch. It is enough here to say that the law of England
+takes no note of the excuse of confession, and that no blame would have
+been due on this score either to the Government which ordered Garnet&#8217;s
+prosecution, or to the judges and the jury by whom he was condemned,
+even if there had not been evidence of his knowledge when no question of
+confession was involved.</p>
+
+<p>In considering Garnet&#8217;s case the first point to be discussed is, whether
+the Government tampered with the evidence against the priests, either by
+omitting that which made in favour of the prisoner, or by forging
+evidence which made against him. An instance of omission is found in the
+mark &#8216;hucusque&#8217; made by Coke in the margin of Fawkes&#8217;s examination of
+November 9, implying the rejection of his statement that, though he had
+received the communion at Gerard&#8217;s hands as a confirmation of his oath,
+Gerard had not known anything of the object which had led him to
+communicate.<small><a name="f267.1" id="f267.1" href="#f267">[267]</a></small> The practice of omitting inconvenient evidence was
+unfortunately common enough in those days, and all that can be said for
+Coke on this particular occasion is, that the examination contained many
+obvious falsehoods, and Coke may have thought that he was keeping back
+only one falsehood more. Coke, however, at Garnet&#8217;s trial did not
+content himself with omitting the important passage, but added the
+statement that &#8216;Gerard the Jesuit, being well acquainted with all
+designs and purposes, did give <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>them the oath of secrecy and a mass, and
+they received the sacrament together at his hands.&#8217;<small><a name="f268.1" id="f268.1" href="#f268">[268]</a></small> Clearly,
+therefore, Coke is convicted, not merely of concealing evidence making
+in the favour of an accused, though absent, person, but of substituting
+for it his own conviction without producing evidence to support it. All
+that can be said is, in the first place, that Gerard was not on trial,
+and could not therefore be affected by anything that Coke might say; and
+that, in the second place, even if Coke&#8217;s words were&mdash;as they doubtless
+were&mdash;accepted by the jury, the position of the prisoners actually at
+the bar would be neither better nor worse.</p>
+
+<p>Much more serious is Father Gerard&#8217;s argument that the confession of
+Bates, Catesby&#8217;s servant, to the effect that he had not only informed
+Greenway of the plot, but that Greenway had expressed approval of it,
+was either not genuine, or, at least, had been tampered with by the
+Government. As Father Gerard again italicises,<small><a name="f269.1" id="f269.1" href="#f269">[269]</a></small> not a passage from
+the examination itself, but his own abstract of the passage, it is
+better to give in full so much of the assailed examination as bears upon
+the matter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Examination of Thomas Bate,<small><a name="f270.1" id="f270.1" href="#f270">[270]</a></small> servant to Robert Catesby, the
+4th of December, 1605, before the Lords Commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;He confesseth that about this time twelvemonth his <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>master asked
+this said examinant whether he could procure him a lodging near the
+Parliament House. Whereupon he went to seek some such lodging and
+dealt with a baker that had a room joining to the Parliament House,
+but the baker answered that he could not spare it.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;After that some fortnight or thereabouts (as he thinketh) his
+master imagining, as it seemed, that this examinant suspected
+somewhat of that which the said Catesby went about, called him to
+him at Puddle Wharf in the house of one Powell (where Catesby had
+taken a lodging) and in the presence of Thomas Winter, asked him
+what he thought what business they were about, and this examinant
+answered that he thought they went about some dangerous business,
+whereupon they asked him again what he thought the business might
+be, and he answered that he thought they intended some dangerous
+matter about the Parliament House, because he had been sent to get
+a lodging near that House.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Thereupon they made this examinant take an oath to be secret in
+the business, which being taken by him, they told him that it was
+true that they meant to do somewhat about the Parliament House,
+namely, to lay powder under it to blow it up.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Then they told him that he was to receive the sacrament for the
+more assurance, and he thereupon went to confession to a priest
+named Greenway, and in his confession told Greenway that he was to
+conceal a very dangerous piece of work that his master Catesby and
+Thomas Winter had imparted unto him, and that he being fearful of
+it, asked the counsel of Greenway, telling the said Greenway (which
+he was not desirous to hear) their particular intent and purpose of
+blowing up the Parliament House, and Greenway the priest thereto
+said that he would take no notice thereof, but that he, the said
+examinant, should be secret in that which his master had imparted
+unto him, because that was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>for a good cause, and that he willed
+this examinant to tell no other priest of it; saying moreover that
+it was not dangerous unto him nor any offence to conceal it, and
+thereupon the said priest Greenway gave this examinant absolution,
+and he received the sacrament in the company of his master Robert
+Catesby and Mr. Thomas Winter.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="spacer">&#183;</span><span class="spacer">&#183;</span><span class="spacer">&#183;</span><span class="spacer">&#183;</span><span class="spacer">&#183;</span><span class="spacer">&#183;</span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;Thomas Bate,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Nottingham,</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td><td>H. Northampton,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Suffolk,</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Salisbury,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>E. Worcester,</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Mar,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Dunbar.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Indorsed:&mdash;&#8220;<i>The exam.</i> of Tho. Bate 4 Dec. 1605. <i>Greenway</i>,
+&sect;.&#8221;<small><a name="f271.1" id="f271.1" href="#f271">[271]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>Out of this document arise two questions which ought to be kept
+carefully distinct:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">1. Did the Government invent or falsify the document here partially
+printed?</p>
+
+<p class="hang">2. Did Bates, on the hypothesis that the document is genuine, tell
+the truth about Greenway?</p></div>
+
+<p>1. In the first place, Father Gerard calls our attention to the fact
+that the document has only reached us in a copy. It is quite true;
+though, on the other hand, I must reiterate the argument, which I have
+already used in a similar case,<small><a name="f272.1" id="f272.1" href="#f272">[272]</a></small> that a copy in which the names of
+the Commissioners appear, even though not under their own hands, falls
+not far short of an original. If this copy, being a forgery, were read
+in court, as Father <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>Gerard says it was,<small><a name="f273.1" id="f273.1" href="#f273">[273]</a></small> some of the Commissioners
+would have felt aggrieved at their names being misused, unless, indeed,
+the whole seven concurred in authorising the forgery, which is so
+extravagant a supposition that we are bound to look narrowly into any
+evidence brought forward to support it.</p>
+
+<p>Father Gerard&#8217;s main argument in favour of the conclusion at which he
+leads up to&mdash;one can hardly say he arrives at this or any other clearly
+announced conviction&mdash;is put in the following words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;If, however, this version were not genuine, but prepared for a
+purpose, it is clear that it could not have been produced while
+Bates was alive to contradict it, and there appears to be no doubt
+that it was not heard of till after his death.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>The meaning of this is, that the Government did not dare to produce the
+confession till after Bates&#8217;s death, lest he should contradict it. If
+this were true it would no doubt furnish a strong argument against the
+genuineness of the confession, though not a conclusive one, because at
+the trial of that batch of the prisoners among whom Bates stood, the
+Government may have wished to reserve the evidence to be used against
+Greenway, whom it chiefly concerned, if they still hoped to catch him. I
+do not, however, wish to insist on this suggestion, as I hope to be able
+to show that <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>the evidence was produced at Bates&#8217;s trial, when he had
+the opportunity, if he pleased, of replying to it.</p>
+
+<p>Father Gerard&#8217;s first argument is, that in a certain &#8216;manuscript account
+of the plot,<small><a name="f274.1" id="f274.1" href="#f274">[274]</a></small> written between the trial of the conspirators and that
+of Garnet, that is, within two months of the former,&#8217; the author, though
+he argues that the priests must have been cognizant of the design, says
+nothing of the case of Bates&#8217;s evidence against Greenway, &#8216;but asserts
+him to have been guilty only because his Majesty&#8217;s proclamation so
+speaks it.&#8217;<small><a name="f275.1" id="f275.1" href="#f275">[275]</a></small> To this it may be answered that, in the first place,
+the manuscript does not profess to be a history of the plot. It contains
+the story of the arrest of Garnet and other persons, and is followed by
+the story of the taking of Robert Winter and Stephen Littleton. In the
+second place, there is strong reason to suppose, not only from the
+subjects chosen by the writer, but also from his mode of treating them,
+that he was not only a Staffordshire man, or an inhabitant of some
+county near Wolverhampton, but that his narrative was drawn up at no
+great distance from Wolverhampton. It does not follow that because his
+Majesty&#8217;s proclamation had been heard of in Wolverhampton, a piece of
+evidence produced in court at Westminster would have reached so far.</p>
+
+<p>Another argument used by Father Gerard in his own favour, appears to me
+to tell against him. In a copy of a minute of Salisbury&#8217;s to a certain
+Favat, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>who had been employed by the King to write to him, we find the
+following statement, which undoubtedly refers to Bates&#8217;s confession, it
+being written on December 4, the day on which it was taken:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;You may tell his Majesty that if he please to read privately what
+this day we have drawn from a voluntary and penitent examination,
+the point I am persuaded (but I am no undertaker) shall be so well
+cleared, if he forebear to speak much of this but ten days, as he
+shall see all fall out to that end whereat his Majesty
+shooteth.&#8221;<small><a name="f276.1" id="f276.1" href="#f276">[276]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>Father Gerard&#8217;s comment on this, that the confession of Bates, here
+referred to, &#8216;cannot be that afterwards given to the world; for it is
+spoken of as affording promise, but not yet satisfactory in its
+performance.&#8217;<small><a name="f277.1" id="f277.1" href="#f277">[277]</a></small> Yes; but promise of what? The King, it may be
+presumed, had asked not merely to know what Greenway had done, but to
+know what had been the conduct of all the priests who had confessed the
+plotters. The early part of the minute is clear upon that. Salisbury
+writes that the King wanted</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8216;to learn the names of those priests which have been confessors and
+ministers of the sacrament to those conspirators, because it
+followeth indeed in consequence that they could not be ignorant of
+their purposes, seeing all men that doubt resort to them for
+satisfaction, and all men use confession to obtain absolution.&#8217;</p></div>
+
+<p>Bearing this in mind, and also that Salisbury goes <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>on to say that &#8216;most
+of the conspirators have carefully forsworn that the priests knew
+anything particular, and obstinately refused to be accusers of them, yea
+what torture soever they be put to,&#8217; I cannot see that anything short of
+the statement about Greenway ascribed to Bates would justify Salisbury&#8217;s
+satisfaction with what he had learnt, though he qualifies his pleasure
+with the thought that there is much more still to be learnt about
+Greenway himself, as well as about other priests. An autograph
+postscript to a letter written to Edmondes on March 8, 1606, shows
+Salisbury in exactly the spirit which I have here ascribed to him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;You may now confidently affirm that Whalley<small><a name="f278.1" id="f278.1" href="#f278">[278]</a></small> is guilty <i>ex ore
+proprio</i>. This day confessed of the Gunpowder Treason, but he saith
+he devised it not, only he concealed it when Father Greenway
+<i>alias</i> Tesmond did impart to him all particulars, and Catesby only
+the general. Thus do you see that Greenway is now by the
+superintendent as guilty as we have accused him. He confesseth also
+that Greenway told him that Father Owen was privy to all. More will
+now come after this.&#8221;<small><a name="f279.1" id="f279.1" href="#f279">[279]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>The tone of the letter to Favat is more subdued than this, as befitted
+writing that was to come under the King&#8217;s eye; but the meaning is
+identical:&mdash;&#8220;I have got much, but I hope for more.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We now come to Father Gerard&#8217;s argument that <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>the charge against
+Greenway of approving the plot was not produced even at Garnet&#8217;s trial
+on March 28, 1606, Bates having been tried on January 27, and being
+executed on the 30th:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Still more explicit is the evidence furnished by another MS.
+containing a report of Father Garnet&#8217;s trial. In this the
+confession of Bates is cited, but precisely the significant passage
+of which we have spoken, as follows: &#8216;Catesby afterwards discovered
+the project unto him; shortly after which discovery, Bates went to
+mass to Tesimond [Greenway] and there was confessed and had
+absolution.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Here, again, it is impossible to suppose that the all-important
+point was the one omitted. It is clear, however, that the mention
+of a confession made to Greenway would <i>prim&acirc; facie</i> afford a
+presumption that this particular matter had been confessed, thus
+furnishing a foundation whereon to build; and knowing, as we do,
+how evidence was manipulated, it is quite conceivable that the copy
+now extant incorporates the improved version thus suggested.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Father Gerard has quoted the sentence about Bates and Greenway
+correctly,<small><a name="f280.1" id="f280.1" href="#f280">[280]</a></small> but he has not observed that Coke, in his opening
+speech, is stated on the same authority to have expressed himself as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;In November following comes Bates to Greenway the Jesuit, and
+tells him all his master&#8217;s purpose; he hears his confession,
+absolves him, and encourageth him to go on, saying it is for the
+good of the Catholic cause, and therefore warrantable.&#8221;<small><a name="f281.1" id="f281.1" href="#f281">[281]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>I acknowledge that Coke&#8217;s unsupported assertion is <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>worth very little;
+but I submit that so practised an advocate would hardly have produced a
+confession which, if it contained no more than Father Gerard supposes,
+would have directly refuted his own statement. Father Gerard, I fancy,
+fails to take into account the difficulties of note-takers in days prior
+to the invention of shorthand. The report-taker had followed the early
+part of Bates&#8217;s examination fairly well. Then come the words quoted by
+Father Gerard at the very bottom of the page. May not the desire to get
+all that he had to say into that page have been too strong for the
+reporter, especially as, after what Coke had said earlier in the day,
+the statement that Bates &#8216;confessed&#8217; might reasonably be supposed to
+cover the subject of confession? &#8216;Catesby ... discovered the project
+unto him, shortly after which discovery&#8217; he confessed. What can he be
+supposed to have confessed except the project discovered? and, if so,
+Greenway&#8217;s absolution implies approval.</p>
+
+<p>Father Gerard, moreover, though he quotes from another manuscript
+Garnet&#8217;s objection that &#8216;Bates was a dead man,&#8217; thereby meaning that
+Bates&#8217;s testimony was now worthless, entirely omits to notice that the
+preceding paragraph is destructive of his contention. A question had
+arisen as to whether Greenway had shown contrition.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Nay,&#8221; replied Mr. Attorney, &#8220;I am sure that he had not, for to
+Bates he approved the fact, and said he had no obligation to reveal
+it to any other ghostly father, to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>which effect Bates his
+confession was produced, which verified as much as Mr. Attorney
+said, and then Mr. Attorney added that he had heard by men more
+learned than he, that if for defect of contrition it was not a
+sacrament, then it might lawfully be revealed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Garnet rejoined that Bates was a dead man, and therefore
+although he would not discredit him, yet he was bound to keep that
+secret which was spoken in confession as well as Greenway.&#8221;<small><a name="f282.1" id="f282.1" href="#f282">[282]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>Having thus shown that Father Gerard&#8217;s argument, that the statement
+about Greenway was not produced at Garnet&#8217;s trial, cannot be maintained;
+that his argument drawn from the account of the arrest of Garnet and
+others is irrelevant, and that Salisbury&#8217;s letter to Favat, so far from
+contradicting the received story, goes a long way to confirm it, I
+proceed to ask why we are not to accept the report of <i>A true and
+perfect relation</i>, where Coke is represented as giving the substance of
+the confession of Bates, beginning with Catesby&#8217;s revelation of the plot
+to him, followed by his full confession to Greenway and Greenway&#8217;s
+answer, somewhat amplified indeed, as Coke&#8217;s manner was, but obviously
+founded on Bates&#8217;s confession of December 4, 1605.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Then they,&#8221; <i>i.e.</i> Catesby and Winter, &#8220;told him that he was to
+receive the sacrament for the more assurance, and thereupon he went
+to confession to the said Tesmond the Jesuit, and in his confession
+told him that he was to conceal a very dangerous piece of work,
+that his master <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>Catesby and Thomas Winter had imparted unto him,
+and said he much feared the matter to be utterly unlawful, and
+therefore thereon desired the counsel of the Jesuit, and revealed
+unto him the whole intent and purpose of blowing up the Parliament
+House upon the first day of the assembly, at what time the King,
+the Queen, the Prince, the Lords spiritual and temporal, the
+judges, knights, citizens, burgesses should all have been there
+convented and met together. But the Jesuit being a confederate
+therein before, resolved and encouraged him in the action, and said
+that he should be secret in that which his master had imparted unto
+him, for that it was for a good cause, adding, moreover, that it
+was not dangerous unto him nor any offence to conceal it; and
+thereupon the Jesuit gave him absolution, and Bates received the
+sacrament of him, in the company of his master, Robert Catesby, and
+Thomas Winter.&#8221;<small><a name="f283.1" id="f283.1" href="#f283">[283]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>We have not, indeed, the evidence set forth, but we have a distinct
+intimation that amongst the confessions read was one from which &#8216;it
+appeared that Bates was resolved from what he understood concerning the
+powder treason, and being therein warranted by the Jesuits.&#8217;<small><a name="f284.1" id="f284.1" href="#f284">[284]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>2. Being now able to assume that the confession ascribed to Bates was
+genuine, the further question arises whether Bates told the truth or
+not. We have, in the first place, Greenway&#8217;s strong protestation that he
+had not heard of the plot from Bates. In the second place, Father Gerard
+adduces a retractation by <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>Bates of a statement that he thought Greenway
+&#8216;knew of the business.&#8217; Now, whatever inference we choose to draw, it is
+a curious fact that this has nothing to do with Bates&#8217;s confession of
+December 4&mdash;the letter of Bates printed in the narrative of the Gerard
+who lived in the seventeenth century running as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;At my last being before them I told them I thought Greenway knew
+of this business, but I did not charge the others with it, but that
+I saw them all together with my master at my Lord Vaux&#8217;s, and that
+after I saw Mr. Whalley,&#8221; <i>i.e.</i> Garnet, &#8220;and Mr. Greenway at
+Coughton, and it is true. For I was sent thither with a letter, and
+Mr. Greenway rode with me to Mr. Winter&#8217;s to my master, and from
+thence he rode to Mr. Abington&#8217;s. This I told them, and no more.
+For which I am heartily sorry for, and I trust God will forgive me,
+for I did it not out of malice but in hope to gain my life by it,
+which I think now did me no good.&#8221;<small><a name="f285.1" id="f285.1" href="#f285">[285]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>This clearly refers not to the confession of December 4, but to that of
+January 13,<small><a name="f286.1" id="f286.1" href="#f286">[286]</a></small> in which these matters were spoken of, and it is to be noted
+that Bates does not acknowledge having spoken falsely, but of having
+told inconvenient truths.</p>
+
+<p>Bates&#8217;s entire silence in this letter as to the confession of December 4
+may receive one of two interpretations. Either Greenway was not
+mentioned in that confession at all&mdash;a solution which in the face of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>Salisbury&#8217;s letter to Favat seems to be an impossible one&mdash;or else
+Bates knew that he had at that time made disclosures to which he did not
+wish to refer. It is, perhaps, not so very unlikely that he compounded
+for what would in any case be regarded as a great fault by disclosing a
+smaller one.</p>
+
+<p>Are we, then, shut up to the conclusion that Father Greenway sheltered
+himself by telling a deliberate lie? I do not see that it is absolutely
+necessary; though I suppose, under correction, that he might feel
+himself bound to aver that he had never heard what he had only heard in
+confession. Is it not, however, possible that Bates in confessing to
+Greenway did not go into the details of the plot, but merely spoke of
+some design against the Government with which his master had entrusted
+him, and that Greenway told him that it was his master&#8217;s secret, and he
+might be content to think that it was in a good cause?<small><a name="f287.1" id="f287.1" href="#f287">[287]</a></small> As time went
+on Bates would easily read his own knowledge of the plot into the words
+he had used in confession, or may even have deliberately expanded his
+statement to please the examiners. Life was dear, and he may have hoped
+to gain pardon if he could throw the blame on a Jesuit. Besides,
+Greenway, as he probably knew, had not been arrested, and no harm would
+come if he painted him blacker than he was. This is but a conjecture,
+but if it is anywhere near the mark, it is easy to understand why Bates
+should not have been eager to call attention to the confession of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>December 4, when he wrote the letter which has been already
+quoted.<small><a name="f288.1" id="f288.1" href="#f288">[288]</a></small> On the other hand Catesby seems to have had no doubt of
+Greenway&#8217;s adherence, as is shown by his exclaiming on the priest&#8217;s
+arrival at Coughton, that &#8216;here, at least, was a gentleman that would
+live and die with them.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>In any case, the general attitude of the priests is not difficult to
+imagine. Not even their warmest advocates can suppose that they received
+the news of a plot to blow up James I. and his Parliament with quite as
+much abhorrence as they would have manifested if they had heard of a
+plot to blow up the Pope and the College of Cardinals. They were men who
+had suffered much and were exposed at any moment to suffer more. They
+held that James had broken his promise without excuse. But they had
+their instructions from Rome to discountenance all disturbances; and we
+may do them the justice to add that both Garnet and Greenway were
+shocked when they were informed of the atrocious character of the plot
+itself; but, at all events, Sir Everard Digby was able to write from
+prison to his wife:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Before that I knew anything of the plot, I did ask Mr. Farmer,&#8221;
+<i>i.e.</i> Garnet, &#8220;what the meaning of the Pope&#8217;s Brief was; he told
+me that they were not (meaning priests) to undertake or procure
+stirs; but yet they would not hinder any, neither was it the Pope&#8217;s
+mind they should, that should be undertaken for the Catholic good.
+I did never utter thus much, nor would not but to you; and this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>answer with Mr. Catesby&#8217;s proceedings with him and me give me
+absolute belief that the matter in general was approved, though
+every particular was not known.&#8221;<small><a name="f289.1" id="f289.1" href="#f289">[289]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>Whatever may be thought of the value of this statement Garnet&#8217;s attitude
+towards the plot was, on his own showing, hardly one of unqualified
+abhorrence. Assuming that all that Greenway had informed him of on one
+particular occasion, when the whole design was poured into his ears, was
+told under the sanction of the confessional, and that not only the rule
+of his Church, but other more worldly considerations, prohibited the
+disclosure of anything so heard, there was all the more reason why he
+should take any opportunity that occurred to learn the secret out of
+confession, and so to do his utmost to prevent the atrocious design from
+being carried into execution. Let us see whether he did so or not, on
+his own showing.</p>
+
+<p>On June 8 or 9, 1605,<small><a name="f290.1" id="f290.1" href="#f290">[290]</a></small> Catesby asked Garnet the question whether it
+was lawful to kill innocent persons, together with nocents, on the
+pretence that his inquiry related to the siege of a town in war. At
+first Garnet treated the question as of no other import. &#8220;I ... thought
+it at the first but as it were an idle question, till I saw him, when we
+had done, make solemn protestation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> that he would never be known to have
+asked me any such question so long as he lived.&#8221; On this Garnet began to
+muse within himself as to Catesby&#8217;s meaning.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;And,&#8221; he continues, &#8220;fearing lest he should intend the death of
+some great persons, and by seeking to draw them together enwrap not
+only innocents but friends and necessary persons for the
+Commonwealth, I thought I would take fit occasion to admonish him
+that upon my speech he should not run headlong to so great a
+mischief.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Garnet accordingly talked to him when he met him next, towards the end
+of June, telling him that he wished him &#8216;to look what he did if he
+intended anything, that he must not have so little regard of innocents
+that he spare not friends and necessary persons to a Commonwealth, and
+told him what charge we had of all quietness, and to procure the like of
+others.&#8217; It was certainly rather mild condemnation of a design which, as
+Garnet understood, would involve considerable loss of life.</p>
+
+<p>Soon afterwards Garnet received a letter from the General of the
+Society, directing him, in the Pope&#8217;s name, to hinder all conspiracies,
+and this letter he showed to Catesby when next he saw him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;I showed him my letter from Rome,&#8221; wrote Garnet afterwards, &#8220;and
+admonished him of the Pope&#8217;s pleasure. I doubted he had some device
+in his head, whatsoever it was, being against the Pope&#8217;s will, it
+could not prosper. He said that what he meant to do, if the Pope
+knew, he would not hinder, for the general good of the country. But
+I being earnest with him, and inculcating the Pope&#8217;s <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>prohibition
+did add this <i>quia expresse hoc Papa non vult et prohibet</i>, he told
+me he was not bound to take knowledge by me of the Pope&#8217;s will. I
+said indeed my own credit was but little, but our General, whose
+letter I had read to him, was a man everywhere respected for his
+wisdom and virtue, so I desired him that before he attempted
+anything he would acquaint the Pope. He said he would not for all
+the world make his particular project known to him, for fear of
+discovery. I wished him at the last in general to inform him how
+things stood here by some lay gentleman.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>This suggestion took shape in the mission of Sir Edmund Baynham. We are
+only concerned here with Garnet&#8217;s expostulations, and again it must be
+said that they appear to have been singularly mild, considering all that
+Catesby had admitted.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later Garnet learnt the whole truth from Greenway, in a way
+which is said to have been tantamount to confession. Admitting once more
+that he may have been bound to keep silence to others on these details,
+he could not keep silence to himself. There are no partitions in the
+brain to divide what one wishes to know from what one wishes not to
+know, and if Garnet thoroughly abhorred the plot, he was surely bound to
+take up Catesby&#8217;s earlier self-revelations, and to strive to the
+uttermost to probe the matter to the bottom, in all legitimate ways. No
+doubt he had moments in which his conscience was sorely troubled, but
+they were followed by no decisive action, and it is useless to say that
+he expected to meet Catesby at &#8216;All-hallowtide.&#8217; With all the Jesuit
+machinery under his hands,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> he could surely have found Catesby out
+between July and November, and this omission is perhaps the most fatal
+condemnation of Garnet&#8217;s course. If he had for many months known enough
+otherwise than in confession to enable him to remonstrate with Catesby
+in November, why could he not have remonstrated four months before with
+much more hope of success?</p>
+
+<p>Still more serious is Garnet&#8217;s own account of his feelings when Greenway
+imparted the story to him, saying that he thought the plot unlawful, and
+&#8216;a most horrible thing.&#8217; He charged Greenway &#8216;to hinder it if he could,
+for he knew well enough what strict prohibition we had had.&#8217; Greenway
+replied &#8216;that in truth he had disclaimed it, and protested that he did
+not approve it, and that he would do what lay in him to dissuade it.&#8217;
+Yet up to the discovery of the plot, Garnet, though he met Greenway at
+least once, took no means of inquiring how Greenway had fared in his
+enterprise. &#8220;How he performed it after,&#8221; he explained, &#8220;I have not heard
+but by the report of Bates&#8217;s confession.&#8221;<small><a name="f291.1" id="f291.1" href="#f291">[291]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>On July 24, Garnet writes a letter to the General of his Society, in
+which, as we are told, nothing learnt only in confession ought to have
+been introduced. Accordingly, either in this or a later letter,<small><a name="f292.1" id="f292.1" href="#f292">[292]</a></small> he
+merely speaks <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>in general terms of the danger of any private treason or
+violence against the King, and asks for the orders of his Holiness as to
+what is to be done in the case, and a formal prohibition of the use of
+armed force. Surely some stronger language would be expected here. It is
+true that, according to his own account, Garnet remained &#8216;in great
+perplexity,&#8217; and prayed that God &#8216;would dispose of all for the best, and
+find the best means which were pleasing to Him to prevent so great a
+mischief.&#8217; He tells us, indeed, that he wrote constantly to Rome &#8216;to get
+a prohibition under censures of all attempts,&#8217; but as the answer he got
+was that the Pope was of the opinion that &#8216;his general prohibition would
+serve,&#8217; it does not seem likely that Garnet enlarged on the real danger
+more than he had done in the letter referred to above. He expected, he
+says, some further action; &#8216;and that hope and Mr. Catesby&#8217;s promise of
+doing nothing until Sir Edmund had been with the Pope made me think that
+either nothing would be done or not before the end of the Parliament;
+before what time we should surely hear, as undoubtedly we should if
+Baynham had gone to Rome as soon as I imagined.&#8217;<small><a name="f293.1" id="f293.1" href="#f293">[293]</a></small> In a further
+declaration, Garnet disclosed that there was more in his conduct than
+misplaced hopefulness. Speaking of Catesby&#8217;s first consultation with
+himself, he adds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>&#8220;Neither ever did I enter further with him then, as I wrote, but
+rather cut off all occasions (after I knew his project) of any
+discoursing with him of it, thereby to save myself harmless both
+with the state here, and with my superiors at Rome, to whom I knew
+this thing would be infinitely displeasing, insomuch as at my
+second conference with Mr. Greenwell,&#8221; <i>i.e.</i> Greenway, &#8220;I said
+&#8216;Good Lord, if this matter go forward, the Pope will send me to the
+galleys, for he will assuredly think I was privy to it.&#8217;&#8221;<small><a name="f294.1" id="f294.1" href="#f294">[294]</a></small></p></div>
+
+<p>To say that Garnet had two consciences, an official and a personal one,
+would doubtless err by giving too brutally clear-cut a definition of the
+mysterious workings of the mind. Yet we shall probably be right in
+thinking not only that, as a Catholic, a priest, and a Jesuit, he was
+bound to carry out the directions conveyed to him from the Pope, but
+that those directions commended themselves to his own mind whenever he
+set himself seriously to consider the matter. It was but human
+weakness<small><a name="f295.1" id="f295.1" href="#f295">[295]</a></small> to be so shocked by the persecution going on around him as
+to regard with some complacency the horrors which sought to put a stop
+to it, or at least to find excuses for omitting to inquire, where
+inquiry must necessarily lead to active resistance. The Government
+theory that Garnet and the other Jesuits had originated the plot <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>was
+undoubtedly false, but, as far as we are able to judge, they did not
+look upon it with extraordinary horror, neither did they take such means
+as were lawful and possible to avert the disaster.</p>
+
+<p>To sum up the conclusions to which I have been led. There may be
+difference of opinion as to my suggested explanations of some details in
+the &#8216;traditional&#8217; story; but as a whole it stands untouched by Father
+Gerard&#8217;s criticisms. What is more, no explanation has been offered by
+any one which will fit in with the evidence which I have adduced in its
+favour. As for the plot itself, it was the work of men indignant at the
+banishment of the priests after the promises made by James in Scotland.
+The worse persecution which followed no doubt sharpened their
+indignation and led to the lukewarmness with which Garnet opposed it;
+but it had nothing to do with the inception of the plot.</p>
+
+<p>As to the action of the Government, it was in the main straightforward.
+It had to disguise its knowledge that James did not discover the plot by
+Divine inspiration, and having firmly persuaded itself that the Jesuits
+had been at the bottom of the whole affair, it suppressed at least one
+statement to the contrary, which it may very well have believed to be
+untrue, whilst the Attorney General&mdash;not a man easily restrained&mdash;put
+forward his own impression as positive truth, though he had no evidence
+behind it. On the other hand, James, having before him in writing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>
+Garnet&#8217;s account of the information gained from Greenway in confession,
+refused to allow it to be used against the prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>The attempt to make Salisbury the originator of the Plot for his own
+purposes breaks down entirely, if only because, at the time when the
+plot was started, he had already pushed James to take the first step in
+the direction in which he wished him to go, and that every succeeding
+step carried him further in the same direction. It is also highly
+probable that he had no information about it till the Monteagle letter
+was placed in his hands. That there was a plot at all is undoubtedly
+owing to James&#8217;s conduct in receding from his promises. Yet, even his
+fault in this respect raises more difficult questions than Roman
+Catholic writers are inclined to admit. The question of toleration was a
+new one, and James may be credited with a sincere desire to avoid
+persecution for religion. He was, however, confronted by the question of
+allegiance. If the Roman Catholics increased in numbers, so far as to
+become a power in the land, would they or the Pope tolerate a &#8216;heretic&#8217;
+King? This was the real crux of the situation. In the nineteenth century
+it is not felt, and we can regard it lightly. In the beginning of the
+seventeenth century men could remember how Henry IV. had been driven to
+submit to the Papal Church on pain of exclusion from the throne. Was
+there ever to be a possibility of the like happening to James? There can
+be no doubt that he believed in the doctrines of his own Church as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>
+firmly as any Jesuit believed in those which it was his duty to
+maintain. But, though this question of doctrine must not be left out of
+sight, it must by no means be forced into undue prominence. It was the
+question of allegiance that was at stake. James tried hard to avoid it,
+and it must be acknowledged that his efforts were, to some extent,
+reciprocated from the other side,<small><a name="f296.1" id="f296.1" href="#f296">[296]</a></small> but the gulf could not be bridged
+over. In the end the antagonism took its fiercest shape in the
+disputation on the new oath of allegiance enjoined on all recusants in
+1606. The respective claims of Pope and King to divine right were then
+brought sharply into collision. Now that we are removed by nearly three
+centuries from the combatants, we may look somewhat beyond the
+contentions of the disputants. Behind the arguments of the Royalist, we
+may discern the claim of a nation for supreme control over its own
+legislation and government. Behind the arguments of the Papalist, we may
+discern an anxiety to forbid any chance occupant of a throne, or any
+chance parliamentary majority, from dictating to the consciences of
+those who in all temporal matters are ready to yield obedience to
+existing authority.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+<div class="index">
+<p>
+Aldobrandino, Cardinal, report by the Nuncio at Paris to, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Bancroft, Archbishop, informs Salisbury that Percy had ridden towards Croydon, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+Banishment of the priests, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br />
+<br />
+Barlow, Bishop, mistaken reference to a book of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+<br />
+Barneby, reports to the Nuncio at Paris, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Bartlet, George, said to have stated that Catesby visited Salisbury House, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+<br />
+Bates, Thomas, arrest of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">examination of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">value of the evidence of, <a href="#Page_182">182-189</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charge brought against Greenway by, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Baynham, Sir Edmund, mission of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br />
+<br />
+Brewer, Mr. H. W., author of a conjectural view of the neighbourhood of the old House of Lords, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br />
+<br />
+Brick, softer in 1605 than at present, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br />
+<br />
+Bright, Mrs., evidence of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See</i> <a href="#skinner">Skinner, Mrs.</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Buck, Master, alleged statement by, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<br />
+Bufalo, del, <i>see</i> <a href="#nuncio">Nuncio in Paris</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Capon, William, mistakes the position of Percy&#8217;s house, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">worthlessness of the evidence of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Catesby, Robert, said to visit Salisbury, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cannot have given information, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">informs Greenway of the plot, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his relations with Garnet, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br />
+<br /><a name="cecil" id="cecil"></a>
+Cecil, Sir Robert, corresponds with James on toleration, <a href="#Page_143">143-148</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">forwards James&#8217;s reply to the Nuncio&#8217;s overtures, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">has no motive for inventing Gunpowder Plot, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See</i> <a href="#cranborne">Cranborne, Viscount</a>, and <a href="#salis">Salisbury, Earl of</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cellar, the, Fawkes antedates the hiring of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">new door made into, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evidence on the lease of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supposed bargain between Ferrers and Percy for, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fawkes&#8217;s account of the hiring of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winter&#8217;s account of the hiring of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">partly let to Mrs. Skinner, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leased to Percy, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the miners said to be ignorant of the position of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capon&#8217;s evidence on the details of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">new door into, <i>ib.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entrances into, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged public access to, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knyvet&#8217;s visit to, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Suffolk&#8217;s search in, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></span><br />
+<br /><a name="clement" id="clement"></a>
+Clement VIII., Pope, writes to James, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annotates a report from the Nuncio at Paris, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rejects James&#8217;s proposals, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his conduct towards James, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lindsay&#8217;s report on the proceedings of, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cobham, Lord, reports a saying of James I., <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br />
+<br />
+Coe, Thomas, as informer, <a href="#Page_175">175, <i>note</i> 1</a><br />
+<br />
+Coke, Attorney-General, conducts the first examination of Fawkes, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attends the commissioners for the examination of the plot, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his fishing inquiry, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">omits a passage in Fawkes&#8217;s confession, and brings a false charge against Gerard, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cornwallis, Salisbury&#8217;s letter to, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+<br /><a name="cranborne" id="cranborne"></a>
+Cranborne, Viscount, his conversation with the Venetian ambassador, <a href="#Page_162">162-166</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See</i> <a href="#cecil">Cecil, Sir Robert</a>, and <a href="#salis">Salisbury, Earl of</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Davies, an informer, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br />
+<br />
+Devonshire, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Digby, Sir Edward, misstatement about the knighting of the sons of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrest of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Salisbury, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives a letter about an otter hunt, <a href="#Page_175">175, <i>note</i> 1</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his evidence against Garnet, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Digby, Sir Kenelm, alleged statement by, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Doubleday, Edmond, secures Fawkes, <a href="#Page_135">135-137</a><br />
+<br />
+Dunchurch, hunting-match at, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<i>Edinburgh Reviewer</i>, the, negative criticism of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his summary of the story of the plot, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Edmondes, Salisbury&#8217;s letter to, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Favat, Salisbury&#8217;s letter to, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br />
+<br />
+Fawkes, Guy, first examination of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assumes the name of Johnson, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shields his companions by false statements, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged alteration of the examination of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">confesses the whole of the design, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second examination of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third examination of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fourth examination of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">threatened with torture, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fifth examination of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relation of the fifth examination of, with that of Nov. 17, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his declaration under torture, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives the names of the plotters, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">examined on the hints given to noblemen to absent themselves from Parliament, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a watch bought for, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">doubts as to the genuineness of his full account of the plot examined, <a href="#Page_50">50-54</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">capable of directing mining operations, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ascertains that the cellar is to be let, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged discrepancies in the accounts of the seizure of, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrest of, <a href="#Page_132">132-136</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ferrers, or Ferris, Henry, gives up his house to Percy, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">agreement for the lease by, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fulman&#8217;s Collection, notes on the plot preserved in, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Garnet, Henry, receives information of the plot from Greenway, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Digby&#8217;s evidence against, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his knowledge of the plot, <a href="#Page_193">193-199</a></span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span><br />
+Gerard, John (Jesuit in the 17th century), not to be trusted when in ignorance of the facts, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have given the sacrament to the conspirators, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">probably ignorant of the plot, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">false charge brought by Coke against, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Gibbons, Mrs., has charge of the house, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Goodman, Bishop, thinks Salisbury contrived the plot, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<br />
+Grant, John, his name erroneously given as digging the mine, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+<br />
+Greenway (<i>alias</i> for Oswald Tesimond), informs Garnet of the plot, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have been informed of the plot by Bates, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discussion on Bates&#8217;s evidence against, <a href="#Page_183">183-192</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his relations with Garnet, <a href="#Page_195">195-198</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Grene, Father, reports a saying of Usher&#8217;s, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br />
+<br />
+Gunpowder stored by the plotters, exaggerations about the amount of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disposal of, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Holbeche House, capture or death of the plotters at, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+House hired by Percy, the, Fawkes&#8217;s statement about, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in charge of Mrs. Gibbons, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evidence on the lease of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">situation of, <a href="#Page_77">77-91</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged smallness of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged populousness of the neighbourhood of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">position of the garden belonging to, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">powder brought to, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a carpenter admitted to, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br />
+<br />
+House of Lords, the old, description of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+James, Roger, evidence of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br />
+<br />
+James I. said to have called November 5 Cecil&#8217;s holiday, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders the use of torture, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have interpreted the Monteagle letter by inspiration, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his relations with the Catholics, <a href="#Page_141">141-142</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to sign a letter to the Pope, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">corresponds with Cecil on toleration, <i>ib.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter falsely attributed to, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interruption of Lindsay&#8217;s mission from, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives overtures from the Nuncio at Brussels, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his position towards the recusants, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is assured of the Pope&#8217;s desire to keep the Catholics in obedience, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">banishes the priests, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Keyes, Robert, inquiry into the movements of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrest of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">confusion about his working in the mine, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">acknowledges that he worked at the mine, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mistake in the &#8216;King&#8217;s Book&#8217; about, <i>ib.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">brought from Lambeth, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></span><br />
+<br />
+&#8216;King&#8217;s Book,&#8217; the, erroneous account of Robert Winter&#8217;s proceedings in, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">probable date of the issue of, <a href="#Page_74">74, <i>note</i> 1</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Knyvet, Sir Thomas, visits the cellar, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Lenthall said to have been told that Salisbury contrived the plot, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wood&#8217;s character of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lindsay, Sir James, carries a letter from the Pope to James, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is unable to return with the answer, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">starts for Italy, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cranborne&#8217;s opinion of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reports from Rome, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Mar, Earl of, is a commissioner to examine the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Mine, the, silence of Fawkes about, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Whynniard ignorant of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Government ignorant of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first mentioned by Fawkes, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">described by Winter, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">position of, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made through the wall of Percy&#8217;s house, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged inexperience of the makers of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">precautions to avoid noise in, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">penetrates the wall under House of Lords, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disposal of the earth and stones from, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Government ignorant of the position of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Montague, Lord, sent to the Tower, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+Monteagle, Lord, the letter addressed to said to have been known beforehand, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">false statements about the interpretation of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salisbury said to have been previously informed of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delivery of, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken to Salisbury, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Mordaunt, Lord, sent to the Tower, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Northampton, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is a Catholic, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Nottingham, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his relations to the Catholics, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Nuncio at Brussels, the, makes overtures to James, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br />
+<br /><a name="nuncio" id="nuncio"></a>
+Nuncio at Paris, the, reports on James&#8217;s proceedings, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Parry on the Pope&#8217;s desire to keep the Catholics in obedience, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to James, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James&#8217;s reply to the overtures of, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends the reply to Rome, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Osborne, Francis, thinks the plot a device of Salisbury, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<br />
+Owen, Hugh, not a priest, <a href="#Page_60">60, <i>note</i> 1</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Parry, Sir Thomas, draft of a letter to, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">uncertainty when Salisbury&#8217;s letter was sent to, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives overtures from the Nuncio, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Percy, Thomas, Fawkes&#8217;s statement about the hiring of the house and cellar by, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proclamation for the apprehension of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rumours about the movements of, <i>ib.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">search of his house, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enters into possession of the house and cellar, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reward offered for the apprehension of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Sheriff of Worcestershire announces the death of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">buys a watch for Fawkes, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winter&#8217;s account of the proceedings of, <a href="#Page_62">62-69</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">agreement for the lease of the house to, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">not likely to be turned out when Parliament met, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes the cellar, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged bigamy of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have visited Salisbury, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">displays his connection with the Court, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives a pass for post-horses, <i>ib.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged secret orders to kill, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Pope, the (<i>see</i> <a href="#clement">Clement VIII.</a>)<br />
+<br />
+Popham, Chief Justice, examines Fawkes, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends to Salisbury a rumour of Percy&#8217;s movements, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">makes inquiries into the movements of Catholics, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a commissioner to examine the plot, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Priests, the banishment of, proclamation for, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br />
+<br />
+Privy Councillors, form of publishing the signatures of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Recusants, their fines remitted, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fines reimposed on, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Rokewood, Ambrose, examination of the landlady of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+<br /><a name="salis" id="salis"></a>
+Salisbury, Earl of, alleged to have invented the plot, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have told his son that he had contrived the plot, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes an account of the plot to Parry, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is a commissioner for the examination into the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his letter to the ambassadors, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cannot have deceived his fellow-commissioners, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have known of the plot before the Monteagle letter, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have received visits from Percy, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have issued orders not to take Percy alive, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Monteagle letter delivered to, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">probably knew nothing of the plot independent of the letter, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">was the probable interpreter of the letter, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives a letter from Sir E. Digby, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">has no motive for inventing the plot, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expects plots, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Favat, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">failure of the charge against, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Shepherd, John, evidence of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+<br /><a name="skinner" id="skinner"></a>
+Skinner, Mrs., gives up the cellar to Percy, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+<br />
+Spedding, James, his canon of historical evidence, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+<br />
+Speed, John, his statement that Percy&#8217;s house was only to be let when Parliament was not sitting, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+<br />
+Standen, Sir Anthony, mission of, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br />
+<br />
+Suffolk, Earl of, a commissioner for examining the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">friendly to the Catholics, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent to search the cellar, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Talbot of Grafton, John, summoned before the Council, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+Tresham, Francis, informed of the plot, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">probably informs the Government, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his connection with the letter to Monteagle, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Usher, language used about the plot by, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Vaux, Mrs., committed to the charge of an alderman, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+Vowell, Peter, said to assert the plot to have been invented, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Waad, Sir William, gives information of Percy&#8217;s movements, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pronounces Fawkes obstinate, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">informs Salisbury that Winter is ready to confess, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Walsh, Sir Richard, writes to announce the death or capture of the plotters, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Whynniard, John, Fawkes&#8217;s evidence about his lease to Percy, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">position of the house of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed keeper of the Old Palace, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">history of the land held by him, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">position of the garden of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leases the cellar to Percy, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Whynniard, Mrs., consents to the lease of the cellar, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Winter, Robert, arrest of, 47;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">incorrectly stated to have worked in the mine, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his name substituted for that of Keyes, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Winter, Thomas, inquiry into the movements of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured at Holbeche, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">doubts as to the genuineness of his full account of the plot examined, <a href="#Page_54">54-67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his account of the plot, <a href="#Page_57">57-69</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no evidence of the torture of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">explanation of the confusion between Keyes and, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coke wishes to examine, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wood, Anthony, statements by a correspondent of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his character of Lenthall, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Worcester, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is understood to be a Catholic, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wotton, Sir Henry, says that Cecil invented plots, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Wright, Christopher, death of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Winter&#8217;s name substituted for, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wright, Henry, an informer, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br />
+<br />
+Wright, John, killed at Holbeche, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><b>Footnotes:</b></p>
+
+<p><a name="f1" id="f1" href="#f1.1">[1]</a> London: Osgood, McIlvaine &amp; Co., 1897.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f2" id="f2" href="#f2.1">[2]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 48.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f3" id="f3" href="#f3.1">[3]</a> <i>Ib.</i> p. 51, note 2.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f4" id="f4" href="#f4.1">[4]</a> <i>Goodman</i>, i. 102.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f5" id="f5" href="#f5.1">[5]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, pp. 46, 47.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f6" id="f6" href="#f6.1">[6]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 159.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f7" id="f7" href="#f7.1">[7]</a> I imagine that the notes in Roman type proceed from Wood&#8217;s
+correspondent, and that Fulman&#8217;s marginal questions are omitted; but
+Father Gerard is not clear on this.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f8" id="f8" href="#f8.1">[8]</a> <i>I.e.</i>, the second Earl.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f9" id="f9" href="#f9.1">[9]</a> ? this.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f10" id="f10" href="#f10.1">[10]</a> <i>Athen&aelig;</i>, iii. 902.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f11" id="f11" href="#f11.1">[11]</a> <i>Edin. Review</i>, January 1897, p. 192.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f12" id="f12" href="#f12.1">[12]</a> This is a mistake. The fine of 3,000<i>l.</i> was imposed for his part
+in the Essex rebellion. (See <i>Jardine</i>, p. 31.)</p>
+
+<p><a name="f13" id="f13" href="#f13.1">[13]</a> Off and on, a fortnight at the end of January and beginning of
+February, and then again probably for a very short time in March.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f14" id="f14" href="#f14.1">[14]</a> Fawkes was absent part of the time.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f15" id="f15" href="#f15.1">[15]</a> Mrs. Everett Green in her &#8216;Calendar of Domestic State Papers,&#8217; adds
+a sixth (<i>Gunpowder Plot Book</i>, No. 50); but this is manifestly the
+deposition of November 17. It must be remembered that, when she produced
+this volume, Mrs. Everett Green was quite new to the work. She was
+deceived by an indorsement in the handwriting of the eighteenth century,
+assigning the document to the 8th.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f16" id="f16" href="#f16.1">[16]</a> The words between brackets are inserted in another hand.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f17" id="f17" href="#f17.1">[17]</a> It was not actually hired till about Lady Day, 1605.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f18" id="f18" href="#f18.1">[18]</a> Inserted in the same hand as that in which the words about the
+cellar were written. It will be observed that the insertion cannot serve
+any one&#8217;s purpose.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f19" id="f19" href="#f19.1">[19]</a> Gracechurch Street.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f20" id="f20" href="#f20.1">[20]</a> A mistake for Monday if midnight is to be reckoned with the day
+preceding it.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f21" id="f21" href="#f21.1">[21]</a> The remainder of the draft is occupied with the discovery of the
+plot.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f22" id="f22" href="#f22.1">[22]</a> <i>Proclamation Book, R.O.</i>, p. 114.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f23" id="f23" href="#f23.1">[23]</a> Bancroft to Salisbury, Nov. 5. Popham to Salisbury, Nov. 5&mdash;<i>G. P.
+B.</i> Nos. 7, 9.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f24" id="f24" href="#f24.1">[24]</a> Points and names of persons.&mdash;<i>S. P. Dom.</i> xvi. 9, 10.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f25" id="f25" href="#f25.1">[25]</a> Popham to Salisbury, November 5. (<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 10.) The P.S. only
+is of the 6th.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f26" id="f26" href="#f26.1">[26]</a> Narrative, <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 129.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f27" id="f27" href="#f27.1">[27]</a> In a letter of advice sent to the Nuncio at Paris, on Sept. 10/20,
+he is distinctly spoken of as a Catholic, as well as Worcester.&mdash;<i>Roman
+Transcripts, R.O.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f28" id="f28" href="#f28.1">[28]</a> On July 20/30, 1605, Father Creswell writes to Paul V. that
+Nottingham showed him every civility &#8216;that could be expected from one
+who does not profess our holy religion.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f29" id="f29" href="#f29.1">[29]</a> The &#8216;cellar&#8217; was not really hired till a little before Easter,
+March 31.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f30" id="f30" href="#f30.1">[30]</a> Second examination of Fawkes, November 6.&mdash;<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 16 A.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f31" id="f31" href="#f31.1">[31]</a> Examination of Gibbons, November 5.&mdash;<i>S. P. Dom.</i> xvi. 14.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f32" id="f32" href="#f32.1">[32]</a> &#8220;Mrs. Whynniard, however, tells us,&#8221; writes Father Gerard (p. 73),
+&#8220;that the cellar was not to let, and that Bright had not the disposal of
+the lease, but one Skinner.&#8221; What Mrs. Whynniard said was that the vault
+was &#8216;let to Mr. Skinner of King Street; but that she and her husband
+were ready to consent if Mrs. Skinner&#8217;s good will could be had.&#8217; &#8216;Mr.&#8217;
+in the first writing of the name is evidently a slip of the clerk&#8217;s, as
+Mrs. Whynniard goes on to speak of &#8216;Mrs. Skinner then, and now the wife
+of Andrew Bright.&#8217;&mdash;<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 39.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f33" id="f33" href="#f33.1">[33]</a> Probably &#8216;Hippesley.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f34" id="f34" href="#f34.1">[34]</a> Father Gerard, (p. 91, note 5) accepts Goodman&#8217;s assertion that it
+was said that Whynniard &#8216;as soon as ever he heard of the news what Percy
+intended, he instantly fell into a fright and died: so that it could not
+be certainly known who procured him the house, or by whose means.&#8217; That
+Whynniard was alive on the 7th is proved by the fact that Susan
+Whynniard is styled his wife and not his widow at the head of this
+examination. As he was himself not questioned it may be inferred that he
+was seriously ill at the time. That his illness was caused by fright is
+probably pure gossip. Mrs. Bright, when examined (<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 24)
+speaks of Mrs. Whynniard as agreeing to change the tenancy of the
+cellar, which looks as if the husband had been ill and inaccessible at
+least six months before his death.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f35" id="f35" href="#f35.1">[35]</a> Properly &#8216;John.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f36" id="f36" href="#f36.1">[36]</a> <i>S. P. Dom.</i> xvi. 20.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f37" id="f37" href="#f37.1">[37]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 37. Witnessed by Northampton and Popham only.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f38" id="f38" href="#f38.1">[38]</a> The letter to Cornwallis, printed in Winwood&#8217;s <i>Memorials</i>, ii.
+170, is dated Nov. 9, as it is in Cott. MSS. Vesp. cix. fol. 240, from
+which it is printed. That volume, however, is merely a letter book. The
+letter to Edmondes, on the other hand, in the Stowe MSS. 168, fol. 213,
+is the original, with Salisbury&#8217;s autograph signature, and its date has
+clearly been altered from 7 to 9.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f39" id="f39" href="#f39.1">[39]</a> Waad to Salisbury, Nov. 7.&mdash;Hatfield MSS.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f40" id="f40" href="#f40.1">[40]</a> Waad to Salisbury, Nov. 8.&mdash;<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 48 B.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f41" id="f41" href="#f41.1">[41]</a> In &#8216;The King&#8217;s Book&#8217; it is stated that Fawkes was shown the rack,
+but never racked. Probably the torture used on the 9th was that of the
+manacles, or hanging up by the wrists or thumbs.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f42" id="f42" href="#f42.1">[42]</a> The principal ones were either killed or taken at Holbeche on that
+very day.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f43" id="f43" href="#f43.1">[43]</a> Thomas Winter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f44" id="f44" href="#f44.1">[44]</a> Catesby, Percy, and John Wright.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f45" id="f45" href="#f45.1">[45]</a> <i>I.e.</i> Catesby. In a copy forwarded to Edmondes by Salisbury (Stowe
+MSS. 168, fol. 223) the copyist had originally written &#8216;three or four
+more,&#8217; which is altered to &#8216;three.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f46" id="f46" href="#f46.1">[46]</a> &#8216;Then,&#8217; omitted in the Stowe copy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f47" id="f47" href="#f47.1">[47]</a> Christopher Wright.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f48" id="f48" href="#f48.1">[48]</a> &#8216;Unto,&#8217; in the Stowe copy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f49" id="f49" href="#f49.1">[49]</a> Robert Winter. The question whether Keyes worked at this time will
+be discussed later on.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f50" id="f50" href="#f50.1">[50]</a> &#8216;Any man,&#8217; in the Stowe copy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f51" id="f51" href="#f51.1">[51]</a> &#8216;Others,&#8217; in the Stowe copy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f52" id="f52" href="#f52.1">[52]</a> &#8216;One&#8217; is inserted above the line.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f53" id="f53" href="#f53.1">[53]</a> This is an obvious mistake, as the widow Skinner was not at this
+time married to Bright, but one just as likely to be made by Fawkes
+himself as by his examiners.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f54" id="f54" href="#f54.1">[54]</a> &#8216;Viewed it,&#8217; in the Stowe copy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f55" id="f55" href="#f55.1">[55]</a> &#8216;Taken,&#8217; in Stowe copy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f56" id="f56" href="#f56.1">[56]</a> &#8216;Thence,&#8217; in Stowe copy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f57" id="f57" href="#f57.1">[57]</a> Percy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f58" id="f58" href="#f58.1">[58]</a> The words in italics are marked by penstrokes across them for omission.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f59" id="f59" href="#f59.1">[59]</a> &#8216;With that practice, that,&#8217; in the Stowe copy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f60" id="f60" href="#f60.1">[60]</a> &#8216;Then,&#8217; omitted in the Stowe copy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f61" id="f61" href="#f61.1">[61]</a> &#8216;But,&#8217; omitted in the Stowe copy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f62" id="f62" href="#f62.1">[62]</a> &#8216;Whereof,&#8217; in the Stowe copy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f63" id="f63" href="#f63.1">[63]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i>, No. 49. In the Stowe copy the names of the
+Commissioners are omitted, and a list of fifteen plotters added. As the
+paper was inclosed in a letter to Edmondes of the 14th, these might
+easily be added at any date preceding that.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f64" id="f64" href="#f64.1">[64]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 268.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f65" id="f65" href="#f65.1">[65]</a> <i>Stowe MSS.</i>, 168, fol. 223.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f66" id="f66" href="#f66.1">[66]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 170.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f67" id="f67" href="#f67.1">[67]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 169.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f68" id="f68" href="#f68.1">[68]</a> <i>S. P. Dom.</i> xii. 24.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f69" id="f69" href="#f69.1">[69]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 175. Coke&#8217;s questions are in <i>S. P. Dom.</i> xvi. 38.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f70" id="f70" href="#f70.1">[70]</a> The handwriting is quite different.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f71" id="f71" href="#f71.1">[71]</a> This declaration, therefore, was not, as Mrs. Everett Green says,
+&#8216;made to Salisbury.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f72" id="f72" href="#f72.1">[72]</a> If anyone chooses to argue that this examination was drawn up
+regardless of its truth, and only signed by Fawkes after torture had
+made him incapable of distinguishing truth from falsehood, he may be
+answered that, in that case, those who prepared it would never have
+added to the allegation that some of the conspirators had received the
+Sacrament from Gerard the Jesuit to bind them to secrecy, the
+passage:&mdash;&#8220;But he saith that Gerard was not acquainted with their
+purpose.&#8221; This passage is marked for omission by Coke, and it assuredly
+would not have been found in the document unless it had really proceeded
+from Fawkes.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f73" id="f73" href="#f73.1">[73]</a> About whom more hereafter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f74" id="f74" href="#f74.1">[74]</a> Gerard afterwards denied that this was true, and the late Father
+Morris (<i>Life of Gerard</i>, p. 437) argues, with a good deal of
+probability, that Fawkes mistook another priest for Gerard. For my
+purpose it is not a matter of any importance.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f75" id="f75" href="#f75.1">[75]</a> This should be John.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f76" id="f76" href="#f76.1">[76]</a> Probably, as Father Gerard suggests, what would now be known as a
+coursing match.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f77" id="f77" href="#f77.1">[77]</a> <i>Proclamation Book, R.O.</i> p. 117.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f78" id="f78" href="#f78.1">[78]</a> A late postscript added to the letter to the Ambassadors sent off
+on the 9th (<i>Winwood</i>, ii. 173) shows that before the end of the day
+Salisbury had learnt even more of the details than were comprised in the
+Sheriff&#8217;s letter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f79" id="f79" href="#f79.1">[79]</a> Nov. 5.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f80" id="f80" href="#f80.1">[80]</a> Nov. 6.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f81" id="f81" href="#f81.1">[81]</a> Nov. 7.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f82" id="f82" href="#f82.1">[82]</a> Nov. 8.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f83" id="f83" href="#f83.1">[83]</a> The question whether Winter or Keyes was one of two workers will be
+subsequently discussed.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f84" id="f84" href="#f84.1">[84]</a> Mrs. Everett Green suggests Nov. 8 (<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 133), but this
+is merely a deduction from her mistaken date of the examination of the
+17th (see p. 17, note 1). In Fawkes&#8217;s confession of the 9th Keyes&#8217;s
+Christian name appears to have been subsequently added.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f85" id="f85" href="#f85.1">[85]</a> Extracts from the Council Registers, <i>Add. MSS.</i> 11,402, fol. 108.
+The volume of the Council Book itself which recorded the transactions of
+these years has been lost.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f86" id="f86" href="#f86.1">[86]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 101. There is a facsimile in <i>National MSS.</i> Part
+iv. No. 8.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f87" id="f87" href="#f87.1">[87]</a> See pp. 18, 20.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f88" id="f88" href="#f88.1">[88]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 174.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f89" id="f89" href="#f89.1">[89]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 268.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f90" id="f90" href="#f90.1">[90]</a> The erasure of Winter&#8217;s name, and the substitution of that of
+Keyes, will be dealt with later.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f91" id="f91" href="#f91.1">[91]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 168.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f92" id="f92" href="#f29.1">[92]</a> Father Gerard appears to show his dislike of Salisbury by denying
+him his title.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f93" id="f93" href="#f93.1">[93]</a> All Saints Day.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f94" id="f94" href="#f94.1">[94]</a> Compare this with Fawkes&#8217;s declaration at his second examination
+(<i>G. P. B.</i> 16, A.) &#8220;Being demanded when this good act had been done
+which must have brought this realm in peril to be subdued by some
+foreign prince, of what foreign prince he and his compliees could have
+wished to have been governed, one more than another, he doth protest
+upon his soul that neither he nor any other with whom he had conferred
+would have spared the last drop of their blood to have resisted any
+foreign prince whatsoever.&#8221; Are we seriously asked to believe that
+Salisbury placed this crown of sturdy patriotism on the brows of those
+whom he wished to paint as the most atrocious villains?</p>
+
+<p><a name="f95" id="f95" href="#f95.1">[95]</a> Juan de Velasco, Duke of Frias, Constable of Castile, arrived at
+Brussels about the middle of January 1604 to conduct a negotiation for
+peace with England. There he remained, delegating his powers to others.
+This date of the Constable&#8217;s arrival is important, as showing that
+Winter&#8217;s conversation with Catesby cannot have taken place earlier than
+the second half of January.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f96" id="f96" href="#f96.1">[96]</a> Hugh Owen was, as Father Gerard says (p. 173, note 1), &#8216;A soldier
+and not a priest, though in the <i>Calendar of State Papers</i> he is
+continually styled &#8220;Father Owen,&#8221; or &#8220;Owen the Jesuit.&#8221;&#8217; He is however
+mistaken in saying that Mrs. Everett Green inserted the title without
+warrant in the original documents. A paper of intelligence received on
+April 29, 1604, begins, &#8220;Father Owen, Father Baldwin and Colonel Jaques,
+three men that rule the Archduke at their pleasure,&#8221; &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f97" id="f97" href="#f97.1">[97]</a> In 1604 Easter term began on April 25, and ended May 21.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f98" id="f98" href="#f98.1">[98]</a> This distinctly implies that Percy did not know the secret before,
+and I therefore wish to retract my former argument&mdash;which is certainly
+not conclusive&mdash;in favour of an earlier knowledge by Percy. <i>Hist. of
+Engl.</i> 1603-1642, i. 235, note 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f99" id="f99" href="#f99.1">[99]</a> &#8220;In his declaration, November 8th, however,&#8221; writes Father Gerard
+(p. 91, note 1), &#8220;he gives as a reason for going abroad, &#8216;lest, being a
+dangerous man, he should be known and suspected.&#8217;&#8221; I see no discrepancy
+between the two statements. Having been long abroad, Fawkes&#8217;s face would
+not be known to the ordinary Londoner as that of a Recusant, and he was
+therefore better qualified to act as a watchman than others who were so
+known. On the other hand, when there was no need for anybody to watch at
+all, somebody who had known him in Flanders might notify the Government
+of his appearance in England, and thereby raise suspicions against him.
+Besides, there were other reasons for his going over which Fawkes did
+not think fit to bring to the notice of the Government.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f100" id="f100" href="#f100.1">[100]</a> Began October 9, ended November 28.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f101" id="f101" href="#f101.1">[101]</a> Marginal note: &#8220;This was about a month before Michaelmas.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f102" id="f102" href="#f102.1">[102]</a> The Duke of York, afterwards Charles I.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f103" id="f103" href="#f103.1">[103]</a> Some such words as &#8216;we resolved&#8217; are probably omitted here.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f104" id="f104" href="#f104.1">[104]</a> In MS. &#8216;taken it before.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f105" id="f105" href="#f105.1">[105]</a> Interlined in the King&#8217;s hand &#8216;which was about four thousand
+pounds.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f106" id="f106" href="#f106.1">[106]</a> Altered in the King&#8217;s hand to &#8216;to the number of ten,&#8217; with a
+marginal note &#8216;unclear phrase,&#8217; in the same hand.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f107" id="f107" href="#f107.1">[107]</a> Prince Henry.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f108" id="f108" href="#f108.1">[108]</a> Perhaps the Prince was with his mother at Greenwich.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f109" id="f109" href="#f109.1">[109]</a> Oct. 27.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f110" id="f110" href="#f110.1">[110]</a> Oct. 31.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f111" id="f111" href="#f111.1">[111]</a> Nov. 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f112" id="f112" href="#f112.1">[112]</a> Nov. 2.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f113" id="f113" href="#f113.1">[113]</a> Nov. 3.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f114" id="f114" href="#f114.1">[114]</a> Nov. 4.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f115" id="f115" href="#f115.1">[115]</a> 5 <span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span> on Nov. 5.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f116" id="f116" href="#f116.1">[116]</a> Nov. 6.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f117" id="f117" href="#f117.1">[117]</a> Nov. 7.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f118" id="f118" href="#f118.1">[118]</a> Nov. 8.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f119" id="f119" href="#f119.1">[119]</a> The attestation in brackets is in Salisbury&#8217;s hand.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f120" id="f120" href="#f120.1">[120]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 182.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f121" id="f121" href="#f121.1">[121]</a> <i>I.e.</i>, Thomas Winter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f122" id="f122" href="#f122.1">[122]</a> Mrs. Everett Green&#8217;s abstract of this, to the effect that Fawkes
+said that the conspiracy &#8216;was confined to five persons at first, then to
+two, and afterwards five more were added,&#8217; has no foundation in the
+document she had before her.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f123" id="f123" href="#f123.1">[123]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 49.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f124" id="f124" href="#f124.1">[124]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 37.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f125" id="f125" href="#f125.1">[125]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 133.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f126" id="f126" href="#f126.1">[126]</a> The name &#8216;Key&#8217; or &#8216;Keyes&#8217; occurs in both of them without his
+Christian name.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f127" id="f127" href="#f127.1">[127]</a> <i>Proclamation Book, R.O.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f128" id="f128" href="#f128.1">[128]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 129.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f129" id="f129" href="#f129.1">[129]</a> &#8216;The Discourse of the Powder Treason,&#8217; published in Bishop
+Montague&#8217;s <i>Works of James I.</i>, p. 233, only forms part of the original
+so-called &#8216;King&#8217;s Book,&#8217; which was published anonymously in 1605
+(<i>i.e.</i>, before March 25, 1606) under the title of <i>His Majesty&#8217;s Speech
+in this last Session of Parliament ... together with a Discourse of the
+Manner of the Discovery of this late Intended Treason, joined with the
+Examination of Some of the Prisoners</i>.&mdash;Brit. Mus., Press Mark E. 1940,
+No. 10. In the Preface directed by the Printer to the Reader, the
+Printer states that he was about to commit the Speech to the press when
+there came into his hands &#8216;a discourse of this late intended most
+abominable treason,&#8217; which he has added. The King&#8217;s speech was delivered
+on November 9, and, if it was to be published, it is not likely to have
+been long kept back. The discourse consists of four parts&mdash;1. An account
+of the discovery of the plot, and arrest of Fawkes. 2. Fawkes&#8217;s
+declaration of the 17th. 3. Winter&#8217;s confession of the 23rd. 4. An
+account of the flight and capture of the conspirators. The whole
+composition shows signs of an early date. Part 1 knows nothing of any
+names except those of Percy and Johnson <i>alias</i> Fawkes, and was
+probably, therefore, drawn up before the confession of the 9th. At the
+end it slips off from a statement that Fawkes, having been &#8216;twice or
+thrice examined when the rack having been only offered and showed unto
+him, the mask of his Roman fortitude did visibly begin to wear and slide
+off his face, and then did he begin to confess part of the truth,&#8217; into
+&#8216;and thereafter to open up the whole matter as doth appear by his
+depositions immediately following.&#8217; Then comes the declaration of
+November 17, with Winter amongst the diggers and Keyes amongst those
+afterwards made privy. Between Parts 2 and 3 we have the following
+statement: &#8220;And in regard that before this discovery could be ready to
+go to the press, Thomas Winter, being apprehended and brought to the
+Tower, made a confession in substance agreeing with this former of
+Fawkes&#8217;s, only larger in some circumstances. I have thought good to
+insert the same likewise in this place, for the further clearing of the
+matter and greater benefit of the reader.&#8221; May we not gather from this
+that the &#8216;discourse&#8217; was finally made up for the press on or very soon
+after the 23rd? Winter, it may be noted, does not mention the name
+either of his brother or of Keyes.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f130" id="f130" href="#f130.1">[130]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, App. E., p. 251.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f131" id="f131" href="#f131.1">[131]</a> This note is on too small a scale to be reproduced in the
+frontispiece.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f132" id="f132" href="#f132.1">[132]</a> This name is given at a later time to the &#8216;Passage leading to the
+Parliament Stairs&#8217; of Capon&#8217;s plan, and I have, for convenience sake,
+referred to it throughout by that name.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f133" id="f133" href="#f133.1">[133]</a> See p. 22.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f134" id="f134" href="#f134.1">[134]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 62.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f135" id="f135" href="#f135.1">[135]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, pp. 141, 142.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f136" id="f136" href="#f136.1">[136]</a> I suppose Thomas Barlow is meant. William Barlow, who was Bishop
+of Lincoln in the reign of James I., did not write about the plot.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f137" id="f137" href="#f137.1">[137]</a> Speed&#8217;s <i>History</i>, ed. 1611, p. 891.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f138" id="f138" href="#f138.1">[138]</a> March 24th, 1604.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f139" id="f139" href="#f139.1">[139]</a> Copy of the Agreement, <i>G. P. B.</i>, No. 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f140" id="f140" href="#f140.1">[140]</a> Pat. 44 Eliz., Part 22.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f141" id="f141" href="#f141.1">[141]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 60, note 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f142" id="f142" href="#f142.1">[142]</a> <i>Smith&#8217;s Antiquities of Westminster</i>, p. 39. The question of the
+number of doors in the cellar will be dealt with hereafter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f143" id="f143" href="#f143.1">[143]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 67.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f144" id="f144" href="#f144.1">[144]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 65.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f145" id="f145" href="#f145.1">[145]</a> P. 56.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f146" id="f146" href="#f146.1">[146]</a> Pat. 4 Edw. <i>VI.</i>, Part 9.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f147" id="f147" href="#f147.1">[147]</a> Pat. 6 Edw. <i>VI.</i>, Part 5.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f148" id="f148" href="#f148.1">[148]</a> Pat. 30 Eliz., Part 10.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f149" id="f149" href="#f149.1">[149]</a> Parliament Place.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f150" id="f150" href="#f150.1">[150]</a> Assignment, July 17, 42 Eliz., <i>Land Revenue Records Office</i>,
+Inrolments v. fol. 104. I have been unable to trac Whynniard&#8217;s tenure of
+the house I have assigned to him. It was within the Old Palace, and was
+probably the official residence of its keeper. Whynniard was appointed
+Keeper of the Old Palace in 1602. Pat. 44 Eliz., Part 22.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f151" id="f151" href="#f151.1">[151]</a> See plan at p. 81. Was this the baker in whose house Catesby tried
+in vain to secure a room?&mdash;&#8216;Bates&#8217;s Confession, Dec. 4, 1605&#8217;; <i>G. P.
+B.</i> No. 145.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f152" id="f152" href="#f152.1">[152]</a> Whynniard was Keeper of the Wardrobe at Hampton Court, which would
+account for his servant being concerned in the Queen&#8217;s removal.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f153" id="f153" href="#f153.1">[153]</a> Otherwise Parliament Stairs.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f154" id="f154" href="#f154.1">[154]</a> I suspect that this was what was afterwards known as Cotton
+Garden. I have been unable to trace the date at which it was conveyed to
+Sir Robert Cotton.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f155" id="f155" href="#f155.1">[155]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 40.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f156" id="f156" href="#f156.1">[156]</a> See p. 63.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f157" id="f157" href="#f157.1">[157]</a> See p. 90.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f158" id="f158" href="#f158.1">[158]</a> This we know from Capon&#8217;s pencilled notes to the sketch in the
+frontispiece.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f159" id="f159" href="#f159.1">[159]</a> The late Chairman of the Works Department of the London County
+Council; than whom no man is better qualified to speak on such matters.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f160" id="f160" href="#f160.1">[160]</a> There are indeed old walls marked in Capon&#8217;s plan beneath the
+ground, but we do not know of what substance they were composed or how
+near the surface they came.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f161" id="f161" href="#f161.1">[161]</a> Speed, no doubt, rested this assertion on Winter&#8217;s evidence that
+&#8216;we underpropped it, as we went, with wood.&#8217; (See p. 64.)</p>
+
+<p><a name="f162" id="f162" href="#f162.1">[162]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, pp. 66, 67.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f163" id="f163" href="#f163.1">[163]</a> See the remarks of the Edinburgh Reviewer on the ease with which
+Baron Trenck executed a far harder piece of work without being
+discovered for a considerable time.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f164" id="f164" href="#f164.1">[164]</a> Used as such, Father Gerard notes, till the Union with Ireland in
+1800.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f165" id="f165" href="#f165.1">[165]</a> This was true of the general line of the bank, but, as will be
+seen at pp. 81, 83, there was a kind of dock which brought the water
+within about thirty yards of the house.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f166" id="f166" href="#f166.1">[166]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, pp. 59, 60.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f167" id="f167" href="#f167.1">[167]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 129.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f168" id="f168" href="#f168.1">[168]</a> This is clearly a slip. The cellar was not under the house hired
+by Percy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f169" id="f169" href="#f169.1">[169]</a> For its possible situation see p. 91; or it may have been erected
+in the courtyard shown in the plans at pp. 82, 83.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f170" id="f170" href="#f170.1">[170]</a> See pp. 34, 65. The difficulty of measuring the thickness of the
+wall was not so great as Father Gerard fancies. In 1678 Sir Christopher
+Wren reported that &#8216;the walls are seven feet thick below&#8217; (<i>Hist. MSS.</i>
+Com. Report XI. App. ii. p. 17). As he did not dig below the surface
+this must mean that they were seven feet thick at the level of the floor
+of the so-called cellar, and this measurement must have been known to
+the conspirators after they had access to it. I am informed that in the
+case of a heavy wall, especially when it is built on light soil, as was
+the case here, the foundations are always constructed to be broader than
+the wall itself. The diggers, observing the angle of the face they
+attacked, might roughly calculate that a foot on each side might be
+added, thus reaching the nine feet.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f171" id="f171" href="#f171.1">[171]</a> Father Gerard (p. 64, note 2) writes: &#8220;There is, as usual,
+hopeless confusion between the two witnesses upon whom, as will be seen,
+we wholly depend for this portion of the story. Fawkes (November 17,
+1605) makes the mining operations terminate at Candlemas, and Winter
+(November 23) says that they went on to &#8216;near Easter&#8217; (March 31). The
+date of the hiring the &#8216;cellar&#8217; was about Lady Day (March 25).&#8221; I can
+see no contradiction. The resumption of work for a third time in March
+was, from Winter&#8217;s mode of referring to it, evidently for a very short
+time. &#8220;And,&#8221; he says, &#8220;near to Easter, as we wrought the third time,
+opportunity was given to hire the cellar.&#8221; Fawkes, though less clear and
+full, implicitly says much the same thing. He says that &#8216;about Candlemas
+we had wrought the wall half through,&#8217; and then goes on to describe how
+he stood sentinel, &amp;c. Then at the beginning of another paragraph we
+have &#8220;As they were working upon the wall they heard a rushing in a
+cellar, &amp;c.&#8221; Fawkes gives no dates, but he says nothing to contradict
+the third working spoken of by Winter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f172" id="f172" href="#f172.1">[172]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, pp. 65, 66.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f173" id="f173" href="#f173.1">[173]</a> <i>Goodman</i>, i. 104.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f174" id="f174" href="#f174.1">[174]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 40. Father Gerard (p. 142) says that we learn on
+the unimpeachable testimony of Mrs. Whynniard, the landlady, that Fawkes
+not only paid the last instalment of rent on Sunday, November 3, but on
+the following day, the day immediately preceding the intended explosion,
+had carpenters and other work folk in the house for mending and
+repairing thereof (<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 39). &#8220;To say nothing of the wonderful
+honesty of paying rent under the circumstances, what was the sense of
+putting a house in repair upon Monday, which on Tuesday was to be blown
+to atoms?&#8221; The rent having fallen due at Michaelmas, is it not probable
+that it was paid in November to avoid legal proceedings, which might at
+least have drawn attention to the occupier of the house. As to the rest,
+the &#8216;unimpeachable testimony&#8217; is that&mdash;not of Mrs. Whynniard, but of
+Roger James (<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 40), who says that the carpenter came in
+about Midsummer, not on November 4.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f175" id="f175" href="#f175.1">[175]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 69.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f176" id="f176" href="#f176.1">[176]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 101.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f177" id="f177" href="#f177.1">[177]</a> See p. 108.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f178" id="f178" href="#f178.1">[178]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 39.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f179" id="f179" href="#f179.1">[179]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 87.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f180" id="f180" href="#f180.1">[180]</a> Here is another &#8216;discrepancy,&#8217; which Father Gerard has not
+noticed. As the &#8216;cellar&#8217; was not taken till a little before Easter,
+Percy could not make a door into it about the middle of Lent. My
+solution is, that in his second examination, on November 6th, Fawkes was
+trying to conceal the existence of the mine, in order that he might not
+betray the miners, and therefore antedated the making of the door. See
+p. 25.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f181" id="f181" href="#f181.1">[181]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 88.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f182" id="f182" href="#f182.1">[182]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 89.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f183" id="f183" href="#f183.1">[183]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 74.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f184" id="f184" href="#f184.1">[184]</a> See p. 66.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f185" id="f185" href="#f185.1">[185]</a> See the table in <i>State Papers relating to the Defeat of the
+Spanish Armada</i>, ed. by Prof. Laughton for the Navy Records Society, i.
+339.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f186" id="f186" href="#f186.1">[186]</a> <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, January 1897, p. 200.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f187" id="f187" href="#f187.1">[187]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 148.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f188" id="f188" href="#f188.1">[188]</a> We know that Percy visited the house at Westminster at Midsummer.
+See p. 104.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f189" id="f189" href="#f189.1">[189]</a> Grange to Salisbury, Nov. 5.&mdash;<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 15.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f190" id="f190" href="#f190.1">[190]</a> Justices of Warwickshire to Salisbury, Nov. 12.&mdash;<i>Ib.</i> No. 75.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f191" id="f191" href="#f191.1">[191]</a> <i>Goodman</i>, i. 102.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f192" id="f192" href="#f192.1">[192]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 151.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f193" id="f193" href="#f193.1">[193]</a> <i>Goodman</i>, i. 105.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f194" id="f194" href="#f194.1">[194]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 152.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f195" id="f195" href="#f195.1">[195]</a> Warrant, Feb. 8; Commission, Feb. 21; Pass, Oct. 25, 1605.&mdash;<i>S. P.
+Dom.</i>, xii. 65; Docquet Book, 1605; <i>S. P. Dom.</i>, xv. 106.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f196" id="f196" href="#f196.1">[196]</a> To the theory that Salisbury wanted inconvenient witnesses
+disposed of, because the man who shot Percy and Catesby got a pension of
+two shillings a day, I reply that the Government was more afraid of a
+rebellion than of testimony. At all events, 2<i>s.</i> at that time was
+certainly not worth 1<i>l.</i> now, as Father Gerard assumes here, and in
+other passages of his book. It is usual to estimate the value of money
+as being about four or five times as much as it is in the present day.
+The relative price, however, depended so much on the commodities
+purchased that I hesitate to express myself positively on the subject.
+The only thing that I am quite clear about is that Father Gerard&#8217;s
+estimate is greatly exaggerated. It is true that he grounds his errors
+on a statement by Dr. Jessopp that 4,000 marks was equivalent to
+30,000<i>l.</i>, but the very exaggeration of these figures should have led
+him to suspect some error, or, at least&mdash;as I have recently been
+informed by Dr. Jessopp was the fact&mdash;that his calculation was based on
+other grounds than the relative price of commodities.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f197" id="f197" href="#f197.1">[197]</a> Father Greenway&#8217;s statement, that while the rebels were in the
+field, messengers came post haste continually one after the other, from
+the capital, all bearing proclamations mentioning Percy by name
+(<i>Gerard</i>, p. 155) is disposed of by the fact that there were only three
+proclamations in which Percy&#8217;s name was mentioned, dated the 5th, the
+7th, and the 8th. Percy was killed on the morning of the 8th, and even
+the messenger who started on the 7th can hardly have known that the
+sheriff had gone to Holbeche, and consequently could not himself have
+reached that place while Percy was living.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f198" id="f198" href="#f198.1">[198]</a> See p. 11.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f199" id="f199" href="#f199.1">[199]</a> T. Winter&#8217;s examination, November 25 (<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 116). Compare
+Tresham&#8217;s declaration of November 13 (<i>ib.</i> No. 63).</p>
+
+<p><a name="f200" id="f200" href="#f200.1">[200]</a> Jardine&#8217;s <i>Gunpowder Plot</i>, p. 91.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f201" id="f201" href="#f201.1">[201]</a> <i>Add. MSS.</i> 11,402, fol. 109.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f202" id="f202" href="#f202.1">[202]</a> Smith&#8217;s <i>Antiquities of Westminster</i>, p. 41.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f203" id="f203" href="#f203.1">[203]</a> See p. 31.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f204" id="f204" href="#f204.1">[204]</a> On this, see p. 110.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f205" id="f205" href="#f205.1">[205]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 126, note 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f206" id="f206" href="#f206.1">[206]</a> In an earlier part of the letter we are told of &#8216;Johnson,&#8217; that
+&#8216;on Tuesday at midnight, as he was busy to prepare his things for
+execution was apprehended in the place itself, with a false lantern,
+booted and spurred.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f207" id="f207" href="#f207.1">[207]</a> <i>S. P. France.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f208" id="f208" href="#f208.1">[208]</a> See p. 31. I give the extract in the form received by Edmondes,
+that printed in <i>Winwood</i>, ii. 170, received by Cornwallis, being
+slightly different.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f209" id="f209" href="#f209.1">[209]</a> <i>i.e.</i> &#8216;owned.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f210" id="f210" href="#f210.1">[210]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 127.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f211" id="f211" href="#f211.1">[211]</a> <i>Winwood</i>, ii. 170.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f212" id="f212" href="#f212.1">[212]</a> Chamberlain to Carleton, November 7.&mdash;<i>S. P. Dom.</i> xvi. 23.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f213" id="f213" href="#f213.1">[213]</a> See p. 99.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f214" id="f214" href="#f214.1">[214]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 129.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f215" id="f215" href="#f215.1">[215]</a> <i>Winwood</i>, ii. 170.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f216" id="f216" href="#f216.1">[216]</a> These words look as if he had been found not in the passage but in
+the court.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f217" id="f217" href="#f217.1">[217]</a> He was a favourite dependent of Knyvet&#8217;s, who, on April 10, 1604,
+had recommended him for an office in the Tower.&mdash;<i>S. P. Dom.</i> vii. 18.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f218" id="f218" href="#f218.1">[218]</a> See my <i>History of England</i>, 1603-1642, i. 80, 81.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f219" id="f219" href="#f219.1">[219]</a> <i>I.e.</i> Guardians.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f220" id="f220" href="#f220.1">[220]</a> <i>Correspondence of King James VI. with Sir Robert Cecil</i>, pp. 31,
+33, 36.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f221" id="f221" href="#f221.1">[221]</a> <i>Correspondence of King James VI. with Sir Robert Cecil</i>, p. 75.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f222" id="f222" href="#f222.1">[222]</a> Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, June 16/26.&mdash;<i>Roman Transcripts,
+R.O.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f223" id="f223" href="#f223.1">[223]</a> Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, July 21/31.&mdash;<i>Roman Transcripts,
+R.O.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f224" id="f224" href="#f224.1">[224]</a> See p. 142.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f225" id="f225" href="#f225.1">[225]</a> <i>Hist. of England</i>, 1603-1642, i. 81.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f226" id="f226" href="#f226.1">[226]</a> S. P. Scotland, lxix. 20.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f227" id="f227" href="#f227.1">[227]</a> James I. to Sir T. Parry, Nov., 1603.&mdash;Tierney&#8217;s <i>Dodd</i>, iv.; App.
+p. 66.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f228" id="f228" href="#f228.1">[228]</a> Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, June 30/July 10 (<i>Roman Transcripts,
+R.O.</i>). There is a plain-spoken marginal note in the Pope&#8217;s hand, &#8216;Non
+sar&agrave; vero, n&egrave; noi gli habbiamo dato quest&#8217; ordine.&#8217; In the instructions
+by the Nuncio at Brussels to Dr. Gifford, July 22/August 1 (Tierney&#8217;s
+<i>Dodd</i>, iv.; App. lxvi.), nothing is said about this mission, but a
+definite promise is given &#8216;eosque omnes e regno evocare quos sua
+Majestas rationabiliter judicaverit regno et statui suo noxios fore.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f229" id="f229" href="#f229.1">[229]</a> &#8216;Salute.&#8217; Does this mean safety or salvation, or is it left
+doubtful?</p>
+
+<p><a name="f230" id="f230" href="#f230.1">[230]</a> <i>I.e.</i> to James and to Henry IV. Del Bufalo to Cardinal
+Aldobrandino, July 11/21.&mdash;<i>Roman Transcripts, R.O.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f231" id="f231" href="#f231.1">[231]</a> Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, July 20/30.&mdash;<i>Roman
+Transcripts, R.O.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f232" id="f232" href="#f232.1">[232]</a> Barneby to Del Bufalo, Aug. 8/18.&mdash;<i>Roman Transcripts, R.O.</i> (The
+original is in Latin.)</p>
+
+<p><a name="f233" id="f233" href="#f233.1">[233]</a> Afterwards Duke of Sully.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f234" id="f234" href="#f234.1">[234]</a> Parry to Cecil, Aug. 20, 1603.&mdash;<i>S. P. France.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f235" id="f235" href="#f235.1">[235]</a> See p. 151, note 2.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f236" id="f236" href="#f236.1">[236]</a> Del Bufalo to James I. Sept. <ins class="correction" title="original: 19/19">19/29</ins>; <i>compare</i> Del Bufalo to
+Cardinal Aldobrandino, Sept. 21/Oct. 1.&mdash;<i>Roman Transcripts, R.O.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f237" id="f237" href="#f237.1">[237]</a> We have two copies of James&#8217;s letter to Parry translated into
+Latin, but undated (<i>S. P. France.</i>) Cecil&#8217;s covering letter (<i>ib.</i>) is
+in draft and dated Nov. 6. It must, however, have been held back, as
+both Parry&#8217;s and Del Bufalo&#8217;s despatches show that it did not reach
+Paris till early in December.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f238" id="f238" href="#f238.1">[238]</a> Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, December 4/14.&mdash;<i>Roman
+Transcripts, R.O.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f239" id="f239" href="#f239.1">[239]</a> January 11/21.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f240" id="f240" href="#f240.1">[240]</a> Information given to Del Bufalo.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f241" id="f241" href="#f241.1">[241]</a> He wrote on the margin of Del Bufalo&#8217;s letter: &#8220;Quanto alla
+facolt&agrave; di chiamare sotto pena di scomunica i torbolenti, non ci par da
+darla per adesso, perch&egrave; trattiamo con heretici, e corriamo pericolo di
+perdere i sicuri, si come non ci par che il Nuntio debba premere nella
+cosa di mandar noi personaggio, perch&egrave; dubitiamo che essendo tanta
+gelosia tra Francia e Spagna non intrassimo in grandissima difficolt&agrave;. E
+meglio aspettare la conclusione della Pace secondo noi, perch&egrave; non
+sapiamo che chi mandassimo fosse per usar la prudentia necessaria.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f242" id="f242" href="#f242.1">[242]</a> He told the Spanish Ambassador, &#8216;che quelli del Consiglio gli
+havevano fatto tanta forza che no haveva potuto far altro, ma che no si
+sarebbe eseguito con rigore alcuno.&#8217; (Del Bufalo to Aldobrandino, March
+27/April 6.)&mdash;<i>Roman Transcripts, R.O.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f243" id="f243" href="#f243.1">[243]</a> Precisely the course he had recommended in his letter written to
+Cecil whilst he was still in Scotland, see p. 144.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f244" id="f244" href="#f244.1">[244]</a> See p. 33.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f245" id="f245" href="#f245.1">[245]</a> A news-letter gives an account of the Council meeting, from which
+it appears that James began by haranguing against the Puritans, but
+Cranborne&mdash;Cecil was now known by this title&mdash;and others asked why the
+Catholics were not put on the same footing, on which the King got angry,
+and finally directed that the Catholics should also suffer. (Advices
+from London, Feb. 19/March 1).&mdash;<i>Roman Transcripts, R.O.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f246" id="f246" href="#f246.1">[246]</a> In those days liberty of conscience meant what we should call
+liberty of worship.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f247" id="f247" href="#f247.1">[247]</a> Lindsay at last got off to Rome in November 1604. On his
+proceedings there see <i>History of England</i>, 1603-1642, i. 224.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f248" id="f248" href="#f248.1">[248]</a> In the MS. &#8216;et non haverebbe.&#8217; Mr. Rawdon Brown, amongst whose
+papers, now in the Record Office, this despatch is found, remarks that
+mistakes of this kind frequently occur in letters first ciphered and
+then deciphered.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f249" id="f249" href="#f249.1">[249]</a> In the margin is &#8216;Questo poi &egrave; troppo,&#8217; perhaps an addition by the
+ambassador, or even by Mr. Rawdon Brown.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f250" id="f250" href="#f250.1">[250]</a> &#8216;Religione&#8217; is suggested by Mr. Rawdon Brown for the &#8216;ragione&#8217; of
+the decipherer.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f251" id="f251" href="#f251.1">[251]</a> In the copy &#8216;non si pu&ograve; far di meno di non observar le leggi,&#8217; the
+&#8216;non&#8217; being incorrectly repeated.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f252" id="f252" href="#f252.1">[252]</a> &#8220;Non predicando li preti nessuna cosa pi&ugrave; constantemente di questa
+che il buon Cattolico bisogna che habbia questa ferma rissolutione in se
+medesimo di esser per conservar la Religione pronto a solevarsi etiam
+contra la vita e stato del suo Principe naturale.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f253" id="f253" href="#f253.1">[253]</a> Molin to the Doge, March 7/17, 1605, <i>Venetian Transcripts, R.O.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f254" id="f254" href="#f254.1">[254]</a> Lindsay to James I. Jan. 26/Feb. 5, 1605, <i>S. P. Italian States</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f255" id="f255" href="#f255.1">[255]</a> Compare the last passage quoted from Molin&#8217;s despatch, p. 161.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f256" id="f256" href="#f256.1">[256]</a> This is, however, precisely what James had failed to induce the
+Pope to do.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f257" id="f257" href="#f257.1">[257]</a> Father Gerard asks what &#8216;our offence&#8217; was. It was clearly nothing
+personal to the writer, and I am strongly inclined to interpret the
+words as referring to Lindsay&#8217;s proceedings at Rome, of which so much
+had been made.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f258" id="f258" href="#f258.1">[258]</a> Sir Everard Digby to Salisbury (<i>S. P. Dom.</i> xvii. 10.) As Father
+Gerard says, the date cannot be earlier than May 4, 1605, when the
+Earldom was conferred on Cranborne.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f259" id="f259" href="#f259.1">[259]</a> Father Gerard gives the date of Davies&#8217;s pardon from the Pardon
+Roll as April 25, 1605. It should be April 23, 1604.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f260" id="f260" href="#f260.1">[260]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, 94, 95, 254. Father Gerard ascribes this application to
+&#8216;a later date&#8217; than March 1606. It was, in fact a good deal later, as
+the endorsement &#8216;Mr. Secretary Conway&#8217; shows that it was not earlier
+than 1623. The further endorsement &#8216;touching Wright and his services
+performed in the damnable plot of the Powder Treason,&#8217; proves nothing.
+What did Conway&#8217;s clerk know beyond the contents of the application
+itself?</p>
+
+<p><a name="f261" id="f261" href="#f261.1">[261]</a> Father Gerard (p. 98) tells us of one Thomas Coe, who wrote on
+Dec. 20, 1605, telling him that he had forwarded to the King &#8216;the
+primary intelligence of these late treasons.&#8217; If this claim was
+justified, why do we not find Coe&#8217;s name, either amongst the State
+Papers or on the Patent Rolls, as recipient of some favour from the
+Crown? A still more indefensible argument of Father Gerard&#8217;s is one in
+which a letter written to Sir Everard Digby about an otter hunt is held
+(p. 103) to show the existence of Government espionage, because though
+written before Digby was acquainted with the plot it is endorsed,
+&#8216;Letter written to Sir Everard Digby&mdash;Powder Treason.&#8217; Any letter in
+Digby&#8217;s possession would be likely to be endorsed in this way whatever
+its contents might have been.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f262" id="f262" href="#f262.1">[262]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, pp. 95, 96.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f263" id="f263" href="#f263.1">[263]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 106.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f264" id="f264" href="#f264.1">[264]</a> Salisbury to Edmondes, Oct. 17, 1605.&mdash;<i>Stowe MSS.</i> 168, fol. 181.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f265" id="f265" href="#f265.1">[265]</a> See <i>History of England</i>, 1603-1642, i. 238, 243.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f266" id="f266" href="#f266.1">[266]</a> Garnet&#8217;s Declaration, March 9, 1606.&mdash;<i>Hist. Rev.</i> July, 1888, p.
+513.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f267" id="f267" href="#f267.1">[267]</a> Father Gerard gives a facsimile, p. 199.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f268" id="f268" href="#f268.1">[268]</a> <i>Harl. MSS.</i> 360, fol. 112 b.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f269" id="f269" href="#f269.1">[269]</a> See p. 128.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f270" id="f270" href="#f270.1">[270]</a> As in the case of the merchant who refused to pay the imposition
+on currants, &#8216;Bate&#8217; and &#8216;Bates&#8217; were considered interchangeable.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f271" id="f271" href="#f271.1">[271]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i>, No. 145. The words in italics are added in a different
+hand. Dunbar&#8217;s name does not occur in the list of Commissioners at p.
+24.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f272" id="f272" href="#f272.1">[272]</a> See p. 41.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f273" id="f273" href="#f273.1">[273]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 179. I do not think his argument on this point
+conclusive, but obviously it would be useless to forge a document unless
+it was to be used in evidence.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f274" id="f274" href="#f274.1">[274]</a> <i>Harl. MSS.</i> 360, fol. 96.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f275" id="f275" href="#f275.1">[275]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 170.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f276" id="f276" href="#f276.1">[276]</a> Salisbury&#8217;s Minute to Favat, Dec. 4, 1605.&mdash;<i>Add. MSS.</i> 6178, fol.
+98.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f277" id="f277" href="#f277.1">[277]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 181.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f278" id="f278" href="#f278.1">[278]</a> An <i>alias</i> for Garnet.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f279" id="f279" href="#f279.1">[279]</a> Salisbury to Edmondes, March 8, 1606.&mdash;<i>Stowe MSS.</i> 168, fol. 366.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f280" id="f280" href="#f280.1">[280]</a> <i>Harl. MSS.</i> 360, fol. 117.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f281" id="f281" href="#f281.1">[281]</a> <i>Ib.</i> fol. 113.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f282" id="f282" href="#f282.1">[282]</a> <i>Add. MSS.</i> 21203, fol. 38 b.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f283" id="f283" href="#f283.1">[283]</a> <i>A true and perfect relation.</i> Sig. G., 2, <i>verso</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f284" id="f284" href="#f284.1">[284]</a> <i>Ib.</i>, Sig. K., 3.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f285" id="f285" href="#f285.1">[285]</a> Morris&#8217;s <i>Condition of Catholics</i>, 210. A Latin translation of
+part of the letter was printed in 1610, by Eud&aelig;mon Joannes, <i>Ad actionem
+proditoriam, &amp;c.</i>, p. 6.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f286" id="f286" href="#f286.1">[286]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i>, No. 166.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f287" id="f287" href="#f287.1">[287]</a> See the express words ascribed to Bates at p. 180.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f288" id="f288" href="#f288.1">[288]</a> See p. 190.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f289" id="f289" href="#f289.1">[289]</a> Sir E. Digby&#8217;s Papers, No. 9, published at the end of Bishop
+Barlow&#8217;s reprint of <i>The Gunpowder Treason</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f290" id="f290" href="#f290.1">[290]</a> The Saturday or Sunday after the octave of Corpus Christi, <i>i.e.</i>,
+June 8 or 9, old style, which seems to have been used, as the same day
+is described as being about the beginning of Trinity Term, which began
+on May 31.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f291" id="f291" href="#f291.1">[291]</a> Garnet&#8217;s Declaration, March 9.&mdash;<i>Hist. Rev.</i>, July 1888 pp.
+510-517.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f292" id="f292" href="#f292.1">[292]</a> The letter is printed in Tierney&#8217;s <i>Dodd</i>, iv. App. cix., where
+there is an argument in a note to show that the part from which I am
+about to quote came from a later letter. For my purpose the date is
+immaterial.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f293" id="f293" href="#f293.1">[293]</a> Garnet&#8217;s Declaration, March 9.&mdash;<i>Hist. Rev.</i>, July 1888, pp.
+510-517.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f294" id="f294" href="#f294.1">[294]</a> Garnet&#8217;s Declaration, March 10. <i>Hist. Rev.</i>, July 1888, p. 517.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f295" id="f295" href="#f295.1">[295]</a> The author of Sir Everard Digby&#8217;s life writes:&mdash;&#8220;I fully admit
+that if Father Garnet was weak, his weakness was owing to an excess of
+kindheartedness and a loyalty to his friends that bordered on
+extravagance.&#8221; (<i>The Life of a Conspirator</i>, by &#8216;One of his
+Descendants,&#8217; p. 134.) It will be noticed that I am inclined to go
+further than this.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f296" id="f296" href="#f296.1">[296]</a> In addition to what has been already said, a letter from the
+Nuncio at Brussels to Dr. Gifford, written on July 22/Aug. 1, 1604,
+may be quoted. He says that the Pope &#8216;paratissimum esse ea omnia pro su&acirc;
+in Catholicos authoritate facere qu&aelig; Serenissim&aelig; su&aelig; Majestati
+securitatem su&aelig; person&aelig;, et status procurare possunt, eosque omnes e
+regno evocare quos sua Majestas rationabiliter judicaverit regno et
+statui [MS. statuti] suo noxios fore.&#8217;&mdash;<i>Tierney&#8217;s Dodd</i>, App. No. 5.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
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+<p>Part II&mdash;500-445 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Acland and Ransome.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Handbook in Outline of the Political History of
+England to 1894.</span> Chronologically Arranged. By <span class="smcap">A. H. Dyke Acland</span>, M.P., and
+<span class="smcap">Cyril Ransome</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>ANNUAL REGISTER (THE). A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad, for
+the year 1895. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Volumes of the <span class="smcap">Annual Register</span> for the years 1863-1894 can still be
+had. 18<i>s.</i> each.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Arnold</b> (T., D.D.), formerly Head Master of Rugby School.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Introductory Lectures on Modern History.</span> 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous Works.</span> 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Baden-Powell.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Indian Village Community.</span> Examined With Reference to
+the Physical, Ethnographic, and Historical Conditions of the Provinces;
+chiefly on the Basis of the Revenue-Settlement Records and District
+Manuals. By <span class="smcap">B. H. Baden-Powell</span>, M.A., C.I.E. With Map. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bagwell.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ireland under the Tudors.</span> By <span class="smcap">Richard Bagwell</span>, LL.D. (3 vols).
+Vols. I. and II. From the first Invasion of the Northmen to the year 1578.
+8vo., 32<i>s.</i> Vol. III. 1578-1603. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Ball.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Historical Review of The Legislative Systems Operative in Ireland</span>,
+from the Invasion of Henry the Second to the Union (1172-1800). By the Rt.
+Hon. <span class="smcap">J. T. Ball</span>. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
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+
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+
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+
+<p><b>Bright.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A History of England.</span> By the Rev. <span class="smcap">J. Franck Bright</span>, D.D.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Period I. <span class="smcap">Medi&aelig;val Monarchy</span>: A.D. 449 to 1485. Crown 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
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+
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+
+<p>Period IV. <span class="smcap">The Growth of Democracy</span>: 1837 to 1880. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Buckle.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">History of Civilisation in England and France, Spain and
+Scotland.</span> By <span class="smcap">Henry Thomas Buckle</span>. 3 vols. Crown 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Burke.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A History of Spain</span>, from the Earliest Times to the Death of
+Ferdinand the Catholic. By <span class="smcap">Ulick Ralph Burke</span>, M.A. 2 vols. 8vo., 32<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Chesney.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Indian Polity</span>: a View of the System of Administration in India.
+By General Sir <span class="smcap">George Chesney</span>, K.C.B. With Map showing all the
+Administrative Divisions of British India. 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Creighton.</b>&mdash;A <span class="smcap">History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of
+Rome</span> (1378-1527). By <span class="smcap">M. Creighton</span>, D.D., Lord Bishop of London. 6 vols.
+Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cuningham.</b>&mdash;A <span class="smcap">Scheme for Imperial Federation</span>: a Senate for the Empire. By
+<span class="smcap">Granville C. Cuningham</span> of Montreal, Canada. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Curzon.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Persia and the Persian Question.</span> By the Right <span class="smcap">Hon. George N.
+Curzon</span>, M.P. With 9 Maps, 96 Illustrations, Appendices, and an Index. 2
+vols. 8vo., 42<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>De Tocqueville.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Democracy in America.</span> By <span class="smcap">Alexis de Tocqueville</span>. 2 vols.
+Crown 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Dickinson.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Development of Parliament During the Nineteenth Century.</span>
+By <span class="smcap">G. Lowes Dickinson</span>, M.A. 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Eggleston.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Beginners of A Nation</span>: A History of the Source and Rise of
+the Earliest English Settlements in America, with Special Reference to the
+Life and Character of the People. By <span class="smcap">Edward Eggleston</span>. With 8 Maps. 8vo.,
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
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+
+<p><b>Follett.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Speaker of the House of Representatives.</span> By <span class="smcap">M. P. Follett</span>.
+With an Introduction by <span class="smcap">Albert Bushnell Hart</span>, Ph.D. of Harvard University.
+Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Froude</b> (<span class="smcap">James A.</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The History of England</span>, from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the
+Spanish Armada.</p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> 12 vols. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+<p class="list">&#8216;<i>Silver Library</i>&#8217; <i>Edition.</i> 12 vols. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Spanish Story of the Armada</span>, and other Essays. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The English in Ireland in The Eighteenth Century.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> 3 vols. Cr. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list">&#8216;<i>Silver Library&#8217; Edition.</i> 3 vols. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century.</span> Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Council of Trent.</span> Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
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+
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+
+<p><b>Gardiner</b> (<span class="smcap">Samuel Rawson</span>, D.C.L., LL.D.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">History of England</span>, from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of
+the Civil War, 1603-1642. 10 vols. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
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+each.</p>
+
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+I., 1649-1651. With 14 Maps. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cromwell&#8217;s Place in History.</span> Founded on Six Lectures delivered at
+Oxford.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">What the Gunpowder Plot Was</span>: A Reply to Father Gerard.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Student&#8217;s History of England.</span> With 378 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo.,
+12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Also in Three Volumes</i>, price 4<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p class="list">Vol. I. <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 55&mdash;<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1509. 173 Illustrations.</p>
+<p class="list">Vol. II. 1509-1689. 96 Illustrations.</p>
+<p class="list">Vol. III. 1689-1885. 109 Illustrations.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Greville.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Journal of the Reigns Of King George IV., King William IV.,
+and Queen Victoria</span>. By <span class="smcap">Charles C. F. Greville</span>, formerly Clerk of the
+Council.</p>
+
+<p><b>HARVARD HISTORICAL STUDIES:</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Suppression of the African Slave Trade To the United States of
+America</span>, 1638-1870. By <span class="smcap">W. E. B. Du Bois</span>. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
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+Massachusetts.</span> By <span class="smcap">S. B. Harding</span>, A.M. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Critical Study of Nullification in South Carolina.</span> By <span class="smcap">D. F. Houston</span>,
+A.M. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nominations for Election Office In the United States.</span> By <span class="smcap">Frederick W.
+Dallinger</span>, A.M. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8258; <i>Other Volumes are in preparation.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Hearn.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Government of England</span>: its Structure and its Development. By
+<span class="smcap">W. Edward Hearn</span>. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Historic Towns.</b>&mdash;Edited by <span class="smcap">E. A. Freeman</span>, D.C.L., and Rev. <span class="smcap">William Hunt</span>,
+M.A. With Maps and Plans. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p class="list">Bristol. By Rev. W. Hunt.<br />
+Carlisle. By Mandell Creighton, D.D.<br />
+Cinque Ports. By Montagu Burrows.<br />
+Colchester. By Rev. E. L. Cutts.<br />
+Exeter. By E. A. Freeman.<br />
+London. By Rev. W. J. Loftie.<br />
+Oxford. By Rev. C. W. Boase.<br />
+Winchester. By G. W. Kitchin, D.D.<br />
+York. By Rev. James Raine.<br />
+New York. By Theodore Roosevelt.<br />
+Boston (U.S.). By Henry Cabot Lodge.</p>
+
+<p><b>Joyce.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Short History of Ireland</span>, from the Earliest Times to 1608. By P.
+W. <span class="smcap">Joyce</span>, LL.D. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Kaye and Malleson.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">History of the Indian Mutiny</span>, 1857-1858. By Sir <span class="smcap">John
+W. Kaye</span> and Colonel G. B. <span class="smcap">Malleson</span>. With Analytical Index and Maps and
+Plans. Cabinet Edition. 6 vols. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Knight.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Madagascar in War Time:</span> the Experiences of <i>The Times</i> Special
+Correspondent with the Hovas during the French Invasion of 1895. By E. F.
+<span class="smcap">Knight</span>. With 16 Illustrations and a Map. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lang</b> (ANDREW).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Pickle the Spy</span>, or, The Incognito of Prince Charles. With 6 Portraits.
+8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">St. Andrews.</span> With 8 Plates and 24 Illustrations in the Text by T.
+<span class="smcap">Hodge</span>. 8vo., 15<i>s.</i> net.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Laurie.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Historical Survey of Pre-christian Education.</span> By S. S. <span class="smcap">Laurie</span>,
+A.M., LL.D. Crown 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lecky</b> (<span class="smcap">William Edward Hartpole</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">History of England in the Eighteenth Century.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 8 vols. 8vo., �7 4<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> <span class="smcap">England.</span> 7 vols. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each. <span class="smcap">Ireland.</span> 5<br />
+vols. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne.</span> 2 vols. Crown
+8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in
+Europe.</span> 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Democracy and Liberty.</span> 2 vols. 8vo., 36<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Empire</span>: its Value and its Growth. An Inaugural Address delivered
+at the Imperial Institute, November 20, 1893. Crown 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Lowell.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Governments and Parties in Continental Europe.</span> By A. <span class="smcap">Lawrence
+Lowell</span>. 2 vols. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Macaulay</b> (<span class="smcap">Lord</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Life and Works of Lord Macaulay.</span> <i>&#8216;Edinburgh&#8217; Edition.</i> 10 vols.
+8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p class="list">Vols. I.-IV. <span class="smcap">History of England.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list">Vols. V.-VII. <span class="smcap">Essays; Biographies; Indian Penal Code; Contributions to
+Knight&#8217;s &#8216;Quarterly Magazine&#8217;.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list">Vol. VIII. <span class="smcap">Speeches; Lays of Ancient Rome; Miscellaneous Poems.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list">Vols. IX. and X. <span class="smcap">The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay.</span> By the Right
+Hon. Sir G. O. <span class="smcap">Trevelyan</span>, Bart., M.P.</p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>This Edition is a cheaper reprint of the Library Edition of</i> <span class="smcap">Lord
+Macaulay&#8217;s</span> <i>Life and Works.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Complete Works.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Ed.</i> 16 vols. Post 8vo., �4 16<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 8 vols. 8vo., �5 5<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>&#8216;Edinburgh&#8217; Edition.</i> 8 vols. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">History of England from the Accession of James the Second.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Student&#8217;s Edit.</i> 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>People&#8217;s Edition.</i> 4 vols. Cr. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> 8 vols. Post 8vo., 48<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>&#8216;Edinburgh&#8217; Edition.</i> 4 vols. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 5 vols. 8vo., �4.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Critical and Historical Essays</span>, <span class="smcap">with Lays of Ancient Rome</span>, in 1
+volume.</p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Authorised Edition.</i> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, or 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, gilt edges.</p>
+<p class="list"><i>Silver Library Edition.</i> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Critical and Historical Essays.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>Student&#8217;s Edition.</i> 1 vol. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>People&#8217;s Edition.</i> 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 8<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list">&#8216;<i>Trevelyan</i>&#8217; <i>Edit.</i> 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 9<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> 4 vols. Post 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 3 vols. 8vo., 36<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Essays</span> which may be had separately, price 6<i>d.</i> each sewed, 1<i>s.</i> each
+cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="list">Addison and Walpole.<br />
+Croker&#8217;s Boswell&#8217;s Johnson.<br />
+Hallam&#8217;s Constitutional History.<br />
+Warren Hastings.<br />
+The Earl of Chatham (Two Essays).<br />
+Frederick the Great.<br />
+Ranke and Gladstone.<br />
+Milton and Machiavelli.<br />
+Lord Byron.<br />
+Lord Clive.<br />
+Lord Byron, and The Comic Dramatists of the Restoration.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous Writings.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>People&#8217;s Edition.</i> 1 vol. Cr. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 2 vols. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> Including Indian Penal Code. Lays of Ancient Rome, and Miscellaneous Poems. 4 vols. Post 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Selections from the Writings of Lord Macaulay.</span> Edited, with Occasional
+Notes, by the Right Hon. Sir G. O. Trevelyan, Bart. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>MacColl.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Sultan and The Powers.</span> By the Rev. <span class="smcap">Malcolm MacColl</span>, M.A.,
+Canon of Ripon. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Mackinnon.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Union of England and Scotland:</span> a Study of International
+History. By <span class="smcap">James Mackinnon</span>, Ph.D., Examiner in History to the University
+of Edinburgh. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>May.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Constitutional History of England</span> since the Accession of George
+III. 1760-1870. By Sir <span class="smcap">Thomas Erskine May</span>, K.C.B. (Lord Farnborough). 3
+vols. Crown 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Merivale</b> (<span class="smcap">The Late Dean</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">History of the Romans under the Empire.</span> 8 vols. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Fall of the Roman Republic:</span> a Short History of the Last Century of
+the Commonwealth. 12mo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Montague.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Elements of English Constitutional History.</span> By F. C.
+<span class="smcap">Montague</span>, M.A. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>O&#8217;Brien.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Irish Ideas. Reprinted Addresses.</span> By <span class="smcap">William O&#8217;brien.</span> Crown
+8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Richman.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Appenzell:</span> Pure Democracy and Pastoral Life in Inner-Rhoden. A
+Swiss Study. By <span class="smcap">Irving B. Richman</span>, Consul-General of the United States to
+Switzerland. With Maps. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Seebohm</b> (<span class="smcap">Frederic</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The English Village Community</span> Examined in its Relations to the
+Manorial and Tribal Systems, &amp;c. With 13 Maps and Plates, 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Tribal System in Wales:</span> being Part of an Inquiry into the
+Structure and Methods of Tribal Society. With 3 Maps. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Sharpe.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">London and the Kingdom:</span> a History derived mainly from the
+Archives at Guildhall in the custody of the Corporation of the City of
+London. By <span class="smcap">Reginald R. Sharpe</span>, D.C.L., Records Clerk in the Office of the
+Town Clerk of the City of London. 3 vols. 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sheppard.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Memorials of St. James&#8217;s Palace.</span> By the Rev. <span class="smcap">Edgar Sheppard</span>,
+M.A., Sub-Dean of H. M. Chapels Royal. With 41 full-page Plates (8
+photo-intaglio), and 32 Illustrations in the Text. 2 Vols. 8vo, 36<i>s.</i>
+net.</p>
+
+<p><b>Smith.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Carthage and the Carthaginians.</span> By R. <span class="smcap">Bosworth Smith</span>, M.A., With
+Maps, Plans, &amp;c. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Stephens.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A History of the French Revolution.</span> By H. <span class="smcap">Morse Stephens</span>, 3
+vols. 8vo. Vols. I. and II., 18<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Stubbs.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">History of the University of Dublin</span>, from its Foundation to the
+End of the Eighteenth Century. By J. W. <span class="smcap">Stubbs</span>. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Sutherland.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The History Of Australia and New Zealand</span>, from 1606 to 1890.
+By <span class="smcap">Alexander Sutherland</span>, M.A., and <span class="smcap">George Sutherland</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo.,
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Taylor.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Student&#8217;s Manual Of the History of India.</span> By Colonel <span class="smcap">Meadows
+Taylor</span>, C.S.I., &amp;c. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Todd.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies</span>, By <span class="smcap">Alpheus Todd</span>,
+LL.D. 8vo., 30<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wakeman and Hassall.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Essays Introductory to the Study of English
+Constitutional History.</span> By Resident Members of the University of Oxford.
+Edited by <span class="smcap">Henry Offley Wakeman</span>, M.A., and <span class="smcap">Arthur Hassall</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo.,
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Walpole.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815
+to 1858.</span> By <span class="smcap">Spencer Walpole</span>. 6 vols. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wolff.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Odd Bits of History:</span> being Short Chapters intended to Fill Some
+Blanks. By <span class="smcap">Henry W. Wolff</span>. 8vo., 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wood-Martin.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Pagan Ireland</span>: an Arch&aelig;ological Sketch. A Handbook of Irish
+Pre-Christian Antiquities. By W. G. <span class="smcap">Wood-Martin</span>, M.R.I.A. With 512
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wylie.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">History of England Under Henry IV.</span> By <span class="smcap">James Hamilton Wylie</span>, M.A.,
+one of H. M. Inspectors of Schools. 3 vols. Crown 8vo. Vol. I., 1399-1404,
+10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Vol. II. 15<i>s.</i> Vol. III. 15<i>s.</i> [Vol. IV. <i>in the press</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Biography, Personal Memoirs, &amp;c.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Armstrong.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Life and Letters of Edmund J. Armstrong.</span> Edited by <span class="smcap">G. F.
+Armstrong</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bacon.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Letters and Life of Francis Bacon, including all his
+Occasional Works.</span> Edited by J. <span class="smcap">Spedding</span>. 7 vols. 8vo., �4 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bagehot.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Biographical Studies.</span> By <span class="smcap">Walter Bagehot</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Blackwell.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women:</span>
+Autobiographical Sketches. By Dr. <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Blackwell</span>. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Boyd</b> (A. K. H.). (&#8216;A.K.H.B.&#8217;).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Twenty-five Years of St. Andrews.</span> 1865-1890. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. I.,
+12<i>s.</i> Vol. II., 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">St. Andrews and Elsewhere:</span> Glimpses of Some Gone and of Things Left.
+8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Last Years of St. Andrews:</span> September, 1890, to September, 1895.
+8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Brown.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ford Madox Brown:</span> A Record of his Life and Works. By <span class="smcap">Ford M.
+Hueffer</span>. With 45 Full-page Plates (22 Autotypes) and 7 Illustrations in
+the Text. 8vo., 42<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Buss.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Frances Mary Buss and Her Work for Education.</span> By <span class="smcap">Annie E. Ridley</span>.
+With 5 Portraits and 4 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Carlyle.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Thomas Carlyle:</span> a History of his Life. By <span class="smcap">James A. Froude</span>.
+1795-1835. 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 1834-1881. 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Digby.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Life of Sir Kenelm Digby</span>, <i>by one of his Descendants</i>, the
+Author of &#8216;The Life of a Conspirator,&#8217; &#8216;A Life of Archbishop Laud,&#8217; etc.
+With 7 illustrations. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Erasmus.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Life and Letters Of Erasmus.</span> By <span class="smcap">James A. Froude</span>. Crown 8vo.,
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Fox.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Early History of Charles James Fox.</span> By the Right Hon. Sir G. O.
+<span class="smcap">Trevelyan</span>, Bart. <i>Library Edition.</i> 8vo., 18<i>s.</i> <i>Cabinet Edition.</i> Crown
+8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Halford.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Life of Sir Henry Halford</span>, Bart., G.C.H., M.D., F.R.S. By
+<span class="smcap">William Munk</span>, M.D., F.S.A. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Hamilton.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Life of Sir William Hamilton.</span> By <span class="smcap">R. P. Graves</span>. 8vo. 3 vols.
+15<i>s.</i> each. <span class="smcap">Addendum.</span> 8vo., 6<i>d.</i> sewed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hammond.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Woman&#8217;s Part in A Revolution.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">John Hays Hammond</span>. Crown
+8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8258; <i>This book consists mainly of extracts from Mrs.
+Hammond&#8217;s diary, and refers to the incidents of Dr. Jameson&#8217;s raid,
+and the subsequent imprisonment, trial, and sentence of the Reform
+Committee, of which Mrs. Hammond&#8217;s husband was a prominent member.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Havelock.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Memoirs of Sir Henry Havelock</span>, K.C.B. By <span class="smcap">John Clark Marshman</span>.
+Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haweis.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">My Musical Life.</span> By the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. R. Haweis</span>. With Portrait of
+Richard Wagner and 3 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Holroyd.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Girlhood of Maria Josepha Holroyd</span> (Lady Stanley of Alderly).
+Recorded in Letters of a Hundred Years Ago, from 1776 to 1796. With 6
+Portraits. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lejeune.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Memoirs of Baron Lejeune</span>, Aide-de Camp to Marshals Berthier,
+Davout, and Oudinot. 2 vols. 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Luther.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Life of Luther.</span> By <span class="smcap">Julius K�stlin</span>. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Macaulay.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay.</span> By the Right Hon. Sir <span class="smcap">G.
+O. Trevelyan</span>, Bart., M.P.</p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>Popular Edit.</i> 1 vol. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Student&#8217;s Edition.</i> 1 vol. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> 2 vols. Post 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 2 vols. 8vo., 36<i>s.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>&#8216;Edinburgh Edition.&#8217;</i> 2 vols. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Marbot.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Memoirs of the Baron De Marbot.</span> Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Nansen.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Fridtiof Nansen</span>, 1861-1893. By <span class="smcap">W.C. Br�gger</span> and <span class="smcap">Nordahl Rolfsen</span>.
+With 8 Plates, 48 Illustrations in the Text, and 3 Maps. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Richardson.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Vita Medica</span>: Chapters of Medical Life and Work. By Sir
+<span class="smcap">Benjamin Ward Richardson</span>, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Romanes.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Life and Letters Of George John Romanes.</span> Written and Edited
+by his Wife. With Portrait and 2 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Seebohm.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Oxford Reformers&mdash;John Colet, Erasmus and Thomas More</span>: a
+History of their Fellow-Work. By <span class="smcap">Frederic Seebohm</span>. 8vo., 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Shakespeare.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Outlines of The Life of Shakespeare.</span> By <span class="smcap">J. O.
+Halliwell-Phillipps</span>. With Illustrations and Fac-similes. 2 vols. Royal
+8vo., �1 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Shakespeare&#8217;s</b> <span class="smcap">True Life</span>. By <span class="smcap">Jas. Walter</span>. With 500 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Gerald
+E. Moira</span>. Imp. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Stephen.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography.</span> By Sir <span class="smcap">James Stephen</span>. Crown
+8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Turgot.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Life and Writings of Turgot</span>, Comptroller-General of France,
+1774-1776. Edited for English Readers by <span class="smcap">W. Walker Stephens</span>. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Verney.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Memoirs of the Verney Family.</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Vols. I. and II. <span class="smcap">During the Civil War.</span> By <span class="smcap">Frances Parthenope Verney</span>.
+With 38 Portraits, Woodcuts and Fac-simile. Royal 8vo., 42<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>Vol. III. <span class="smcap">During the Commonwealth.</span> 1650-1660. By <span class="smcap">Margaret M. Verney</span>.
+With 10 Portraits, &amp;c. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Wakley.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Life and Times Of Thomas Wakley.</span> By <span class="smcap">S. Squire Sprigge</span>, M.B.
+Cantab. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8258; <i>Thomas Wakley was Member of Parliament for Finsbury
+after the passage of the great Reform Bill, and played a prominent
+part in the politics of the day, but it is as founder of the &#8220;Lancet&#8221;
+and as Coroner for Middlesex that he is best remembered.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Wellington.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Life of the Duke of Wellington.</span> By the Rev. <span class="smcap">G. R. Gleig</span>, M.A.
+Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wolf.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Life of Joseph Wolf, Animal Painter.</span> By A. H. Palmer, With 53
+Plates and 14 Illustrations in the Text. Royal 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Travel and Adventure, the Colonies, &amp;c.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Arnold</b> (Sir <span class="smcap">Edwin</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Seas and Lands.</span> With 71 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wandering Words.</span> With 45 Illustrations. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">East and West.</span> With 14 Illustrations by R. T. <span class="smcap">Pritchett</span>. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>AUSTRALIA AS IT IS, or Facts and Features, Sketches and Incidents of
+Australia and Australian Life, with Notices of New Zealand. By <span class="smcap">A
+Clergyman</span>, thirteen years resident in the interior of New South Wales. Cr.
+8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Baker</b> (Sir S. W.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Eight Years in Ceylon.</span> With 6 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Rifle and the Hound in Ceylon.</span> With 6 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo.,
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Bent</b> (<span class="smcap">J. Theodore</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland</span>: being a Record of Excavation and
+Exploration in 1891. With 117 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Sacred City of the Ethiopians</span>: being a Record of Travel and
+Research in Abyssinia in 1893. With 8 Plates and 65 Illustrations in
+the Text. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Bicknell.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Travel and Adventure in Northern Queensland.</span> By <span class="smcap">Arthur C.
+Bicknell</span>. With 24 Plates and 22 Illustrations in the text. 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Brassey.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Voyages and Travels Of Lord Brassey</span>, K.C.B., D.C.L., 1862-1894.
+Arranged and Edited by Captain S. <span class="smcap">Eardley-Wilmot</span>. 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Brassey</b> (The late <span class="smcap">Lady</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A Voyage in the &#8216;Sunbeam&#8217;; Our Home on the Ocean for Eleven Months.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> With Map and 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Silver Library Edition.</i> With 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> With 60 Illustrations. 4to., 6<i>d.</i> sewed, 1<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+<p class="list"><i>School Edition.</i> With 37 Illustrations. Fcp., 2<i>s.</i> cloth, or 3<i>s.</i> white parchment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sunshine and Storm in the East.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> With 2 Maps and 114 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> With 103 Illustrations. 4to., 6<i>d.</i> sewed, 1<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In the Trades, the Tropics, and the &#8216;Roaring Forties&#8217;.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> With Map and 220 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> With 183 Illustrations. 4to., 6<i>d.</i> sewed, 1<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Three Voyages in the &#8216;Sunbeam&#8217;.</span> Popular Edition. With 346
+Illustrations 4to., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Browning.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Girl&#8217;s Wanderings in Hungary.</span> By <span class="smcap">H. Ellen Browning</span>. With Map
+and 20 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Froude.</b> (<span class="smcap">James A.</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Oceana</span>: or England and her Colonies. With 9 Illustrations. Crown 8vo.,
+2<i>s.</i> boards, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The English in the West Indies</span>: or the Bow of Ulysses. With 9
+Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> bds., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cl.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Howitt.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Visits to Remarkable Places</span>, Old Halls, Battle-Fields, Scenes
+illustrative of Striking Passages in English History and Poetry. By
+<span class="smcap">William Howitt</span>. With 80 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Knight (E. F.).</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Cruise of the &#8216;Alerte&#8217;</span>: the Narrative of a Search for Treasure on
+the Desert Island of Trinidad. 2 Maps and 23 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo.,
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Where Three Empires Meet</span>: a Narrative of Recent Travel in Kashmir,
+Western Tibet, Baltistan, Ladak, Gilgit, and the adjoining Countries.
+With a Map and 54 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The &#8216;Falcon&#8217; on the Baltic</span>: being a Voyage from London to Copenhagen
+in a Three-Tonner. With 10 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Lees and Clutterbuck.</b>&mdash;B. C. 1887: <span class="smcap">A Ramble in British Columbia.</span> By <span class="smcap">J. A.
+Lees</span> and <span class="smcap">W. J. Clutterbuck</span>. With Map and 75 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Max M�ller.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Letters From Constantinople.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Max M�ller</span>. With 12
+Views of Constantinople and the neighbourhood. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Nansen</b> (<span class="smcap">Fridtjof</span>).</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The First Crossing of Greenland.</span> With numerous Illustrations and a
+Map. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eskimo Life.</span> With 31 Illustrations. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Oliver.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Crags and Craters</span>: Rambles in the Island of R�union. By <span class="smcap">William
+Dudley Oliver</span>. With 27 Illustrations and Map. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Peary.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">My Arctic Journal</span>: a Year among Ice-Fields and Eskimos. By
+<span class="smcap">Josephine Diebitsch-Peary</span>. With 19 Plates, 3 Sketch Maps, and 44
+Illustrations in the Text. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Quillinan.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Journal of a Few Months&#8217; Residence in Portugal</span>, and Glimpses
+of the South of Spain. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Quillinan</span> (Dora Wordsworth). Edited, with
+Memoir, by <span class="smcap">Edmund Lee</span>, Author of &#8216;Dorothy Wordsworth.&#8217; etc. Crown 8vo.,
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Smith.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Climbing in the British Isles.</span> By W. P. <span class="smcap">Haskett Smith</span>. With
+Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Ellis Carr</span>, and Numerous Plans.</p>
+
+<p class="list">Part I. <span class="smcap">England</span>. 16mo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+<p class="list">Part II. <span class="smcap">Wales and Ireland.</span> 16mo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+<p class="list">Part III. <span class="smcap">Scotland.</span> [<i>In preparation.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Stephen.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Playground of Europe.</span> By <span class="smcap">Leslie Stephen</span>, formerly President
+of the Alpine Club. New Edition, with Additions and 4 Illustrations. Crown
+8vo, 6<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p>THREE IN NORWAY. By Two of Them. With a Map and 59 Illustrations. Cr.
+8vo., 2<i>s.</i> boards, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tyndall.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Glaciers of the Alps</span>: being a Narrative of Excursions and
+Ascents. An Account of the Origin and Phenomena of Glaciers, and an
+Exposition of the Physical Principles to which they are related. By <span class="smcap">John
+Tyndall</span>, F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><b>Whishaw.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Romance of the Woods</span>: Reprinted Articles and Sketches. By
+<span class="smcap">Fred. J. Whishaw</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Sport and Pastime.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>THE BADMINTON LIBRARY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center">Edited by HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BEAUFORT, K.G.; Assisted by ALFRED E. T. WATSON.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Complete in 28 Volumes. Crown 8vo., Price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each Volume, Cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8258; <i>The Volumes are also issued half-bound in Leather, with gilt top. The price can be had from all Booksellers.</i></p>
+
+<p>ARCHERY. By <span class="smcap">C. J. Longman</span> and Col. <span class="smcap">H. Walrond</span>. With Contributions by Miss
+<span class="smcap">Legh</span>, Viscount <span class="smcap">Dillon</span>, Major <span class="smcap">C. Hawkins Fisher</span>, &amp;c. With 2 Maps, 23
+Plates, and 172 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>ATHLETICS AND FOOTBALL. By <span class="smcap">Montague Shearman</span>. With 6 Plates and 52
+Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>BIG GAME SHOOTING. By <span class="smcap">Clive Phillipps-Wolley</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Vol. I. <span class="smcap">Africa and America.</span> With Contributions by Sir <span class="smcap">Samuel W.
+Baker, W. C. Oswell, F. J. Jackson, Warburton Pike</span>, and <span class="smcap">F. C. Selous</span>.
+With 20 Plates and 57 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>Vol. II. <span class="smcap">Europe, Asia, and the Arctic Regions</span>. With Contributions by
+Lieut.-Colonel <span class="smcap">R. Heber Percy</span>, <span class="smcap">Arnold Pike</span>, Major <span class="smcap">Algernon C. Heber
+Percy</span>, &amp;c. With 17 Plates and 56 Illustrations in the Text. Crown
+8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>BILLIARDS. By Major <span class="smcap">W. Broadfoot</span>, R.E. With Contributions by <span class="smcap">A. H. Boyd,
+Sydenham Dixon, W. J. Ford, Dudley D. Pontifex</span>, &amp;c. With 11 Plates, 19
+Illustrations in the Text, and numerous Diagrams and Figures. Crown 8vo.,
+10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>BOATING. By <span class="smcap">W. B. Woodgate</span>. With 10 Plates, 39 Illustrations in the Text,
+and from Instantaneous Photographs, and 4 Maps of the Rowing Courses at
+Oxford, Cambridge, Henley, and Putney. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>COURSING AND FALCONRY. By <span class="smcap">Harding Cox</span> and the Hon. <span class="smcap">Gerald Lascelles</span>. With
+20 Plates and 56 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>CRICKET. By <span class="smcap">A. G. Steel</span>, and the Hon. <span class="smcap">R. H. Lyttelton</span>. With Contributions
+by <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>, <span class="smcap">W. G. Grace, F. Gale</span>, &amp;c. With 12 Plates and 52
+Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>CYCLING. By the <span class="smcap">Earl of Albemarle</span>, and <span class="smcap">G. Lacy Hillier</span>. With 19 Plates and
+44 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>DANCING. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Lilly Grove</span>, F.R.G.S. With Contributions by Miss
+<span class="smcap">Middleton</span>, The Honourable Mrs. <span class="smcap">Armytage</span>, &amp;c. With Musical Examples, and 38
+Full-page Plates and 93 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>DRIVING. By His Grace the <span class="smcap">Duke Of Beaufort</span>, K.G. With Contributions by
+other Authorities. With Photogravure Intaglio Portrait of His Grace the
+<span class="smcap">Duke of Beaufort</span>, and 11 Plates and 54 Illustrations in the Text. Crown
+8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>FISHING. By <span class="smcap">H. Cholmondeley-Pennell</span>, Late Her Majesty&#8217;s Inspector of Sea
+Fisheries.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Vol. 1. <span class="smcap">Salmon and Trout</span>. With Contributions by <span class="smcap">H. R. Francis</span>, Major
+<span class="smcap">John P. Traherne</span>, &amp;c. With Frontispiece, 8 Full-page Illustrations of
+Fishing Subjects, and numerous Illustrations of Tackle, &amp;c. Crown
+8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>Vol. II <span class="smcap">Pike and Other Coarse Fish.</span> With Contributions by the <span class="smcap">Marquis
+of Exeter, William Senior, G. Christopher Davies</span>, &amp;c. With
+Frontispiece, 6 Full-page Illustrations of Fishing Subjects, and
+numerous Illustrations of Tackle, &amp;c. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>FENCING, BOXING, AND WRESTLING. By <span class="smcap">Walter H. Pollock, F. C. Grove, C.
+Prevost, E. B. Mitchell</span>, and <span class="smcap">Walter Armstrong</span>. With 18 Intaglio Plates and
+24 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>GOLF. By <span class="smcap">Horace G. Hutchinson</span>. With Contributions by the Rt. Hon. <span class="smcap">A. J.
+Balfour</span>, M.P., Sir <span class="smcap">Walter Simpson</span>, Bart., <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>, &amp;c. With 25 Plates
+and 65 Illustrations in the Text. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>HUNTING. By His Grace the <span class="smcap">Duke Of Beaufort</span>, K.G., and <span class="smcap">Mowbray Morris</span>. With
+Contributions by the <span class="smcap">Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire</span>, Rev. <span class="smcap">E. W. L. Davies,
+J. S. Gibbons, G. H. Longman</span>, &amp;c. With 5 Plates and 54 Illustrations in
+the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>MOUNTAINEERING. By <span class="smcap">C. T. Dent</span>, With Contributions by Sir <span class="smcap">W. M. Conway, D.
+W. Freshfield, C. E. Matthews</span>, &amp;c. With 13 Plates and 95 Illustrations in
+the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>POETRY OF SPORT (THE).&mdash;Selected by <span class="smcap">Hedley Peek</span>. With a Chapter on
+Classical Allusions to Sport by <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>, and a Special Preface to the
+Badminton Library by <span class="smcap">A. E. T. Watson</span>. With 32 Plates and 74 Illustrations
+in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>RACING AND STEEPLE-CHASING. By the <span class="smcap">Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, W. G.
+Craven</span>, the <span class="smcap">Hon. F. Lawley, Arthur Coventry</span>, and <span class="smcap">Alfred E. T. Watson</span>. With
+Coloured Frontispiece and 56 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>RIDING AND POLO.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Riding.</span> By Captain <span class="smcap">Robert Weir</span>, the <span class="smcap">Duke of Beaufort</span>, the <span class="smcap">Earl Of Suffolk
+And Berksire</span>, the <span class="smcap">Earl of Onslow, J. Murray Brown</span>, &amp;c. With 18 Plates and
+41 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>SEA FISHING. By <span class="smcap">John Bickerdyke</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">H. W. Gore-Booth, Alfred C.
+Harmsworth</span>, and <span class="smcap">W. Senior</span>. With 22 Full-page Plates and 175 Illustrations
+in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>SHOOTING.</p>
+
+<p>Vol. I. <span class="smcap">Field and Covert</span>. By <span class="smcap">Lord Walsingham</span> and <span class="smcap">Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey</span>,
+Bart. With Contributions by the Hon. <span class="smcap">Gerald Lascelles</span> and <span class="smcap">A. J.
+Stuart-Wortley</span>. With 11 Full-page Illustrations and 94 Illustrations in
+the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>Vol. II. <span class="smcap">Moor and Marsh</span>. By <span class="smcap">Lord Walsingham</span> and Sir <span class="smcap">Ralph Payne-Gallwey</span>,
+Bart. With Contributions by <span class="smcap">Lord Lovat</span> and <span class="smcap">Lord Charles Lennox Kerr</span>. With
+8 Full-page Illustrations and 57 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo.,
+10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>SKATING, CURLING, TOBOGGANING. By <span class="smcap">J. M. Heathcote, C. G. Tebbutt, T.
+Maxwell Witham</span>, Rev. <span class="smcap">John Kerr, Ormond Hake, Henry A. Buck</span>, &amp;c. With 12
+Plates and 272 Illustrations and Diagrams in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>SWIMMING. By <span class="smcap">Archibald Sinclair</span> and <span class="smcap">William Henry</span>, Hon. Secs. of the
+Life-Saving Society. With 13 Plates and 106 Illustrations in the Text. Cr.
+8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>TENNIS, LAWN TENNIS, RACQUETS, AND FIVES. By <span class="smcap">J. M.</span> and <span class="smcap">C. G. Heathcotee,
+E. O. Pleydell-Bouverie</span>, and <span class="smcap">A. C. Ainger</span>. With Contributions by the Hon.
+<span class="smcap">A. Lyttelton, W. C. Marshall</span>, Miss <span class="smcap">L. Dod</span>, &amp;c. With 12 Plates and 67
+Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>YACHTING.</p>
+
+<p>Vol. I. <span class="smcap">Cruising, Construction Of Yachts, Yacht Racing Rules, Fitting-Out</span>,
+&amp;c. By Sir <span class="smcap">Edward Sullivan</span>, Bart., <span class="smcap">The Earl Of Pembroke, Lord Brassey,
+K.C.B., C. E. Seth-Smith, C.B., G. L. Watson, R. T. Pritchett, E. F.
+Knight</span>, &amp;c. With 21 Plates, and 93 Illustrations in the Text, and from
+Photographs. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>Vol. II. <span class="smcap">Yacht Clubs, Yachting In America and the Colonies, Yacht Racing</span>,
+&amp;c. By <span class="smcap">R. T. Pritchett, The Marquis of Dufferin and Ava, K.P., The Earl of
+Onslow, James McFerran</span>, &amp;c. With 35 Plates and 160 Illustrations in the
+Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Fur and Feather Series.</span></p>
+<p class="center">Edited by <span class="smcap">A. E. T. Watson</span>.</p>
+<p class="center">Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> each Volume.</p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8258; The Volumes are also issued half-bound in Leather, with gilt top. The price can be had from all Booksellers.</p>
+
+<p>THE PARTRIDGE. Natural History, by the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. A. Macpherson</span>; Shooting, by
+<span class="smcap">A. J. Stuart-Wortley</span>; Cookery, by <span class="smcap">George Saintsbury</span>. With 11 Illustrations
+and various Diagrams in the Text. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE GROUSE. Natural History by the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. A. Macpherson</span>; Shooting, by <span class="smcap">A.
+J. Stuart-Wortley</span>; Cookery, by <span class="smcap">George Saintsbury</span>. With 13 Illustrations
+and various Diagrams in the Text. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE PHEASANT. Natural History by the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. A. Macpherson</span>; Shooting, by
+<span class="smcap">A. J. Stuart-Wortley</span>; Cookery, by <span class="smcap">Alexander Innes Shand</span>. With 10
+Illustrations and various Diagrams. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE HARE. Natural History by the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. A. Macpherson</span>; Shooting by the
+Hon. <span class="smcap">Gerald Lascelles</span>; Coursing, by <span class="smcap">Charles Richardson</span>; Hunting, by <span class="smcap">J. S.
+Gibbons</span> and <span class="smcap">G. H. Longman</span>; Cookery, by Col. <span class="smcap">Kenney Herbert</span>, With 9
+Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>RED DEER. Natural History, by the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. A. Macpherson</span>; Deer Stalking, by
+<span class="smcap">Cameron of Lochiel</span>. Stag Hunting, by Viscount <span class="smcap">Ebrington</span>; Cookery, by
+<span class="smcap">Alexander Innes Shand</span>. With 10 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">J. Charlton</span> and <span class="smcap">A.
+Thorburn</span>. Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8258; <i>Other Volumes are in preparation.</i></p>
+
+<p>BADMINTON MAGAZINE (THE) OF SPORTS AND PASTIMES. Edited by <span class="smcap">Alfred E. E.
+Watson</span> (&#8216;Rapier&#8217;). With numerous Illustrations. Price 1<i>s.</i> Monthly. Vols.
+I-III., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bickerdyke.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Days of My Life on Waters Fresh and Salt</span>; and other Papers.
+By <span class="smcap">John Bickerdyke</span>. With Photo-Etched Frontispiece and 8 Full-page
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>DEAD SHOT (THE): or, Sportsman&#8217;s Complete Guide. Being a Treatise on the
+Use of the Gun, with Rudimentary Bud Finishing Lessons on the Art of
+Shooting Game of all kinds. Also Game-driving, Wildfowl And
+Pigeon-shooting, Dog-breaking, etc. By <span class="smcap">Marksman</span>. Illustrated. Crown 8vo.,
+10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Ellis.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Chess Sparks</span>; or, Short and Bright Games of Chess. Collected and
+Arranged by <span class="smcap">J. H. Ellis</span>, M.A. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Falkener.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Games, Ancient and Oriental, and How to Play Them.</span> By <span class="smcap">Edward
+Falkener</span>. With numerous Photographs, Diagrams, &amp;c. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Folkard.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Wild-Fowler</span>: A Treatise on Fowling, Ancient and Modern;
+descriptive also of Decoys and Flight-ponds, Wild-fowl Shooting,
+Gunning-punts, Shooting-yachts, etc. By <span class="smcap">H. C. Folkard</span>. With 13 Engravings
+on Steel, and several Woodcuts. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Ford.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Theory and Practice of Archery.</span> By <span class="smcap">Horace Ford</span>. New Edition,
+thoroughly Revised and Rewritten by <span class="smcap">W. Butt</span>, M.A. With a Preface by <span class="smcap">C. J.
+Longman</span>, M.A. 8vo., 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Francis.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Book on Angling</span>: or Treatise on the Act of Fishing in every
+Branch; including full Illustrated List of Salmon Flies. By <span class="smcap">Francis
+Francis</span>. With Portrait and Coloured Plates. Crown 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Gibson.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Tobogganing on Crooked Runs.</span> By the Hon. <span class="smcap">Harry Gibson</span>. With
+Contributions by <span class="smcap">F. de B. Strickland</span> and &#8216;Lady-Tobogganer&#8217;. With 40
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Graham.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Country Pastimes for Boys.</span> By <span class="smcap">P. Anderson Graham</span>. With 252
+Illustrations from Drawings and Photographs. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lang.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Angling Sketches.</span> By <span class="smcap">A. Lang.</span> With 20 Illus. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lillie.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Croquet</span>: its History, Rules, And Secrets. By <span class="smcap">Arthur Lillie</span>,
+Champion, Grand National Croquet Club, 1872; Winner of the &#8216;All Comers&#8217;
+Championship,&#8217; Maidstone, 1896. With Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Lucien Davis</span>. Crown
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p><b>Longman.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Chess Openings.</span> By <span class="smcap">Fred. W. Longman</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Madden.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Diary of Master William Silence</span>: A Study of Shakespeare and
+of Elizabethan Sport. By the Right Hon. <span class="smcap">D. H. Madden</span>, Vice-Chancellor of
+the University of Dublin. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><b>Maskelyne.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sharps and Flats</span>: a Complete Revelation of the Secrets of
+Cheating at Games of Chance and Skill. By <span class="smcap">John Nevil Maskelyne</span>, of the
+Egyption Hall. With 62 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Park.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Game of Golf.</span> By <span class="smcap">William Park</span>, Junr., Champion Golfer, 1887-89.
+With 17 Plates and 26 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Payne-Gallwey</b> (Sir <span class="smcap">Ralph</span>, Bart.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Letters to Young Shooters</span> (First Series). On the Choice and Use of a Gun.
+With 41 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Letters to Young Shooters</span> (Second Series). On the Production,
+Preservation, and Killing of Game. With Directions in Shooting
+Wood-Pigeons and Breaking-in Retrievers. With Portrait and 103
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Letters to Young Shooters</span> (Third Series). Comprising a Short Natural
+History of the Wildfowl that are Rare or Common to the British Islands,
+with Complete Directions in Shooting Wildfowl on the Coast and Inland.
+With 200 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Pole</b> (<span class="smcap">William</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Theory of the Modern Scientific Game of Whist.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Evolution of Whist</span>: a Study of the Progressive Changes which the
+Game has undergone. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Proctor.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">How to Play Whist: with the Laws and Etiquette of Whist.</span> By
+<span class="smcap">Richard A. Proctor.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Ronalds.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Fly-fisher&#8217;s Entomology.</span> By <span class="smcap">Alfred Ronalds</span>. With 20 Coloured
+Plates. 8vo., <i>14s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Thompson and Cannan.</b> <span class="smcap">Hand-in-hand Figure Skating.</span> By <span class="smcap">Norcliffe G. Thompson</span>
+and <span class="smcap">F. Laura Cannan</span>. Members of the Skating Club. With an Introduction by
+Captain J. H. <span class="smcap">Thomson</span>, R.A. With Illustrations. 16mo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wilcocks.</b> <span class="smcap">The Sea Fisherman</span>: Comprising the Chief Methods of Hook and Line
+Fishing in the British and other Seas, and Remarks on Nets, Boats, and
+Boating. By J. C. <span class="smcap">Wilcocks</span>. Illustrated. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Veterinary Medicine &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><b>Steel</b> (<span class="smcap">John Henry</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog.</span> 88 Illustrations. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Treatise on the Diseases of the Ox.</span> With 119 Illustrations. 8vo.,
+15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Treatise on the Diseases of the Sheep.</span> With 100 Illustrations.
+8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Outlines of Equine Anatomy</span>: a Manual for the use of Veterinary
+Students in the Dissecting Room. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Fitzwygram.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Horses and Stables.</span> By Major-General Sir F. <span class="smcap">Fitzwygram</span>, Bart.
+With 56 Pages of Illustrations. 8vo., <i>2s. 6d.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><b>&#8216;Stonehenge.&#8217;</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Dog in Health and Disease.</span> By &#8216;<span class="smcap">Stonehenge</span>&#8217;. With 78
+Illustrations. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Youatt</b> (<span class="smcap">William</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Horse.</span> Revised and enlarged. By W. <span class="smcap">Watson</span>. M.R.C.V.S. With 52
+Wood Illustrations. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Dog.</span> Revised and enlarged. With 33 Wood Illustrations. 8vo.,
+6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Mental, Moral and Political Philosophy.</b></p>
+<p class="center"><i>LOGIC, RHETORIC, PSYCHOLOGY. &amp;C.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Abbott.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Elements of Logic.</span> By T. K. <span class="smcap">Abbott</span>, B.D. 12mo., 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Aristotle.</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Politics</span>: G. Bekker&#8217;s Greek Text of Books I., III., IV. (VII.),
+with an English Translation by W. E. <span class="smcap">Bolland</span> M.A.; and Short
+Introductory Essays by A. <span class="smcap">Lang</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Youth and Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration.</span> Translated, with
+Introduction and Notes, by W. <span class="smcap">Ogle</span>, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Politics</span>: Introductory Essays. By <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span> (from Bolland and
+Lang&#8217;s &#8216;Politics&#8217;). Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Ethics</span>: Greek Text, Illustrated with Essay and Notes. By Sir
+<span class="smcap">Alexander Grant</span>, Bart. 2 vols. 8vo., 32<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An Introduction to Aristotle&#8217;s Ethics.</span> Books I.-IV. (Book X. c.
+vi.-ix. in an Appendix.) With a continuous Analysis and Notes. By the
+Rev. E. <span class="smcap">Moore</span>, D.D. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Bacon</b> (<span class="smcap">Francis</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Complete Works.</span> Edited by R. L. <span class="smcap">Ellis</span>, J. <span class="smcap">Spedding</span>, and D. D. <span class="smcap">Heath</span>.
+7 vols. 8vo., �3 13<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Letters and Life</span>, including all his occasional Works. Edited by <span class="smcap">James
+Spedding</span>. 7 vols. 8vo., �4 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Essays</span>: with Annotations. By <span class="smcap">Richard Whately</span>, D.D. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Essays</span>: Edited, with Notes. By F. <span class="smcap">Storr</span> and C. H. <span class="smcap">Gibson</span>. Cr.
+8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Essays.</span> With Introduction, Notes, and Index. By E. A. <span class="smcap">Abbott</span>,
+D.D. 2 vols. Fcp. 8vo., <i>6s.</i> The Text and Index only, without
+Introduction and Notes, in One Volume. Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Bain</b> (<span class="smcap">Alexander</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Mental Science.</span> Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Moral Science.</span> Crown 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>The two works as above can be had in one volume, price 10s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Senses and the Intellect.</span> 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Emotions and the Will.</span> 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Logic, Deductive and Inductive.</span> Part I., <i>4s.</i> Part II., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Practical Essays.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Bray</b> (<span class="smcap">Charles</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Philosophy of Necessity</span>: or Law in Mind as in Matter. Cr. 8vo.,
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Education of the Feelings</span>: a Moral System for Schools. Crown
+8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Bray.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Elements of Morality</span>, in Easy Lessons for Home and School Teaching.
+By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Charles Bray.</span> Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Crozier.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">History of Intellectual Development</span>, Vol. I. Containing a
+History of the Evolution of Greek and Hindoo Thought, of Gr&aelig;co-Roman
+Paganism, of Judaism, and of Christianity down to the Closing of the
+Schools of Athens by Justinian, 529 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> By <span class="smcap">John Beattie Crozier</span>, Author
+of &#8216;Civilisation and Progress&#8217;. 8vo., 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Davidson.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Logic of Definition</span>, Explained and Applied. By <span class="smcap">William L.
+Davidson</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Green</b> (<span class="smcap">Thomas Hill</span>). The Works of. Edited by R. L. <span class="smcap">Nettleship</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="list">Vols. I. and II. Philosophical Works. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p class="list">Vol. III. Miscellanies. With Index to the three Volumes, and Memoir. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation.</span> With Preface by
+<span class="smcap">Bernard Bosanquet</span>. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Hodgson</b> (<span class="smcap">Shadworth</span> H.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Time and Space</span>: a Metaphysical Essay. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Theory of Practice</span>: an Ethical Inquiry. 2 vols. 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Philosophy of Reflection.</span> 2 vols. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Hume.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Philosophical Works of David Hume.</span> Edited by T. H. <span class="smcap">Green</span> and T.
+H. <span class="smcap">Grose</span>. 4 vols. 8vo., <i>56s.</i> Or separately, Essays. 2 vols. <i>28s.</i>
+Treatise of Human Nature. 2 vols. 28<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>James.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Will To Believe</span>, and other Essays in Popular Philosophy. By
+<span class="smcap">William James</span>, LL.D., Professor of Psychology in Harvard University. Crown
+8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Justinian.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Institutes of Justinian</span>: Latin Text, chiefly that of
+Huschke, with English Introduction, Translation, Notes, and Summary. By
+<span class="smcap">Thomas C. Sandars</span>, M.A. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Kant</b> (<span class="smcap">Immanuel</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Critique of Practical Reason, and Other Works on the Theory of
+Ethics.</span> Translated by T. K. <span class="smcap">Abbott</span>, B.D. With Memoir. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fundamental Principles of The Metaphysic of Ethics.</span> Translated by T.
+K. <span class="smcap">Abbott</span>, B.D. (Extracted from &#8216;Kant&#8217;s Critique of Practical Reason
+and other Works on the Theory of Ethics&#8217;. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Introduction To Logic, and his Essay on the Mistaken Subtilty of the
+Four Figures.</span> Translated by T. K. <span class="smcap">Abbott</span>. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Killick.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Handbook to Mill&#8217;s System of Logic.</span> By Rev. A. H. <span class="smcap">Killick</span>, M.A.
+Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Ladd</b> (<span class="smcap">George Trumbull</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Philosophy of Mind</span>: an Essay on the Metaphysics of Psychology. 8vo.,
+16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elements of Physiological Psychology.</span> 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Outlines of Physiological Psychology.</span> A Text-Book of Mental Science
+for Academies and Colleges. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Psychology, Descriptive and Explanatory</span>: a Treatise of the Phenomena,
+Laws, and Development of Human Mental Life. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Primer of Psychology.</span> Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Lewes.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The History of Philosophy</span>, from Thales to Comte. By <span class="smcap">George Henry
+Lewes.</span> 2 vols. 8vo., 32<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Max M�ller</b> (F.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Science of Thought.</span> 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Three Introductory Lectures on the Science of Thought.</span> 8vo., 2<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Mill.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind.</span> By <span class="smcap">James Mill</span>. 2 vols.
+8vo., 28<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Mill</b> (<span class="smcap">John Stuart</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A System of Logic</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">On Liberty.</span> Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">On Representative Government.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Utilitarianism.</span> 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Examination of Sir William Hamilton&#8217;s Philosophy.</span> 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nature, the Utility of Religion, And Theism.</span> Three Essays. 8vo.,
+5<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Mosso.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Fear.</span> By <span class="smcap">Angelo Mosso</span>. Translated from the Italian by E. <span class="smcap">Lough</span> and
+F. <span class="smcap">Kiesow</span>. With 8 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Romanes.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Mind and Motion and Monism.</span> By <span class="smcap">George John Romanes</span>, LL.D.,
+F.R.S. Crown 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Stock</b> (<span class="smcap">St. George</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Deductive Logic.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lectures in the Lyceum</span>; or, Aristotle&#8217;s Ethics for English Readers.
+Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Sully</b> (<span class="smcap">James</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Human Mind</span>: a Text-book of Psychology. 2 vols. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Outlines of Psychology.</span> Crown 8vo., 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Teacher&#8217;s Handbook of Psychology.</span> Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Studies of Childhood.</span> 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Children&#8217;s Ways</span>: being Selections from the Author&#8217;s &#8216;Studies of
+Childhood,&#8217; with new Matter. Crown 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Swinburne.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Picture Logic</span>: an Attempt to Popularise the Science of
+Reasoning. By <span class="smcap">Alfred James Swinburne</span>, M.A. With 23 Woodcuts. Post 8vo.,
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Weber.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">History of Philosophy.</span> By <span class="smcap">Alfred Weber</span>, Professor in the
+University of Strasburg, Translated by <span class="smcap">Frank Thilly</span>, Ph.D. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Whately</b> (<span class="smcap">Archbishop</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Bacon&#8217;s Essays.</span> With Annotations By R. <span class="smcap">Whately</span>. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elements of Logic.</span> Cr. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elements of Rhetoric.</span> Cr. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lessons on Reasoning.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Zeller</b> (Dr. <span class="smcap">Edward</span>, Professor in the University of Berlin).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics.</span> Translated by the Rev. O. J.
+<span class="smcap">Reichel</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy.</span> Translated by <span class="smcap">Sarah F.
+Alleyne</span> and <span class="smcap">Evelyn Abbott</span>. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Plato and the Older Academy.</span> Translated by <span class="smcap">Sarah F. Alleyne</span> and
+<span class="smcap">Alfred Goodwin</span>, B.A. Crown 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Socrates and the Socratic Schools.</span> Translated by the Rev. O. J.
+<span class="smcap">Reichel</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aristotle and the Earlier Peripatetics.</span> Translated by B. F. C.
+<span class="smcap">Costelloe</span>, M.A., and J. H. <span class="smcap">Muirhead</span>, M.A. 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>MANUALS OF CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY.</b></p>
+<p class="center"><i>(Stonyhurst Series.)</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Manual of Political Economy</span>. By C. S. <span class="smcap">Devas</span>, M.A. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">First Principles of Knowledge.</span> By <span class="smcap">John Rickaby</span>, S.J. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">General Metaphysics.</span> By <span class="smcap">John Rickaby</span>, S.J. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Logic.</span> By <span class="smcap">Richard F. Clarke</span>, S.J. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Moral Philosophy</span> (<span class="smcap">Ethics and Natural Law</span>). By <span class="smcap">Joseph Rickaby</span>, S.J. Crown
+8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Natural Theology.</span> By <span class="smcap">Bernard Boedder</span>, S.J. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Psychology.</span> By <span class="smcap">Michael Maher</span>, S.J. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>History and Science of Language, &amp;c.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Davidson.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Leading and Important English Words</span>: Explained and Exemplified.
+By <span class="smcap">William L. Davidson</span>, M.A. Fcp. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Farrar.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Language and Languages.</span> By F. W. <span class="smcap">Farrar</span>, D.D., F.R.S., Cr. 8vo.,
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Graham.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">English Synonyms</span>, Classified and Explained: with Practical
+Exercises. By G. F. <span class="smcap">Graham</span>. Fcap. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Max M�ller</b> (F.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Science of Language</span>, Founded on Lectures delivered at the Royal
+Institution in 1861 and 1863. 2 vols. Crown. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Biographies of Words, and the Home of the Aryas.</span> Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Three Lectures on the Science of Language, and its Place in General
+Education</span>, delivered at Oxford, 1889. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Roget.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases.</span> Classified and Arranged so
+as to Facilitate the Expression of Ideas and assist in Literary
+Composition. By <span class="smcap">Peter Mark Roget</span>, M.D., F.R.S. Recomposed throughout,
+enlarged and improved, partly from the Author&#8217;s Notes, and with a full
+Index, by the Author&#8217;s Son, <span class="smcap">John Lewis Roget</span>. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Whately.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">English Synonyms.</span> By E. <span class="smcap">Jane Whately</span>. Fcap. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Political Economy and Economics.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Ashley.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">English Economic History and Theory.</span> By <span class="smcap">W. J. Ashley</span>, M.A. Crown
+8vo., Part I., 5<i>s.</i> Part II., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bagehot.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Economic Studies.</span> By <span class="smcap">Walter Bagehot</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Barnett.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Practicable Socialism</span>: Essays on Social Reform. By the Rev. S.
+A. and Mrs. <span class="smcap">Barnett</span>. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Brassey.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Papers and Addresses on Work and Wages.</span> By Lord <span class="smcap">Brassey</span>. Edited
+by <span class="smcap">J. Potter</span>, and with Introduction by <span class="smcap">George Howell</span>, M.P. Crown 8vo.,
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Devas.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Manual of Political Economy.</span> By <span class="smcap">C. S. Devas</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo.,
+6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> (<i>Manuals of Catholic Philosophy.</i>)</p>
+
+<p><b>Dowell.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A History of Taxation and Taxes in England</span>, from the Earliest
+Times to the Year 1885. By <span class="smcap">Stephen Dowell</span>. (4 vols. 8vo.) Vols. I. and II.
+The History of Taxation, 21<i>s.</i> Vols. III. and IV. The History of Taxes,
+21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Jordan.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Standard of Value.</span> By <span class="smcap">William Leighton Jordan</span>, Fellow of the
+Royal Statistical Society, &amp;c. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Macleod</b> (<span class="smcap">Henry Dunning</span>, M.A.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Bimetalism.</span> 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Elements of Banking.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Theory and Practice of Banking.</span> Vol. I. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> Vol. II.
+14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Theory of Credit.</span> 8vo. Vol. I. 10<i>s.</i> net. Vol. II., Part I.,
+10<i>s.</i> net. Vol II. Part II., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Digest of the Law of Bills of Exchange, Bank Notes</span>, &amp;c. [<i>In the
+press.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Mill.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Political Economy.</span> By <span class="smcap">John Stuart Mill</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 2 vols. 8vo., 30<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Mulhall.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Industries and Wealth of Nations.</span> By <span class="smcap">Michael G. Mulhall</span>, F.S.S.
+With 32 Full-page Diagrams. Crown 8vo., 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Soderini.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Socialism and Catholicism.</span> From the Italian of Count <span class="smcap">Edward
+Soderini</span>. By <span class="smcap">Richard Jenery-Shee</span>. With a Preface by Cardinal <span class="smcap">Vaughan</span>.
+Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Symes.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Political Economy</span>: a Short Text-book of Political Economy. With
+Problems for Solution, and Hints for Supplementary Reading; also a
+Supplementary Chapter on Socialism. By Professor <span class="smcap">J. E. Symes</span>, M.A., of
+University College, Nottingham. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Toynbee.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the 18th Century in
+England</span>: Popular Addresses, Notes and other Fragments. By <span class="smcap">Arnold Toynbee</span>.
+With a Memoir of the Author by <span class="smcap">Benjamin Jowett</span>, D.D. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Webb</b> (<span class="smcap">Sidney</span> and <span class="smcap">Beatrice</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The History of Trade Unionism.</span> With Map and full Bibliography of the
+Subject. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Industrial Democracy</span>: a Study in Trade Unionism. 2 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p class="right">[<i>In the press.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8258; <i>This work is an exhaustive analysis of Trade Unionism
+and its relation to other Democratic movements, to which &#8216;The History
+of Trade Unionism,&#8217; published in 1894, may be regarded as an introduction.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>STUDIES IN ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.</b></p>
+<p class="center">Issued under the auspices of the London School of Economics and Political Science.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The History of Local Rates in England</span>: Five Lectures. By <span class="smcap">Edwin Cannan</span>,
+M.A. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">German Social Democracy.</span> By <span class="smcap">Bertrand Russell</span>, B.A. With an Appendix on
+Social Democracy and the Woman Question in Germany by <span class="smcap">Alys Russell</span>, B.A.
+Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Select Documents Illustrating the History of Trade Unionism.</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I. The Tailoring Trade. Edited by <span class="smcap">W. F. Galton</span>. With a Preface by
+<span class="smcap">Sidney Webb</span>, LL.B. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Deploige&#8217;s Referendum en Suisse.</span> Translated with Introduction and Notes,
+by <span class="smcap">C. P. Trevelyan</span>, M.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">[<i>In preparation.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Select Documents Illustrating the State Regulation of Wages.</span> Edited, with
+Introduction and Notes, by <span class="smcap">W. A. S. Hewins</span>, M.A.</p>
+
+<p class="right">[<i>In preparation.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hungarian Gild Records.</span> Edited by Dr. <span class="smcap">Julius Mandello</span>, of Budapest.</p>
+
+<p class="right">[<i>In preparation.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Relations between England and the Hanseatic League.</span> By Miss <span class="smcap">E. A.
+MacArthur</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="right">[<i>In preparation.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Evolution, Anthropology, &amp;c.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Babington.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Fallacies of Race Theories as Applied to National
+Characteristics.</span> Essays by <span class="smcap">William Dalton Babington</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo.,
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Clodd</b> (<span class="smcap">Edward</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Story of Creation</span>: a Plain Account of Evolution. With 77
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Primer of Evolution</span>: being a Popular Abridged Edition of &#8216;The Story
+of Creation&#8217;. With Illustrations. Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Lang.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Custom and Myth</span>: Studies of Early Usage and Belief. By <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>.
+With 15 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lubbock.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Origin of Civilisation</span> and the Primitive Condition of Man.
+By Sir J. <span class="smcap">Lubbock</span>, Bart., M.P. With 5 Plates and 20 Illustrations in the
+Text. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Romanes</b> (<span class="smcap">George John</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Darwin, and After Darwin</span>: an Exposition of the Darwinian Theory, and
+a Discussion on Post-Darwinian Questions.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Part I. <span class="smcap">The Darwinian Theory.</span> With Portrait of Darwin and 125
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>Part II. <span class="smcap">Post-Darwinian Questions</span>: Heredity and Utility. With
+Portrait of the Author and 5 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>Part III. <span class="smcap">Post-Darwinian Questions</span>: Isolation and Physiological
+Selection. Crown 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An Examination of Weismannism.</span> Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Essays.</span> Edited by C. <span class="smcap">Lloyd Morgan</span>, Principal of University College,
+Bristol.</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Classical Literature and Translations, &amp;c.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Abbott.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Hellenica.</span> A Collection of Essays on Greek Poetry, Philosophy,
+History, and Religion. Edited by <span class="smcap">Evelyn Abbott</span>, M.A., LL.D. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>&AElig;schylus.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Eumenides of &AElig;schylus.</span> With Metrical English Translation. By J.
+F. <span class="smcap">Davies</span>. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Aristophanes.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Acharnians of Aristophanes</span>, translated into English
+Verse. By R. Y. <span class="smcap">Tyrrell</span>. Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Aristotle.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Youth and Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration</span>.
+Translated, with Introduction and Notes, by W. <span class="smcap">Ogle</span>, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P.,
+sometime Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.</p>
+
+<p><b>Becker</b> (Professor).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Gallus</span>: or, Roman Scenes in the Time of Augustus. Illustrated. Post
+8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charicles</span>: or, Illustrations of the Private Life of the Ancient
+Greeks. Illustrated. Post 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Cicero.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Cicero&#8217;s Correspondence.</span> By R. Y. <span class="smcap">Tyrrell</span>. Vols. I., II., III.
+8vo., each <i>12s.</i> Vol. IV., 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Egbert.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions.</span> By <span class="smcap">James C.
+Egbert</span>, Junr., Ph.D. With numerous Illustrations And Fac-similes. Square
+crown 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Farnell.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Greek Lyric Poetry</span>: a Complete Collection of the Surviving
+Passages from the Greek Song-Writing. Arranged with Prefatory Articles,
+Introductory Matter and Commentary. By <span class="smcap">George S. Farnell</span>, M.A. With 5
+Plates. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lang.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Homer and the Epic.</span> By <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>. Crown 8vo., 9<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lucan.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Pharsalia of Lucan.</span> Translated into Blank Verse. By <span class="smcap">Edward
+Ridley</span>, Q.C. 8vo., 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Mackail.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology</span>, By J. W. <span class="smcap">Mackail</span>.
+Edited with a Revised Text, Introduction, Translation, and Notes. 8vo.,
+16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Rich.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities.</span> By A. <span class="smcap">Rich</span>, B.A. With
+2000 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Sophocles.</b>&mdash;Translated into English Verse. By <span class="smcap">Robert Whitelaw</span>, M.A.,
+Assistant Master in Rugby School. Cr. 8vo., 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Tacitus.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The History of P. Cornelius Tacitus.</span> Translated into English,
+with an Introduction and Notes, Critical and Explanatory, by <span class="smcap">Albert
+William Quill</span>, M.A., T.C.D. 2 Vols. Vol. I., 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, Vol II.,
+8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Tyrrell.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Translations Into Greek and Latin Verse.</span> Edited by <span class="smcap">R. Y.
+Tyrrell.</span> 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Virgil.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The &AElig;neid of Virgil.</span> Translated into English Verse by <span class="smcap">John
+Conington</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Poems of Virgil.</span> Translated into English Prose by <span class="smcap">John Conington</span>.
+Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The &AElig;neid of Virgil</span>, freely translated into English Blank Verse. By
+<span class="smcap">W. J. Thornhill</span>. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The &AElig;neid of Virgil.</span> Translated into English Verse by <span class="smcap">James Rhoades</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Books I.-VI. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>Books VII.-XII. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Poetry and the Drama.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Allingham (<span class="smcap">William</span>).</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Irish Songs and Poems.</span> With Frontispiece of the Waterfall of Asaroe.
+Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Laurence Bloomfield.</span> With Portrait of the Author. Fcp. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Flower Pieces; Day and Night Songs; Ballads.</span> With 2 Designs by <span class="smcap">D. G.
+Rossetti</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i>; large paper edition, 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Life and Phantasy</span>: with Frontispiece by Sir <span class="smcap">J. E. Millais</span>, Bart., and
+Design by <span class="smcap">Arthur Hughes</span>. Fcp. 8vo, 6<i>s.</i>; large paper edition, 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thought and Word, and Ashby Manor</span>: a Play. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i>; large
+paper edition, 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Blackberries.</span> Imperial 16mo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Sets of the above 6 vols. may be had in uniform half-parchment
+binding, price</i> 30<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Armstrong (<span class="smcap">G. F. Savage</span>).</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Poems</span>: Lyrical and Dramatic. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">King Saul.</span> (The Tragedy of Israel, Part I.) Fcp. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">King David.</span> (The Tragedy of Israel, Part II.) Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">King Solomon.</span> (The Tragedy of Israel, Part III.) Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ugone</span>: a Tragedy. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Garland From Greece</span>: Poems. Fcp. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stories of Wicklow</span>: Poems. Fcp. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mephistopheles in Broadcloth</span>: a Satire. Fcp. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">One in the Infinite</span>: a Poem. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Armstrong.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Poetical Works of Edmund J. Armstrong.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Arnold (Sir <span class="smcap">Edwin</span>).</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Light of the World</span>: or, the Great Consummation. With 14
+Illustrations after <span class="smcap">W. Holman Hunt</span>. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Potiphar&#8217;s Wife</span>, and other Poems. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Adzuma</span>: or, the Japanese Wife. A Play. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Tenth Muse, and Other Poems.</span> Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> net.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Beesly (A. H.).</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Ballads, and Other Verse.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Danton, and Other Verse.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Bell</b> (Mrs. HUGH).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Chamber Comedies</span>: a Collection of Plays and Monologues for the
+Drawing Room. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fairy Tale Plays, and How to Act Them.</span> With 91 Diagrams and 52
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Christie.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lays and Verses.</span> By <span class="smcap">Nimmo Christie</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Cochrane</b> (<span class="smcap">Alfred</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Kestrel&#8217;s Nest</span>, and other Verses. Fcp. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Leviore Plectro</span>: Occasional Verses. Fcp. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Florian&#8217;s Fables.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Fables Of Florian.</span> Done into English Verse by Sir
+<span class="smcap">Philip Perring</span>, Bart. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Goethe.</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Faust</span>, Part I., the German Text, with Introduction and Notes. By
+<span class="smcap">Albert M. Selss</span>, Ph.D., M.A. Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Faust.</span> Translated, with Notes. By <span class="smcap">T. E. Webb</span>. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Gurney.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Day Dreams</span>: Poems. By Rev. <span class="smcap">Alfred Gurney</span>. M.A. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Ingelow</b> (<span class="smcap">Jean</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Poetical Works.</span> 2 vols. Fcp. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lyrical and Other Poems.</span> Selected from the Writings of <span class="smcap">Jean Ingelow</span>.
+Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; cloth plain, 3<i>s.</i> cloth gilt.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Lang</b> (<span class="smcap">Andrew</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Ban and Arri�re Ban.</span> A Rally of Fugitive Rhymes. Fcp. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i>
+net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Grass of Parnassus.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ballads of Books.</span> Edited by <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Blue Poetry Book.</span> Edited by <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>. With 100 Illustrations.
+Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Lecky.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Poems.</span> By <span class="smcap">W. E. H. Lecky</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lindsay.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Flower Seller</span>, and other Poems. By <span class="smcap">Lady Lindsay</span>. Crown 8vo.,
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lytton</b> (<span class="smcap">The Earl of</span>) (<span class="smcap">Owen Meredith</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Marah.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">King Poppy</span>: a Fantasia. With 1 Plate and Design on Title-Page by Sir
+<span class="smcap">Ed. Burne-Jones</span>, A.R.A. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Wanderer.</span> Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lucile.</span> Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Selected Poems.</span> Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Macaulay.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lays of Ancient Rome</span>, &amp;c. By <span class="smcap">Lord Macaulay</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Illustrated by <span class="smcap">G. Scharf</span>. Fcp. 4to., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="list">&mdash;&mdash; Bijou Edition. 18mo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, gilt top.</p>
+<p class="list">&mdash;&mdash; Popular Edition. Fcp. 4to., 6<i>d.</i> sewed, 1<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p>Illustrated by <span class="smcap">J. R. Weguelin</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>Annotated Edition, Fcp. 8vo, 1<i>s.</i> sewed, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Macdonald</b> (<span class="smcap">George</span>, LL.D.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A Book of Strife, in the Form of the Diary of an Old Soul</span>: Poems.
+18mo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rampollo: Growths From an Old Root</span>; containing a Book of
+Translations, old and new; also a Year&#8217;s Diary of an Old Soul. Cr.
+8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Morris</b> (<span class="smcap">William</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Poetical Works</span>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Library Edition</span>. Complete in Ten Volumes. Crown 8vo.,
+price 6<i>s.</i> each:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Earthly Paradise.</span> 4 vols. 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Life and Death of Jason.</span> 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Defence of Guenevere</span>, and other Poems. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Story of Sigurd the Volsung</span>, and the Fall of the Niblungs. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Love is Enough</span>; or, The Freeing of Pharamond: a Morality; and <span class="smcap">Poems
+By the Way</span>. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Odyssey of Homer.</span> Done into English Verse. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The &AElig;neids of Virgil.</span> Done into English Verse. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>Certain of the Poetical Works may also be had in the following Editions:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Earthly Paradise.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list">Popular Edition. 5 vols. 12mo., 25<i>s.</i>; or 5<i>s.</i> each, sold separately.</p>
+
+<p class="list">The same in Ten Parts, 25<i>s.</i>; or 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each, sold separately.</p>
+
+<p class="list">Cheap Edition, in 1 vol. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Love Is Enough</span>; or, The Freeing of Pharamond: a Morality. Square crown
+8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Poems by the Way.</span> Square crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8258; For Mr. William Morris&#8217;s Prose Works, see pp. 22 and 31.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Nesbit.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lays and Legends.</span> By E. <span class="smcap">Nesbit</span> (Mrs. <span class="smcap">Hubert Bland</span>). First Series.
+Crown 8vo., <i>3s. 6d.</i> Second Series, with Portrait. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Rhoades.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Teresa and Other Poems.</span> By <span class="smcap">James Rhoades</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Riley</b> (<span class="smcap">James Whitcomb</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Old Fashioned Roses</span>: Poems. 12mo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Poems Here at Home.</span> Fcap. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Child-World: Poems.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Romanes.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Selection from the Poems of George John Romanes</span>, M.A., LL.D.,
+F.R.S. With an Introduction by T. <span class="smcap">Herbert Warren</span>, President of Magdalen
+College, Oxford, Crown 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Shakespeare.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Bowdler&#8217;s Family Shakespeare.</span> With 36 Woodcuts. 1 vol. 8vo.,
+<i>14s.</i> Or in 6 vols. Fcp. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Shakespeare Birthday Book.</span> By <span class="smcap">Mary F. Dunbar</span>. 32mo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wordsworth and Coleridge.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Description of the Wordsworth and Coleridge
+Manuscripts in the Possession of</span> Mr. T. <span class="smcap">Norton Longman</span>. Edited, with
+Notes, by W. <span class="smcap">Hale White</span>. With Fac-similes. 4to., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Works of Fiction, Humour, &amp;c.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Alden.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Among the Freaks.</span> By W. L. Alden. With 55 Illustrations by J. F.
+<span class="smcap">Sullivan</span> and <span class="smcap">Florence K. Upton</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Anstey</b> (F., Author of &#8216;Vice Vers�&#8217;).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Voces Populi</span>. Reprinted from &#8216;Punch&#8217;. First Series. With 20
+Illustrations by J. <span class="smcap">Bernard Partridge</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Man From Blankley&#8217;s</span>: a Story in Scenes, and other Sketches. With
+24 Illustrations by J. <span class="smcap">Bernard Partridge</span>. Post 4to., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Astor.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Journey in Other Worlds</span>: a Romance of the Future. By <span class="smcap">John Jacob
+Astor</span>. With 10 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Baker.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">By the Western Sea.</span> By <span class="smcap">James Baker</span>, Author of &#8216;John Westacott&#8217;.
+Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Beaconsfield</b> (<span class="smcap">The Earl of</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Novels and Tales.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list">Complete in 11 vols. Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p class="list2">Vivian Grey.<br />
+The Young Duke, &amp;c.<br />
+Alroy, Ixion &amp;c.<br />
+Contarini Fleming, &amp;c.<br />
+Tancred.<br />
+Sybil.<br />
+Henrietta Temple.<br />
+Venetia.<br />
+Coningsby.<br />
+Lothair.<br />
+Endymion.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Novels and Tales.</span> The Hughenden Edition. With 2 Portraits and 11
+Vignettes. 11 vols. Cr. 8vo., 42<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Black.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Princess D�sir�e.</span> By <span class="smcap">Clementia Black.</span> With 8 Illustrations by
+<span class="smcap">John Williamson</span>. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Crump.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Wide Asunder as the Poles.</span> By <span class="smcap">Arthur Crump</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Dougall</b> (L.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Beggars All.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">What Necessity Knows.</span> Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Doyle</b> (A. <span class="smcap">Conan</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Micah Clarke</span>: a Tale of Monmouth&#8217;s Rebellion. With 10 Illustrations.
+Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Captain of the Polestar</span>, and other Tales. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Refugees</span>: a Tale of Two Continents. With 25 Illustrations. Crown
+8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Stark-munro Letters.</span> Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Farrar</b> (F. W., Dean of Canterbury).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Darkness and Dawn</span>: or, Scenes in the Days of Nero. An Historic Tale.
+Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gathering Clouds</span>: a Tale of the Days of St. Chrysostom. Crown 8vo.,
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Fowler</b> (<span class="smcap">Edith</span> H.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Young Pretenders.</span> A Story of Child Life. With 12 Illustrations by
+<span class="smcap">Philip Burne-Jones.</span> Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Professor&#8217;s Children</span>: A Story. With numerous Illustrations by
+<span class="smcap">Ethel Kate Burgess</span>.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Froude.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Two Chiefs of Dunboy</span>: an Irish Romance of the Last Century.
+By J. A. <span class="smcap">Froude.</span> Cr. 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Gilkes.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Autobiography of Kallistratus</span>: A Story of the Time of the
+Second Punic War. By A. H. <span class="smcap">Gilkes</span>, M.A., Master of Dulwich College. With
+Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Maurice Greiffenhagen</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Graham.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Red Scaur</span>: a Novel of Manners. By P. <span class="smcap">Anderson Graham</span>. Cr.
+8vo., <i>6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard</b> (H. <span class="smcap">Rider</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Heart of the World.</span> With 15 Illustrations, Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joan Haste.</span> With 20 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The People of the Mist.</span> With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montezuma&#8217;s Daughter.</span> With 24 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">She.</span> With 32 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Allan Quatermain.</span> With 31 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maiwa&#8217;s Revenge.</span> Crown 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Quaritch</span>, V.C. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cleopatra.</span> With 29 Illustrations Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Beatrice.</span> Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eric Brighteyes.</span> With 51 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nada the Lily.</span> With 23 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Allan&#8217;s Wife.</span> With 34 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Witch&#8217;s Head.</span> With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Meeson&#8217;s Will.</span> With 16 Illustrations. Corwn 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dawn.</span> With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Haggard and Lang.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The World&#8217;s Desire.</span> By H. <span class="smcap">Rider Haggard</span> and <span class="smcap">Andrew
+Lang</span>. With 27 Illustrations Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Harte.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">In the Carquinez Woods</span>, and other Stories. By <span class="smcap">Bret Harte</span>. Cr.
+8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Hope.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Heart of Princess Osra.</span> By <span class="smcap">Anthony Hope</span>. With 9 Illustrations
+by <span class="smcap">John Williamson</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Hornung.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Unbidden Guest.</span> By E. W. <span class="smcap">Hornung</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Jerome.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sketches in Lavender</span>: Blue and Green. Short Stories. By <span class="smcap">Jerome K.
+Jerome</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lang.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Monk of Fife</span>: being the Chronicle written by <span class="smcap">Norman Leslie</span> of
+Pitcullo, concerning Marvellous Deeds that befel in the Realm of France,
+1429-31. By <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>. With Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Selwyn Image</span>. Crown 8vo.,
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lyall</b> (<span class="smcap">Edna</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Autobiography of a Slander.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> sewed.</p>
+
+<p>Presentation Edition. With 20 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Lancelot Speed</span>. Cr.
+8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Autobiography of a Truth.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> sewed; 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+cloth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Doreen</span>: The Story of a Singer. Cr. 8vo., <i>6s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Magruder.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Violet.</span> By <span class="smcap">Julia Magruder.</span> With 11 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">C. D.
+Gibson</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Matthews.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">His Father&#8217;s Son</span>: a Novel of the New York Stock Exchange. By
+<span class="smcap">Brander Matthews</span>. With 13 Illustration Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Melville</b> (<span class="smcap">G. J. Whyte</span>).</p>
+
+<p class="list">The Gladiators.<br />
+The Interpreter.<br />
+Good for Nothing.<br />
+The Queen&#8217;s Maries.<br />
+Holmby House.<br />
+Kate Coventry.<br />
+Digby Grand.<br />
+General Bounce.</p>
+
+<p class="list2"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Merriman.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Flotsam</span>: The Study of a Life. By <span class="smcap">Henry Seton Merriman</span>. With
+Frontispiece and Vignette by <span class="smcap">H. G. Massey</span>, A.R.E. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Morris</b> (<span class="smcap">William</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Well at the World&#8217;s End.</span> 2 vols., 8vo., 28<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Story of the Glittering Plain</span>, which has been also called The
+Land of the Living Men, or The Acre of the Undying. Square post 8vo.,
+5<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Roots of the Mountains</span>, wherein is told somewhat of the Lives of
+the Men of Burgdale, their Friends, their Neighbours, their Foemen,
+and their Fellows-in-Arms. Written in Prose and Verse. Square cr.
+8vo., 8<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Tale of the House of the Wolfings</span>, and all the Kindreds of the
+Mark. Written in Prose and Verse. Second Edition. Square cr. 8vo.,
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Dream of John Ball, and a King&#8217;s Lesson.</span> 12mo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">News From Nowhere</span>; or, An Epoch of Rest. Being some Chapters from an
+Utopian Romance. Post 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8258; For Mr. William Morris&#8217;s Poetical Works, see p. 19.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Newman</b> (<span class="smcap">Cardinal</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Loss and Gain</span>: The Story of a Convert. Crown 8vo. Cabinet Edition,
+6<i>s.</i>; Popular Edition, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Callista</span>: A Tale of the Third Century. Crown 8vo. Cabinet Edition,
+6<i>s.</i>; Popular Edition, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Oliphant.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Old Mr. Tredgold</span>. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Oliphant</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Phillipps-Wolley.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Snap</span>: a Legend of the Lone Mountain. By <span class="smcap">C.
+Phillipps-wolley</span>. With 13 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Quintana.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Cid Campeador</span>; an Historical Romance. By <span class="smcap">D. Antonio de
+Trueba y la Quintana</span>. Translated from the Spanish by <span class="smcap">Henry J. Gill</span>, M.A.,
+T.C.D. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Rhoscomyl</b> (<span class="smcap">Owen</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Jewel of Ynys Galon</span>: being a hitherto unprinted Chapter in the
+History of the Sea Rovers. With 12 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Lancelot Speed</span>.
+Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Battlement and Tower</span>: a Romance. With Frontispiece by <span class="smcap">R. Caton
+Woodville</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">For the White Rose of Arno</span>: A Story of the Jacobite Rising of 1745.
+Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Rokeby.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dorcas Hobday.</span> By <span class="smcap">Charles Rokeby</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Sewell</b> (<span class="smcap">Elizabeth M.</span>).</p>
+
+<p class="list">A Glimpse of the World.<br />
+Laneton Parsonage.<br />
+Margaret Percival.<br />
+Katharine Ashton.<br />
+The Earl&#8217;s Daughter.<br />
+The Experience of Life.<br />
+Amy Herbert.<br />
+Cleve Hall.<br />
+Gertrude.<br />
+Home Life.<br />
+After Life.<br />
+Ursula.<br />
+Ivors.</p>
+
+<p class="list2">Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each, cloth plain. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each, cloth extra, gilt edges.</p>
+
+<p><b>Stevenson</b> (<span class="smcap">Robert Louis</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> sewed,
+1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</span>; with Other Fables. Crown
+8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">More New Arabian Nights&mdash;The Dynamiter.</span> By <span class="smcap">Robert Louis Stevenson</span> and
+<span class="smcap">Fanny van De Grift Stevenson</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Wrong Box.</span> By <span class="smcap">Robert Louis Stevenson</span> and <span class="smcap">Lloyd Osbourne</span>. Crown
+8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Suttner.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lay Down Your Arms</span> <i>Die Waffen Nieder</i>: The Autobiography of
+Martha Tilling. By <span class="smcap">Bertha Von Suttner</span>. Translated by <span class="smcap">T. Holmes</span>. Cr. 8vo.,
+1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Trollope</b> (<span class="smcap">Anthony</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Warden. Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>Barchester Towers. Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>TRUE</b> (A) <span class="smcap">Relation of The Travels and Perilous Adventures of Mathew
+Dudgeon</span>, Gentleman: Wherein is truly set down the Manner of his Taking,
+the Long Time of his Slavery in Algiers, and Means of his Delivery.
+Written by Himself, and now for the first time printed. Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Walford</b> (L. B.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Smith</span>: a Part of his Life. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Baby&#8217;s Grandmother</span>. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cousins.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Troublesome Daughters.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pauline.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dick Netherby.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The History of a Week.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Stiff-necked Generation</span>. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nan</span>, and other Stories. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Mischief of Monica.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The One Good Guest.</span> Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8216;<span class="smcap">Ploughed</span>,&#8217; and other Stories. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Matchmaker.</span> Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>West</b> (B. B.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Half-Hours with the Millionaires</span>: Showing how much harder it is to
+spend a million than to make it. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir Simon Vanderpetter, and Minding his Ancestors.</span> Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Financial Atonement.</span> Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Weyman</b> (<span class="smcap">Stanley</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The House of the Wolf.</span> Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Gentleman of France.</span> Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Red Cockade.</span> Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Whishaw.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Boyar of the Terrible</span>: a Romance of the Court of Ivan the
+Cruel, First Tzar of Russia. By <span class="smcap">Fred. Whishaw.</span> With 12 illustrations by <span class="smcap">H.
+G. Massey</span>, A.R.E. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Yeats.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Galahad of the Creeks</span>, and other Stories. By <span class="smcap">S. Levett Yeats</span>,
+Author of &#8220;The Honour of Savelli&#8221;. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Popular Science (Natural History, &amp;c.).</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Butler.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Our Household Insects.</span> An Account of the Insect-Pests found in
+Dwelling Houses. By <span class="smcap">Edward A. Butler</span>, B.A. B.Sc. (Lond.). With 113
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Furneaux</b> (W.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Outdoor World</span>; or, The Young Collector&#8217;s Handbook. With 18
+Plates, 16 of which are coloured, and 549 Illustrations in the Text.
+Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Butterflies and Moths</span> (British). With 12 coloured Plates and 241
+Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Life in Ponds and Streams.</span> With 8 coloured Plates and 331
+Illustrations in the Text. Cr. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Hartwig</b> (Dr. <span class="smcap">George</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Sea and Its Living Wonders.</span> With 12 Plates and 303 Woodcuts.
+8vo., 7<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Tropical World.</span> With 8 Plates and 172 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Polar World.</span> With 3 Maps, 8 Plates and 85 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i>
+net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Subterranean World.</span> With 3 Maps and 80 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Aerial World.</span> With Map, 8 Plates and 60 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i>
+net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Heroes of the Polar World.</span> 19 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wonders of the Tropical Forests.</span> 40 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Workers under the Ground.</span> 29 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Marvels over our Heads.</span> 29 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sea Monsters and Sea Birds.</span> 75 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Denizens of the Deep.</span> 117 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Volcanoes and Earthquakes.</span> 30 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wild Animals of the Tropics.</span> 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Hayward.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Bird Notes.</span> By the late <span class="smcap">Jane Mary Hayward</span>. Edited by <span class="smcap">Emma
+Hubbard</span>. With Frontispiece and 15 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">G. E. Lodge</span>. Crown
+8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Helmholtz.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects.</span> By <span class="smcap">Hermann von
+Helmholtz</span>. With 68 Woodcuts. 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hudson.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">British Birds.</span> By W. H. <span class="smcap">Hudson</span>, C.M.Z.S. With a Chapter on
+Structure and Classification by <span class="smcap">Frank E. Beddard</span>, F.R.S. With 17 Plates (8
+of which are Coloured), and over 100 Illustrations in the Text. Crown
+8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Proctor</b> (<span class="smcap">Richard</span> A.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Light Science for Leisure Hours.</span> Familiar Essays on Scientific
+Subjects. 3 vols. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rough Ways made Smooth.</span> Familiar Essays on Scientific Subjects. Crown
+8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pleasant Ways in Science.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nature Studies.</span> By R. A. <span class="smcap">Proctor</span>, <span class="smcap">Grant Allen</span>, A. <span class="smcap">Wilson</span>, T. <span class="smcap">Foster</span>
+and E. <span class="smcap">Clodd</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Leisure Readings.</span> By R. A. <span class="smcap">Proctor</span>, E. <span class="smcap">Clodd</span>, A. <span class="smcap">Wilson</span>, T. <span class="smcap">Foster</span>,
+and A. C. <span class="smcap">Ranyard</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8258; <i>For Mr. Proctor&#8217;s other books see Messrs. Longmans &amp;
+Co.&#8217;s Catalogue of Scientific Works.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Stanley.</b>&mdash;<b>A Familiar History Of Birds.</b> By E. <span class="smcap">Stanley</span>, D.D., formerly
+Bishop of Norwich. With Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wood</b> (Rev. J. G.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Homes without Hands</span>: a Description of the Habitation of Animals,
+classed according to the Principle of Construction. With 140
+Illustrations. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Insects at Home</span>: a Popular Account of British Insects, their
+Structure, Habits and Transformations. With 700 Illustrations. 8vo.,
+7<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Insects Abroad</span>: a Popular Account of Foreign Insects, their
+Structure, Habits and Transformations. With 600 Illustrations. 8vo.,
+7<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bible Animals</span>: a Description of every Living Creature mentioned in
+the Scriptures. With 112 Illustrations. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Petland Revisited.</span> With 33 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Out of Doors</span>: a Selection of Original Articles on Practical Natural
+History. With 11 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Strange Dwellings</span>: a Description of the Habitations of Animals,
+abridged from &#8216;Homes without Hands&#8217;. With 60 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo.,
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bird Life of the Bible</span>. 32 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wonderful Nests.</span> 30 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Homes under the Ground.</span> 28 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wild Animals of the Bible.</span> 29 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Domestic Animals of the Bible.</span> 23 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Branch Builders.</span> 28 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Social Habitations and Parasitic Nests.</span> 18 Illustrations. Crown 8vo.,
+2<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Works of Reference.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Longmans&#8217;</b> <span class="smcap">Gazetteer of the World.</span> Edited by <span class="smcap">George G. Chisholm</span>, M.A.,
+B.Sc. Imp. 8vo., �2 2<i>s.</i> cloth, �2 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> half-morocca.</p>
+
+<p><b>Maunder (Samuel).</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Biographical Treasury.</span> With Supplement brought down to 1899. By Rev.
+<span class="smcap">James Wood</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Treasury of Natural History</span>: or, Popular Dictionary of Zoology. With
+900 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Treasury of Geography</span>, Physical, Historical, Descriptive, and
+Political. With 7 Maps and 16 Plates. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Treasury of Bible Knowledge.</span> By the Rev. J. <span class="smcap">Ayre</span>, M.A. With 5
+Maps, 15 Plates, and 300 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Treasury of Knowledge and Library of Reference.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Historical Treasury</span>: Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Scientific and Literary Treasury.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Treasury of Botany.</span> Edited by J. <span class="smcap">Lindley</span>. F.R.S., and T. <span class="smcap">Moore</span>,
+F.L.S. With 274 Woodcuts and 20 Steel Plates. 2 vols. Fcp. 8vo.,
+12<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Roget.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases.</span> Classified and Arranged so
+as to Facilitate the Expression of Ideas and assist in Literary
+Composition. By <span class="smcap">Peter Mark Roget</span>, M.D., F.R.S. Recomposed throughout,
+enlarged and improved, partly from the Author&#8217;s Notes and with a full
+Index, by the Author&#8217;s Son, <span class="smcap">John Lewis Roget.</span> Crown 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Willich.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Popular Tables</span> for giving information for ascertaining the value
+of Lifehold, Leasehold, And Church Property, the Public Funds, &amp;c. By
+<span class="smcap">Charles M. Willich</span>. Edited by H. <span class="smcap">Bence Jones</span>. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Children&#8217;s Books.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Crake</b> (Rev. A. D.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Edwy the Fair</span>; or, the First Chronicle of &AElig;scendune. Crown 8vo.,
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alfgar the Dane</span>: or, the Second Chronicle of &AElig;scendune. Cr. 8vo.,
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Rival Heirs</span>: being the Third and Last Chronicle of &AElig;scendune.
+Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The House of Walderne.</span> A Tale of the Cloister and the Forest in the
+Days of the Barons&#8217; Wars. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brian Fitz-Count.</span> A Story of Wallingford Castle and Dorchester Abbey.
+Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Lang</b> (<span class="smcap">Andrew</span>)&mdash;<span class="smcap">Edited By.</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Blue Fairy Book.</span> With 138 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Red Fairy Book.</span> With 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Green Fairy Book.</span> With 99 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Yellow Fairy Book.</span> With 104 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Blue Poetry Book.</span> With 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Blue Poetry Book.</span> School Edition, without Illustrations. Fcp.
+8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The True Story Book.</span> With 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Red True Story Book.</span> With 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Animal Story Book.</span> With 67 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Meade</b> (L. T.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Daddy&#8217;s Boy.</span> With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Deb and the Duchess.</span> With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Beresford Prize.</span> With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The House of Surprises.</span> With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Molesworth.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Silverthorns.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Molesworth</span>. With Illustrations. Crown
+8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Stevenson.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Child&#8217;s Garden of Verses.</span> By <span class="smcap">Robert Louis Stevenson</span>. fcp.
+8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Upton.</b> (<span class="smcap">Florence</span> K., and <span class="smcap">Bertha</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and a &#8216;Golliwogg&#8217;.</span> Illustrated by
+<span class="smcap">Florence K. Upton</span>, with Words by <span class="smcap">Bertha Upton</span>. With 31 Coloured
+Plates and numerous Illustrations in the Text. Oblong 4to., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Golliwogg&#8217;s Bicycle Club.</span> Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Florence K. Upton</span>. With
+Words by <span class="smcap">Bertha Upton</span>. With 31 Coloured Plates and numerous
+Illustrations in the Text. Oblong 4to., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wordsworth.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Snow Garden</span>, and other Fairy Tales for Children. By
+<span class="smcap">Elizabeth Wordsworth</span>, With 10 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Trevor Haddon</span>. Crown
+8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Longmans&#8217; Series of Books for Girls.</b></p>
+<p class="center">Crown 8vo., price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Atelier (The) Du Lys</span>: or an Art Student in the Reign of Terror.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">By the same Author.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list">Mademoiselle Mori: a Tale of Modern Rome.<br />
+In the Olden Time: a Tale of the Peasant War in Germany.<br />
+The Younger Sister.<br />
+That Child.<br />
+Under a Cloud.<br />
+Hester&#8217;s Venture.<br />
+The Fiddler of Lugau.<br />
+A Child of the Revolution.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Atherstone Priory.</span> By L. N. <span class="smcap">Comyn</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Story of a Spring Morning</span>, &amp;c. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Molesworth</span>. Illustrated.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Palace in the Garden.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Molesworth</span>. Illustrated.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Neighbours.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Molesworth</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Third Miss St. Quentin.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Molesworth</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Very Young</span>; and <span class="smcap">Quite Another Story</span>. Two Stories. By <span class="smcap">Jean Ingelow</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Can this be Love?</span> By <span class="smcap">Louisa Parr</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Keith Deramore.</span> By the Author of &#8216;Miss Molly&#8217;.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sidney.</span> By <span class="smcap">Margaret Deland</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An Arranged Marriage.</span> By <span class="smcap">Dorothea Gerard</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Last Words to Girls on Life at School and After School.</span> By <span class="smcap">Maria Grey</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stray Thoughts for Girls.</span> By <span class="smcap">Lucy H. M. Soulsby</span>, Head Mistress of Oxford
+High School. 16mo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>The Silver Library.</b></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Crown</span> 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> <i>6d.</i> <span class="smcap">each Volume</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Arnold&#8217;s (Sir Edwin) Seas and Lands.</b> With 71 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bagehot&#8217;s (W.) Biographical Studies.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bagehot&#8217;s (W.) Economic Studies.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bagehot&#8217;s (W.) Literary Studies.</b> With Portrait. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Baker&#8217;s (Sir S. W.) Eight Years In Ceylon.</b> With 6 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Baker&#8217;s (Sir S. W.) Rifle and Hound in Ceylon.</b> With 6 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Baring-Gould&#8217;s (Rev. S.) Curious Myths of the Middle Ages.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Baring-Gould&#8217;s (Rev. S.) Origin and Development of Religious Belief.</b> 2
+vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Becker&#8217;s (Prof.) Gallus</b>: or, Roman Scenes in the Time of Augustus. Illus.
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Becker&#8217;s (Prof.) Charicles</b>: or, Illustrations of the Private Life of the
+Ancient Greeks. Illustrated. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bent&#8217;s (J. T.) The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland.</b> With 117 Illustrations.
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Brassey&#8217;s (Lady) A Voyage in the &#8216;Sunbeam&#8217;.</b> With 66 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Butler&#8217;s (Edward A.) Our Household Insects.</b> With 7 Plates and 113
+Illustrations in the Text. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Clodd&#8217;s (E.) Story of Creation</b>: a Plain Account of Evolution. With 77
+Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Conybeare (Rev W. J.) and Howson&#8217;s (Very Rev. J. S.) Life and Epistles of
+St. Paul.</b> 46 Illustrations. <i>3s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Dougall&#8217;s (L.) Beggars All</b>; a Novel. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Doyle&#8217;s (A. Conan) Micah Clarke</b>: a Tale of Monmouth&#8217;s Rebellion. 10 Illus.
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Doyle&#8217;s (A. Conan) The Captain of the Polestar</b>, and other Tales. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Doyle&#8217;s (A. Conan) The Refugees</b>: A Tale of Two Continents. With 25
+Illustrations, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Froude&#8217;s (J. A.) The History of England</b>, from the Fall of Wolsey to the
+Defeat of the Spanish Armada. 12 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Froude&#8217;s (J. A.) The English in Ireland.</b> 3 vols. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Froude&#8217;s (J. A.) Short Studies on Great Subjects.</b> 4 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Froude&#8217;s (J. A.) The Spanish Story of the Armada</b>, and other Essays. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Froude&#8217;s (J. A.) The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Froude&#8217;s (J. A.) Thomas Carlyle</b>: a History of his Life.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1795-1835. 2 vols. 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>1834-1881. 2 vols. 7<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Froude&#8217;s (J. A.) C&aelig;sar</b>: a Sketch. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Froude&#8217;s (J. A.) The Two Chiefs of Dunboy</b>: an Irish Romance of the Last
+Century. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Gleig&#8217;s (Rev. G. R.) Life of the Duke of Wellington.</b> With Portrait. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Greville&#8217;s (C. C. F.) Journal of the Reigns or King George IV., King
+William IV., and Queen Victoria.</b> 8 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) She</b>: A History of Adventure. 32 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) Allan Quatermain.</b> With 20 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) Colonel Quaritch</b>, V.C.: a Tale of Country Life. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) Cleopatra.</b> With 29 Full-page Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) Eric Brighteyes.</b> With 51 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) Beatrice.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) Allan&#8217;s Wife.</b> With 34 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) Montezuma&#8217;s Daughter.</b> With 25 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) The Witch&#8217;s Head.</b> With 16 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) Mr. Meeson&#8217;s Will.</b> With 16 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) Nada the Lily.</b> With 23 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) Dawn.</b> With 16 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard&#8217;s (H. R.) The People of the Mist.</b> With 16 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haggard (H. R.) and Lang&#8217;s (A.) The World&#8217;s Desire.</b> With 27 Illus. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Harte&#8217;s (Bret) In the Carquinez Woods, and other Stories.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Helmholtz&#8217;s (Hermann von) Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects.</b> With 68
+Illustrations. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hornung&#8217;s (E. W.) The Unbidden Guest.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Howitt&#8217;s (W.) Visits to Remarkable Places.</b> 80 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Jefferies&#8217; (R.) The Story of My Heart</b>: My Autobiography. With Portrait.
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Jefferies&#8217; (R.) Field and Hedgerow.</b> With Portrait. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Jefferies&#8217; (R.) Red Deer.</b> 17 Illus. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Jefferies&#8217; (R.) Wood Magic</b>: a Fable. With Frontispiece and Vignette by E.
+V. B. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Jefferies&#8217; (R.) The Toilers of the Field.</b> With Portrait from the Bust in
+Salisbury Cathedral. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Knight&#8217;s (E. F.) The Cruise of the &#8216;Alerte&#8217;</b> a Search for Treasure on the
+Desert Island of Trinidad. With 2 Maps and 23 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Knight&#8217;s (E. F.) Where Three Empires Meet</b>: a Narrative of Recent Travel in
+Kashmir, Western Tibet, Baltistan, Gilgit. With a Map and 54
+Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Knight&#8217;s (E. F.) The &#8216;Falcon&#8217; on the Baltic</b>: A Coasting Voyage from
+Hammersmith to Copenhagen in a Three-Ton Yacht. With Map and 11
+Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lang&#8217;s (A.) Angling Sketches.</b> 20 Illus. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lang&#8217;s (A.) Custom and Myth</b>: Studies of Early Usage ad Belief. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lang&#8217;s (Andrew) Cock Lane and Common-Sense.</b> With a New Preface. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lees (J. A.) and Clutterbuck&#8217;s (W. J.) B. C. 1887, A Ramble in British
+Columbia.</b> With Maps and 75 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Macaulay&#8217;s (Lord) Essays and Lays of Ancient Rome.</b> With Portrait and
+Illustration. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Macleod&#8217;s (H. D.) Elements of Banking.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Marshman&#8217;s (J. C.) Memoirs of Sir Henry Havelock.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Max M�ller&#8217;s (F.) India, what can it teach us?</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Max M�ller&#8217;s (F.) Introduction to the Science of Religion.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Merivale&#8217;s (Dean) History of the Romans under the Empire.</b> 8 vols. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i> ea.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mill&#8217;s (J. S.) Political Economy.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Mill&#8217;s (J. S.) System of Logic.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Milner&#8217;s (Geo.) Country Pleasures</b>: the Chronicle of a Year chiefly in a
+garden. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Nansen&#8217;s (F.) The First Crossing of Greenland.</b> With Illustrations and a
+Map. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Phillipps-Wolley&#8217;s (C.) Snap</b>: a Legend of the Lone Mountain. With 13
+Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Proctor&#8217;s (R. A.) The Orbs Around Us.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Proctor&#8217;s (R. A.) The Expanse of Heaven.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Proctor&#8217;s (R. A.) Other Worlds than Ours.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Proctor&#8217;s (R. A.) Other Suns than Ours.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Proctor&#8217;s (R. A.) Our Place among Infinities.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Proctor&#8217;s (R. A.) Rough Ways made Smooth.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Proctor&#8217;s (R. A.) Pleasant Ways in Science.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Proctor&#8217;s (R. A.) Myths and Marvels of Astronomy.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Proctor&#8217;s (R. A.) Nature Studies.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Proctor&#8217;s (R. A.) Leisure Readings.</b> By R. A. <span class="smcap">Proctor</span>, <span class="smcap">Edward Clodd</span>, <span class="smcap">Andrew
+Wilson</span>, <span class="smcap">Thomas Foster</span>, and A. C. <span class="smcap">Ranyard</span>. With Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Rhoscomyl&#8217;s (Owen) The Jewel of Ynys Galon.</b> With 12 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Rossetti&#8217;s (Marla F.) A Shadow of Dante.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Smith&#8217;s (R. Bosworth) Carthage and the Carthaginians.</b> With Maps, Plans,
+&amp;c. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Stanley&#8217;s (Bishop) Familiar History of Birds.</b> 160 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Stevenson&#8217;s (R. L.) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</b>; with
+other Fables. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Stevenson (Robert Louis) and Osbourne&#8217;s (Lloyd) The Wrong Box.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Stevenson (Robt. Louis) and Stevenson&#8217;s (Fanny van de Grift) More New
+Arabian Nights.</b>&mdash;The Dynamiter. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Weyman&#8217;s (Stanley J.) The House of the Wolf</b>: a Romance. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wood&#8217;s (Rev. J. G.) Petland Revisited</b>, With 33 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wood&#8217;s (Rev. J. G.) Strange Dwellings.</b> With 60 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wood&#8217;s (Rev. J. G.) Out of Doors.</b> With 11 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Cookery, Domestic Management, &amp;c.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Acton.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Modern Cookery.</span> By <span class="smcap">Eliza Acton</span>. With 150 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo.,
+4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bull</b> (<span class="smcap">Thomas</span>, M.D.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Hints to Mothers on the Management of their Health during the Period
+of Pregnancy.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Maternal Management of Children in Health and Disease.</span> Fcp. 8vo.,
+1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>De Salis</b> (Mrs.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Cakes and Confections � la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo. <i>1s. 6d.</i>1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dogs</span>: a Manual for Amateurs. Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dressed Game and Poultry � la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo.,1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dressed Vegetables � la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Drinks � la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Entr�es � la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Floral Decorations.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gardening � la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p class="list">Part I. Vegetables. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+<p class="list">Part II. Fruits. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">National Viands � la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">New-laid Eggs.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oysters � la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Puddings and Pastry � la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Savouries � la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Soups and Dressed Fish � la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sweets and Supper Dishes � la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tempting Dishes for Small Incomes.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wrinkles and Notions for Every Household.</span> Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Lear.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Maigre Cookery.</span> By H. L. <span class="smcap">Sidney Lear</span>. 16mo., 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Poole.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Cookery for the Diabetic.</span> By W. H. and Mrs. <span class="smcap">Poole</span>. With Preface by
+Dr. <span class="smcap">Pavy</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Walker</b> (<span class="smcap">Jane</span> H.)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A Book for Every Woman.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list">Part I. The Management of Children in Health and out of Health. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="list">Part II. Woman in Health and out of Health.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Handbook for Mothers</span>: being Simple Hints to Women on the Management
+of their Health during Pregnancy and Confinement, together with Plain
+Directions as to the Care of Infants. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Miscellaneous and Critical Works.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Allingham.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Varieties in Prose.</span> By <span class="smcap">William Allingham</span>. 3 vols. Cr. 8vo.,
+<i>18s.</i> (Vols. 1 and 2, Rambles, by <span class="smcap">Patricius Walker.</span> Vol. 3, Irish
+Sketches, etc.)</p>
+
+<p><b>Armstrong.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Essays and Sketches.</span> By <span class="smcap">Edmund J. Armstrong</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bagehot.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Literary Studies.</span> By <span class="smcap">Walter Bagehot</span>. With Portrait. 3 vols.
+Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><b>Baring-Gould.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Curious Myths Of The Middle Ages.</span> By Rev. S. <span class="smcap">Baring-Gould</span>.
+Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Baynes.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Shakespeare Studies, and Other Essays.</span> By the late <span class="smcap">Thomas Spencer
+Baynes</span>, LL.B., LL.D. With a Biographical Preface by Prof. <span class="smcap">Lewis Campbell</span>.
+Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Boyd</b> (A. K. H.) <b>(&#8216;A.K.H.B.&#8217;).</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>And see MISCELLANEOUS THEOLOGICAL WORKS, p. 32.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Commonplace Philosopher.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Critical Essays of a Country Parson.</span> Crown 8vo., <i>3s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">East Coast Days and Memories.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Landscapes, Churches and Moralities.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Leisure Hours in Town.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lessons of Middle Age.</span> Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Our Little Life.</span> Two Series. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Our Homely Comedy: and Tragedy.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Recreations of a Country Parson.</span> Three Series. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+each. Also First Series. Popular Ed. 8vo., 6<i>d.</i> sewed.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Butler</b> (<span class="smcap">Samuel</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Erewhon.</span> Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Fair Haven.</span> Work in Defence of the Miraculous Element in our
+Lord&#8217;s Ministry. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Life and Habit.</span> An Essay after a Completer View of Evolution. Cr.
+8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Evolution, Old and New.</span> Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alps and Sanctuaries of Piedmont and Canton Ticino.</span> Illustrated. Post
+4to., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Luck, or Cunning, as the Main Means of Organic Modification?</span> Cr.
+8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ex Voto.</span> An Account of the Sacro Monte or New Jerusalem at
+Varallo-Sesia. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>CHARITIES REGISTER (THE ANNUAL) AND DIGEST FOR 1897: being a Classified
+Register of Charities in or available in the Metropolis. With an
+Introduction by C. S. <span class="smcap">Loch</span>, Secretary to the Council of the Charity
+Organisation Society, London. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Dreyfus.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lectures on French Literature.</span> Delivered in Melbourne by <span class="smcap">Irma
+Dreyfus</span>. With Portrait of Author. Large crown 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Gwilt.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">An Encyclop&aelig;dia of Architecture.</span> By <span class="smcap">Joseph Gwilt</span>, F.S.A.
+Illustrated with more than 1100 Engravings on Wood. Revised (1888), with
+Alterations and Considerable Additions by <span class="smcap">Wyatt Papworth</span>. 8vo., �2 12<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Hamlin.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Text-Book of the History of Architecture.</span> By A. D. F. <span class="smcap">Hamlin</span>,
+A.M., Adjunct-Professor of Architecture in the School of Mines, Columbia
+College. With 229 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., <i>7s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Haweis.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Music and Morals.</span> By the Rev. H. R. <span class="smcap">Haweis</span>. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Indian Ideals</b> (No. 1)&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">N�rada S�tra</span>: An Inquiry into Love (Bhakti-Jijn�s�). Translated from the
+Sanskrit, with an Independent Commentary, by E. T. <span class="smcap">Sturdy</span>. Crown 8vo.,
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><b>Jefferies</b> (<span class="smcap">Richard</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Field and Hedgerow.</span> With Portrait. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Story of My Heart.</span> With Portrait and New Preface by C. J.
+<span class="smcap">Longman</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Red Deer.</span> 17 Illustrations by J. <span class="smcap">Charlton</span> and H. <span class="smcap">Tunaly</span>. Crown 8vo.,
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Toilers of the Field.</span> With Portrait from the Bust in Salisbury
+Cathedral. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wood Magic</span>: a Fable. With Frontispiece and Vignette by E. V. B. Cr.
+8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thoughts from the Writings of Richard Jefferies.</span> Selected by H. S.
+<span class="smcap">Hoole Waylen.</span> 16mo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Johnson.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Patentee&#8217;s Manual</span>: a Treatise on the Law and Practice of
+Letters Patent. By J. &amp; J. H. <span class="smcap">Johnson</span>, Patent Agents, &amp;c. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lang</b> (<span class="smcap">Andrew</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Modern Mythology.</span> 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Letters To Dead Authors.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Books and Bookmen.</span> With 2 Coloured Plates and 17 Illustrations. Fcp.
+8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Old Friends.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Letters on Literature.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cock Lane and Common-Sense</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Macfarren.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lectures on Harmony.</span> By Sir <span class="smcap">Geo. A. Macfarren</span>. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Marquand and Frothingham.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Text-Book of the History of Sculpture.</span> By
+<span class="smcap">Allen Marquand</span>, Ph.D., and <span class="smcap">Arthur L. Frothingham</span>, Jun., Ph.D. With 113
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Max M�ller</b> (F.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">India: What can it Teach us?</span> Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chips from a German Workshop.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list">Vol. I Recent Essays and Addresses. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+<p class="list">Vol. II. Biographical Essays. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+<p class="list">Vol. III. Essays on Language and Literature. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+<p class="list">Vol. IV. Essays on Mythology and Folk Lore. Crown, 8vo., 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Contributions to the Science Of Mythology.</span> 2 vols. 8vo., 32<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Milner.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Country Pleasures</span>: the Chronicle of a Year chiefly in a Garden.
+By <span class="smcap">George Milner</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Morris</b> (<span class="smcap">William</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Signs of Change.</span> Seven Lectures delivered on various Occasions. Post
+8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hopes and Fears for Art.</span> Five Lectures delivered in Birmingham,
+London, &amp;c., in 1878-1881. Crown 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Orchard.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Astronomy of &#8216;Milton&#8217;s Paradise Lost&#8217;.</span> By <span class="smcap">Thomas N. Orchard</span>,
+M.D., Member of the British Astronomical Association. With 13
+Illustrations. 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Poore.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Essays on Rural Hygiene.</span> By <span class="smcap">George Vivian Poore</span>, M.D., F.R.C.P.
+With 13 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Proctor.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Strength</span>: How to get Strong and keep Strong, with Chapters on
+Rowing and Swimming, Fat, Age, and the Waist. By R. A. <span class="smcap">Proctor</span>. With 9
+Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Richardson.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">National Health.</span> A Review of the Works of Sir Edwin Chadwick,
+K.C.B. By Sir B. W. <span class="smcap">Richardson</span>, M.D. Cr. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Rosetti.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Shadow of Dante</span>: being an Essay towards studying Himself, his
+World, and his Pilgrimage. By <span class="smcap">Maria Francesca Rossetti</span>. With Frontispiece
+by <span class="smcap">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Solovyoff.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Modern Priestess of Isis (Madame Blavatsky).</span> Abridged and
+Translated on Behalf of the Society for Psychical Research from the
+Russian of <span class="smcap">Vsevolod Sergyeevich Solovyoff</span>. By <span class="smcap">Walter Leaf</span>, Litt. D. With
+Appendices. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Stevens.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">On the Stowage of Ships and their Cargoes.</span> With Information
+regarding Freights, Charter-Parties, &amp;c. By <span class="smcap">Robert White Stevens</span>,
+Associate Member of the Institute of Naval Architects. 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>West.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Wills, and How Not to Make Them.</span> With a Selection of Leading Cases.
+By B. B. <span class="smcap">West</span>, Author of &#8216;Half-Hours with the Millionaires&#8217;. Fcp. 8vo.,
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Miscellaneous Theological Works.</b></p>
+<p class="center">&#8258; <i>For Church of England and Roman Catholic Works see</i> <span class="smcap">Messrs. Longmans &amp;
+Co.&#8217;s</span> <i>Special Catalogues</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Balfour.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Foundations of Belief</span>: being Notes Introductory to the Study
+of Theology. By the Right Hon. <span class="smcap">Arthur J. Balfour</span>, M.P. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bird</b> (<span class="smcap">Robert</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A Child&#8217;s Religion.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph the Dreamer.</span> Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jesus, The Carpenter of Nazareth.</span> Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="list">To be had also in Two Parts, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p class="list">Part. I.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Galilee and the Lake of Gennesaret.</span></p>
+
+<p class="list">Part II.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Jerusalem and the Per&aelig;a.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Boyd</b> (A. K. H.). <b>(&#8216;A.K.H.B.&#8217;).</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Occasional and Immemorial Days</span>: Discourses. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Counsel and Comfort from a City Pulpit.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sunday Afternoons in the Parish Church of a Scottish University City.</span>
+Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson.</span> Three Series. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Present Day Thoughts.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Seaside Musings.</span> Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8216;<span class="smcap">To Meet the Day</span>&#8217; through the Christian Year; being a Text of
+Scripture, with an Original Meditation and a Short Selection in Verse
+for Every Day, Crown 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>De La Saussaye.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Manual of the Science of Religion.</span> By Prof. <span class="smcap">Chantepie
+de la Saussaye.</span> Translated by Mrs. <span class="smcap">Colyer Fergusson</span> (<i>nee</i> <span class="smcap">Max M�ller</span>.)
+Crown 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Gibson.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Abb� de Lamennais and the Liberal Catholic Movement in
+France.</span> By the <span class="smcap">Hon. W. Gibson</span>. With Portrait. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Kalisch</b> (M. M., Ph.D.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Bible Studies.</span> Part I. The Prophecies of Balaam. 8vo., <i>10s. 6d.</i>
+Part II. The Book of Jonah. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Commentary on the Old Testament</span>: with a new Translation. Vol. I.
+Genesis. 8vo., <i>18s.</i> Or adapted for the General Reader. <i>12s.</i> Vol.
+II. Exodus. <i>15s.</i> Or adapted for the General Reader. <i>12s.</i> Vol.
+III. Leviticus, Part I. <i>15s.</i> Or adapted for the General Reader.
+<i>8s.</i> Vol. IV. Leviticus, Part II. <i>15s.</i> Or adapted for the General
+Reader. 8<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Macdonald</b> (<span class="smcap">George</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Unspoken Sermons.</span> Three Series. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Miracles of Our Lord.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Martineau</b> (<span class="smcap">James</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Hours of Thought on Sacred Things</span>: Sermons. 2 Vols. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Endeavours after the Christian Life.</span> Discourses. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Seat of Authority in Religion.</span> 8vo., 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Essays, Reviews, and Addresses.</span> 4 Vols. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.
+I. Personal; Political. II. Ecclesiastical; Historical. III.
+Theological; Philosophical. IV. Academical; Religious.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Home Prayers</span>, with Two Services for Public Worship. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Max M�ller</b> (F.).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Hibbert Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion</span>, as illustrated
+by the Religions of India. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Introduction to the Science of Religion</span>: Four Lectures delivered at
+the Royal Institution. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Natural Religion.</span> The Gifford Lectures, delivered before the
+University of Glasgow in 1888. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Physical Religion.</span> The Gifford Lectures, delivered before the
+University of Glasgow, in 1890. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Anthropological Religion.</span> The Gifford Lectures, delivered before the
+University of Glasgow in 1891. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Theosophy or Psychological Religion.</span> The Gifford Lectures, delivered
+before the University of Glasgow in 1892. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Three Lectures on the Vedanta Philosophy</span>, delivered at the Royal
+Institution in March, 1894. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Phillips.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Teaching of the Vedas.</span> What Light does it Throw on the
+Origin and Development of Religion? By <span class="smcap">Maurice Phillips</span>, London
+Mission, Madras. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Romanes.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Thoughts on Religion.</span> By <span class="smcap">George J. Romanes</span>, LL.D., F.R.S. Crown
+8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>SUPERNATURAL RELIGION: an Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation. 3
+vols. 8vo., 36<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Reply (A) to Dr. Lightfoot&#8217;s Essays.</span> By the Author of &#8216;Supernatural
+Religion&#8217;. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Gospel according to St. Peter</span>: a Study. By the Author of
+&#8216;Supernatural Religion&#8217;. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><b>Vivekananda.</b>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Yoga Philosophy</span>: Lectures delivered in New York, Winter of
+1895-6, by the Swami Vivekananda, on Raja Yoga; or, Conquering the
+Internal Nature; also Patanjali&#8217;s Yoga Aphorisms, with Commentaries. Crown
+8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><b>Transcriber&#8217;s Notes:</b></p>
+
+<p>Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to a nearby paragraph break.</p>
+
+<p>The text in the list of illustrations is presented as in the original text, but the links
+navigate to the page number closest to the illustration&#8217;s loaction in this document.</p>
+
+<p>Punctuation has been corrected without note.</p>
+
+<p>Other than the corrections noted by hover information, inconsistencies in
+spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's What Gunpowder Plot Was, by Samuel Rawson Gardiner
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+Project Gutenberg's What Gunpowder Plot Was, by Samuel Rawson Gardiner
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: What Gunpowder Plot Was
+
+Author: Samuel Rawson Gardiner
+
+Release Date: December 9, 2010 [EBook #34606]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robin Monks and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE RIVER FRONT OF THE HOUSE OCCUPIED BY
+WHYNNIARD
+
+_The words 'Prince's Chamber, House of Lords,' in the foreground can
+only mean that those buildings are behind the house._]
+
+
+
+
+  WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS
+
+
+  BY
+  SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D.
+  FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD
+
+
+  LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
+  39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
+  NEW YORK AND BOMBAY
+  1897
+
+  All rights reserved
+
+
+
+
+WORKS BY SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L. LL.D.
+
+
+HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of
+the Civil War, 1603-1642. 10 vols. crown 8vo. 6s. each.
+
+A HISTORY OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR, 1642-1649. 4 vols. crown 8vo. 6s.
+each.
+
+A HISTORY OF THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE PROTECTORATE. 1649-1660. Vol. I.
+1649-1651. With 14 Maps. 8vo. 21s.
+
+A STUDENT'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. From the Earliest Times to 1885.
+
+     Vol. I. (B.C. 55-A.D. 1509.) With 173 Illustrations. Crown 8vo.
+     4s.
+
+     Vol. II. (1509-1689.) With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s.
+
+     Vol. III. (1689-1885.) With 109 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s.
+
+     Complete in One Volume, with 378 Illustrations, crown 8vo. 12s.
+
+A SCHOOL ATLAS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Edited by SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER,
+D.C.L. LL.D. With 66 Coloured Maps and 22 Plans of Battles and Sieges.
+Fcp. 4to. 5s.
+
+This Atlas is intended to serve as a companion to Mr. S. R.
+Gardiner's 'Student's History of England.' In addition to the historical
+maps of the British Isles, in whole or in part, are others of
+Continental countries or districts which were the scenes of events
+connected more or less closely with English History. Indian and Colonial
+development also obtain due recognition.
+
+CROMWELL'S PLACE IN HISTORY, Founded on Six Lectures delivered at
+Oxford. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
+
+WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS: a Reply to Father Gerard.
+
+THE FIRST TWO STUARTS AND THE PURITAN REVOLUTION, 1603-1660. 4 Maps.
+Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
+
+THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR, 1618-1648. With a Map. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
+
+OUTLINE OF ENGLISH HISTORY, B.C. 55-A.D. 1895. With 67 Woodcuts and 17
+Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
+
+THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1795. By Mrs. S. R. GARDINER. With 7 Maps.
+Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
+
+
+  LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. 39 Paternoster Row, London
+  New York and Bombay.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                 PAGE
+
+    I. HISTORICAL EVIDENCE                   1
+
+   II. GUY FAWKES'S STORY                   17
+
+  III. THE LATER DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE       43
+
+   IV. STRUCTURAL DIFFICULTIES              77
+
+    V. THE DISCOVERY                       114
+
+   VI. THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CATHOLICS    138
+
+  VII. THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIESTS      173
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                            PAGE
+
+VIEW OF THE RIVER FRONT OF THE HOUSE OCCUPIED
+BY WHYNNIARD                                      _Frontispiece_
+
+FROM A PLAN OF THE ANCIENT PALACE OF WESTMINSTER,
+BY THE LATE MR. W. CAPON                                      80
+
+FROM A PLAN OF PART OF WESTMINSTER, 1685                      81
+
+FROM A PLAN OF PART OF WESTMINSTER, 1739                      82
+
+FROM A PLAN OF WESTMINSTER HALL AND THE HOUSES OF
+PARLIAMENT, 1761                                              83
+
+EAST END OF THE PRINCE'S CHAMBER                              88
+
+VIEWS OF THE EAST SIDE OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, &C.             89
+
+THE FOUR WALLS OF THE SO-CALLED CELLAR UNDER THE
+HOUSE OF LORDS                                               109
+
+
+
+
+CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES
+
+(_Political events in italics_)
+
+
+1603. March 24.--_Accession of James I._
+
+      June 17.--_James informs Rosny of his intention to remit the
+                Recusancy fines._
+
+      July 17.--_James assures a deputation of Catholics that the fines
+                will be remitted._
+
+      Aug. 20.--_Parry writes to announce the overtures of the Nuncio in
+                Paris._
+
+1604. Feb. 22.--_Proclamation banishing priests._
+
+      March.--Catesby imparts the design to Winter.
+
+      About the beginning of April.--Winter goes to Flanders.
+
+      Towards the end of April.--Winter returns with Fawkes.
+
+      Early in May.--The five conspirators take an oath, and then receive
+                     the sacrament.
+
+      May 24.--Agreement for a lease of part of Whynniard's block of
+               houses.
+
+      June.--(Shortly before midsummer Keyes sworn in and intrusted with
+             the charge of the powder at Lambeth).
+
+      July 7.--_The Royal consent given to a new Recusancy Act._
+
+      Aug.--_Executions under the Recusancy Act._
+
+      Sept 5.--_Commission appointed to preside over the banishment of
+               the priests._
+
+      Sept. 14.--_The Council recommends that the Act shall not be put in
+                 force against lay Catholics._
+
+      Nov. 28.--_Fines required from thirteen Catholics rich enough to pay
+                20l. a month._
+
+      About Dec.--Bates sworn.
+
+      About Dec. 11.--The five conspirators begin to dig the mine.
+
+      Before Christmas.--The diggers having reached the wall of the House
+                         of Lords, suspend their work.
+
+1605. Jan.--The day cannot be fixed.--John Grant and Robert Winter sworn.
+
+      About Jan. 18.--Work resumed.
+
+      Jan.--Christopher Wright and Keyes brought to join in the work.
+
+      About Feb. 2.--Wall of House of Lords excavated halfway through.
+
+      Feb. 10.--_James orders that the Recusancy Act be fully executed._
+
+      March, before Lady Day.--The conspirators begin to work a third time,
+             but finding that the 'cellar' is to let, hire it, and having
+             moved the powder into it, disperse.
+
+      Oct. 26.--Monteagle receives the letter.
+
+           27.--Ward informs Winter.
+
+           28.--Winter informs Catesby.
+
+           30.--Tresham returns to London.
+
+           31.--Winter summons Tresham.
+
+      Nov. 1.--Meeting of Tresham with Catesby and Winter.
+
+           2.--Winter meets Tresham at Lincoln's Inn.
+
+           3.--Meeting behind St. Clement's.
+
+           4.--Percy goes to Sion. Fawkes taken.
+
+           5.--Flight of the conspirators.
+
+           6.--Arrival at Huddington at 2 P.M.
+
+           7.--Arrival at Holbeche at 10 P.M.
+
+           8.--Capture at Holbeche.
+
+
+
+
+WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+HISTORICAL EVIDENCE
+
+
+In 'What was the Gunpowder Plot? The Traditional Story tested by
+Original Evidence,'[1] Father Gerard has set forth all the difficulties
+he found while sifting the accessible evidence, and has deduced from his
+examination a result which, though somewhat vague in itself, leaves upon
+his readers a very distinct impression that the celebrated conspiracy
+was mainly, if not altogether, a fiction devised by the Earl of
+Salisbury for the purpose of maintaining or strengthening his position
+in the government of the country under James I. Such, at least, is what
+I gather of Father Gerard's aim from a perusal of his book. Lest,
+however, I should in any way do him an injustice, I proceed to quote the
+summary placed by him at the conclusion of his argument:--
+
+     "The evidence available to us appears to establish principally two
+     points: that the true history of the Gunpowder Plot is now known to
+     no man, and that the history commonly received is certainly untrue.
+
+     "It is quite impossible to believe that the Government were not
+     aware of the Plot long before they announced its discovery.
+
+     "It is difficult to believe that the proceedings of the
+     conspirators were actually such as they are related to have been.
+
+     "It is unquestionable that the Government consistently falsified
+     the story and the evidence as presented to the world, and that the
+     points upon which they most insisted prove upon examination to be
+     the most doubtful.
+
+     "There are grave reasons for the conclusion that the whole
+     transaction was dexterously contrived for the purpose which in fact
+     it opportunely served, by those who alone reaped benefit from it,
+     and who showed themselves so unscrupulous in the manner of
+     reaping."
+
+No candid person, indeed, can feel surprise that any English Roman
+Catholic, especially a Roman Catholic priest, should feel anxious to
+wipe away the reproach which the plot has brought upon those who share
+his faith. Not merely were his spiritual predecessors subjected to a
+persecution borne with the noblest and least self-assertive constancy,
+simply in consequence of what is now known to all historical students to
+have been the entirely false charge that the plot emanated from, or was
+approved by the English Roman Catholics as a body, but this false belief
+prevailed so widely that it must have hindered, to no slight extent, the
+spread of that organisation which he regards as having been set forth
+by divine institution for the salvation of mankind. If Father Gerard has
+gone farther than this, and has attempted to show that even the handful
+of Catholics who took part in the plot were more sinned against than
+sinning, I, for one, am not inclined to condemn him very harshly, even
+if I am forced to repudiate alike his method and his conclusions.
+
+Erroneous as I hold them, Father Gerard's conclusions at least call for
+patient inquiry. Up to this time critics have urged that parts at least
+of the public declarations of the Government were inconsistent with the
+evidence, and have even pointed to deliberate falsification. Father
+Gerard is, as far as I know, the first to go a step farther, and to
+argue that much of the evidence itself has been tampered with, on the
+ground that it is inconsistent with physical facts, so that things
+cannot possibly have happened as they are said to have happened in
+confessions attributed to the conspirators themselves. I can only speak
+for myself when I say that after reading much hostile criticism of
+Father Gerard's book--and I would especially refer to a most able review
+of it, so far as negative criticism can go, in the _Edinburgh Review_ of
+January last--I did not feel that all difficulties had been removed, or
+that without further investigation I could safely maintain my former
+attitude towards the traditional story. It is, indeed, plain, as the
+_Edinburgh Review_ has shown, that Father Gerard is unversed in the
+methods of historical inquiry which have guided recent scholars. Yet,
+for all that, he gives us hard nuts to crack; and, till they are
+cracked, the story of Gunpowder Plot cannot be allowed to settle down in
+peace.
+
+It seems strange to find a writer so regardless of what is, in these
+days, considered the first canon of historical inquiry, that evidence
+worth having must be almost entirely the evidence of contemporaries who
+are in a position to know something about that which they assert. It is
+true that this canon must not be received pedantically. Tradition is
+worth something, at all events when it is not too far removed from its
+source. If a man whose character for truthfulness stands high, tells me
+that his father, also believed to be truthful, seriously informed him
+that he had seen a certain thing happen, I should be much more likely to
+believe that it was so than if a person, whom I knew to be untruthful,
+informed me that he had himself witnessed something at the present day.
+The historian is not bound, as the lawyer is, to reject hearsay
+evidence, because it is his business to ascertain the truth of
+individual assertions, whilst the lawyer has to think of the bearing of
+the evidence not merely on the case of the prisoner in the dock, but on
+an unrestricted number of possible prisoners, many of whom would be
+unjustly condemned if hearsay evidence were admitted. The historian is,
+however, bound to remember that evidence grows weaker with each link of
+the chain. The injunction, "Always leave a story better than you found
+it," is in accordance with the facts of human nature. Each reporter
+inevitably accentuates the side of the narrative which strikes his
+fancy, and drops some other part which interests him less. The rule laid
+down by the late Mr. Spedding, "When a thing is asserted as a fact,
+always ask who first reported it, and what means he had of knowing the
+truth," is an admirable corrective of loose traditional stories.
+
+A further test has to be applied by each investigator for himself. When
+we have ascertained, as far as possible, on what evidence our knowledge
+of an alleged fact rests, we have to consider the inherent probability
+of the allegation. Is the statement about it in accordance with the
+general workings of human nature, or with the particular working of the
+nature of the persons to whom the action in question is ascribed? Father
+Gerard, for instance, lavishly employs this test. Again and again he
+tells us that such and such a statement is incredible, because, amongst
+other reasons, the people about whom it was made could not possibly have
+acted in the way ascribed to them. If I say in any of these cases that
+it appears to me probable that they did so act, it is merely one
+individual opinion against another. There is no mathematical certainty
+on either side. All we can respectively do is to set forth the reasons
+which incline us to one opinion or another, and leave the matter to
+others to judge as they see fit.
+
+It will be necessary hereafter to deal at length with Father Gerard's
+attack upon the evidence, hitherto accepted as conclusive, of the facts
+of the plot. A short space may be allotted to the reasons for rejecting
+his preliminary argument, that it was the opinion of some
+contemporaries, and of some who lived in a later generation, that
+Salisbury contrived the plot in part, if not altogether. Does he
+realise, how difficult it is to prove such a thing by any external
+evidence whatever? If hearsay evidence can be taken as an argument of
+probability, and, in some cases, of strong probability, it is where some
+one material fact is concerned. For instance, I am of opinion that it is
+very likely that the story of Cromwell's visit to the body of Charles I.
+on the night after the King's execution is true, though the evidence is
+only that Spence heard it from Pope, and Pope heard it, mediately or
+immediately, from Southampton, who, as is alleged, saw the scene with
+his own eyes. It is very different when we are concerned with evidence
+as to an intention necessarily kept secret, and only exhibited by overt
+acts in such form as tampering with documents, suggesting false
+explanation of evidence, and so forth. A rumour that Salisbury got up
+the plot is absolutely worthless; a rumour that he forged a particular
+instrument would be worth examining, because it might have proceeded
+from some one who had seen him do it.
+
+For these reasons I must regard the whole of Father Gerard's third
+chapter on 'The Opinion of Contemporaries and Historians' as absolutely
+worthless. To ask Mr. Spedding's question, 'What means had they of
+knowing the truth?' is quite sufficient to condemn the so-called
+evidence. Professor Brewer, Lodge, and the author of the 'Annals of
+England,'[2] to whose statements Father Gerard looks for support, all
+wrote in the nineteenth century, and had no documents before them which
+we are unable to examine for ourselves. Nor is reliance to be placed on
+the statements of Father John Gerard, because though he is a
+contemporary witness he had no more knowledge of Salisbury's actions
+than any indifferent person, and had far less knowledge of the evidence
+than we ourselves possess. Bishop Talbot, again, we are told, asserted,
+in 1658, 'that Cecil was the contriver, or at least the fomenter, of
+[the plot],' because it 'was testified by one of his own domestic
+gentlemen, who advertised a certain Catholic, by name Master Buck, two
+months before, of a wicked design his master had against Catholics.'[3]
+Was Salisbury such an idiot as to inform his 'domestic gentleman' that
+he had made up his mind to invent Gunpowder Plot? What may reasonably be
+supposed to have happened--on the supposition that Master Buck reported
+the occurrence accurately--is that Salisbury had in familiar talk
+disclosed, what was no secret, his animosity against the Catholics, and
+his resolution to keep them down. Even the Puritan, Osborne, it seems,
+thought the discovery 'a neat device of the Treasurer's, he being very
+plentiful in such plots'; and the 'Anglican Bishop,' Goodman, writes,
+that 'the great statesman had intelligence of all this, and because he
+would show his service to the State, he would first contrive and then
+discover a treason, and the more odious and hateful the treason were,
+his service would be the greater and the more acceptable.'[4] Father
+Grene again, in a letter written in 1666, says that Bishop Usher was
+divers times heard to say 'that if the papists knew what he knew, the
+blame of the Gunpowder Treason would not be with them.' "In like
+manner," adds Father Gerard, citing a book published in 1673, "we find
+it frequently asserted, on the authority of Lord Cobham and others, that
+King James himself, when he had time to realise the truth of the matter,
+was in the habit of speaking of the Fifth of November as 'Cecil's
+holiday.'"[5]
+
+Lord Cobham (Richard Temple) was created a peer in 1669, so that the
+story is given on very second-hand evidence indeed. The allegation about
+Usher, even if true, is not to the point. We are all prepared now to say
+as much as Usher is represented as saying. The blame of the Gunpowder
+Treason does not lie on 'the papists.' It lies, at the most, on a small
+body of conspirators, and even in their case, the Government must bear a
+share of it, not because it invented or encouraged the plot, but
+because, by the reinforcement of the penal laws, it irritated ardent and
+excitable natures past endurance. If we had Usher's actual words before
+us we should know whether he meant more than this. At present we are
+entirely in the dark. As for the evidence of Goodman and Osborne, it
+proves no more than this, that there were rumours about to the effect
+that the plot was got up by Salisbury. Neither Osborne nor Goodman are
+exactly the authorities which stand high with a cautious inquirer, and
+they had neither of them any personal acquaintance with the facts. Yet
+we may fairly take it from them that rumours damaging to Salisbury were
+in circulation. Is it, however, necessary to prove this? It was
+inevitable that it should be so. Granted a Government which conducted
+its investigations in secret, and which when it saw fit to publish
+documents occasionally mutilated them to serve its own ends; granted,
+too, a system of trial which gave little scope to the prisoner to bring
+out the weakness of the prosecution, while it allowed evidence to be
+produced which might have been extracted under torture, and what was to
+be expected but that some people, in complete ignorance of the facts,
+should, whenever any very extraordinary charge was made, assert
+positively that the whole of the accusation had been invented by the
+Government for political purposes?
+
+Once, indeed, Father Gerard proffers evidence which appears to bring the
+accusation which he has brought against Salisbury nearer home. He
+produces certain notes by an anonymous correspondent of Anthony Wood,
+preserved in Fulman's collection in the library of Corpus Christi
+College, Oxford.
+
+     "These remarkable notes, he tells us,[6] have been seen by Fulman,
+     who inserted in the margin various questions and objections, to
+     which the writer always supplied definite replies. In the following
+     version this supplementary information is incorporated in the body
+     of his statement, being distinguished by italics."[7]
+
+The paper is as follows:--
+
+     "I should be glad to understand what your friend driveth at about
+     the Fifth of November. It was without all peradventure a State
+     plot. I have collected many pregnant circumstances concerning it.
+
+     "'Tis certain that the last Earl of Salisbury[8] confessed to
+     William Lenthall it was his father's contrivance; which Lenthall
+     soon after told one Mr. Webb (_John Webb, Esq._), a person of
+     quality, and his kinsman, yet alive.
+
+     "Sir Henry Wotton says, 'twas usual with Cecil to create plots that
+     he might have the honour of the discovery, or to such effect.
+
+     "The Lord Monteagle knew there was a letter to be sent to him
+     before it came. (_Known by Edmund Church, Esq., his confidant._)
+
+     "Sir Everard Digby's sons were both knighted soon after, and Sir
+     Kenelm would often say it was a State design to disengage the king
+     of his promise to the Pope and the King of Spain to indulge the
+     Catholics if ever he came to be king here; and somewhat to his[9]
+     purpose was found in the Lord Wimbledon's papers after his death.
+
+     "Mr. Vowell, who was executed in the Rump time, did also affirm it
+     so.
+
+     "Catesby's man (_George Bartlet_) on his death-bed confessed his
+     master went to Salisbury House several nights before the discovery,
+     and was always brought privately in at a back door."
+
+Father Gerard, it is true, does not lay very great stress on this
+evidence; but neither does he subject it to the criticism to which it is
+reasonably open. What is to be thought, for instance, of the accuracy of
+a writer, who states that 'Sir Everard Digby's two sons were both
+knighted soon after,' when, as a matter of fact, the younger, Kenelm,
+was not knighted till 1623, and the elder, John, not till 1635? Neither
+Sir Kenelm's alleged talk, nor that of Wotton and Vowell, prove
+anything. On the statement about Catesby I shall have something to say
+later, and, as will be seen, I am quite ready to accept what is said
+about Monteagle. The most remarkable allegation in the paper is that
+relating to the second Earl of Salisbury. In the first place it may be
+noted that the story is produced long after the event. As the words
+imply that Lenthall was dead when they were written down, and as his
+death occurred in 1681, they relate to an event which occurred at least
+seventy-six years before the story took the shape in which it here
+reaches us. The second Earl of Salisbury, we are told, informed Lenthall
+that the plot was 'his father's contrivance,' and Lenthall told Webb.
+Are we quite sure that the story has not been altered in the telling?
+Such a very little change would be sufficient. If the second Earl had
+only said, "People talked about my father having contrived the plot,"
+there would be nothing to object to. If we cannot conceive either
+Lenthall or Webb being guilty of 'leaving the story better than they
+found it,'--though Wood, no doubt a prejudiced witness, says that
+Lenthall was 'the grand braggadocio and liar of the age in which he
+lived'[10]--our anonymous and erudite friend who perpetrated that little
+blunder about the knighthood of Sir Everard Digby's sons was quite
+capable of the feat. The strongest objection against the truth of the
+assertion, however, lies in its inherent improbability. Whatever else a
+statesman may communicate to his son, we may be sure that he does not
+confide to him such appalling guilt as this. A man who commits forgery,
+and thereby sends several innocent fellow creatures to torture and
+death, would surely not unburden his conscience to one of his own
+children. _Maxima debetur pueris reverentia._ Moreover the second Earl,
+who was only twenty-one years of age at his father's death, was much too
+dull to be an intellectual companion for him, and therefore the less
+likely to invite an unprecedented confidence.
+
+It is not only on the reception of second-hand evidence that I find
+myself at variance with Father Gerard. I also object to his criticism as
+purely negative. He holds that the evidence in favour of the traditional
+story breaks down, but he has nothing to substitute for it. He has not
+made up his mind whether Salisbury invented the whole plot or part of
+it, or merely knew of its existence, and allowed its development till a
+fitting time arrived for its suppression. Let me not be misunderstood. I
+do not for an instant complain of a historian for honestly avowing that
+he has not sufficient evidence to warrant a positive conclusion. What I
+do complain of is, that Father Gerard has not started any single
+hypothesis wherewith to test the evidence on which he relies, and has
+thereby neglected the most potent instrument of historical
+investigation. When a door-key is missing, the householder does not lose
+time in deploring the intricacy of the lock, he tries every key at his
+disposal to see whether it will fit the wards, and only sends for the
+locksmith when he finds that his own keys are useless. So it is with
+historical inquiry, at least in cases such as that of the Gunpowder
+Plot, where we have a considerable mass of evidence before us. Try, if
+need be, one hypothesis after another--Salisbury's guilt, his
+connivance, his innocence, or what you please. Apply them to the
+evidence, and when one fails to unlock the secret, try another. Only
+when all imaginable keys have failed have you a right to call the public
+to witness your avowal of incompetence to solve the riddle.
+
+At all events, this is the course which I intend to pursue. My first
+hypothesis is that the traditional story is true--cellar, mine, the
+Monteagle letter and all. I cannot be content with merely negativing
+Father Gerard's inferences. I am certain that if this hypothesis of
+mine be false, it will be found to jar somewhere or another with
+established facts. In that case we must try another key. Of course there
+must be some ragged ends to the story--some details which must be left
+in doubt; but I shall ask my readers to watch narrowly whether the
+traditional story meets with any obstacles inconsistent with its
+substantial truth.
+
+Before proceeding further, it will be well to remind my readers what the
+so-called traditional story is--or, rather, the story which has been
+told by writers who have in the present century availed themselves of
+the manuscript treasures now at our disposal, and which are for the most
+part in the Public Record Office. With this object, I cannot do better
+than borrow the succinct narrative of the Edinburgh Reviewer.[11]
+
+     Early in 1604, the three men, Robert Catesby, John Wright, and
+     Thomas Winter, meeting in a house at Lambeth, resolved on a Powder
+     Plot, though, of course, only in outline. By April they had added
+     to their number Wright's brother-in-law, Thomas Percy, and Guy
+     Fawkes, a Yorkshire man of respectable family, but actually a
+     soldier of fortune, serving in the Spanish army in the Low
+     Countries, who was specially brought over to England as a capable
+     and resolute man. Later on they enlisted Wright's brother
+     Christopher; Winter's brother Robert; Robert Keyes, and a few more;
+     but all, with the exception of Thomas Bates, Catesby's servant, men
+     of family, and for the most part of competent fortune, though Keyes
+     is said to have been in straitened circumstances, and Catesby to
+     have been impoverished by a heavy fine levied on him as a
+     recusant.[12] Percy, a second cousin of the Earl of
+     Northumberland, then captain of the Gentleman Pensioners, was
+     admitted by him into that body in--it is said--an irregular manner,
+     his relationship to the earl passing in lieu of the usual oath of
+     fidelity. The position gave him some authority and license near the
+     Court, and enabled him to hire a house, or part of a house,
+     adjoining the House of Lords. From the cellar of this house they
+     proposed to burrow under the House of Lords; to place there a large
+     quantity of powder, and to blow up the whole when the King and his
+     family were there assembled at the opening of Parliament. On
+     December 11, 1604, they began to dig in the cellar, and after a
+     fortnight's labour, having come to a thick wall, they left off work
+     and separated for Christmas.
+
+     Early in January they began at the wall, which they found to be
+     extremely hard, so that, after working for about two months,[13]
+     they had not got more than half way through it. They then learned
+     that a cellar actually under the House of Lords, and used as a coal
+     cellar, was to be let; and as it was most suitable for their
+     design, Percy hired it as though for his own use. The digging was
+     stopped, and powder, to the amount of thirty-six barrels, was
+     brought into the cellar, where it was stowed under heaps of coal or
+     firewood, and so remained under the immediate care of Guy
+     Fawkes,[14] till, on the night of November 4, 1605--the opening of
+     Parliament being fixed for the next day--Sir Thomas Knyvet, with a
+     party of men, was ordered to examine the cellar. He met Fawkes
+     coming out of it, arrested him, and on a close search, found the
+     powder, of which a mysterious warning had been conveyed to Lord
+     Monteagle a few days before. On the news of this discovery the
+     conspirators scattered, but by different roads rejoined each other
+     in Warwickshire, whence, endeavouring to raise the country, they
+     rode through Worcestershire, and were finally shot or taken
+     prisoners at Holbeche in Staffordshire.
+
+It is this story that I now propose to compare with the evidence. When
+any insuperable difficulties appear, it will be time to try another key.
+To reach the heart of the matter, let us put aside for the present all
+questions arising out of the alleged discovery of the plot through the
+letter received by Monteagle, and let us take it that Guy Fawkes has
+already been arrested, brought into the King's presence, and, on the
+morning of the 5th, is put through his first examination.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+GUY FAWKES'S STORY
+
+
+First of all, let us restrict ourselves to the story told by Guy Fawkes
+himself in the five[15] examinations to which he was subjected
+previously to his being put to the torture on November 9, and to the
+letters, proclamations, &c., issued by the Government during the four
+days commencing with the 5th. From these we learn, not only that
+Fawkes's account of the matter gradually developed, but that the
+knowledge of the Government also developed; a fact which fits in very
+well with the 'traditional story,' but which is hardly to be expected if
+the Government account of the affair was cut-and-dried from the first.
+
+Fawkes's first examination took place on the 5th, and was conducted by
+Chief Justice Popham and Attorney-General Coke. It is true that only a
+copy has reached us, but it is a copy taken for Coke's use, as is shown
+by the headings of each paragraph inserted in the margin in his own
+hand. It is therefore out of the question that Salisbury, if he had been
+so minded, would have been able to falsify it. Each page has the
+signature (in copy) of 'Jhon Jhonson,' the name by which Fawkes chose to
+be known.
+
+The first part of the examination turns upon Fawkes's movements abroad,
+showing that the Government had already acquired information that he had
+been beyond sea. Fawkes showed no reluctance to speak of his own
+proceedings in the Low Countries, or to give the names of persons he had
+met there, and who were beyond the reach of his examiners. As to his
+movements after his return to England he was explicit enough so far as
+he was himself concerned, and also about Percy, whose servant he
+professed himself to be, and whose connection with the hiring of the
+house could not be concealed. Fawkes stated that after coming back to
+England he 'came to the lodging near the Upper House of Parliament,' and
+'that Percy hired the house of Whynniard for 12_l._ rent, about a year
+and a half ago'; that his master, before his own going abroad, _i.e._,
+before Easter, 1605, 'lay in the house about three or four times.'
+Further, he confessed 'that about Christmas last,' _i.e._, Christmas,
+1604, 'he brought in the night time gunpowder [to the cellar under the
+Upper House of Parliament.]'[16] Afterwards he told how he covered the
+powder with faggots, intending to blow up the King and the Lords; and,
+being pressed how he knew that the King would be in the House on the
+5th, said he knew it only from general report and by the making ready of
+the King's barge; but he would have 'blown up the Upper House whensoever
+the King was there.' He further acknowledged that there was more than
+one person concerned in the conspiracy, and said he himself had promised
+not to reveal it, but denied that he had taken the sacrament on his
+promise. Where the promise was given he could not remember, except that
+it was in England. He refused to accuse his partners, saying that he
+himself had provided the powder, and defrayed the cost of his journey
+beyond sea, which was only undertaken 'to see the country, and to pass
+away the time.' When he went, he locked up the powder and took the key
+with him, and 'one Gibbons' wife, who dwells thereby, had the charge of
+the residue of the house.'
+
+Such is that part of the story told by Fawkes which concerns us at
+present. Of course there are discrepancies enough with other statements
+given later on, and Father Gerard makes the most of them. What he does
+not observe is that it is in the nature of the case that these
+discrepancies should exist. It is obvious that Fawkes, who, as
+subsequent experience shows, was no coward, had made up his mind to
+shield as far as possible his confederates, and to take the whole of the
+blame upon himself. He says, for instance, that Percy had only lain in
+the house for three or four days before Easter, 1605; a statement, as
+subsequent evidence proved, quite untrue; he pretends not to know,
+except from rumour and the preparations of the barge, that the King was
+coming to the House of Lords on the 5th, a statement almost certainly
+untrue. In order not to criminate others, and especially any priest, he
+denies having taken the Sacrament on his promise, which is also untrue.
+What is more noticeable is that he makes no mention of the mine, about
+which so much was afterwards heard, evidently--so at least I read the
+evidence--because he did not wish to bring upon the stage those who had
+worked at it. If indeed the passage which I have placed in square
+brackets be accepted as evidence, Fawkes did more than keep silence upon
+the mine. He must have made a positive assertion, soon afterwards found
+to be untrue, that the cellar was hired several months before it really
+was.[17] This passage is, however, inserted in a different hand from the
+rest of the document. My own belief is that it gives a correct account
+of a statement made by the prisoner, but omitted by the clerk who made
+the copy for Coke, and inserted by some other person. Nobody that I can
+think of had the slightest interest in adding the words, whilst they are
+just what Fawkes might be expected to say if he wanted to lead his
+examiners off the scent. At all events, even if these words be left out
+of account, it must be admitted that Fawkes said nothing about the
+existence of a mine.
+
+Though Fawkes kept silence as to the mine, he did not keep silence on
+the desperate character of the work on which he had been engaged. "And,"
+runs the record, "he confesseth that when the King had come to the
+Parliament House this present day, and the Upper House had been sitting,
+he meant to have fired the match and have fled for his own safety before
+the powder had taken fire, and confesseth that if he had not been
+apprehended this last night, he had blown up the Upper House, when the
+King, Lords, Bishops, and others had been there, and saith that he spake
+for [and provided][18] those bars and crows of iron, some in one place,
+some in another, in London, lest it should be suspected, and saith that
+he had some of them in or about Gracious Street."[19]
+
+After this it will little avail Father Gerard to produce arguments in
+support of the proposition that the story of the plot was contrived by
+the Government as long as this burning record is allowed to stand.
+Fawkes here clearly takes the whole terrible design, with the exception
+of the incident of the mine, on his own shoulders. He may have lied to
+save his friends; he certainly would not lie to save Salisbury.
+
+So far, however, there is no proof that Salisbury was not long ago
+cognisant of the plot through one of the active conspirators. Yet, in
+that case, it might be supposed that the accounts that he gave of his
+discoveries would be less dependent than they were on the partial
+revelations which came in day by day. There is, however, no hint of
+superior knowledge in the draft of a letter intended to be sent by
+Salisbury to Sir Thomas Parry, the English ambassador in Paris, and
+dated on November 6, the day after that on which Fawkes's first
+examination was taken:
+
+     Sir Thomas Parry, it hath pleased Almighty God, out of his singular
+     goodness, to bring to light the most cruel and detestable practice
+     against the person of his Majesty and the whole estate of this
+     realm, that ever was conceived by the heart of man at any time or
+     in any place whatsoever, by which practice there was intended not
+     only the extirpation of the King's Majesty and his issue royal, but
+     the whole subversion and downfal of this estate, the plot being to
+     take away at an instant the King, Queen, Prince, Council, Nobility,
+     Clergy, Judges, and the principal gentlemen of this realm, as they
+     should have been yesterday altogether assembled at the Parliament
+     House, in Westminster, the 5th of November, being Tuesday. The
+     means how to have compassed so great an act, was not to be
+     performed by strength of men or outward violence, for that might
+     have be espied and prevented in time; but by a secret conveying of
+     a great quantity of gunpowder into a vault under the Upper House of
+     Parliament, and so to have blown up all at a clap, if God out of
+     his mercy and his just revenge against so great an abomination had
+     not destined it to be discovered, though very miraculously even
+     some twelve hours before the matter should have been put into
+     execution. The person that was the principal undertaker of it, is
+     one Johnson, a Yorkshire man, and servant to one Thomas Percy, a
+     gentleman pensioner to his Majesty, and a near kinsman and a
+     special confidant to the Earl of Northumberland. This Percy had
+     about a year and a half ago hired a part of Whynniard's house in
+     the old palace, from whence he had access into this vault to lay
+     his wood and coal, and as it seemeth now, taken this place of
+     purpose to work some mischief in a fit time. He is a Papist by
+     profession, and so is this his man Johnson, a desperate fellow,
+     whom of late years he took into his service.
+
+     Into this vault Johnson had, at sundry times, very privately
+     conveyed a great quantity of powder, and therewith filled two
+     hogsheads and some thirty-two small barrels; all which he had
+     cunningly covered with great store of billets and faggots, and on
+     Tuesday[20] at midnight, as he was busy to prepare the things for
+     execution was apprehended in the place itself with a false lantern,
+     booted and spurred.[21]
+
+There is not much knowledge here beyond what Salisbury had learnt from
+Fawkes's own statement with all its deceptions. Nor, if there had been
+any such knowledge, was it in any way revealed by the actions of the
+Government on the 5th or on the morning of the 6th. On the 5th a
+proclamation was issued for the apprehension of Percy alone.[22] On the
+same day Archbishop Bancroft forwarded to Salisbury a story, afterward
+known to be untrue, that Percy had been seen riding towards Croydon;
+whilst Popham sent another untrue story that he had been seen riding
+towards Gravesend.[23] A letter from Waad, the Lieutenant of the Tower,
+of the same date, revealed the truth that Percy had escaped northwards.
+Of course, Percy's house was searched for papers, but those discovered
+were of singularly little interest, and bore no relation to the
+plot.[24] An examination of a servant of Ambrose Rokewood, a Catholic
+gentleman afterwards known to have been involved in the plot, and of the
+landlady of the house in London in which Rokewood had been lodging,
+brought out the names of persons who had been in his company, some of
+whom were afterwards found to be amongst the conspirators; but there was
+nothing in these examinations to connect them with the plot, and there
+is no reason to suppose that they were prompted by anything more than a
+notion that it would generally be worth while to trace the movements of
+a noted Catholic gentleman. On the same day a letter from Chief Justice
+Popham shows that inquiries were being directed into the movements of
+other Catholics, and amongst them Christopher Wright, Keyes, and Winter;
+but the tone of the letter shows that Popham was merely acting upon
+general suspicion, and had no special information on which to work.[25]
+Up to the morning of November 6th, the action of Government was that of
+men feeling in the dark, so far as anything not revealed by Fawkes was
+concerned.
+
+Commissioners were now appointed to conduct the investigation further.
+They were--Nottingham, Suffolk, Devonshire, Worcester, Northampton,
+Salisbury, Mar, and Popham, with Attorney-General Coke in
+attendance.[26] This was hardly a body of men who would knowingly cover
+an intrigue of Salisbury's:--Worcester is always understood to have been
+professedly a Catholic, Northampton was certainly one, though he
+attended the King's service, whilst Suffolk was friendly towards the
+Catholics;[27] and Nottingham, if he is no longer to be counted amongst
+them,[28] was at least not long afterwards a member of the party which
+favoured an alliance with Spain, and therefore a policy of toleration
+towards the Catholics. It is not the least of the objections to the view
+which Father Gerard has taken, that it would have been impossible for
+Salisbury to falsify examinations of prisoners without the connivance of
+these men.
+
+Before five of these Commissioners--Nottingham, Suffolk, Devonshire,
+Northampton, and Salisbury--Fawkes was examined a second time on the
+forenoon of the 6th. In some way the Government had found out that Percy
+had had a new door made in the wall leading to the cellar, and they now
+drew from Fawkes an untrue statement that it was put in about the middle
+of Lent, that is to say, early in March 1605.[29] They had also
+discovered a pair of brewer's slings, by which barrels were usually
+carried between two men, and they pressed Fawkes hard to say who was his
+partner in removing the barrels of gunpowder. He began by denying that
+he had had a partner at all, but finally answered that 'he cannot
+discover the party, but'--_i.e._ lest--'he shall bring him in question.'
+He also said that he had forgotten where he slept on Wednesday, Thursday
+or Friday in the week before his arrest.[30]
+
+Upon this James himself intervened, submitting to the Commissioners a
+series of questions with the object of drawing out of the prisoner a
+true account of himself, and of his relations to Percy. A letter had
+been found on Fawkes when he was taken, directed not to Johnson, but to
+Fawkes, and this amongst other things had raised the King's suspicions.
+In his third examination, on the afternoon of the 6th, in the presence
+of Northampton, Devonshire, Nottingham, and Salisbury, Fawkes gave a
+good deal of information, more or less true, about himself; and, whilst
+still maintaining that his real name was Johnson, said that the letter,
+which was written by a Mrs. Bostock in Flanders, was addressed to him by
+another name 'because he called himself Fawkes,' that is to say, because
+he had acquired the name of Fawkes as an alias.
+
+'If he will not otherwise confess,' the King had ended by saying, 'the
+gentler tortures are to be first used unto him, _et sic per gradus ad
+ima tenditur_.' To us living in the nineteenth century these words are
+simply horrible. As a Scotchman, however, James had long been familiar
+with the use of torture as an ordinary means of legal investigation,
+whilst even in England, though unknown to the law, that is to say, to
+the practice of the ordinary courts of justice, it had for some
+generations been used not infrequently by order of the Council to
+extract evidence from a recalcitrant witness, though, according to
+Bacon, not for the purpose of driving him to incriminate himself.
+Surely, if the use of torture was admissible at all, this was a case for
+its employment. The prisoner had informed the Government that he had
+been at the bottom of a plot of the most sanguinary kind, and had
+acknowledged by implication that there were fellow-conspirators whom he
+refused to name. If, indeed, Father Gerard's view of the case, that the
+Government, or at least Salisbury, had for some time known all about the
+conspiracy, nothing--not even the Gunpowder Plot itself--could be more
+atrocious than the infliction of torments on a fellow-creature to make
+him reveal a secret already in their possession. If, however, the
+evidence I have adduced be worth anything, this was by no means the
+case. What it shows is, that on the afternoon of the 6th all that the
+members of the Government were aware of was that an unknown number of
+conspirators were at large--they knew not where--and might at that very
+moment be appealing--they knew not with what effect--to Catholic
+landowners and their tenants, who were, without doubt, exasperated by
+the recent enforcement of the penal laws. We may, if we please, condemn
+the conduct of the Government which had brought the danger of a general
+Catholic rising within sight. We cannot deny that, at that particular
+moment, they had real cause of alarm. At all events, no immediate steps
+were taken to put this part of the King's orders in execution. Some
+little information, indeed, was coming in from other witnesses. In his
+first examination, on November 5, Fawkes had stated that in his absence
+he locked up the powder, and 'one Gibbons' wife who dwells thereby had
+the charge of the residue of the house.' An examination of her husband
+on the 5th, however, only elicited that he, being a porter, had with two
+others carried 3,000 billets into the vault.[31] On the 6th Ellen, the
+wife of Andrew Bright, stated that Percy's servant had, about the
+beginning of March, asked her to let the vault to his master, and that
+she had consented to abandon her tenancy of it if Mrs. Whynniard, from
+whom she held it, would consent. Mrs. Whynniard's consent having been
+obtained, Mrs. Bright, or rather Mrs. Skinner--she being a widow
+remarried subsequently to Andrew Bright[32]--received 2_l._ for giving
+up the premises. The important point in this evidence is that the date
+of March 1605, given as that on which Percy entered into possession of
+the cellar, showed that Fawkes's statement that he had brought powder
+into the cellar at Christmas 1604 could not possibly be true. On the
+7th, Mrs. Whynniard confirmed Mrs. Bright's statement, and also stated
+that, a year earlier, in March 1604, 'Mr. Percy began to labour very
+earnestly with this examinate and her husband to have the lodging by the
+Parliament House, which one Mr. Henry Ferris, of Warwickshire, had long
+held before, and having obtained the said Mr. Ferris's good will to part
+from it after long suit by himself and great entreaty of Mr. Carleton,
+Mr. Epsley,[33] and other gentlemen belonging to the Earl of
+Northumberland, affirming him to be a very honest gentleman, and that
+they could not have a better tenant, her husband and she were contented
+to let him have the said lodging at the same rent Mr. Ferris paid for
+it.'[34] Mrs. Whynniard had plainly never heard of the mine; and that
+the Government was in equal ignorance is shown by the endorsement on the
+agreement of Ferris, or rather Ferrers, to make over his tenancy to
+Percy. 'The bargain between Ferris and Percy for the bloody cellar,
+found in Winter's lodging.' Winter's name had been under consideration
+for some little time, and doubtless the discovery of this paper was made
+on, or more probably before, the 7th. The Government, having as yet
+nothing but Fawkes's evidence to go upon, connected the hiring of the
+house with the hiring of the cellar, and at least showed no signs of
+suspecting anything more.
+
+On the same day, the 7th, something was definitely heard of the
+proceedings of the other plotters, who had either gathered at Dunchurch
+for the hunting-match, or had fled from London to join them, and a
+proclamation was issued for the arrest of Percy, Catesby, Rokewood,
+Thomas Winter, Edward[35] Grant, John and Christopher Wright, and
+Catesby's servant, Robert Ashfield. They were charged with assembling in
+troops in the counties of Warwick and Worcester, breaking into stables
+and seizing horses.[36] Fawkes, too, was on that day subjected to a
+fourth examination.[37] Not very much that was new was extracted from
+him. He acknowledged that his real name was Guy Fawkes, that--which he
+had denied before--he had received the Sacrament not to discover any of
+the conspirators, and also that there had been at first five persons
+privy to the plot, and afterwards five or six more 'were generally
+acquainted that an action was to be performed for the Catholic cause,
+and saith that he doth not know that they were acquainted with the whole
+conspiracy.' Being asked whether Catesby, the two Wrights, Winter, or
+Tresham were privy, he refused to accuse any one.
+
+The increase of the information received by the Government left its
+trace on Salisbury's correspondence. Whether the letter to Parry, from
+which a quotation has already been given, was sent away on the 6th, is
+unknown; but it was copied and completed, with sundry alterations, for
+Cornwallis and Edmondes, the ambassadors at Madrid and Brussels, and
+signed by Salisbury on the 7th, though it was kept back and sent off
+with two postscripts on the 9th, and it is likely enough that the letter
+to Parry was treated in the same way. One of the alterations concerns
+Fawkes's admission that he had taken the Sacrament as well as an oath to
+keep the secret. What is of greater significance is, that there is
+absolutely no mention of a mine in the letter. If it had really been
+written on the 9th, this silence would have gone far to justify Father
+Gerard's suspicions, as the existence of the mine was certainly known to
+the Government at that date. On the 7th the Government knew nothing of
+it.[38]
+
+That Fawkes had already been threatened with torture is known,[39] and
+it may easily be imagined that the threats had been redoubled after this
+last unsatisfactory acknowledgment. On the morning of the 8th, however,
+Waad, who was employed to worm out his secrets, reported that little was
+to be expected. "I find this fellow," he wrote, "who this day is in a
+most stubborn and perverse humour, as dogged as if he were possessed.
+Yesternight I had persuaded him to set down a clear narration of all his
+wicked plots from the first entering to the same, to the end they
+pretended, with the discourses and projects that were thought upon
+amongst them, which he undertook [to do] and craved time this night to
+bethink him the better; but this morning he hath changed his mind and is
+[so] sullen and obstinate as there is no dealing with him."[40]
+
+The sight of the examiners, together with the sight of the rack,[41]
+changed Fawkes's mind to some extent. He was resolved that nothing but
+actual torture should wring from him the names of his fellow plotters,
+who so far as was known in London were still at large.[42] He prepared
+himself, however, to reveal the secrets of the plot so far as was
+consistent with the concealment of the names of those concerned in it.
+His fifth examination on the 8th, the last before the one taken under
+torture on the 9th, gives to the inquirer into the reality of the plot
+all that he wants to know.
+
+     "He confesseth," so the tale begins, "that a practice was first
+     broken unto him against his Majesty for the Catholic cause, and not
+     invented or propounded by himself, and this was first propounded
+     unto him about Easter last was twelvemonth, beyond the seas in the
+     Low Countries, by an English layman,[43] and that Englishman came
+     over with him in his company, into England, and they two and three
+     more[44] were the first five mentioned in the former examination.
+     And they five resolving to do somewhat for the Catholic cause (a
+     vow being first taken by all of them for secrecy), one of the other
+     three[45] propounded to perform it with powder, and resolved that
+     the place should be (where this action should be performed and
+     justice done) in or near the place of the sitting of the
+     Parliament, wherein Religion had been unjustly suppressed. This
+     being resolved, the manner of it was as followeth:--
+
+     "First they hired the house at Westminster, of one Ferres, and
+     having his house they sought then[46] to make a mine under the
+     Upper House of Parliament, and they began to make the mine in or
+     about the 11 of December, and they five first entered into the
+     works, and soone after took an other[47] to[48] them, having first
+     sworn him and taken the sacrament for secrecy; and when they came
+     to the wall (that was about three yards thick) and found it a
+     matter of great difficulty, they took to them an other in like
+     manner, with oath and sacrament as aforesaid;[49] all which seven
+     were gentlemen of name and blood, and not any[50] was employed in
+     or about this action (no, not so much as in digging and mining)
+     that was not a gentleman. And having wrought to the wall before
+     Christmas, they ceased until after the holidays, and the day before
+     Christmas (having a mass of earth that came out of the mine), they
+     carried it into the garden of the said house, and after Christmas
+     they wrought the wall till Candlemas, and wrought the wall half
+     through; and saith that all the time while the other[51] wrought,
+     he stood as sentinel, to descry any man that came near, and when
+     any man came near to the place upon warning given by him, they
+     ceased until they had notice to proceed from him, and sayeth that
+     they seven all lay in the house, and had shot and powder, and they
+     all resolved to die in that place, before they yielded or were
+     taken.
+
+     "And, as they were working, they heard a rushing in the cellar,
+     which grew by one[52] Bright's selling of his coals,[53] whereupon
+     this examinant, fearing they had been discovered, went into the
+     cellar, and viewed the cellar[54] and perceiving the commodity
+     thereof for their purpose, and understanding how it would be
+     letten,[55] his master, Mr. Percy, hired the cellar for a year for
+     4_l._ rent; and confesseth that after Christmas twenty barrels of
+     powder were brought by themselves to a house, which they had on the
+     Bankside in hampers, and from that house removed[56] the powder to
+     the said house near the Upper House of Parliament; and presently,
+     upon hiring the cellar they themselves removed the powder into the
+     cellar, and covered the same with fagots which they had before laid
+     into the cellar.
+
+     "After, about Easter, he went into the Low Countries (as he before
+     hath declared in his former examination) and that the true purpose
+     of his going over was, lest, being a dangerous man, he should be
+     known and suspected, and in the mean time he left the key of the
+     cellar with Mr. Percy, who, in his absence caused more billets to
+     be laid into the cellar, as in his former examination he confessed,
+     and returned about the end of August, or the beginning of
+     September, and went again to the said house, near to the said
+     cellar, and received the key of the cellar again of one of the
+     five,[57] and then they brought in five or six barrels of powder
+     more into the cellar, which also they covered with billets, saving
+     four little barrels covered with fagots, and then this examinant
+     went into the country about the end of September.
+
+     "It appeareth the powder was in the cellar placed as it was found
+     the 5 of November, when the Lords came to prorogue the Parliament,
+     and sayeth that he returned again to the said house near the cellar
+     on Wednesday the 30 of October.
+
+     "_He confesseth he was at the Earl of Montgomery's marriage, but,
+     as he sayeth, with no intention of evil having a sword about him,
+     and was very near to his Majesty and the Lords there present._[58]
+
+     "Forasmuch as they knew not well how they should come by the person
+     of the Duke Charles, being near London, where they had no forces
+     (if he had not been also blown up) he confesseth that it was
+     resolved among them that, the same day that this detestable act
+     should have been performed, the same day should other of their
+     confederacy have surprised the person of the Lady Elizabeth, and
+     presently have proclaimed her Queen, _to which purpose a
+     proclamation was drawn, as well to avow and justify the action, as
+     to have protested against the Union, and in no sort to have meddled
+     with religion therein, and would have protested also against all
+     strangers_, and this proclamation should have been made in the name
+     of the Lady Elizabeth.
+
+     "Being demanded why they did not surprise the King's person, and
+     draw him to the effecting of their purpose sayeth that so many must
+     have been acquainted with such an action as it[59] would not have
+     been kept secret.
+
+     "He confesseth that if their purpose had taken effect, until they
+     had had power enough, they would not have avowed the deed to be
+     theirs; but if their power (for their defence and safety) had been
+     sufficient, they themselves would then[60] have taken it upon them.
+     They meant also to have sent for the prisoners in the Tower to have
+     come to them, of whom particularly they had some consultation.
+
+     "He confesseth that the place of rendezvous was in Warwickshire,
+     and that armour was sent thither, but[61] the particular
+     thereof[62] he knows not.
+
+     "He confesseth that they had consultation for the taking of the
+     Lady Mary into their possession, but knew not how to come by her.
+
+     "And confesseth that provision was made by some of the conspiracy
+     of some armour of proof this last summer for this action.
+
+     "He confesseth that the powder was bought by the common purse of
+     the confederates.
+
+       "L. Admiral [Earl of Nottingham]  }
+        L. Chamberlain [Earl of Suffolk] }
+        Earl of Devonshire               } Attended by Mr.
+        Earl of Northampton              } Attorney-General
+        Earl of Salisbury                } [Coke]."
+        Earl of Mar                      }
+        Lord Chief Justice [Popham][63]  }
+
+Father Gerard, who has printed this examination in his Appendix,[64]
+styles it a draft, placing on the opposite pages the published
+confession of Guy Fawkes on November 17. That later confession, indeed,
+though embodying many passages of the earlier one, contains so many new
+statements, that it is a misapplication of words to speak of the one as
+the draft of the other. A probable explanation of the similarity is that
+when Fawkes was re-examined on the 17th, his former confession was
+produced, and he was required to supplement it with fresh information.
+
+In one sense, indeed, the paper from which the examination of the 8th
+has been printed both by Father Gerard and myself, may be styled a
+draft, not of the examination of the 17th, but of a copy forwarded to
+Edmondes on the 14th.[65] The two passages crossed out and printed
+above[66] in italics have been omitted in the copy intended for the
+ambassadors. All other differences, except those of punctuation, have
+been given in my notes, and it will be seen that they are merely the
+changes of a copyist from whom absolute verbal accuracy was not
+required. Father Gerard, indeed, says that in the original of the
+so-called draft five paragraphs were 'ticked off for omission.' He may
+be right, but in Winter's declaration of November 23, every paragraph is
+marked in the same way, and, at all events, not one of the five
+paragraphs is omitted in the copy sent to Edmondes.
+
+In any other sense to call this paper a draft is to beg the whole
+question. What we want to know is whether it was a copy of the rough
+notes of the examination, signed by Fawkes himself, or a pure invention
+either of Salisbury or of the seven Commissioners and the
+Attorney-General. Curiously enough, one of the crossed out passages
+supplies evidence that the document is a genuine one. The first, indeed,
+proves nothing either way, and was, perhaps, left out merely because it
+was thought unwise to allow it to be known that the King had been so
+carelessly guarded that Percy had been admitted to his presence with a
+sword by his side. The second contains an intimation that the
+conspirators did not intend to rely only on a Catholic rising. They
+expected to have on their side Protestants who disliked the union with
+Scotland, and who were ready to protest 'against all strangers,' that is
+to say, against all Scots. We can readily understand that Privy
+Councillors, knowing as they did the line taken by the King in the
+matter of the union, would be unwilling to spread information of there
+being in England a Protestant party opposed to the union, not only of
+sufficient importance to be worth gaining, but so exasperated that even
+these gunpowder plotters could think it possible to win them to their
+side. Nor is this all. If it is difficult to conceive that the
+Commissioners could have allowed such a paragraph to go abroad, it is at
+least equally difficult to think of their inventing it. We may be sure
+that if Fawkes had not made the statement, no one of the examiners would
+ever have committed it to paper at all, and if the document is genuine
+in this respect, why is it not to be held genuine from beginning to end?
+
+Father Gerard, indeed, objects to this view of the case that the
+document 'is unsigned; the list of witnesses is in the same handwriting
+as the rest, and in no instance is a witness indicated by such a title
+as he would employ for his signature. Throughout this paper Fawkes is
+made to speak in the third person, and the names of accomplices to whom
+he refers are not given.'[67] All this is quite true, and unless I am
+much mistaken, are evidences for the genuineness of the document, not
+for its fabrication. If Salisbury had wished to palm off an invention of
+his own as a copy of a true confession by Fawkes, he surely would not
+have stuck at so small a thing as an alleged copy of the prisoner's
+signature, nor is it to be supposed that the original signatures of the
+Commissioners would appear in what, in my contention, is a copy of a
+lost original. As for the titles Lord Admiral and Lord Chamberlain being
+used instead of their signatures, it was in accordance with official
+usage. A letter, written on January 21, 1604-5, by the Council to the
+Judges, bears nineteen names at the foot in the place where signatures
+are ordinarily found. The first six names are given thus:--'L.
+Chancellor, L. Treasurer, L. Admirall, L. Chamberlaine, E. of
+Northumberland, E. of Worcester.'[68] Fawkes is made to speak in the
+third person in all the four preceding examinations, three of which bear
+his autograph signature. That the names of accomplices are not given is
+exactly what one might expect from a man of his courage. All through the
+five examinations he refused to break his oath not to reveal a name,
+except in the case of Percy in which concealment was impossible. It
+required the horrible torture of the 9th to wring a single name from
+him.
+
+Moreover, Father Gerard further urges what he intends to be damaging to
+the view taken by me, that a set of questions formed by Coke upon the
+examination of the 7th, apparently for use on the 8th, is 'not founded
+on information already obtained, but is, in fact, what is known as a
+"fishing document," intended to elicit evidence of some kind.'[69]
+Exactly so! If Coke had to fish, casting his net as widely as Father
+Gerard correctly shows him to have done, it is plain that the Government
+had no direct knowledge to guide its inquiries. Father Gerard's charge
+therefore resolves itself into this: that Salisbury not only deceived
+the public at large, but his brother-commissioners as well. Has he
+seriously thought out all that is involved in this theory? Salisbury,
+according to hypothesis, gets an altered copy of a confession drawn up,
+or else a confession purely invented by himself. The clerk who makes it
+is, of course, aware of what is being done, and also the second
+clerk,[70] who wrote out the further copy sent to Edmondes. Edmondes, at
+least, received the second copy, and there can be little doubt that
+other ambassadors received it also. How could Salisbury count on the
+life-long silence of all these? Salisbury, as the event proved, was not
+exactly loved by his colleagues, and if his brother-commissioners--every
+one of them men of no slight influence at Court--had discovered that
+their names had been taken in vain, it would not have been left to the
+rumour of the streets to spread the news that Salisbury had been the
+inventor of the plot. Nay, more than this. Father Gerard distinctly sets
+down the story of the mine as an impossible one, and therefore one
+which must have been fabricated by Salisbury for his own purposes. The
+allegation that there had been a mine was not subsequently kept in the
+dark. It was proclaimed on the house-tops in every account of the plot
+published to the world. And all the while, it seems, six out of these
+seven Commissioners, to say nothing of the Attorney-General, knew that
+it was all a lie--that Fawkes, when they examined him on the 8th, had
+really said nothing about it, and yet, neither in public, nor, so far as
+we know, in private--either in Salisbury's lifetime or after his
+death--did they breathe a word of the wrong that had been done to them
+as well as to the conspirators!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE LATER DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE.
+
+
+Having thus, I hope, established that the story of the mine and cellar
+is borne out by Fawkes's own account, I proceed to examine into the
+objections raised by Father Gerard to the documentary evidence after
+November 8, the date of Fawkes's last examination before he was
+subjected to torture. In the declaration, signed with his tortured hand
+on the 9th, before Coke, Waad and Forsett,[71] and acknowledged before
+the Commissioners on the 10th, Fawkes distinctly refers to the
+examination of the 8th. "The plot," he says, "was to blow up the King
+with all the nobility about him in Parliament, as heretofore he hath
+declared, to which end, they proceeded as is set down in the examination
+taken (before the Lords of the Council Commissioners) yesternight."
+Here, then, is distinct evidence that Fawkes acknowledged that the
+examination of the 8th had been taken in presence of the Commissioners,
+and thus negatives the theory that that examination was invented or
+altered by Salisbury, as these words came on the 10th under the eyes of
+the Commissioners themselves.[72]
+
+The fact is, that the declaration of the 9th fits the examination of the
+8th as a glove does a hand. On the 8th, before torture, Fawkes described
+what had been done, and gave the number of persons concerned in doing
+it. On the 9th he is required not to repeat what he had said before, but
+to give the missing names. This he now does. It was Thomas Winter who
+had fetched him from the Low Countries, having first communicated their
+design to a certain Owen.[73] The other three, who made up the original
+five, were Percy, Catesby, and John Wright. It was Gerard who had given
+them the Sacrament.[74] The other conspirators were Sir Everard Digby,
+Robert Keyes, Christopher Wright, Thomas[75] Grant, Francis Tresham,
+Robert Winter, and Ambrose Rokewood. The very order in which the names
+come perhaps shows that the Government had as yet a very hazy idea of
+the details of the conspiracy. The names of those who actually worked in
+the mine are scattered at hap-hazard amongst those of the men who merely
+countenanced the plot from a distance.
+
+However this may be, the 9th, the day on which Fawkes was put to the
+torture, brought news to the Government that the fear of insurrection
+need no longer be entertained. It had been known before this that
+Fawkes's confederates had met on the 5th at Dunchurch on the pretext of
+a hunting match,[76] and had been breaking open houses in Warwickshire
+and Worcestershire in order to collect arms. Yet so indefinite was the
+knowledge of the Council that, on the 8th, they offered a reward for the
+apprehension of Percy alone, without including any of the other
+conspirators.[77] On the evening of the 9th[78] they received a letter
+from Sir Richard Walsh, the Sheriff of Worcestershire:--
+
+     "We think fit," he wrote, "with all speed to certify your Lordships
+     of the happy success it hath pleased God to give us against the
+     rebellious assembly in these parts. After such time as they had
+     taken the horses from Warwick upon Tuesday night last,[79] they
+     came to Mr. Robert Winter's house to Huddington upon Wednesday
+     night,[80] where--having entered--[they] armed themselves at all
+     points in open rebellion. They passed from thence upon Thursday
+     morning[81] unto Hewell--the Lord Windsor's house--which they
+     entered and took from thence by force great store of armour,
+     artillery of the said Lord Windsor's, and passed that night into
+     the county of Staffordshire unto the house of one Stephen
+     Littleton, Gentleman, called Holbeche, about two miles distant from
+     Stourbridge whither we pursued, with the assistance of Sir John
+     Foliot, Knight, Francis Ketelsby, Esquire, Humphrey Salway,
+     Gentleman, Edmund Walsh, and Francis Conyers, Gentlemen, with few
+     other gentlemen and the power and face of the country. We made
+     against them upon Thursday morning,[81] and freshly pursued them
+     until the next day,[82] at which time about twelve or one of the
+     clock in the afternoon, we overtook them at the said Holbeche
+     House--the greatest part of their retinue and some of the better
+     sort being dispersed and fled before our coming, whereupon and
+     after summons and warning first given and proclamation in his
+     Highness's name to yield and submit themselves--who refusing the
+     same, we fired some part of the house and assaulted some part of
+     the rebellious persons left in the said house, in which assault,
+     one Mr. Robert Catesby is slain, and three others verily thought
+     wounded to death whose names--as far as we can learn--are Thomas
+     Percy, Gentleman, John Wright, and Christopher Wright Gentlemen,
+     and these are apprehended and taken Thomas Winter Gentleman, John
+     Grant Gentleman, Henry Morgan Gentleman, Ambrose Rokewood
+     Gentleman, Thomas Ockley carpenter, Edmund Townsend servant to the
+     said John Grant, Nicholas Pelborrow, servant unto the said Ambrose
+     Rokewood, Edward Ockley carpenter, Richard Townsend servant to the
+     said Robert Winter, Richard Day servant to the said Stephen
+     Littleton, which said prisoners are in safe custody here, and so
+     shall remain until your Honours good pleasures be further known.
+     The rest of that rebellious assembly is dispersed, we have caused
+     to be followed with fresh suite and hope of their speedy
+     apprehension. We have also thought fit to send unto your
+     Honours--according unto our duties--such letters as we have found
+     about the parties apprehended; and so resting in all duty at your
+     Honours' further command, we take leave, from Stourbridge this
+     Saturday morning, being the ixth of this instant November 1605.
+
+     "Your Honours' most humble to be commanded,
+
+     "RICH. WALSH."
+
+Percy and the two Wrights died of their wounds, so that, in addition to
+Fawkes, Thomas Winter was the only one of the five original workers in
+the mine in the hands of the Government. Of the seven others who had
+been named in Fawkes's confession of the 9th, Christopher Wright had
+been killed; Rokewood, Robert Winter, and Grant had been apprehended at
+Holbeche; Sir Everard Digby, Keyes, and Tresham were subsequently
+arrested, as was Bates a servant of Catesby.
+
+That for some days the Government made no effort to get further
+information about the mine and the cellar cannot be absolutely proved,
+but nothing bearing on the subject has reached us except that, on the
+14th, when a copy of Fawkes's deposition of the 8th was forwarded to
+Edmondes, the names of the twelve chief conspirators are given, not as
+Fawkes gave them on the 9th, in two batches, but in three, Robert Winter
+and Christopher Wright being said to have joined after the first five,
+whilst Rokewood, Digby, Grant, Tresham, and Keyes are said to have been
+'privy to the practice of the powder but wrought not at the mine.'[83]
+As Keyes is the only one whose Christian name is not given, this list
+must have been copied from one now in the Record Office, in which this
+peculiarity is also found, and was probably drawn up on or about the
+10th[84] from further information derived from Fawkes when he certified
+the confession dragged from him on the preceding day.[84]
+
+What really seems to have been at this time on the minds of the
+investigators was the relationship of the Catholic noblemen to the plot.
+On the 11th Talbot of Grafton was sent for. On the 15th Lords Montague
+and Mordaunt were imprisoned in the Tower. On the 16th Mrs. Vaux and the
+wives of ten of the conspirators were committed to various aldermen and
+merchants of London.[85] When Fawkes was re-examined on the 16th,[86] by
+far the larger part of the answers elicited refer to the hints given, or
+supposed to have been given, to Catholic noblemen to absent themselves
+from Parliament on the 5th. Then comes a statement about Percy buying a
+watch for Fawkes on the night of the 4th and sending it 'to him by Keyes
+at ten of the clock at night, because he should know how the time went
+away.' The last paragraph alone bears upon the project itself. "He also
+saith he did not intend to set fire to the train [until] the King was
+come to the House, and then he purposed to do it with a piece of
+touchwood and with a match also, _which were about him when he was
+apprehended on the 4th day of November at 11 of the clock at night_ that
+the powder might more surely take fire a quarter of an hour after."
+
+The words printed in italics are an interlineation in Coke's hand. They
+evidently add nothing of the slightest importance to the evidence, and
+cannot have been inserted with any design to prejudice the prisoner or
+to carry conviction in quarters in which disbelief might be supposed to
+exist. Is not the simple explanation sufficient, that when the evidence
+was read over to the examinee, he added, either of his own motion or on
+further question, this additional information. If this explanation is
+accepted here, may it not also be accepted for other interlineations,
+such as that relating to the cellar in the first examination?[87]
+
+That the examiners at this stage of the proceedings should not be eager
+to ask further questions about the cellar and the mine was the most
+natural thing in the world. They knew already quite enough from
+Fawkes's earlier examinations to put them in possession of the general
+features of the plot, and to them it was of far greater interest to
+trace out its ramifications, and to discover whether a guilty knowledge
+of it could be brought home either to noblemen or to priests, than to
+attain to a descriptive knowledge of its details, which would be dear to
+the heart of the newspaper correspondent of the present day. Yet, after
+all, even in 1605, the public had to be taken into account. There must
+be an open trial, and the more detailed the information that could be
+got the more verisimilitude would be given to the story told. It is
+probably, in part at least, to these considerations, as well as to some
+natural curiosity on the part of the Commissioners themselves, that we
+owe the examinations of Fawkes on the 17th and of Winter on the 23rd.
+
+     "Amongst all the confessions and 'voluntary declarations' extracted
+     from the conspirators," writes Father Gerard, "there are two of
+     exceptional importance, as having furnished the basis of the story
+     told by the Government, and ever since generally accepted. These
+     are a long declaration made by Thomas Winter, and another by Guy
+     Fawkes, which alone were made public, being printed in the 'King's
+     Book,' and from which are gathered the essential particulars of the
+     story, as we are accustomed to hear it."
+
+If Father Gerard merely means that the story published by the Government
+rested on these two confessions, and that the Government publications
+were the source of all knowledge about the plot till the Record Office
+was thrown open, in comparatively recent years, he says what is
+perfectly true, and, it may be added, quite irrelevant. If he means that
+our knowledge at the present day rests on these two documents, he is, as
+I hope I have already shown, mistaken. With the first five examinations
+of Fawkes in our hands, all the essential points of the conspiracy,
+except the names, are revealed to us. The names are given in the
+examination under torture, and a day or two later the Government was
+able to classify these names, though we are unable to specify the source
+from which it drew its information. If both the declarations to which
+Father Gerard refers had been absolutely destroyed we should have missed
+some picturesque details, which assist us somewhat in understanding what
+took place; but we should have been able to set forth the main features
+of the plot precisely as we do now.
+
+Nevertheless, as we do gain some additional information from these
+documents, let us examine whether there are such symptoms of foul play
+as Father Gerard thinks he can descry. Taking first Fawkes's declaration
+of November 17, it will be well to follow Father Gerard's argument. He
+brings into collocation three documents: first the interrogatories
+prepared by Coke after the examination of the 7th, then the examination
+of the 8th, which he calls a draft, and then the full declaration of the
+17th, which undoubtedly bears the signature of Fawkes himself.
+
+That the three documents are very closely connected is undeniable. Take,
+for instance, a paragraph to which Father Gerard not unnaturally draws
+attention, in which the repetition of the words 'the same day' proves at
+least partial identity of origin between Coke's interrogatories and the
+examination founded on them on the 8th.[88]
+
+"Was it not agreed," asks Coke, "the same day that the act should have
+been done, the same day, or soon after, the person of the Lady Elizabeth
+should have been surprised?" "He confesseth," Fawkes is stated to have
+said, "that the same day this detestable act should have been performed
+the same day should other of their confederacy have surprised the Lady
+Elizabeth." Yet before setting down Fawkes's replies as a fabrication of
+the Government, let us remember how evidence of this kind is taken and
+reported. If we take up the report of a criminal trial in a modern
+newspaper we shall find, for the most part, a flowing narrative put into
+the mouths of witnesses. John Jones, let us say, is represented as
+giving some such evidence as this: "I woke at two o'clock in the
+morning, and, looking out of window, saw by the light of the moon John
+Smith opening the stable door," &c. Nobody who has attended a law court
+imagines John Jones to have used these consecutive words. Questions are
+put to him by the examining counsel. When did you wake? Did you see
+anyone at the stable door? How came you to be able to see him, and so
+forth; and it is by combining these questions with the Yes and No, and
+other brief replies made by the witness, that the reporter constructs
+his narrative with no appreciable violation of truth. Is it not
+reasonable to suppose that the same practice prevailed in 1605? Fawkes,
+I suppose, answered to Coke's question, "Yes, others of the confederates
+proposed to surprise her," or something of the sort, and the result was
+the combination of question and answer which is given above.
+
+What, however, was the relation between the examination of the 8th and
+the declaration of the 17th? Father Gerard has printed them side by
+side,[89] and it is impossible to deny that the latter is founded on the
+former. Some paragraphs of the examination are not represented in the
+declaration, but these are paragraphs of no practical importance, and
+those that are represented are modified. The modifications admitted,
+however, are all consistent with what is a very probable supposition,
+that the Government wanted to get Fawkes's previous statements collected
+in one paper. He had given his account of the plot on one occasion, the
+names of the plotters on another, and had stated on a third that they
+were to be classified in three divisions--those who worked first at the
+mine, those who worked at it afterwards, and those who did not work at
+all. If the Government drew up a form combining the three statements and
+omitting immaterial matter, and got Fawkes to sign it, this would fully
+account for the form in which we find the declaration. At the present
+day, we should object to receive evidence from a man who had been
+tortured once and might be tortured again; but as this declaration adds
+nothing of any importance to our previous knowledge, it is unnecessary
+to recur to first principles on this occasion.[90]
+
+Winter's examination of the 23rd, as treated by Father Gerard, raises a
+more difficult question. The document itself is at Hatfield, and there
+is a copy of it in the 'Gunpowder Plot Book' in the Public Record
+Office. "The 'original' document," writes Father Gerard,[91] "is at
+Hatfield, and agrees in general so exactly with the copy as to
+demonstrate the identity of their origin. But while, as we have seen,
+the 'copy' is dated November 23rd, the 'original' is dated on the 25th."
+In a note, we are told 'that this is not a slip of the pen is evidenced
+by the fact that Winter first wrote 23, and then corrected it to 25.' To
+return to Father Gerard's text, we find, "On a circumstance so
+irregular, light is possibly thrown by a letter from Waad, the
+Lieutenant of the Tower, to Cecil[92] on the 20th of the same month.
+'Thomas Winter,' he wrote, 'doth find his hand so strong, as after
+dinner he will settle himself to write that he hath verbally declared to
+your Lordship, adding what he shall remember.' The inference is
+certainly suggested that torture had been used until the prisoner's
+spirit was sufficiently broken to be ready to tell the story required
+of him, and that the details were furnished by those who demanded it. It
+must, moreover, be remarked that, although Winter's 'original'
+declaration is witnessed only by Sir E. Coke, the Attorney-General, it
+appears in print attested by all those whom Cecil had selected for the
+purpose two days before the declaration was made."
+
+Apparently Father Gerard intends us to gather from his statement that
+the whole confession of Winter was drawn up by the Government on or
+before the 23rd, and that he was driven on the 25th by fears of renewed
+torture to put his hand to a tissue of falsehoods contained in a paper
+which the Government required him to copy out and sign. The whole of
+this edifice, it will be seen, rests on the assertion that Winter first
+wrote 23 and then corrected it to 25.
+
+So improbable did this assertion appear to me, that I wrote to Mr.
+Gunton, the courteous secretary of the Marquis of Salisbury, requesting
+him to examine the handwriting of the date in question. He tells me that
+the confession itself is, as Father Gerard states, in Winter's hand, as
+is also the date '23 {9 ber} 1605.' Two changes have been made; in the
+first place 23 has been altered to 25, and there has been added at the
+head of the paper: "The voluntary declaration of Thomas Winter, of
+Hoodington, in the County of Worcester, gent. the 25 of November, 1605."
+"This heading," Mr. Gunton writes, "is so tucked in at the top, that it
+must, I think, have been written after the confession itself." He also
+assures me that the 5 of the substituted date and the 5 in the added
+heading 'are exactly alike, and both different from the 5' at the end of
+the date of the year, as written by Winter. "The heading," Mr. Gunton
+writes, "I believe to be in Coke's hand. It is more carefully written
+than he usually writes, and more carefully than his attestation at the
+end; but as far as my judgment goes, it is decidedly his hand."
+
+The alleged fact that lies at the basis of Father Gerard's argument is
+therefore finally disposed of. Why Coke, if Coke it was, changed the
+date can be no more than matter for conjecture. Yet an explanation,
+conjectural though it be, seems to me to be probable enough. We have
+seen that Fawkes's confession under torture bears two dates, the 9th,
+when it was taken before Coke and Waad the Lieutenant of the Tower,
+together with a magistrate, Edward Forsett; the second, on the 10th,
+when it was declared before the Commissioners. Why may not this
+confession of Winter's have been subjected to a similar process. Winter,
+I suppose, writes it on the 23rd, and it is then witnessed, as Father
+Gerard says, by Coke alone. Though no copy with the autograph signatures
+of the Commissioners exists it is reasonable to suppose that one was
+made, in which a passage about Monteagle--whom the Government did not
+wish to connect with the plot except as a discoverer--was omitted, and
+that this, still bearing the date of the 23rd, may have been brought
+before the Commissioners on the 25th. They would thus receive a
+statement from Winter that it was his own, and the signatures of the
+Commissioners would then be appended to it, together with those of Coke
+and Waad. This then would be the document from which copies would be
+taken for the use of individual Commissioners, and we can thus account
+for Salisbury's having appended to his own copy now in the Record
+Office, "Taken before us, Nottingham, Suffolk, &c." The recognition
+before the Commissioners would become the official date, and Coke,
+having access to the original, changes the date on which it was written
+to that on which it was signed by the Commissioners. This explanation is
+merely put forward as a possible one. The important point is that Father
+Gerard's argument founded on the alteration of the date is inadmissible,
+now that Mr. Gunton has thrown light on the matter.
+
+Winter's confession having been thus vindicated is here inserted, partly
+because it gives the story from a different point of view from that of
+Fawkes, and partly because it will enable those who read it to see for
+themselves whether there is internal evidence of its having been
+manipulated by the Government.
+
+     _My Most Honourable Lords._
+
+     "23 {9 ber} 1605.
+
+     "Not out of hope to obtain pardon for speaking--of my temporal part
+     I may say the fault is greater than can be forgiven--nor affecting
+     hereby the title of a good subject for I must redeem my country
+     from as great a danger as I have hazarded the bringing her into,
+     before I can purchase any such opinion; only at your Honours'
+     command, I will briefly set down my own accusation, and how far I
+     have proceeded in this business which I shall the faithfuller do
+     since I see such courses are not pleasing to Almighty God; and that
+     all, or the most material parts have been already confessed.
+
+     "I remained with my brother in the country for All-hollantide,[93]
+     in the year of our Lord 1603, the first of the King's reign, about
+     which time, Mr. Catesby sent thither, entreating me to come to
+     London, where he and other friends would be glad to see me. I
+     desired him to excuse me, for I found not myself very well
+     disposed, and (which had happened never to me before) returned the
+     messenger without my company. Shortly I received another letter, in
+     any wise to come. At the second summons I presently came up and
+     found him with Mr. John Wright at Lambeth, where he brake with me
+     how necessary it was not to forsake my country (for he knew I had
+     then a resolution to go over), but to deliver her from the
+     servitude in which she remained, or at least to assist her with our
+     uttermost endeavours. I answered that I had often hazarded my life
+     upon far lighter terms, and now would not refuse any good occasion
+     wherein I might do service to the Catholic cause; but, for myself,
+     I knew no mean probable to succeed. He said that he had bethought
+     him of a way at one instant to deliver us from all our bonds, and
+     without any foreign help[94] to replant again the Catholic
+     religion, and withal told me in a word it was to blow up the
+     Parliament House with gunpowder; for, said he, in that place have
+     they done us all the mischief, and perchance God hath designed that
+     place for their punishment. I wondered at the strangeness of the
+     conceit, and told him that true it was this strake at the root and
+     would breed a confusion fit to beget new alterations, but if it
+     should not take effect (as most of this nature miscarried) the
+     scandal would be so great which the Catholic religion might hereby
+     sustain, as not only our enemies, but our friends also would with
+     good reason condemn us. He told me the nature of the disease
+     required so sharp a remedy, and asked me if I would give my
+     consent. I told him Yes, in this or what else soever, if he
+     resolved upon it, I would venture my life; but I proposed many
+     difficulties, as want of a house, and of one to carry the mine;
+     noise in the working, and such like. His answer was, let us give an
+     attempt, and where it faileth, pass no further. But first, quoth
+     he, because we will leave no peaceable and quiet way untried, you
+     shall go over and inform the Constable[95] of the state of the
+     Catholics here in England, intreating him to solicit his Majesty at
+     his coming hither that the penal laws may be recalled, and we
+     admitted into the rank of his other subjects. Withal, you may
+     bring over some confidant gentleman such as you shall understand
+     best able for this business, and named unto me Mr. Fawkes. Shortly
+     after I passed the sea and found the Constable at Bergen, near
+     Dunkirk, where, by the help of Mr. Owen,[96] I delivered my
+     message, whose answer was that he had strict command from his
+     master to do all good offices for the Catholics, and for his own
+     part he thought himself bound in conscience so to do, and that no
+     good occasion should be omitted, but spake to him nothing of this
+     matter.
+
+     "Returning to Dunkirk with Mr. Owen, we had speach whether he
+     thought the Constable would faithfully help us or no. He said he
+     believed nothing less, and that they sought only their own ends,
+     holding small account of Catholics. I told him, that there were
+     many gentlemen in England, who would not forsake their country
+     until they had tried the uttermost, and rather venture their lives
+     than forsake her in this misery; and to add one more to our number
+     as a fit man, both for counsel and execution of whatsoever we
+     should resolve, wished for Mr. Fawkes whom I had heard good
+     commendations of. He told me the gentleman deserved no less, but
+     was at Brussels, and that if he came not, as happily he might,
+     before my departure, he would send him shortly after into England.
+     I went soon after to Ostend, where Sir William Stanley as then was
+     not, but came two days after. I remained with him three or four
+     days, in which time I asked him, if the Catholics in England should
+     do anything to help themselves, whether he thought the Archduke
+     would second them. He answered, No; for all those parts were so
+     desirous of peace with England as they would endure no speach of
+     other enterprise, neither were it fit, said he, to set any project
+     afoot now the peace is upon concluding. I told him there was no
+     such resolution, and so fell to discourse of other matters until I
+     came to speak of Mr. Fawkes whose company I wished over into
+     England. I asked of his sufficiency in the wars, and told him we
+     should need such as he, if occasion required. He gave very good
+     commendations of him; and as we were thus discoursing and I ready
+     to depart for Nieuport and taking my leave of Sir William, Mr.
+     Fawkes came into our company newly returned and saluted us. This is
+     the gentleman, said Sir William, that you wished for, and so we
+     embraced again. I told him some good friends of his wished his
+     company in England; and that if he pleased to come to Dunkirk, we
+     would have further conference, whither I was then going: so taking
+     my leave of both, I departed. About two days after came Mr. Fawkes
+     to Dunkirk, where I told him that we were upon a resolution to do
+     somewhat in England if the peace with Spain helped us not, but had
+     as yet resolved upon nothing. Such or the like talk we passed at
+     Gravelines, where I lay for a wind, and when it served, came both
+     in one passage to Greenwich, near which place we took a pair of
+     oars, and so came up to London, and came to Mr. Catesby whom we
+     found in his lodging. He welcomed us into England, and asked me
+     what news from the Constable. I told him Good words, but I feared
+     the deeds would not answer. This was the beginning of Easter
+     term[97] and about the midst of the same term (whether sent for by
+     Mr. Catesby, or upon some business of his own) up came Mr. Thomas
+     Percy. The first word he spake (after he came into our company) was
+     Shall we always, gentlemen, talk and never do anything? Mr. Catesby
+     took him aside and had speech about somewhat to be done, so as
+     first we might all take an oath of secrecy, which we resolved
+     within two or three days to do, so as there we met behind St.
+     Clement's, Mr. Catesby, Mr. Percy, Mr. Wright, Mr. Guy Fawkes, and
+     myself, and having, upon a primer given each other the oath of
+     secrecy in a chamber where no other body was, we went after into
+     the next room and heard mass, and received the blessed sacrament
+     upon the same. Then did Mr. Catesby disclose to Mr. Percy,[98] and
+     I together with Jack Wright tell to Mr. Fawkes the business for
+     which they took this oath which they both approved; and then Mr.
+     Percy sent to take the house, which Mr. Catesby, in my absence, had
+     learnt did belong to one Ferris, which with some difficulty in the
+     end he obtained, and became, as Ferris before was, tenant to
+     Whynniard. Mr. Fawkes underwent the name of Mr. Percy's man,
+     calling himself Johnson, because his face was the most unknown,[99]
+     and received the keys of the house, until we heard that the
+     Parliament was adjourned to the 7 of February. At which time we all
+     departed several ways into the country, to meet again at the
+     beginning of Michaelmas term.[100] Before this time also it was
+     thought convenient to have a house that might answer to Mr.
+     Percy's, where we might make provision of powder and wood for the
+     mine which, being there made ready, should in a night be conveyed
+     by boat to the house by the Parliament because we were loth to foil
+     that with often going in and out. There was none that we could
+     devise so fit as Lambeth where Mr. Catesby often lay, and to be
+     keeper thereof, by Mr. Catesby's choice, we received into the
+     number Keyes, as a trusty honest man.[101]
+
+     "Some fortnight after, towards the beginning of the term, Mr.
+     Fawkes and I came to Mr. Catesby at Moorcrofts, where we agreed
+     that now was time to begin and set things in order for the mine, so
+     as Mr. Fawkes went to London and the next day sent for me to come
+     over to him. When I came, the cause was for that the Scottish Lords
+     were appointed to sit in conference on the Union in Mr. Percy's
+     house. This hindered our beginning until a fortnight before
+     Christmas, by which time both Mr. Percy and Mr. Wright were come to
+     London, and we against their coming had provided a good part of the
+     powder, so as we all five entered with tools fit to begin our work,
+     having provided ourselves of baked-meats, the less to need sending
+     abroad. We entered late in the night, and were never seen, save
+     only Mr. Percy's man, until Christmas-eve, in which time we wrought
+     under a little entry to the wall of the Parliament House, and
+     underpropped it as we went with wood.
+
+     "Whilst we were together we began to fashion our business, and
+     discourse what we should do after this deed were done. The first
+     question was how we might surprise the next heir; the Prince
+     happily would be at the Parliament with the King his father: how
+     should we then be able to seize on the Duke?[102] This burden Mr.
+     Percy undertook; that by his acquaintance he with another gentleman
+     would enter the chamber without suspicion, and having some dozen
+     others at several doors to expect his coming, and two or three on
+     horseback at the Court gate to receive him, he would undertake (the
+     blow being given, until which he would attend in the Duke's
+     chamber) to carry him safe away, for he supposed most of the Court
+     would be absent, and such as were there not suspecting, or
+     unprovided for any such matter. For the Lady Elizabeth it were easy
+     to surprise her in the country by drawing friends together at a
+     hunting near the Lord Harrington's, and Ashby, Mr. Catesby's house,
+     being not far off was a fit place for preparation.
+
+     "The next was for money and horses, which if we could provide in
+     any reasonable measure (having the heir apparent) and the first
+     knowledge by four or five days was odds sufficient. Then, what
+     Lords we should save from the Parliament, which was agreed in
+     general as many as we could that were Catholics or so disposed.
+     Next, what foreign princes we should acquaint with this before or
+     join with after. For this point we agreed that first we would not
+     enjoin princes to that secrecy nor oblige them by oath so to be
+     secure of their promise; besides, we know not whether they will
+     approve the project or dislike it, and if they do allow thereof, to
+     prepare before might beget suspicion and[103] not to provide until
+     the business were acted; the same letter that carried news of the
+     thing done might as well entreat their help and furtherance. Spain
+     is too slow in his preparations to hope any good from in the first
+     extremities, and France too near and too dangerous, who with the
+     shipping of Holland we feared of all the world might make away with
+     us. But while we were in the middle of these discourses, we heard
+     that the Parliament should be anew adjourned until after
+     Michaelmas, upon which tidings we broke off both discourse and
+     working until after Christmas. About Candlemas we brought over in a
+     boat the powder which we had provided at Lambeth and layd it in Mr.
+     Percy's house because we were willing to have all our danger in one
+     place. We wrought also another fortnight in the mine against the
+     stone wall, which was very hard to beat through, at which time we
+     called in Kit Wright, and near to Easter[104] as we wrought the
+     third time, opportunity was given to hire the cellar, in which we
+     resolved to lay the powder and leave the mine.
+
+     "Now by reason that the charge of maintaining us all so long
+     together, besides the number of several houses which for several
+     uses had been hired, and buying of powder, &c., had lain heavy on
+     Mr. Catesby alone to support, it was necessary for to call in some
+     others to ease his charge, and to that end desired leave that he
+     with Mr. Percy and a third whom they should call might acquaint
+     whom they thought fit and willing to the business, for many, said
+     he, may be content that I should know who would not therefore that
+     all the Company should be acquainted with their names. To this we
+     all agreed.
+
+     "After this Mr. Fawkes laid into the cellar (which he had newly
+     taken) a thousand of billets and five hundred of faggots, and with
+     that covered the powder, because we might have the house free to
+     suffer anyone to enter that would. Mr. Catesby wished us to
+     consider whether it were not now necessary to send Mr. Fawkes over,
+     both to absent himself for a time as also to acquaint Sir William
+     Stanley and Mr. Owen with this matter. We agreed that he should;
+     provided that he gave it them with the same oath that we had taken
+     before, viz., to keep it secret from all the world. The reason why
+     we desired Sir William Stanley should be acquainted herewith was to
+     have him with us so soon as he could, and, for Mr. Owen, he might
+     hold good correspondency after with foreign princes. So Mr. Fawkes
+     departed about Easter for Flanders and returned the later end of
+     August. He told me that when he arrived at Brussels, Sir William
+     Stanley was not returned from Spain, so as he uttered the matter
+     only to Owen, who seemed well pleased with the business, but told
+     him that surely Sir William would not be acquainted with any plot
+     as having business now afoot in the Court of England, but he
+     himself would be always ready to tell it him and send him away so
+     soon as it were done.
+
+     "About this time did Mr. Percy and Mr. Catesby meet at the Bath
+     where they agreed that the company being yet but few, Mr. Catesby
+     should have the others' authority to call in whom he thought best,
+     by which authority he called in after Sir Everard Digby, though at
+     what time I know not, and last of all Mr. Francis Tresham. The
+     first promised, as I heard Mr. Catesby say, fifteen hundred pounds.
+     Mr. Percy himself promised all that he could get of the Earl of
+     Northumberland's rent,[105] and to provide many galloping horses,
+     his number was ten.[106] Meanwhile Mr. Fawkes and myself alone
+     bought some new powder, as suspecting the first to be dank, and
+     conveyed it into the cellar and set it in order as we resolved it
+     should stand. Then was the Parliament anew prorogued until the 5 of
+     November; so as we all went down until some ten days before. When
+     Mr. Catesby came up with Mr. Fawkes to a house by Enfield Chase
+     called White Webbs, whither I came to them, and Mr. Catesby willed
+     me to inquire whether the young Prince[107] came to Parliament, I
+     told him that his Grace thought not to be there. Then must we have
+     our horses, said Mr. Catesby, beyond the water,[108] and provision
+     of more company to surprise the Prince and leave the Duke alone.
+     Two days after, being Sunday[109] at night, in came one to my
+     chamber and told me that a letter had been given to my Lord
+     Monteagle to this effect, that he wished his lordship's absence
+     from the Parliament because a blow would there be given, which
+     letter he presently carried to my Lord of Salisbury. On the morrow
+     I went to White Webbs and told it to Mr. Catesby, assuring him
+     withal that the matter was disclosed and wishing him in any wise to
+     forsake his country. He told me he would see further as yet and
+     resolved to send Mr. Fawkes to try the uttermost, protesting if the
+     part belonged to myself he would try the same adventure. On
+     Wednesday Mr. Fawkes went and returned at night, of which we were
+     very glad. Thursday[110] I came to London, and Friday[111] Mr.
+     Catesby, Mr. Tresham and I met at Barnet, where we questioned how
+     this letter should be sent to my Lord Monteagle, but could not
+     conceive, for Mr. Tresham forsware it, whom we only suspected. On
+     Saturday night[112] I met Mr. Tresham again in Lincoln's Inn Walks,
+     where he told such speeches that my Lord of Salisbury should use to
+     the King, as I gave it lost the second time, and repeated the same
+     to Mr. Catesby, who hereupon was resolved to be gone, but stayed to
+     have Mr. Percy come up whose consent herein we wanted. On Sunday
+     night[113] came Mr. Percy, and no 'Nay,' but would abide the
+     uttermost trial.
+
+     "This suspicion of all hands put us into such confusion as Mr.
+     Catesby resolved to go down into the country the Monday[114] that
+     Mr. Percy went to Sion and Mr. Percy resolved to follow the same
+     night or early the next morning. About five o'clock being
+     Tuesday[115] came the younger Wright to my chamber and told me that
+     a nobleman called the Lord Monteagle, saying "Rise and come along
+     to Essex House, for I am going to call up my Lord of
+     Northumberland," saying withal 'the matter is discovered.' "Go back
+     Mr. Wright," quoth I, "and learn what you can at Essex Gate."
+     Shortly he returned and said, "Surely all is lost, for Leyton is
+     got on horseback at Essex door, and as he parted, he asked if their
+     Lordship's would have any more with him, and being answered "No,"
+     is rode as fast up Fleet Street as he can ride." "Go you then,"
+     quoth I, "to Mr. Percy, for sure it is for him they seek, and bid
+     him begone: I will stay and see the uttermost." Then I went to the
+     Court gates, and found them straitly guarded so as nobody could
+     enter. From thence I went down towards the Parliament House, and in
+     the middle of King's Street found the guard standing that would not
+     let me pass, and as I returned, I heard one say, "There is a
+     treason discovered in which the King and the Lords shall have been
+     blown up," so then I was fully satisfied that all was known, and
+     went to the stable where my gelding stood, and rode into the
+     country. Mr. Catesby had appointed our meeting at Dunchurch, but I
+     could not overtake them until I came to my brother's which was
+     Wednesday night.[116] On Thursday[117] we took the armour at my
+     Lord Windsor's, and went that night to one Stephen Littleton's
+     house, where the next day, being Friday,[118] as I was early abroad
+     to discover, my man came to me and said that a heavy mischance had
+     severed all the company, for that Mr. Catesby, Mr. Rokewood and Mr.
+     Grant were burnt with gunpowder, upon which sight the rest
+     dispersed. Mr. Littleton wished me to fly and so would he. I told
+     him I would first see the body of my friend and bury him,
+     whatsoever befel me. When I came I found Mr. Catesby reasonable
+     well, Mr. Percy, both the Wrights, Mr. Rokewood and Mr. Grant. I
+     asked them what they resolved to do. They answered "We mean here to
+     die." I said again I would take such part as they did. About eleven
+     of the clock came the company to beset the house, and as I walked
+     into the court was shot into the shoulder, which lost me the use of
+     my arm. The next shot was the elder Wright struck dead; after him
+     the younger Mr. Wright, and fourthly Ambrose Rokewood. Then, said
+     Mr. Catesby to me (standing before the door they were to enter),
+     "Stand by, Mr. Tom, and we will die together." "Sir," quoth I, "I
+     have lost the use of my right arm and I fear that will cause me to
+     be taken." So as we stood close together Mr. Catesby, Mr. Percy and
+     myself, they two were shot (as far as I could guess, with one
+     bullet), and then the company entered upon me, hurt me in the belly
+     with a pike and gave me other wounds, until one came behind and
+     caught hold of both my arms, and so I remain, Your &c."
+
+     "[Taken before us
+
+     "Nottingham, Suffolk, Northampton, Salisbury, Mar, Dunbar, Popham.
+
+       EDW. COKE,
+       W. WAAD.]"[119]
+
+I have printed this interesting statement in full, because it is the
+only way in which I can convey to my readers the sense of spontaneity
+which pervades it from beginning to end. To me, at least, it seems
+incredible that it was either written to order, or copied from a paper
+drawn up by some agent of the Government. Nor is it to be forgotten that
+if there was one thing the Government was anxious to secure, it was
+evidence against the priests, and that no such evidence can be extracted
+from this confession. What is, perhaps, still more to the point is, that
+no candid person can, I imagine, rise from the perusal of these
+sentences without having his estimate of the character of the
+conspirators raised. There is no conscious assumption of high qualities,
+but each touch as it comes strengthens the belief that the men concerned
+in the plot were patient and loyal, brave beyond the limits of ordinary
+bravery, and utterly without selfish aims. Could this result have been
+attained by a confession written to order or dictated by Salisbury or
+his agents, to whom the plotters were murderous villains of the basest
+kind?
+
+There is nothing to show that Winter's evidence was procured by torture.
+Father Gerard, indeed, quotes a letter from Waad, written on the 21st,
+in which he says that 'Thomas Winter doth find his hand so strong as
+after dinner he will settle himself to write that he hath verbally
+declared to your Lordship adding what he shall remember.' Considering
+that he had a ball through his shoulder a fortnight before, the
+suggestion of torture is hardly needed to find a cause for his having
+for some time been unable to use his hand.
+
+Before turning to another branch of the investigation, it will be
+advisable to clear up one difficulty which is not quite so easy to
+solve.
+
+     "Fawkes," writes Father Gerard,[120] "in the confession of November
+     17, mentioned Robert Keyes as amongst the first seven of the
+     conspirators who worked at the mine, and Robert Winter as one of
+     the five introduced at a later period. The names of these two were
+     deliberately interchanged in the published version, Robert Winter
+     appearing as a worker in the mine, and Keyes, who was an obscure
+     man, of no substance, among the gentlemen of property whose
+     resources were to have supported the subsequent rebellion.
+     Moreover, in the account of the same confession sent to Edmondes by
+     Cecil three days before Fawkes signed it--_i.e._, November 14--the
+     same transposition occurs, Keyes being explicitly described as one
+     of those 'who wrought not at the mine,' although, as we have seen,
+     he is one of the three who alone make any mention of it.
+
+     "Still more irregular is another circumstance. About November 28,
+     Sir Edward Coke, the Attorney-General, drew up certain further
+     notes of questions to be put to various prisoners. Amongst these we
+     read: 'Winter[121] to be examined of his brother, for no man else
+     can accuse him.' But a fortnight or so before this time the
+     Secretary of State had officially informed the ambassador in the
+     Low Countries that Robert Winter was one of those deepest in the
+     treason, and, to say nothing of other evidence, a proclamation for
+     his apprehension had been issued on November 18th. Yet Coke's
+     interrogatory seems to imply that nothing had yet been established
+     against him, and that he was not known to the general body of the
+     traitors as a fellow-conspirator."
+
+If this tangled skein is to be unravelled, the first thing to be done is
+to place the facts in their chronological order, upon which many if not
+all the difficulties will disappear, premising that, as a matter of
+fact, Keyes did work at the mine, and Robert Winter did not.
+
+In his examination of November 7, in which no names appear, and nothing
+is said about a mine, Fawkes spoke of five original conspirators, and of
+five or six subsequently joining them, and being generally acquainted
+with the plot.[122] On the 8th,[123] when the mine was first mentioned,
+he divided the seven actual diggers into two classes: first, the five
+who worked from the beginning, and, secondly, two who were afterwards
+added to that number, saying nothing of the conspirators who took no
+part in the mining operations. On the 9th, under torture, he gave the
+names of the first five apart, and then lumped all the other
+conspirators together, so that both Keyes and Robert Winter appear in
+the same class. On the 17th he gave, as the names of two, who, as he now
+said, subsequently worked at the mine, Christopher Wright and Robert
+Winter, but the surname of the latter is deleted with pen-strokes, and
+that of Keyes substituted above it; whilst, in the list of the persons
+made privy to the plot but not engaged in digging, we have the name of
+Keyes, afterwards deleted, and that of Wynter substituted for it.[124]
+The only question is, when was the double substitution effected?
+
+As far as the action of the Government is known, we have the list
+referred to at pp. 47, 48, and probably written on or about the
+10th.[125] In this the additional workers are first said to have been
+John Grant and Christopher Wright. The former name is, however,
+scratched out, and that of 'Robyn Winter' substituted for it, and from
+this list is taken the one forwarded to Edmondes on the 14th.[126] Even
+if we could discover any conceivable motive for the Government wishing
+to accuse Keyes rather than Winter, it would not help us to explain why
+the name of Winter was substituted for that of Grant at one time, and
+the name of Keyes substituted for that of Winter at another.
+
+On the other hand, Fawkes, if he had any knowledge of what was going on,
+had at least a probable motive for putting Winter rather than Keyes in
+the worse category. Keyes had been seized, whilst Winter was still at
+large, and Fawkes may have thought that as Winter might make his escape
+beyond sea, it was better to load him with the burden which really
+belonged to Keyes. If this solution be accepted as a possible one, it
+is easy to understand how the Government fixed on Winter as one of the
+actual diggers. On the 18th, the day after his name had been given by
+Fawkes, a proclamation is issued for his apprehension as one 'known to
+be a principal.'[127] It is not for ten days that any sign is given of a
+belief that Keyes was the right man. Then, on the 28th, Coke suggests
+that Thomas Winter may be examined about his brother, 'for no man else
+can accuse him,' a suggestion which would be absurd if Fawkes's
+statement had still held good. On the 30th Keyes himself acknowledges
+that he bought some of the powder and assisted in carrying it to
+Ferrers' house, and that he also helped to work at the mine.
+
+I am inclined therefore to assign the alteration of the name which
+Fawkes gave in his examination of the 17th to some day shortly before
+the 28th, and to think that the sending of the 'King's Book'[128] to
+press took place on some day between the 23rd, the date of Thomas
+Winter's examination, and the 28th. If so, the retention of the name of
+Robert Winter amongst the diggers, and that of Keyes amongst those made
+privy afterwards, needs no further explanation.[129] Cromwell once
+adjured the Presbyterians of Edinburgh to believe it possible that they
+might be mistaken. If Father Gerard would only believe it possible that
+Salisbury may have been mistaken, he would hardly be so keen to mark
+conscious deception, where deception is not necessarily to be found.
+After all, the Government left the names of Winter and Keyes perfectly
+legible under the pen-strokes drawn across them, and the change they
+made was at least the erasure of a false statement and the substitution
+of a true one.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+STRUCTURAL DIFFICULTIES.
+
+
+From a study of the documentary evidence, I pass to an examination of
+those structural conditions which Father Gerard pronounces to be fatal
+to the 'traditional' story. The first step is obviously to ascertain the
+exact position of Whynniard's house, part of which was rented by Percy.
+The investigator is, however, considerably assisted by Father Gerard,
+who has successfully exploded the old belief that this building lay to
+the southwest of the House of Lords. His argument, which appears to me
+to be conclusive, runs as follows:--
+
+     "That the lodging hired by Percy stood near the southeast corner of
+     the old House of Lords (_i.e._ nearer to the river than that
+     building, and adjacent to, if not adjoining the Prince's Chamber)
+     is shown by the following arguments:--
+
+     "1. John Shepherd, servant to Whynniard, gave evidence as to having
+     on a certain occasion seen from the river 'a boat lie close to the
+     pale of Sir Thomas Parry's garden, and men going to and from the
+     water through the back door that leadeth into Mr. Percy, his
+     lodging.--[_Gunpowder Plot Book_, 40, part 2.]
+
+     "2. Fawkes, in his examination of November 5, 1605, speaks of the
+     window in his chamber near the Parliament House towards the
+     water-side.
+
+     "3. It is said that when digging their mine the conspirators were
+     troubled by the influx of water from the river, which would be
+     impossible if they were working at the opposite side of the
+     Parliament House."[130]
+
+I think, however, that a still closer identification is possible. On
+page 80 will be seen a frontage towards the river, marked 'very old
+walls, remaining in 1795 & 1800,' of which the line corresponds fairly
+with that of the house in the view given as the frontispiece to this
+volume.
+
+On part of the site behind it is written 'Very Old House,' and the
+remainder is said to have been occupied by a garden for many years. It
+may, however, be gathered from the view that this piece of ground was
+covered by part of the house in 1799, and I imagine that the 'many
+years' must have commenced in 1807, when the house was demolished (see
+view at p. 89). If any doubt remains as to the locality of the front it
+will be removed by Capon's pencilled note on the door to the left,[131]
+stating that it led to Parliament Place.[132]
+
+The house marked separately to the right in the plan, as Mrs. Robe's
+house, 1799, is evidently identical with the more modern building in
+the frontispiece, and therefore does not concern us.
+
+With this comparatively modern plan should be compared the three which
+follow in succession (pp. 81, 82, 83), respectively dated 1685, 1739,
+and 1761. They are taken from the Crace Collection of plans in the Print
+Room of the British Museum, Portfolio xi. Nos. 30, 45, 46.
+
+The first of these three plans differs from the later ones in two
+important particulars. In the first place, the shaded part indicating
+buildings is divided by dark lines, and, in the second place, this
+shaded part covers more ground. I suppose there can be little doubt that
+the dark lines indicate party walls, and we are thus enabled to
+understand how it is that, whilst in writing to Parry[133] Salisbury
+speaks of Percy as having taken a part of Whynniard's house, Percy is
+spoken of in all the remaining evidence that has reached us as taking a
+house. Salisbury, no doubt, was thinking of the whole tenement held by
+Whynniard as a house, whilst others gave that name to such a part of it
+as could be separately held by a single tenant. The other difference
+between the plans is less easy to explain. Neither of the later ones
+show that excrescence towards the river-bank, abutting on its northern
+side on Cotton Garden, which is so noted a feature in the plan of 1685.
+At one time I was inclined to think that we had here the 'low room new
+builded,' that in which Percy at first stored his powder; but this
+would be to make the house rented by him far larger than it is likely to
+have been. A more probable explanation is given by the plan itself. It
+will be seen that the shading includes the internal courtyard,
+perceptible in the two later plans, and it does not therefore
+necessarily indicate the presence of buildings. May not the shaded part
+reaching to the river mean no more than that in 1685 there was some yard
+or garden specially attached to the House?
+
+
+[Illustration: PART OF A PLAN OF THE ANCIENT PALACE OF WESTMINSTER, BY
+THE LATE MR. WILLIAM CAPON, MEASURED AND DRAWN BETWEEN 1793 AND
+1823.--_Vetusta Monumenta_, vol. v. The houses at the edge of the river
+were not in existence in 1605, the ground on which they were built
+having been reclaimed since that date.]
+
+
+[Illustration: FROM A PLAN OF PART OF WESTMINSTER, 1685.
+
+A. Probable position of the chamber attached to the House of Lords. B.
+Probable position of the house leased to Percy. These references are not
+in the original plan.]
+
+
+[Illustration: FROM A PLAN OF PART OF WESTMINSTER, WITH INTENDED
+IMPROVEMENTS OF THE HOUSES OF LORDS AND COMMONS, BY W. KENT, 1739.
+
+A red line showing the ground set apart by Kent for building is
+omitted.]
+
+
+[Illustration: FROM A PLAN OF WESTMINSTER HALL AND THE HOUSES OF
+PARLIAMENT AS IT APPEARED IN 1761
+
+Part of this lettering is in pencil in the original plan.]
+
+
+Before giving reasons for selecting any one part of Whynniard's block as
+that rented from him by Percy, it is necessary to face a difficulty
+raised by Father Gerard:--
+
+     "Neither," he writes, "does the house appear to have been well
+     suited for the purposes for which it was taken. Speed tells us,
+     and he is confirmed by Bishop Barlow, of Lincoln, that it was let
+     out to tenants only when Parliament was not assembled, and during a
+     session formed part of the premises at the disposal of the Lords,
+     whom it served as a withdrawing room. As this plot was of necessity
+     to take effect during a session, when the place would be in other
+     hands, it is very hard to understand how it was intended that the
+     final and all-important operation should be conducted."[134]
+
+This objection is put still more strongly in a subsequent passage:--
+
+     "We have already observed on the nature of the house occupied in
+     Percy's name. If this were, as Speed tells us, and as there is no
+     reason to doubt, at the service of the Peers during a session for a
+     withdrawing-room, and if the session was to begin on November 5,
+     how could Fawkes hope not only to remain in possession, but to
+     carry on his strange proceedings unobserved amid the crowd of
+     lacqueys and officials with whom the opening of the Parliament by
+     the Sovereign must needs have flooded the premises. How was he,
+     unobserved, to get into the fatal 'cellar'?"[135]
+
+It is easy enough to brush away Father Gerard's alleged confirmation by
+Bishop Barlow,[136] who, writing as he did in the reign of Charles II.,
+carries no weight on such a point. Besides, he did not write a book on
+the Gunpowder Plot at all. He merely republished, in 1679, an old
+official narrative of the trial, with an unimportant preface of his
+own. What Father Gerard quotes here and elsewhere is, however, not even
+taken from this republication, but from an anonymous pamphlet published
+in 1678, and reprinted in _The Harleian Miscellany_, iii. 121, which is
+avowedly a cento made up from earlier writers, and in which the words
+referred to are doubtless copied directly from Speed.
+
+Speed's own testimony, however, cannot be so lightly dismissed,
+especially as it is found in the first edition of his _History_,
+published in 1611, and therefore only six years after the event:--
+
+     "No place," he says, "was held fitter than a certain edifice
+     adjoining the wall of the Parliament House, which served for
+     withdrawing rooms for the assembled Lords, and out of Parliament
+     was at the disposal of the keeper of the place and wardrobe
+     thereunto belonging."[137]
+
+This is quite specific, and unless Speed's evidence can be in any way
+modified, fully justifies Father Gerard in his contention. Let us,
+however, turn to the agreement for the house in question:--
+
+     "Memorandum that it is concluded between Thomas Percy of London
+     Esquire and Henry Ferrers of Bordesley Clinton in the County of
+     Warwick Gentleman the xxiiii day of March in the second year of our
+     Sovereign Lord King James.[138]
+
+     "That the said Henry hath granted to the said Thomas to enjoy his
+     house in Westminster belonging to the Parliament House, the said
+     Thomas getting the consent of Mr. Whynniard, and satisfying me,
+     the said Henry, for my charges bestowed thereupon, as shall be
+     thought fit by two indifferent men chosen between us.
+
+     "And that he shall also have the other house that Gideon Gibbons
+     dwelleth in, with an assignment of a lease from Mr. Whynniard
+     thereof, satisfying me as aforesaid, and using the now tenant well.
+
+     "And the said Thomas hath lent unto me the said Henry twenty
+     pounds, to be allowed upon reckoning or to be repaid again at the
+     will of the said Thomas.
+
+     "HENRY FERRERS.
+
+     "Sealed and delivered in the presence of
+
+     Jo: White and Christopher Symons.[139]"
+
+It is therefore beyond question, on the evidence of this agreement, that
+Speed was right in connecting with Parliament a house rented by Percy.
+It is, however, also beyond question, on the evidence of the same
+agreement, that he also took a second house, of which Whynniard was to
+give him a lease. The inference that Percy would have been turned out of
+this second house when Parliament met seems, therefore, to be untenable.
+Whynniard, it may be observed, had, on March 24, 1602, been appointed,
+in conjunction with his son, Keeper of the Old Palace,[140] so that the
+block of buildings concerned, which is within the Old Palace, may very
+well have been his official residence.
+
+Let us now cast our eyes on the plan on p. 81. We find there a long
+division of the building running between the wall of the House of Lords
+and the back wall of the remainder of the block. It certainly looks as
+if this must have been the house, or division of a house, belonging to
+Parliament, and this probability is turned into something like certainty
+by the two views that now follow, taken from the _Crace Collection_;
+Views, Portfolio xv., Nos. 18, 26.
+
+It will be seen that the first of these two views, taken in 1804 (p.
+88), shows us a large mullioned window, inside which must have been a
+room of some considerable length to require so large an opening to admit
+light, as its breadth must evidently have been limited. Such a room
+would be out of place in the rambling building we have been examining,
+but by no means out of place as a chamber or gallery connected with the
+House of Lords, and capable of serving as a place of meeting for the
+Commissioners appointed to consider a scheme of union with Scotland. A
+glance at the view on page 89, which was taken in 1807, when the wall of
+the House of Lords was being laid bare by the demolition of the houses
+abutting on it, shows two apertures, a window with a Gothic arch, and an
+opening with a square head, which may very well have served as a door,
+whilst the window may have been blocked up. If such a connection with
+the House of Lords can be established, there seems no reason to doubt
+that we have the withdrawing room fixed beyond doubt. Father Gerard
+mentions an old print representing 'the two Houses assembled in the
+presence of Queen Elizabeth,' and having 'windows on both sides.'[141]
+Such a print can only refer to a time before the mullioned chamber was
+in existence, and therefore--unless this print, like a subsequent one,
+was a mere copy of an earlier one still--we have fair evidence that
+the large room was not in existence in some year in the reign of
+Elizabeth, whilst the plan at p. 80 shows that it was in existence in
+1685. That it was there in 1605 is not, indeed, to be proved by other
+evidence than that it manifestly supplies us with the withdrawing room
+for the Lords and for the Commissioners for the Union of which we hear
+so much.
+
+
+[Illustration: EAST END OF THE PRINCE'S CHAMBER.
+
+Published July 1, 1804, by J. T. Smith.]
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEWS OF THE EAST SIDE OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, THE EAST
+END OF THE PRINCE'S CHAMBER, &C. TAKEN OCTOBER 8, 1807.
+
+N.B. From the doorway out of which a man is peeping, nearly in the
+centre of the print, Guy Fawkes was to have made his escape. Published
+Nov. 4, 1807, by J. T. Smith.]
+
+
+That in the early part of the nineteenth century the storey beneath this
+room was occupied by a passage leading from the court opening on
+Parliament Place, and Cotton Garden, is shown in the plan at p. 81; and
+the views at pp. 88, 89, rather indicate that that passage was in
+existence when the old house, which I call Whynniard's block, was still
+undemolished. If this was so, we are able to find a place for the
+'little entry,' under which, according to Winter, the conspirators
+worked. This view of the case, too, is borne out by Smith's statement,
+that 'in the further end of that court,' _i.e._ the court running up
+from Parliament Place, 'is a doorway, through which, and turning to the
+left through another doorway, is the immediate way out of the cellar
+where the powder-plot was intended to take effect.'[142] It seems likely
+that the whole long space under the withdrawing room was used as a
+passage, though, on the other hand, the part of what was afterwards a
+passage may have been blocked by a room, in which case we have the 'low
+room new builded'--_i.e._ built in some year in Elizabeth's reign--in
+which the powder was stored.
+
+Having thus fixed the position of the house belonging to Parliament, and
+shown that it probably consisted of a long room in one storey, we can
+hardly fail to discover the second house as that marked B in the plan on
+p. 81, since that house alone combines the conditions of being close to
+the House of Lords, and having a door and window looking towards the
+river.
+
+According to Father Gerard, however, the premises occupied by Percy were
+far too small to make this explanation permissible.
+
+     "We learn," he says, "on the unimpeachable evidence of Mrs.
+     Whynniard's servant that the house afforded accommodation only for
+     one person at a time, so that when Percy came there to spend the
+     night, Fawkes, who passed for his man, had to lodge out. This
+     suggests another question. Percy's pretext for laying in so much
+     fuel was that he meant to bring up his wife to live there. But how
+     could this be under such conditions?"[143]
+
+Mrs. Whynniard's servant, however, Roger James, did not use the words
+here put into his mouth. He said that he had heard from Mrs. Gibbons
+'that Mr. Percy hath lain in the said lodging divers times himself, but
+when he lay there, his man lay abroad, there being but one bed in the
+said lodging.'
+
+Fawkes, therefore, lodged out when his master came, not because there
+was not a second room in the house, but because there was only one bed.
+If Mrs. Percy arrived alone she would probably find one bed sufficient
+for herself and her husband. If she brought any maidservants with her,
+beds could be provided for them without much difficulty. Is it not
+likely that the plan of sending Fawkes out to sleep was contrived with
+the object of persuading the Whynniards that as matters stood no more
+than one person could occupy the house at night, and of thus putting
+them off the scent, at the time when the miners were congregated in it?
+
+A more serious problem is presented by Father Gerard's inquiry 'how
+proceedings so remarkable' as the digging of the mine could have escaped
+the notice, not only of the Government, but of the entire neighbourhood.
+
+     "This," he continues, "it must be remembered, was most populous.
+     There were people living in the very building a part of which
+     sheltered the conspirators. Around were thickly clustered the
+     dwellings of the Keeper of the Wardrobe, auditors and tellers of
+     the Exchequer, and other such officials. There were tradespeople
+     and workmen constantly employed close to the spot where the work
+     was going on; while the public character of the place makes it
+     impossible to suppose that tenants such as Percy and his friends,
+     who were little better than lodgers, could claim the exclusive use
+     of anything beyond the rooms they rented--even when allowed the use
+     of them--or could shut against the neighbours and visitors in
+     general the precincts of so frequented a spot."[144]
+
+To this is added the following footnote:--
+
+     "The buildings of the dissolved College of St. Stephen, comprising
+     those around the House of Lords, were granted by Edward VI. to Sir
+     Ralph Lane. They reverted to the Crown under Elizabeth, and were
+     appropriated as residences for the auditors and tellers of the
+     Exchequer. The locality became so populous that in 1606 it was
+     forbidden to erect more houses."
+
+This statement is reinforced by a conjectural view of the neighbourhood
+founded on the 'best authorities' by Mr. H. W. Brewer.[145] Mr. Brewer
+who has since kindly examined with me the drawings and plans in the
+Crace Collection, on which I rely, has, I think, been misled by those
+early semi-pictorial maps, which, though they may be relied on for
+larger buildings, such as the House of Lords or St. Stephen's Chapel,
+are very imaginative in their treatment of private houses. In any case I
+deny the existence of the two large houses placed by him between what I
+infer to have been Whynniard's house and the river side.
+
+The history of the land between the wall of the old palace on which
+stood the river front of Whynniard's house, and the bank of the Thames,
+can be traced with tolerable accuracy. It formed part of a larger
+estate, formerly the property of the dissolved chapel of St. Stephen,
+granted by Edward VI. to Sir Ralph Fane;[146] Father Gerard's Sir Ralph
+Lane being a misprint or a mistake. Fane, however, was hanged shortly
+afterwards, and the estate, reverting to the Crown, was re-granted to
+Sir John Gates.[147] Again reverting to the Crown, it was dealt with in
+separate portions, and the part on which the Exchequer officers'
+residences was built was to the north of Cotton Garden, and being quite
+out of earshot of Whynniard's house, need not concern us here. In 1588,
+the Queen granted to John Whynniard, then an officer of the Wardrobe, a
+lease of several parcels of ground for thirty years.[148] Some of these
+were near Whitehall, others to the south of Parliament Stairs. The only
+one which concerns us is a piece of land lying between the wall of the
+Old Palace, on which the river-front of Whynniard's house was built, and
+the Thames. In 1600 the reversion was granted to two men named Evershed
+and Holland, who immediately sold it to Whynniard, thus constituting him
+the owner of the land in perpetuity. In the deed conveying it to him,
+this portion is styled:--
+
+     "All that piece of waste land lying there right against the said
+     piece, and lieth and is without the said stone wall, that is to say
+     between the said passage or entry of the said Parliament House[149]
+     on the north part, and abutteth upon the said stone wall which
+     compasseth the said Old Palace towards the West, and upon the
+     Thames aforesaid towards the East, and continueth at length between
+     the passage aforesaid and the sluice coming from the said
+     Parliament House, seventy-five foot."[150]
+
+On this piece of waste land I place the garden mentioned in connection
+with the house rented by Percy. This is far more probable than it was
+where Mr. Brewer has placed it, in the narrow court which leads from
+Parliament Place to the other side of Percy's house, and ends by the
+side of the Prince's Chamber. If this arrangement be accepted, it gets
+rid of the alleged populousness of neighbourhood. No doubt people
+flocked up and down from Parliament Stairs, but they would be excluded
+from the garden on the river side, and with few exceptions would pass on
+without turning to the right into the court. Nobody who had not business
+with Percy himself or with his neighbour on the south[151] would be
+likely to approach Percy's door. As far as that side of the house was
+concerned, it would be difficult to find a more secluded dwelling. The
+Thames was then the 'silent highway' of London, and the sight of a barge
+unloading before the back door of a house can have been no more
+surprising than the sight of a gondola moored to the steps of a palace
+on a canal in Venice. John Shepherd, for instance, was not startled by
+the sight:--
+
+     Memorandum that John Shepherd servant to the said Mr. Whynniard,
+     saith that the fourth of September last being Wednesday before the
+     Queen's Majesty removed from Windsor to Hampton Court,[152] he
+     being taken suddenly sick, and therefore sent away to London, and
+     coming late to lie at the Queen's Bridge,[153] the tide being high,
+     he saw a boat lie close by the pale of Sir Thomas Parry's
+     garden[154] and men going to and fro the water through the back
+     door that leadeth into Mr. Percy's lodging, which he doth now
+     bethink himself of, though then, being sick and late, he did not
+     regard it.[155]
+
+It thus appears that this final supply of powder was carried in at
+night, and by a way through the garden--not by the more frequented
+Parliament Stairs.
+
+The story of the mine, no doubt, presents some difficulties which,
+though by no means insuperable, cannot be solved with absolute certainty
+without more information than we possess at present. We may, I think,
+dismiss the suggestion of the Edinburgh Reviewer that the conspirators
+may have dug straight down instead of making a tunnel, both because even
+bunglers could hardly have occupied a fortnight in digging a pit a few
+feet deep, and because their words about reaching the wall at the end of
+the fortnight would, on this hypothesis, have no meaning. Thomas
+Winter's statement is that he and his comrades 'wrought under a little
+entry to the wall of the Parliament House.'[156] The little entry, as I
+have already argued,[157] must be the covered passage under the
+withdrawing room; a tunnel leading from the cellar of Percy's house
+would be about seven or eight feet long. The main difficulty at the
+commencement of the work would be to get through the wall of Percy's
+house, and this, it may be noticed, neither Fawkes nor Winter speak of,
+though they are very positive as to the difficulties presented by the
+wall of the House of Lords. If, indeed, the wall on this side of Percy's
+house was, as may with great probability be conjectured, built of brick,
+as the river front undoubtedly was,[158] the difficulty cannot have been
+great, as I have been informed by Mr. Henry Ward[159] that the brick
+used in those days was, both from its composition and from the method in
+which it was dried, far softer than that employed in building at
+present. We may, therefore, fairly start our miners in the cellar of
+their own house with a soft brick wall to penetrate, and a tunnel
+afterwards to construct, having wood ready to prop up the earth, and
+appropriate implements to carry out their undertaking.[160]
+
+Here, however, Father Gerard waves us back:--
+
+     "It is not easy," he writes, "to understand how these amateurs
+     contrived to do so much without a catastrophe. To make a tunnel
+     through soft earth is a very delicate operation, replete with
+     unknown difficulties. To shore up the roof and sides there must,
+     moreover, have been required a large quantity of the 'framed
+     timber'[161] of which Speed tells us, and the provision and
+     importation of this must have been almost as hard to keep dark as
+     the exportation of the earth and stones. A still more critical
+     operation is that of meddling with the foundations of a
+     house--especially of an old and heavy structure--which a
+     professional craftsman would not venture upon except with extreme
+     care, and the employment of many precautions of which these
+     light-hearted adventurers knew nothing. Yet, recklessly breaking
+     their way out of one building, and to a large extent into another,
+     they appear to have occasioned neither crack nor settlement in
+     either."[162]
+
+I have already dealt with the problem of bringing in articles by night,
+and of getting through Percy's wall. For the rest, Father Gerard forgets
+that though six of the seven miners were amateurs, the seventh was not.
+Fawkes had been eight years in the service of the Archdukes in the Low
+Countries, and to soldiers on either side the war in the Low Countries
+offered the most complete school of military mining then to be found in
+the world. Though every soldier was not an engineer, he could not fail
+to be in the way of hearing about, if not of actually witnessing, feats
+of engineering skill, of which the object was not merely to undermine
+fortifications with tunnels of far greater length than can have been
+required by the conspirators, but to conduct the operation as quietly as
+possible. It must surely have been the habit of these engineers to use
+other implements than the noisy pick of the modern workman.[163] Fawkes,
+indeed, speaks of himself merely as a watcher whilst others worked. But
+he was a modest man, and there can be no reasonable doubt that he
+directed the operations.
+
+When the main wall was attacked after Christmas the conditions were
+somewhat altered. The miners, indeed, may still have been able to avoid
+the use of picks, and to employ drills and crowbars, but some noise they
+must necessarily have made. Yet the chances of their being overheard
+were very slight. Having taken the precaution to hire the long
+withdrawing room and the passage or passage-room beneath it, the sounds
+made on the lower part of the main wall could not very well reach the
+ears of the tenants of the other houses in Whynniard's block. The only
+question is whether there was any one likely to hear them in the
+so-called 'cellar' underneath the House of Lords, beneath which, again,
+they intended to deposit their store of powder. What that chamber was
+had best be told in Father Gerard's own words:--
+
+     "The old House of Lords,"[164] he writes, "was a chamber occupying
+     the first floor of a building which stood about fifty yards from
+     the left bank of the Thames,[165] to which it was parallel, the
+     stream at this point running about due north. Beneath the Peers'
+     Chamber on the ground floor was a large room, which plays an
+     important part in our history. This had originally served as the
+     palace kitchen, and, though commonly described as a 'cellar' or a
+     'vault,' was in reality neither, for it stood on the level of the
+     ground outside, and had a flat ceiling formed by the beams which
+     supported the flooring of the Lords apartment above. It ran beneath
+     the said Peers' Chamber from end to end, and measured seventy-seven
+     feet in length by twenty-four feet four inches in width.
+
+     "At either end the building abutted upon another running
+     transversely to it; that on the north being the 'Painted Chamber,'
+     probably erected by Edward the Confessor, and that on the south the
+     'Prince's Chamber,' assigned by its architectural features to the
+     reign of Henry III. The former served as a place of conference for
+     Lords and Commons, the latter as the robing-room of the Lords. The
+     royal throne stood at the south end of the House, near the Prince's
+     Chamber."[166]
+
+According to the story told by Fawkes this place was let to Mrs. Skinner
+by Whynniard to store her coals in. In an early draft of the narrative
+usually known as the 'King's Book,'[167] we are told that there was
+'some stuff of the King's which lay in part of a cellar under those
+rooms'--_i.e._ the House of Lords, and 'that Whynniard had let out some
+part of a room directly under the Parliament chamber to one that used it
+for a cellar.' This statement is virtually repeated in the 'King's Book'
+itself, where Whynniard is said to have stated 'that Thomas Percy had
+hired both the house and part of the cellar or vault under the
+same.'[168] That part was so let is highly probable, as the internal
+length of the old kitchen was about seventy-seven feet, and it would
+therefore be far too large for the occupation of a single coalmonger. We
+must thus imagine the so-called vault divided into two portions,
+probably with a partition cutting off one from the other. If, therefore,
+the conspirators restricted their operations to the night-time, there
+was little danger of their being overheard. There was not much
+likelihood either that Whynniard would get out of bed to visit the
+tapestry or whatever the stuff belonging to the King may have been, or
+that Mrs. Skinner would want to examine her coal-sacks whilst her
+customers were asleep. The only risk was from some belated visitor
+coming up the quiet court leading from Parliament Place to make his way
+to one of the houses in Whynniard's block. Against this, however, the
+plotters were secured by the watchfulness of Fawkes.
+
+The precautions taken by the conspirators did not render their task
+easier. It was in the second fortnight, beginning after the middle of
+January, when the hard work of getting through the strong and broad
+foundation of the House of Lords tried their muscles and their patience,
+that they swore in Christopher Wright, and brought over Keyes from
+Lambeth together with the powder which they now stored in 'a low room
+new-builded.'[169] After a fortnight's work, reaching to Candlemas (Feb.
+2), they had burrowed through about four feet six inches into the wall,
+after which they again gave over working.[170] Some time in the latter
+part of March they returned to their operations, but they had scarcely
+commenced when they found out that it would be possible for them to gain
+possession of a locality more suited to their wants, and they therefore
+abandoned the project of the mine as no longer necessary.[171]
+
+Before passing from the story of the mine, the more important of Father
+Gerard's criticisms require an answer. How, he asks, could the
+conspirators have got rid of such a mass of earth and stones without
+exciting attention?[172] Fawkes, indeed, says that 'the day before
+Christmas having a mass of earth that came out of the mine, they carried
+it into the garden of the said house.' Then Goodman declares that he saw
+it,[173] but, even if we assume that his memory did not play him false,
+it is impossible that the whole of the produce of the first fortnight's
+diggings should be disposed of in this way. The shortest length that can
+be ascribed to the mine before the wall was reached is eight feet, and
+if we allow five feet for height and depth we have 200 cubical feet, or
+a mass more than six feet every way, besides the stones coming out of
+the wall after Christmas. Some of the earth may have been, as Fawkes
+said, spread over the garden beds, but the greater part of it must have
+been disposed of in some other way. Is it so very difficult to surmise
+what that was? The nights were long and dark, and the river was very
+close.
+
+We are further asked to explain how it was that, if there was really a
+mine, the Government did not find it out for some days after the arrest
+of Fawkes. Why should they? The only point at which it was accessible
+was at its entrance in Percy's own cellar, and it is an insult to the
+sharp wits of the plotters, to suppose that they did not close it up as
+soon as the project of the mine was abandoned. All that would be needed,
+if the head of the mine descended, as it probably did, would be the
+relaying of a couple or so of flagstones. How careful the plotters were
+of wiping out all traces of their work, is shown by the evidence of
+Whynniard's servant, Roger James, who says that about Midsummer 1605,
+Percy, appearing to pay his quarter's rent, 'agreed with one York, a
+carpenter in Westminster, for the repairing of his lodging,' adding
+'that he would send his man to pay the carpenter for the work he was to
+do.'[174] Either the mine had no existence, or all traces of it must
+have been effectually removed before a carpenter was allowed to range
+the house in the absence of both Percy and Fawkes. I must leave it to my
+readers to decide which alternative they prefer.
+
+According to the usually received story, the conspirators, hearing a
+rustling above their heads, imagined that their enterprise had been
+discovered, but having sent Fawkes to ascertain the cause of the noise,
+they learnt that Mrs. Skinner (afterwards Mrs. Bright) was selling
+coals, and having also ascertained that she was willing to give up her
+tenancy to them for a consideration, they applied to Whynniard--from
+whom the so-called 'cellar' was leased through his wife, and obtained a
+transfer of the premises to Percy. All that remained was to convey the
+powder from the house to the 'cellar,' and after covering it with
+billets and faggots, to wait quietly till Parliament met.
+
+Father Gerard's first objection to this is, that whilst they were
+mining, 'ridiculous as is the supposition, the conspirators appear to
+have been ignorant of the existence of the "cellar," and to have fancied
+that they were working their way immediately beneath the Chamber of
+Peers.' The supposition would be ridiculous enough if it were not a
+figment of Father Gerard's own brain. He relies on what he calls
+'Barlow's Gunpowder Treason,'[175] published in 1678, and on a remark
+made by Tierney in 1841, adding that it is 'obviously implied' by Fawkes
+and Winter. What Fawkes says on November 17 is:--
+
+     "As they were working upon the wall, they heard a rushing in a
+     cellar of removing of coals; whereupon we feared we had been
+     discovered, and they sent me to go to the cellar, who finding that
+     the coals were a selling, and that the cellar was to be let,
+     viewing the commodity thereof for our purpose, Percy went and hired
+     the same for yearly rent."[176]
+
+What Winter says is that, 'near to Easter ... opportunity was given to
+hire the cellar, in which we resolved to lay the powder and leave the
+mine.' What single word is there here about the conspirators thinking
+that there was no storey intervening between the foundation and the
+House of Lords? The mere fact of Percy having been in the house close to
+the passage from which there was an opening closed only by a grating
+into the 'cellar' itself,[177] would negative the impossible
+supposition. Father Gerard, however, adds that Mrs. Whynniard tells us
+that the cellar was not to let, and that Bright, _i.e._ Mrs. Skinner,
+had not the disposal of the lease, but one Skinner, and that Percy
+'laboured very earnestly before he succeeded in obtaining it.' What
+Mrs. Whynniard says is that the cellar had been already let, and that
+her husband had not the disposal of it. Percy then 'intreated that if he
+could get Mrs. Skinner's good-will therein, they would then be contented
+to let him have it, whereto they granted it.'[178] Is not this exactly
+what one might expect to happen on an application for a lease held by a
+tenant who proves willing to remove?
+
+Father Gerard proceeds to raise difficulties from the structural nature
+of the cellar itself. Mr. William Capon, he says, examined the
+foundations of the House of Lords when it was removed in 1823, and did
+not discover the hole which the conspirators were alleged to have made.
+His own statement, however, printed in the fifth volume of _Vetusta
+Monumenta_,[179] says nothing about the foundations; and besides, as
+Father Gerard has shown, he had a totally erroneous theory of the place
+whence he supposes the conspirators to have had access to the 'cellar.'
+Nothing--as I have learnt by experience--is so likely as a false theory
+to blind the eyes to existing evidence.
+
+Then we have remarks upon the mode of communication between Percy's
+house and the cellar. Father Gerard tells us that:--
+
+     "Fawkes says (November 6th, 1605) that about the middle of
+     Lent[180] of that year, Percy caused 'a new door' to be made into
+     it, that he might have a nearer way out of his own house into the
+     cellar.
+
+     "This seems to imply that Percy took the cellar for his firewood
+     when there was no convenient communication between it and his
+     house. Moreover, it is not very easy to understand how a
+     tenant--under such conditions as his--was allowed at discretion to
+     knock doors through the walls of a royal palace. Neither did the
+     landlady say anything of this door-making, when detailing what she
+     knew of Percy's proceedings."
+
+Without perceiving it, Father Gerard proceeds to dispose of the
+objection he had raised.
+
+     "In some notes of Sir E. Coke, it is said 'The powder was first
+     brought into Percy's house, and lay there in a low room new built,
+     and could not have been conveyed into the cellar but that all the
+     street must have seen it; and therefore he caused a new door out of
+     his house into the cellar to be made, where before there had been a
+     grate of iron."[181]
+
+To Father Gerard this 'looks very like an afterthought.' Considering,
+however, that every word except the part about the grating is based on
+evidence which has reached us, it looks to me very like the truth. It
+is, indeed, useless to attempt to reconcile the position of the doors
+opening out of the 'cellar' apparently indicated on Capon's plan (p. 80)
+with those given in Smith's views (p. 109) of the four walls taken
+from the inside of the cellar, and I therefore conclude that the
+apertures shown in the former are really those of the House of Lords on
+the upper storey, a conjecture which is supported by the insertion of a
+flight of steps, which would lead nowhere if the whole plan was intended
+to record merely the features of the lower level. In any case, Smith's
+illustration shows three entrances--one through the north wall which I
+have marked A, another with a triangular head near the north end of the
+east wall marked B, and a third with a square head near the south end of
+the same wall marked C. The first of these would naturally be used by
+Mrs. Skinner, as it opened on a passage leading westwards, and we know
+that she lived in King Street; the second would be used by Whynniard,
+whilst, either he or some predecessor might very well have put up a
+grating at the third to keep out thieves. That third aperture was,
+however, just opposite Percy's house, and when he hired Mrs. Skinner's
+part of the 'cellar,' he would necessarily wish to have it open and a
+door substituted for the grating. There was no question of knocking
+about the walls of a royal palace in the matter. If he had not that door
+opened he must either use Whynniard's, of which Whynniard presumably
+wished to keep the key, or go round by Parliament Place to reach the one
+hitherto used by Mrs. Skinner. It is true that, if the north door was
+really the one used by Mrs. Skinner, it necessitates the conclusion that
+there was no insurmountable barrier between Whynniard's part of the
+cellar, and that afterwards used by Percy. Moreover, it is almost
+certainly shown that this was the case by the ease with which the
+searchers got into Percy's part of the cellar on the night of November
+4th, though entering by another door. In this case the conspirators must
+have been content with the strong probability that whenever their
+landlord came into his end of the 'cellar,' he would not come further to
+pull about the pile of wood with which their powder barrels were
+covered. On the other hand, the entrances knocked in blocked-up arches
+may not have been the same in 1605 and in 1807. At all events, the
+square-headed aperture in Smith's view agrees so well with that in the
+view at p. 89, that it can be accepted without doubt as the one in which
+Percy's new door was substituted for a grating, and which led out of the
+covered passage opening from the court leading from Parliament Place.
+
+
+[Illustration: Four walls of the so-called cellar under the House of
+Lords. From Smith's _Antiquities of Westminster_, p. 39.]
+
+
+Though it is possible that Whynniard might, if he chose, come into the
+plotters' 'cellar,' we are under no compulsion to accept Father Gerard's
+assertion that Winter declared 'that the confederates so arranged as to
+leave the cellar free for all to enter who would.'[182] "It is stated,"
+writes Father Gerard, in another place, "in Winter's long declaration on
+this subject, that the barrels were thus completely hidden 'because we
+might have the house free to suffer anyone to enter that would,' and we
+find it mentioned by various writers, subsequently, that free ingress
+was actually allowed to the public."[183] As the subsequent writers
+appear to be an anonymous writer, who wrote on _The Gunpowder Plot_
+under the pseudonym of L., in 1805, and Hugh F. Martyndale, who wrote _A
+Familiar Analysis of the Calendar of the Church of England_ in 1830, I
+am unable to take them very seriously. The extraordinary thing is that
+Father Gerard does not see that his quotation from Winter is fatal to
+his argument. Winter says that Fawkes covered the powder in the cellar
+'because we might have the house free to suffer anyone to enter that
+would.[184] The cellar was not part of the house; and, although the
+words are not entirely free from ambiguity, the more reasonable
+interpretation is that Fawkes disposed of the powder in the cellar, in
+order that visitors might be freely admitted into the house. Winter, in
+fact, makes no direct statement that the powder was moved, and it is
+therefore fair to take this removal as included in what he says about
+the faggots.
+
+As for the quantity of the gunpowder used, the opinion of the writer
+discussed in the _Edinburgh Review_ (January, 1897), appears reasonable
+enough:--
+
+     "Apart from the hearsay reports, Father Gerard seems to base his
+     computations on the statement that a barrel of gunpowder contained
+     400 pounds. This is an error. The barrel of gunpowder contained 100
+     pounds;[185] the last, which is rightly given at 2,400 pounds,
+     contained twenty-four barrels. The quantity of powder stored in
+     the cellar is repeatedly said, both in the depositions and the
+     indictment to have been thirty-six barrels--that is, a last and a
+     half, or about one ton twelve hundredweight; and this agrees very
+     exactly with the valuation of the powder at 200_l._ In 1588, the
+     cost of a barrel of 100 pounds was 5_l._ But to carry, and move,
+     and stow, a ton and a half in small portable barrels is a very
+     different thing from the task on which Father Gerard dwells of
+     moving and hiding, not only the large barrels of 400 pounds, but
+     also the hogsheads that were spoken of."[186]
+
+I will merely add that Father Gerard's surprise that the disposal of so
+large a mass of powder is not to be traced is the less justifiable, as
+the Ordnance accounts of the stores in the Tower have been very
+irregularly preserved, those for the years with which we are concerned
+being missing.
+
+Having thus, I hope, shown that the traditional account of the mine and
+the cellar are consistent with the documentary and structural evidence,
+I pass to the question of the accuracy of the alleged discovery of the
+conspiracy.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE DISCOVERY
+
+
+In one way the evidence on the discovery of the plot differs from that
+on the plot itself. The latter is straightforward and simple, its
+discrepancies, where there are any, being reducible to the varying
+amount of the knowledge of the Government. The same cannot be said of
+the evidence relating to the mode in which the plot was discovered. If
+we accept the traditional story that its discovery was owing to the
+extraordinary letter brought to Monteagle at Hoxton, there are
+disturbing elements in the case. In the first place, the Commissioners
+would probably wish to conceal any mystery connected with the delivery
+of the letter, if it were only for the sake of Monteagle, to whom they
+owed so much; and, in the second place, when they had once committed
+themselves to the theory that the King had discovered the sense of the
+letter by a sort of Divine inspiration, there could not fail to be a
+certain amount of shuffling to make this view square with the actual
+facts. Other causes of hesitancy to set forth the full truth there may
+have been, but these two were undeniably there.
+
+Father Gerard, however, bars the way to the immediate discussion of
+these points by a theory which he has indeed adopted from others, but
+which he has made his own by the fulness with which he has treated it.
+He holds that Salisbury knew of the plot long before the incident of the
+letter occurred, a view which is by no means inconsistent with the
+belief that the plot itself was genuine, and, it may be added, is far
+less injurious to Salisbury's character than the supposition that he had
+either partially or wholly invented the plot itself. If the latter
+charge could have been sustained Salisbury would have to be ranked
+amongst the most infamous ministers known to history. If all that can be
+said of him is that he kept silence longer than we should have expected,
+we may feel curious as to his motives, or question his prudence, but we
+shall have no reason to doubt his morality.
+
+Father Gerard, having convinced himself that in all probability the
+Government, or, at least Salisbury, had long had a secret agent amongst
+the plotters, fixes his suspicions primarily on Percy. Beginning by an
+attack on Percy's moral character, he writes as follows:--
+
+     "It unfortunately appears that, all the time, this zealous convert
+     was a bigamist, having one wife living in the capital and another
+     in the provinces. When his name was published in connection with
+     the Plot, the magistrates of London arrested the one and those of
+     Warwickshire the other, alike reporting to the secretary what they
+     had done, as may be seen in the State Paper Office."[187]
+
+The papers in the Public Record Office here referred to prove nothing of
+the sort. On November 5 Justice Grange writes to Salisbury that Percy
+had a house in Holborne 'where his wife is at this instant. She saith
+her husband liveth not with her, but being attendant on the Right
+Honourable the Earl of Northumberland, liveth and lodgeth as she
+supposeth with him. She hath not seen him since Midsummer.[188] She
+liveth very private and teacheth children. I have caused some to watch
+the house, as also to guard her until your Honour's pleasure be further
+known.'[189] There is, however, nothing to show that Salisbury did not
+within a couple of hours direct that she should be set free, as she had
+evidently nothing to tell; nor is there anything here inconsistent with
+her having been arrested in Warwickshire on the 12th, especially as she
+was apprehended in the house of John Wright,[190] her brother. What is
+more likely than that, when the terrible catastrophe befell the poor
+woman, she should have travelled down to seek refuge in her brother's
+house, where she might perchance hear some tidings of her husband? It is
+adding a new terror to matrimony to suggest that a man is liable to be
+charged with bigamy because his wife is seen in London one day and in
+Warwickshire a week afterwards.
+
+The fact probably is that Father Gerard received the suggestion from
+Goodman, whose belief that Percy was a bigamist rested on information
+derived from some lady who may very well have been as hardened a gossip
+as he was himself.[191] His own attempt to bolster up the story by
+further evidence can hardly be reckoned conclusive.
+
+In any case the question of Percy's morality is quite irrelevant. It is
+more to the purpose when Father Gerard quotes Goodman as asserting that
+Percy had been a frequent visitor to Salisbury's house by night.[192]
+
+     "Sir Francis Moore," he tells us, "... being the lord keeper
+     Egerton's favourite, and having some occasion of business with him
+     at twelve of the clock at night, and going then homeward from York
+     House to the Middle Temple at two, several times he met Mr. Percy,
+     coming out of that great statesman's house, and wondered what his
+     business should be there."[193]
+
+There are many ways in which the conclusion that Percy went to tell
+tales may be avoided. In the days of James I., the streets of London
+were inconceivably dark to the man who at the present day is accustomed
+to gas and electricity. Not even lanterns were permanently hung out for
+many a year to come. Except when the moon was shining, the only light
+was a lantern carried in the hand, and by the light of either it would
+be easy to mistake the features of any one coming out from a door way.
+Yet even if Moore's evidence be accepted, the inference that Percy
+betrayed the plot to Salisbury is not by any means a necessary one.
+Percy may, as the Edinburgh Reviewer suggests, have been employed by
+Northumberland. Nor does Father Gerard recognise that it was clearly
+Percy's business to place his connection with the Court as much in
+evidence as possible. The more it was known that he was trusted by
+Northumberland, and even by Salisbury, the less people were likely to
+ask awkward questions as to his reasons for taking a house at
+Westminster. In 1654 a Royalist gentleman arriving from the Continent to
+take part in an insurrection against the Protector, went straight to
+Cromwell's Court in order to disarm suspicion. Why may not Percy have
+acted in a similar way in 1605? All that we know of Percy's character
+militates against the supposition that he was a man to play the
+dastardly part of an informer.
+
+Other pieces of evidence against Percy may be dismissed with equal
+assurance. We are told, for instance,[194] that Salisbury found a
+difficulty in tracing Percy's movements before the day on which
+Parliament was to have been blown up; whereas, ten days before, the same
+Percy had received a pass issued by the Commissioners of the North, as
+posting to court for the King's especial service. The order, however,
+is signed, not by the Commissioners of the North as a body, but by two
+of their number, and was dated at Seaton Delaval in Northumberland.[195]
+As Percy's business is known to have been the bringing up the Earl of
+Northumberland's rents, and he might have pleaded that it was his duty
+to be in his place as Gentleman Pensioner at the meeting of Parliament,
+two gentlemen living within hail of Alnwick were likely enough to
+stretch a point in favour of the servant of the great earl. In any case
+it was most unlikely that they should have thought it necessary to
+acquaint the Secretary of State with the terms in which a posting order
+had been couched.
+
+The supposition that Salisbury sent secret orders to the sheriff of
+Worcestershire not to take Percy alive is sufficiently disposed of, as
+the Edinburgh Reviewer has remarked, by Sheriff Walsh's own letter, and
+by the extreme improbability that if Salisbury had known Percy to have
+been a government spy he would have calculated on his being such a
+lunatic as to join the other conspirators in their flight, apparently
+for the mere pleasure of getting himself shot.[196] It may be added
+that it is hard to imagine how Salisbury could know beforehand in what
+county the rebels would be taken, and consequently to what sheriff he
+should address his compromising communication. As to the suggestion that
+there was something hidden behind the failure of the King's messenger to
+reach the sheriff with orders to avoid killing the chief conspirators,
+on the ground that 'the distance to be covered was about 112 miles, and
+there were three days to do it in, for not till November 8 were the
+fugitives surrounded,' it may fairly be answered, in the first place,
+that the whereabouts of the conspirators was not known at Westminster
+till the Proclamation for their arrest was issued on the 7th, and in the
+second place, that as the sheriff was constantly on the move in pursuit,
+it must have been hard to catch him in the time which sufficed to send a
+message to a fixed point at Westminster.[197]
+
+It is needless to argue that Catesby was not the informer. The evidence
+is of the slightest, depending on the alleged statement by a
+servant,[198] long ago dead when it was committed to paper, and even
+Father Gerard appears hardly to believe that the charge is tenable.
+
+There remains the case of Tresham. Since the publication of Jardine's
+work Tresham has been fixed on as the author or contriver of the letter
+to Monteagle which, according to the constant assertion of the
+Government, gave the first intimation of the existence of the plot, and
+this view of the case was taken by many contemporaries. Tresham was the
+last of three wealthy men--the others being Digby and Rokewood--who were
+admitted to the plot because their money could be utilised in the
+preparations for a rising. He was a cousin of Catesby and the two
+Winters, and had taken part in the negotiations with Spain before the
+death of Elizabeth. During the weeks immediately preceding November 5
+there had been much searching of heart amongst the plotters as to the
+destruction in which Catholic peers would be involved, and it is
+probable that hints were given to some of them that it would be well to
+be absent from Parliament on the morning fixed for the explosion.
+Amongst the peers connected with one or other of the plotters was Lord
+Monteagle, who had married Tresham's sister.
+
+That Tresham should have desired to warn his brother-in-law was the most
+likely thing in the world. We know that he was in London on October 25
+or 26, because Thomas Winter received 100_l._ from him on one of those
+days at his chambers in Clerkenwell.[199] It was in the evening of the
+26th that Monteagle arrived at his house at Hoxton though he had not
+been there for more than twelve months. As he was sitting down to supper
+one of his footmen brought him a letter. Monteagle on receiving it, took
+the extraordinary course of handing it to one of his gentlemen named
+Ward, and bade him read it aloud. The letter was anonymous, and ran as
+follows:--
+
+     "My Lord, out of the love I bear to some of your friends, I have a
+     care of your preservation. Therefore I would advise you, as you
+     tender your life, to devise some excuse to shift of your attendance
+     at this Parliament; for God and man hath concurred to punish the
+     wickedness of this time. And think not slightly of this
+     advertisement but retire yourself into your country, where you may
+     expect the event in safety, for though there be no appearance of
+     any stir, yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow this
+     Parliament, and yet they shall not see who hurts them. This counsel
+     is not to be contemned, because it may do you good, and can do you
+     no harm, for the danger is past as soon as you have burnt this
+     letter; and I hope God will give you the grace to make good use of
+     it, to whose holy protection I commend you."
+
+Monteagle took the letter to Salisbury, and if the protestations of the
+Government are to be trusted, this was the first that Salisbury or any
+one of his fellow councillors heard of the conspiracy. Father Gerard
+follows Jardine and others in thinking this to be improbable if not
+incredible.
+
+It may at least be freely granted that it is hardly probable that
+Monteagle had not heard of the plot before. As Jardine puts it
+forcibly:--
+
+     "The circumstance of Lord Monteagle's unexpected visit to his house
+     at Hoxton, without any other assignable reason, on the evening in
+     question, looks like the arrangement of a convenient scene; and it
+     is deserving of notice that the gentleman to whom his lordship gave
+     the letter to read at his table was Thomas Ward, an intimate friend
+     of several of the conspirators, and suspected to have been an
+     accomplice in the treason. The open reading of such a letter before
+     his household (which, unless it be supposed to be part of a
+     counterplot, seems a very unnatural and imprudent course for Lord
+     Monteagle to adopt) might be intended to secure evidence that the
+     letter was the first intimation he had of the matter, and would
+     have the effect of giving notice to Ward that the plot was
+     discovered, in order that he might communicate the fact to the
+     conspirators. In truth he did so on the very next morning; and if
+     they had then taken the alarm, and instantly fled to Flanders (as
+     it is natural to suppose they would have done) every part of
+     Tresham's object would have been attained. This scheme was
+     frustrated by the unexpected and extraordinary infatuation of the
+     conspirators themselves, who, notwithstanding their knowledge of
+     the letter, disbelieved the discovery of the plot from the absence
+     of any search at the cellar, and, omitting to avail themselves of
+     the means afforded for their flight, still lingered in
+     London."[200]
+
+It is unnecessary to add any word to this, so far as it affects the
+complicity of Tresham with Monteagle. I submit, however, that the
+stronger is the evidence that the letter was prearranged with Monteagle
+the more hopeless is the reasoning of those who, like Father Gerard,
+hold that it was prearranged with Salisbury. Salisbury's object,
+according to Father Gerard's hypothesis, was to gain credit by springing
+upon the King and the world a partly or totally imaginary plot. If he
+was to do this, he must have some evidence to bring which would convince
+the world that the affair was not a mere imposture; and yet it is to be
+imagined that he contrives a scheme which threatens to leave him in
+possession of an obscure letter, and the knowledge that every one of the
+plotters was safely beyond the sea. As a plan concocted by Monteagle and
+Tresham to stop the plot, and at the same time secure the escape of
+their guilty friends, the little comedy at Hoxton was admirably
+concocted. From the point of view of the Government its advantages are
+not obvious. Add to this that all Salisbury's alleged previous knowledge
+did not enable him to discover that a mine had been dug till Fawkes told
+him as late as November 8, and that the Government for two or three
+days after Fawkes was taken were in the dark as to the whereabouts of
+the conspirators, and we find every reason to believe that the statement
+of the Government, that they only learnt the plot through the Monteagle
+letter, was absolutely true.
+
+That the Government dealt tenderly with Tresham in not sending him to
+the Tower till the 12th, and allowing him the consolation of his wife's
+nursing when he fell ill, is only what was to have been expected if they
+had learnt from Monteagle the source of his information, whilst they
+surely would have kept his wife from all access to him if he had had
+reason to complain to her that he had been arrested in spite of his
+services to the Government. After his death, which took place in the
+Tower, there was no further consideration of him, and, on December 23,
+the Council ordered that his head should be cut off and preserved till
+further directions, but his body buried in the Tower.[201]
+
+It is unnecessary to go deeply into the question of the discrepancy
+between the different accounts given by the Government of the manner in
+which the Monteagle letter was expounded. The probable truth is that
+Salisbury himself interpreted it correctly, and that his
+fellow-councillors came to the same conclusion as himself. It was,
+however, a matter of etiquette to hold that the King was as sharp-witted
+as Elizabeth had been beautiful till the day of her death, and as the
+solution of the riddle was not difficult, some councillor--perhaps
+Salisbury himself--may very well have suggested that the paper should be
+submitted to his Majesty. When he had guessed it, it would be also a
+matter of etiquette to believe that by the direct inspiration of God his
+Majesty had solved a problem which no other mortal could penetrate. We
+are an incredulous race nowadays, and we no more believe in the Divine
+inspiration of James I. than in the loveliness of Elizabeth at the age
+of seventy; and we even find it difficult to understand Father Gerard's
+seriousness over the strain which the poor councillors had to put upon
+themselves in fitting the facts to the courtly theory.
+
+Nor is there any reason to be surprised at the postponement by the
+Government of all action to the night of November 4. It gave them a
+better chance of coming upon the conspirators preparing for the action,
+and if their knowledge was, as I hold it was, confined to the Monteagle
+letter, they may well have thought it better not to frighten them into
+flight by making premature inquiries. No doubt there was a danger of
+gunpowder exploding and blowing up not only the empty House of Lords,
+but a good many innocent people as well; but there had been no explosion
+yet, and the powder was in the custody of men whose interest it was that
+there should be no explosion before the 5th. After all, neither the King
+nor Salisbury, nor indeed any of the other councillors, lived near
+enough to be hurt by any accident that might occur. Smith's wildly
+improbable view that the shock might have 'levelled and destroyed all
+London and Westminster like an earthquake,'[202] can hardly be taken
+seriously.
+
+We now come to the alleged discrepancies between various accounts of
+Fawkes's seizure. Father Gerard compares three documents--(_a_) what he
+terms 'the account furnished by Salisbury for the information of the
+King of France, November 6, 1605,' (_b_) the letter sent on November 9
+to Edmondes and other ambassadors,[203] and (_c_) the King's Book. On
+the first, I would remark that there is no evidence, I may add, no
+probability, that, as it stands, it was ever despatched to France at
+all. It is a draft written on the 6th, which was gradually moulded into
+the form in which it was, as we happen to know, despatched on the 9th to
+Edmondes and Cornwallis. If the despatches received by Parry had been
+preserved, I do not doubt but that we should find that he also received
+it in the same shape as the other ambassadors.
+
+Having premised this remark as a caution against examining the document
+too narrowly, we may admit that the three statements differ about the
+date at which the Monteagle letter was received--(_a_) says it was some
+four or five days before the Parliament; (_b_) that it was eight days;
+(_c_) that it was ten days. The third and latest statement is accurate;
+but the mistakes of the others are of no importance, except to show
+that the draft was carelessly drawn up, probably by Munck, Salisbury's
+secretary, in whose handwriting it is; and that the mistake was
+corrected with an approach to accuracy three days later, and made quite
+right further on.
+
+With respect to the more important point raised by Father Gerard
+that--while (_a_) does not mention Suffolk's search in the afternoon,
+(_b_) does not mention the presence of Fawkes at the time of the
+afternoon visit--it is quite true that the hurried draft does not
+mention Suffolk's visit; but it is not true that it in any way denies
+the fact that such a visit had taken place.
+
+Father Gerard abbreviates the story of (_a_) as follows:--
+
+     "It was accordingly determined, the night before, 'to make search
+     about that place, and to appoint a watch in the Old Palace to
+     observe what persons might resort thereunto.'
+
+     "Sir T. Knyvet, being appointed to the charge thereof, _going by
+     chance, about midnight, into the vault, by another door,[204] found
+     Fawkes within_. Thereupon he caused some few faggots to be removed,
+     and so discovered some of the barrels, '_merely, as it were, by
+     God's direction, having no other cause but a general
+     jealousy_.'"[205]
+
+The italics are Father Gerard's own, and I think we are fairly entitled
+to complain, so far as the first phrase thus distinguished is concerned,
+because being printed in this manner it looks like a quotation, though
+as a matter of fact is not so. This departure from established usage is
+the more unfortunate, as the one important word--'chance'--upon which
+Father Gerard's argument depends, is a misprint or a miswriting for the
+word 'change,' which is to be seen clearly written in the MS. The whole
+passage as it there stands runs as follows:--
+
+     "This advertisement being made known to his Majesty and the Lords,
+     their Lordships found not good, coming as it did in that fashion,
+     to give much credit to it, or to make any apprehension of it by
+     public show, nor yet so to contemn it as to do nothing at all in
+     it, but found convenient the night before under a pretext that some
+     of his Majesty's wardrobe stuff was stolen and embezzled to make
+     search about that place, and to appoint a watch in the old palace
+     to observe what persons might resort thereabouts, and appointed the
+     charge thereof to Sir Thomas Knyvet, who about midnight going by
+     change into the vault by another door, found the fellow, as is said
+     before,[206] whereupon suspicion being increased, he caused some
+     few faggots to be removed, and so discovered some of the barrels of
+     powder, merely, as it were, by God's direction, having no other
+     cause but a general jealousy."[207]
+
+If the word 'chance' had been found in the real letter, it could hardly
+be interpreted otherwise than to imply a negative of the earlier visit
+said to have been followed by a resolve on the King's part to search
+farther. As the word stands, it may be accepted as evidence that an
+earlier visit had taken place. How could Knyvet go 'by change' into the
+vault by another door, unless he or someone else had gone in earlier by
+some other approach? It is, however, the positive evidence which may be
+adduced from this letter, which is most valuable. The letter is, as I
+said, a mere hurried draft, in all probability never sent to anyone. It
+is moreover quite inartistic in its harking back to the story of the
+arrest after giving fuller details. Surely such a letter is better
+calculated to reveal the truth than one subsequently drawn up upon
+fuller consideration. What is it then, that stares us in the face, if we
+accept this as a genuine result of the first impression made upon the
+writer--whether he were Munck or Salisbury himself? What else than that
+the Government had no other knowledge of the plot than that derived from
+the Monteagle letter, and that not only because the writer says that the
+discovery of the powder was 'merely as it were, by God's direction,
+having no other cause but a general jealousy,' but because the whole
+letter, and still more the amplified version which quickly followed, is
+redolent with uncertainty. Given that Suffolk's mission in the afternoon
+was what it was represented to be, it becomes quite intelligible why the
+writer of the draft should be inclined to leave it unnoticed. It was an
+investigation made by men who were afraid of being blown up, but almost
+as much afraid of being made fools of by searching for gunpowder which
+had no existence, upon the authority of a letter notoriously ambiguous.
+
+     "And so," wrote Salisbury, in the letter despatched to the
+     ambassadors on the 9th,[208] "on Monday in the afternoon,
+     accordingly the Lord Chamberlain, whose office is to see all places
+     of assembly put in readiness when the King's person shall come,
+     took his coach privately, and after he had seen all other places in
+     the Parliament House, he took a slight occasion to peruse that
+     vault, where, finding only piles of billets and faggots heaped up,
+     which were things very ordinarily placed in that room, his Lordship
+     fell inquiring only who ought[209] the same wood, observing the
+     proportion to be somewhat more than the housekeepers were likely to
+     lay in for their own use; and answer being made before the Lord
+     Monteagle, who was there present with the Lord Chamberlain, that
+     the wood belonged to Mr. Percy, his Lordship straightway conceived
+     some suspicion in regard of his person; and the Lord Monteagle also
+     took notice that there was great profession between Percy and him,
+     from which some inference might be made that it was a warning from
+     a friend, my Lord Chamberlain resolved absolutely to proceed in a
+     search, though no other materials were visible, and being returned
+     to court about five o'clock took me up with him to the King and
+     told him that, although he was hard of belief that any such thing
+     was thought of, yet in such a case as this whatsoever was not done
+     to put all out of doubt, was as good as nothing, whereupon it was
+     resolved by his Majesty that this matter should be so carried as
+     no man should be scandalised by it, nor any alarm taken for any
+     such purpose."
+
+Even if it be credible that Salisbury had invented all this, it is
+incredible that if he alone had been the depository of the secret, he
+should not have done something to put other officials on the right
+track, or have put into the foreground his own clear-sightedness in the
+matter.
+
+The last question necessary to deal with relates to the unimportant
+point where Fawkes was when he was arrested.
+
+     "To say nothing," writes Father Gerard, "of the curious
+     discrepancies as to the date of the warning, it is clearly
+     impossible to determine the locality of Guy's arrest. The account
+     officially published in the 'King's Book,' says that this took
+     place in the street. The letter to the ambassadors assigns it to
+     the cellar and afterwards to the street; that to Parry to the
+     cellar only. Fawkes himself, in his confession of November 5, says
+     that he was apprehended neither in the street nor in the cellar,
+     but in his own room in the adjoining house. Chamberlain writes to
+     Carleton, November 7, that it was in the cellar. Howes, in his
+     continuation of Stowes' _Annals_, describes two arrests of Fawkes,
+     one in the street, the other in his own chamber. This point, though
+     seemingly somewhat trivial, has been invested with much importance.
+     According to a time-honoured story, the baffled desperado roundly
+     declared that had he been within reach of the powder when his
+     captors appeared, he would have applied a match and involved them
+     in his own destruction."[210]
+
+This passage deserves to be studied, if only as a good example of the
+way in which historical investigation ought not to be conducted, that is
+to say, by reading into the evidence what, according to preconception of
+the inquirer, he thinks ought to be there, but is not there at all. In
+plain language, the words 'cellar' and 'street' are not mentioned in any
+one of the documents cited by Father Gerard. There is no doubt a
+discrepancy, but it is not one between these two localities. The
+statements quoted by Father Gerard in favour of a capture in the
+'cellar' merely say that it was effected 'in the place.' The letter of
+the 9th says 'in the place itself,'[211] and this is copied from the
+draft of the 6th. Chamberlain says[212] that Fawkes was 'taken making
+his trains at midnight,' but does not say where. Is it necessary to
+interpret this as meaning the 'cellar'? There was, as we know, a door
+out of the 'cellar' into the passage, and probably a door opposite into
+Percy's house. If Fawkes were arrested in this passage as he was coming
+out of the cellar and going into the house, or even if he had come out
+of the passage into the head of the court, he might very well be said to
+have been arrested 'in the place itself,' in contradistinction to a
+place a few streets off.
+
+The only real difficulty is how to reconcile this account of the arrest,
+with Fawkes's own statement on his first examination on November 5, when
+he said:--
+
+     "That he meant to have fired the same by a match, and saith that
+     he had touchwood and a match also, about eight or nine inches long,
+     about him, and when they came to apprehend him he threw the
+     touchwood and match out of the window in his chamber near the
+     Parliament House towards the waterside."
+
+Fawkes, indeed, was not truthful in his early examinations, but he had
+no inducement to invent this story, and it may be noted that whenever
+the accounts which have reached us go into details invariably they speak
+of two separate actions connected with the arrest. The draft to Parry,
+indeed, only speaks of the first apprehension, but the draft of the
+narrative which finally appeared in the King's Book[213] says that
+Knyvet 'finding the same party with whom the Lord Chamberlain before and
+the Lord Monteagle had spoken newly, come out of the vault, made stay of
+him.' Then Knyvet goes into the vault and discovers the powder.
+"Whereupon the caitiff being surely seized, made no difficulty to
+confess, &c."[214] The letter to the ambassadors[215] tells the same
+story. Knyvet going into the vault 'found that fellow Johnson newly come
+out of the vault, and without asking any more questions stayed him.'
+Then after the search 'he perceived the barrels and so bound the caitiff
+fast.' The King's Book itself separates at least the 'apprehending' from
+the searching.
+
+     "But before his entry into the house finding Thomas Percy's alleged
+     man standing without the doors,[216] his clothes and boots on at
+     so dead a time of the night, he resolved to apprehend him, as he
+     did, and thereafter went forward to the searching of the house ...
+     and thereafter, searching the fellow whom he had taken, found three
+     matches, and all other instruments fit for blowing up the powder
+     ready upon him."
+
+All these are cast more or less in the same mould. On the other hand, a
+story, in all probability emanating from Knyvet, which Howes
+interpolated in a narrative based on the official account, gives a
+possibility of reconciling the usual account of the arrest with the one
+told by Fawkes. After telling, after the fashion of the King's Book, of
+Fawkes' apprehension and Knyvet's search, he bursts on a sudden into a
+narrative of which no official document gives the slightest hint:--
+
+     "And upon the hearing of some noise Sir T. Knyvet required Master
+     Edmond Doubleday, Esq.[217] to go up into the chamber to understand
+     the cause thereof, the which he did, and had there some speech of
+     Fawkes, being therewithal very desirous to search and see what
+     books or instruments Fawkes had about him; but Fawkes being
+     wondrous unwilling to be searched, very violently griped M[aster]
+     Doubleday by his fingers of the left hand, through pain thereof
+     Ma[ster] Doubleday offered to draw his dagger to have stabbed
+     Fawkes, but suddenly better bethought himself and did not; yet in
+     that heat he struck up the traitor's heels and therewithal fell
+     upon him and searched him, and in his pocket found his garters,
+     wherewith M[aster] Doubleday and others that assisted they bound
+     him. There was also found in his pocket a piece of touchwood, and a
+     tinder box to light the touchwood and a watch which Percy and
+     Fawkes had bought the day before, to try conclusions for the long
+     or short burning of the touchwood, which he had prepared to give
+     fire to the train of powder."
+
+Surely this life-like presentation of the scene comes from no other than
+Doubleday himself, as he is the hero of the little scene. Knyvet plainly
+had not bound Fawkes when he 'stayed' or 'apprehended' him. He must have
+given him in charge of some of his men, who for greater safety's sake
+took him out of the passage or the court--whichever it was--into his own
+chamber within the house. Then a noise is heard, and Knyvet, having not
+yet concluded the examination, sends Doubleday to find out what is
+happening, with the result we have seen. When Knyvet arrives on the
+scene, he has Fawkes more securely bound than with a pair of garters.
+The only discrepancy remaining is between Fawkes's statement that he
+threw touchwood and match out of window, and Doubleday's that the
+touchwood at least was found in his pocket. Perhaps Doubleday meant only
+that the touchwood thrown out came from Fawkes's pocket. Perhaps there
+is some other explanation. After all, this is too trivial a matter to
+trouble ourselves about.
+
+Wearisome as these details are, they at least bring once more into
+relief the hesitancy which characterises every action of the Government
+till the powder is actually discovered. Though Fawkes has been seen by
+Suffolk in the afternoon, no preparations are made for his arrest.
+Knyvet does not even bring cord with him to tie the wrists of a possible
+conspirator, and when Doubleday at last proceeds to bind him, he has to
+rely upon the garters found in his pocket. It is but one out of many
+indications which point to the conclusion that the members of the
+Government had nothing to guide their steps but an uncertain light in
+which they put little confidence. Taken together with the revelations of
+their ignorance as to the whereabouts of the plotters after Fawkes's
+capture had been effected, it almost irresistibly proves that they had
+no better information to rest on than the obscure communication which
+had been handed to Monteagle at Hoxton. As I have said before, the truth
+of the ordinary account of the plot would not be in the slightest degree
+affected if Salisbury had known of it six weeks or six months earlier. I
+feel certain, however, that he had no such previous knowledge, because,
+if he had, he would have impressed on the action of his colleagues the
+greater energy which springs from certainty. It is strange, no doubt,
+that a Government with so many spies and intelligencers afoot, should
+not have been aware of what was passing in the Old Palace of
+Westminster. It was, however, not the first or the last time that
+governments, keeping a watchful eye on the ends of the earth, have been
+in complete ignorance of what was passing under their noses.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CATHOLICS
+
+
+Having thus disposed of Father Gerard's assaults on the general truth of
+the accepted narrative of the Plot, we can raise ourselves into a larger
+air, and trace the causes leading or driving the Government into
+measures which persuaded such brave and constant natures to see an act
+of righteous vengeance in what has seemed to their own and subsequent
+ages, a deed of atrocious villainy. Is it true, we may fairly ask, that
+these measures were such as no honourable man could in that age have
+adopted, and which it is therefore necessary to trace to the vilest of
+all origins--the desire of a half-successful statesman to root himself
+in place and power?
+
+It would, indeed, be difficult to deny that the feeling of advanced
+English Protestants towards the Papal Church was one of doctrinal and
+moral estrangement. They held that the teaching of that church was false
+and even idolatrous, and they were quite ready to use the power of the
+state to extirpate a falsity so pernicious. On the other hand, the
+priests, Jesuits, and others, who flocked to England with their lives in
+their hands, were filled with the joy of those whose work it is to
+disseminate eternal truths, and to rescue souls, lost in heresy, from
+spiritual destruction.
+
+The statesman, whether in his own person aggressively Protestant or not,
+was forced to consider this antagonism from a different point of view.
+The outbreak against Rome which had marked the sixteenth century had
+only partially a doctrinal significance. It meant also the desire of the
+laity to lower the authority of the clergy. Before the Reformation the
+clergy owed a great part of their power to the organisation which
+centred in Rome, and the only way to weaken that organisation, was to
+strengthen the national organisation which centred in the crown. Hence
+those notions of the Divine Right of Kings and of _Cujus regio ejus
+religio_, which, however theoretically indefensible, marked a stage of
+progress in the world's career. The question whether, in the days of
+Elizabeth, England should accept the authority of the Pope or the
+authority of the Queen, was political as much as religious, and it is no
+wonder that Roman Catholics when they burnt Protestants, they placed the
+religious aspect of the quarrel in the foreground; nor that Protestants
+when they hanged and disembowelled Roman Catholics, placed the political
+aspect in the foreground. As a matter of fact, these were but two sides
+of the shield. Protestants who returned to the Papal Church not merely
+signified the acceptance of certain doctrines which they had formerly
+renounced, but also accepted a different view of the relations between
+Church and State, and denied the sufficiency of the national Government
+to decide finally on all causes, ecclesiastical and civil, without
+appeal. If the religious teaching of the Reformed Church fell, a whole
+system of earthly government would fall with it.
+
+To the Elizabethan statesman therefore the missionary priests who
+flocked over from the continent constituted the gravest danger for the
+State as well as for the Church. He was not at the bottom of his heart a
+persecutor. Neither Elizabeth nor her chief advisers, though, even in
+the early part of the reign, inflicting sharp penalties for the denial
+of the royal supremacy, would willingly have put men to death because
+they held the doctrine of transubstantiation, or any other doctrine
+which had found favour with the Council of Trent; but after 1570 they
+could not forget that Pius V. had excommunicated the Queen, and had, as
+far as his words could reach, released her subjects from the bond of
+obedience. Hence those excuses that, in enforcing the Recusancy laws
+against the Catholic laity, and, in putting Catholic priests to death as
+traitors, Elizabeth and her ministers were actuated by purely political
+motives. It was not exactly the whole truth, but there was a good deal
+more of truth in it than Roman Catholic writers are inclined to admit.
+
+It was in this school of statesmanship that Sir Robert Cecil--as he was
+in Elizabeth's reign--had been brought up, and it was hardly likely that
+he would be willing to act otherwise than his father had done. It was,
+indeed, hard to see how the quarrel was to be lifted out of the groove
+into which it had sunk. How could statesmen be assured that, if the
+priests and Jesuits were allowed to extend their religious influence
+freely, the result would not be the destruction of the existing
+political system? That Cecil would have solved the problem is in any
+case most unlikely. It was, perhaps, too difficult to be as yet solved
+by any one, and Cecil was no man of genius to lead his age. Yet there
+were two things which made for improvement. In the first place, the
+English Government was immensely stronger at Elizabeth's death than it
+had been at her accession, and those who sat at the helm could therefore
+regard, with some amount of equanimity, dangers that had appalled their
+predecessors forty-five years before. The other cause for hope lay in
+the accession of a new sovereign; James had never been the subject of
+Papal excommunication as Elizabeth had been, and was consequently not
+personally committed to extreme views.
+
+James's character and actions lend themselves so easily to the
+caricaturist, and so much that he did was the result either of egotistic
+vanity or of a culpable reluctance to take trouble, that it is difficult
+to give him credit for the good qualities that he really possessed. Yet
+hazy as his opinions in many respects were, it is easy to trace through
+his whole career a tolerably consistent principle. He would have been
+pleased to put an end, not indeed to the religious dispute, but to the
+political antagonism between those who were divided in religion, and
+would gladly have laid aside the weapon of persecution for that of
+argument. The two chief actions of his reign in England were the attempt
+to secure religious peace for his own dominions by an understanding with
+the Pope, and the attempt to secure a cessation of religious wars in
+Europe by an understanding with the King of Spain. In both cases is
+revealed a desire to obtain the co-operation of the leader of the party
+opposed to himself. Of course it is possible, perhaps even right, to say
+that this line of action was hopeless from the beginning, as involving
+too sanguine an estimate of the conciliatory feelings of those for whose
+co-operation he was looking. All that we are here concerned with is to
+point out that James brought with him ideas on the subject of the
+relations between an English--and, for the matter of that, a
+Scottish--king and the papacy, which were very different from those in
+which Cecil had been trained.
+
+On the other hand, James's ideas, even when they had the element of
+greatness in them, never lifted him into greatness. He looked upon large
+principles in a small way, usually regarding them through the medium of
+his own interests. The doctrine that the national government ought to be
+supreme, took in his mind the shape of a belief that his personal
+government ought to be supreme. When in Scotland he sought an
+understanding with the Pope, his own succession to the English Crown
+occupied the foreground, and the advantage of having the English
+Catholics on his side made him eager to strike a bargain. On the other
+hand, he refused to strike that bargain unless his own independent
+position were fully recognised. When, in 1599, he despatched Edward
+Drummond to Italy, he instructed him to do everything in his power to
+procure the elevation of a Scottish Bishop of Vaison to the Cardinalate,
+in order that he might advocate his interests at Rome. Yet he refused to
+write directly to the Pope himself, merely because he objected to
+address him as 'Holy Father.'[218] It was hardly the precise objection
+that would have been taken by a man of greater practical ability.
+
+Nor was it only on niceties of this sort that James's desire to come to
+some sort of understanding with the Pope was likely to be wrecked. His
+correspondence with Cecil during the last years of Elizabeth, shows how
+little he had grasped the special difficulties of the situation, whilst
+on the other hand it throws light on the shades of difference between
+himself and his future minister. In a letter written to Cecil in the
+spring of 1602, James objects to the immediate conclusion of a peace
+with Spain on three grounds, the last being that the 'Jesuits, seminary
+priests, and that rabble, wherewith England is already too much
+infected, would then resort there in such swarms as the caterpillars or
+flies did in Egypt, no man any more abhorring them, since the Spanish
+practices was the greatest crime that ever they were attainted of, which
+now by this peace will utterly be forgotten.'
+
+     "And now," he proceeds, "since I am upon this subject, let the
+     proofs ye have had of my loving confidence in you plead for an
+     excuse to my plainness, if I freely show you that I greatly wonder
+     from whence it can proceed that not only so great a flock of
+     Jesuits and priests dare both resort and remain in England, but so
+     proudly do use their functions through all the parts of England
+     without any controlment or punishment these divers years past: it
+     is true that for remedy thereof there is a proclamation lately set
+     forth, but blame me not for longing to hear of the exemplary
+     execution thereof, _ne sit lex mortua_. I know it may be justly
+     thought that I have the like beam in my own eye, but alas, it is a
+     far more barbarous and stiffnecked people that I rule over. St.
+     George surely rides upon a towardly riding horse, where I am daily
+     bursting in daunting a wild unruly colt, and I protest in God's
+     presence the daily increase that I hear of popery in England, and
+     the proud vauntery that the papists makes daily there of their
+     power, their increase, and their combined faction, that none shall
+     enter to be King there but by their permission; this their
+     bragging, I say, is the cause that moves me, in the zeal of my
+     religion, and in that natural love I owe to England, to break forth
+     in this digression, and to forewarn you of these apparent evils."
+
+To this Cecil replied as follows:--
+
+     "For the matter of priests, I will also clearly deliver your
+     Majesty my mind. I condemn their doctrine, I detest their
+     conversation, and I foresee the peril which the exercise of their
+     function may bring to this island, only I confess that I shrink to
+     see them die by dozens, when (at the last gasp) they come so near
+     loyalty, only because I remember that mine own voice, amongst
+     others, to the law (for their death) in Parliament, was led by no
+     other principle than that they were absolute seducers of the people
+     from temporal obedience, and consequent persuaders to rebellion,
+     and which is more, because that law had a retrospective to all
+     priests made twenty years before. But contrary-wise for that
+     generation of vipers (the Jesuits) who make no more ordinary
+     merchandise of anything than of the blood and crowns of princes, I
+     am so far from any compassion, as I rather look to receive
+     commandment from you to abstain than prosecute."
+
+This plain language drove James to reconsider his position.
+
+     "The fear," he replied, "I have to be mistaken by you in that part
+     of my last letter wherein I discover the desire I have to see the
+     last edict against Jesuits and priests put in execution; the fear,
+     I say, of your misconstruing my meaning hereon (as appears by your
+     answer), enforceth me in the very throng of my greatest affairs to
+     pen by post an answer and clear resolution of my intention. I did
+     ever hate alike both extremities in any case, only allowing the
+     midst for virtue, as by my book now lately published doth plainly
+     appear. The like course do I hold in this particular. I will never
+     allow in my conscience that the blood of any man shall be shed for
+     diversity of opinions in religion, but I would be sorry that
+     Catholics should so multiply as they might be able to practise
+     their old principles upon us. I will never agree that any should
+     die for error in faith against the first table, but I think they
+     should not be permitted to commit works of rebellion against the
+     second table. I would be sorry by the sword to diminish their
+     number, but I would also be loth that, by so great connivance and
+     oversight given unto them, their numbers should so increase in that
+     land as by continual multiplication they might at least become
+     masters, having already such a settled monarchy amongst them, as
+     their archpriest with his twelve apostles keeping their terms in
+     London, and judging all questions as well civil as spiritual
+     amongst all Catholics. It is for preventing of their multiplying,
+     and new set up empire, that I long to see the execution of the last
+     edict against them, not that thereby I wish to have their heads
+     divided from their bodies, but that I would be glad to have both
+     their heads and bodies separated from this whole island and safely
+     transported beyond seas, where they may freely glut themselves upon
+     their imaginated gods. No! I am so far from any intention of
+     persecution, as I protest to God I reverence their Church as our
+     Mother Church, although clogged with many infirmities and
+     corruptions, besides that I did ever hold persecution as one of the
+     infallible notes of a false church. I only wish that such order
+     might be taken as the land might be purged of such great flocks of
+     them that daily diverts the souls of many from the sincerity of the
+     Gospel, and withal, that some means might be found for debarring
+     their entry again, at least in so great swarms. And as for the
+     distinction of their ranks, I mean between the Jesuits and the
+     secular priests, although I deny not that the Jesuits, like venomed
+     wasps and firebrands of sedition, are far more intolerable than the
+     other sort that seem to profess loyalty, yet is their so plausible
+     profession the more to be distrusted that like married women or
+     minors, whose vows are ever subject to the controlment of their
+     husbands and tutors,[219] their consciences must ever be commanded
+     and overruled by their Romish god as it pleases him to allow or
+     revoke their conclusions."[220]
+
+The agreement and disagreement between the two writers is easily traced
+in these words. Both are averse to persecute for religion. Both are
+afraid lest the extension of the firmly organised Roman Church should be
+dangerous to the State as well as to religion. On the other hand, whilst
+Cecil is content to plod on in the old ways, James vaguely adumbrates
+some scheme by which the priests, being banished, might be kept from
+returning, and thus the chance of a dangerous growth of their religion
+being averted, it would be possible to protect the existing forms of
+government without having recourse to the old persecuting laws. We feel,
+in reading James's words, that we are reading the phrases of a pedant
+who has not imagination enough to see how his scheme would work out in
+real life; but at all events we have before us, as we so often have in
+James's writings, a glimpse of new possibilities, and a desire to escape
+from old entanglements.
+
+With such ideas floating in his mind, and with a strong desire to gain
+the support of the English Catholics to his succession, James may easily
+have given assurances to Thomas Percy of an intention to extend
+toleration to the English Catholics, which may have overrun his own
+somewhat fluid intentions, and may very well have been interpreted as
+meaning more than his words literally meant. James's engagement to
+Percy's master, Northumberland, was certainly not devoid of ambiguity.
+"As for the Catholics," he wrote, "I will neither persecute any that
+will be quiet and give but an outward obedience to the law, neither will
+I spare to advance any of them that will by good service worthily
+deserve it."[221]
+
+When James reached England in 1603 he seemed inclined to carry out his
+intentions. He is reported, at least, to have told Cecil in June that
+the fines were not to be levied, adding that he did not wish to make
+merchandise of consciences, nor to set a price on faith. Yet, in spite
+of this, the meshes of the administrative system closed him in, and the
+fines continued to be collected.[222] The result was the conspiracy of
+Copley and others, including Watson, a secular priest. This foolish plot
+was, however, betrayed to the Government by some of the Roman Catholic
+clergy, who were wise enough to see that any violence attempted against
+James would only serve to aggravate their lot.
+
+The discovery that there were those amongst the priests who were ready
+to oppose disloyalty quickened James to carry out his earlier intention.
+On June 17 he informed Rosny, the French ambassador, of his intention to
+remit the recusancy fines, and, after some hesitation, he resolved to
+put his engagement in execution. On July 17, 1603, he allowed a
+deputation from the leading Catholics to be heard by the Privy Council
+in his own presence, and assured them that as long as they remained
+loyal subjects their fines would be remitted. If they would obey the
+law--in other words, if they would soil their consciences by attending
+church--the highest offices in the State should be open to them.[223]
+The assurance thus given was at once carried out as far as possible. The
+20_l._ fines ceased, and the greater part of the two-thirds of the rents
+of convicted recusants were no longer required. If some of the latter
+were still paid, it is probable that this was only done in cases in
+which the rents had been granted to lessees on a fixed payment to the
+Crown by contracts which could not be broken.
+
+Obviously there were two ways in which attempts might be made to obviate
+danger from Catholic disloyalty. Individual Catholics might be won over
+to confidence in the Government by the redress of personal grievances,
+or the Pope, as the head of the Catholic organisation, might be induced
+to prohibit conspiracies as likely to injure rather than to advance the
+cause which he had at heart. It is unnecessary to say that the latter
+was a more delicate operation than the former.
+
+An opening, indeed, had been already given. When James refused to sign a
+letter to Pope Clement VIII., on the ground that he could not address
+him as 'Holy Father,'[224] his secretary, Elphinstone, surreptitiously
+procured his signature, and sent it off without his knowledge.[225]
+Clement, therefore, was under the impression that he had received a
+genuine overture from James, and replied by a complimentary letter,
+which he intrusted to Sir James Lindsay, a Scottish Catholic then in
+Rome. In 1602 Lindsay reached Scotland, and delivered his letter. As he
+was to return to Rome, James instructed him to ask Clement to excuse him
+for not writing in reply, and for being unable to accept some proposal
+contained in the Pope's letters, the reasons in both cases having been
+verbally communicated to Lindsay. Finally, Lindsay was to assure Clement
+that James was resolved to observe two obligations inviolably. In the
+first place he would openly and without hypocrisy declare his opinion,
+especially in such matters as bore upon religion and conscience. In the
+second place, that his opinion might not be too obstinate where reason
+declared against it, he would, laying aside all prejudice, admit
+whatever could be clearly proved by the laws and reason.[226]
+
+It is no wonder that James had rejected the Pope's proposal, as Clement
+had not only offered to oppose all James's competitors for the English
+succession, but had declared his readiness to send him money on
+condition that he would give up his eldest son to be educated as
+Clement might direct.[227] That such a proposal should have been made
+ought to have warned James that it was hopeless to attempt to come to an
+understanding with the Pope on terms satisfactory to a Protestant
+Government. For a time no more was heard of the matter. Lindsay was
+taken ill, and was unable to start before James was firmly placed on the
+English throne.
+
+The announcement to the lay Catholics that their fines would be remitted
+had been preluded by invitations to James to come to terms with the
+authorities of the Papal Church. Del Bufalo, Bishop of Camerino, the
+Nuncio at Paris, despatched a certain Degl' Effetti to England in
+Rosny's train, to feel the way, and the Nuncio at Brussels sent over his
+secretary, Sandrino, to inquire, though apparently without the sanction
+of the Pope himself, whether James would be willing to receive a
+'_legate_,'[228] which may probably be interpreted merely as a
+negotiator, not as a 'legate' in the full sense of the term. On July
+11/21, Del Bufalo, writing to Cardinal Aldobrandino, reports that the
+strongest argument used by James against toleration for the Catholics
+was, that if they were allowed to live in Catholic fashion they must
+obey the Pope, and consequently disobey the King; whilst those who were
+favourable to toleration were of opinion that this argument would be
+deprived of strength if James could be assured that the Pope might
+remove this impediment by commanding Catholics under the highest
+possible penalty, to make oath of fidelity and obedience to his Majesty.
+When this reached Rome the following note was written on it in the
+Pope's hand:--
+
+     "It is rather heresy which leads to disobedience. The Catholic
+     religion teaches obedience to Princes, and defends them. As to
+     reaching the King's ears, we shall be glad to do so, and we wish
+     him to know with what longing for the safety[229] and quiet of
+     himself and his kingdom we have proceeded and are proceeding. It is
+     our conscientious desire so to proceed as we have written to one
+     king and the other."[230]
+
+As the letter referred to must have been the one in which Clement asked
+to have the education of Prince Henry, this note does not sound very
+promising. Nor was James's language, on the other hand, such as would be
+counted satisfactory at Rome. After his return from England Rosny
+informed Del Bufalo that James had assured him that he would not
+persecute the Catholics as long as they did not trouble the realm, and
+had praised the Pope as a temporal sovereign, adding that if he could
+find a way of agreeing with him he would gladly adopt it, provided that
+he might remain at the head of his own Church.[231]
+
+A letter written on August 8/18, by Barneby, a priest recently liberated
+from prison, to Del Bufalo, throws further light on the situation. From
+this it appears that what the Nuncio at Brussels had proposed was not
+the sending of a fully authorised legate to England, but merely the
+appointment of someone who, being a layman, would, without offending
+James's susceptibility, be at hand to plead the cause of the Catholics
+and to give account of anything relating to their interests. We are thus
+able to understand how it was that the Nuncio had made the proposal
+without special orders from the Pope. More germane to the present
+inquiry is the account given by Barneby of James's own position:--
+
+     "For though," he writes, "it is certain that his Majesty
+     conscientiously follows a religion contrary to us, and will
+     therefore, as he says, never suffer his subjects to exercise
+     lawfully and freely any other religion than his own--and that, both
+     on account of his civil position, as on account of certain reasons
+     and considerations relating to his conscience--nevertheless he
+     openly promises to persecute no one on the ground of religion. And
+     this he has so far happily begun to carry out with great honour to
+     himself, and with the greatest joy advantage and pleasure to
+     ourselves, though some of our most truculent enemies revolt,
+     desiring that nothing but fine and sword may be used against us.
+     What will happen in the end I can hardly imagine before the meeting
+     of Parliament.[232]"
+
+As far as it is possible to disengage James's real intentions from these
+words, it would seem that he had positively declared against liberty of
+worship, but that he would not levy the legal fines for not going to
+church on those who remained obedient subjects. Did he mean to wink at
+the Mass being said in the private houses of the recusants, or at the
+activity of the priests in making converts? These were the questions he
+would have to face before he was out of his difficulties.
+
+On the other side of the channel Del Bufalo was doing his best to convey
+assurances to James of the Pope's desire to keep the English Catholics
+in obedience. With this view he communicated with James's ambassador in
+Paris, Sir Thomas Parry, who on August 20, gave an account of the matter
+to Cecil:--
+
+     "The Pope's Nuncio," he wrote, "sent me a message, the effect
+     whereof was that he had received authority and a mandate from Rome
+     to call out of the King our master's dominions the factious and
+     turbulent priests and Jesuits, and that, at M. de Rosny's[233]
+     passage into the realm, he had advertised them thereof by a
+     gentleman of his train, and that he was desirous to continue that
+     service to the King, and further to stop such as at Rome shall move
+     any suit with any such intent, and would advertise his Majesty of
+     it; that he had stayed two English monks in that city whose names
+     he sent me in writing, who had procured heretofore faculty from
+     thence to negotiate in England among the Catholics for such bad
+     purposes; that not long since a petition had been exhibited to the
+     Pope for assistance of the English Catholics with money promising
+     to effect great matters for advancement of the Catholic cause upon
+     receipt thereof; that his Holiness had rejected the petition and
+     sharply rebuked the movers; that he would no more allow those
+     turbulent courses to trouble the politic governments of Christian
+     Princes, but by charitable ways of conference and exhortation seek
+     to reduce them to unity. Lastly his request was to have this
+     message related to the King, offering for the first trial of his
+     sincere meaning that, if there remained any in his dominions,
+     priest or Jesuit, or other busy Catholic, whom he had intelligence
+     of for a practice in the state which could not be found out, upon
+     advertisement of the names he would find means that by
+     ecclesiastical censures they should be delivered unto his
+     justice."[234]
+
+The last words are somewhat vague, and as we have not the Nuncio's own
+words, but merely Parry's report of them, we cannot be absolutely
+certain what were the exact terms offered, or how far they went beyond
+the offers previously made by the Nuncio at Brussels.[235] Nor does a
+letter written by the Nuncio to the King on Sept. 19/29, throw any light
+on the subject, as Del Bufalo confines himself to general expressions of
+the duty of Catholics to obey the King.[236] That the Nuncio's
+proposals met with considerable resistance among James's councillors is
+not only probable in itself, but is shown by the length of time which
+intervened before an answer was despatched at the end of November or the
+beginning of December.[237] The covered language with which Cecil opened
+the despatch in which he forwarded to Parry the letter giving the King's
+authorisation to the ambassador to treat with the Nuncio, leaves no
+doubt as to his own feelings.
+
+     "But now, Sir," writes Cecil, "I am to deliver you his Majesty's
+     pleasure concerning a matter of more importance, though for mine
+     own part it is so tender as I could have wished I had little dealt
+     in it; not that the King doth not most prudently manage it, as you
+     see, but because envious men suspect verity itself."
+
+Parry, Cecil went on to say, was to offer to the Nuncio a Latin
+translation of the King's letter, and also to give him a copy of the
+instructions formerly given to Sir James Lindsay. The object of this was
+to prevent Lindsay from going beyond them. Cecil then proceeds to hint
+that Lindsay, who was now at last about to start from Italy, would not
+have been allowed to meddle further in the business but that it would
+disgrace him if he were deprived of the mission with which he had
+formerly been intrusted. The main negotiation, however, was to pass
+between Parry and the Nuncio, though only by means of a third person;
+and, as a matter of fact, Lindsay did not start for many months to come.
+
+So far as concerns us, the King's letter accepts the Pope's objections
+to the sending of a 'legatus,' as he would be unable to show him proper
+respect; and then proceeds to contrast the Catholics who are animated by
+pure religious zeal with those who have revolutionary designs. With
+respect to both of these he professes his readiness to deal in such a
+way that neither the Pope nor any right-minded or sane man shall be able
+to take objection. In an earlier part of the letter he had assumed that
+the Pope was prepared actually to excommunicate those Catholics who were
+of an unquiet and turbulent disposition. Whether this were justified or
+not by the Nuncio's words, it was an exceedingly large assumption that
+the Pope would bind himself to excommunicate Catholics practically at
+the bidding of a Protestant king.
+
+On or about December 4/14, 1604, the King's letter was forwarded by the
+Nuncio to Rome.[238] Nor did James confine his assurances to mere words.
+A person who left England on January 11,[239] 1604, assured the Nuncio
+that peaceful Catholics were living quietly, and that those who were
+devout were able 'to serve God according to their consciences without
+any danger.' He himself, he added, could bear witness to this, as,
+during the whole time he had been in London, he had heard mass daily in
+the house of one Catholic or another.[240]
+
+This idyllic state of things--from the Roman Catholic point of view--was
+soon to come to an end. Clement VIII. refused, at least for the present,
+either to send a representative to England or to promise to call off
+turbulent persons under pain of excommunication.[241] Possibly nothing
+else was to be expected, as the idea of turning the Pope into a kind of
+spiritual policeman was not a happy one. Still, it is easy to understand
+that James must have felt mortified at the Pope's failure to respond to
+his overtures, and it is easy, also, to understand that Cecil would take
+advantage of the King's irritation for furthering his own aims. Nor were
+other influences wanting to move James in the same direction. Sir
+Anthony Standen had lately returned from a mission to Italy, and had
+brought with him certain relics as a present to the Queen, who was a
+Roman Catholic, and had entered into communication with Father Persons.
+Still more disquieting was it that a census of recusants showed that
+their numbers had very considerably increased since the King's
+accession. No doubt many of those who apparently figured as new converts
+were merely persons who had concealed their religion as long as it was
+unsafe to avow it, and who made open profession of it when no unpleasant
+consequences were to be expected; but there can also be little doubt
+that the number of genuine conversions had been very large. From the
+Roman Catholic point of view, this was a happy result of a purely
+religious nature. From the point of view of an Elizabethan statesman, it
+constituted a grave political danger. It is unnecessary here to discuss
+the first principles of religious toleration. It is enough to say that
+no Pope had reprimanded Philip II. for refusing to allow the spread of
+Protestantism in his dominions, and that James's councillors, as well as
+James himself, might fairly come to the conclusion that if the Roman
+Catholics of England increased in future years as rapidly as they had
+increased in the first year of the reign, it would not be long before a
+Pope would be found ready to launch against James the excommunication
+which had been launched against Elizabeth, and that his throne would be
+shaken, together with that national independence which that throne
+implied.
+
+For the time James--pushed hard by his councillors,[242] as he
+was--might fancy that he had found a compromise. There was to be no
+enforcement of the recusancy laws against the laity, but on February 22,
+1604, a proclamation was issued ordering the banishment of the
+priests[243]. It was not a compromise likely to be of long endurance.
+For our purposes the most important of its results was that it produced
+the Gunpowder Plot. A few days after its issue that meeting of the five
+conspirators took place behind St. Clement's, at which they received the
+sacrament in confirmation of their mutual promise of secrecy. All that
+has been said of the tyranny of the penal laws upon the laity, as
+affording a motive for the plot, is so much misplaced rhetoric.
+Moreover, if we accept Fawkes's evidence[244] of the date at which he
+first heard of the plot as being about Easter, 1604, _i.e._ about April
+8, the communication of the design to Winter must have taken place
+towards the end of March, that is to say after the issue of the
+proclamation and before any other step had been taken to enforce the
+penal laws. Consequently all arguments, attributing the invention of the
+plot to Cecil for the sake of gaining greater influence with the King
+fall to the ground. He had just achieved a triumph of no common order,
+the prelude, as he must have been keen enough to discern, of greater
+triumphs to come. Granted, for argument's sake, that Cecil was capable
+of any wickedness--we at least require some motive for the crime which
+Father Gerard attributes to him by innuendo.
+
+As time went on, there was even less cause for the powerful minister to
+invent or to foster a false plot. It is unnecessary to tell again in
+detail the story which I have told elsewhere of the way in which James
+fell back upon the Elizabethan position, and put in force once more the
+penal laws against the laity. On November 28, 1604, he decided on
+requiring the 20_l._ fines from the thirteen wealthy recusants who were
+liable to pay them, and on February 10, 1605[245]--a few days after the
+plotters had got half through the wall of the House of Lords--he
+announced his resolution that the penal laws should be put in execution.
+On May 4, 1605, Cecil, who in August, 1604, had been made Viscount
+Cranborne, was raised to the Earldom of Salisbury. Yet this is the
+politician who is supposed by Father Gerard to have been necessitated to
+keep himself in favour by the atrocious wickedness he is pleased to
+ascribe to him. In plain truth, Salisbury did not need to gain favour
+and power. He had both already.
+
+A policy of intolerance is so opposed to the instincts of the present
+day, that it is worth while to hear a persecutor in his own defence. On
+March 7, 1605, less than a month after the King's pronouncement, Nicolo
+Molin, the Venetian ambassador, writes, that he had lately spoken to
+Cranborne on the recent treatment of the Catholics.
+
+     "He replied that, through the too great clemency of the King, the
+     priests had gone with great freedom through all the country, the
+     City of London and the houses of many citizens, to say mass, which
+     they had done with great scandal, and thereupon had arrived advices
+     from Rome that the Pope had constituted a congregation of Cardinals
+     to treat of the affairs of this kingdom which gave occasion to many
+     to believe that the King was about to grant liberty of
+     conscience,[246] and had caused a great stir amongst our Bishops
+     and other ministers, the Pope having come to this resolution mainly
+     through the offices of that light-headed man Lindsay,[247] and then
+     his Majesty, whose thoughts were far from it, resolved to use a
+     rather unusual diligence to restrict a little the liberty of these
+     priests of yours, as also to assure those of our religion that
+     there was not the least thought of altering things in this
+     direction. Sir James Lindsay, he said, had disgusted his Majesty,
+     and the Pope would in the end discover that he was a lightheaded,
+     unstable man. I understood, said I, that he had gone to Rome with
+     the King's permission. It is quite true, said he, and if your
+     Lordship wishes to understand the matter I will explain it. Sir
+     James Lindsay, he continued, a year before the death of Queen
+     Elizabeth asked leave to go to Rome, and his request was easily
+     granted. When he arrived there he got means, with the help of
+     friends, to be introduced to the Pope to whom, as is probable, he
+     addressed many impertinencies, as he has done at the present time.
+     In short, he was presented to the Pope, and got from him a good sum
+     of money, perhaps promising to do here what he will never do, and
+     obtained an autograph letter from the Pope to our King to the
+     effect that he had understood from Sir James Lindsay his Majesty's
+     good disposition, if not to favour the Catholic religion, at least
+     not to persecute it, for which he felt himself to be under great
+     obligations to him, and promised to assist him when Queen Elizabeth
+     died, and to help him as far as possible to gain the succession to
+     her realm as was just and reasonable, but that if his Majesty would
+     consent to have the Prince, his son, educated in the Catholic
+     religion, he would bind himself to engage his state and life to
+     assist him, and would do what he could[248] that the Christian
+     Princes should act in union with the same object.[249] With this
+     letter Sir James arrived, two months before the Queen's death,
+     repeating to his Majesty many things besides to the same effect.
+     The King was willing enough to look at the letter, as coming from a
+     Prince, and filled with many affectionate and courteous
+     expressions, but he never thought of answering it, though he was
+     frequently solicited by Sir James. The reason of this was that it
+     would be necessary in writing to the Pope to give him his titles of
+     Holiness and Blessedness, to which, being held by us to be
+     impertinent, after the teaching of our religion, his Majesty could
+     not be in any way persuaded, so that the affair remained asleep
+     till the present time. Then came the Queen's death, on which Sir
+     James again urged the King to answer the letter, assuring him that
+     he would promise himself much advantage from the Pope's assistance
+     if occasion served; but it pleased God to show such favour to the
+     King that he met with no opposition, as every one knows. Some
+     months ago, however, it again occurred to Sir James to think of
+     going to Rome; he asked licence from his Majesty, and obtained it
+     courteously enough. At his departure he said, 'I shall have
+     occasion to see the Pope, and am certain that he will ask me about
+     that letter of his. What answer am I to make?' 'You are to say,'
+     replied the King, 'that you gave me the letter, and that I am much
+     obliged to him for the love and affection he has shown me, to which
+     I shall always try to correspond effectually.' 'Sire,' said Sir
+     James, 'the Pope will not believe me. Will your Majesty find some
+     means of assuring the Pope of the truth of this?' On which his
+     Majesty took the pen and drew up a memoir with his own hand,
+     telling Sir James that if he had occasion to talk to the Pope he
+     should assure him of his desire to show, by acts, the good will of
+     which he spoke, and the esteem he felt for him as a temporal
+     Prince. He then directed Sir James to dwell on this as much as he
+     could, and that as to religion[250] he wished to preserve and
+     maintain that in which he had been brought up, being assured that
+     it was the best, but that, not having a sanguinary disposition, he
+     had not persecuted the Catholics in their property or their life,
+     as long as they remained obedient subjects. As to instructing the
+     Prince, his son, in the Catholic religion, he would never do it,
+     because he believed it would bring down on him a heavy punishment
+     from God, and the reproach of the world, if he were willing, whilst
+     he himself professed a religion as the best, to promise that his
+     son should be brought up in one full of corruptions and
+     superstitions. Cecil then recounted the substance of the memoir,
+     which was sealed with the King's seal, in order that the Pope and
+     every one else might give credence to it on these points. Now, Sir
+     James, to gain favour and get money, has transgressed these orders,
+     as we understand that he has given occasion to the Pope to appoint
+     a congregation of Cardinals on our affairs, and to us to have our
+     eyes a little more open to the Catholics, and especially to the
+     priests. To this I replied that I did not think that his Majesty
+     should for this reason act against his constant professions not to
+     wish to take any one's property or life, on account of religion.
+     'Sir,' he replied, 'be content as to blood, so long as the
+     Catholics remain quiet and obedient. As to property, it is
+     impossible to do less than observe[251] the laws in this respect,
+     but even in that we shall proceed dexterously and much more gently
+     than in the times of the late Queen, as the Catholics who refuse to
+     attend our churches, and who are rich, will not think it much to
+     pay L20 a month. Those who are less rich and have not the means to
+     pay as much, and from whom two thirds of their revenue is taken
+     during their lifetime will now have this advantage by the King's
+     clemency that whereas in the Queen's time their property was
+     granted to strangers who, to get as much as they could, did not
+     hesitate to ruin their houses and possessions, it will now be
+     granted to their own patrons, at the lowest rate, so that they will
+     pay rather a quarter than two thirds of their estate. This
+     arrangement has been come to in order not to afflict the Catholics
+     too much, and to prevent our own people from believing that we wish
+     to give liberty to the Catholic religion, as they undoubtedly will
+     if the payments are absolutely abolished."
+
+After a further remonstrance from the ambassador, Cranborne returned to
+the charge.
+
+     "Sir," he replied, "nothing else can be done. These are the laws,
+     and they must be observed. Their object is undoubtedly to
+     extinguish the Catholic religion in this kingdom, because we do not
+     think it fit, in a well-governed monarchy, to increase the number
+     of persons who profess to depend on the will of other Princes as
+     the Catholics do, the priests not preaching anything more
+     constantly than this, that the good Catholic ought to be firmly
+     resolved in himself to be ready to rise for the preservation of his
+     religion even against the life and state of his natural
+     Prince.[252] This is a very perilous doctrine, and we will
+     certainly never admit it here, but will rather do our best to
+     overthrow it, and we will punish most severely those who teach it
+     and impress it on the minds of good subjects."[253]
+
+It is unnecessary to pursue the conversation further, or even to discuss
+how far Cranborne was serious when he expressed his intention of
+moderating the incidence of the laws which the Government had resolved
+to carry out. It is certain that they were not so moderated, and that
+the enforcement of law rapidly degenerated into mere persecution. What
+is important for our purposes is that the language I have just quoted
+leads us to the bed-rock of the situation. Between Pope and king a
+question of sovereignty had arisen, a question which could not be
+neglected without detriment to the national independence till the Pope
+either openly or tacitly abandoned his claim to excommunicate kings, and
+to release such subjects as looked up to him for guidance from the duty
+of obedience to their King. That the Pope should openly abandon this
+claim was more than could be expected; but he had not excommunicated
+James as his predecessor had excommunicated Elizabeth, and there was
+some reason to hope that he might allow the claim to be buried in
+oblivion. At all events, Clement VIII. had not only refused to
+excommunicate James, but had enjoined on the English Catholics the duty
+of abstaining from any kind of resistance to him. James had, however,
+wished to go further. Incapable--as most people in all ages are--of
+seeing the position with other eyes than his own, he wanted the Pope
+actively to co-operate with him in securing the obedience of his
+subjects. He even asked him to excommunicate turbulent Catholics, a
+thing to which it was impossible for the Pope--who also looked on these
+matters from his own point of view--to consent. In the meanwhile it was
+becoming evident that the Pope was not working for a Protestant England
+under a Protestant king, with a Catholic minority accepting what crumbs
+of toleration that king might fling to them, and renouncing for ever the
+right to resist his laws however oppressive they might be; but rather
+for a Catholic England under a Catholic King. This appeared in Clement's
+demand that Prince Henry should be educated in a religion which was not
+that of his father, and it appeared again in the reports of Lindsay,
+which had caused such a commotion at Whitehall. "His Holiness," wrote
+Lindsay, "hath commanded to continue to pray for your Majesty, and he
+himself stays every night two large hours in prayer for your Majesty,
+the Queen, and your children, and for the conversion of your Majesty and
+your dominions. This I may very well witness as one who was
+present."[254] We should have thought the worse of the Pope if he had
+done otherwise; but the news of it was hardly likely to be welcome to an
+English statesman. Who was to guarantee that, if the priests were
+allowed full activity in England a Roman Catholic majority would not be
+secured--or, that when such a majority was secured, the suspended
+excommunication would not be launched, and a rebellion, such as that of
+the League in France, encouraged against an obstinately Protestant
+Sovereign. We may be of opinion that those statesmen who attempted to
+meet the danger with persecution were men of little faith, who might
+have trusted to the strength of their religious and political
+creed--the two could not in those days be separated from one another;
+but there can be no doubt that the danger was there. We may hold
+Salisbury to have been but a commonplace man for meeting it as he did,
+but he had on his side nearly the whole of the official class which had
+stood by the throne of Elizabeth, and which now stood by the throne of
+James.
+
+At all events, Salisbury's doctrine that there was to be no personal
+understanding with the Pope was the doctrine which prevailed then and in
+subsequent generations. James's attempt came to nothing through its
+insuperable difficulties, as well as through his own defects of
+character. A pleading, from a Roman Catholic point of view, in favour of
+such an understanding may be found in a letter written by Sir Everard
+Digby to Salisbury, which Father Gerard has shown to have been written,
+not in December, as Mrs. Everett Green suggested, but between May 4 and
+September, 1605, and which I ascribe to May, or as soon after May as is
+possible. The letter, after a reference to a conversation recently held
+between Digby himself and Salisbury, proceeds as follows:--
+
+     "One part of your Lordship's speech, as I remember, was that the
+     King could not get so much from the Pope (even then, when his
+     Majesty had done nothing against the Catholics) as a promise that
+     he would not excommunicate him, wherefore it gave occasion to
+     suspect that, if Catholics were suffered to increase, the Pope
+     might afterwards proceed to excommunication if the King would not
+     change his religion.[255] But to take away that doubt, I do assure
+     myself that his Holiness may be drawn to manifest so contrary a
+     disposition of excommunicating the King, that he will proceed with
+     the same course against all as shall go about to disturb the King's
+     quiet and happy reign[256]; and the willingness of Catholics,
+     especially of priests and Jesuits, is such as I dare undertake to
+     procure any priest in England (though it were the Superior of the
+     Jesuits) to go himself to Rome to negotiate this business, and that
+     both he and all other religious men (till the Pope's pleasure be
+     known) shall take any spiritual course to stop the effect that may
+     proceed from any discontented or despairing Catholic.
+
+     "And I doubt not but his return would bring both assurance that
+     such course should not be taken with the King, and that it should
+     be performed against any that should seek to disturb him for
+     religion. If this were done, there could then be no cause to fear
+     any Catholic, and this may be done only with those proceedings
+     (which, as I understood your Lordship) should be used. If your
+     Lordship apprehend it to be worth the doing I shall be glad to be
+     the instrument, for no hope to put off from myself any punishment,
+     but only that I wish safety to the King and ease to the Catholics.
+     If your Lordship and the State think it fit to deal severely with
+     Catholics within brief there will be massacres, rebellions and
+     desperate attempts against the King and State. For it is a general
+     received reason amongst Catholics that there is not that expecting
+     and suffering course now to be run that was in the Queen's time,
+     who was the last of her line, and the last in expectance to run
+     violent courses against Catholics; for then it was hoped that the
+     King that now is would have been at least free from persecuting, as
+     his promise was before his coming into this realm, and as divers
+     his promises have been since his coming, saying that he would take
+     no soul-money nor blood. Also, as it appeared, was the whole body
+     of the Council's pleasure when they sent for divers of the better
+     sort of Catholics (as Sir Thomas Tresham and others) and told them
+     it was the King's pleasure to forgive the payment of Catholics, so
+     long as they should carry themselves dutifully and well. All these
+     promises every man sees broken, and to thrust them further in
+     despair, most Catholics take note of a vehement book written by Mr.
+     Attorney, whose drift (as I have heard) is to prove that only being
+     a Catholic is to be a traitor, whose book coming forth after the
+     breach of so many promises, and before the ending of such a violent
+     Parliament, can work no less effect in men's minds than a belief
+     that every Catholic will be brought within that compass before the
+     King and State have done with them. And I know, as the priest
+     himself told me, that if he had not hindered, there had somewhat
+     been attempted, before our offence,[257] to give ease to Catholics.
+     But being so safely prevented, and so necessary to avoid, I doubt
+     not but your Lordship and the rest of the Lords will think of a
+     more mild and undoubted safe course, in which I will undertake the
+     performance of what I have promised, and as much as can be
+     expected; and when I have done I shall be as willing to die as I am
+     ready to offer my service, and expect not nor desire favour for it,
+     either before the doing it, nor in the doing it, nor after it is
+     done, but refer myself to the resolved course for me."[258]
+
+I have thought it well to set forth the pleadings on both sides, though
+it has led me somewhat out of my appointed track. Though our sympathies
+are with the weaker and oppressed party, it cannot be said that Digby's
+letter meets the whole case which Salisbury had raised. Whether that be
+so or not, it is enough, for our present purpose if we are able to
+discern that Salisbury had a case, and was not merely manoeuvring for
+place or power. At all events, his opinion, whether it were bad or good,
+had, in the spring of 1605, been accepted by James, and he was therefore
+in less need even than in the preceding year of producing an imaginary
+or half-imaginary plot to frighten to his side a king who had already
+come round to his ideas.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIESTS
+
+
+It was unavoidable that the persecution to which Catholics were
+subjected should bear most hardly on the priests, who were held guilty
+of disseminating a disloyal religion. It is therefore no matter for
+surprise that we find, about April 1604,[259] an informer, named Henry
+Wright, telling Cecil that another informer named Davies, was able to
+set, _i.e._ to give information of the localities of above threescore
+more priests, but that he had told him that twenty principal ones would
+be enough. Davies, adds Wright, will not discover the treason till he
+had a pardon for it himself, and on this Father Gerard remarks 'that the
+treason in question was none other than the Gunpowder Plot there can be
+no question; unless, indeed, we are to say that the authorities were
+engaged in fabricating a bogus conspiracy for which there was no
+foundation whatever in fact.' Why this inference should be drawn I do
+not know. If Davies was a renegade priest he would require a pardon, and
+in order to get it he may very well have told a story about a treason
+which the authorities, on further inquiry, thought it needless to
+investigate further. It is to no purpose that Father Gerard produces an
+application to James in which it is stated that Wright had furnished
+information to Popham and Challoner who 'had a hand in the discovery of
+the practices of the Jesuits in the powder plot, and did reveal the same
+from time to time to your Majesty, for two years' space almost before
+the said treason burst forth.'[260] That Wright, being in want of money,
+made the most of his little services in spying upon Jesuits is likely
+enough; but if he had come upon Gunpowder Plot two years before the
+Monteagle letter, that is to say, in October, 1603, some five months
+before it was in existence, except, perhaps, in Catesby's brain, we may
+be certain that he would have been far more specific in making his
+claim. The same may be said of Wright's letter to Salisbury on March 26,
+1606, in which he pleads for assistance 'forasmuch as his Majesty is
+already informed of me that in something I have been, and that hereafter
+I may be, a deserving man of his Majesty and the State in discovering of
+villainous practices.' Very gentle bleating indeed for a man who had
+found out the Gunpowder Plot, as I have just said, before it was in
+existence!
+
+Nor is much more to be made of the remainder of Father Gerard's evidence
+on this head. The world being what it was, what else could be expected
+but that there should be talk amongst priests of possible risings--Sir
+Everard Digby in his letter predicted as much--or even that some less
+wise of their number should discuss half formed plans, or that renegade
+priests should pick up their reckless words and report them to the
+Government, probably with some additions of their own?[261] When Father
+Gerard says that a vague statement by an informer, made as early as
+April 1604, refers to the Gunpowder Plot, because Coke said two years
+later that it did,[262] he merely shows that he has little acquaintance
+with the peculiar intellect of that idol of the lawyers of the day. If
+Father Gerard had studied, as I have had occasion to do, Coke's
+treatment of the case of the Earl and Countess of Somerset, he would, I
+fancy, have come to the conclusion that whenever Coke smelt a mystery,
+there was a strong probability that it either never existed at all, or,
+at all events, was something very different from what Coke imagined it
+to be.
+
+That the Government believed, with or without foundation, that there
+were plots abroad, and that priests had their full share in them, may be
+accepted as highly probable. It must, however, be remembered that in
+Salisbury's eyes merely to be a priest was _ipso facto_ to be engaged in
+a huge conspiracy, because to convert an Englishman to the Roman
+Catholic faith, or to confirm him in it, was to pervert him from his due
+allegiance to the Crown. Regarded from this point of view, the words
+addressed by Salisbury to Edmondes on October 17, 1605, 'more than a
+week,' as Father Gerard says, 'before the first hint of danger is said
+to have been breathed,'[263] are seen to be perfectly in character,
+without imagining that the writer had any special information on the
+Gunpowder Plot, or any intention of making use of it to pave the way for
+more persecuting legislation than already existed.
+
+     "I have received" writes Salisbury, "a letter of yours ... to which
+     there needeth no great answer for the present ... because I have
+     imparted to you some part of my conceit concerning the insolencies
+     of the priests and Jesuits, whose mouths we cannot stop better than
+     by contemning their vain and malicious discourses, only the evil
+     which biteth is the poisoned bait, wherewith every youth is taken
+     that cometh among them, which liberty (as I wrote before) must for
+     one cause or other be retrenched."[264]
+
+This language appears to Father Gerard to be ominous of further
+persecution. To me it appears to be merely ominous of an intention to
+refuse passports to young men of uncertain religion wishing to travel on
+the Continent.
+
+We can now understand why it was that Salisbury and the Government in
+general were so anxious to bring home the plot, after its discovery, to
+some, at least, of the priests, and more especially to the Jesuits.
+
+Three of these, Garnet, Greenway and Gerard, were in England while the
+plot was being devised, and were charged with complicity in it. Of the
+three, Garnet, the Provincial of England, was tried and executed; the
+other two escaped to the Continent. My own opinion is that Gerard was
+innocent of any knowledge of the plot,[265] and, as far as I am
+concerned, it is only the conduct of Garnet and Greenway that is under
+discussion. That they both had detailed knowledge of the plot is beyond
+doubt, as it stands on Garnet's own admission that he had been informed
+of it by Greenway, and that Greenway had heard it in confession from
+Catesby.[266] A great deal of ink has been spilled on the question
+whether Garnet ought to have revealed matters involving destruction of
+life which had come to his knowledge in confession; but on this I do
+not propose to touch. It is enough here to say that the law of England
+takes no note of the excuse of confession, and that no blame would have
+been due on this score either to the Government which ordered Garnet's
+prosecution, or to the judges and the jury by whom he was condemned,
+even if there had not been evidence of his knowledge when no question of
+confession was involved.
+
+In considering Garnet's case the first point to be discussed is, whether
+the Government tampered with the evidence against the priests, either by
+omitting that which made in favour of the prisoner, or by forging
+evidence which made against him. An instance of omission is found in the
+mark 'hucusque' made by Coke in the margin of Fawkes's examination of
+November 9, implying the rejection of his statement that, though he had
+received the communion at Gerard's hands as a confirmation of his oath,
+Gerard had not known anything of the object which had led him to
+communicate.[267] The practice of omitting inconvenient evidence was
+unfortunately common enough in those days, and all that can be said for
+Coke on this particular occasion is, that the examination contained many
+obvious falsehoods, and Coke may have thought that he was keeping back
+only one falsehood more. Coke, however, at Garnet's trial did not
+content himself with omitting the important passage, but added the
+statement that 'Gerard the Jesuit, being well acquainted with all
+designs and purposes, did give them the oath of secrecy and a mass, and
+they received the sacrament together at his hands.'[268] Clearly,
+therefore, Coke is convicted, not merely of concealing evidence making
+in the favour of an accused, though absent, person, but of substituting
+for it his own conviction without producing evidence to support it. All
+that can be said is, in the first place, that Gerard was not on trial,
+and could not therefore be affected by anything that Coke might say; and
+that, in the second place, even if Coke's words were--as they doubtless
+were--accepted by the jury, the position of the prisoners actually at
+the bar would be neither better nor worse.
+
+Much more serious is Father Gerard's argument that the confession of
+Bates, Catesby's servant, to the effect that he had not only informed
+Greenway of the plot, but that Greenway had expressed approval of it,
+was either not genuine, or, at least, had been tampered with by the
+Government. As Father Gerard again italicises,[269] not a passage from
+the examination itself, but his own abstract of the passage, it is
+better to give in full so much of the assailed examination as bears upon
+the matter:--
+
+     "Examination of Thomas Bate,[270] servant to Robert Catesby, the
+     4th of December, 1605, before the Lords Commissioners.
+
+     "He confesseth that about this time twelvemonth his master asked
+     this said examinant whether he could procure him a lodging near the
+     Parliament House. Whereupon he went to seek some such lodging and
+     dealt with a baker that had a room joining to the Parliament House,
+     but the baker answered that he could not spare it.
+
+     "After that some fortnight or thereabouts (as he thinketh) his
+     master imagining, as it seemed, that this examinant suspected
+     somewhat of that which the said Catesby went about, called him to
+     him at Puddle Wharf in the house of one Powell (where Catesby had
+     taken a lodging) and in the presence of Thomas Winter, asked him
+     what he thought what business they were about, and this examinant
+     answered that he thought they went about some dangerous business,
+     whereupon they asked him again what he thought the business might
+     be, and he answered that he thought they intended some dangerous
+     matter about the Parliament House, because he had been sent to get
+     a lodging near that House.
+
+     "Thereupon they made this examinant take an oath to be secret in
+     the business, which being taken by him, they told him that it was
+     true that they meant to do somewhat about the Parliament House,
+     namely, to lay powder under it to blow it up.
+
+     "Then they told him that he was to receive the sacrament for the
+     more assurance, and he thereupon went to confession to a priest
+     named Greenway, and in his confession told Greenway that he was to
+     conceal a very dangerous piece of work that his master Catesby and
+     Thomas Winter had imparted unto him, and that he being fearful of
+     it, asked the counsel of Greenway, telling the said Greenway (which
+     he was not desirous to hear) their particular intent and purpose of
+     blowing up the Parliament House, and Greenway the priest thereto
+     said that he would take no notice thereof, but that he, the said
+     examinant, should be secret in that which his master had imparted
+     unto him, because that was for a good cause, and that he willed
+     this examinant to tell no other priest of it; saying moreover that
+     it was not dangerous unto him nor any offence to conceal it, and
+     thereupon the said priest Greenway gave this examinant absolution,
+     and he received the sacrament in the company of his master Robert
+     Catesby and Mr. Thomas Winter.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "Thomas Bate,
+      Nottingham,
+      Suffolk,
+      E. Worcester,
+      H. Northampton,
+      Salisbury,
+      Mar,
+      Dunbar."
+
+     Indorsed:--"_The exam._ of Tho. Bate 4 Dec. 1605. _Greenway_,
+     Sec.."[271]
+
+Out of this document arise two questions which ought to be kept
+carefully distinct:--
+
+     1. Did the Government invent or falsify the document here partially
+     printed?
+
+     2. Did Bates, on the hypothesis that the document is genuine, tell
+     the truth about Greenway?
+
+1. In the first place, Father Gerard calls our attention to the fact
+that the document has only reached us in a copy. It is quite true;
+though, on the other hand, I must reiterate the argument, which I have
+already used in a similar case,[272] that a copy in which the names of
+the Commissioners appear, even though not under their own hands, falls
+not far short of an original. If this copy, being a forgery, were read
+in court, as Father Gerard says it was,[273] some of the Commissioners
+would have felt aggrieved at their names being misused, unless, indeed,
+the whole seven concurred in authorising the forgery, which is so
+extravagant a supposition that we are bound to look narrowly into any
+evidence brought forward to support it.
+
+Father Gerard's main argument in favour of the conclusion at which he
+leads up to--one can hardly say he arrives at this or any other clearly
+announced conviction--is put in the following words:--
+
+     "If, however, this version were not genuine, but prepared for a
+     purpose, it is clear that it could not have been produced while
+     Bates was alive to contradict it, and there appears to be no doubt
+     that it was not heard of till after his death."
+
+The meaning of this is, that the Government did not dare to produce the
+confession till after Bates's death, lest he should contradict it. If
+this were true it would no doubt furnish a strong argument against the
+genuineness of the confession, though not a conclusive one, because at
+the trial of that batch of the prisoners among whom Bates stood, the
+Government may have wished to reserve the evidence to be used against
+Greenway, whom it chiefly concerned, if they still hoped to catch him. I
+do not, however, wish to insist on this suggestion, as I hope to be able
+to show that the evidence was produced at Bates's trial, when he had
+the opportunity, if he pleased, of replying to it.
+
+Father Gerard's first argument is, that in a certain 'manuscript account
+of the plot,[274] written between the trial of the conspirators and that
+of Garnet, that is, within two months of the former,' the author, though
+he argues that the priests must have been cognizant of the design, says
+nothing of the case of Bates's evidence against Greenway, 'but asserts
+him to have been guilty only because his Majesty's proclamation so
+speaks it.'[275] To this it may be answered that, in the first place,
+the manuscript does not profess to be a history of the plot. It contains
+the story of the arrest of Garnet and other persons, and is followed by
+the story of the taking of Robert Winter and Stephen Littleton. In the
+second place, there is strong reason to suppose, not only from the
+subjects chosen by the writer, but also from his mode of treating them,
+that he was not only a Staffordshire man, or an inhabitant of some
+county near Wolverhampton, but that his narrative was drawn up at no
+great distance from Wolverhampton. It does not follow that because his
+Majesty's proclamation had been heard of in Wolverhampton, a piece of
+evidence produced in court at Westminster would have reached so far.
+
+Another argument used by Father Gerard in his own favour, appears to me
+to tell against him. In a copy of a minute of Salisbury's to a certain
+Favat, who had been employed by the King to write to him, we find the
+following statement, which undoubtedly refers to Bates's confession, it
+being written on December 4, the day on which it was taken:--
+
+     "You may tell his Majesty that if he please to read privately what
+     this day we have drawn from a voluntary and penitent examination,
+     the point I am persuaded (but I am no undertaker) shall be so well
+     cleared, if he forebear to speak much of this but ten days, as he
+     shall see all fall out to that end whereat his Majesty
+     shooteth."[276]
+
+Father Gerard's comment on this, that the confession of Bates, here
+referred to, 'cannot be that afterwards given to the world; for it is
+spoken of as affording promise, but not yet satisfactory in its
+performance.'[277] Yes; but promise of what? The King, it may be
+presumed, had asked not merely to know what Greenway had done, but to
+know what had been the conduct of all the priests who had confessed the
+plotters. The early part of the minute is clear upon that. Salisbury
+writes that the King wanted
+
+     'to learn the names of those priests which have been confessors and
+     ministers of the sacrament to those conspirators, because it
+     followeth indeed in consequence that they could not be ignorant of
+     their purposes, seeing all men that doubt resort to them for
+     satisfaction, and all men use confession to obtain absolution.'
+
+Bearing this in mind, and also that Salisbury goes on to say that 'most
+of the conspirators have carefully forsworn that the priests knew
+anything particular, and obstinately refused to be accusers of them, yea
+what torture soever they be put to,' I cannot see that anything short of
+the statement about Greenway ascribed to Bates would justify Salisbury's
+satisfaction with what he had learnt, though he qualifies his pleasure
+with the thought that there is much more still to be learnt about
+Greenway himself, as well as about other priests. An autograph
+postscript to a letter written to Edmondes on March 8, 1606, shows
+Salisbury in exactly the spirit which I have here ascribed to him:--
+
+     "You may now confidently affirm that Whalley[278] is guilty _ex ore
+     proprio_. This day confessed of the Gunpowder Treason, but he saith
+     he devised it not, only he concealed it when Father Greenway
+     _alias_ Tesmond did impart to him all particulars, and Catesby only
+     the general. Thus do you see that Greenway is now by the
+     superintendent as guilty as we have accused him. He confesseth also
+     that Greenway told him that Father Owen was privy to all. More will
+     now come after this."[279]
+
+The tone of the letter to Favat is more subdued than this, as befitted
+writing that was to come under the King's eye; but the meaning is
+identical:--"I have got much, but I hope for more."
+
+We now come to Father Gerard's argument that the charge against
+Greenway of approving the plot was not produced even at Garnet's trial
+on March 28, 1606, Bates having been tried on January 27, and being
+executed on the 30th:--
+
+     "Still more explicit is the evidence furnished by another MS.
+     containing a report of Father Garnet's trial. In this the
+     confession of Bates is cited, but precisely the significant passage
+     of which we have spoken, as follows: 'Catesby afterwards discovered
+     the project unto him; shortly after which discovery, Bates went to
+     mass to Tesimond [Greenway] and there was confessed and had
+     absolution.'
+
+     "Here, again, it is impossible to suppose that the all-important
+     point was the one omitted. It is clear, however, that the mention
+     of a confession made to Greenway would _prima facie_ afford a
+     presumption that this particular matter had been confessed, thus
+     furnishing a foundation whereon to build; and knowing, as we do,
+     how evidence was manipulated, it is quite conceivable that the copy
+     now extant incorporates the improved version thus suggested."
+
+Father Gerard has quoted the sentence about Bates and Greenway
+correctly,[280] but he has not observed that Coke, in his opening
+speech, is stated on the same authority to have expressed himself as
+follows:--
+
+     "In November following comes Bates to Greenway the Jesuit, and
+     tells him all his master's purpose; he hears his confession,
+     absolves him, and encourageth him to go on, saying it is for the
+     good of the Catholic cause, and therefore warrantable."[281]
+
+I acknowledge that Coke's unsupported assertion is worth very little;
+but I submit that so practised an advocate would hardly have produced a
+confession which, if it contained no more than Father Gerard supposes,
+would have directly refuted his own statement. Father Gerard, I fancy,
+fails to take into account the difficulties of note-takers in days prior
+to the invention of shorthand. The report-taker had followed the early
+part of Bates's examination fairly well. Then come the words quoted by
+Father Gerard at the very bottom of the page. May not the desire to get
+all that he had to say into that page have been too strong for the
+reporter, especially as, after what Coke had said earlier in the day,
+the statement that Bates 'confessed' might reasonably be supposed to
+cover the subject of confession? 'Catesby ... discovered the project
+unto him, shortly after which discovery' he confessed. What can he be
+supposed to have confessed except the project discovered? and, if so,
+Greenway's absolution implies approval.
+
+Father Gerard, moreover, though he quotes from another manuscript
+Garnet's objection that 'Bates was a dead man,' thereby meaning that
+Bates's testimony was now worthless, entirely omits to notice that the
+preceding paragraph is destructive of his contention. A question had
+arisen as to whether Greenway had shown contrition.
+
+     "Nay," replied Mr. Attorney, "I am sure that he had not, for to
+     Bates he approved the fact, and said he had no obligation to reveal
+     it to any other ghostly father, to which effect Bates his
+     confession was produced, which verified as much as Mr. Attorney
+     said, and then Mr. Attorney added that he had heard by men more
+     learned than he, that if for defect of contrition it was not a
+     sacrament, then it might lawfully be revealed.
+
+     "Mr. Garnet rejoined that Bates was a dead man, and therefore
+     although he would not discredit him, yet he was bound to keep that
+     secret which was spoken in confession as well as Greenway."[282]
+
+Having thus shown that Father Gerard's argument, that the statement
+about Greenway was not produced at Garnet's trial, cannot be maintained;
+that his argument drawn from the account of the arrest of Garnet and
+others is irrelevant, and that Salisbury's letter to Favat, so far from
+contradicting the received story, goes a long way to confirm it, I
+proceed to ask why we are not to accept the report of _A true and
+perfect relation_, where Coke is represented as giving the substance of
+the confession of Bates, beginning with Catesby's revelation of the plot
+to him, followed by his full confession to Greenway and Greenway's
+answer, somewhat amplified indeed, as Coke's manner was, but obviously
+founded on Bates's confession of December 4, 1605.
+
+     "Then they," _i.e._ Catesby and Winter, "told him that he was to
+     receive the sacrament for the more assurance, and thereupon he went
+     to confession to the said Tesmond the Jesuit, and in his confession
+     told him that he was to conceal a very dangerous piece of work,
+     that his master Catesby and Thomas Winter had imparted unto him,
+     and said he much feared the matter to be utterly unlawful, and
+     therefore thereon desired the counsel of the Jesuit, and revealed
+     unto him the whole intent and purpose of blowing up the Parliament
+     House upon the first day of the assembly, at what time the King,
+     the Queen, the Prince, the Lords spiritual and temporal, the
+     judges, knights, citizens, burgesses should all have been there
+     convented and met together. But the Jesuit being a confederate
+     therein before, resolved and encouraged him in the action, and said
+     that he should be secret in that which his master had imparted unto
+     him, for that it was for a good cause, adding, moreover, that it
+     was not dangerous unto him nor any offence to conceal it; and
+     thereupon the Jesuit gave him absolution, and Bates received the
+     sacrament of him, in the company of his master, Robert Catesby, and
+     Thomas Winter."[283]
+
+We have not, indeed, the evidence set forth, but we have a distinct
+intimation that amongst the confessions read was one from which 'it
+appeared that Bates was resolved from what he understood concerning the
+powder treason, and being therein warranted by the Jesuits.'[284]
+
+2. Being now able to assume that the confession ascribed to Bates was
+genuine, the further question arises whether Bates told the truth or
+not. We have, in the first place, Greenway's strong protestation that he
+had not heard of the plot from Bates. In the second place, Father Gerard
+adduces a retractation by Bates of a statement that he thought Greenway
+'knew of the business.' Now, whatever inference we choose to draw, it is
+a curious fact that this has nothing to do with Bates's confession of
+December 4--the letter of Bates printed in the narrative of the Gerard
+who lived in the seventeenth century running as follows:--
+
+     "At my last being before them I told them I thought Greenway knew
+     of this business, but I did not charge the others with it, but that
+     I saw them all together with my master at my Lord Vaux's, and that
+     after I saw Mr. Whalley," _i.e._ Garnet, "and Mr. Greenway at
+     Coughton, and it is true. For I was sent thither with a letter, and
+     Mr. Greenway rode with me to Mr. Winter's to my master, and from
+     thence he rode to Mr. Abington's. This I told them, and no more.
+     For which I am heartily sorry for, and I trust God will forgive me,
+     for I did it not out of malice but in hope to gain my life by it,
+     which I think now did me no good."[285]
+
+This clearly refers not to the confession of December 4, but to that of
+January 13,[286] in which these matters were spoken of, and it is to be
+noted that Bates does not acknowledge having spoken falsely, but of
+having told inconvenient truths.
+
+Bates's entire silence in this letter as to the confession of December 4
+may receive one of two interpretations. Either Greenway was not
+mentioned in that confession at all--a solution which in the face of
+Salisbury's letter to Favat seems to be an impossible one--or else
+Bates knew that he had at that time made disclosures to which he did not
+wish to refer. It is, perhaps, not so very unlikely that he compounded
+for what would in any case be regarded as a great fault by disclosing a
+smaller one.
+
+Are we, then, shut up to the conclusion that Father Greenway sheltered
+himself by telling a deliberate lie? I do not see that it is absolutely
+necessary; though I suppose, under correction, that he might feel
+himself bound to aver that he had never heard what he had only heard in
+confession. Is it not, however, possible that Bates in confessing to
+Greenway did not go into the details of the plot, but merely spoke of
+some design against the Government with which his master had entrusted
+him, and that Greenway told him that it was his master's secret, and he
+might be content to think that it was in a good cause?[287] As time went
+on Bates would easily read his own knowledge of the plot into the words
+he had used in confession, or may even have deliberately expanded his
+statement to please the examiners. Life was dear, and he may have hoped
+to gain pardon if he could throw the blame on a Jesuit. Besides,
+Greenway, as he probably knew, had not been arrested, and no harm would
+come if he painted him blacker than he was. This is but a conjecture,
+but if it is anywhere near the mark, it is easy to understand why Bates
+should not have been eager to call attention to the confession of
+December 4, when he wrote the letter which has been already
+quoted.[288] On the other hand Catesby seems to have had no doubt of
+Greenway's adherence, as is shown by his exclaiming on the priest's
+arrival at Coughton, that 'here, at least, was a gentleman that would
+live and die with them.'
+
+In any case, the general attitude of the priests is not difficult to
+imagine. Not even their warmest advocates can suppose that they received
+the news of a plot to blow up James I. and his Parliament with quite as
+much abhorrence as they would have manifested if they had heard of a
+plot to blow up the Pope and the College of Cardinals. They were men who
+had suffered much and were exposed at any moment to suffer more. They
+held that James had broken his promise without excuse. But they had
+their instructions from Rome to discountenance all disturbances; and we
+may do them the justice to add that both Garnet and Greenway were
+shocked when they were informed of the atrocious character of the plot
+itself; but, at all events, Sir Everard Digby was able to write from
+prison to his wife:--
+
+     "Before that I knew anything of the plot, I did ask Mr. Farmer,"
+     _i.e._ Garnet, "what the meaning of the Pope's Brief was; he told
+     me that they were not (meaning priests) to undertake or procure
+     stirs; but yet they would not hinder any, neither was it the Pope's
+     mind they should, that should be undertaken for the Catholic good.
+     I did never utter thus much, nor would not but to you; and this
+     answer with Mr. Catesby's proceedings with him and me give me
+     absolute belief that the matter in general was approved, though
+     every particular was not known."[289]
+
+Whatever may be thought of the value of this statement Garnet's attitude
+towards the plot was, on his own showing, hardly one of unqualified
+abhorrence. Assuming that all that Greenway had informed him of on one
+particular occasion, when the whole design was poured into his ears, was
+told under the sanction of the confessional, and that not only the rule
+of his Church, but other more worldly considerations, prohibited the
+disclosure of anything so heard, there was all the more reason why he
+should take any opportunity that occurred to learn the secret out of
+confession, and so to do his utmost to prevent the atrocious design from
+being carried into execution. Let us see whether he did so or not, on
+his own showing.
+
+On June 8 or 9, 1605,[290] Catesby asked Garnet the question whether it
+was lawful to kill innocent persons, together with nocents, on the
+pretence that his inquiry related to the siege of a town in war. At
+first Garnet treated the question as of no other import. "I ... thought
+it at the first but as it were an idle question, till I saw him, when we
+had done, make solemn protestation that he would never be known to have
+asked me any such question so long as he lived." On this Garnet began to
+muse within himself as to Catesby's meaning.
+
+     "And," he continues, "fearing lest he should intend the death of
+     some great persons, and by seeking to draw them together enwrap not
+     only innocents but friends and necessary persons for the
+     Commonwealth, I thought I would take fit occasion to admonish him
+     that upon my speech he should not run headlong to so great a
+     mischief."
+
+Garnet accordingly talked to him when he met him next, towards the end
+of June, telling him that he wished him 'to look what he did if he
+intended anything, that he must not have so little regard of innocents
+that he spare not friends and necessary persons to a Commonwealth, and
+told him what charge we had of all quietness, and to procure the like of
+others.' It was certainly rather mild condemnation of a design which, as
+Garnet understood, would involve considerable loss of life.
+
+Soon afterwards Garnet received a letter from the General of the
+Society, directing him, in the Pope's name, to hinder all conspiracies,
+and this letter he showed to Catesby when next he saw him:--
+
+     "I showed him my letter from Rome," wrote Garnet afterwards, "and
+     admonished him of the Pope's pleasure. I doubted he had some device
+     in his head, whatsoever it was, being against the Pope's will, it
+     could not prosper. He said that what he meant to do, if the Pope
+     knew, he would not hinder, for the general good of the country. But
+     I being earnest with him, and inculcating the Pope's prohibition
+     did add this _quia expresse hoc Papa non vult et prohibet_, he told
+     me he was not bound to take knowledge by me of the Pope's will. I
+     said indeed my own credit was but little, but our General, whose
+     letter I had read to him, was a man everywhere respected for his
+     wisdom and virtue, so I desired him that before he attempted
+     anything he would acquaint the Pope. He said he would not for all
+     the world make his particular project known to him, for fear of
+     discovery. I wished him at the last in general to inform him how
+     things stood here by some lay gentleman."
+
+This suggestion took shape in the mission of Sir Edmund Baynham. We are
+only concerned here with Garnet's expostulations, and again it must be
+said that they appear to have been singularly mild, considering all that
+Catesby had admitted.
+
+A few days later Garnet learnt the whole truth from Greenway, in a way
+which is said to have been tantamount to confession. Admitting once more
+that he may have been bound to keep silence to others on these details,
+he could not keep silence to himself. There are no partitions in the
+brain to divide what one wishes to know from what one wishes not to
+know, and if Garnet thoroughly abhorred the plot, he was surely bound to
+take up Catesby's earlier self-revelations, and to strive to the
+uttermost to probe the matter to the bottom, in all legitimate ways. No
+doubt he had moments in which his conscience was sorely troubled, but
+they were followed by no decisive action, and it is useless to say that
+he expected to meet Catesby at 'All-hallowtide.' With all the Jesuit
+machinery under his hands, he could surely have found Catesby out
+between July and November, and this omission is perhaps the most fatal
+condemnation of Garnet's course. If he had for many months known enough
+otherwise than in confession to enable him to remonstrate with Catesby
+in November, why could he not have remonstrated four months before with
+much more hope of success?
+
+Still more serious is Garnet's own account of his feelings when Greenway
+imparted the story to him, saying that he thought the plot unlawful, and
+'a most horrible thing.' He charged Greenway 'to hinder it if he could,
+for he knew well enough what strict prohibition we had had.' Greenway
+replied 'that in truth he had disclaimed it, and protested that he did
+not approve it, and that he would do what lay in him to dissuade it.'
+Yet up to the discovery of the plot, Garnet, though he met Greenway at
+least once, took no means of inquiring how Greenway had fared in his
+enterprise. "How he performed it after," he explained, "I have not heard
+but by the report of Bates's confession."[291]
+
+On July 24, Garnet writes a letter to the General of his Society, in
+which, as we are told, nothing learnt only in confession ought to have
+been introduced. Accordingly, either in this or a later letter,[292] he
+merely speaks in general terms of the danger of any private treason or
+violence against the King, and asks for the orders of his Holiness as to
+what is to be done in the case, and a formal prohibition of the use of
+armed force. Surely some stronger language would be expected here. It is
+true that, according to his own account, Garnet remained 'in great
+perplexity,' and prayed that God 'would dispose of all for the best, and
+find the best means which were pleasing to Him to prevent so great a
+mischief.' He tells us, indeed, that he wrote constantly to Rome 'to get
+a prohibition under censures of all attempts,' but as the answer he got
+was that the Pope was of the opinion that 'his general prohibition would
+serve,' it does not seem likely that Garnet enlarged on the real danger
+more than he had done in the letter referred to above. He expected, he
+says, some further action; 'and that hope and Mr. Catesby's promise of
+doing nothing until Sir Edmund had been with the Pope made me think that
+either nothing would be done or not before the end of the Parliament;
+before what time we should surely hear, as undoubtedly we should if
+Baynham had gone to Rome as soon as I imagined.'[293] In a further
+declaration, Garnet disclosed that there was more in his conduct than
+misplaced hopefulness. Speaking of Catesby's first consultation with
+himself, he adds:--
+
+     "Neither ever did I enter further with him then, as I wrote, but
+     rather cut off all occasions (after I knew his project) of any
+     discoursing with him of it, thereby to save myself harmless both
+     with the state here, and with my superiors at Rome, to whom I knew
+     this thing would be infinitely displeasing, insomuch as at my
+     second conference with Mr. Greenwell," _i.e._ Greenway, "I said
+     'Good Lord, if this matter go forward, the Pope will send me to the
+     galleys, for he will assuredly think I was privy to it.'"[294]
+
+To say that Garnet had two consciences, an official and a personal one,
+would doubtless err by giving too brutally clear-cut a definition of the
+mysterious workings of the mind. Yet we shall probably be right in
+thinking not only that, as a Catholic, a priest, and a Jesuit, he was
+bound to carry out the directions conveyed to him from the Pope, but
+that those directions commended themselves to his own mind whenever he
+set himself seriously to consider the matter. It was but human
+weakness[295] to be so shocked by the persecution going on around him as
+to regard with some complacency the horrors which sought to put a stop
+to it, or at least to find excuses for omitting to inquire, where
+inquiry must necessarily lead to active resistance. The Government
+theory that Garnet and the other Jesuits had originated the plot was
+undoubtedly false, but, as far as we are able to judge, they did not
+look upon it with extraordinary horror, neither did they take such means
+as were lawful and possible to avert the disaster.
+
+To sum up the conclusions to which I have been led. There may be
+difference of opinion as to my suggested explanations of some details in
+the 'traditional' story; but as a whole it stands untouched by Father
+Gerard's criticisms. What is more, no explanation has been offered by
+any one which will fit in with the evidence which I have adduced in its
+favour. As for the plot itself, it was the work of men indignant at the
+banishment of the priests after the promises made by James in Scotland.
+The worse persecution which followed no doubt sharpened their
+indignation and led to the lukewarmness with which Garnet opposed it;
+but it had nothing to do with the inception of the plot.
+
+As to the action of the Government, it was in the main straightforward.
+It had to disguise its knowledge that James did not discover the plot by
+Divine inspiration, and having firmly persuaded itself that the Jesuits
+had been at the bottom of the whole affair, it suppressed at least one
+statement to the contrary, which it may very well have believed to be
+untrue, whilst the Attorney General--not a man easily restrained--put
+forward his own impression as positive truth, though he had no evidence
+behind it. On the other hand, James, having before him in writing
+Garnet's account of the information gained from Greenway in confession,
+refused to allow it to be used against the prisoner.
+
+The attempt to make Salisbury the originator of the Plot for his own
+purposes breaks down entirely, if only because, at the time when the
+plot was started, he had already pushed James to take the first step in
+the direction in which he wished him to go, and that every succeeding
+step carried him further in the same direction. It is also highly
+probable that he had no information about it till the Monteagle letter
+was placed in his hands. That there was a plot at all is undoubtedly
+owing to James's conduct in receding from his promises. Yet, even his
+fault in this respect raises more difficult questions than Roman
+Catholic writers are inclined to admit. The question of toleration was a
+new one, and James may be credited with a sincere desire to avoid
+persecution for religion. He was, however, confronted by the question of
+allegiance. If the Roman Catholics increased in numbers, so far as to
+become a power in the land, would they or the Pope tolerate a 'heretic'
+King? This was the real crux of the situation. In the nineteenth century
+it is not felt, and we can regard it lightly. In the beginning of the
+seventeenth century men could remember how Henry IV. had been driven to
+submit to the Papal Church on pain of exclusion from the throne. Was
+there ever to be a possibility of the like happening to James? There can
+be no doubt that he believed in the doctrines of his own Church as
+firmly as any Jesuit believed in those which it was his duty to
+maintain. But, though this question of doctrine must not be left out of
+sight, it must by no means be forced into undue prominence. It was the
+question of allegiance that was at stake. James tried hard to avoid it,
+and it must be acknowledged that his efforts were, to some extent,
+reciprocated from the other side,[296] but the gulf could not be bridged
+over. In the end the antagonism took its fiercest shape in the
+disputation on the new oath of allegiance enjoined on all recusants in
+1606. The respective claims of Pope and King to divine right were then
+brought sharply into collision. Now that we are removed by nearly three
+centuries from the combatants, we may look somewhat beyond the
+contentions of the disputants. Behind the arguments of the Royalist, we
+may discern the claim of a nation for supreme control over its own
+legislation and government. Behind the arguments of the Papalist, we may
+discern an anxiety to forbid any chance occupant of a throne, or any
+chance parliamentary majority, from dictating to the consciences of
+those who in all temporal matters are ready to yield obedience to
+existing authority.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+[1] London: Osgood, McIlvaine & Co., 1897.
+
+[2] _Gerard_, p. 48.
+
+[3] _Ib._ p. 51, note 2.
+
+[4] _Goodman_, i. 102.
+
+[5] _Gerard_, pp. 46, 47.
+
+[6] _Gerard_, p. 159.
+
+[7] I imagine that the notes in Roman type proceed from Wood's
+correspondent, and that Fulman's marginal questions are omitted; but
+Father Gerard is not clear on this.
+
+[8] _I.e._, the second Earl.
+
+[9] ? this.
+
+[10] _Athenae_, iii. 902.
+
+[11] _Edin. Review_, January 1897, p. 192.
+
+[12] This is a mistake. The fine of 3,000_l._ was imposed for his part
+in the Essex rebellion. (See _Jardine_, p. 31.)
+
+[13] Off and on, a fortnight at the end of January and beginning of
+February, and then again probably for a very short time in March.
+
+[14] Fawkes was absent part of the time.
+
+[15] Mrs. Everett Green in her 'Calendar of Domestic State Papers,' adds
+a sixth (_Gunpowder Plot Book_, No. 50); but this is manifestly the
+deposition of November 17. It must be remembered that, when she produced
+this volume, Mrs. Everett Green was quite new to the work. She was
+deceived by an indorsement in the handwriting of the eighteenth century,
+assigning the document to the 8th.
+
+[16] The words between brackets are inserted in another hand.
+
+[17] It was not actually hired till about Lady Day, 1605.
+
+[18] Inserted in the same hand as that in which the words about the
+cellar were written. It will be observed that the insertion cannot serve
+any one's purpose.
+
+[19] Gracechurch Street.
+
+[20] A mistake for Monday if midnight is to be reckoned with the day
+preceding it.
+
+[21] The remainder of the draft is occupied with the discovery of the
+plot.
+
+[22] _Proclamation Book, R.O._, p. 114.
+
+[23] Bancroft to Salisbury, Nov. 5. Popham to Salisbury, Nov. 5--_G. P.
+B._ Nos. 7, 9.
+
+[24] Points and names of persons.--_S. P. Dom._ xvi. 9, 10.
+
+[25] Popham to Salisbury, November 5. (_G. P. B._ No. 10.) The P.S. only
+is of the 6th.
+
+[26] Narrative, _G. P. B._ No. 129.
+
+[27] In a letter of advice sent to the Nuncio at Paris, on Sept. 10/20,
+he is distinctly spoken of as a Catholic, as well as Worcester.--_Roman
+Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[28] On July 20/30, 1605, Father Creswell writes to Paul V. that
+Nottingham showed him every civility 'that could be expected from one
+who does not profess our holy religion.'
+
+[29] The 'cellar' was not really hired till a little before Easter,
+March 31.
+
+[30] Second examination of Fawkes, November 6.--_G. P. B._ No. 16 A.
+
+[31] Examination of Gibbons, November 5.--_S. P. Dom._ xvi. 14.
+
+[32] "Mrs. Whynniard, however, tells us," writes Father Gerard (p. 73),
+"that the cellar was not to let, and that Bright had not the disposal of
+the lease, but one Skinner." What Mrs. Whynniard said was that the vault
+was 'let to Mr. Skinner of King Street; but that she and her husband
+were ready to consent if Mrs. Skinner's good will could be had.' 'Mr.'
+in the first writing of the name is evidently a slip of the clerk's, as
+Mrs. Whynniard goes on to speak of 'Mrs. Skinner then, and now the wife
+of Andrew Bright.'--_G. P. B._ No. 39.
+
+[33] Probably 'Hippesley.'
+
+[34] Father Gerard, (p. 91, note 5) accepts Goodman's assertion that it
+was said that Whynniard 'as soon as ever he heard of the news what Percy
+intended, he instantly fell into a fright and died: so that it could not
+be certainly known who procured him the house, or by whose means.' That
+Whynniard was alive on the 7th is proved by the fact that Susan
+Whynniard is styled his wife and not his widow at the head of this
+examination. As he was himself not questioned it may be inferred that he
+was seriously ill at the time. That his illness was caused by fright is
+probably pure gossip. Mrs. Bright, when examined (_G. P. B._ No. 24)
+speaks of Mrs. Whynniard as agreeing to change the tenancy of the
+cellar, which looks as if the husband had been ill and inaccessible at
+least six months before his death.
+
+[35] Properly 'John.'
+
+[36] _S. P. Dom._ xvi. 20.
+
+[37] _G. P. B._ No. 37. Witnessed by Northampton and Popham only.
+
+[38] The letter to Cornwallis, printed in Winwood's _Memorials_, ii.
+170, is dated Nov. 9, as it is in Cott. MSS. Vesp. cix. fol. 240, from
+which it is printed. That volume, however, is merely a letter book. The
+letter to Edmondes, on the other hand, in the Stowe MSS. 168, fol. 213,
+is the original, with Salisbury's autograph signature, and its date has
+clearly been altered from 7 to 9.
+
+[39] Waad to Salisbury, Nov. 7.--Hatfield MSS.
+
+[40] Waad to Salisbury, Nov. 8.--_G. P. B._ No. 48 B.
+
+[41] In 'The King's Book' it is stated that Fawkes was shown the rack,
+but never racked. Probably the torture used on the 9th was that of the
+manacles, or hanging up by the wrists or thumbs.
+
+[42] The principal ones were either killed or taken at Holbeche on that
+very day.
+
+[43] Thomas Winter.
+
+[44] Catesby, Percy, and John Wright.
+
+[45] _I.e._ Catesby. In a copy forwarded to Edmondes by Salisbury (Stowe
+MSS. 168, fol. 223) the copyist had originally written 'three or four
+more,' which is altered to 'three.'
+
+[46] 'Then,' omitted in the Stowe copy.
+
+[47] Christopher Wright.
+
+[48] 'Unto,' in the Stowe copy.
+
+[49] Robert Winter. The question whether Keyes worked at this time will
+be discussed later on.
+
+[50] 'Any man,' in the Stowe copy.
+
+[51] 'Others,' in the Stowe copy.
+
+[52] 'One' is inserted above the line.
+
+[53] This is an obvious mistake, as the widow Skinner was not at this
+time married to Bright, but one just as likely to be made by Fawkes
+himself as by his examiners.
+
+[54] 'Viewed it,' in the Stowe copy.
+
+[55] 'Taken,' in Stowe copy.
+
+[56] 'Thence,' in Stowe copy.
+
+[57] Percy.
+
+[58] The words in italics are marked by penstrokes across them for
+omission.
+
+[59] 'With that practice, that,' in the Stowe copy.
+
+[60] 'Then,' omitted in the Stowe copy.
+
+[61] 'But,' omitted in the Stowe copy.
+
+[62] 'Whereof,' in the Stowe copy.
+
+[63] _G. P. B._, No. 49. In the Stowe copy the names of the
+Commissioners are omitted, and a list of fifteen plotters added. As the
+paper was inclosed in a letter to Edmondes of the 14th, these might
+easily be added at any date preceding that.
+
+[64] _Gerard_, p. 268.
+
+[65] _Stowe MSS._, 168, fol. 223.
+
+[66] _Gerard_, p. 170.
+
+[67] _Gerard_, p. 169.
+
+[68] _S. P. Dom._ xii. 24.
+
+[69] _Gerard_, p. 175. Coke's questions are in _S. P. Dom._ xvi. 38.
+
+[70] The handwriting is quite different.
+
+[71] This declaration, therefore, was not, as Mrs. Everett Green says,
+'made to Salisbury.'
+
+[72] If anyone chooses to argue that this examination was drawn up
+regardless of its truth, and only signed by Fawkes after torture had
+made him incapable of distinguishing truth from falsehood, he may be
+answered that, in that case, those who prepared it would never have
+added to the allegation that some of the conspirators had received the
+Sacrament from Gerard the Jesuit to bind them to secrecy, the
+passage:--"But he saith that Gerard was not acquainted with their
+purpose." This passage is marked for omission by Coke, and it assuredly
+would not have been found in the document unless it had really proceeded
+from Fawkes.
+
+[73] About whom more hereafter.
+
+[74] Gerard afterwards denied that this was true, and the late Father
+Morris (_Life of Gerard_, p. 437) argues, with a good deal of
+probability, that Fawkes mistook another priest for Gerard. For my
+purpose it is not a matter of any importance.
+
+[75] This should be John.
+
+[76] Probably, as Father Gerard suggests, what would now be known as a
+coursing match.
+
+[77] _Proclamation Book, R.O._ p. 117.
+
+[78] A late postscript added to the letter to the Ambassadors sent off
+on the 9th (_Winwood_, ii. 173) shows that before the end of the day
+Salisbury had learnt even more of the details than were comprised in the
+Sheriff's letter.
+
+[79] Nov. 5.
+
+[80] Nov. 6.
+
+[81] Nov. 7.
+
+[82] Nov. 8.
+
+[83] The question whether Winter or Keyes was one of two workers will be
+subsequently discussed.
+
+[84] Mrs. Everett Green suggests Nov. 8 (_G. P. B._ No. 133), but this
+is merely a deduction from her mistaken date of the examination of the
+17th (see p. 17, note 1). In Fawkes's confession of the 9th Keyes's
+Christian name appears to have been subsequently added.
+
+[85] Extracts from the Council Registers, _Add. MSS._ 11,402, fol. 108.
+The volume of the Council Book itself which recorded the transactions of
+these years has been lost.
+
+[86] _G. P. B._ No. 101. There is a facsimile in _National MSS._ Part
+iv. No. 8.
+
+[87] See pp. 18, 20.
+
+[88] _Gerard_, p. 174.
+
+[89] _Gerard_, p. 268.
+
+[90] The erasure of Winter's name, and the substitution of that of
+Keyes, will be dealt with later.
+
+[91] _Gerard_, p. 168.
+
+[92] Father Gerard appears to show his dislike of Salisbury by denying
+him his title.
+
+[93] All Saints Day.
+
+[94] Compare this with Fawkes's declaration at his second examination
+(_G. P. B._ 16, A.) "Being demanded when this good act had been done
+which must have brought this realm in peril to be subdued by some
+foreign prince, of what foreign prince he and his compliees could have
+wished to have been governed, one more than another, he doth protest
+upon his soul that neither he nor any other with whom he had conferred
+would have spared the last drop of their blood to have resisted any
+foreign prince whatsoever." Are we seriously asked to believe that
+Salisbury placed this crown of sturdy patriotism on the brows of those
+whom he wished to paint as the most atrocious villains?
+
+[95] Juan de Velasco, Duke of Frias, Constable of Castile, arrived at
+Brussels about the middle of January 1604 to conduct a negotiation for
+peace with England. There he remained, delegating his powers to others.
+This date of the Constable's arrival is important, as showing that
+Winter's conversation with Catesby cannot have taken place earlier than
+the second half of January.
+
+[96] Hugh Owen was, as Father Gerard says (p. 173, note 1), 'A soldier
+and not a priest, though in the _Calendar of State Papers_ he is
+continually styled "Father Owen," or "Owen the Jesuit."' He is however
+mistaken in saying that Mrs. Everett Green inserted the title without
+warrant in the original documents. A paper of intelligence received on
+April 29, 1604, begins, "Father Owen, Father Baldwin and Colonel Jaques,
+three men that rule the Archduke at their pleasure," &c.
+
+[97] In 1604 Easter term began on April 25, and ended May 21.
+
+[98] This distinctly implies that Percy did not know the secret before,
+and I therefore wish to retract my former argument--which is certainly
+not conclusive--in favour of an earlier knowledge by Percy. _Hist. of
+Engl._ 1603-1642, i. 235, note 1.
+
+[99] "In his declaration, November 8th, however," writes Father Gerard
+(p. 91, note 1), "he gives as a reason for going abroad, 'lest, being a
+dangerous man, he should be known and suspected.'" I see no discrepancy
+between the two statements. Having been long abroad, Fawkes's face would
+not be known to the ordinary Londoner as that of a Recusant, and he was
+therefore better qualified to act as a watchman than others who were so
+known. On the other hand, when there was no need for anybody to watch at
+all, somebody who had known him in Flanders might notify the Government
+of his appearance in England, and thereby raise suspicions against him.
+Besides, there were other reasons for his going over which Fawkes did
+not think fit to bring to the notice of the Government.
+
+[100] Began October 9, ended November 28.
+
+[101] Marginal note: "This was about a month before Michaelmas."
+
+[102] The Duke of York, afterwards Charles I.
+
+[103] Some such words as 'we resolved' are probably omitted here.
+
+[104] In MS. 'taken it before.'
+
+[105] Interlined in the King's hand 'which was about four thousand
+pounds.'
+
+[106] Altered in the King's hand to 'to the number of ten,' with a
+marginal note 'unclear phrase,' in the same hand.
+
+[107] Prince Henry.
+
+[108] Perhaps the Prince was with his mother at Greenwich.
+
+[109] Oct. 27.
+
+[110] Oct. 31.
+
+[111] Nov. 1.
+
+[112] Nov. 2.
+
+[113] Nov. 3.
+
+[114] Nov. 4.
+
+[115] 5 A.M. on Nov. 5.
+
+[116] Nov. 6.
+
+[117] Nov. 7.
+
+[118] Nov. 8.
+
+[119] The attestation in brackets is in Salisbury's hand.
+
+[120] _Gerard_, p. 182.
+
+[121] _I.e._, Thomas Winter.
+
+[122] Mrs. Everett Green's abstract of this, to the effect that Fawkes
+said that the conspiracy 'was confined to five persons at first, then to
+two, and afterwards five more were added,' has no foundation in the
+document she had before her.
+
+[123] _G. P. B._ No. 49.
+
+[124] _G. P. B._ No. 37.
+
+[125] _G. P. B._ No. 133.
+
+[126] The name 'Key' or 'Keyes' occurs in both of them without his
+Christian name.
+
+[127] _Proclamation Book, R.O._
+
+[128] _G. P. B._ No. 129.
+
+[129] 'The Discourse of the Powder Treason,' published in Bishop
+Montague's _Works of James I._, p. 233, only forms part of the original
+so-called 'King's Book,' which was published anonymously in 1605
+(_i.e._, before March 25, 1606) under the title of _His Majesty's Speech
+in this last Session of Parliament ... together with a Discourse of the
+Manner of the Discovery of this late Intended Treason, joined with the
+Examination of Some of the Prisoners_.--Brit. Mus., Press Mark E. 1940,
+No. 10. In the Preface directed by the Printer to the Reader, the
+Printer states that he was about to commit the Speech to the press when
+there came into his hands 'a discourse of this late intended most
+abominable treason,' which he has added. The King's speech was delivered
+on November 9, and, if it was to be published, it is not likely to have
+been long kept back. The discourse consists of four parts--1. An account
+of the discovery of the plot, and arrest of Fawkes. 2. Fawkes's
+declaration of the 17th. 3. Winter's confession of the 23rd. 4. An
+account of the flight and capture of the conspirators. The whole
+composition shows signs of an early date. Part 1 knows nothing of any
+names except those of Percy and Johnson _alias_ Fawkes, and was
+probably, therefore, drawn up before the confession of the 9th. At the
+end it slips off from a statement that Fawkes, having been 'twice or
+thrice examined when the rack having been only offered and showed unto
+him, the mask of his Roman fortitude did visibly begin to wear and slide
+off his face, and then did he begin to confess part of the truth,' into
+'and thereafter to open up the whole matter as doth appear by his
+depositions immediately following.' Then comes the declaration of
+November 17, with Winter amongst the diggers and Keyes amongst those
+afterwards made privy. Between Parts 2 and 3 we have the following
+statement: "And in regard that before this discovery could be ready to
+go to the press, Thomas Winter, being apprehended and brought to the
+Tower, made a confession in substance agreeing with this former of
+Fawkes's, only larger in some circumstances. I have thought good to
+insert the same likewise in this place, for the further clearing of the
+matter and greater benefit of the reader." May we not gather from this
+that the 'discourse' was finally made up for the press on or very soon
+after the 23rd? Winter, it may be noted, does not mention the name
+either of his brother or of Keyes.
+
+[130] _Gerard_, App. E., p. 251.
+
+[131] This note is on too small a scale to be reproduced in the
+frontispiece.
+
+[132] This name is given at a later time to the 'Passage leading to the
+Parliament Stairs' of Capon's plan, and I have, for convenience sake,
+referred to it throughout by that name.
+
+[133] See p. 22.
+
+[134] _Gerard_, p. 62.
+
+[135] _Gerard_, pp. 141, 142.
+
+[136] I suppose Thomas Barlow is meant. William Barlow, who was Bishop
+of Lincoln in the reign of James I., did not write about the plot.
+
+[137] Speed's _History_, ed. 1611, p. 891.
+
+[138] March 24th, 1604.
+
+[139] Copy of the Agreement, _G. P. B._, No. 1.
+
+[140] Pat. 44 Eliz., Part 22.
+
+[141] _Gerard_, p. 60, note 1.
+
+[142] _Smith's Antiquities of Westminster_, p. 39. The question of the
+number of doors in the cellar will be dealt with hereafter.
+
+[143] _Gerard_, p. 67.
+
+[144] _Gerard_, p. 65.
+
+[145] P. 56.
+
+[146] Pat. 4 Edw. _VI._, Part 9.
+
+[147] Pat. 6 Edw. _VI._, Part 5.
+
+[148] Pat. 30 Eliz., Part 10.
+
+[149] Parliament Place.
+
+[150] Assignment, July 17, 42 Eliz., _Land Revenue Records Office_,
+Inrolments v. fol. 104. I have been unable to trac Whynniard's tenure of
+the house I have assigned to him. It was within the Old Palace, and was
+probably the official residence of its keeper. Whynniard was appointed
+Keeper of the Old Palace in 1602. Pat. 44 Eliz., Part 22.
+
+[151] See plan at p. 81. Was this the baker in whose house Catesby tried
+in vain to secure a room?--'Bates's Confession, Dec. 4, 1605'; _G. P.
+B._ No. 145.
+
+[152] Whynniard was Keeper of the Wardrobe at Hampton Court, which would
+account for his servant being concerned in the Queen's removal.
+
+[153] Otherwise Parliament Stairs.
+
+[154] I suspect that this was what was afterwards known as Cotton
+Garden. I have been unable to trace the date at which it was conveyed to
+Sir Robert Cotton.
+
+[155] _G. P. B._ No. 40.
+
+[156] See p. 63.
+
+[157] See p. 90.
+
+[158] This we know from Capon's pencilled notes to the sketch in the
+frontispiece.
+
+[159] The late Chairman of the Works Department of the London County
+Council; than whom no man is better qualified to speak on such matters.
+
+[160] There are indeed old walls marked in Capon's plan beneath the
+ground, but we do not know of what substance they were composed or how
+near the surface they came.
+
+[161] Speed, no doubt, rested this assertion on Winter's evidence that
+'we underpropped it, as we went, with wood.' (See p. 64.)
+
+[162] _Gerard_, pp. 66, 67.
+
+[163] See the remarks of the Edinburgh Reviewer on the ease with which
+Baron Trenck executed a far harder piece of work without being
+discovered for a considerable time.
+
+[164] Used as such, Father Gerard notes, till the Union with Ireland in
+1800.
+
+[165] This was true of the general line of the bank, but, as will be
+seen at pp. 81, 83, there was a kind of dock which brought the water
+within about thirty yards of the house.
+
+[166] _Gerard_, pp. 59, 60.
+
+[167] _G. P. B._ No. 129.
+
+[168] This is clearly a slip. The cellar was not under the house hired
+by Percy.
+
+[169] For its possible situation see p. 91; or it may have been erected
+in the courtyard shown in the plans at pp. 82, 83.
+
+[170] See pp. 34, 65. The difficulty of measuring the thickness of the
+wall was not so great as Father Gerard fancies. In 1678 Sir Christopher
+Wren reported that 'the walls are seven feet thick below' (_Hist. MSS._
+Com. Report XI. App. ii. p. 17). As he did not dig below the surface
+this must mean that they were seven feet thick at the level of the floor
+of the so-called cellar, and this measurement must have been known to
+the conspirators after they had access to it. I am informed that in the
+case of a heavy wall, especially when it is built on light soil, as was
+the case here, the foundations are always constructed to be broader than
+the wall itself. The diggers, observing the angle of the face they
+attacked, might roughly calculate that a foot on each side might be
+added, thus reaching the nine feet.
+
+[171] Father Gerard (p. 64, note 2) writes: "There is, as usual,
+hopeless confusion between the two witnesses upon whom, as will be seen,
+we wholly depend for this portion of the story. Fawkes (November 17,
+1605) makes the mining operations terminate at Candlemas, and Winter
+(November 23) says that they went on to 'near Easter' (March 31). The
+date of the hiring the 'cellar' was about Lady Day (March 25)." I can
+see no contradiction. The resumption of work for a third time in March
+was, from Winter's mode of referring to it, evidently for a very short
+time. "And," he says, "near to Easter, as we wrought the third time,
+opportunity was given to hire the cellar." Fawkes, though less clear and
+full, implicitly says much the same thing. He says that 'about Candlemas
+we had wrought the wall half through,' and then goes on to describe how
+he stood sentinel, &c. Then at the beginning of another paragraph we
+have "As they were working upon the wall they heard a rushing in a
+cellar, &c." Fawkes gives no dates, but he says nothing to contradict
+the third working spoken of by Winter.
+
+[172] _Gerard_, pp. 65, 66.
+
+[173] _Goodman_, i. 104.
+
+[174] _G. P. B._ No. 40. Father Gerard (p. 142) says that we learn on
+the unimpeachable testimony of Mrs. Whynniard, the landlady, that Fawkes
+not only paid the last instalment of rent on Sunday, November 3, but on
+the following day, the day immediately preceding the intended explosion,
+had carpenters and other work folk in the house for mending and
+repairing thereof (_G. P. B._ No. 39). "To say nothing of the wonderful
+honesty of paying rent under the circumstances, what was the sense of
+putting a house in repair upon Monday, which on Tuesday was to be blown
+to atoms?" The rent having fallen due at Michaelmas, is it not probable
+that it was paid in November to avoid legal proceedings, which might at
+least have drawn attention to the occupier of the house. As to the rest,
+the 'unimpeachable testimony' is that--not of Mrs. Whynniard, but of
+Roger James (_G. P. B._ No. 40), who says that the carpenter came in
+about Midsummer, not on November 4.
+
+[175] _Gerard_, p. 69.
+
+[176] _G. P. B._ No. 101.
+
+[177] See p. 108.
+
+[178] _G. P. B._ No. 39.
+
+[179] _Gerard_, p. 87.
+
+[180] Here is another 'discrepancy,' which Father Gerard has not
+noticed. As the 'cellar' was not taken till a little before Easter,
+Percy could not make a door into it about the middle of Lent. My
+solution is, that in his second examination, on November 6th, Fawkes was
+trying to conceal the existence of the mine, in order that he might not
+betray the miners, and therefore antedated the making of the door. See
+p. 25.
+
+[181] _Gerard_, p. 88.
+
+[182] _Gerard_, p. 89.
+
+[183] _Gerard_, p. 74.
+
+[184] See p. 66.
+
+[185] See the table in _State Papers relating to the Defeat of the
+Spanish Armada_, ed. by Prof. Laughton for the Navy Records Society, i.
+339.
+
+[186] _Edinburgh Review_, January 1897, p. 200.
+
+[187] _Gerard_, p. 148.
+
+[188] We know that Percy visited the house at Westminster at Midsummer.
+See p. 104.
+
+[189] Grange to Salisbury, Nov. 5.--_G. P. B._ No. 15.
+
+[190] Justices of Warwickshire to Salisbury, Nov. 12.--_Ib._ No. 75.
+
+[191] _Goodman_, i. 102.
+
+[192] _Gerard_, p. 151.
+
+[193] _Goodman_, i. 105.
+
+[194] _Gerard_, p. 152.
+
+[195] Warrant, Feb. 8; Commission, Feb. 21; Pass, Oct. 25, 1605.--_S. P.
+Dom._, xii. 65; Docquet Book, 1605; _S. P. Dom._, xv. 106.
+
+[196] To the theory that Salisbury wanted inconvenient witnesses
+disposed of, because the man who shot Percy and Catesby got a pension of
+two shillings a day, I reply that the Government was more afraid of a
+rebellion than of testimony. At all events, 2_s._ at that time was
+certainly not worth 1_l._ now, as Father Gerard assumes here, and in
+other passages of his book. It is usual to estimate the value of money
+as being about four or five times as much as it is in the present day.
+The relative price, however, depended so much on the commodities
+purchased that I hesitate to express myself positively on the subject.
+The only thing that I am quite clear about is that Father Gerard's
+estimate is greatly exaggerated. It is true that he grounds his errors
+on a statement by Dr. Jessopp that 4,000 marks was equivalent to
+30,000_l._, but the very exaggeration of these figures should have led
+him to suspect some error, or, at least--as I have recently been
+informed by Dr. Jessopp was the fact--that his calculation was based on
+other grounds than the relative price of commodities.
+
+[197] Father Greenway's statement, that while the rebels were in the
+field, messengers came post haste continually one after the other, from
+the capital, all bearing proclamations mentioning Percy by name
+(_Gerard_, p. 155) is disposed of by the fact that there were only three
+proclamations in which Percy's name was mentioned, dated the 5th, the
+7th, and the 8th. Percy was killed on the morning of the 8th, and even
+the messenger who started on the 7th can hardly have known that the
+sheriff had gone to Holbeche, and consequently could not himself have
+reached that place while Percy was living.
+
+[198] See p. 11.
+
+[199] T. Winter's examination, November 25 (_G. P. B._ No. 116). Compare
+Tresham's declaration of November 13 (_ib._ No. 63).
+
+[200] Jardine's _Gunpowder Plot_, p. 91.
+
+[201] _Add. MSS._ 11,402, fol. 109.
+
+[202] Smith's _Antiquities of Westminster_, p. 41.
+
+[203] See p. 31.
+
+[204] On this, see p. 110.
+
+[205] _Gerard_, p. 126, note 1.
+
+[206] In an earlier part of the letter we are told of 'Johnson,' that
+'on Tuesday at midnight, as he was busy to prepare his things for
+execution was apprehended in the place itself, with a false lantern,
+booted and spurred.'
+
+[207] _S. P. France._
+
+[208] See p. 31. I give the extract in the form received by Edmondes,
+that printed in _Winwood_, ii. 170, received by Cornwallis, being
+slightly different.
+
+[209] _i.e._ 'owned.'
+
+[210] _Gerard_, p. 127.
+
+[211] _Winwood_, ii. 170.
+
+[212] Chamberlain to Carleton, November 7.--_S. P. Dom._ xvi. 23.
+
+[213] See p. 99.
+
+[214] _G. P. B._ No. 129.
+
+[215] _Winwood_, ii. 170.
+
+[216] These words look as if he had been found not in the passage but in
+the court.
+
+[217] He was a favourite dependent of Knyvet's, who, on April 10, 1604,
+had recommended him for an office in the Tower.--_S. P. Dom._ vii. 18.
+
+[218] See my _History of England_, 1603-1642, i. 80, 81.
+
+[219] _I.e._ Guardians.
+
+[220] _Correspondence of King James VI. with Sir Robert Cecil_, pp. 31,
+33, 36.
+
+[221] _Correspondence of King James VI. with Sir Robert Cecil_, p. 75.
+
+[222] Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, June 16/26.--_Roman Transcripts,
+R.O._
+
+[223] Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, July 21/31.--_Roman Transcripts,
+R.O._
+
+[224] See p. 142.
+
+[225] _Hist. of England_, 1603-1642, i. 81.
+
+[226] S. P. Scotland, lxix. 20.
+
+[227] James I. to Sir T. Parry, Nov., 1603.--Tierney's _Dodd_, iv.; App.
+p. 66.
+
+[228] Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, June 30/July 10 (_Roman Transcripts,
+R.O._). There is a plain-spoken marginal note in the Pope's hand, 'Non
+sara vero, ne noi gli habbiamo dato quest' ordine.' In the instructions
+by the Nuncio at Brussels to Dr. Gifford, July 22/August 1 (Tierney's
+_Dodd_, iv.; App. lxvi.), nothing is said about this mission, but a
+definite promise is given 'eosque omnes e regno evocare quos sua
+Majestas rationabiliter judicaverit regno et statui suo noxios fore.'
+
+[229] 'Salute.' Does this mean safety or salvation, or is it left
+doubtful?
+
+[230] _I.e._ to James and to Henry IV. Del Bufalo to Cardinal
+Aldobrandino, July 11/21.--_Roman Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[231] Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, July 20/30.--_Roman
+Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[232] Barneby to Del Bufalo, Aug. 8/18.--_Roman Transcripts, R.O._ (The
+original is in Latin.)
+
+[233] Afterwards Duke of Sully.
+
+[234] Parry to Cecil, Aug. 20, 1603.--_S. P. France._
+
+[235] See p. 151, note 2.
+
+[236] Del Bufalo to James I. Sept. 19/29; _compare_ Del Bufalo to
+Cardinal Aldobrandino, Sept. 21/Oct. 1.--_Roman Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[237] We have two copies of James's letter to Parry translated into
+Latin, but undated (_S. P. France._) Cecil's covering letter (_ib._) is
+in draft and dated Nov. 6. It must, however, have been held back, as
+both Parry's and Del Bufalo's despatches show that it did not reach
+Paris till early in December.
+
+[238] Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, December 4/14.--_Roman
+Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[239] January 11/21.
+
+[240] Information given to Del Bufalo.
+
+[241] He wrote on the margin of Del Bufalo's letter: "Quanto alla
+facolta di chiamare sotto pena di scomunica i torbolenti, non ci par da
+darla per adesso, perche trattiamo con heretici, e corriamo pericolo di
+perdere i sicuri, si come non ci par che il Nuntio debba premere nella
+cosa di mandar noi personaggio, perche dubitiamo che essendo tanta
+gelosia tra Francia e Spagna non intrassimo in grandissima difficolta. E
+meglio aspettare la conclusione della Pace secondo noi, perche non
+sapiamo che chi mandassimo fosse per usar la prudentia necessaria."
+
+[242] He told the Spanish Ambassador, 'che quelli del Consiglio gli
+havevano fatto tanta forza che no haveva potuto far altro, ma che no si
+sarebbe eseguito con rigore alcuno.' (Del Bufalo to Aldobrandino, March
+27/April 6.)--_Roman Transcripts, R. O._
+
+[243] Precisely the course he had recommended in his letter written to
+Cecil whilst he was still in Scotland, see p. 144.
+
+[244] See p. 33.
+
+[245] A news-letter gives an account of the Council meeting, from which
+it appears that James began by haranguing against the Puritans, but
+Cranborne--Cecil was now known by this title--and others asked why the
+Catholics were not put on the same footing, on which the King got angry,
+and finally directed that the Catholics should also suffer. (Advices
+from London, Feb. 19/March 1).--_Roman Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[246] In those days liberty of conscience meant what we should call
+liberty of worship.
+
+[247] Lindsay at last got off to Rome in November 1604. On his
+proceedings there see _History of England_, 1603-1642, i. 224.
+
+[248] In the MS. 'et non haverebbe.' Mr. Rawdon Brown, amongst whose
+papers, now in the Record Office, this despatch is found, remarks that
+mistakes of this kind frequently occur in letters first ciphered and
+then deciphered.
+
+[249] In the margin is 'Questo poi e troppo,' perhaps an addition by the
+ambassador, or even by Mr. Rawdon Brown.
+
+[250] 'Religione' is suggested by Mr. Rawdon Brown for the 'ragione' of
+the decipherer.
+
+[251] In the copy 'non si puo far di meno di non observar le leggi,' the
+'non' being incorrectly repeated.
+
+[252] "Non predicando li preti nessuna cosa piu constantemente di questa
+che il buon Cattolico bisogna che habbia questa ferma rissolutione in se
+medesimo di esser per conservar la Religione pronto a solevarsi etiam
+contra la vita e stato del suo Principe naturale."
+
+[253] Molin to the Doge, March 7/17, 1605, _Venetian Transcripts, R.O._
+
+[254] Lindsay to James I. Jan. 26/Feb. 5, 1605, _S. P. Italian States_.
+
+[255] Compare the last passage quoted from Molin's despatch, p. 161.
+
+[256] This is, however, precisely what James had failed to induce the
+Pope to do.
+
+[257] Father Gerard asks what 'our offence' was. It was clearly nothing
+personal to the writer, and I am strongly inclined to interpret the
+words as referring to Lindsay's proceedings at Rome, of which so much
+had been made.
+
+[258] Sir Everard Digby to Salisbury (_S. P. Dom._ xvii. 10.) As Father
+Gerard says, the date cannot be earlier than May 4, 1605, when the
+Earldom was conferred on Cranborne.
+
+[259] Father Gerard gives the date of Davies's pardon from the Pardon
+Roll as April 25, 1605. It should be April 23, 1604.
+
+[260] _Gerard_, 94, 95, 254. Father Gerard ascribes this application to
+'a later date' than March 1606. It was, in fact a good deal later, as
+the endorsement 'Mr. Secretary Conway' shows that it was not earlier
+than 1623. The further endorsement 'touching Wright and his services
+performed in the damnable plot of the Powder Treason,' proves nothing.
+What did Conway's clerk know beyond the contents of the application
+itself?
+
+[261] Father Gerard (p. 98) tells us of one Thomas Coe, who wrote on
+Dec. 20, 1605, telling him that he had forwarded to the King 'the
+primary intelligence of these late treasons.' If this claim was
+justified, why do we not find Coe's name, either amongst the State
+Papers or on the Patent Rolls, as recipient of some favour from the
+Crown? A still more indefensible argument of Father Gerard's is one in
+which a letter written to Sir Everard Digby about an otter hunt is held
+(p. 103) to show the existence of Government espionage, because though
+written before Digby was acquainted with the plot it is endorsed,
+'Letter written to Sir Everard Digby--Powder Treason.' Any letter in
+Digby's possession would be likely to be endorsed in this way whatever
+its contents might have been.
+
+[262] _Gerard_, pp. 95, 96.
+
+[263] _Gerard_, p. 106.
+
+[264] Salisbury to Edmondes, Oct. 17, 1605.--_Stowe MSS._ 168, fol. 181.
+
+[265] See _History of England_, 1603-1642, i. 238, 243.
+
+[266] Garnet's Declaration, March 9, 1606.--_Hist. Rev._ July, 1888, p.
+513.
+
+[267] Father Gerard gives a facsimile, p. 199.
+
+[268] _Harl. MSS._ 360, fol. 112 b.
+
+[269] See p. 128.
+
+[270] As in the case of the merchant who refused to pay the imposition
+on currants, 'Bate' and 'Bates' were considered interchangeable.
+
+[271] _G. P. B._, No. 145. The words in italics are added in a different
+hand. Dunbar's name does not occur in the list of Commissioners at p.
+24.
+
+[272] See p. 41.
+
+[273] _Gerard_, p. 179. I do not think his argument on this point
+conclusive, but obviously it would be useless to forge a document unless
+it was to be used in evidence.
+
+[274] _Harl. MSS._ 360, fol. 96.
+
+[275] _Gerard_, p. 170.
+
+[276] Salisbury's Minute to Favat, Dec. 4, 1605.--_Add. MSS._ 6178, fol.
+98.
+
+[277] _Gerard_, p. 181.
+
+[278] An _alias_ for Garnet.
+
+[279] Salisbury to Edmondes, March 8, 1606.--_Stowe MSS._ 168, fol. 366.
+
+[280] _Harl. MSS._ 360, fol. 117.
+
+[281] _Ib._ fol. 113.
+
+[282] _Add. MSS._ 21203, fol. 38 b.
+
+[283] _A true and perfect relation._ Sig. G., 2, _verso_.
+
+[284] _Ib._, Sig. K., 3.
+
+[285] Morris's _Condition of Catholics_, 210. A Latin translation of
+part of the letter was printed in 1610, by Eudaemon Joannes, _Ad actionem
+proditoriam, &c._, p. 6.
+
+[286] _G. P. B._, No. 166.
+
+[287] See the express words ascribed to Bates at p. 180.
+
+[288] See p. 190.
+
+[289] Sir E. Digby's Papers, No. 9, published at the end of Bishop
+Barlow's reprint of _The Gunpowder Treason_.
+
+[290] The Saturday or Sunday after the octave of Corpus Christi, _i.e._,
+June 8 or 9, old style, which seems to have been used, as the same day
+is described as being about the beginning of Trinity Term, which began
+on May 31.
+
+[291] Garnet's Declaration, March 9.--_Hist. Rev._, July 1888 pp.
+510-517.
+
+[292] The letter is printed in Tierney's _Dodd_, iv. App. cix., where
+there is an argument in a note to show that the part from which I am
+about to quote came from a later letter. For my purpose the date is
+immaterial.
+
+[293] Garnet's Declaration, March 9.--_Hist. Rev._, July 1888, pp.
+510-517.
+
+[294] Garnet's Declaration, March 10. _Hist. Rev._, July 1888, p. 517.
+
+[295] The author of Sir Everard Digby's life writes:--"I fully admit
+that if Father Garnet was weak, his weakness was owing to an excess of
+kindheartedness and a loyalty to his friends that bordered on
+extravagance." (_The Life of a Conspirator_, by 'One of his
+Descendants,' p. 134.) It will be noticed that I am inclined to go
+further than this.
+
+[296] In addition to what has been already said, a letter from the
+Nuncio at Brussels to Dr. Gifford, written on July 22/Aug. 1, 1604,
+may be quoted. He says that the Pope 'paratissimum esse ea omnia pro sua
+in Catholicos authoritate facere quae Serenissimae suae Majestati
+securitatem suae personae, et status procurare possunt, eosque omnes e
+regno evocare quos sua Majestas rationabiliter judicaverit regno et
+statui [MS. statuti] suo noxios fore.'--_Tierney's Dodd_, App. No. 5.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Aldobrandino, Cardinal, report by the Nuncio at Paris to, 151
+
+
+  Bancroft, Archbishop, informs Salisbury that Percy had ridden towards
+      Croydon, 23
+
+  Banishment of the priests, 160
+
+  Barlow, Bishop, mistaken reference to a book of, 84
+
+  Barneby, reports to the Nuncio at Paris, 153
+
+  Bartlet, George, said to have stated that Catesby visited Salisbury
+      House, 11
+
+  Bates, Thomas, arrest of, 47;
+    examination of, 179;
+    value of the evidence of, 182-189;
+    charge brought against Greenway by, 189
+
+  Baynham, Sir Edmund, mission of, 195
+
+  Brewer, Mr. H. W., author of a conjectural view of the neighbourhood
+      of the old House of Lords, 93
+
+  Brick, softer in 1605 than at present, 97
+
+  Bright, Mrs., evidence of, 28.
+    _See_ Skinner, Mrs.
+
+  Buck, Master, alleged statement by, 7
+
+  Bufalo, del, _see_ Nuncio in Paris
+
+
+  Capon, William, mistakes the position of Percy's house, 77;
+    worthlessness of the evidence of, 107
+
+  Catesby, Robert, said to visit Salisbury, 11;
+    cannot have given information, 121;
+    informs Greenway of the plot, 177;
+    his relations with Garnet, 192
+
+  Cecil, Sir Robert, corresponds with James on toleration, 143-148;
+    forwards James's reply to the Nuncio's overtures, 156;
+    has no motive for inventing Gunpowder Plot, 160.
+    _See_ Cranborne, Viscount, and Salisbury, Earl of
+
+  Cellar, the, Fawkes antedates the hiring of, 18, 20;
+    new door made into, 25;
+    evidence on the lease of, 28;
+    supposed bargain between Ferrers and Percy for, 30;
+    Fawkes's account of the hiring of, 34;
+    Winter's account of the hiring of, 65;
+    partly let to Mrs. Skinner, 100, 101;
+    leased to Percy, 105;
+    the miners said to be ignorant of the position of, 105;
+    Capon's evidence on the details of, 107;
+    new door into, _ib._;
+    entrances into, 110;
+    alleged public access to, 111;
+    Knyvet's visit to, 129;
+    Suffolk's search in, 131
+
+  Clement VIII., Pope, writes to James, 150;
+    annotates a report from the Nuncio at Paris, 151, 152;
+    rejects James's proposals, 158;
+    his conduct towards James, 167;
+    Lindsay's report on the proceedings of, 168
+
+  Cobham, Lord, reports a saying of James I., 8
+
+  Coe, Thomas, as informer, 175, _note_ 1
+
+  Coke, Attorney-General, conducts the first examination of Fawkes, 17;
+    attends the commissioners for the examination of the plot, 25;
+    his fishing inquiry, 40;
+    omits a passage in Fawkes's confession, and brings a false charge
+        against Gerard, 178
+
+  Cornwallis, Salisbury's letter to, 31
+
+  Cranborne, Viscount, his conversation with the Venetian ambassador,
+        162-166.
+    _See_ Cecil, Sir Robert, and Salisbury, Earl of
+
+
+  Davies, an informer, 173
+
+  Devonshire, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, 24
+
+  Digby, Sir Edward, misstatement about the knighting of the sons of, 10;
+    arrest of, 47;
+    writes to Salisbury, 169;
+    receives a letter about an otter hunt, 175, _note_ 1;
+    his evidence against Garnet, 192
+
+  Digby, Sir Kenelm, alleged statement by, 10
+
+  Doubleday, Edmond, secures Fawkes, 135-137
+
+  Dunchurch, hunting-match at, 30
+
+
+  _Edinburgh Reviewer_, the, negative criticism of, 3;
+    his summary of the story of the plot, 14
+
+  Edmondes, Salisbury's letter to, 31
+
+
+  Favat, Salisbury's letter to, 183, 184
+
+  Fawkes, Guy, first examination of, 17;
+    assumes the name of Johnson, 18;
+    shields his companions by false statements, 19;
+    alleged alteration of the examination of, 20;
+    confesses the whole of the design, 21;
+    second examination of, 25;
+    third examination of, 26;
+    fourth examination of, 30;
+    threatened with torture, 32;
+    fifth examination of, 33;
+    relation of the fifth examination of, with that of Nov. 17, 37;
+    his declaration under torture, 43;
+    gives the names of the plotters, 44;
+    examined on the hints given to noblemen to absent themselves from
+        Parliament, 48;
+    a watch bought for, 49;
+    doubts as to the genuineness of his full account of the plot
+        examined, 50-54;
+    capable of directing mining operations, 78;
+    ascertains that the cellar is to be let, 109;
+    alleged discrepancies in the accounts of the seizure of, 127;
+    arrest of, 132-136
+
+  Ferrers, or Ferris, Henry, gives up his house to Percy, 29;
+    agreement for the lease by, 89
+
+  Fulman's Collection, notes on the plot preserved in, 9
+
+
+  Garnet, Henry, receives information of the plot from Greenway, 177;
+    Digby's evidence against, 192;
+    his knowledge of the plot, 193-199
+
+  Gerard, John (Jesuit in the 17th century), not to be trusted when in
+      ignorance of the facts, 7;
+    said to have given the sacrament to the conspirators, 44;
+    probably ignorant of the plot, 177;
+    false charge brought by Coke against, 178
+
+  Gibbons, Mrs., has charge of the house, 28
+
+  Goodman, Bishop, thinks Salisbury contrived the plot, 7
+
+  Grant, John, his name erroneously given as digging the mine, 73
+
+  Greenway (_alias_ for Oswald Tesimond), informs Garnet of the plot, 177;
+    said to have been informed of the plot by Bates, 180;
+    discussion on Bates's evidence against, 183-192;
+    his relations with Garnet, 195-198
+
+  Grene, Father, reports a saying of Usher's, 8
+
+  Gunpowder stored by the plotters, exaggerations about the amount of, 112;
+    disposal of, 113
+
+
+  Holbeche House, capture or death of the plotters at, 46
+
+  House hired by Percy, the, Fawkes's statement about, 18;
+    in charge of Mrs. Gibbons, 28;
+    evidence on the lease of, 29;
+    situation of, 77-91;
+    alleged smallness of, 91;
+    alleged populousness of the neighbourhood of, 92;
+    position of the garden belonging to, 96;
+    powder brought to, 102;
+    a carpenter admitted to, 104
+
+  House of Lords, the old, description of, 100
+
+
+  James, Roger, evidence of, 91
+
+  James I. said to have called November 5 Cecil's holiday, 8;
+    orders the use of torture, 26;
+    said to have interpreted the Monteagle letter by inspiration, 114,
+        125, 126;
+    his relations with the Catholics, 141-142;
+    refuses to sign a letter to the Pope, 143;
+    corresponds with Cecil on toleration, _ib._;
+    letter falsely attributed to, 150;
+    interruption of Lindsay's mission from, 151;
+    receives overtures from the Nuncio at Brussels, 151;
+    his position towards the recusants, 153;
+    is assured of the Pope's desire to keep the Catholics in obedience,
+        154;
+    banishes the priests, 160
+
+
+  Keyes, Robert, inquiry into the movements of, 24;
+    arrest of, 47;
+    confusion about his working in the mine, 71;
+    acknowledges that he worked at the mine, 74;
+    mistake in the 'King's Book' about, _ib._;
+    brought from Lambeth, 102
+
+  'King's Book,' the, erroneous account of Robert Winter's proceedings
+        in, 74;
+    probable date of the issue of, 74, _note_ 1
+
+  Knyvet, Sir Thomas, visits the cellar, 128, 136
+
+
+  Lenthall said to have been told that Salisbury contrived the plot, 10;
+    Wood's character of, 12
+
+  Lindsay, Sir James, carries a letter from the Pope to James, 150;
+    is unable to return with the answer, 151;
+    starts for Italy, 156;
+    Cranborne's opinion of, 162;
+    reports from Rome, 168
+
+
+  Mar, Earl of, is a commissioner to examine the plot, 24
+
+  Mine, the, silence of Fawkes about, 20;
+    Mrs. Whynniard ignorant of, 29;
+    the Government ignorant of, 30;
+    first mentioned by Fawkes, 33;
+    described by Winter, 63;
+    position of, 96;
+    made through the wall of Percy's house, 97;
+    alleged inexperience of the makers of, 98;
+    precautions to avoid noise in, 99;
+    penetrates the wall under House of Lords, 102;
+    disposal of the earth and stones from, 103;
+    the Government ignorant of the position of, 104
+
+  Montague, Lord, sent to the Tower, 48
+
+  Monteagle, Lord, the letter addressed to said to have been known
+      beforehand, 10;
+    false statements about the interpretation of, 114;
+    Salisbury said to have been previously informed of, 115;
+    delivery of, 122;
+    taken to Salisbury, 123
+
+  Mordaunt, Lord, sent to the Tower, 48
+
+
+  Northampton, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, 24;
+    is a Catholic, 25
+
+  Nottingham, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, 24;
+    his relations to the Catholics, 25
+
+  Nuncio at Brussels, the, makes overtures to James, 151
+
+  Nuncio at Paris, the, reports on James's proceedings, 151;
+    writes to Parry on the Pope's desire to keep the Catholics in
+        obedience, 154;
+    writes to James, 155;
+    James's reply to the overtures of, 156;
+    sends the reply to Rome, 157
+
+
+  Osborne, Francis, thinks the plot a device of Salisbury, 7
+
+  Owen, Hugh, not a priest, 60, _note_ 1
+
+
+  Parry, Sir Thomas, draft of a letter to, 22;
+    uncertainty when Salisbury's letter was sent to, 31;
+    receives overtures from the Nuncio, 154
+
+  Percy, Thomas, Fawkes's statement about the hiring of the house and
+      cellar by, 18;
+    proclamation for the apprehension of, 23;
+    rumours about the movements of, _ib._;
+    search of his house, 24;
+    enters into possession of the house and cellar, 29;
+    reward offered for the apprehension of, 44;
+    the Sheriff of Worcestershire announces the death of, 44;
+    buys a watch for Fawkes, 49;
+    Winter's account of the proceedings of, 62-69;
+    agreement for the lease of the house to, 85;
+    not likely to be turned out when Parliament met, 86;
+    takes the cellar, 105;
+    alleged bigamy of, 115;
+    said to have visited Salisbury, 117;
+    displays his connection with the Court, 118;
+    receives a pass for post-horses, _ib._;
+    alleged secret orders to kill, 119
+
+  Pope, the (_see_ Clement VIII.)
+
+  Popham, Chief Justice, examines Fawkes, 17;
+    sends to Salisbury a rumour of Percy's movements, 23;
+    makes inquiries into the movements of Catholics, 24;
+    a commissioner to examine the plot, 25
+
+  Priests, the banishment of, proclamation for, 160
+
+  Privy Councillors, form of publishing the signatures of, 40
+
+
+  Recusants, their fines remitted, 149;
+    fines reimposed on, 161
+
+  Rokewood, Ambrose, examination of the landlady of, 24
+
+
+  Salisbury, Earl of, alleged to have invented the plot, 7;
+    said to have told his son that he had contrived the plot, 10;
+    writes an account of the plot to Parry, 22;
+    is a commissioner for the examination into the plot, 24;
+    his letter to the ambassadors, 31;
+    cannot have deceived his fellow-commissioners, 41;
+    said to have known of the plot before the Monteagle letter, 115;
+    said to have received visits from Percy, 117;
+    said to have issued orders not to take Percy alive, 119;
+    the Monteagle letter delivered to, 123;
+    probably knew nothing of the plot independent of the letter, 124;
+    was the probable interpreter of the letter, 125;
+    receives a letter from Sir E. Digby, 169;
+    has no motive for inventing the plot, 172;
+    expects plots, 176;
+    writes to Favat, 183;
+    failure of the charge against, 200
+
+  Shepherd, John, evidence of, 77
+
+  Skinner, Mrs., gives up the cellar to Percy, 28, 105
+
+  Spedding, James, his canon of historical evidence, 5
+
+  Speed, John, his statement that Percy's house was only to be let when
+      Parliament was not sitting, 85
+
+  Standen, Sir Anthony, mission of, 158
+
+  Suffolk, Earl of, a commissioner for examining the plot, 24;
+    friendly to the Catholics, 25;
+    sent to search the cellar, 131
+
+
+  Talbot of Grafton, John, summoned before the Council, 48
+
+  Tresham, Francis, informed of the plot, 66;
+    probably informs the Government, 121;
+    his connection with the letter to Monteagle, 122
+
+
+  Usher, language used about the plot by, 8
+
+
+  Vaux, Mrs., committed to the charge of an alderman, 48
+
+  Vowell, Peter, said to assert the plot to have been invented, 10
+
+
+  Waad, Sir William, gives information of Percy's movements, 23;
+    pronounces Fawkes obstinate, 32;
+    informs Salisbury that Winter is ready to confess, 70
+
+  Walsh, Sir Richard, writes to announce the death or capture of the
+      plotters, 45
+
+  Whynniard, John, Fawkes's evidence about his lease to Percy, 18;
+    position of the house of, 77;
+    appointed keeper of the Old Palace, 86;
+    history of the land held by him, 93, 94;
+    position of the garden of, 95;
+    leases the cellar to Percy, 105
+
+  Whynniard, Mrs., consents to the lease of the cellar, 28
+
+  Winter, Robert, arrest of, 47;
+    incorrectly stated to have worked in the mine, 71;
+    his name substituted for that of Keyes, 73
+
+  Winter, Thomas, inquiry into the movements of, 24;
+    captured at Holbeche, 46;
+    doubts as to the genuineness of his full account of the plot
+        examined, 54-67;
+    his account of the plot, 57-69;
+    no evidence of the torture of, 70;
+    explanation of the confusion between Keyes and, 72;
+    Coke wishes to examine, 74
+
+  Wood, Anthony, statements by a correspondent of, 9;
+    his character of Lenthall, 12
+
+  Worcester, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, 24;
+    is understood to be a Catholic, 25
+
+  Wotton, Sir Henry, says that Cecil invented plots, 10
+
+  Wright, Christopher, death of, 46, 47;
+    Robert Winter's name substituted for, 73
+
+  Wright, Henry, an informer, 173, 174
+
+  Wright, John, killed at Holbeche, 46, 47
+
+
+
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+     A VOYAGE IN THE 'SUNBEAM'; OUR HOME ON THE OCEAN FOR ELEVEN MONTHS.
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+     IN THE TRADES, THE TROPICS, AND THE 'ROARING FORTIES'.
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+THE BADMINTON LIBRARY.
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+DRIVING. By His Grace the DUKE OF BEAUFORT, K.G. With Contributions by
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+RACING AND STEEPLE-CHASING. By the EARL OF SUFFOLK AND BERKSHIRE, W. G.
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+RIDING AND POLO.
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+SKATING, CURLING, TOBOGGANING. By J. M. HEATHCOTE, C. G. TEBBUTT, T.
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+THE PARTRIDGE. Natural History, by the Rev. H. A. MACPHERSON; Shooting, by
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+     THE EARTHLY PARADISE.
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+Transcriber's Notes:
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+Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_.
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+Punctuation has been corrected without note.
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+The following misprints have been addressed:
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+  "simlpy" corrected to "simply" (page 2)
+  "19/19" corrected to "19/29" (footnote 236)
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+Other than the corrections listed above, inconsistencies in spelling and
+hyphenation have been retained from the original.
+
+The original text contains no in text marker for footnote 286.
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:01:58 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:01:58 -0700
commit	2feb0fac73cd19588cf3562c3d065b04abc3972f (patch)
tree	c3f1eaa34c58d4b3f374dfeaa0d27b62e6189feb