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diff --git a/34606.txt b/34606.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0ed69a --- /dev/null +++ b/34606.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9635 @@ +Project Gutenberg's What Gunpowder Plot Was, by Samuel Rawson Gardiner + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: What Gunpowder Plot Was + +Author: Samuel Rawson Gardiner + +Release Date: December 9, 2010 [EBook #34606] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS *** + + + + +Produced by Robin Monks and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + +WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS + + + + +[Illustration: VIEW OF THE RIVER FRONT OF THE HOUSE OCCUPIED BY +WHYNNIARD + +_The words 'Prince's Chamber, House of Lords,' in the foreground can +only mean that those buildings are behind the house._] + + + + + WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS + + + BY + SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D. + FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD + + + LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. + 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON + NEW YORK AND BOMBAY + 1897 + + All rights reserved + + + + +WORKS BY SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L. LL.D. + + +HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of +the Civil War, 1603-1642. 10 vols. crown 8vo. 6s. each. + +A HISTORY OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR, 1642-1649. 4 vols. crown 8vo. 6s. +each. + +A HISTORY OF THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE PROTECTORATE. 1649-1660. Vol. I. +1649-1651. With 14 Maps. 8vo. 21s. + +A STUDENT'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. From the Earliest Times to 1885. + + Vol. I. (B.C. 55-A.D. 1509.) With 173 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. + 4s. + + Vol. II. (1509-1689.) With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s. + + Vol. III. (1689-1885.) With 109 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s. + + Complete in One Volume, with 378 Illustrations, crown 8vo. 12s. + +A SCHOOL ATLAS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Edited by SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, +D.C.L. LL.D. With 66 Coloured Maps and 22 Plans of Battles and Sieges. +Fcp. 4to. 5s. + +This Atlas is intended to serve as a companion to Mr. S. R. +Gardiner's 'Student's History of England.' In addition to the historical +maps of the British Isles, in whole or in part, are others of +Continental countries or districts which were the scenes of events +connected more or less closely with English History. Indian and Colonial +development also obtain due recognition. + +CROMWELL'S PLACE IN HISTORY, Founded on Six Lectures delivered at +Oxford. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. + +WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS: a Reply to Father Gerard. + +THE FIRST TWO STUARTS AND THE PURITAN REVOLUTION, 1603-1660. 4 Maps. +Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. + +THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR, 1618-1648. With a Map. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. + +OUTLINE OF ENGLISH HISTORY, B.C. 55-A.D. 1895. With 67 Woodcuts and 17 +Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. + +THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1795. By Mrs. S. R. GARDINER. With 7 Maps. +Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. + + + LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. 39 Paternoster Row, London + New York and Bombay. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + CHAPTER PAGE + + I. HISTORICAL EVIDENCE 1 + + II. GUY FAWKES'S STORY 17 + + III. THE LATER DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 43 + + IV. STRUCTURAL DIFFICULTIES 77 + + V. THE DISCOVERY 114 + + VI. THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CATHOLICS 138 + + VII. THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIESTS 173 + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + + + PAGE + +VIEW OF THE RIVER FRONT OF THE HOUSE OCCUPIED +BY WHYNNIARD _Frontispiece_ + +FROM A PLAN OF THE ANCIENT PALACE OF WESTMINSTER, +BY THE LATE MR. W. CAPON 80 + +FROM A PLAN OF PART OF WESTMINSTER, 1685 81 + +FROM A PLAN OF PART OF WESTMINSTER, 1739 82 + +FROM A PLAN OF WESTMINSTER HALL AND THE HOUSES OF +PARLIAMENT, 1761 83 + +EAST END OF THE PRINCE'S CHAMBER 88 + +VIEWS OF THE EAST SIDE OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, &C. 89 + +THE FOUR WALLS OF THE SO-CALLED CELLAR UNDER THE +HOUSE OF LORDS 109 + + + + +CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES + +(_Political events in italics_) + + +1603. March 24.--_Accession of James I._ + + June 17.--_James informs Rosny of his intention to remit the + Recusancy fines._ + + July 17.--_James assures a deputation of Catholics that the fines + will be remitted._ + + Aug. 20.--_Parry writes to announce the overtures of the Nuncio in + Paris._ + +1604. Feb. 22.--_Proclamation banishing priests._ + + March.--Catesby imparts the design to Winter. + + About the beginning of April.--Winter goes to Flanders. + + Towards the end of April.--Winter returns with Fawkes. + + Early in May.--The five conspirators take an oath, and then receive + the sacrament. + + May 24.--Agreement for a lease of part of Whynniard's block of + houses. + + June.--(Shortly before midsummer Keyes sworn in and intrusted with + the charge of the powder at Lambeth). + + July 7.--_The Royal consent given to a new Recusancy Act._ + + Aug.--_Executions under the Recusancy Act._ + + Sept 5.--_Commission appointed to preside over the banishment of + the priests._ + + Sept. 14.--_The Council recommends that the Act shall not be put in + force against lay Catholics._ + + Nov. 28.--_Fines required from thirteen Catholics rich enough to pay + 20l. a month._ + + About Dec.--Bates sworn. + + About Dec. 11.--The five conspirators begin to dig the mine. + + Before Christmas.--The diggers having reached the wall of the House + of Lords, suspend their work. + +1605. Jan.--The day cannot be fixed.--John Grant and Robert Winter sworn. + + About Jan. 18.--Work resumed. + + Jan.--Christopher Wright and Keyes brought to join in the work. + + About Feb. 2.--Wall of House of Lords excavated halfway through. + + Feb. 10.--_James orders that the Recusancy Act be fully executed._ + + March, before Lady Day.--The conspirators begin to work a third time, + but finding that the 'cellar' is to let, hire it, and having + moved the powder into it, disperse. + + Oct. 26.--Monteagle receives the letter. + + 27.--Ward informs Winter. + + 28.--Winter informs Catesby. + + 30.--Tresham returns to London. + + 31.--Winter summons Tresham. + + Nov. 1.--Meeting of Tresham with Catesby and Winter. + + 2.--Winter meets Tresham at Lincoln's Inn. + + 3.--Meeting behind St. Clement's. + + 4.--Percy goes to Sion. Fawkes taken. + + 5.--Flight of the conspirators. + + 6.--Arrival at Huddington at 2 P.M. + + 7.--Arrival at Holbeche at 10 P.M. + + 8.--Capture at Holbeche. + + + + +WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS + + + + +CHAPTER I + +HISTORICAL EVIDENCE + + +In 'What was the Gunpowder Plot? The Traditional Story tested by +Original Evidence,'[1] Father Gerard has set forth all the difficulties +he found while sifting the accessible evidence, and has deduced from his +examination a result which, though somewhat vague in itself, leaves upon +his readers a very distinct impression that the celebrated conspiracy +was mainly, if not altogether, a fiction devised by the Earl of +Salisbury for the purpose of maintaining or strengthening his position +in the government of the country under James I. Such, at least, is what +I gather of Father Gerard's aim from a perusal of his book. Lest, +however, I should in any way do him an injustice, I proceed to quote the +summary placed by him at the conclusion of his argument:-- + + "The evidence available to us appears to establish principally two + points: that the true history of the Gunpowder Plot is now known to + no man, and that the history commonly received is certainly untrue. + + "It is quite impossible to believe that the Government were not + aware of the Plot long before they announced its discovery. + + "It is difficult to believe that the proceedings of the + conspirators were actually such as they are related to have been. + + "It is unquestionable that the Government consistently falsified + the story and the evidence as presented to the world, and that the + points upon which they most insisted prove upon examination to be + the most doubtful. + + "There are grave reasons for the conclusion that the whole + transaction was dexterously contrived for the purpose which in fact + it opportunely served, by those who alone reaped benefit from it, + and who showed themselves so unscrupulous in the manner of + reaping." + +No candid person, indeed, can feel surprise that any English Roman +Catholic, especially a Roman Catholic priest, should feel anxious to +wipe away the reproach which the plot has brought upon those who share +his faith. Not merely were his spiritual predecessors subjected to a +persecution borne with the noblest and least self-assertive constancy, +simply in consequence of what is now known to all historical students to +have been the entirely false charge that the plot emanated from, or was +approved by the English Roman Catholics as a body, but this false belief +prevailed so widely that it must have hindered, to no slight extent, the +spread of that organisation which he regards as having been set forth +by divine institution for the salvation of mankind. If Father Gerard has +gone farther than this, and has attempted to show that even the handful +of Catholics who took part in the plot were more sinned against than +sinning, I, for one, am not inclined to condemn him very harshly, even +if I am forced to repudiate alike his method and his conclusions. + +Erroneous as I hold them, Father Gerard's conclusions at least call for +patient inquiry. Up to this time critics have urged that parts at least +of the public declarations of the Government were inconsistent with the +evidence, and have even pointed to deliberate falsification. Father +Gerard is, as far as I know, the first to go a step farther, and to +argue that much of the evidence itself has been tampered with, on the +ground that it is inconsistent with physical facts, so that things +cannot possibly have happened as they are said to have happened in +confessions attributed to the conspirators themselves. I can only speak +for myself when I say that after reading much hostile criticism of +Father Gerard's book--and I would especially refer to a most able review +of it, so far as negative criticism can go, in the _Edinburgh Review_ of +January last--I did not feel that all difficulties had been removed, or +that without further investigation I could safely maintain my former +attitude towards the traditional story. It is, indeed, plain, as the +_Edinburgh Review_ has shown, that Father Gerard is unversed in the +methods of historical inquiry which have guided recent scholars. Yet, +for all that, he gives us hard nuts to crack; and, till they are +cracked, the story of Gunpowder Plot cannot be allowed to settle down in +peace. + +It seems strange to find a writer so regardless of what is, in these +days, considered the first canon of historical inquiry, that evidence +worth having must be almost entirely the evidence of contemporaries who +are in a position to know something about that which they assert. It is +true that this canon must not be received pedantically. Tradition is +worth something, at all events when it is not too far removed from its +source. If a man whose character for truthfulness stands high, tells me +that his father, also believed to be truthful, seriously informed him +that he had seen a certain thing happen, I should be much more likely to +believe that it was so than if a person, whom I knew to be untruthful, +informed me that he had himself witnessed something at the present day. +The historian is not bound, as the lawyer is, to reject hearsay +evidence, because it is his business to ascertain the truth of +individual assertions, whilst the lawyer has to think of the bearing of +the evidence not merely on the case of the prisoner in the dock, but on +an unrestricted number of possible prisoners, many of whom would be +unjustly condemned if hearsay evidence were admitted. The historian is, +however, bound to remember that evidence grows weaker with each link of +the chain. The injunction, "Always leave a story better than you found +it," is in accordance with the facts of human nature. Each reporter +inevitably accentuates the side of the narrative which strikes his +fancy, and drops some other part which interests him less. The rule laid +down by the late Mr. Spedding, "When a thing is asserted as a fact, +always ask who first reported it, and what means he had of knowing the +truth," is an admirable corrective of loose traditional stories. + +A further test has to be applied by each investigator for himself. When +we have ascertained, as far as possible, on what evidence our knowledge +of an alleged fact rests, we have to consider the inherent probability +of the allegation. Is the statement about it in accordance with the +general workings of human nature, or with the particular working of the +nature of the persons to whom the action in question is ascribed? Father +Gerard, for instance, lavishly employs this test. Again and again he +tells us that such and such a statement is incredible, because, amongst +other reasons, the people about whom it was made could not possibly have +acted in the way ascribed to them. If I say in any of these cases that +it appears to me probable that they did so act, it is merely one +individual opinion against another. There is no mathematical certainty +on either side. All we can respectively do is to set forth the reasons +which incline us to one opinion or another, and leave the matter to +others to judge as they see fit. + +It will be necessary hereafter to deal at length with Father Gerard's +attack upon the evidence, hitherto accepted as conclusive, of the facts +of the plot. A short space may be allotted to the reasons for rejecting +his preliminary argument, that it was the opinion of some +contemporaries, and of some who lived in a later generation, that +Salisbury contrived the plot in part, if not altogether. Does he +realise, how difficult it is to prove such a thing by any external +evidence whatever? If hearsay evidence can be taken as an argument of +probability, and, in some cases, of strong probability, it is where some +one material fact is concerned. For instance, I am of opinion that it is +very likely that the story of Cromwell's visit to the body of Charles I. +on the night after the King's execution is true, though the evidence is +only that Spence heard it from Pope, and Pope heard it, mediately or +immediately, from Southampton, who, as is alleged, saw the scene with +his own eyes. It is very different when we are concerned with evidence +as to an intention necessarily kept secret, and only exhibited by overt +acts in such form as tampering with documents, suggesting false +explanation of evidence, and so forth. A rumour that Salisbury got up +the plot is absolutely worthless; a rumour that he forged a particular +instrument would be worth examining, because it might have proceeded +from some one who had seen him do it. + +For these reasons I must regard the whole of Father Gerard's third +chapter on 'The Opinion of Contemporaries and Historians' as absolutely +worthless. To ask Mr. Spedding's question, 'What means had they of +knowing the truth?' is quite sufficient to condemn the so-called +evidence. Professor Brewer, Lodge, and the author of the 'Annals of +England,'[2] to whose statements Father Gerard looks for support, all +wrote in the nineteenth century, and had no documents before them which +we are unable to examine for ourselves. Nor is reliance to be placed on +the statements of Father John Gerard, because though he is a +contemporary witness he had no more knowledge of Salisbury's actions +than any indifferent person, and had far less knowledge of the evidence +than we ourselves possess. Bishop Talbot, again, we are told, asserted, +in 1658, 'that Cecil was the contriver, or at least the fomenter, of +[the plot],' because it 'was testified by one of his own domestic +gentlemen, who advertised a certain Catholic, by name Master Buck, two +months before, of a wicked design his master had against Catholics.'[3] +Was Salisbury such an idiot as to inform his 'domestic gentleman' that +he had made up his mind to invent Gunpowder Plot? What may reasonably be +supposed to have happened--on the supposition that Master Buck reported +the occurrence accurately--is that Salisbury had in familiar talk +disclosed, what was no secret, his animosity against the Catholics, and +his resolution to keep them down. Even the Puritan, Osborne, it seems, +thought the discovery 'a neat device of the Treasurer's, he being very +plentiful in such plots'; and the 'Anglican Bishop,' Goodman, writes, +that 'the great statesman had intelligence of all this, and because he +would show his service to the State, he would first contrive and then +discover a treason, and the more odious and hateful the treason were, +his service would be the greater and the more acceptable.'[4] Father +Grene again, in a letter written in 1666, says that Bishop Usher was +divers times heard to say 'that if the papists knew what he knew, the +blame of the Gunpowder Treason would not be with them.' "In like +manner," adds Father Gerard, citing a book published in 1673, "we find +it frequently asserted, on the authority of Lord Cobham and others, that +King James himself, when he had time to realise the truth of the matter, +was in the habit of speaking of the Fifth of November as 'Cecil's +holiday.'"[5] + +Lord Cobham (Richard Temple) was created a peer in 1669, so that the +story is given on very second-hand evidence indeed. The allegation about +Usher, even if true, is not to the point. We are all prepared now to say +as much as Usher is represented as saying. The blame of the Gunpowder +Treason does not lie on 'the papists.' It lies, at the most, on a small +body of conspirators, and even in their case, the Government must bear a +share of it, not because it invented or encouraged the plot, but +because, by the reinforcement of the penal laws, it irritated ardent and +excitable natures past endurance. If we had Usher's actual words before +us we should know whether he meant more than this. At present we are +entirely in the dark. As for the evidence of Goodman and Osborne, it +proves no more than this, that there were rumours about to the effect +that the plot was got up by Salisbury. Neither Osborne nor Goodman are +exactly the authorities which stand high with a cautious inquirer, and +they had neither of them any personal acquaintance with the facts. Yet +we may fairly take it from them that rumours damaging to Salisbury were +in circulation. Is it, however, necessary to prove this? It was +inevitable that it should be so. Granted a Government which conducted +its investigations in secret, and which when it saw fit to publish +documents occasionally mutilated them to serve its own ends; granted, +too, a system of trial which gave little scope to the prisoner to bring +out the weakness of the prosecution, while it allowed evidence to be +produced which might have been extracted under torture, and what was to +be expected but that some people, in complete ignorance of the facts, +should, whenever any very extraordinary charge was made, assert +positively that the whole of the accusation had been invented by the +Government for political purposes? + +Once, indeed, Father Gerard proffers evidence which appears to bring the +accusation which he has brought against Salisbury nearer home. He +produces certain notes by an anonymous correspondent of Anthony Wood, +preserved in Fulman's collection in the library of Corpus Christi +College, Oxford. + + "These remarkable notes, he tells us,[6] have been seen by Fulman, + who inserted in the margin various questions and objections, to + which the writer always supplied definite replies. In the following + version this supplementary information is incorporated in the body + of his statement, being distinguished by italics."[7] + +The paper is as follows:-- + + "I should be glad to understand what your friend driveth at about + the Fifth of November. It was without all peradventure a State + plot. I have collected many pregnant circumstances concerning it. + + "'Tis certain that the last Earl of Salisbury[8] confessed to + William Lenthall it was his father's contrivance; which Lenthall + soon after told one Mr. Webb (_John Webb, Esq._), a person of + quality, and his kinsman, yet alive. + + "Sir Henry Wotton says, 'twas usual with Cecil to create plots that + he might have the honour of the discovery, or to such effect. + + "The Lord Monteagle knew there was a letter to be sent to him + before it came. (_Known by Edmund Church, Esq., his confidant._) + + "Sir Everard Digby's sons were both knighted soon after, and Sir + Kenelm would often say it was a State design to disengage the king + of his promise to the Pope and the King of Spain to indulge the + Catholics if ever he came to be king here; and somewhat to his[9] + purpose was found in the Lord Wimbledon's papers after his death. + + "Mr. Vowell, who was executed in the Rump time, did also affirm it + so. + + "Catesby's man (_George Bartlet_) on his death-bed confessed his + master went to Salisbury House several nights before the discovery, + and was always brought privately in at a back door." + +Father Gerard, it is true, does not lay very great stress on this +evidence; but neither does he subject it to the criticism to which it is +reasonably open. What is to be thought, for instance, of the accuracy of +a writer, who states that 'Sir Everard Digby's two sons were both +knighted soon after,' when, as a matter of fact, the younger, Kenelm, +was not knighted till 1623, and the elder, John, not till 1635? Neither +Sir Kenelm's alleged talk, nor that of Wotton and Vowell, prove +anything. On the statement about Catesby I shall have something to say +later, and, as will be seen, I am quite ready to accept what is said +about Monteagle. The most remarkable allegation in the paper is that +relating to the second Earl of Salisbury. In the first place it may be +noted that the story is produced long after the event. As the words +imply that Lenthall was dead when they were written down, and as his +death occurred in 1681, they relate to an event which occurred at least +seventy-six years before the story took the shape in which it here +reaches us. The second Earl of Salisbury, we are told, informed Lenthall +that the plot was 'his father's contrivance,' and Lenthall told Webb. +Are we quite sure that the story has not been altered in the telling? +Such a very little change would be sufficient. If the second Earl had +only said, "People talked about my father having contrived the plot," +there would be nothing to object to. If we cannot conceive either +Lenthall or Webb being guilty of 'leaving the story better than they +found it,'--though Wood, no doubt a prejudiced witness, says that +Lenthall was 'the grand braggadocio and liar of the age in which he +lived'[10]--our anonymous and erudite friend who perpetrated that little +blunder about the knighthood of Sir Everard Digby's sons was quite +capable of the feat. The strongest objection against the truth of the +assertion, however, lies in its inherent improbability. Whatever else a +statesman may communicate to his son, we may be sure that he does not +confide to him such appalling guilt as this. A man who commits forgery, +and thereby sends several innocent fellow creatures to torture and +death, would surely not unburden his conscience to one of his own +children. _Maxima debetur pueris reverentia._ Moreover the second Earl, +who was only twenty-one years of age at his father's death, was much too +dull to be an intellectual companion for him, and therefore the less +likely to invite an unprecedented confidence. + +It is not only on the reception of second-hand evidence that I find +myself at variance with Father Gerard. I also object to his criticism as +purely negative. He holds that the evidence in favour of the traditional +story breaks down, but he has nothing to substitute for it. He has not +made up his mind whether Salisbury invented the whole plot or part of +it, or merely knew of its existence, and allowed its development till a +fitting time arrived for its suppression. Let me not be misunderstood. I +do not for an instant complain of a historian for honestly avowing that +he has not sufficient evidence to warrant a positive conclusion. What I +do complain of is, that Father Gerard has not started any single +hypothesis wherewith to test the evidence on which he relies, and has +thereby neglected the most potent instrument of historical +investigation. When a door-key is missing, the householder does not lose +time in deploring the intricacy of the lock, he tries every key at his +disposal to see whether it will fit the wards, and only sends for the +locksmith when he finds that his own keys are useless. So it is with +historical inquiry, at least in cases such as that of the Gunpowder +Plot, where we have a considerable mass of evidence before us. Try, if +need be, one hypothesis after another--Salisbury's guilt, his +connivance, his innocence, or what you please. Apply them to the +evidence, and when one fails to unlock the secret, try another. Only +when all imaginable keys have failed have you a right to call the public +to witness your avowal of incompetence to solve the riddle. + +At all events, this is the course which I intend to pursue. My first +hypothesis is that the traditional story is true--cellar, mine, the +Monteagle letter and all. I cannot be content with merely negativing +Father Gerard's inferences. I am certain that if this hypothesis of +mine be false, it will be found to jar somewhere or another with +established facts. In that case we must try another key. Of course there +must be some ragged ends to the story--some details which must be left +in doubt; but I shall ask my readers to watch narrowly whether the +traditional story meets with any obstacles inconsistent with its +substantial truth. + +Before proceeding further, it will be well to remind my readers what the +so-called traditional story is--or, rather, the story which has been +told by writers who have in the present century availed themselves of +the manuscript treasures now at our disposal, and which are for the most +part in the Public Record Office. With this object, I cannot do better +than borrow the succinct narrative of the Edinburgh Reviewer.[11] + + Early in 1604, the three men, Robert Catesby, John Wright, and + Thomas Winter, meeting in a house at Lambeth, resolved on a Powder + Plot, though, of course, only in outline. By April they had added + to their number Wright's brother-in-law, Thomas Percy, and Guy + Fawkes, a Yorkshire man of respectable family, but actually a + soldier of fortune, serving in the Spanish army in the Low + Countries, who was specially brought over to England as a capable + and resolute man. Later on they enlisted Wright's brother + Christopher; Winter's brother Robert; Robert Keyes, and a few more; + but all, with the exception of Thomas Bates, Catesby's servant, men + of family, and for the most part of competent fortune, though Keyes + is said to have been in straitened circumstances, and Catesby to + have been impoverished by a heavy fine levied on him as a + recusant.[12] Percy, a second cousin of the Earl of + Northumberland, then captain of the Gentleman Pensioners, was + admitted by him into that body in--it is said--an irregular manner, + his relationship to the earl passing in lieu of the usual oath of + fidelity. The position gave him some authority and license near the + Court, and enabled him to hire a house, or part of a house, + adjoining the House of Lords. From the cellar of this house they + proposed to burrow under the House of Lords; to place there a large + quantity of powder, and to blow up the whole when the King and his + family were there assembled at the opening of Parliament. On + December 11, 1604, they began to dig in the cellar, and after a + fortnight's labour, having come to a thick wall, they left off work + and separated for Christmas. + + Early in January they began at the wall, which they found to be + extremely hard, so that, after working for about two months,[13] + they had not got more than half way through it. They then learned + that a cellar actually under the House of Lords, and used as a coal + cellar, was to be let; and as it was most suitable for their + design, Percy hired it as though for his own use. The digging was + stopped, and powder, to the amount of thirty-six barrels, was + brought into the cellar, where it was stowed under heaps of coal or + firewood, and so remained under the immediate care of Guy + Fawkes,[14] till, on the night of November 4, 1605--the opening of + Parliament being fixed for the next day--Sir Thomas Knyvet, with a + party of men, was ordered to examine the cellar. He met Fawkes + coming out of it, arrested him, and on a close search, found the + powder, of which a mysterious warning had been conveyed to Lord + Monteagle a few days before. On the news of this discovery the + conspirators scattered, but by different roads rejoined each other + in Warwickshire, whence, endeavouring to raise the country, they + rode through Worcestershire, and were finally shot or taken + prisoners at Holbeche in Staffordshire. + +It is this story that I now propose to compare with the evidence. When +any insuperable difficulties appear, it will be time to try another key. +To reach the heart of the matter, let us put aside for the present all +questions arising out of the alleged discovery of the plot through the +letter received by Monteagle, and let us take it that Guy Fawkes has +already been arrested, brought into the King's presence, and, on the +morning of the 5th, is put through his first examination. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +GUY FAWKES'S STORY + + +First of all, let us restrict ourselves to the story told by Guy Fawkes +himself in the five[15] examinations to which he was subjected +previously to his being put to the torture on November 9, and to the +letters, proclamations, &c., issued by the Government during the four +days commencing with the 5th. From these we learn, not only that +Fawkes's account of the matter gradually developed, but that the +knowledge of the Government also developed; a fact which fits in very +well with the 'traditional story,' but which is hardly to be expected if +the Government account of the affair was cut-and-dried from the first. + +Fawkes's first examination took place on the 5th, and was conducted by +Chief Justice Popham and Attorney-General Coke. It is true that only a +copy has reached us, but it is a copy taken for Coke's use, as is shown +by the headings of each paragraph inserted in the margin in his own +hand. It is therefore out of the question that Salisbury, if he had been +so minded, would have been able to falsify it. Each page has the +signature (in copy) of 'Jhon Jhonson,' the name by which Fawkes chose to +be known. + +The first part of the examination turns upon Fawkes's movements abroad, +showing that the Government had already acquired information that he had +been beyond sea. Fawkes showed no reluctance to speak of his own +proceedings in the Low Countries, or to give the names of persons he had +met there, and who were beyond the reach of his examiners. As to his +movements after his return to England he was explicit enough so far as +he was himself concerned, and also about Percy, whose servant he +professed himself to be, and whose connection with the hiring of the +house could not be concealed. Fawkes stated that after coming back to +England he 'came to the lodging near the Upper House of Parliament,' and +'that Percy hired the house of Whynniard for 12_l._ rent, about a year +and a half ago'; that his master, before his own going abroad, _i.e._, +before Easter, 1605, 'lay in the house about three or four times.' +Further, he confessed 'that about Christmas last,' _i.e._, Christmas, +1604, 'he brought in the night time gunpowder [to the cellar under the +Upper House of Parliament.]'[16] Afterwards he told how he covered the +powder with faggots, intending to blow up the King and the Lords; and, +being pressed how he knew that the King would be in the House on the +5th, said he knew it only from general report and by the making ready of +the King's barge; but he would have 'blown up the Upper House whensoever +the King was there.' He further acknowledged that there was more than +one person concerned in the conspiracy, and said he himself had promised +not to reveal it, but denied that he had taken the sacrament on his +promise. Where the promise was given he could not remember, except that +it was in England. He refused to accuse his partners, saying that he +himself had provided the powder, and defrayed the cost of his journey +beyond sea, which was only undertaken 'to see the country, and to pass +away the time.' When he went, he locked up the powder and took the key +with him, and 'one Gibbons' wife, who dwells thereby, had the charge of +the residue of the house.' + +Such is that part of the story told by Fawkes which concerns us at +present. Of course there are discrepancies enough with other statements +given later on, and Father Gerard makes the most of them. What he does +not observe is that it is in the nature of the case that these +discrepancies should exist. It is obvious that Fawkes, who, as +subsequent experience shows, was no coward, had made up his mind to +shield as far as possible his confederates, and to take the whole of the +blame upon himself. He says, for instance, that Percy had only lain in +the house for three or four days before Easter, 1605; a statement, as +subsequent evidence proved, quite untrue; he pretends not to know, +except from rumour and the preparations of the barge, that the King was +coming to the House of Lords on the 5th, a statement almost certainly +untrue. In order not to criminate others, and especially any priest, he +denies having taken the Sacrament on his promise, which is also untrue. +What is more noticeable is that he makes no mention of the mine, about +which so much was afterwards heard, evidently--so at least I read the +evidence--because he did not wish to bring upon the stage those who had +worked at it. If indeed the passage which I have placed in square +brackets be accepted as evidence, Fawkes did more than keep silence upon +the mine. He must have made a positive assertion, soon afterwards found +to be untrue, that the cellar was hired several months before it really +was.[17] This passage is, however, inserted in a different hand from the +rest of the document. My own belief is that it gives a correct account +of a statement made by the prisoner, but omitted by the clerk who made +the copy for Coke, and inserted by some other person. Nobody that I can +think of had the slightest interest in adding the words, whilst they are +just what Fawkes might be expected to say if he wanted to lead his +examiners off the scent. At all events, even if these words be left out +of account, it must be admitted that Fawkes said nothing about the +existence of a mine. + +Though Fawkes kept silence as to the mine, he did not keep silence on +the desperate character of the work on which he had been engaged. "And," +runs the record, "he confesseth that when the King had come to the +Parliament House this present day, and the Upper House had been sitting, +he meant to have fired the match and have fled for his own safety before +the powder had taken fire, and confesseth that if he had not been +apprehended this last night, he had blown up the Upper House, when the +King, Lords, Bishops, and others had been there, and saith that he spake +for [and provided][18] those bars and crows of iron, some in one place, +some in another, in London, lest it should be suspected, and saith that +he had some of them in or about Gracious Street."[19] + +After this it will little avail Father Gerard to produce arguments in +support of the proposition that the story of the plot was contrived by +the Government as long as this burning record is allowed to stand. +Fawkes here clearly takes the whole terrible design, with the exception +of the incident of the mine, on his own shoulders. He may have lied to +save his friends; he certainly would not lie to save Salisbury. + +So far, however, there is no proof that Salisbury was not long ago +cognisant of the plot through one of the active conspirators. Yet, in +that case, it might be supposed that the accounts that he gave of his +discoveries would be less dependent than they were on the partial +revelations which came in day by day. There is, however, no hint of +superior knowledge in the draft of a letter intended to be sent by +Salisbury to Sir Thomas Parry, the English ambassador in Paris, and +dated on November 6, the day after that on which Fawkes's first +examination was taken: + + Sir Thomas Parry, it hath pleased Almighty God, out of his singular + goodness, to bring to light the most cruel and detestable practice + against the person of his Majesty and the whole estate of this + realm, that ever was conceived by the heart of man at any time or + in any place whatsoever, by which practice there was intended not + only the extirpation of the King's Majesty and his issue royal, but + the whole subversion and downfal of this estate, the plot being to + take away at an instant the King, Queen, Prince, Council, Nobility, + Clergy, Judges, and the principal gentlemen of this realm, as they + should have been yesterday altogether assembled at the Parliament + House, in Westminster, the 5th of November, being Tuesday. The + means how to have compassed so great an act, was not to be + performed by strength of men or outward violence, for that might + have be espied and prevented in time; but by a secret conveying of + a great quantity of gunpowder into a vault under the Upper House of + Parliament, and so to have blown up all at a clap, if God out of + his mercy and his just revenge against so great an abomination had + not destined it to be discovered, though very miraculously even + some twelve hours before the matter should have been put into + execution. The person that was the principal undertaker of it, is + one Johnson, a Yorkshire man, and servant to one Thomas Percy, a + gentleman pensioner to his Majesty, and a near kinsman and a + special confidant to the Earl of Northumberland. This Percy had + about a year and a half ago hired a part of Whynniard's house in + the old palace, from whence he had access into this vault to lay + his wood and coal, and as it seemeth now, taken this place of + purpose to work some mischief in a fit time. He is a Papist by + profession, and so is this his man Johnson, a desperate fellow, + whom of late years he took into his service. + + Into this vault Johnson had, at sundry times, very privately + conveyed a great quantity of powder, and therewith filled two + hogsheads and some thirty-two small barrels; all which he had + cunningly covered with great store of billets and faggots, and on + Tuesday[20] at midnight, as he was busy to prepare the things for + execution was apprehended in the place itself with a false lantern, + booted and spurred.[21] + +There is not much knowledge here beyond what Salisbury had learnt from +Fawkes's own statement with all its deceptions. Nor, if there had been +any such knowledge, was it in any way revealed by the actions of the +Government on the 5th or on the morning of the 6th. On the 5th a +proclamation was issued for the apprehension of Percy alone.[22] On the +same day Archbishop Bancroft forwarded to Salisbury a story, afterward +known to be untrue, that Percy had been seen riding towards Croydon; +whilst Popham sent another untrue story that he had been seen riding +towards Gravesend.[23] A letter from Waad, the Lieutenant of the Tower, +of the same date, revealed the truth that Percy had escaped northwards. +Of course, Percy's house was searched for papers, but those discovered +were of singularly little interest, and bore no relation to the +plot.[24] An examination of a servant of Ambrose Rokewood, a Catholic +gentleman afterwards known to have been involved in the plot, and of the +landlady of the house in London in which Rokewood had been lodging, +brought out the names of persons who had been in his company, some of +whom were afterwards found to be amongst the conspirators; but there was +nothing in these examinations to connect them with the plot, and there +is no reason to suppose that they were prompted by anything more than a +notion that it would generally be worth while to trace the movements of +a noted Catholic gentleman. On the same day a letter from Chief Justice +Popham shows that inquiries were being directed into the movements of +other Catholics, and amongst them Christopher Wright, Keyes, and Winter; +but the tone of the letter shows that Popham was merely acting upon +general suspicion, and had no special information on which to work.[25] +Up to the morning of November 6th, the action of Government was that of +men feeling in the dark, so far as anything not revealed by Fawkes was +concerned. + +Commissioners were now appointed to conduct the investigation further. +They were--Nottingham, Suffolk, Devonshire, Worcester, Northampton, +Salisbury, Mar, and Popham, with Attorney-General Coke in +attendance.[26] This was hardly a body of men who would knowingly cover +an intrigue of Salisbury's:--Worcester is always understood to have been +professedly a Catholic, Northampton was certainly one, though he +attended the King's service, whilst Suffolk was friendly towards the +Catholics;[27] and Nottingham, if he is no longer to be counted amongst +them,[28] was at least not long afterwards a member of the party which +favoured an alliance with Spain, and therefore a policy of toleration +towards the Catholics. It is not the least of the objections to the view +which Father Gerard has taken, that it would have been impossible for +Salisbury to falsify examinations of prisoners without the connivance of +these men. + +Before five of these Commissioners--Nottingham, Suffolk, Devonshire, +Northampton, and Salisbury--Fawkes was examined a second time on the +forenoon of the 6th. In some way the Government had found out that Percy +had had a new door made in the wall leading to the cellar, and they now +drew from Fawkes an untrue statement that it was put in about the middle +of Lent, that is to say, early in March 1605.[29] They had also +discovered a pair of brewer's slings, by which barrels were usually +carried between two men, and they pressed Fawkes hard to say who was his +partner in removing the barrels of gunpowder. He began by denying that +he had had a partner at all, but finally answered that 'he cannot +discover the party, but'--_i.e._ lest--'he shall bring him in question.' +He also said that he had forgotten where he slept on Wednesday, Thursday +or Friday in the week before his arrest.[30] + +Upon this James himself intervened, submitting to the Commissioners a +series of questions with the object of drawing out of the prisoner a +true account of himself, and of his relations to Percy. A letter had +been found on Fawkes when he was taken, directed not to Johnson, but to +Fawkes, and this amongst other things had raised the King's suspicions. +In his third examination, on the afternoon of the 6th, in the presence +of Northampton, Devonshire, Nottingham, and Salisbury, Fawkes gave a +good deal of information, more or less true, about himself; and, whilst +still maintaining that his real name was Johnson, said that the letter, +which was written by a Mrs. Bostock in Flanders, was addressed to him by +another name 'because he called himself Fawkes,' that is to say, because +he had acquired the name of Fawkes as an alias. + +'If he will not otherwise confess,' the King had ended by saying, 'the +gentler tortures are to be first used unto him, _et sic per gradus ad +ima tenditur_.' To us living in the nineteenth century these words are +simply horrible. As a Scotchman, however, James had long been familiar +with the use of torture as an ordinary means of legal investigation, +whilst even in England, though unknown to the law, that is to say, to +the practice of the ordinary courts of justice, it had for some +generations been used not infrequently by order of the Council to +extract evidence from a recalcitrant witness, though, according to +Bacon, not for the purpose of driving him to incriminate himself. +Surely, if the use of torture was admissible at all, this was a case for +its employment. The prisoner had informed the Government that he had +been at the bottom of a plot of the most sanguinary kind, and had +acknowledged by implication that there were fellow-conspirators whom he +refused to name. If, indeed, Father Gerard's view of the case, that the +Government, or at least Salisbury, had for some time known all about the +conspiracy, nothing--not even the Gunpowder Plot itself--could be more +atrocious than the infliction of torments on a fellow-creature to make +him reveal a secret already in their possession. If, however, the +evidence I have adduced be worth anything, this was by no means the +case. What it shows is, that on the afternoon of the 6th all that the +members of the Government were aware of was that an unknown number of +conspirators were at large--they knew not where--and might at that very +moment be appealing--they knew not with what effect--to Catholic +landowners and their tenants, who were, without doubt, exasperated by +the recent enforcement of the penal laws. We may, if we please, condemn +the conduct of the Government which had brought the danger of a general +Catholic rising within sight. We cannot deny that, at that particular +moment, they had real cause of alarm. At all events, no immediate steps +were taken to put this part of the King's orders in execution. Some +little information, indeed, was coming in from other witnesses. In his +first examination, on November 5, Fawkes had stated that in his absence +he locked up the powder, and 'one Gibbons' wife who dwells thereby had +the charge of the residue of the house.' An examination of her husband +on the 5th, however, only elicited that he, being a porter, had with two +others carried 3,000 billets into the vault.[31] On the 6th Ellen, the +wife of Andrew Bright, stated that Percy's servant had, about the +beginning of March, asked her to let the vault to his master, and that +she had consented to abandon her tenancy of it if Mrs. Whynniard, from +whom she held it, would consent. Mrs. Whynniard's consent having been +obtained, Mrs. Bright, or rather Mrs. Skinner--she being a widow +remarried subsequently to Andrew Bright[32]--received 2_l._ for giving +up the premises. The important point in this evidence is that the date +of March 1605, given as that on which Percy entered into possession of +the cellar, showed that Fawkes's statement that he had brought powder +into the cellar at Christmas 1604 could not possibly be true. On the +7th, Mrs. Whynniard confirmed Mrs. Bright's statement, and also stated +that, a year earlier, in March 1604, 'Mr. Percy began to labour very +earnestly with this examinate and her husband to have the lodging by the +Parliament House, which one Mr. Henry Ferris, of Warwickshire, had long +held before, and having obtained the said Mr. Ferris's good will to part +from it after long suit by himself and great entreaty of Mr. Carleton, +Mr. Epsley,[33] and other gentlemen belonging to the Earl of +Northumberland, affirming him to be a very honest gentleman, and that +they could not have a better tenant, her husband and she were contented +to let him have the said lodging at the same rent Mr. Ferris paid for +it.'[34] Mrs. Whynniard had plainly never heard of the mine; and that +the Government was in equal ignorance is shown by the endorsement on the +agreement of Ferris, or rather Ferrers, to make over his tenancy to +Percy. 'The bargain between Ferris and Percy for the bloody cellar, +found in Winter's lodging.' Winter's name had been under consideration +for some little time, and doubtless the discovery of this paper was made +on, or more probably before, the 7th. The Government, having as yet +nothing but Fawkes's evidence to go upon, connected the hiring of the +house with the hiring of the cellar, and at least showed no signs of +suspecting anything more. + +On the same day, the 7th, something was definitely heard of the +proceedings of the other plotters, who had either gathered at Dunchurch +for the hunting-match, or had fled from London to join them, and a +proclamation was issued for the arrest of Percy, Catesby, Rokewood, +Thomas Winter, Edward[35] Grant, John and Christopher Wright, and +Catesby's servant, Robert Ashfield. They were charged with assembling in +troops in the counties of Warwick and Worcester, breaking into stables +and seizing horses.[36] Fawkes, too, was on that day subjected to a +fourth examination.[37] Not very much that was new was extracted from +him. He acknowledged that his real name was Guy Fawkes, that--which he +had denied before--he had received the Sacrament not to discover any of +the conspirators, and also that there had been at first five persons +privy to the plot, and afterwards five or six more 'were generally +acquainted that an action was to be performed for the Catholic cause, +and saith that he doth not know that they were acquainted with the whole +conspiracy.' Being asked whether Catesby, the two Wrights, Winter, or +Tresham were privy, he refused to accuse any one. + +The increase of the information received by the Government left its +trace on Salisbury's correspondence. Whether the letter to Parry, from +which a quotation has already been given, was sent away on the 6th, is +unknown; but it was copied and completed, with sundry alterations, for +Cornwallis and Edmondes, the ambassadors at Madrid and Brussels, and +signed by Salisbury on the 7th, though it was kept back and sent off +with two postscripts on the 9th, and it is likely enough that the letter +to Parry was treated in the same way. One of the alterations concerns +Fawkes's admission that he had taken the Sacrament as well as an oath to +keep the secret. What is of greater significance is, that there is +absolutely no mention of a mine in the letter. If it had really been +written on the 9th, this silence would have gone far to justify Father +Gerard's suspicions, as the existence of the mine was certainly known to +the Government at that date. On the 7th the Government knew nothing of +it.[38] + +That Fawkes had already been threatened with torture is known,[39] and +it may easily be imagined that the threats had been redoubled after this +last unsatisfactory acknowledgment. On the morning of the 8th, however, +Waad, who was employed to worm out his secrets, reported that little was +to be expected. "I find this fellow," he wrote, "who this day is in a +most stubborn and perverse humour, as dogged as if he were possessed. +Yesternight I had persuaded him to set down a clear narration of all his +wicked plots from the first entering to the same, to the end they +pretended, with the discourses and projects that were thought upon +amongst them, which he undertook [to do] and craved time this night to +bethink him the better; but this morning he hath changed his mind and is +[so] sullen and obstinate as there is no dealing with him."[40] + +The sight of the examiners, together with the sight of the rack,[41] +changed Fawkes's mind to some extent. He was resolved that nothing but +actual torture should wring from him the names of his fellow plotters, +who so far as was known in London were still at large.[42] He prepared +himself, however, to reveal the secrets of the plot so far as was +consistent with the concealment of the names of those concerned in it. +His fifth examination on the 8th, the last before the one taken under +torture on the 9th, gives to the inquirer into the reality of the plot +all that he wants to know. + + "He confesseth," so the tale begins, "that a practice was first + broken unto him against his Majesty for the Catholic cause, and not + invented or propounded by himself, and this was first propounded + unto him about Easter last was twelvemonth, beyond the seas in the + Low Countries, by an English layman,[43] and that Englishman came + over with him in his company, into England, and they two and three + more[44] were the first five mentioned in the former examination. + And they five resolving to do somewhat for the Catholic cause (a + vow being first taken by all of them for secrecy), one of the other + three[45] propounded to perform it with powder, and resolved that + the place should be (where this action should be performed and + justice done) in or near the place of the sitting of the + Parliament, wherein Religion had been unjustly suppressed. This + being resolved, the manner of it was as followeth:-- + + "First they hired the house at Westminster, of one Ferres, and + having his house they sought then[46] to make a mine under the + Upper House of Parliament, and they began to make the mine in or + about the 11 of December, and they five first entered into the + works, and soone after took an other[47] to[48] them, having first + sworn him and taken the sacrament for secrecy; and when they came + to the wall (that was about three yards thick) and found it a + matter of great difficulty, they took to them an other in like + manner, with oath and sacrament as aforesaid;[49] all which seven + were gentlemen of name and blood, and not any[50] was employed in + or about this action (no, not so much as in digging and mining) + that was not a gentleman. And having wrought to the wall before + Christmas, they ceased until after the holidays, and the day before + Christmas (having a mass of earth that came out of the mine), they + carried it into the garden of the said house, and after Christmas + they wrought the wall till Candlemas, and wrought the wall half + through; and saith that all the time while the other[51] wrought, + he stood as sentinel, to descry any man that came near, and when + any man came near to the place upon warning given by him, they + ceased until they had notice to proceed from him, and sayeth that + they seven all lay in the house, and had shot and powder, and they + all resolved to die in that place, before they yielded or were + taken. + + "And, as they were working, they heard a rushing in the cellar, + which grew by one[52] Bright's selling of his coals,[53] whereupon + this examinant, fearing they had been discovered, went into the + cellar, and viewed the cellar[54] and perceiving the commodity + thereof for their purpose, and understanding how it would be + letten,[55] his master, Mr. Percy, hired the cellar for a year for + 4_l._ rent; and confesseth that after Christmas twenty barrels of + powder were brought by themselves to a house, which they had on the + Bankside in hampers, and from that house removed[56] the powder to + the said house near the Upper House of Parliament; and presently, + upon hiring the cellar they themselves removed the powder into the + cellar, and covered the same with fagots which they had before laid + into the cellar. + + "After, about Easter, he went into the Low Countries (as he before + hath declared in his former examination) and that the true purpose + of his going over was, lest, being a dangerous man, he should be + known and suspected, and in the mean time he left the key of the + cellar with Mr. Percy, who, in his absence caused more billets to + be laid into the cellar, as in his former examination he confessed, + and returned about the end of August, or the beginning of + September, and went again to the said house, near to the said + cellar, and received the key of the cellar again of one of the + five,[57] and then they brought in five or six barrels of powder + more into the cellar, which also they covered with billets, saving + four little barrels covered with fagots, and then this examinant + went into the country about the end of September. + + "It appeareth the powder was in the cellar placed as it was found + the 5 of November, when the Lords came to prorogue the Parliament, + and sayeth that he returned again to the said house near the cellar + on Wednesday the 30 of October. + + "_He confesseth he was at the Earl of Montgomery's marriage, but, + as he sayeth, with no intention of evil having a sword about him, + and was very near to his Majesty and the Lords there present._[58] + + "Forasmuch as they knew not well how they should come by the person + of the Duke Charles, being near London, where they had no forces + (if he had not been also blown up) he confesseth that it was + resolved among them that, the same day that this detestable act + should have been performed, the same day should other of their + confederacy have surprised the person of the Lady Elizabeth, and + presently have proclaimed her Queen, _to which purpose a + proclamation was drawn, as well to avow and justify the action, as + to have protested against the Union, and in no sort to have meddled + with religion therein, and would have protested also against all + strangers_, and this proclamation should have been made in the name + of the Lady Elizabeth. + + "Being demanded why they did not surprise the King's person, and + draw him to the effecting of their purpose sayeth that so many must + have been acquainted with such an action as it[59] would not have + been kept secret. + + "He confesseth that if their purpose had taken effect, until they + had had power enough, they would not have avowed the deed to be + theirs; but if their power (for their defence and safety) had been + sufficient, they themselves would then[60] have taken it upon them. + They meant also to have sent for the prisoners in the Tower to have + come to them, of whom particularly they had some consultation. + + "He confesseth that the place of rendezvous was in Warwickshire, + and that armour was sent thither, but[61] the particular + thereof[62] he knows not. + + "He confesseth that they had consultation for the taking of the + Lady Mary into their possession, but knew not how to come by her. + + "And confesseth that provision was made by some of the conspiracy + of some armour of proof this last summer for this action. + + "He confesseth that the powder was bought by the common purse of + the confederates. + + "L. Admiral [Earl of Nottingham] } + L. Chamberlain [Earl of Suffolk] } + Earl of Devonshire } Attended by Mr. + Earl of Northampton } Attorney-General + Earl of Salisbury } [Coke]." + Earl of Mar } + Lord Chief Justice [Popham][63] } + +Father Gerard, who has printed this examination in his Appendix,[64] +styles it a draft, placing on the opposite pages the published +confession of Guy Fawkes on November 17. That later confession, indeed, +though embodying many passages of the earlier one, contains so many new +statements, that it is a misapplication of words to speak of the one as +the draft of the other. A probable explanation of the similarity is that +when Fawkes was re-examined on the 17th, his former confession was +produced, and he was required to supplement it with fresh information. + +In one sense, indeed, the paper from which the examination of the 8th +has been printed both by Father Gerard and myself, may be styled a +draft, not of the examination of the 17th, but of a copy forwarded to +Edmondes on the 14th.[65] The two passages crossed out and printed +above[66] in italics have been omitted in the copy intended for the +ambassadors. All other differences, except those of punctuation, have +been given in my notes, and it will be seen that they are merely the +changes of a copyist from whom absolute verbal accuracy was not +required. Father Gerard, indeed, says that in the original of the +so-called draft five paragraphs were 'ticked off for omission.' He may +be right, but in Winter's declaration of November 23, every paragraph is +marked in the same way, and, at all events, not one of the five +paragraphs is omitted in the copy sent to Edmondes. + +In any other sense to call this paper a draft is to beg the whole +question. What we want to know is whether it was a copy of the rough +notes of the examination, signed by Fawkes himself, or a pure invention +either of Salisbury or of the seven Commissioners and the +Attorney-General. Curiously enough, one of the crossed out passages +supplies evidence that the document is a genuine one. The first, indeed, +proves nothing either way, and was, perhaps, left out merely because it +was thought unwise to allow it to be known that the King had been so +carelessly guarded that Percy had been admitted to his presence with a +sword by his side. The second contains an intimation that the +conspirators did not intend to rely only on a Catholic rising. They +expected to have on their side Protestants who disliked the union with +Scotland, and who were ready to protest 'against all strangers,' that is +to say, against all Scots. We can readily understand that Privy +Councillors, knowing as they did the line taken by the King in the +matter of the union, would be unwilling to spread information of there +being in England a Protestant party opposed to the union, not only of +sufficient importance to be worth gaining, but so exasperated that even +these gunpowder plotters could think it possible to win them to their +side. Nor is this all. If it is difficult to conceive that the +Commissioners could have allowed such a paragraph to go abroad, it is at +least equally difficult to think of their inventing it. We may be sure +that if Fawkes had not made the statement, no one of the examiners would +ever have committed it to paper at all, and if the document is genuine +in this respect, why is it not to be held genuine from beginning to end? + +Father Gerard, indeed, objects to this view of the case that the +document 'is unsigned; the list of witnesses is in the same handwriting +as the rest, and in no instance is a witness indicated by such a title +as he would employ for his signature. Throughout this paper Fawkes is +made to speak in the third person, and the names of accomplices to whom +he refers are not given.'[67] All this is quite true, and unless I am +much mistaken, are evidences for the genuineness of the document, not +for its fabrication. If Salisbury had wished to palm off an invention of +his own as a copy of a true confession by Fawkes, he surely would not +have stuck at so small a thing as an alleged copy of the prisoner's +signature, nor is it to be supposed that the original signatures of the +Commissioners would appear in what, in my contention, is a copy of a +lost original. As for the titles Lord Admiral and Lord Chamberlain being +used instead of their signatures, it was in accordance with official +usage. A letter, written on January 21, 1604-5, by the Council to the +Judges, bears nineteen names at the foot in the place where signatures +are ordinarily found. The first six names are given thus:--'L. +Chancellor, L. Treasurer, L. Admirall, L. Chamberlaine, E. of +Northumberland, E. of Worcester.'[68] Fawkes is made to speak in the +third person in all the four preceding examinations, three of which bear +his autograph signature. That the names of accomplices are not given is +exactly what one might expect from a man of his courage. All through the +five examinations he refused to break his oath not to reveal a name, +except in the case of Percy in which concealment was impossible. It +required the horrible torture of the 9th to wring a single name from +him. + +Moreover, Father Gerard further urges what he intends to be damaging to +the view taken by me, that a set of questions formed by Coke upon the +examination of the 7th, apparently for use on the 8th, is 'not founded +on information already obtained, but is, in fact, what is known as a +"fishing document," intended to elicit evidence of some kind.'[69] +Exactly so! If Coke had to fish, casting his net as widely as Father +Gerard correctly shows him to have done, it is plain that the Government +had no direct knowledge to guide its inquiries. Father Gerard's charge +therefore resolves itself into this: that Salisbury not only deceived +the public at large, but his brother-commissioners as well. Has he +seriously thought out all that is involved in this theory? Salisbury, +according to hypothesis, gets an altered copy of a confession drawn up, +or else a confession purely invented by himself. The clerk who makes it +is, of course, aware of what is being done, and also the second +clerk,[70] who wrote out the further copy sent to Edmondes. Edmondes, at +least, received the second copy, and there can be little doubt that +other ambassadors received it also. How could Salisbury count on the +life-long silence of all these? Salisbury, as the event proved, was not +exactly loved by his colleagues, and if his brother-commissioners--every +one of them men of no slight influence at Court--had discovered that +their names had been taken in vain, it would not have been left to the +rumour of the streets to spread the news that Salisbury had been the +inventor of the plot. Nay, more than this. Father Gerard distinctly sets +down the story of the mine as an impossible one, and therefore one +which must have been fabricated by Salisbury for his own purposes. The +allegation that there had been a mine was not subsequently kept in the +dark. It was proclaimed on the house-tops in every account of the plot +published to the world. And all the while, it seems, six out of these +seven Commissioners, to say nothing of the Attorney-General, knew that +it was all a lie--that Fawkes, when they examined him on the 8th, had +really said nothing about it, and yet, neither in public, nor, so far as +we know, in private--either in Salisbury's lifetime or after his +death--did they breathe a word of the wrong that had been done to them +as well as to the conspirators! + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +THE LATER DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE. + + +Having thus, I hope, established that the story of the mine and cellar +is borne out by Fawkes's own account, I proceed to examine into the +objections raised by Father Gerard to the documentary evidence after +November 8, the date of Fawkes's last examination before he was +subjected to torture. In the declaration, signed with his tortured hand +on the 9th, before Coke, Waad and Forsett,[71] and acknowledged before +the Commissioners on the 10th, Fawkes distinctly refers to the +examination of the 8th. "The plot," he says, "was to blow up the King +with all the nobility about him in Parliament, as heretofore he hath +declared, to which end, they proceeded as is set down in the examination +taken (before the Lords of the Council Commissioners) yesternight." +Here, then, is distinct evidence that Fawkes acknowledged that the +examination of the 8th had been taken in presence of the Commissioners, +and thus negatives the theory that that examination was invented or +altered by Salisbury, as these words came on the 10th under the eyes of +the Commissioners themselves.[72] + +The fact is, that the declaration of the 9th fits the examination of the +8th as a glove does a hand. On the 8th, before torture, Fawkes described +what had been done, and gave the number of persons concerned in doing +it. On the 9th he is required not to repeat what he had said before, but +to give the missing names. This he now does. It was Thomas Winter who +had fetched him from the Low Countries, having first communicated their +design to a certain Owen.[73] The other three, who made up the original +five, were Percy, Catesby, and John Wright. It was Gerard who had given +them the Sacrament.[74] The other conspirators were Sir Everard Digby, +Robert Keyes, Christopher Wright, Thomas[75] Grant, Francis Tresham, +Robert Winter, and Ambrose Rokewood. The very order in which the names +come perhaps shows that the Government had as yet a very hazy idea of +the details of the conspiracy. The names of those who actually worked in +the mine are scattered at hap-hazard amongst those of the men who merely +countenanced the plot from a distance. + +However this may be, the 9th, the day on which Fawkes was put to the +torture, brought news to the Government that the fear of insurrection +need no longer be entertained. It had been known before this that +Fawkes's confederates had met on the 5th at Dunchurch on the pretext of +a hunting match,[76] and had been breaking open houses in Warwickshire +and Worcestershire in order to collect arms. Yet so indefinite was the +knowledge of the Council that, on the 8th, they offered a reward for the +apprehension of Percy alone, without including any of the other +conspirators.[77] On the evening of the 9th[78] they received a letter +from Sir Richard Walsh, the Sheriff of Worcestershire:-- + + "We think fit," he wrote, "with all speed to certify your Lordships + of the happy success it hath pleased God to give us against the + rebellious assembly in these parts. After such time as they had + taken the horses from Warwick upon Tuesday night last,[79] they + came to Mr. Robert Winter's house to Huddington upon Wednesday + night,[80] where--having entered--[they] armed themselves at all + points in open rebellion. They passed from thence upon Thursday + morning[81] unto Hewell--the Lord Windsor's house--which they + entered and took from thence by force great store of armour, + artillery of the said Lord Windsor's, and passed that night into + the county of Staffordshire unto the house of one Stephen + Littleton, Gentleman, called Holbeche, about two miles distant from + Stourbridge whither we pursued, with the assistance of Sir John + Foliot, Knight, Francis Ketelsby, Esquire, Humphrey Salway, + Gentleman, Edmund Walsh, and Francis Conyers, Gentlemen, with few + other gentlemen and the power and face of the country. We made + against them upon Thursday morning,[81] and freshly pursued them + until the next day,[82] at which time about twelve or one of the + clock in the afternoon, we overtook them at the said Holbeche + House--the greatest part of their retinue and some of the better + sort being dispersed and fled before our coming, whereupon and + after summons and warning first given and proclamation in his + Highness's name to yield and submit themselves--who refusing the + same, we fired some part of the house and assaulted some part of + the rebellious persons left in the said house, in which assault, + one Mr. Robert Catesby is slain, and three others verily thought + wounded to death whose names--as far as we can learn--are Thomas + Percy, Gentleman, John Wright, and Christopher Wright Gentlemen, + and these are apprehended and taken Thomas Winter Gentleman, John + Grant Gentleman, Henry Morgan Gentleman, Ambrose Rokewood + Gentleman, Thomas Ockley carpenter, Edmund Townsend servant to the + said John Grant, Nicholas Pelborrow, servant unto the said Ambrose + Rokewood, Edward Ockley carpenter, Richard Townsend servant to the + said Robert Winter, Richard Day servant to the said Stephen + Littleton, which said prisoners are in safe custody here, and so + shall remain until your Honours good pleasures be further known. + The rest of that rebellious assembly is dispersed, we have caused + to be followed with fresh suite and hope of their speedy + apprehension. We have also thought fit to send unto your + Honours--according unto our duties--such letters as we have found + about the parties apprehended; and so resting in all duty at your + Honours' further command, we take leave, from Stourbridge this + Saturday morning, being the ixth of this instant November 1605. + + "Your Honours' most humble to be commanded, + + "RICH. WALSH." + +Percy and the two Wrights died of their wounds, so that, in addition to +Fawkes, Thomas Winter was the only one of the five original workers in +the mine in the hands of the Government. Of the seven others who had +been named in Fawkes's confession of the 9th, Christopher Wright had +been killed; Rokewood, Robert Winter, and Grant had been apprehended at +Holbeche; Sir Everard Digby, Keyes, and Tresham were subsequently +arrested, as was Bates a servant of Catesby. + +That for some days the Government made no effort to get further +information about the mine and the cellar cannot be absolutely proved, +but nothing bearing on the subject has reached us except that, on the +14th, when a copy of Fawkes's deposition of the 8th was forwarded to +Edmondes, the names of the twelve chief conspirators are given, not as +Fawkes gave them on the 9th, in two batches, but in three, Robert Winter +and Christopher Wright being said to have joined after the first five, +whilst Rokewood, Digby, Grant, Tresham, and Keyes are said to have been +'privy to the practice of the powder but wrought not at the mine.'[83] +As Keyes is the only one whose Christian name is not given, this list +must have been copied from one now in the Record Office, in which this +peculiarity is also found, and was probably drawn up on or about the +10th[84] from further information derived from Fawkes when he certified +the confession dragged from him on the preceding day.[84] + +What really seems to have been at this time on the minds of the +investigators was the relationship of the Catholic noblemen to the plot. +On the 11th Talbot of Grafton was sent for. On the 15th Lords Montague +and Mordaunt were imprisoned in the Tower. On the 16th Mrs. Vaux and the +wives of ten of the conspirators were committed to various aldermen and +merchants of London.[85] When Fawkes was re-examined on the 16th,[86] by +far the larger part of the answers elicited refer to the hints given, or +supposed to have been given, to Catholic noblemen to absent themselves +from Parliament on the 5th. Then comes a statement about Percy buying a +watch for Fawkes on the night of the 4th and sending it 'to him by Keyes +at ten of the clock at night, because he should know how the time went +away.' The last paragraph alone bears upon the project itself. "He also +saith he did not intend to set fire to the train [until] the King was +come to the House, and then he purposed to do it with a piece of +touchwood and with a match also, _which were about him when he was +apprehended on the 4th day of November at 11 of the clock at night_ that +the powder might more surely take fire a quarter of an hour after." + +The words printed in italics are an interlineation in Coke's hand. They +evidently add nothing of the slightest importance to the evidence, and +cannot have been inserted with any design to prejudice the prisoner or +to carry conviction in quarters in which disbelief might be supposed to +exist. Is not the simple explanation sufficient, that when the evidence +was read over to the examinee, he added, either of his own motion or on +further question, this additional information. If this explanation is +accepted here, may it not also be accepted for other interlineations, +such as that relating to the cellar in the first examination?[87] + +That the examiners at this stage of the proceedings should not be eager +to ask further questions about the cellar and the mine was the most +natural thing in the world. They knew already quite enough from +Fawkes's earlier examinations to put them in possession of the general +features of the plot, and to them it was of far greater interest to +trace out its ramifications, and to discover whether a guilty knowledge +of it could be brought home either to noblemen or to priests, than to +attain to a descriptive knowledge of its details, which would be dear to +the heart of the newspaper correspondent of the present day. Yet, after +all, even in 1605, the public had to be taken into account. There must +be an open trial, and the more detailed the information that could be +got the more verisimilitude would be given to the story told. It is +probably, in part at least, to these considerations, as well as to some +natural curiosity on the part of the Commissioners themselves, that we +owe the examinations of Fawkes on the 17th and of Winter on the 23rd. + + "Amongst all the confessions and 'voluntary declarations' extracted + from the conspirators," writes Father Gerard, "there are two of + exceptional importance, as having furnished the basis of the story + told by the Government, and ever since generally accepted. These + are a long declaration made by Thomas Winter, and another by Guy + Fawkes, which alone were made public, being printed in the 'King's + Book,' and from which are gathered the essential particulars of the + story, as we are accustomed to hear it." + +If Father Gerard merely means that the story published by the Government +rested on these two confessions, and that the Government publications +were the source of all knowledge about the plot till the Record Office +was thrown open, in comparatively recent years, he says what is +perfectly true, and, it may be added, quite irrelevant. If he means that +our knowledge at the present day rests on these two documents, he is, as +I hope I have already shown, mistaken. With the first five examinations +of Fawkes in our hands, all the essential points of the conspiracy, +except the names, are revealed to us. The names are given in the +examination under torture, and a day or two later the Government was +able to classify these names, though we are unable to specify the source +from which it drew its information. If both the declarations to which +Father Gerard refers had been absolutely destroyed we should have missed +some picturesque details, which assist us somewhat in understanding what +took place; but we should have been able to set forth the main features +of the plot precisely as we do now. + +Nevertheless, as we do gain some additional information from these +documents, let us examine whether there are such symptoms of foul play +as Father Gerard thinks he can descry. Taking first Fawkes's declaration +of November 17, it will be well to follow Father Gerard's argument. He +brings into collocation three documents: first the interrogatories +prepared by Coke after the examination of the 7th, then the examination +of the 8th, which he calls a draft, and then the full declaration of the +17th, which undoubtedly bears the signature of Fawkes himself. + +That the three documents are very closely connected is undeniable. Take, +for instance, a paragraph to which Father Gerard not unnaturally draws +attention, in which the repetition of the words 'the same day' proves at +least partial identity of origin between Coke's interrogatories and the +examination founded on them on the 8th.[88] + +"Was it not agreed," asks Coke, "the same day that the act should have +been done, the same day, or soon after, the person of the Lady Elizabeth +should have been surprised?" "He confesseth," Fawkes is stated to have +said, "that the same day this detestable act should have been performed +the same day should other of their confederacy have surprised the Lady +Elizabeth." Yet before setting down Fawkes's replies as a fabrication of +the Government, let us remember how evidence of this kind is taken and +reported. If we take up the report of a criminal trial in a modern +newspaper we shall find, for the most part, a flowing narrative put into +the mouths of witnesses. John Jones, let us say, is represented as +giving some such evidence as this: "I woke at two o'clock in the +morning, and, looking out of window, saw by the light of the moon John +Smith opening the stable door," &c. Nobody who has attended a law court +imagines John Jones to have used these consecutive words. Questions are +put to him by the examining counsel. When did you wake? Did you see +anyone at the stable door? How came you to be able to see him, and so +forth; and it is by combining these questions with the Yes and No, and +other brief replies made by the witness, that the reporter constructs +his narrative with no appreciable violation of truth. Is it not +reasonable to suppose that the same practice prevailed in 1605? Fawkes, +I suppose, answered to Coke's question, "Yes, others of the confederates +proposed to surprise her," or something of the sort, and the result was +the combination of question and answer which is given above. + +What, however, was the relation between the examination of the 8th and +the declaration of the 17th? Father Gerard has printed them side by +side,[89] and it is impossible to deny that the latter is founded on the +former. Some paragraphs of the examination are not represented in the +declaration, but these are paragraphs of no practical importance, and +those that are represented are modified. The modifications admitted, +however, are all consistent with what is a very probable supposition, +that the Government wanted to get Fawkes's previous statements collected +in one paper. He had given his account of the plot on one occasion, the +names of the plotters on another, and had stated on a third that they +were to be classified in three divisions--those who worked first at the +mine, those who worked at it afterwards, and those who did not work at +all. If the Government drew up a form combining the three statements and +omitting immaterial matter, and got Fawkes to sign it, this would fully +account for the form in which we find the declaration. At the present +day, we should object to receive evidence from a man who had been +tortured once and might be tortured again; but as this declaration adds +nothing of any importance to our previous knowledge, it is unnecessary +to recur to first principles on this occasion.[90] + +Winter's examination of the 23rd, as treated by Father Gerard, raises a +more difficult question. The document itself is at Hatfield, and there +is a copy of it in the 'Gunpowder Plot Book' in the Public Record +Office. "The 'original' document," writes Father Gerard,[91] "is at +Hatfield, and agrees in general so exactly with the copy as to +demonstrate the identity of their origin. But while, as we have seen, +the 'copy' is dated November 23rd, the 'original' is dated on the 25th." +In a note, we are told 'that this is not a slip of the pen is evidenced +by the fact that Winter first wrote 23, and then corrected it to 25.' To +return to Father Gerard's text, we find, "On a circumstance so +irregular, light is possibly thrown by a letter from Waad, the +Lieutenant of the Tower, to Cecil[92] on the 20th of the same month. +'Thomas Winter,' he wrote, 'doth find his hand so strong, as after +dinner he will settle himself to write that he hath verbally declared to +your Lordship, adding what he shall remember.' The inference is +certainly suggested that torture had been used until the prisoner's +spirit was sufficiently broken to be ready to tell the story required +of him, and that the details were furnished by those who demanded it. It +must, moreover, be remarked that, although Winter's 'original' +declaration is witnessed only by Sir E. Coke, the Attorney-General, it +appears in print attested by all those whom Cecil had selected for the +purpose two days before the declaration was made." + +Apparently Father Gerard intends us to gather from his statement that +the whole confession of Winter was drawn up by the Government on or +before the 23rd, and that he was driven on the 25th by fears of renewed +torture to put his hand to a tissue of falsehoods contained in a paper +which the Government required him to copy out and sign. The whole of +this edifice, it will be seen, rests on the assertion that Winter first +wrote 23 and then corrected it to 25. + +So improbable did this assertion appear to me, that I wrote to Mr. +Gunton, the courteous secretary of the Marquis of Salisbury, requesting +him to examine the handwriting of the date in question. He tells me that +the confession itself is, as Father Gerard states, in Winter's hand, as +is also the date '23 {9 ber} 1605.' Two changes have been made; in the +first place 23 has been altered to 25, and there has been added at the +head of the paper: "The voluntary declaration of Thomas Winter, of +Hoodington, in the County of Worcester, gent. the 25 of November, 1605." +"This heading," Mr. Gunton writes, "is so tucked in at the top, that it +must, I think, have been written after the confession itself." He also +assures me that the 5 of the substituted date and the 5 in the added +heading 'are exactly alike, and both different from the 5' at the end of +the date of the year, as written by Winter. "The heading," Mr. Gunton +writes, "I believe to be in Coke's hand. It is more carefully written +than he usually writes, and more carefully than his attestation at the +end; but as far as my judgment goes, it is decidedly his hand." + +The alleged fact that lies at the basis of Father Gerard's argument is +therefore finally disposed of. Why Coke, if Coke it was, changed the +date can be no more than matter for conjecture. Yet an explanation, +conjectural though it be, seems to me to be probable enough. We have +seen that Fawkes's confession under torture bears two dates, the 9th, +when it was taken before Coke and Waad the Lieutenant of the Tower, +together with a magistrate, Edward Forsett; the second, on the 10th, +when it was declared before the Commissioners. Why may not this +confession of Winter's have been subjected to a similar process. Winter, +I suppose, writes it on the 23rd, and it is then witnessed, as Father +Gerard says, by Coke alone. Though no copy with the autograph signatures +of the Commissioners exists it is reasonable to suppose that one was +made, in which a passage about Monteagle--whom the Government did not +wish to connect with the plot except as a discoverer--was omitted, and +that this, still bearing the date of the 23rd, may have been brought +before the Commissioners on the 25th. They would thus receive a +statement from Winter that it was his own, and the signatures of the +Commissioners would then be appended to it, together with those of Coke +and Waad. This then would be the document from which copies would be +taken for the use of individual Commissioners, and we can thus account +for Salisbury's having appended to his own copy now in the Record +Office, "Taken before us, Nottingham, Suffolk, &c." The recognition +before the Commissioners would become the official date, and Coke, +having access to the original, changes the date on which it was written +to that on which it was signed by the Commissioners. This explanation is +merely put forward as a possible one. The important point is that Father +Gerard's argument founded on the alteration of the date is inadmissible, +now that Mr. Gunton has thrown light on the matter. + +Winter's confession having been thus vindicated is here inserted, partly +because it gives the story from a different point of view from that of +Fawkes, and partly because it will enable those who read it to see for +themselves whether there is internal evidence of its having been +manipulated by the Government. + + _My Most Honourable Lords._ + + "23 {9 ber} 1605. + + "Not out of hope to obtain pardon for speaking--of my temporal part + I may say the fault is greater than can be forgiven--nor affecting + hereby the title of a good subject for I must redeem my country + from as great a danger as I have hazarded the bringing her into, + before I can purchase any such opinion; only at your Honours' + command, I will briefly set down my own accusation, and how far I + have proceeded in this business which I shall the faithfuller do + since I see such courses are not pleasing to Almighty God; and that + all, or the most material parts have been already confessed. + + "I remained with my brother in the country for All-hollantide,[93] + in the year of our Lord 1603, the first of the King's reign, about + which time, Mr. Catesby sent thither, entreating me to come to + London, where he and other friends would be glad to see me. I + desired him to excuse me, for I found not myself very well + disposed, and (which had happened never to me before) returned the + messenger without my company. Shortly I received another letter, in + any wise to come. At the second summons I presently came up and + found him with Mr. John Wright at Lambeth, where he brake with me + how necessary it was not to forsake my country (for he knew I had + then a resolution to go over), but to deliver her from the + servitude in which she remained, or at least to assist her with our + uttermost endeavours. I answered that I had often hazarded my life + upon far lighter terms, and now would not refuse any good occasion + wherein I might do service to the Catholic cause; but, for myself, + I knew no mean probable to succeed. He said that he had bethought + him of a way at one instant to deliver us from all our bonds, and + without any foreign help[94] to replant again the Catholic + religion, and withal told me in a word it was to blow up the + Parliament House with gunpowder; for, said he, in that place have + they done us all the mischief, and perchance God hath designed that + place for their punishment. I wondered at the strangeness of the + conceit, and told him that true it was this strake at the root and + would breed a confusion fit to beget new alterations, but if it + should not take effect (as most of this nature miscarried) the + scandal would be so great which the Catholic religion might hereby + sustain, as not only our enemies, but our friends also would with + good reason condemn us. He told me the nature of the disease + required so sharp a remedy, and asked me if I would give my + consent. I told him Yes, in this or what else soever, if he + resolved upon it, I would venture my life; but I proposed many + difficulties, as want of a house, and of one to carry the mine; + noise in the working, and such like. His answer was, let us give an + attempt, and where it faileth, pass no further. But first, quoth + he, because we will leave no peaceable and quiet way untried, you + shall go over and inform the Constable[95] of the state of the + Catholics here in England, intreating him to solicit his Majesty at + his coming hither that the penal laws may be recalled, and we + admitted into the rank of his other subjects. Withal, you may + bring over some confidant gentleman such as you shall understand + best able for this business, and named unto me Mr. Fawkes. Shortly + after I passed the sea and found the Constable at Bergen, near + Dunkirk, where, by the help of Mr. Owen,[96] I delivered my + message, whose answer was that he had strict command from his + master to do all good offices for the Catholics, and for his own + part he thought himself bound in conscience so to do, and that no + good occasion should be omitted, but spake to him nothing of this + matter. + + "Returning to Dunkirk with Mr. Owen, we had speach whether he + thought the Constable would faithfully help us or no. He said he + believed nothing less, and that they sought only their own ends, + holding small account of Catholics. I told him, that there were + many gentlemen in England, who would not forsake their country + until they had tried the uttermost, and rather venture their lives + than forsake her in this misery; and to add one more to our number + as a fit man, both for counsel and execution of whatsoever we + should resolve, wished for Mr. Fawkes whom I had heard good + commendations of. He told me the gentleman deserved no less, but + was at Brussels, and that if he came not, as happily he might, + before my departure, he would send him shortly after into England. + I went soon after to Ostend, where Sir William Stanley as then was + not, but came two days after. I remained with him three or four + days, in which time I asked him, if the Catholics in England should + do anything to help themselves, whether he thought the Archduke + would second them. He answered, No; for all those parts were so + desirous of peace with England as they would endure no speach of + other enterprise, neither were it fit, said he, to set any project + afoot now the peace is upon concluding. I told him there was no + such resolution, and so fell to discourse of other matters until I + came to speak of Mr. Fawkes whose company I wished over into + England. I asked of his sufficiency in the wars, and told him we + should need such as he, if occasion required. He gave very good + commendations of him; and as we were thus discoursing and I ready + to depart for Nieuport and taking my leave of Sir William, Mr. + Fawkes came into our company newly returned and saluted us. This is + the gentleman, said Sir William, that you wished for, and so we + embraced again. I told him some good friends of his wished his + company in England; and that if he pleased to come to Dunkirk, we + would have further conference, whither I was then going: so taking + my leave of both, I departed. About two days after came Mr. Fawkes + to Dunkirk, where I told him that we were upon a resolution to do + somewhat in England if the peace with Spain helped us not, but had + as yet resolved upon nothing. Such or the like talk we passed at + Gravelines, where I lay for a wind, and when it served, came both + in one passage to Greenwich, near which place we took a pair of + oars, and so came up to London, and came to Mr. Catesby whom we + found in his lodging. He welcomed us into England, and asked me + what news from the Constable. I told him Good words, but I feared + the deeds would not answer. This was the beginning of Easter + term[97] and about the midst of the same term (whether sent for by + Mr. Catesby, or upon some business of his own) up came Mr. Thomas + Percy. The first word he spake (after he came into our company) was + Shall we always, gentlemen, talk and never do anything? Mr. Catesby + took him aside and had speech about somewhat to be done, so as + first we might all take an oath of secrecy, which we resolved + within two or three days to do, so as there we met behind St. + Clement's, Mr. Catesby, Mr. Percy, Mr. Wright, Mr. Guy Fawkes, and + myself, and having, upon a primer given each other the oath of + secrecy in a chamber where no other body was, we went after into + the next room and heard mass, and received the blessed sacrament + upon the same. Then did Mr. Catesby disclose to Mr. Percy,[98] and + I together with Jack Wright tell to Mr. Fawkes the business for + which they took this oath which they both approved; and then Mr. + Percy sent to take the house, which Mr. Catesby, in my absence, had + learnt did belong to one Ferris, which with some difficulty in the + end he obtained, and became, as Ferris before was, tenant to + Whynniard. Mr. Fawkes underwent the name of Mr. Percy's man, + calling himself Johnson, because his face was the most unknown,[99] + and received the keys of the house, until we heard that the + Parliament was adjourned to the 7 of February. At which time we all + departed several ways into the country, to meet again at the + beginning of Michaelmas term.[100] Before this time also it was + thought convenient to have a house that might answer to Mr. + Percy's, where we might make provision of powder and wood for the + mine which, being there made ready, should in a night be conveyed + by boat to the house by the Parliament because we were loth to foil + that with often going in and out. There was none that we could + devise so fit as Lambeth where Mr. Catesby often lay, and to be + keeper thereof, by Mr. Catesby's choice, we received into the + number Keyes, as a trusty honest man.[101] + + "Some fortnight after, towards the beginning of the term, Mr. + Fawkes and I came to Mr. Catesby at Moorcrofts, where we agreed + that now was time to begin and set things in order for the mine, so + as Mr. Fawkes went to London and the next day sent for me to come + over to him. When I came, the cause was for that the Scottish Lords + were appointed to sit in conference on the Union in Mr. Percy's + house. This hindered our beginning until a fortnight before + Christmas, by which time both Mr. Percy and Mr. Wright were come to + London, and we against their coming had provided a good part of the + powder, so as we all five entered with tools fit to begin our work, + having provided ourselves of baked-meats, the less to need sending + abroad. We entered late in the night, and were never seen, save + only Mr. Percy's man, until Christmas-eve, in which time we wrought + under a little entry to the wall of the Parliament House, and + underpropped it as we went with wood. + + "Whilst we were together we began to fashion our business, and + discourse what we should do after this deed were done. The first + question was how we might surprise the next heir; the Prince + happily would be at the Parliament with the King his father: how + should we then be able to seize on the Duke?[102] This burden Mr. + Percy undertook; that by his acquaintance he with another gentleman + would enter the chamber without suspicion, and having some dozen + others at several doors to expect his coming, and two or three on + horseback at the Court gate to receive him, he would undertake (the + blow being given, until which he would attend in the Duke's + chamber) to carry him safe away, for he supposed most of the Court + would be absent, and such as were there not suspecting, or + unprovided for any such matter. For the Lady Elizabeth it were easy + to surprise her in the country by drawing friends together at a + hunting near the Lord Harrington's, and Ashby, Mr. Catesby's house, + being not far off was a fit place for preparation. + + "The next was for money and horses, which if we could provide in + any reasonable measure (having the heir apparent) and the first + knowledge by four or five days was odds sufficient. Then, what + Lords we should save from the Parliament, which was agreed in + general as many as we could that were Catholics or so disposed. + Next, what foreign princes we should acquaint with this before or + join with after. For this point we agreed that first we would not + enjoin princes to that secrecy nor oblige them by oath so to be + secure of their promise; besides, we know not whether they will + approve the project or dislike it, and if they do allow thereof, to + prepare before might beget suspicion and[103] not to provide until + the business were acted; the same letter that carried news of the + thing done might as well entreat their help and furtherance. Spain + is too slow in his preparations to hope any good from in the first + extremities, and France too near and too dangerous, who with the + shipping of Holland we feared of all the world might make away with + us. But while we were in the middle of these discourses, we heard + that the Parliament should be anew adjourned until after + Michaelmas, upon which tidings we broke off both discourse and + working until after Christmas. About Candlemas we brought over in a + boat the powder which we had provided at Lambeth and layd it in Mr. + Percy's house because we were willing to have all our danger in one + place. We wrought also another fortnight in the mine against the + stone wall, which was very hard to beat through, at which time we + called in Kit Wright, and near to Easter[104] as we wrought the + third time, opportunity was given to hire the cellar, in which we + resolved to lay the powder and leave the mine. + + "Now by reason that the charge of maintaining us all so long + together, besides the number of several houses which for several + uses had been hired, and buying of powder, &c., had lain heavy on + Mr. Catesby alone to support, it was necessary for to call in some + others to ease his charge, and to that end desired leave that he + with Mr. Percy and a third whom they should call might acquaint + whom they thought fit and willing to the business, for many, said + he, may be content that I should know who would not therefore that + all the Company should be acquainted with their names. To this we + all agreed. + + "After this Mr. Fawkes laid into the cellar (which he had newly + taken) a thousand of billets and five hundred of faggots, and with + that covered the powder, because we might have the house free to + suffer anyone to enter that would. Mr. Catesby wished us to + consider whether it were not now necessary to send Mr. Fawkes over, + both to absent himself for a time as also to acquaint Sir William + Stanley and Mr. Owen with this matter. We agreed that he should; + provided that he gave it them with the same oath that we had taken + before, viz., to keep it secret from all the world. The reason why + we desired Sir William Stanley should be acquainted herewith was to + have him with us so soon as he could, and, for Mr. Owen, he might + hold good correspondency after with foreign princes. So Mr. Fawkes + departed about Easter for Flanders and returned the later end of + August. He told me that when he arrived at Brussels, Sir William + Stanley was not returned from Spain, so as he uttered the matter + only to Owen, who seemed well pleased with the business, but told + him that surely Sir William would not be acquainted with any plot + as having business now afoot in the Court of England, but he + himself would be always ready to tell it him and send him away so + soon as it were done. + + "About this time did Mr. Percy and Mr. Catesby meet at the Bath + where they agreed that the company being yet but few, Mr. Catesby + should have the others' authority to call in whom he thought best, + by which authority he called in after Sir Everard Digby, though at + what time I know not, and last of all Mr. Francis Tresham. The + first promised, as I heard Mr. Catesby say, fifteen hundred pounds. + Mr. Percy himself promised all that he could get of the Earl of + Northumberland's rent,[105] and to provide many galloping horses, + his number was ten.[106] Meanwhile Mr. Fawkes and myself alone + bought some new powder, as suspecting the first to be dank, and + conveyed it into the cellar and set it in order as we resolved it + should stand. Then was the Parliament anew prorogued until the 5 of + November; so as we all went down until some ten days before. When + Mr. Catesby came up with Mr. Fawkes to a house by Enfield Chase + called White Webbs, whither I came to them, and Mr. Catesby willed + me to inquire whether the young Prince[107] came to Parliament, I + told him that his Grace thought not to be there. Then must we have + our horses, said Mr. Catesby, beyond the water,[108] and provision + of more company to surprise the Prince and leave the Duke alone. + Two days after, being Sunday[109] at night, in came one to my + chamber and told me that a letter had been given to my Lord + Monteagle to this effect, that he wished his lordship's absence + from the Parliament because a blow would there be given, which + letter he presently carried to my Lord of Salisbury. On the morrow + I went to White Webbs and told it to Mr. Catesby, assuring him + withal that the matter was disclosed and wishing him in any wise to + forsake his country. He told me he would see further as yet and + resolved to send Mr. Fawkes to try the uttermost, protesting if the + part belonged to myself he would try the same adventure. On + Wednesday Mr. Fawkes went and returned at night, of which we were + very glad. Thursday[110] I came to London, and Friday[111] Mr. + Catesby, Mr. Tresham and I met at Barnet, where we questioned how + this letter should be sent to my Lord Monteagle, but could not + conceive, for Mr. Tresham forsware it, whom we only suspected. On + Saturday night[112] I met Mr. Tresham again in Lincoln's Inn Walks, + where he told such speeches that my Lord of Salisbury should use to + the King, as I gave it lost the second time, and repeated the same + to Mr. Catesby, who hereupon was resolved to be gone, but stayed to + have Mr. Percy come up whose consent herein we wanted. On Sunday + night[113] came Mr. Percy, and no 'Nay,' but would abide the + uttermost trial. + + "This suspicion of all hands put us into such confusion as Mr. + Catesby resolved to go down into the country the Monday[114] that + Mr. Percy went to Sion and Mr. Percy resolved to follow the same + night or early the next morning. About five o'clock being + Tuesday[115] came the younger Wright to my chamber and told me that + a nobleman called the Lord Monteagle, saying "Rise and come along + to Essex House, for I am going to call up my Lord of + Northumberland," saying withal 'the matter is discovered.' "Go back + Mr. Wright," quoth I, "and learn what you can at Essex Gate." + Shortly he returned and said, "Surely all is lost, for Leyton is + got on horseback at Essex door, and as he parted, he asked if their + Lordship's would have any more with him, and being answered "No," + is rode as fast up Fleet Street as he can ride." "Go you then," + quoth I, "to Mr. Percy, for sure it is for him they seek, and bid + him begone: I will stay and see the uttermost." Then I went to the + Court gates, and found them straitly guarded so as nobody could + enter. From thence I went down towards the Parliament House, and in + the middle of King's Street found the guard standing that would not + let me pass, and as I returned, I heard one say, "There is a + treason discovered in which the King and the Lords shall have been + blown up," so then I was fully satisfied that all was known, and + went to the stable where my gelding stood, and rode into the + country. Mr. Catesby had appointed our meeting at Dunchurch, but I + could not overtake them until I came to my brother's which was + Wednesday night.[116] On Thursday[117] we took the armour at my + Lord Windsor's, and went that night to one Stephen Littleton's + house, where the next day, being Friday,[118] as I was early abroad + to discover, my man came to me and said that a heavy mischance had + severed all the company, for that Mr. Catesby, Mr. Rokewood and Mr. + Grant were burnt with gunpowder, upon which sight the rest + dispersed. Mr. Littleton wished me to fly and so would he. I told + him I would first see the body of my friend and bury him, + whatsoever befel me. When I came I found Mr. Catesby reasonable + well, Mr. Percy, both the Wrights, Mr. Rokewood and Mr. Grant. I + asked them what they resolved to do. They answered "We mean here to + die." I said again I would take such part as they did. About eleven + of the clock came the company to beset the house, and as I walked + into the court was shot into the shoulder, which lost me the use of + my arm. The next shot was the elder Wright struck dead; after him + the younger Mr. Wright, and fourthly Ambrose Rokewood. Then, said + Mr. Catesby to me (standing before the door they were to enter), + "Stand by, Mr. Tom, and we will die together." "Sir," quoth I, "I + have lost the use of my right arm and I fear that will cause me to + be taken." So as we stood close together Mr. Catesby, Mr. Percy and + myself, they two were shot (as far as I could guess, with one + bullet), and then the company entered upon me, hurt me in the belly + with a pike and gave me other wounds, until one came behind and + caught hold of both my arms, and so I remain, Your &c." + + "[Taken before us + + "Nottingham, Suffolk, Northampton, Salisbury, Mar, Dunbar, Popham. + + EDW. COKE, + W. WAAD.]"[119] + +I have printed this interesting statement in full, because it is the +only way in which I can convey to my readers the sense of spontaneity +which pervades it from beginning to end. To me, at least, it seems +incredible that it was either written to order, or copied from a paper +drawn up by some agent of the Government. Nor is it to be forgotten that +if there was one thing the Government was anxious to secure, it was +evidence against the priests, and that no such evidence can be extracted +from this confession. What is, perhaps, still more to the point is, that +no candid person can, I imagine, rise from the perusal of these +sentences without having his estimate of the character of the +conspirators raised. There is no conscious assumption of high qualities, +but each touch as it comes strengthens the belief that the men concerned +in the plot were patient and loyal, brave beyond the limits of ordinary +bravery, and utterly without selfish aims. Could this result have been +attained by a confession written to order or dictated by Salisbury or +his agents, to whom the plotters were murderous villains of the basest +kind? + +There is nothing to show that Winter's evidence was procured by torture. +Father Gerard, indeed, quotes a letter from Waad, written on the 21st, +in which he says that 'Thomas Winter doth find his hand so strong as +after dinner he will settle himself to write that he hath verbally +declared to your Lordship adding what he shall remember.' Considering +that he had a ball through his shoulder a fortnight before, the +suggestion of torture is hardly needed to find a cause for his having +for some time been unable to use his hand. + +Before turning to another branch of the investigation, it will be +advisable to clear up one difficulty which is not quite so easy to +solve. + + "Fawkes," writes Father Gerard,[120] "in the confession of November + 17, mentioned Robert Keyes as amongst the first seven of the + conspirators who worked at the mine, and Robert Winter as one of + the five introduced at a later period. The names of these two were + deliberately interchanged in the published version, Robert Winter + appearing as a worker in the mine, and Keyes, who was an obscure + man, of no substance, among the gentlemen of property whose + resources were to have supported the subsequent rebellion. + Moreover, in the account of the same confession sent to Edmondes by + Cecil three days before Fawkes signed it--_i.e._, November 14--the + same transposition occurs, Keyes being explicitly described as one + of those 'who wrought not at the mine,' although, as we have seen, + he is one of the three who alone make any mention of it. + + "Still more irregular is another circumstance. About November 28, + Sir Edward Coke, the Attorney-General, drew up certain further + notes of questions to be put to various prisoners. Amongst these we + read: 'Winter[121] to be examined of his brother, for no man else + can accuse him.' But a fortnight or so before this time the + Secretary of State had officially informed the ambassador in the + Low Countries that Robert Winter was one of those deepest in the + treason, and, to say nothing of other evidence, a proclamation for + his apprehension had been issued on November 18th. Yet Coke's + interrogatory seems to imply that nothing had yet been established + against him, and that he was not known to the general body of the + traitors as a fellow-conspirator." + +If this tangled skein is to be unravelled, the first thing to be done is +to place the facts in their chronological order, upon which many if not +all the difficulties will disappear, premising that, as a matter of +fact, Keyes did work at the mine, and Robert Winter did not. + +In his examination of November 7, in which no names appear, and nothing +is said about a mine, Fawkes spoke of five original conspirators, and of +five or six subsequently joining them, and being generally acquainted +with the plot.[122] On the 8th,[123] when the mine was first mentioned, +he divided the seven actual diggers into two classes: first, the five +who worked from the beginning, and, secondly, two who were afterwards +added to that number, saying nothing of the conspirators who took no +part in the mining operations. On the 9th, under torture, he gave the +names of the first five apart, and then lumped all the other +conspirators together, so that both Keyes and Robert Winter appear in +the same class. On the 17th he gave, as the names of two, who, as he now +said, subsequently worked at the mine, Christopher Wright and Robert +Winter, but the surname of the latter is deleted with pen-strokes, and +that of Keyes substituted above it; whilst, in the list of the persons +made privy to the plot but not engaged in digging, we have the name of +Keyes, afterwards deleted, and that of Wynter substituted for it.[124] +The only question is, when was the double substitution effected? + +As far as the action of the Government is known, we have the list +referred to at pp. 47, 48, and probably written on or about the +10th.[125] In this the additional workers are first said to have been +John Grant and Christopher Wright. The former name is, however, +scratched out, and that of 'Robyn Winter' substituted for it, and from +this list is taken the one forwarded to Edmondes on the 14th.[126] Even +if we could discover any conceivable motive for the Government wishing +to accuse Keyes rather than Winter, it would not help us to explain why +the name of Winter was substituted for that of Grant at one time, and +the name of Keyes substituted for that of Winter at another. + +On the other hand, Fawkes, if he had any knowledge of what was going on, +had at least a probable motive for putting Winter rather than Keyes in +the worse category. Keyes had been seized, whilst Winter was still at +large, and Fawkes may have thought that as Winter might make his escape +beyond sea, it was better to load him with the burden which really +belonged to Keyes. If this solution be accepted as a possible one, it +is easy to understand how the Government fixed on Winter as one of the +actual diggers. On the 18th, the day after his name had been given by +Fawkes, a proclamation is issued for his apprehension as one 'known to +be a principal.'[127] It is not for ten days that any sign is given of a +belief that Keyes was the right man. Then, on the 28th, Coke suggests +that Thomas Winter may be examined about his brother, 'for no man else +can accuse him,' a suggestion which would be absurd if Fawkes's +statement had still held good. On the 30th Keyes himself acknowledges +that he bought some of the powder and assisted in carrying it to +Ferrers' house, and that he also helped to work at the mine. + +I am inclined therefore to assign the alteration of the name which +Fawkes gave in his examination of the 17th to some day shortly before +the 28th, and to think that the sending of the 'King's Book'[128] to +press took place on some day between the 23rd, the date of Thomas +Winter's examination, and the 28th. If so, the retention of the name of +Robert Winter amongst the diggers, and that of Keyes amongst those made +privy afterwards, needs no further explanation.[129] Cromwell once +adjured the Presbyterians of Edinburgh to believe it possible that they +might be mistaken. If Father Gerard would only believe it possible that +Salisbury may have been mistaken, he would hardly be so keen to mark +conscious deception, where deception is not necessarily to be found. +After all, the Government left the names of Winter and Keyes perfectly +legible under the pen-strokes drawn across them, and the change they +made was at least the erasure of a false statement and the substitution +of a true one. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +STRUCTURAL DIFFICULTIES. + + +From a study of the documentary evidence, I pass to an examination of +those structural conditions which Father Gerard pronounces to be fatal +to the 'traditional' story. The first step is obviously to ascertain the +exact position of Whynniard's house, part of which was rented by Percy. +The investigator is, however, considerably assisted by Father Gerard, +who has successfully exploded the old belief that this building lay to +the southwest of the House of Lords. His argument, which appears to me +to be conclusive, runs as follows:-- + + "That the lodging hired by Percy stood near the southeast corner of + the old House of Lords (_i.e._ nearer to the river than that + building, and adjacent to, if not adjoining the Prince's Chamber) + is shown by the following arguments:-- + + "1. John Shepherd, servant to Whynniard, gave evidence as to having + on a certain occasion seen from the river 'a boat lie close to the + pale of Sir Thomas Parry's garden, and men going to and from the + water through the back door that leadeth into Mr. Percy, his + lodging.--[_Gunpowder Plot Book_, 40, part 2.] + + "2. Fawkes, in his examination of November 5, 1605, speaks of the + window in his chamber near the Parliament House towards the + water-side. + + "3. It is said that when digging their mine the conspirators were + troubled by the influx of water from the river, which would be + impossible if they were working at the opposite side of the + Parliament House."[130] + +I think, however, that a still closer identification is possible. On +page 80 will be seen a frontage towards the river, marked 'very old +walls, remaining in 1795 & 1800,' of which the line corresponds fairly +with that of the house in the view given as the frontispiece to this +volume. + +On part of the site behind it is written 'Very Old House,' and the +remainder is said to have been occupied by a garden for many years. It +may, however, be gathered from the view that this piece of ground was +covered by part of the house in 1799, and I imagine that the 'many +years' must have commenced in 1807, when the house was demolished (see +view at p. 89). If any doubt remains as to the locality of the front it +will be removed by Capon's pencilled note on the door to the left,[131] +stating that it led to Parliament Place.[132] + +The house marked separately to the right in the plan, as Mrs. Robe's +house, 1799, is evidently identical with the more modern building in +the frontispiece, and therefore does not concern us. + +With this comparatively modern plan should be compared the three which +follow in succession (pp. 81, 82, 83), respectively dated 1685, 1739, +and 1761. They are taken from the Crace Collection of plans in the Print +Room of the British Museum, Portfolio xi. Nos. 30, 45, 46. + +The first of these three plans differs from the later ones in two +important particulars. In the first place, the shaded part indicating +buildings is divided by dark lines, and, in the second place, this +shaded part covers more ground. I suppose there can be little doubt that +the dark lines indicate party walls, and we are thus enabled to +understand how it is that, whilst in writing to Parry[133] Salisbury +speaks of Percy as having taken a part of Whynniard's house, Percy is +spoken of in all the remaining evidence that has reached us as taking a +house. Salisbury, no doubt, was thinking of the whole tenement held by +Whynniard as a house, whilst others gave that name to such a part of it +as could be separately held by a single tenant. The other difference +between the plans is less easy to explain. Neither of the later ones +show that excrescence towards the river-bank, abutting on its northern +side on Cotton Garden, which is so noted a feature in the plan of 1685. +At one time I was inclined to think that we had here the 'low room new +builded,' that in which Percy at first stored his powder; but this +would be to make the house rented by him far larger than it is likely to +have been. A more probable explanation is given by the plan itself. It +will be seen that the shading includes the internal courtyard, +perceptible in the two later plans, and it does not therefore +necessarily indicate the presence of buildings. May not the shaded part +reaching to the river mean no more than that in 1685 there was some yard +or garden specially attached to the House? + + +[Illustration: PART OF A PLAN OF THE ANCIENT PALACE OF WESTMINSTER, BY +THE LATE MR. WILLIAM CAPON, MEASURED AND DRAWN BETWEEN 1793 AND +1823.--_Vetusta Monumenta_, vol. v. The houses at the edge of the river +were not in existence in 1605, the ground on which they were built +having been reclaimed since that date.] + + +[Illustration: FROM A PLAN OF PART OF WESTMINSTER, 1685. + +A. Probable position of the chamber attached to the House of Lords. B. +Probable position of the house leased to Percy. These references are not +in the original plan.] + + +[Illustration: FROM A PLAN OF PART OF WESTMINSTER, WITH INTENDED +IMPROVEMENTS OF THE HOUSES OF LORDS AND COMMONS, BY W. KENT, 1739. + +A red line showing the ground set apart by Kent for building is +omitted.] + + +[Illustration: FROM A PLAN OF WESTMINSTER HALL AND THE HOUSES OF +PARLIAMENT AS IT APPEARED IN 1761 + +Part of this lettering is in pencil in the original plan.] + + +Before giving reasons for selecting any one part of Whynniard's block as +that rented from him by Percy, it is necessary to face a difficulty +raised by Father Gerard:-- + + "Neither," he writes, "does the house appear to have been well + suited for the purposes for which it was taken. Speed tells us, + and he is confirmed by Bishop Barlow, of Lincoln, that it was let + out to tenants only when Parliament was not assembled, and during a + session formed part of the premises at the disposal of the Lords, + whom it served as a withdrawing room. As this plot was of necessity + to take effect during a session, when the place would be in other + hands, it is very hard to understand how it was intended that the + final and all-important operation should be conducted."[134] + +This objection is put still more strongly in a subsequent passage:-- + + "We have already observed on the nature of the house occupied in + Percy's name. If this were, as Speed tells us, and as there is no + reason to doubt, at the service of the Peers during a session for a + withdrawing-room, and if the session was to begin on November 5, + how could Fawkes hope not only to remain in possession, but to + carry on his strange proceedings unobserved amid the crowd of + lacqueys and officials with whom the opening of the Parliament by + the Sovereign must needs have flooded the premises. How was he, + unobserved, to get into the fatal 'cellar'?"[135] + +It is easy enough to brush away Father Gerard's alleged confirmation by +Bishop Barlow,[136] who, writing as he did in the reign of Charles II., +carries no weight on such a point. Besides, he did not write a book on +the Gunpowder Plot at all. He merely republished, in 1679, an old +official narrative of the trial, with an unimportant preface of his +own. What Father Gerard quotes here and elsewhere is, however, not even +taken from this republication, but from an anonymous pamphlet published +in 1678, and reprinted in _The Harleian Miscellany_, iii. 121, which is +avowedly a cento made up from earlier writers, and in which the words +referred to are doubtless copied directly from Speed. + +Speed's own testimony, however, cannot be so lightly dismissed, +especially as it is found in the first edition of his _History_, +published in 1611, and therefore only six years after the event:-- + + "No place," he says, "was held fitter than a certain edifice + adjoining the wall of the Parliament House, which served for + withdrawing rooms for the assembled Lords, and out of Parliament + was at the disposal of the keeper of the place and wardrobe + thereunto belonging."[137] + +This is quite specific, and unless Speed's evidence can be in any way +modified, fully justifies Father Gerard in his contention. Let us, +however, turn to the agreement for the house in question:-- + + "Memorandum that it is concluded between Thomas Percy of London + Esquire and Henry Ferrers of Bordesley Clinton in the County of + Warwick Gentleman the xxiiii day of March in the second year of our + Sovereign Lord King James.[138] + + "That the said Henry hath granted to the said Thomas to enjoy his + house in Westminster belonging to the Parliament House, the said + Thomas getting the consent of Mr. Whynniard, and satisfying me, + the said Henry, for my charges bestowed thereupon, as shall be + thought fit by two indifferent men chosen between us. + + "And that he shall also have the other house that Gideon Gibbons + dwelleth in, with an assignment of a lease from Mr. Whynniard + thereof, satisfying me as aforesaid, and using the now tenant well. + + "And the said Thomas hath lent unto me the said Henry twenty + pounds, to be allowed upon reckoning or to be repaid again at the + will of the said Thomas. + + "HENRY FERRERS. + + "Sealed and delivered in the presence of + + Jo: White and Christopher Symons.[139]" + +It is therefore beyond question, on the evidence of this agreement, that +Speed was right in connecting with Parliament a house rented by Percy. +It is, however, also beyond question, on the evidence of the same +agreement, that he also took a second house, of which Whynniard was to +give him a lease. The inference that Percy would have been turned out of +this second house when Parliament met seems, therefore, to be untenable. +Whynniard, it may be observed, had, on March 24, 1602, been appointed, +in conjunction with his son, Keeper of the Old Palace,[140] so that the +block of buildings concerned, which is within the Old Palace, may very +well have been his official residence. + +Let us now cast our eyes on the plan on p. 81. We find there a long +division of the building running between the wall of the House of Lords +and the back wall of the remainder of the block. It certainly looks as +if this must have been the house, or division of a house, belonging to +Parliament, and this probability is turned into something like certainty +by the two views that now follow, taken from the _Crace Collection_; +Views, Portfolio xv., Nos. 18, 26. + +It will be seen that the first of these two views, taken in 1804 (p. +88), shows us a large mullioned window, inside which must have been a +room of some considerable length to require so large an opening to admit +light, as its breadth must evidently have been limited. Such a room +would be out of place in the rambling building we have been examining, +but by no means out of place as a chamber or gallery connected with the +House of Lords, and capable of serving as a place of meeting for the +Commissioners appointed to consider a scheme of union with Scotland. A +glance at the view on page 89, which was taken in 1807, when the wall of +the House of Lords was being laid bare by the demolition of the houses +abutting on it, shows two apertures, a window with a Gothic arch, and an +opening with a square head, which may very well have served as a door, +whilst the window may have been blocked up. If such a connection with +the House of Lords can be established, there seems no reason to doubt +that we have the withdrawing room fixed beyond doubt. Father Gerard +mentions an old print representing 'the two Houses assembled in the +presence of Queen Elizabeth,' and having 'windows on both sides.'[141] +Such a print can only refer to a time before the mullioned chamber was +in existence, and therefore--unless this print, like a subsequent one, +was a mere copy of an earlier one still--we have fair evidence that +the large room was not in existence in some year in the reign of +Elizabeth, whilst the plan at p. 80 shows that it was in existence in +1685. That it was there in 1605 is not, indeed, to be proved by other +evidence than that it manifestly supplies us with the withdrawing room +for the Lords and for the Commissioners for the Union of which we hear +so much. + + +[Illustration: EAST END OF THE PRINCE'S CHAMBER. + +Published July 1, 1804, by J. T. Smith.] + + +[Illustration: VIEWS OF THE EAST SIDE OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, THE EAST +END OF THE PRINCE'S CHAMBER, &C. TAKEN OCTOBER 8, 1807. + +N.B. From the doorway out of which a man is peeping, nearly in the +centre of the print, Guy Fawkes was to have made his escape. Published +Nov. 4, 1807, by J. T. Smith.] + + +That in the early part of the nineteenth century the storey beneath this +room was occupied by a passage leading from the court opening on +Parliament Place, and Cotton Garden, is shown in the plan at p. 81; and +the views at pp. 88, 89, rather indicate that that passage was in +existence when the old house, which I call Whynniard's block, was still +undemolished. If this was so, we are able to find a place for the +'little entry,' under which, according to Winter, the conspirators +worked. This view of the case, too, is borne out by Smith's statement, +that 'in the further end of that court,' _i.e._ the court running up +from Parliament Place, 'is a doorway, through which, and turning to the +left through another doorway, is the immediate way out of the cellar +where the powder-plot was intended to take effect.'[142] It seems likely +that the whole long space under the withdrawing room was used as a +passage, though, on the other hand, the part of what was afterwards a +passage may have been blocked by a room, in which case we have the 'low +room new builded'--_i.e._ built in some year in Elizabeth's reign--in +which the powder was stored. + +Having thus fixed the position of the house belonging to Parliament, and +shown that it probably consisted of a long room in one storey, we can +hardly fail to discover the second house as that marked B in the plan on +p. 81, since that house alone combines the conditions of being close to +the House of Lords, and having a door and window looking towards the +river. + +According to Father Gerard, however, the premises occupied by Percy were +far too small to make this explanation permissible. + + "We learn," he says, "on the unimpeachable evidence of Mrs. + Whynniard's servant that the house afforded accommodation only for + one person at a time, so that when Percy came there to spend the + night, Fawkes, who passed for his man, had to lodge out. This + suggests another question. Percy's pretext for laying in so much + fuel was that he meant to bring up his wife to live there. But how + could this be under such conditions?"[143] + +Mrs. Whynniard's servant, however, Roger James, did not use the words +here put into his mouth. He said that he had heard from Mrs. Gibbons +'that Mr. Percy hath lain in the said lodging divers times himself, but +when he lay there, his man lay abroad, there being but one bed in the +said lodging.' + +Fawkes, therefore, lodged out when his master came, not because there +was not a second room in the house, but because there was only one bed. +If Mrs. Percy arrived alone she would probably find one bed sufficient +for herself and her husband. If she brought any maidservants with her, +beds could be provided for them without much difficulty. Is it not +likely that the plan of sending Fawkes out to sleep was contrived with +the object of persuading the Whynniards that as matters stood no more +than one person could occupy the house at night, and of thus putting +them off the scent, at the time when the miners were congregated in it? + +A more serious problem is presented by Father Gerard's inquiry 'how +proceedings so remarkable' as the digging of the mine could have escaped +the notice, not only of the Government, but of the entire neighbourhood. + + "This," he continues, "it must be remembered, was most populous. + There were people living in the very building a part of which + sheltered the conspirators. Around were thickly clustered the + dwellings of the Keeper of the Wardrobe, auditors and tellers of + the Exchequer, and other such officials. There were tradespeople + and workmen constantly employed close to the spot where the work + was going on; while the public character of the place makes it + impossible to suppose that tenants such as Percy and his friends, + who were little better than lodgers, could claim the exclusive use + of anything beyond the rooms they rented--even when allowed the use + of them--or could shut against the neighbours and visitors in + general the precincts of so frequented a spot."[144] + +To this is added the following footnote:-- + + "The buildings of the dissolved College of St. Stephen, comprising + those around the House of Lords, were granted by Edward VI. to Sir + Ralph Lane. They reverted to the Crown under Elizabeth, and were + appropriated as residences for the auditors and tellers of the + Exchequer. The locality became so populous that in 1606 it was + forbidden to erect more houses." + +This statement is reinforced by a conjectural view of the neighbourhood +founded on the 'best authorities' by Mr. H. W. Brewer.[145] Mr. Brewer +who has since kindly examined with me the drawings and plans in the +Crace Collection, on which I rely, has, I think, been misled by those +early semi-pictorial maps, which, though they may be relied on for +larger buildings, such as the House of Lords or St. Stephen's Chapel, +are very imaginative in their treatment of private houses. In any case I +deny the existence of the two large houses placed by him between what I +infer to have been Whynniard's house and the river side. + +The history of the land between the wall of the old palace on which +stood the river front of Whynniard's house, and the bank of the Thames, +can be traced with tolerable accuracy. It formed part of a larger +estate, formerly the property of the dissolved chapel of St. Stephen, +granted by Edward VI. to Sir Ralph Fane;[146] Father Gerard's Sir Ralph +Lane being a misprint or a mistake. Fane, however, was hanged shortly +afterwards, and the estate, reverting to the Crown, was re-granted to +Sir John Gates.[147] Again reverting to the Crown, it was dealt with in +separate portions, and the part on which the Exchequer officers' +residences was built was to the north of Cotton Garden, and being quite +out of earshot of Whynniard's house, need not concern us here. In 1588, +the Queen granted to John Whynniard, then an officer of the Wardrobe, a +lease of several parcels of ground for thirty years.[148] Some of these +were near Whitehall, others to the south of Parliament Stairs. The only +one which concerns us is a piece of land lying between the wall of the +Old Palace, on which the river-front of Whynniard's house was built, and +the Thames. In 1600 the reversion was granted to two men named Evershed +and Holland, who immediately sold it to Whynniard, thus constituting him +the owner of the land in perpetuity. In the deed conveying it to him, +this portion is styled:-- + + "All that piece of waste land lying there right against the said + piece, and lieth and is without the said stone wall, that is to say + between the said passage or entry of the said Parliament House[149] + on the north part, and abutteth upon the said stone wall which + compasseth the said Old Palace towards the West, and upon the + Thames aforesaid towards the East, and continueth at length between + the passage aforesaid and the sluice coming from the said + Parliament House, seventy-five foot."[150] + +On this piece of waste land I place the garden mentioned in connection +with the house rented by Percy. This is far more probable than it was +where Mr. Brewer has placed it, in the narrow court which leads from +Parliament Place to the other side of Percy's house, and ends by the +side of the Prince's Chamber. If this arrangement be accepted, it gets +rid of the alleged populousness of neighbourhood. No doubt people +flocked up and down from Parliament Stairs, but they would be excluded +from the garden on the river side, and with few exceptions would pass on +without turning to the right into the court. Nobody who had not business +with Percy himself or with his neighbour on the south[151] would be +likely to approach Percy's door. As far as that side of the house was +concerned, it would be difficult to find a more secluded dwelling. The +Thames was then the 'silent highway' of London, and the sight of a barge +unloading before the back door of a house can have been no more +surprising than the sight of a gondola moored to the steps of a palace +on a canal in Venice. John Shepherd, for instance, was not startled by +the sight:-- + + Memorandum that John Shepherd servant to the said Mr. Whynniard, + saith that the fourth of September last being Wednesday before the + Queen's Majesty removed from Windsor to Hampton Court,[152] he + being taken suddenly sick, and therefore sent away to London, and + coming late to lie at the Queen's Bridge,[153] the tide being high, + he saw a boat lie close by the pale of Sir Thomas Parry's + garden[154] and men going to and fro the water through the back + door that leadeth into Mr. Percy's lodging, which he doth now + bethink himself of, though then, being sick and late, he did not + regard it.[155] + +It thus appears that this final supply of powder was carried in at +night, and by a way through the garden--not by the more frequented +Parliament Stairs. + +The story of the mine, no doubt, presents some difficulties which, +though by no means insuperable, cannot be solved with absolute certainty +without more information than we possess at present. We may, I think, +dismiss the suggestion of the Edinburgh Reviewer that the conspirators +may have dug straight down instead of making a tunnel, both because even +bunglers could hardly have occupied a fortnight in digging a pit a few +feet deep, and because their words about reaching the wall at the end of +the fortnight would, on this hypothesis, have no meaning. Thomas +Winter's statement is that he and his comrades 'wrought under a little +entry to the wall of the Parliament House.'[156] The little entry, as I +have already argued,[157] must be the covered passage under the +withdrawing room; a tunnel leading from the cellar of Percy's house +would be about seven or eight feet long. The main difficulty at the +commencement of the work would be to get through the wall of Percy's +house, and this, it may be noticed, neither Fawkes nor Winter speak of, +though they are very positive as to the difficulties presented by the +wall of the House of Lords. If, indeed, the wall on this side of Percy's +house was, as may with great probability be conjectured, built of brick, +as the river front undoubtedly was,[158] the difficulty cannot have been +great, as I have been informed by Mr. Henry Ward[159] that the brick +used in those days was, both from its composition and from the method in +which it was dried, far softer than that employed in building at +present. We may, therefore, fairly start our miners in the cellar of +their own house with a soft brick wall to penetrate, and a tunnel +afterwards to construct, having wood ready to prop up the earth, and +appropriate implements to carry out their undertaking.[160] + +Here, however, Father Gerard waves us back:-- + + "It is not easy," he writes, "to understand how these amateurs + contrived to do so much without a catastrophe. To make a tunnel + through soft earth is a very delicate operation, replete with + unknown difficulties. To shore up the roof and sides there must, + moreover, have been required a large quantity of the 'framed + timber'[161] of which Speed tells us, and the provision and + importation of this must have been almost as hard to keep dark as + the exportation of the earth and stones. A still more critical + operation is that of meddling with the foundations of a + house--especially of an old and heavy structure--which a + professional craftsman would not venture upon except with extreme + care, and the employment of many precautions of which these + light-hearted adventurers knew nothing. Yet, recklessly breaking + their way out of one building, and to a large extent into another, + they appear to have occasioned neither crack nor settlement in + either."[162] + +I have already dealt with the problem of bringing in articles by night, +and of getting through Percy's wall. For the rest, Father Gerard forgets +that though six of the seven miners were amateurs, the seventh was not. +Fawkes had been eight years in the service of the Archdukes in the Low +Countries, and to soldiers on either side the war in the Low Countries +offered the most complete school of military mining then to be found in +the world. Though every soldier was not an engineer, he could not fail +to be in the way of hearing about, if not of actually witnessing, feats +of engineering skill, of which the object was not merely to undermine +fortifications with tunnels of far greater length than can have been +required by the conspirators, but to conduct the operation as quietly as +possible. It must surely have been the habit of these engineers to use +other implements than the noisy pick of the modern workman.[163] Fawkes, +indeed, speaks of himself merely as a watcher whilst others worked. But +he was a modest man, and there can be no reasonable doubt that he +directed the operations. + +When the main wall was attacked after Christmas the conditions were +somewhat altered. The miners, indeed, may still have been able to avoid +the use of picks, and to employ drills and crowbars, but some noise they +must necessarily have made. Yet the chances of their being overheard +were very slight. Having taken the precaution to hire the long +withdrawing room and the passage or passage-room beneath it, the sounds +made on the lower part of the main wall could not very well reach the +ears of the tenants of the other houses in Whynniard's block. The only +question is whether there was any one likely to hear them in the +so-called 'cellar' underneath the House of Lords, beneath which, again, +they intended to deposit their store of powder. What that chamber was +had best be told in Father Gerard's own words:-- + + "The old House of Lords,"[164] he writes, "was a chamber occupying + the first floor of a building which stood about fifty yards from + the left bank of the Thames,[165] to which it was parallel, the + stream at this point running about due north. Beneath the Peers' + Chamber on the ground floor was a large room, which plays an + important part in our history. This had originally served as the + palace kitchen, and, though commonly described as a 'cellar' or a + 'vault,' was in reality neither, for it stood on the level of the + ground outside, and had a flat ceiling formed by the beams which + supported the flooring of the Lords apartment above. It ran beneath + the said Peers' Chamber from end to end, and measured seventy-seven + feet in length by twenty-four feet four inches in width. + + "At either end the building abutted upon another running + transversely to it; that on the north being the 'Painted Chamber,' + probably erected by Edward the Confessor, and that on the south the + 'Prince's Chamber,' assigned by its architectural features to the + reign of Henry III. The former served as a place of conference for + Lords and Commons, the latter as the robing-room of the Lords. The + royal throne stood at the south end of the House, near the Prince's + Chamber."[166] + +According to the story told by Fawkes this place was let to Mrs. Skinner +by Whynniard to store her coals in. In an early draft of the narrative +usually known as the 'King's Book,'[167] we are told that there was +'some stuff of the King's which lay in part of a cellar under those +rooms'--_i.e._ the House of Lords, and 'that Whynniard had let out some +part of a room directly under the Parliament chamber to one that used it +for a cellar.' This statement is virtually repeated in the 'King's Book' +itself, where Whynniard is said to have stated 'that Thomas Percy had +hired both the house and part of the cellar or vault under the +same.'[168] That part was so let is highly probable, as the internal +length of the old kitchen was about seventy-seven feet, and it would +therefore be far too large for the occupation of a single coalmonger. We +must thus imagine the so-called vault divided into two portions, +probably with a partition cutting off one from the other. If, therefore, +the conspirators restricted their operations to the night-time, there +was little danger of their being overheard. There was not much +likelihood either that Whynniard would get out of bed to visit the +tapestry or whatever the stuff belonging to the King may have been, or +that Mrs. Skinner would want to examine her coal-sacks whilst her +customers were asleep. The only risk was from some belated visitor +coming up the quiet court leading from Parliament Place to make his way +to one of the houses in Whynniard's block. Against this, however, the +plotters were secured by the watchfulness of Fawkes. + +The precautions taken by the conspirators did not render their task +easier. It was in the second fortnight, beginning after the middle of +January, when the hard work of getting through the strong and broad +foundation of the House of Lords tried their muscles and their patience, +that they swore in Christopher Wright, and brought over Keyes from +Lambeth together with the powder which they now stored in 'a low room +new-builded.'[169] After a fortnight's work, reaching to Candlemas (Feb. +2), they had burrowed through about four feet six inches into the wall, +after which they again gave over working.[170] Some time in the latter +part of March they returned to their operations, but they had scarcely +commenced when they found out that it would be possible for them to gain +possession of a locality more suited to their wants, and they therefore +abandoned the project of the mine as no longer necessary.[171] + +Before passing from the story of the mine, the more important of Father +Gerard's criticisms require an answer. How, he asks, could the +conspirators have got rid of such a mass of earth and stones without +exciting attention?[172] Fawkes, indeed, says that 'the day before +Christmas having a mass of earth that came out of the mine, they carried +it into the garden of the said house.' Then Goodman declares that he saw +it,[173] but, even if we assume that his memory did not play him false, +it is impossible that the whole of the produce of the first fortnight's +diggings should be disposed of in this way. The shortest length that can +be ascribed to the mine before the wall was reached is eight feet, and +if we allow five feet for height and depth we have 200 cubical feet, or +a mass more than six feet every way, besides the stones coming out of +the wall after Christmas. Some of the earth may have been, as Fawkes +said, spread over the garden beds, but the greater part of it must have +been disposed of in some other way. Is it so very difficult to surmise +what that was? The nights were long and dark, and the river was very +close. + +We are further asked to explain how it was that, if there was really a +mine, the Government did not find it out for some days after the arrest +of Fawkes. Why should they? The only point at which it was accessible +was at its entrance in Percy's own cellar, and it is an insult to the +sharp wits of the plotters, to suppose that they did not close it up as +soon as the project of the mine was abandoned. All that would be needed, +if the head of the mine descended, as it probably did, would be the +relaying of a couple or so of flagstones. How careful the plotters were +of wiping out all traces of their work, is shown by the evidence of +Whynniard's servant, Roger James, who says that about Midsummer 1605, +Percy, appearing to pay his quarter's rent, 'agreed with one York, a +carpenter in Westminster, for the repairing of his lodging,' adding +'that he would send his man to pay the carpenter for the work he was to +do.'[174] Either the mine had no existence, or all traces of it must +have been effectually removed before a carpenter was allowed to range +the house in the absence of both Percy and Fawkes. I must leave it to my +readers to decide which alternative they prefer. + +According to the usually received story, the conspirators, hearing a +rustling above their heads, imagined that their enterprise had been +discovered, but having sent Fawkes to ascertain the cause of the noise, +they learnt that Mrs. Skinner (afterwards Mrs. Bright) was selling +coals, and having also ascertained that she was willing to give up her +tenancy to them for a consideration, they applied to Whynniard--from +whom the so-called 'cellar' was leased through his wife, and obtained a +transfer of the premises to Percy. All that remained was to convey the +powder from the house to the 'cellar,' and after covering it with +billets and faggots, to wait quietly till Parliament met. + +Father Gerard's first objection to this is, that whilst they were +mining, 'ridiculous as is the supposition, the conspirators appear to +have been ignorant of the existence of the "cellar," and to have fancied +that they were working their way immediately beneath the Chamber of +Peers.' The supposition would be ridiculous enough if it were not a +figment of Father Gerard's own brain. He relies on what he calls +'Barlow's Gunpowder Treason,'[175] published in 1678, and on a remark +made by Tierney in 1841, adding that it is 'obviously implied' by Fawkes +and Winter. What Fawkes says on November 17 is:-- + + "As they were working upon the wall, they heard a rushing in a + cellar of removing of coals; whereupon we feared we had been + discovered, and they sent me to go to the cellar, who finding that + the coals were a selling, and that the cellar was to be let, + viewing the commodity thereof for our purpose, Percy went and hired + the same for yearly rent."[176] + +What Winter says is that, 'near to Easter ... opportunity was given to +hire the cellar, in which we resolved to lay the powder and leave the +mine.' What single word is there here about the conspirators thinking +that there was no storey intervening between the foundation and the +House of Lords? The mere fact of Percy having been in the house close to +the passage from which there was an opening closed only by a grating +into the 'cellar' itself,[177] would negative the impossible +supposition. Father Gerard, however, adds that Mrs. Whynniard tells us +that the cellar was not to let, and that Bright, _i.e._ Mrs. Skinner, +had not the disposal of the lease, but one Skinner, and that Percy +'laboured very earnestly before he succeeded in obtaining it.' What +Mrs. Whynniard says is that the cellar had been already let, and that +her husband had not the disposal of it. Percy then 'intreated that if he +could get Mrs. Skinner's good-will therein, they would then be contented +to let him have it, whereto they granted it.'[178] Is not this exactly +what one might expect to happen on an application for a lease held by a +tenant who proves willing to remove? + +Father Gerard proceeds to raise difficulties from the structural nature +of the cellar itself. Mr. William Capon, he says, examined the +foundations of the House of Lords when it was removed in 1823, and did +not discover the hole which the conspirators were alleged to have made. +His own statement, however, printed in the fifth volume of _Vetusta +Monumenta_,[179] says nothing about the foundations; and besides, as +Father Gerard has shown, he had a totally erroneous theory of the place +whence he supposes the conspirators to have had access to the 'cellar.' +Nothing--as I have learnt by experience--is so likely as a false theory +to blind the eyes to existing evidence. + +Then we have remarks upon the mode of communication between Percy's +house and the cellar. Father Gerard tells us that:-- + + "Fawkes says (November 6th, 1605) that about the middle of + Lent[180] of that year, Percy caused 'a new door' to be made into + it, that he might have a nearer way out of his own house into the + cellar. + + "This seems to imply that Percy took the cellar for his firewood + when there was no convenient communication between it and his + house. Moreover, it is not very easy to understand how a + tenant--under such conditions as his--was allowed at discretion to + knock doors through the walls of a royal palace. Neither did the + landlady say anything of this door-making, when detailing what she + knew of Percy's proceedings." + +Without perceiving it, Father Gerard proceeds to dispose of the +objection he had raised. + + "In some notes of Sir E. Coke, it is said 'The powder was first + brought into Percy's house, and lay there in a low room new built, + and could not have been conveyed into the cellar but that all the + street must have seen it; and therefore he caused a new door out of + his house into the cellar to be made, where before there had been a + grate of iron."[181] + +To Father Gerard this 'looks very like an afterthought.' Considering, +however, that every word except the part about the grating is based on +evidence which has reached us, it looks to me very like the truth. It +is, indeed, useless to attempt to reconcile the position of the doors +opening out of the 'cellar' apparently indicated on Capon's plan (p. 80) +with those given in Smith's views (p. 109) of the four walls taken +from the inside of the cellar, and I therefore conclude that the +apertures shown in the former are really those of the House of Lords on +the upper storey, a conjecture which is supported by the insertion of a +flight of steps, which would lead nowhere if the whole plan was intended +to record merely the features of the lower level. In any case, Smith's +illustration shows three entrances--one through the north wall which I +have marked A, another with a triangular head near the north end of the +east wall marked B, and a third with a square head near the south end of +the same wall marked C. The first of these would naturally be used by +Mrs. Skinner, as it opened on a passage leading westwards, and we know +that she lived in King Street; the second would be used by Whynniard, +whilst, either he or some predecessor might very well have put up a +grating at the third to keep out thieves. That third aperture was, +however, just opposite Percy's house, and when he hired Mrs. Skinner's +part of the 'cellar,' he would necessarily wish to have it open and a +door substituted for the grating. There was no question of knocking +about the walls of a royal palace in the matter. If he had not that door +opened he must either use Whynniard's, of which Whynniard presumably +wished to keep the key, or go round by Parliament Place to reach the one +hitherto used by Mrs. Skinner. It is true that, if the north door was +really the one used by Mrs. Skinner, it necessitates the conclusion that +there was no insurmountable barrier between Whynniard's part of the +cellar, and that afterwards used by Percy. Moreover, it is almost +certainly shown that this was the case by the ease with which the +searchers got into Percy's part of the cellar on the night of November +4th, though entering by another door. In this case the conspirators must +have been content with the strong probability that whenever their +landlord came into his end of the 'cellar,' he would not come further to +pull about the pile of wood with which their powder barrels were +covered. On the other hand, the entrances knocked in blocked-up arches +may not have been the same in 1605 and in 1807. At all events, the +square-headed aperture in Smith's view agrees so well with that in the +view at p. 89, that it can be accepted without doubt as the one in which +Percy's new door was substituted for a grating, and which led out of the +covered passage opening from the court leading from Parliament Place. + + +[Illustration: Four walls of the so-called cellar under the House of +Lords. From Smith's _Antiquities of Westminster_, p. 39.] + + +Though it is possible that Whynniard might, if he chose, come into the +plotters' 'cellar,' we are under no compulsion to accept Father Gerard's +assertion that Winter declared 'that the confederates so arranged as to +leave the cellar free for all to enter who would.'[182] "It is stated," +writes Father Gerard, in another place, "in Winter's long declaration on +this subject, that the barrels were thus completely hidden 'because we +might have the house free to suffer anyone to enter that would,' and we +find it mentioned by various writers, subsequently, that free ingress +was actually allowed to the public."[183] As the subsequent writers +appear to be an anonymous writer, who wrote on _The Gunpowder Plot_ +under the pseudonym of L., in 1805, and Hugh F. Martyndale, who wrote _A +Familiar Analysis of the Calendar of the Church of England_ in 1830, I +am unable to take them very seriously. The extraordinary thing is that +Father Gerard does not see that his quotation from Winter is fatal to +his argument. Winter says that Fawkes covered the powder in the cellar +'because we might have the house free to suffer anyone to enter that +would.[184] The cellar was not part of the house; and, although the +words are not entirely free from ambiguity, the more reasonable +interpretation is that Fawkes disposed of the powder in the cellar, in +order that visitors might be freely admitted into the house. Winter, in +fact, makes no direct statement that the powder was moved, and it is +therefore fair to take this removal as included in what he says about +the faggots. + +As for the quantity of the gunpowder used, the opinion of the writer +discussed in the _Edinburgh Review_ (January, 1897), appears reasonable +enough:-- + + "Apart from the hearsay reports, Father Gerard seems to base his + computations on the statement that a barrel of gunpowder contained + 400 pounds. This is an error. The barrel of gunpowder contained 100 + pounds;[185] the last, which is rightly given at 2,400 pounds, + contained twenty-four barrels. The quantity of powder stored in + the cellar is repeatedly said, both in the depositions and the + indictment to have been thirty-six barrels--that is, a last and a + half, or about one ton twelve hundredweight; and this agrees very + exactly with the valuation of the powder at 200_l._ In 1588, the + cost of a barrel of 100 pounds was 5_l._ But to carry, and move, + and stow, a ton and a half in small portable barrels is a very + different thing from the task on which Father Gerard dwells of + moving and hiding, not only the large barrels of 400 pounds, but + also the hogsheads that were spoken of."[186] + +I will merely add that Father Gerard's surprise that the disposal of so +large a mass of powder is not to be traced is the less justifiable, as +the Ordnance accounts of the stores in the Tower have been very +irregularly preserved, those for the years with which we are concerned +being missing. + +Having thus, I hope, shown that the traditional account of the mine and +the cellar are consistent with the documentary and structural evidence, +I pass to the question of the accuracy of the alleged discovery of the +conspiracy. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +THE DISCOVERY + + +In one way the evidence on the discovery of the plot differs from that +on the plot itself. The latter is straightforward and simple, its +discrepancies, where there are any, being reducible to the varying +amount of the knowledge of the Government. The same cannot be said of +the evidence relating to the mode in which the plot was discovered. If +we accept the traditional story that its discovery was owing to the +extraordinary letter brought to Monteagle at Hoxton, there are +disturbing elements in the case. In the first place, the Commissioners +would probably wish to conceal any mystery connected with the delivery +of the letter, if it were only for the sake of Monteagle, to whom they +owed so much; and, in the second place, when they had once committed +themselves to the theory that the King had discovered the sense of the +letter by a sort of Divine inspiration, there could not fail to be a +certain amount of shuffling to make this view square with the actual +facts. Other causes of hesitancy to set forth the full truth there may +have been, but these two were undeniably there. + +Father Gerard, however, bars the way to the immediate discussion of +these points by a theory which he has indeed adopted from others, but +which he has made his own by the fulness with which he has treated it. +He holds that Salisbury knew of the plot long before the incident of the +letter occurred, a view which is by no means inconsistent with the +belief that the plot itself was genuine, and, it may be added, is far +less injurious to Salisbury's character than the supposition that he had +either partially or wholly invented the plot itself. If the latter +charge could have been sustained Salisbury would have to be ranked +amongst the most infamous ministers known to history. If all that can be +said of him is that he kept silence longer than we should have expected, +we may feel curious as to his motives, or question his prudence, but we +shall have no reason to doubt his morality. + +Father Gerard, having convinced himself that in all probability the +Government, or, at least Salisbury, had long had a secret agent amongst +the plotters, fixes his suspicions primarily on Percy. Beginning by an +attack on Percy's moral character, he writes as follows:-- + + "It unfortunately appears that, all the time, this zealous convert + was a bigamist, having one wife living in the capital and another + in the provinces. When his name was published in connection with + the Plot, the magistrates of London arrested the one and those of + Warwickshire the other, alike reporting to the secretary what they + had done, as may be seen in the State Paper Office."[187] + +The papers in the Public Record Office here referred to prove nothing of +the sort. On November 5 Justice Grange writes to Salisbury that Percy +had a house in Holborne 'where his wife is at this instant. She saith +her husband liveth not with her, but being attendant on the Right +Honourable the Earl of Northumberland, liveth and lodgeth as she +supposeth with him. She hath not seen him since Midsummer.[188] She +liveth very private and teacheth children. I have caused some to watch +the house, as also to guard her until your Honour's pleasure be further +known.'[189] There is, however, nothing to show that Salisbury did not +within a couple of hours direct that she should be set free, as she had +evidently nothing to tell; nor is there anything here inconsistent with +her having been arrested in Warwickshire on the 12th, especially as she +was apprehended in the house of John Wright,[190] her brother. What is +more likely than that, when the terrible catastrophe befell the poor +woman, she should have travelled down to seek refuge in her brother's +house, where she might perchance hear some tidings of her husband? It is +adding a new terror to matrimony to suggest that a man is liable to be +charged with bigamy because his wife is seen in London one day and in +Warwickshire a week afterwards. + +The fact probably is that Father Gerard received the suggestion from +Goodman, whose belief that Percy was a bigamist rested on information +derived from some lady who may very well have been as hardened a gossip +as he was himself.[191] His own attempt to bolster up the story by +further evidence can hardly be reckoned conclusive. + +In any case the question of Percy's morality is quite irrelevant. It is +more to the purpose when Father Gerard quotes Goodman as asserting that +Percy had been a frequent visitor to Salisbury's house by night.[192] + + "Sir Francis Moore," he tells us, "... being the lord keeper + Egerton's favourite, and having some occasion of business with him + at twelve of the clock at night, and going then homeward from York + House to the Middle Temple at two, several times he met Mr. Percy, + coming out of that great statesman's house, and wondered what his + business should be there."[193] + +There are many ways in which the conclusion that Percy went to tell +tales may be avoided. In the days of James I., the streets of London +were inconceivably dark to the man who at the present day is accustomed +to gas and electricity. Not even lanterns were permanently hung out for +many a year to come. Except when the moon was shining, the only light +was a lantern carried in the hand, and by the light of either it would +be easy to mistake the features of any one coming out from a door way. +Yet even if Moore's evidence be accepted, the inference that Percy +betrayed the plot to Salisbury is not by any means a necessary one. +Percy may, as the Edinburgh Reviewer suggests, have been employed by +Northumberland. Nor does Father Gerard recognise that it was clearly +Percy's business to place his connection with the Court as much in +evidence as possible. The more it was known that he was trusted by +Northumberland, and even by Salisbury, the less people were likely to +ask awkward questions as to his reasons for taking a house at +Westminster. In 1654 a Royalist gentleman arriving from the Continent to +take part in an insurrection against the Protector, went straight to +Cromwell's Court in order to disarm suspicion. Why may not Percy have +acted in a similar way in 1605? All that we know of Percy's character +militates against the supposition that he was a man to play the +dastardly part of an informer. + +Other pieces of evidence against Percy may be dismissed with equal +assurance. We are told, for instance,[194] that Salisbury found a +difficulty in tracing Percy's movements before the day on which +Parliament was to have been blown up; whereas, ten days before, the same +Percy had received a pass issued by the Commissioners of the North, as +posting to court for the King's especial service. The order, however, +is signed, not by the Commissioners of the North as a body, but by two +of their number, and was dated at Seaton Delaval in Northumberland.[195] +As Percy's business is known to have been the bringing up the Earl of +Northumberland's rents, and he might have pleaded that it was his duty +to be in his place as Gentleman Pensioner at the meeting of Parliament, +two gentlemen living within hail of Alnwick were likely enough to +stretch a point in favour of the servant of the great earl. In any case +it was most unlikely that they should have thought it necessary to +acquaint the Secretary of State with the terms in which a posting order +had been couched. + +The supposition that Salisbury sent secret orders to the sheriff of +Worcestershire not to take Percy alive is sufficiently disposed of, as +the Edinburgh Reviewer has remarked, by Sheriff Walsh's own letter, and +by the extreme improbability that if Salisbury had known Percy to have +been a government spy he would have calculated on his being such a +lunatic as to join the other conspirators in their flight, apparently +for the mere pleasure of getting himself shot.[196] It may be added +that it is hard to imagine how Salisbury could know beforehand in what +county the rebels would be taken, and consequently to what sheriff he +should address his compromising communication. As to the suggestion that +there was something hidden behind the failure of the King's messenger to +reach the sheriff with orders to avoid killing the chief conspirators, +on the ground that 'the distance to be covered was about 112 miles, and +there were three days to do it in, for not till November 8 were the +fugitives surrounded,' it may fairly be answered, in the first place, +that the whereabouts of the conspirators was not known at Westminster +till the Proclamation for their arrest was issued on the 7th, and in the +second place, that as the sheriff was constantly on the move in pursuit, +it must have been hard to catch him in the time which sufficed to send a +message to a fixed point at Westminster.[197] + +It is needless to argue that Catesby was not the informer. The evidence +is of the slightest, depending on the alleged statement by a +servant,[198] long ago dead when it was committed to paper, and even +Father Gerard appears hardly to believe that the charge is tenable. + +There remains the case of Tresham. Since the publication of Jardine's +work Tresham has been fixed on as the author or contriver of the letter +to Monteagle which, according to the constant assertion of the +Government, gave the first intimation of the existence of the plot, and +this view of the case was taken by many contemporaries. Tresham was the +last of three wealthy men--the others being Digby and Rokewood--who were +admitted to the plot because their money could be utilised in the +preparations for a rising. He was a cousin of Catesby and the two +Winters, and had taken part in the negotiations with Spain before the +death of Elizabeth. During the weeks immediately preceding November 5 +there had been much searching of heart amongst the plotters as to the +destruction in which Catholic peers would be involved, and it is +probable that hints were given to some of them that it would be well to +be absent from Parliament on the morning fixed for the explosion. +Amongst the peers connected with one or other of the plotters was Lord +Monteagle, who had married Tresham's sister. + +That Tresham should have desired to warn his brother-in-law was the most +likely thing in the world. We know that he was in London on October 25 +or 26, because Thomas Winter received 100_l._ from him on one of those +days at his chambers in Clerkenwell.[199] It was in the evening of the +26th that Monteagle arrived at his house at Hoxton though he had not +been there for more than twelve months. As he was sitting down to supper +one of his footmen brought him a letter. Monteagle on receiving it, took +the extraordinary course of handing it to one of his gentlemen named +Ward, and bade him read it aloud. The letter was anonymous, and ran as +follows:-- + + "My Lord, out of the love I bear to some of your friends, I have a + care of your preservation. Therefore I would advise you, as you + tender your life, to devise some excuse to shift of your attendance + at this Parliament; for God and man hath concurred to punish the + wickedness of this time. And think not slightly of this + advertisement but retire yourself into your country, where you may + expect the event in safety, for though there be no appearance of + any stir, yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow this + Parliament, and yet they shall not see who hurts them. This counsel + is not to be contemned, because it may do you good, and can do you + no harm, for the danger is past as soon as you have burnt this + letter; and I hope God will give you the grace to make good use of + it, to whose holy protection I commend you." + +Monteagle took the letter to Salisbury, and if the protestations of the +Government are to be trusted, this was the first that Salisbury or any +one of his fellow councillors heard of the conspiracy. Father Gerard +follows Jardine and others in thinking this to be improbable if not +incredible. + +It may at least be freely granted that it is hardly probable that +Monteagle had not heard of the plot before. As Jardine puts it +forcibly:-- + + "The circumstance of Lord Monteagle's unexpected visit to his house + at Hoxton, without any other assignable reason, on the evening in + question, looks like the arrangement of a convenient scene; and it + is deserving of notice that the gentleman to whom his lordship gave + the letter to read at his table was Thomas Ward, an intimate friend + of several of the conspirators, and suspected to have been an + accomplice in the treason. The open reading of such a letter before + his household (which, unless it be supposed to be part of a + counterplot, seems a very unnatural and imprudent course for Lord + Monteagle to adopt) might be intended to secure evidence that the + letter was the first intimation he had of the matter, and would + have the effect of giving notice to Ward that the plot was + discovered, in order that he might communicate the fact to the + conspirators. In truth he did so on the very next morning; and if + they had then taken the alarm, and instantly fled to Flanders (as + it is natural to suppose they would have done) every part of + Tresham's object would have been attained. This scheme was + frustrated by the unexpected and extraordinary infatuation of the + conspirators themselves, who, notwithstanding their knowledge of + the letter, disbelieved the discovery of the plot from the absence + of any search at the cellar, and, omitting to avail themselves of + the means afforded for their flight, still lingered in + London."[200] + +It is unnecessary to add any word to this, so far as it affects the +complicity of Tresham with Monteagle. I submit, however, that the +stronger is the evidence that the letter was prearranged with Monteagle +the more hopeless is the reasoning of those who, like Father Gerard, +hold that it was prearranged with Salisbury. Salisbury's object, +according to Father Gerard's hypothesis, was to gain credit by springing +upon the King and the world a partly or totally imaginary plot. If he +was to do this, he must have some evidence to bring which would convince +the world that the affair was not a mere imposture; and yet it is to be +imagined that he contrives a scheme which threatens to leave him in +possession of an obscure letter, and the knowledge that every one of the +plotters was safely beyond the sea. As a plan concocted by Monteagle and +Tresham to stop the plot, and at the same time secure the escape of +their guilty friends, the little comedy at Hoxton was admirably +concocted. From the point of view of the Government its advantages are +not obvious. Add to this that all Salisbury's alleged previous knowledge +did not enable him to discover that a mine had been dug till Fawkes told +him as late as November 8, and that the Government for two or three +days after Fawkes was taken were in the dark as to the whereabouts of +the conspirators, and we find every reason to believe that the statement +of the Government, that they only learnt the plot through the Monteagle +letter, was absolutely true. + +That the Government dealt tenderly with Tresham in not sending him to +the Tower till the 12th, and allowing him the consolation of his wife's +nursing when he fell ill, is only what was to have been expected if they +had learnt from Monteagle the source of his information, whilst they +surely would have kept his wife from all access to him if he had had +reason to complain to her that he had been arrested in spite of his +services to the Government. After his death, which took place in the +Tower, there was no further consideration of him, and, on December 23, +the Council ordered that his head should be cut off and preserved till +further directions, but his body buried in the Tower.[201] + +It is unnecessary to go deeply into the question of the discrepancy +between the different accounts given by the Government of the manner in +which the Monteagle letter was expounded. The probable truth is that +Salisbury himself interpreted it correctly, and that his +fellow-councillors came to the same conclusion as himself. It was, +however, a matter of etiquette to hold that the King was as sharp-witted +as Elizabeth had been beautiful till the day of her death, and as the +solution of the riddle was not difficult, some councillor--perhaps +Salisbury himself--may very well have suggested that the paper should be +submitted to his Majesty. When he had guessed it, it would be also a +matter of etiquette to believe that by the direct inspiration of God his +Majesty had solved a problem which no other mortal could penetrate. We +are an incredulous race nowadays, and we no more believe in the Divine +inspiration of James I. than in the loveliness of Elizabeth at the age +of seventy; and we even find it difficult to understand Father Gerard's +seriousness over the strain which the poor councillors had to put upon +themselves in fitting the facts to the courtly theory. + +Nor is there any reason to be surprised at the postponement by the +Government of all action to the night of November 4. It gave them a +better chance of coming upon the conspirators preparing for the action, +and if their knowledge was, as I hold it was, confined to the Monteagle +letter, they may well have thought it better not to frighten them into +flight by making premature inquiries. No doubt there was a danger of +gunpowder exploding and blowing up not only the empty House of Lords, +but a good many innocent people as well; but there had been no explosion +yet, and the powder was in the custody of men whose interest it was that +there should be no explosion before the 5th. After all, neither the King +nor Salisbury, nor indeed any of the other councillors, lived near +enough to be hurt by any accident that might occur. Smith's wildly +improbable view that the shock might have 'levelled and destroyed all +London and Westminster like an earthquake,'[202] can hardly be taken +seriously. + +We now come to the alleged discrepancies between various accounts of +Fawkes's seizure. Father Gerard compares three documents--(_a_) what he +terms 'the account furnished by Salisbury for the information of the +King of France, November 6, 1605,' (_b_) the letter sent on November 9 +to Edmondes and other ambassadors,[203] and (_c_) the King's Book. On +the first, I would remark that there is no evidence, I may add, no +probability, that, as it stands, it was ever despatched to France at +all. It is a draft written on the 6th, which was gradually moulded into +the form in which it was, as we happen to know, despatched on the 9th to +Edmondes and Cornwallis. If the despatches received by Parry had been +preserved, I do not doubt but that we should find that he also received +it in the same shape as the other ambassadors. + +Having premised this remark as a caution against examining the document +too narrowly, we may admit that the three statements differ about the +date at which the Monteagle letter was received--(_a_) says it was some +four or five days before the Parliament; (_b_) that it was eight days; +(_c_) that it was ten days. The third and latest statement is accurate; +but the mistakes of the others are of no importance, except to show +that the draft was carelessly drawn up, probably by Munck, Salisbury's +secretary, in whose handwriting it is; and that the mistake was +corrected with an approach to accuracy three days later, and made quite +right further on. + +With respect to the more important point raised by Father Gerard +that--while (_a_) does not mention Suffolk's search in the afternoon, +(_b_) does not mention the presence of Fawkes at the time of the +afternoon visit--it is quite true that the hurried draft does not +mention Suffolk's visit; but it is not true that it in any way denies +the fact that such a visit had taken place. + +Father Gerard abbreviates the story of (_a_) as follows:-- + + "It was accordingly determined, the night before, 'to make search + about that place, and to appoint a watch in the Old Palace to + observe what persons might resort thereunto.' + + "Sir T. Knyvet, being appointed to the charge thereof, _going by + chance, about midnight, into the vault, by another door,[204] found + Fawkes within_. Thereupon he caused some few faggots to be removed, + and so discovered some of the barrels, '_merely, as it were, by + God's direction, having no other cause but a general + jealousy_.'"[205] + +The italics are Father Gerard's own, and I think we are fairly entitled +to complain, so far as the first phrase thus distinguished is concerned, +because being printed in this manner it looks like a quotation, though +as a matter of fact is not so. This departure from established usage is +the more unfortunate, as the one important word--'chance'--upon which +Father Gerard's argument depends, is a misprint or a miswriting for the +word 'change,' which is to be seen clearly written in the MS. The whole +passage as it there stands runs as follows:-- + + "This advertisement being made known to his Majesty and the Lords, + their Lordships found not good, coming as it did in that fashion, + to give much credit to it, or to make any apprehension of it by + public show, nor yet so to contemn it as to do nothing at all in + it, but found convenient the night before under a pretext that some + of his Majesty's wardrobe stuff was stolen and embezzled to make + search about that place, and to appoint a watch in the old palace + to observe what persons might resort thereabouts, and appointed the + charge thereof to Sir Thomas Knyvet, who about midnight going by + change into the vault by another door, found the fellow, as is said + before,[206] whereupon suspicion being increased, he caused some + few faggots to be removed, and so discovered some of the barrels of + powder, merely, as it were, by God's direction, having no other + cause but a general jealousy."[207] + +If the word 'chance' had been found in the real letter, it could hardly +be interpreted otherwise than to imply a negative of the earlier visit +said to have been followed by a resolve on the King's part to search +farther. As the word stands, it may be accepted as evidence that an +earlier visit had taken place. How could Knyvet go 'by change' into the +vault by another door, unless he or someone else had gone in earlier by +some other approach? It is, however, the positive evidence which may be +adduced from this letter, which is most valuable. The letter is, as I +said, a mere hurried draft, in all probability never sent to anyone. It +is moreover quite inartistic in its harking back to the story of the +arrest after giving fuller details. Surely such a letter is better +calculated to reveal the truth than one subsequently drawn up upon +fuller consideration. What is it then, that stares us in the face, if we +accept this as a genuine result of the first impression made upon the +writer--whether he were Munck or Salisbury himself? What else than that +the Government had no other knowledge of the plot than that derived from +the Monteagle letter, and that not only because the writer says that the +discovery of the powder was 'merely as it were, by God's direction, +having no other cause but a general jealousy,' but because the whole +letter, and still more the amplified version which quickly followed, is +redolent with uncertainty. Given that Suffolk's mission in the afternoon +was what it was represented to be, it becomes quite intelligible why the +writer of the draft should be inclined to leave it unnoticed. It was an +investigation made by men who were afraid of being blown up, but almost +as much afraid of being made fools of by searching for gunpowder which +had no existence, upon the authority of a letter notoriously ambiguous. + + "And so," wrote Salisbury, in the letter despatched to the + ambassadors on the 9th,[208] "on Monday in the afternoon, + accordingly the Lord Chamberlain, whose office is to see all places + of assembly put in readiness when the King's person shall come, + took his coach privately, and after he had seen all other places in + the Parliament House, he took a slight occasion to peruse that + vault, where, finding only piles of billets and faggots heaped up, + which were things very ordinarily placed in that room, his Lordship + fell inquiring only who ought[209] the same wood, observing the + proportion to be somewhat more than the housekeepers were likely to + lay in for their own use; and answer being made before the Lord + Monteagle, who was there present with the Lord Chamberlain, that + the wood belonged to Mr. Percy, his Lordship straightway conceived + some suspicion in regard of his person; and the Lord Monteagle also + took notice that there was great profession between Percy and him, + from which some inference might be made that it was a warning from + a friend, my Lord Chamberlain resolved absolutely to proceed in a + search, though no other materials were visible, and being returned + to court about five o'clock took me up with him to the King and + told him that, although he was hard of belief that any such thing + was thought of, yet in such a case as this whatsoever was not done + to put all out of doubt, was as good as nothing, whereupon it was + resolved by his Majesty that this matter should be so carried as + no man should be scandalised by it, nor any alarm taken for any + such purpose." + +Even if it be credible that Salisbury had invented all this, it is +incredible that if he alone had been the depository of the secret, he +should not have done something to put other officials on the right +track, or have put into the foreground his own clear-sightedness in the +matter. + +The last question necessary to deal with relates to the unimportant +point where Fawkes was when he was arrested. + + "To say nothing," writes Father Gerard, "of the curious + discrepancies as to the date of the warning, it is clearly + impossible to determine the locality of Guy's arrest. The account + officially published in the 'King's Book,' says that this took + place in the street. The letter to the ambassadors assigns it to + the cellar and afterwards to the street; that to Parry to the + cellar only. Fawkes himself, in his confession of November 5, says + that he was apprehended neither in the street nor in the cellar, + but in his own room in the adjoining house. Chamberlain writes to + Carleton, November 7, that it was in the cellar. Howes, in his + continuation of Stowes' _Annals_, describes two arrests of Fawkes, + one in the street, the other in his own chamber. This point, though + seemingly somewhat trivial, has been invested with much importance. + According to a time-honoured story, the baffled desperado roundly + declared that had he been within reach of the powder when his + captors appeared, he would have applied a match and involved them + in his own destruction."[210] + +This passage deserves to be studied, if only as a good example of the +way in which historical investigation ought not to be conducted, that is +to say, by reading into the evidence what, according to preconception of +the inquirer, he thinks ought to be there, but is not there at all. In +plain language, the words 'cellar' and 'street' are not mentioned in any +one of the documents cited by Father Gerard. There is no doubt a +discrepancy, but it is not one between these two localities. The +statements quoted by Father Gerard in favour of a capture in the +'cellar' merely say that it was effected 'in the place.' The letter of +the 9th says 'in the place itself,'[211] and this is copied from the +draft of the 6th. Chamberlain says[212] that Fawkes was 'taken making +his trains at midnight,' but does not say where. Is it necessary to +interpret this as meaning the 'cellar'? There was, as we know, a door +out of the 'cellar' into the passage, and probably a door opposite into +Percy's house. If Fawkes were arrested in this passage as he was coming +out of the cellar and going into the house, or even if he had come out +of the passage into the head of the court, he might very well be said to +have been arrested 'in the place itself,' in contradistinction to a +place a few streets off. + +The only real difficulty is how to reconcile this account of the arrest, +with Fawkes's own statement on his first examination on November 5, when +he said:-- + + "That he meant to have fired the same by a match, and saith that + he had touchwood and a match also, about eight or nine inches long, + about him, and when they came to apprehend him he threw the + touchwood and match out of the window in his chamber near the + Parliament House towards the waterside." + +Fawkes, indeed, was not truthful in his early examinations, but he had +no inducement to invent this story, and it may be noted that whenever +the accounts which have reached us go into details invariably they speak +of two separate actions connected with the arrest. The draft to Parry, +indeed, only speaks of the first apprehension, but the draft of the +narrative which finally appeared in the King's Book[213] says that +Knyvet 'finding the same party with whom the Lord Chamberlain before and +the Lord Monteagle had spoken newly, come out of the vault, made stay of +him.' Then Knyvet goes into the vault and discovers the powder. +"Whereupon the caitiff being surely seized, made no difficulty to +confess, &c."[214] The letter to the ambassadors[215] tells the same +story. Knyvet going into the vault 'found that fellow Johnson newly come +out of the vault, and without asking any more questions stayed him.' +Then after the search 'he perceived the barrels and so bound the caitiff +fast.' The King's Book itself separates at least the 'apprehending' from +the searching. + + "But before his entry into the house finding Thomas Percy's alleged + man standing without the doors,[216] his clothes and boots on at + so dead a time of the night, he resolved to apprehend him, as he + did, and thereafter went forward to the searching of the house ... + and thereafter, searching the fellow whom he had taken, found three + matches, and all other instruments fit for blowing up the powder + ready upon him." + +All these are cast more or less in the same mould. On the other hand, a +story, in all probability emanating from Knyvet, which Howes +interpolated in a narrative based on the official account, gives a +possibility of reconciling the usual account of the arrest with the one +told by Fawkes. After telling, after the fashion of the King's Book, of +Fawkes' apprehension and Knyvet's search, he bursts on a sudden into a +narrative of which no official document gives the slightest hint:-- + + "And upon the hearing of some noise Sir T. Knyvet required Master + Edmond Doubleday, Esq.[217] to go up into the chamber to understand + the cause thereof, the which he did, and had there some speech of + Fawkes, being therewithal very desirous to search and see what + books or instruments Fawkes had about him; but Fawkes being + wondrous unwilling to be searched, very violently griped M[aster] + Doubleday by his fingers of the left hand, through pain thereof + Ma[ster] Doubleday offered to draw his dagger to have stabbed + Fawkes, but suddenly better bethought himself and did not; yet in + that heat he struck up the traitor's heels and therewithal fell + upon him and searched him, and in his pocket found his garters, + wherewith M[aster] Doubleday and others that assisted they bound + him. There was also found in his pocket a piece of touchwood, and a + tinder box to light the touchwood and a watch which Percy and + Fawkes had bought the day before, to try conclusions for the long + or short burning of the touchwood, which he had prepared to give + fire to the train of powder." + +Surely this life-like presentation of the scene comes from no other than +Doubleday himself, as he is the hero of the little scene. Knyvet plainly +had not bound Fawkes when he 'stayed' or 'apprehended' him. He must have +given him in charge of some of his men, who for greater safety's sake +took him out of the passage or the court--whichever it was--into his own +chamber within the house. Then a noise is heard, and Knyvet, having not +yet concluded the examination, sends Doubleday to find out what is +happening, with the result we have seen. When Knyvet arrives on the +scene, he has Fawkes more securely bound than with a pair of garters. +The only discrepancy remaining is between Fawkes's statement that he +threw touchwood and match out of window, and Doubleday's that the +touchwood at least was found in his pocket. Perhaps Doubleday meant only +that the touchwood thrown out came from Fawkes's pocket. Perhaps there +is some other explanation. After all, this is too trivial a matter to +trouble ourselves about. + +Wearisome as these details are, they at least bring once more into +relief the hesitancy which characterises every action of the Government +till the powder is actually discovered. Though Fawkes has been seen by +Suffolk in the afternoon, no preparations are made for his arrest. +Knyvet does not even bring cord with him to tie the wrists of a possible +conspirator, and when Doubleday at last proceeds to bind him, he has to +rely upon the garters found in his pocket. It is but one out of many +indications which point to the conclusion that the members of the +Government had nothing to guide their steps but an uncertain light in +which they put little confidence. Taken together with the revelations of +their ignorance as to the whereabouts of the plotters after Fawkes's +capture had been effected, it almost irresistibly proves that they had +no better information to rest on than the obscure communication which +had been handed to Monteagle at Hoxton. As I have said before, the truth +of the ordinary account of the plot would not be in the slightest degree +affected if Salisbury had known of it six weeks or six months earlier. I +feel certain, however, that he had no such previous knowledge, because, +if he had, he would have impressed on the action of his colleagues the +greater energy which springs from certainty. It is strange, no doubt, +that a Government with so many spies and intelligencers afoot, should +not have been aware of what was passing in the Old Palace of +Westminster. It was, however, not the first or the last time that +governments, keeping a watchful eye on the ends of the earth, have been +in complete ignorance of what was passing under their noses. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CATHOLICS + + +Having thus disposed of Father Gerard's assaults on the general truth of +the accepted narrative of the Plot, we can raise ourselves into a larger +air, and trace the causes leading or driving the Government into +measures which persuaded such brave and constant natures to see an act +of righteous vengeance in what has seemed to their own and subsequent +ages, a deed of atrocious villainy. Is it true, we may fairly ask, that +these measures were such as no honourable man could in that age have +adopted, and which it is therefore necessary to trace to the vilest of +all origins--the desire of a half-successful statesman to root himself +in place and power? + +It would, indeed, be difficult to deny that the feeling of advanced +English Protestants towards the Papal Church was one of doctrinal and +moral estrangement. They held that the teaching of that church was false +and even idolatrous, and they were quite ready to use the power of the +state to extirpate a falsity so pernicious. On the other hand, the +priests, Jesuits, and others, who flocked to England with their lives in +their hands, were filled with the joy of those whose work it is to +disseminate eternal truths, and to rescue souls, lost in heresy, from +spiritual destruction. + +The statesman, whether in his own person aggressively Protestant or not, +was forced to consider this antagonism from a different point of view. +The outbreak against Rome which had marked the sixteenth century had +only partially a doctrinal significance. It meant also the desire of the +laity to lower the authority of the clergy. Before the Reformation the +clergy owed a great part of their power to the organisation which +centred in Rome, and the only way to weaken that organisation, was to +strengthen the national organisation which centred in the crown. Hence +those notions of the Divine Right of Kings and of _Cujus regio ejus +religio_, which, however theoretically indefensible, marked a stage of +progress in the world's career. The question whether, in the days of +Elizabeth, England should accept the authority of the Pope or the +authority of the Queen, was political as much as religious, and it is no +wonder that Roman Catholics when they burnt Protestants, they placed the +religious aspect of the quarrel in the foreground; nor that Protestants +when they hanged and disembowelled Roman Catholics, placed the political +aspect in the foreground. As a matter of fact, these were but two sides +of the shield. Protestants who returned to the Papal Church not merely +signified the acceptance of certain doctrines which they had formerly +renounced, but also accepted a different view of the relations between +Church and State, and denied the sufficiency of the national Government +to decide finally on all causes, ecclesiastical and civil, without +appeal. If the religious teaching of the Reformed Church fell, a whole +system of earthly government would fall with it. + +To the Elizabethan statesman therefore the missionary priests who +flocked over from the continent constituted the gravest danger for the +State as well as for the Church. He was not at the bottom of his heart a +persecutor. Neither Elizabeth nor her chief advisers, though, even in +the early part of the reign, inflicting sharp penalties for the denial +of the royal supremacy, would willingly have put men to death because +they held the doctrine of transubstantiation, or any other doctrine +which had found favour with the Council of Trent; but after 1570 they +could not forget that Pius V. had excommunicated the Queen, and had, as +far as his words could reach, released her subjects from the bond of +obedience. Hence those excuses that, in enforcing the Recusancy laws +against the Catholic laity, and, in putting Catholic priests to death as +traitors, Elizabeth and her ministers were actuated by purely political +motives. It was not exactly the whole truth, but there was a good deal +more of truth in it than Roman Catholic writers are inclined to admit. + +It was in this school of statesmanship that Sir Robert Cecil--as he was +in Elizabeth's reign--had been brought up, and it was hardly likely that +he would be willing to act otherwise than his father had done. It was, +indeed, hard to see how the quarrel was to be lifted out of the groove +into which it had sunk. How could statesmen be assured that, if the +priests and Jesuits were allowed to extend their religious influence +freely, the result would not be the destruction of the existing +political system? That Cecil would have solved the problem is in any +case most unlikely. It was, perhaps, too difficult to be as yet solved +by any one, and Cecil was no man of genius to lead his age. Yet there +were two things which made for improvement. In the first place, the +English Government was immensely stronger at Elizabeth's death than it +had been at her accession, and those who sat at the helm could therefore +regard, with some amount of equanimity, dangers that had appalled their +predecessors forty-five years before. The other cause for hope lay in +the accession of a new sovereign; James had never been the subject of +Papal excommunication as Elizabeth had been, and was consequently not +personally committed to extreme views. + +James's character and actions lend themselves so easily to the +caricaturist, and so much that he did was the result either of egotistic +vanity or of a culpable reluctance to take trouble, that it is difficult +to give him credit for the good qualities that he really possessed. Yet +hazy as his opinions in many respects were, it is easy to trace through +his whole career a tolerably consistent principle. He would have been +pleased to put an end, not indeed to the religious dispute, but to the +political antagonism between those who were divided in religion, and +would gladly have laid aside the weapon of persecution for that of +argument. The two chief actions of his reign in England were the attempt +to secure religious peace for his own dominions by an understanding with +the Pope, and the attempt to secure a cessation of religious wars in +Europe by an understanding with the King of Spain. In both cases is +revealed a desire to obtain the co-operation of the leader of the party +opposed to himself. Of course it is possible, perhaps even right, to say +that this line of action was hopeless from the beginning, as involving +too sanguine an estimate of the conciliatory feelings of those for whose +co-operation he was looking. All that we are here concerned with is to +point out that James brought with him ideas on the subject of the +relations between an English--and, for the matter of that, a +Scottish--king and the papacy, which were very different from those in +which Cecil had been trained. + +On the other hand, James's ideas, even when they had the element of +greatness in them, never lifted him into greatness. He looked upon large +principles in a small way, usually regarding them through the medium of +his own interests. The doctrine that the national government ought to be +supreme, took in his mind the shape of a belief that his personal +government ought to be supreme. When in Scotland he sought an +understanding with the Pope, his own succession to the English Crown +occupied the foreground, and the advantage of having the English +Catholics on his side made him eager to strike a bargain. On the other +hand, he refused to strike that bargain unless his own independent +position were fully recognised. When, in 1599, he despatched Edward +Drummond to Italy, he instructed him to do everything in his power to +procure the elevation of a Scottish Bishop of Vaison to the Cardinalate, +in order that he might advocate his interests at Rome. Yet he refused to +write directly to the Pope himself, merely because he objected to +address him as 'Holy Father.'[218] It was hardly the precise objection +that would have been taken by a man of greater practical ability. + +Nor was it only on niceties of this sort that James's desire to come to +some sort of understanding with the Pope was likely to be wrecked. His +correspondence with Cecil during the last years of Elizabeth, shows how +little he had grasped the special difficulties of the situation, whilst +on the other hand it throws light on the shades of difference between +himself and his future minister. In a letter written to Cecil in the +spring of 1602, James objects to the immediate conclusion of a peace +with Spain on three grounds, the last being that the 'Jesuits, seminary +priests, and that rabble, wherewith England is already too much +infected, would then resort there in such swarms as the caterpillars or +flies did in Egypt, no man any more abhorring them, since the Spanish +practices was the greatest crime that ever they were attainted of, which +now by this peace will utterly be forgotten.' + + "And now," he proceeds, "since I am upon this subject, let the + proofs ye have had of my loving confidence in you plead for an + excuse to my plainness, if I freely show you that I greatly wonder + from whence it can proceed that not only so great a flock of + Jesuits and priests dare both resort and remain in England, but so + proudly do use their functions through all the parts of England + without any controlment or punishment these divers years past: it + is true that for remedy thereof there is a proclamation lately set + forth, but blame me not for longing to hear of the exemplary + execution thereof, _ne sit lex mortua_. I know it may be justly + thought that I have the like beam in my own eye, but alas, it is a + far more barbarous and stiffnecked people that I rule over. St. + George surely rides upon a towardly riding horse, where I am daily + bursting in daunting a wild unruly colt, and I protest in God's + presence the daily increase that I hear of popery in England, and + the proud vauntery that the papists makes daily there of their + power, their increase, and their combined faction, that none shall + enter to be King there but by their permission; this their + bragging, I say, is the cause that moves me, in the zeal of my + religion, and in that natural love I owe to England, to break forth + in this digression, and to forewarn you of these apparent evils." + +To this Cecil replied as follows:-- + + "For the matter of priests, I will also clearly deliver your + Majesty my mind. I condemn their doctrine, I detest their + conversation, and I foresee the peril which the exercise of their + function may bring to this island, only I confess that I shrink to + see them die by dozens, when (at the last gasp) they come so near + loyalty, only because I remember that mine own voice, amongst + others, to the law (for their death) in Parliament, was led by no + other principle than that they were absolute seducers of the people + from temporal obedience, and consequent persuaders to rebellion, + and which is more, because that law had a retrospective to all + priests made twenty years before. But contrary-wise for that + generation of vipers (the Jesuits) who make no more ordinary + merchandise of anything than of the blood and crowns of princes, I + am so far from any compassion, as I rather look to receive + commandment from you to abstain than prosecute." + +This plain language drove James to reconsider his position. + + "The fear," he replied, "I have to be mistaken by you in that part + of my last letter wherein I discover the desire I have to see the + last edict against Jesuits and priests put in execution; the fear, + I say, of your misconstruing my meaning hereon (as appears by your + answer), enforceth me in the very throng of my greatest affairs to + pen by post an answer and clear resolution of my intention. I did + ever hate alike both extremities in any case, only allowing the + midst for virtue, as by my book now lately published doth plainly + appear. The like course do I hold in this particular. I will never + allow in my conscience that the blood of any man shall be shed for + diversity of opinions in religion, but I would be sorry that + Catholics should so multiply as they might be able to practise + their old principles upon us. I will never agree that any should + die for error in faith against the first table, but I think they + should not be permitted to commit works of rebellion against the + second table. I would be sorry by the sword to diminish their + number, but I would also be loth that, by so great connivance and + oversight given unto them, their numbers should so increase in that + land as by continual multiplication they might at least become + masters, having already such a settled monarchy amongst them, as + their archpriest with his twelve apostles keeping their terms in + London, and judging all questions as well civil as spiritual + amongst all Catholics. It is for preventing of their multiplying, + and new set up empire, that I long to see the execution of the last + edict against them, not that thereby I wish to have their heads + divided from their bodies, but that I would be glad to have both + their heads and bodies separated from this whole island and safely + transported beyond seas, where they may freely glut themselves upon + their imaginated gods. No! I am so far from any intention of + persecution, as I protest to God I reverence their Church as our + Mother Church, although clogged with many infirmities and + corruptions, besides that I did ever hold persecution as one of the + infallible notes of a false church. I only wish that such order + might be taken as the land might be purged of such great flocks of + them that daily diverts the souls of many from the sincerity of the + Gospel, and withal, that some means might be found for debarring + their entry again, at least in so great swarms. And as for the + distinction of their ranks, I mean between the Jesuits and the + secular priests, although I deny not that the Jesuits, like venomed + wasps and firebrands of sedition, are far more intolerable than the + other sort that seem to profess loyalty, yet is their so plausible + profession the more to be distrusted that like married women or + minors, whose vows are ever subject to the controlment of their + husbands and tutors,[219] their consciences must ever be commanded + and overruled by their Romish god as it pleases him to allow or + revoke their conclusions."[220] + +The agreement and disagreement between the two writers is easily traced +in these words. Both are averse to persecute for religion. Both are +afraid lest the extension of the firmly organised Roman Church should be +dangerous to the State as well as to religion. On the other hand, whilst +Cecil is content to plod on in the old ways, James vaguely adumbrates +some scheme by which the priests, being banished, might be kept from +returning, and thus the chance of a dangerous growth of their religion +being averted, it would be possible to protect the existing forms of +government without having recourse to the old persecuting laws. We feel, +in reading James's words, that we are reading the phrases of a pedant +who has not imagination enough to see how his scheme would work out in +real life; but at all events we have before us, as we so often have in +James's writings, a glimpse of new possibilities, and a desire to escape +from old entanglements. + +With such ideas floating in his mind, and with a strong desire to gain +the support of the English Catholics to his succession, James may easily +have given assurances to Thomas Percy of an intention to extend +toleration to the English Catholics, which may have overrun his own +somewhat fluid intentions, and may very well have been interpreted as +meaning more than his words literally meant. James's engagement to +Percy's master, Northumberland, was certainly not devoid of ambiguity. +"As for the Catholics," he wrote, "I will neither persecute any that +will be quiet and give but an outward obedience to the law, neither will +I spare to advance any of them that will by good service worthily +deserve it."[221] + +When James reached England in 1603 he seemed inclined to carry out his +intentions. He is reported, at least, to have told Cecil in June that +the fines were not to be levied, adding that he did not wish to make +merchandise of consciences, nor to set a price on faith. Yet, in spite +of this, the meshes of the administrative system closed him in, and the +fines continued to be collected.[222] The result was the conspiracy of +Copley and others, including Watson, a secular priest. This foolish plot +was, however, betrayed to the Government by some of the Roman Catholic +clergy, who were wise enough to see that any violence attempted against +James would only serve to aggravate their lot. + +The discovery that there were those amongst the priests who were ready +to oppose disloyalty quickened James to carry out his earlier intention. +On June 17 he informed Rosny, the French ambassador, of his intention to +remit the recusancy fines, and, after some hesitation, he resolved to +put his engagement in execution. On July 17, 1603, he allowed a +deputation from the leading Catholics to be heard by the Privy Council +in his own presence, and assured them that as long as they remained +loyal subjects their fines would be remitted. If they would obey the +law--in other words, if they would soil their consciences by attending +church--the highest offices in the State should be open to them.[223] +The assurance thus given was at once carried out as far as possible. The +20_l._ fines ceased, and the greater part of the two-thirds of the rents +of convicted recusants were no longer required. If some of the latter +were still paid, it is probable that this was only done in cases in +which the rents had been granted to lessees on a fixed payment to the +Crown by contracts which could not be broken. + +Obviously there were two ways in which attempts might be made to obviate +danger from Catholic disloyalty. Individual Catholics might be won over +to confidence in the Government by the redress of personal grievances, +or the Pope, as the head of the Catholic organisation, might be induced +to prohibit conspiracies as likely to injure rather than to advance the +cause which he had at heart. It is unnecessary to say that the latter +was a more delicate operation than the former. + +An opening, indeed, had been already given. When James refused to sign a +letter to Pope Clement VIII., on the ground that he could not address +him as 'Holy Father,'[224] his secretary, Elphinstone, surreptitiously +procured his signature, and sent it off without his knowledge.[225] +Clement, therefore, was under the impression that he had received a +genuine overture from James, and replied by a complimentary letter, +which he intrusted to Sir James Lindsay, a Scottish Catholic then in +Rome. In 1602 Lindsay reached Scotland, and delivered his letter. As he +was to return to Rome, James instructed him to ask Clement to excuse him +for not writing in reply, and for being unable to accept some proposal +contained in the Pope's letters, the reasons in both cases having been +verbally communicated to Lindsay. Finally, Lindsay was to assure Clement +that James was resolved to observe two obligations inviolably. In the +first place he would openly and without hypocrisy declare his opinion, +especially in such matters as bore upon religion and conscience. In the +second place, that his opinion might not be too obstinate where reason +declared against it, he would, laying aside all prejudice, admit +whatever could be clearly proved by the laws and reason.[226] + +It is no wonder that James had rejected the Pope's proposal, as Clement +had not only offered to oppose all James's competitors for the English +succession, but had declared his readiness to send him money on +condition that he would give up his eldest son to be educated as +Clement might direct.[227] That such a proposal should have been made +ought to have warned James that it was hopeless to attempt to come to an +understanding with the Pope on terms satisfactory to a Protestant +Government. For a time no more was heard of the matter. Lindsay was +taken ill, and was unable to start before James was firmly placed on the +English throne. + +The announcement to the lay Catholics that their fines would be remitted +had been preluded by invitations to James to come to terms with the +authorities of the Papal Church. Del Bufalo, Bishop of Camerino, the +Nuncio at Paris, despatched a certain Degl' Effetti to England in +Rosny's train, to feel the way, and the Nuncio at Brussels sent over his +secretary, Sandrino, to inquire, though apparently without the sanction +of the Pope himself, whether James would be willing to receive a +'_legate_,'[228] which may probably be interpreted merely as a +negotiator, not as a 'legate' in the full sense of the term. On July +11/21, Del Bufalo, writing to Cardinal Aldobrandino, reports that the +strongest argument used by James against toleration for the Catholics +was, that if they were allowed to live in Catholic fashion they must +obey the Pope, and consequently disobey the King; whilst those who were +favourable to toleration were of opinion that this argument would be +deprived of strength if James could be assured that the Pope might +remove this impediment by commanding Catholics under the highest +possible penalty, to make oath of fidelity and obedience to his Majesty. +When this reached Rome the following note was written on it in the +Pope's hand:-- + + "It is rather heresy which leads to disobedience. The Catholic + religion teaches obedience to Princes, and defends them. As to + reaching the King's ears, we shall be glad to do so, and we wish + him to know with what longing for the safety[229] and quiet of + himself and his kingdom we have proceeded and are proceeding. It is + our conscientious desire so to proceed as we have written to one + king and the other."[230] + +As the letter referred to must have been the one in which Clement asked +to have the education of Prince Henry, this note does not sound very +promising. Nor was James's language, on the other hand, such as would be +counted satisfactory at Rome. After his return from England Rosny +informed Del Bufalo that James had assured him that he would not +persecute the Catholics as long as they did not trouble the realm, and +had praised the Pope as a temporal sovereign, adding that if he could +find a way of agreeing with him he would gladly adopt it, provided that +he might remain at the head of his own Church.[231] + +A letter written on August 8/18, by Barneby, a priest recently liberated +from prison, to Del Bufalo, throws further light on the situation. From +this it appears that what the Nuncio at Brussels had proposed was not +the sending of a fully authorised legate to England, but merely the +appointment of someone who, being a layman, would, without offending +James's susceptibility, be at hand to plead the cause of the Catholics +and to give account of anything relating to their interests. We are thus +able to understand how it was that the Nuncio had made the proposal +without special orders from the Pope. More germane to the present +inquiry is the account given by Barneby of James's own position:-- + + "For though," he writes, "it is certain that his Majesty + conscientiously follows a religion contrary to us, and will + therefore, as he says, never suffer his subjects to exercise + lawfully and freely any other religion than his own--and that, both + on account of his civil position, as on account of certain reasons + and considerations relating to his conscience--nevertheless he + openly promises to persecute no one on the ground of religion. And + this he has so far happily begun to carry out with great honour to + himself, and with the greatest joy advantage and pleasure to + ourselves, though some of our most truculent enemies revolt, + desiring that nothing but fine and sword may be used against us. + What will happen in the end I can hardly imagine before the meeting + of Parliament.[232]" + +As far as it is possible to disengage James's real intentions from these +words, it would seem that he had positively declared against liberty of +worship, but that he would not levy the legal fines for not going to +church on those who remained obedient subjects. Did he mean to wink at +the Mass being said in the private houses of the recusants, or at the +activity of the priests in making converts? These were the questions he +would have to face before he was out of his difficulties. + +On the other side of the channel Del Bufalo was doing his best to convey +assurances to James of the Pope's desire to keep the English Catholics +in obedience. With this view he communicated with James's ambassador in +Paris, Sir Thomas Parry, who on August 20, gave an account of the matter +to Cecil:-- + + "The Pope's Nuncio," he wrote, "sent me a message, the effect + whereof was that he had received authority and a mandate from Rome + to call out of the King our master's dominions the factious and + turbulent priests and Jesuits, and that, at M. de Rosny's[233] + passage into the realm, he had advertised them thereof by a + gentleman of his train, and that he was desirous to continue that + service to the King, and further to stop such as at Rome shall move + any suit with any such intent, and would advertise his Majesty of + it; that he had stayed two English monks in that city whose names + he sent me in writing, who had procured heretofore faculty from + thence to negotiate in England among the Catholics for such bad + purposes; that not long since a petition had been exhibited to the + Pope for assistance of the English Catholics with money promising + to effect great matters for advancement of the Catholic cause upon + receipt thereof; that his Holiness had rejected the petition and + sharply rebuked the movers; that he would no more allow those + turbulent courses to trouble the politic governments of Christian + Princes, but by charitable ways of conference and exhortation seek + to reduce them to unity. Lastly his request was to have this + message related to the King, offering for the first trial of his + sincere meaning that, if there remained any in his dominions, + priest or Jesuit, or other busy Catholic, whom he had intelligence + of for a practice in the state which could not be found out, upon + advertisement of the names he would find means that by + ecclesiastical censures they should be delivered unto his + justice."[234] + +The last words are somewhat vague, and as we have not the Nuncio's own +words, but merely Parry's report of them, we cannot be absolutely +certain what were the exact terms offered, or how far they went beyond +the offers previously made by the Nuncio at Brussels.[235] Nor does a +letter written by the Nuncio to the King on Sept. 19/29, throw any light +on the subject, as Del Bufalo confines himself to general expressions of +the duty of Catholics to obey the King.[236] That the Nuncio's +proposals met with considerable resistance among James's councillors is +not only probable in itself, but is shown by the length of time which +intervened before an answer was despatched at the end of November or the +beginning of December.[237] The covered language with which Cecil opened +the despatch in which he forwarded to Parry the letter giving the King's +authorisation to the ambassador to treat with the Nuncio, leaves no +doubt as to his own feelings. + + "But now, Sir," writes Cecil, "I am to deliver you his Majesty's + pleasure concerning a matter of more importance, though for mine + own part it is so tender as I could have wished I had little dealt + in it; not that the King doth not most prudently manage it, as you + see, but because envious men suspect verity itself." + +Parry, Cecil went on to say, was to offer to the Nuncio a Latin +translation of the King's letter, and also to give him a copy of the +instructions formerly given to Sir James Lindsay. The object of this was +to prevent Lindsay from going beyond them. Cecil then proceeds to hint +that Lindsay, who was now at last about to start from Italy, would not +have been allowed to meddle further in the business but that it would +disgrace him if he were deprived of the mission with which he had +formerly been intrusted. The main negotiation, however, was to pass +between Parry and the Nuncio, though only by means of a third person; +and, as a matter of fact, Lindsay did not start for many months to come. + +So far as concerns us, the King's letter accepts the Pope's objections +to the sending of a 'legatus,' as he would be unable to show him proper +respect; and then proceeds to contrast the Catholics who are animated by +pure religious zeal with those who have revolutionary designs. With +respect to both of these he professes his readiness to deal in such a +way that neither the Pope nor any right-minded or sane man shall be able +to take objection. In an earlier part of the letter he had assumed that +the Pope was prepared actually to excommunicate those Catholics who were +of an unquiet and turbulent disposition. Whether this were justified or +not by the Nuncio's words, it was an exceedingly large assumption that +the Pope would bind himself to excommunicate Catholics practically at +the bidding of a Protestant king. + +On or about December 4/14, 1604, the King's letter was forwarded by the +Nuncio to Rome.[238] Nor did James confine his assurances to mere words. +A person who left England on January 11,[239] 1604, assured the Nuncio +that peaceful Catholics were living quietly, and that those who were +devout were able 'to serve God according to their consciences without +any danger.' He himself, he added, could bear witness to this, as, +during the whole time he had been in London, he had heard mass daily in +the house of one Catholic or another.[240] + +This idyllic state of things--from the Roman Catholic point of view--was +soon to come to an end. Clement VIII. refused, at least for the present, +either to send a representative to England or to promise to call off +turbulent persons under pain of excommunication.[241] Possibly nothing +else was to be expected, as the idea of turning the Pope into a kind of +spiritual policeman was not a happy one. Still, it is easy to understand +that James must have felt mortified at the Pope's failure to respond to +his overtures, and it is easy, also, to understand that Cecil would take +advantage of the King's irritation for furthering his own aims. Nor were +other influences wanting to move James in the same direction. Sir +Anthony Standen had lately returned from a mission to Italy, and had +brought with him certain relics as a present to the Queen, who was a +Roman Catholic, and had entered into communication with Father Persons. +Still more disquieting was it that a census of recusants showed that +their numbers had very considerably increased since the King's +accession. No doubt many of those who apparently figured as new converts +were merely persons who had concealed their religion as long as it was +unsafe to avow it, and who made open profession of it when no unpleasant +consequences were to be expected; but there can also be little doubt +that the number of genuine conversions had been very large. From the +Roman Catholic point of view, this was a happy result of a purely +religious nature. From the point of view of an Elizabethan statesman, it +constituted a grave political danger. It is unnecessary here to discuss +the first principles of religious toleration. It is enough to say that +no Pope had reprimanded Philip II. for refusing to allow the spread of +Protestantism in his dominions, and that James's councillors, as well as +James himself, might fairly come to the conclusion that if the Roman +Catholics of England increased in future years as rapidly as they had +increased in the first year of the reign, it would not be long before a +Pope would be found ready to launch against James the excommunication +which had been launched against Elizabeth, and that his throne would be +shaken, together with that national independence which that throne +implied. + +For the time James--pushed hard by his councillors,[242] as he +was--might fancy that he had found a compromise. There was to be no +enforcement of the recusancy laws against the laity, but on February 22, +1604, a proclamation was issued ordering the banishment of the +priests[243]. It was not a compromise likely to be of long endurance. +For our purposes the most important of its results was that it produced +the Gunpowder Plot. A few days after its issue that meeting of the five +conspirators took place behind St. Clement's, at which they received the +sacrament in confirmation of their mutual promise of secrecy. All that +has been said of the tyranny of the penal laws upon the laity, as +affording a motive for the plot, is so much misplaced rhetoric. +Moreover, if we accept Fawkes's evidence[244] of the date at which he +first heard of the plot as being about Easter, 1604, _i.e._ about April +8, the communication of the design to Winter must have taken place +towards the end of March, that is to say after the issue of the +proclamation and before any other step had been taken to enforce the +penal laws. Consequently all arguments, attributing the invention of the +plot to Cecil for the sake of gaining greater influence with the King +fall to the ground. He had just achieved a triumph of no common order, +the prelude, as he must have been keen enough to discern, of greater +triumphs to come. Granted, for argument's sake, that Cecil was capable +of any wickedness--we at least require some motive for the crime which +Father Gerard attributes to him by innuendo. + +As time went on, there was even less cause for the powerful minister to +invent or to foster a false plot. It is unnecessary to tell again in +detail the story which I have told elsewhere of the way in which James +fell back upon the Elizabethan position, and put in force once more the +penal laws against the laity. On November 28, 1604, he decided on +requiring the 20_l._ fines from the thirteen wealthy recusants who were +liable to pay them, and on February 10, 1605[245]--a few days after the +plotters had got half through the wall of the House of Lords--he +announced his resolution that the penal laws should be put in execution. +On May 4, 1605, Cecil, who in August, 1604, had been made Viscount +Cranborne, was raised to the Earldom of Salisbury. Yet this is the +politician who is supposed by Father Gerard to have been necessitated to +keep himself in favour by the atrocious wickedness he is pleased to +ascribe to him. In plain truth, Salisbury did not need to gain favour +and power. He had both already. + +A policy of intolerance is so opposed to the instincts of the present +day, that it is worth while to hear a persecutor in his own defence. On +March 7, 1605, less than a month after the King's pronouncement, Nicolo +Molin, the Venetian ambassador, writes, that he had lately spoken to +Cranborne on the recent treatment of the Catholics. + + "He replied that, through the too great clemency of the King, the + priests had gone with great freedom through all the country, the + City of London and the houses of many citizens, to say mass, which + they had done with great scandal, and thereupon had arrived advices + from Rome that the Pope had constituted a congregation of Cardinals + to treat of the affairs of this kingdom which gave occasion to many + to believe that the King was about to grant liberty of + conscience,[246] and had caused a great stir amongst our Bishops + and other ministers, the Pope having come to this resolution mainly + through the offices of that light-headed man Lindsay,[247] and then + his Majesty, whose thoughts were far from it, resolved to use a + rather unusual diligence to restrict a little the liberty of these + priests of yours, as also to assure those of our religion that + there was not the least thought of altering things in this + direction. Sir James Lindsay, he said, had disgusted his Majesty, + and the Pope would in the end discover that he was a lightheaded, + unstable man. I understood, said I, that he had gone to Rome with + the King's permission. It is quite true, said he, and if your + Lordship wishes to understand the matter I will explain it. Sir + James Lindsay, he continued, a year before the death of Queen + Elizabeth asked leave to go to Rome, and his request was easily + granted. When he arrived there he got means, with the help of + friends, to be introduced to the Pope to whom, as is probable, he + addressed many impertinencies, as he has done at the present time. + In short, he was presented to the Pope, and got from him a good sum + of money, perhaps promising to do here what he will never do, and + obtained an autograph letter from the Pope to our King to the + effect that he had understood from Sir James Lindsay his Majesty's + good disposition, if not to favour the Catholic religion, at least + not to persecute it, for which he felt himself to be under great + obligations to him, and promised to assist him when Queen Elizabeth + died, and to help him as far as possible to gain the succession to + her realm as was just and reasonable, but that if his Majesty would + consent to have the Prince, his son, educated in the Catholic + religion, he would bind himself to engage his state and life to + assist him, and would do what he could[248] that the Christian + Princes should act in union with the same object.[249] With this + letter Sir James arrived, two months before the Queen's death, + repeating to his Majesty many things besides to the same effect. + The King was willing enough to look at the letter, as coming from a + Prince, and filled with many affectionate and courteous + expressions, but he never thought of answering it, though he was + frequently solicited by Sir James. The reason of this was that it + would be necessary in writing to the Pope to give him his titles of + Holiness and Blessedness, to which, being held by us to be + impertinent, after the teaching of our religion, his Majesty could + not be in any way persuaded, so that the affair remained asleep + till the present time. Then came the Queen's death, on which Sir + James again urged the King to answer the letter, assuring him that + he would promise himself much advantage from the Pope's assistance + if occasion served; but it pleased God to show such favour to the + King that he met with no opposition, as every one knows. Some + months ago, however, it again occurred to Sir James to think of + going to Rome; he asked licence from his Majesty, and obtained it + courteously enough. At his departure he said, 'I shall have + occasion to see the Pope, and am certain that he will ask me about + that letter of his. What answer am I to make?' 'You are to say,' + replied the King, 'that you gave me the letter, and that I am much + obliged to him for the love and affection he has shown me, to which + I shall always try to correspond effectually.' 'Sire,' said Sir + James, 'the Pope will not believe me. Will your Majesty find some + means of assuring the Pope of the truth of this?' On which his + Majesty took the pen and drew up a memoir with his own hand, + telling Sir James that if he had occasion to talk to the Pope he + should assure him of his desire to show, by acts, the good will of + which he spoke, and the esteem he felt for him as a temporal + Prince. He then directed Sir James to dwell on this as much as he + could, and that as to religion[250] he wished to preserve and + maintain that in which he had been brought up, being assured that + it was the best, but that, not having a sanguinary disposition, he + had not persecuted the Catholics in their property or their life, + as long as they remained obedient subjects. As to instructing the + Prince, his son, in the Catholic religion, he would never do it, + because he believed it would bring down on him a heavy punishment + from God, and the reproach of the world, if he were willing, whilst + he himself professed a religion as the best, to promise that his + son should be brought up in one full of corruptions and + superstitions. Cecil then recounted the substance of the memoir, + which was sealed with the King's seal, in order that the Pope and + every one else might give credence to it on these points. Now, Sir + James, to gain favour and get money, has transgressed these orders, + as we understand that he has given occasion to the Pope to appoint + a congregation of Cardinals on our affairs, and to us to have our + eyes a little more open to the Catholics, and especially to the + priests. To this I replied that I did not think that his Majesty + should for this reason act against his constant professions not to + wish to take any one's property or life, on account of religion. + 'Sir,' he replied, 'be content as to blood, so long as the + Catholics remain quiet and obedient. As to property, it is + impossible to do less than observe[251] the laws in this respect, + but even in that we shall proceed dexterously and much more gently + than in the times of the late Queen, as the Catholics who refuse to + attend our churches, and who are rich, will not think it much to + pay L20 a month. Those who are less rich and have not the means to + pay as much, and from whom two thirds of their revenue is taken + during their lifetime will now have this advantage by the King's + clemency that whereas in the Queen's time their property was + granted to strangers who, to get as much as they could, did not + hesitate to ruin their houses and possessions, it will now be + granted to their own patrons, at the lowest rate, so that they will + pay rather a quarter than two thirds of their estate. This + arrangement has been come to in order not to afflict the Catholics + too much, and to prevent our own people from believing that we wish + to give liberty to the Catholic religion, as they undoubtedly will + if the payments are absolutely abolished." + +After a further remonstrance from the ambassador, Cranborne returned to +the charge. + + "Sir," he replied, "nothing else can be done. These are the laws, + and they must be observed. Their object is undoubtedly to + extinguish the Catholic religion in this kingdom, because we do not + think it fit, in a well-governed monarchy, to increase the number + of persons who profess to depend on the will of other Princes as + the Catholics do, the priests not preaching anything more + constantly than this, that the good Catholic ought to be firmly + resolved in himself to be ready to rise for the preservation of his + religion even against the life and state of his natural + Prince.[252] This is a very perilous doctrine, and we will + certainly never admit it here, but will rather do our best to + overthrow it, and we will punish most severely those who teach it + and impress it on the minds of good subjects."[253] + +It is unnecessary to pursue the conversation further, or even to discuss +how far Cranborne was serious when he expressed his intention of +moderating the incidence of the laws which the Government had resolved +to carry out. It is certain that they were not so moderated, and that +the enforcement of law rapidly degenerated into mere persecution. What +is important for our purposes is that the language I have just quoted +leads us to the bed-rock of the situation. Between Pope and king a +question of sovereignty had arisen, a question which could not be +neglected without detriment to the national independence till the Pope +either openly or tacitly abandoned his claim to excommunicate kings, and +to release such subjects as looked up to him for guidance from the duty +of obedience to their King. That the Pope should openly abandon this +claim was more than could be expected; but he had not excommunicated +James as his predecessor had excommunicated Elizabeth, and there was +some reason to hope that he might allow the claim to be buried in +oblivion. At all events, Clement VIII. had not only refused to +excommunicate James, but had enjoined on the English Catholics the duty +of abstaining from any kind of resistance to him. James had, however, +wished to go further. Incapable--as most people in all ages are--of +seeing the position with other eyes than his own, he wanted the Pope +actively to co-operate with him in securing the obedience of his +subjects. He even asked him to excommunicate turbulent Catholics, a +thing to which it was impossible for the Pope--who also looked on these +matters from his own point of view--to consent. In the meanwhile it was +becoming evident that the Pope was not working for a Protestant England +under a Protestant king, with a Catholic minority accepting what crumbs +of toleration that king might fling to them, and renouncing for ever the +right to resist his laws however oppressive they might be; but rather +for a Catholic England under a Catholic King. This appeared in Clement's +demand that Prince Henry should be educated in a religion which was not +that of his father, and it appeared again in the reports of Lindsay, +which had caused such a commotion at Whitehall. "His Holiness," wrote +Lindsay, "hath commanded to continue to pray for your Majesty, and he +himself stays every night two large hours in prayer for your Majesty, +the Queen, and your children, and for the conversion of your Majesty and +your dominions. This I may very well witness as one who was +present."[254] We should have thought the worse of the Pope if he had +done otherwise; but the news of it was hardly likely to be welcome to an +English statesman. Who was to guarantee that, if the priests were +allowed full activity in England a Roman Catholic majority would not be +secured--or, that when such a majority was secured, the suspended +excommunication would not be launched, and a rebellion, such as that of +the League in France, encouraged against an obstinately Protestant +Sovereign. We may be of opinion that those statesmen who attempted to +meet the danger with persecution were men of little faith, who might +have trusted to the strength of their religious and political +creed--the two could not in those days be separated from one another; +but there can be no doubt that the danger was there. We may hold +Salisbury to have been but a commonplace man for meeting it as he did, +but he had on his side nearly the whole of the official class which had +stood by the throne of Elizabeth, and which now stood by the throne of +James. + +At all events, Salisbury's doctrine that there was to be no personal +understanding with the Pope was the doctrine which prevailed then and in +subsequent generations. James's attempt came to nothing through its +insuperable difficulties, as well as through his own defects of +character. A pleading, from a Roman Catholic point of view, in favour of +such an understanding may be found in a letter written by Sir Everard +Digby to Salisbury, which Father Gerard has shown to have been written, +not in December, as Mrs. Everett Green suggested, but between May 4 and +September, 1605, and which I ascribe to May, or as soon after May as is +possible. The letter, after a reference to a conversation recently held +between Digby himself and Salisbury, proceeds as follows:-- + + "One part of your Lordship's speech, as I remember, was that the + King could not get so much from the Pope (even then, when his + Majesty had done nothing against the Catholics) as a promise that + he would not excommunicate him, wherefore it gave occasion to + suspect that, if Catholics were suffered to increase, the Pope + might afterwards proceed to excommunication if the King would not + change his religion.[255] But to take away that doubt, I do assure + myself that his Holiness may be drawn to manifest so contrary a + disposition of excommunicating the King, that he will proceed with + the same course against all as shall go about to disturb the King's + quiet and happy reign[256]; and the willingness of Catholics, + especially of priests and Jesuits, is such as I dare undertake to + procure any priest in England (though it were the Superior of the + Jesuits) to go himself to Rome to negotiate this business, and that + both he and all other religious men (till the Pope's pleasure be + known) shall take any spiritual course to stop the effect that may + proceed from any discontented or despairing Catholic. + + "And I doubt not but his return would bring both assurance that + such course should not be taken with the King, and that it should + be performed against any that should seek to disturb him for + religion. If this were done, there could then be no cause to fear + any Catholic, and this may be done only with those proceedings + (which, as I understood your Lordship) should be used. If your + Lordship apprehend it to be worth the doing I shall be glad to be + the instrument, for no hope to put off from myself any punishment, + but only that I wish safety to the King and ease to the Catholics. + If your Lordship and the State think it fit to deal severely with + Catholics within brief there will be massacres, rebellions and + desperate attempts against the King and State. For it is a general + received reason amongst Catholics that there is not that expecting + and suffering course now to be run that was in the Queen's time, + who was the last of her line, and the last in expectance to run + violent courses against Catholics; for then it was hoped that the + King that now is would have been at least free from persecuting, as + his promise was before his coming into this realm, and as divers + his promises have been since his coming, saying that he would take + no soul-money nor blood. Also, as it appeared, was the whole body + of the Council's pleasure when they sent for divers of the better + sort of Catholics (as Sir Thomas Tresham and others) and told them + it was the King's pleasure to forgive the payment of Catholics, so + long as they should carry themselves dutifully and well. All these + promises every man sees broken, and to thrust them further in + despair, most Catholics take note of a vehement book written by Mr. + Attorney, whose drift (as I have heard) is to prove that only being + a Catholic is to be a traitor, whose book coming forth after the + breach of so many promises, and before the ending of such a violent + Parliament, can work no less effect in men's minds than a belief + that every Catholic will be brought within that compass before the + King and State have done with them. And I know, as the priest + himself told me, that if he had not hindered, there had somewhat + been attempted, before our offence,[257] to give ease to Catholics. + But being so safely prevented, and so necessary to avoid, I doubt + not but your Lordship and the rest of the Lords will think of a + more mild and undoubted safe course, in which I will undertake the + performance of what I have promised, and as much as can be + expected; and when I have done I shall be as willing to die as I am + ready to offer my service, and expect not nor desire favour for it, + either before the doing it, nor in the doing it, nor after it is + done, but refer myself to the resolved course for me."[258] + +I have thought it well to set forth the pleadings on both sides, though +it has led me somewhat out of my appointed track. Though our sympathies +are with the weaker and oppressed party, it cannot be said that Digby's +letter meets the whole case which Salisbury had raised. Whether that be +so or not, it is enough, for our present purpose if we are able to +discern that Salisbury had a case, and was not merely manoeuvring for +place or power. At all events, his opinion, whether it were bad or good, +had, in the spring of 1605, been accepted by James, and he was therefore +in less need even than in the preceding year of producing an imaginary +or half-imaginary plot to frighten to his side a king who had already +come round to his ideas. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIESTS + + +It was unavoidable that the persecution to which Catholics were +subjected should bear most hardly on the priests, who were held guilty +of disseminating a disloyal religion. It is therefore no matter for +surprise that we find, about April 1604,[259] an informer, named Henry +Wright, telling Cecil that another informer named Davies, was able to +set, _i.e._ to give information of the localities of above threescore +more priests, but that he had told him that twenty principal ones would +be enough. Davies, adds Wright, will not discover the treason till he +had a pardon for it himself, and on this Father Gerard remarks 'that the +treason in question was none other than the Gunpowder Plot there can be +no question; unless, indeed, we are to say that the authorities were +engaged in fabricating a bogus conspiracy for which there was no +foundation whatever in fact.' Why this inference should be drawn I do +not know. If Davies was a renegade priest he would require a pardon, and +in order to get it he may very well have told a story about a treason +which the authorities, on further inquiry, thought it needless to +investigate further. It is to no purpose that Father Gerard produces an +application to James in which it is stated that Wright had furnished +information to Popham and Challoner who 'had a hand in the discovery of +the practices of the Jesuits in the powder plot, and did reveal the same +from time to time to your Majesty, for two years' space almost before +the said treason burst forth.'[260] That Wright, being in want of money, +made the most of his little services in spying upon Jesuits is likely +enough; but if he had come upon Gunpowder Plot two years before the +Monteagle letter, that is to say, in October, 1603, some five months +before it was in existence, except, perhaps, in Catesby's brain, we may +be certain that he would have been far more specific in making his +claim. The same may be said of Wright's letter to Salisbury on March 26, +1606, in which he pleads for assistance 'forasmuch as his Majesty is +already informed of me that in something I have been, and that hereafter +I may be, a deserving man of his Majesty and the State in discovering of +villainous practices.' Very gentle bleating indeed for a man who had +found out the Gunpowder Plot, as I have just said, before it was in +existence! + +Nor is much more to be made of the remainder of Father Gerard's evidence +on this head. The world being what it was, what else could be expected +but that there should be talk amongst priests of possible risings--Sir +Everard Digby in his letter predicted as much--or even that some less +wise of their number should discuss half formed plans, or that renegade +priests should pick up their reckless words and report them to the +Government, probably with some additions of their own?[261] When Father +Gerard says that a vague statement by an informer, made as early as +April 1604, refers to the Gunpowder Plot, because Coke said two years +later that it did,[262] he merely shows that he has little acquaintance +with the peculiar intellect of that idol of the lawyers of the day. If +Father Gerard had studied, as I have had occasion to do, Coke's +treatment of the case of the Earl and Countess of Somerset, he would, I +fancy, have come to the conclusion that whenever Coke smelt a mystery, +there was a strong probability that it either never existed at all, or, +at all events, was something very different from what Coke imagined it +to be. + +That the Government believed, with or without foundation, that there +were plots abroad, and that priests had their full share in them, may be +accepted as highly probable. It must, however, be remembered that in +Salisbury's eyes merely to be a priest was _ipso facto_ to be engaged in +a huge conspiracy, because to convert an Englishman to the Roman +Catholic faith, or to confirm him in it, was to pervert him from his due +allegiance to the Crown. Regarded from this point of view, the words +addressed by Salisbury to Edmondes on October 17, 1605, 'more than a +week,' as Father Gerard says, 'before the first hint of danger is said +to have been breathed,'[263] are seen to be perfectly in character, +without imagining that the writer had any special information on the +Gunpowder Plot, or any intention of making use of it to pave the way for +more persecuting legislation than already existed. + + "I have received" writes Salisbury, "a letter of yours ... to which + there needeth no great answer for the present ... because I have + imparted to you some part of my conceit concerning the insolencies + of the priests and Jesuits, whose mouths we cannot stop better than + by contemning their vain and malicious discourses, only the evil + which biteth is the poisoned bait, wherewith every youth is taken + that cometh among them, which liberty (as I wrote before) must for + one cause or other be retrenched."[264] + +This language appears to Father Gerard to be ominous of further +persecution. To me it appears to be merely ominous of an intention to +refuse passports to young men of uncertain religion wishing to travel on +the Continent. + +We can now understand why it was that Salisbury and the Government in +general were so anxious to bring home the plot, after its discovery, to +some, at least, of the priests, and more especially to the Jesuits. + +Three of these, Garnet, Greenway and Gerard, were in England while the +plot was being devised, and were charged with complicity in it. Of the +three, Garnet, the Provincial of England, was tried and executed; the +other two escaped to the Continent. My own opinion is that Gerard was +innocent of any knowledge of the plot,[265] and, as far as I am +concerned, it is only the conduct of Garnet and Greenway that is under +discussion. That they both had detailed knowledge of the plot is beyond +doubt, as it stands on Garnet's own admission that he had been informed +of it by Greenway, and that Greenway had heard it in confession from +Catesby.[266] A great deal of ink has been spilled on the question +whether Garnet ought to have revealed matters involving destruction of +life which had come to his knowledge in confession; but on this I do +not propose to touch. It is enough here to say that the law of England +takes no note of the excuse of confession, and that no blame would have +been due on this score either to the Government which ordered Garnet's +prosecution, or to the judges and the jury by whom he was condemned, +even if there had not been evidence of his knowledge when no question of +confession was involved. + +In considering Garnet's case the first point to be discussed is, whether +the Government tampered with the evidence against the priests, either by +omitting that which made in favour of the prisoner, or by forging +evidence which made against him. An instance of omission is found in the +mark 'hucusque' made by Coke in the margin of Fawkes's examination of +November 9, implying the rejection of his statement that, though he had +received the communion at Gerard's hands as a confirmation of his oath, +Gerard had not known anything of the object which had led him to +communicate.[267] The practice of omitting inconvenient evidence was +unfortunately common enough in those days, and all that can be said for +Coke on this particular occasion is, that the examination contained many +obvious falsehoods, and Coke may have thought that he was keeping back +only one falsehood more. Coke, however, at Garnet's trial did not +content himself with omitting the important passage, but added the +statement that 'Gerard the Jesuit, being well acquainted with all +designs and purposes, did give them the oath of secrecy and a mass, and +they received the sacrament together at his hands.'[268] Clearly, +therefore, Coke is convicted, not merely of concealing evidence making +in the favour of an accused, though absent, person, but of substituting +for it his own conviction without producing evidence to support it. All +that can be said is, in the first place, that Gerard was not on trial, +and could not therefore be affected by anything that Coke might say; and +that, in the second place, even if Coke's words were--as they doubtless +were--accepted by the jury, the position of the prisoners actually at +the bar would be neither better nor worse. + +Much more serious is Father Gerard's argument that the confession of +Bates, Catesby's servant, to the effect that he had not only informed +Greenway of the plot, but that Greenway had expressed approval of it, +was either not genuine, or, at least, had been tampered with by the +Government. As Father Gerard again italicises,[269] not a passage from +the examination itself, but his own abstract of the passage, it is +better to give in full so much of the assailed examination as bears upon +the matter:-- + + "Examination of Thomas Bate,[270] servant to Robert Catesby, the + 4th of December, 1605, before the Lords Commissioners. + + "He confesseth that about this time twelvemonth his master asked + this said examinant whether he could procure him a lodging near the + Parliament House. Whereupon he went to seek some such lodging and + dealt with a baker that had a room joining to the Parliament House, + but the baker answered that he could not spare it. + + "After that some fortnight or thereabouts (as he thinketh) his + master imagining, as it seemed, that this examinant suspected + somewhat of that which the said Catesby went about, called him to + him at Puddle Wharf in the house of one Powell (where Catesby had + taken a lodging) and in the presence of Thomas Winter, asked him + what he thought what business they were about, and this examinant + answered that he thought they went about some dangerous business, + whereupon they asked him again what he thought the business might + be, and he answered that he thought they intended some dangerous + matter about the Parliament House, because he had been sent to get + a lodging near that House. + + "Thereupon they made this examinant take an oath to be secret in + the business, which being taken by him, they told him that it was + true that they meant to do somewhat about the Parliament House, + namely, to lay powder under it to blow it up. + + "Then they told him that he was to receive the sacrament for the + more assurance, and he thereupon went to confession to a priest + named Greenway, and in his confession told Greenway that he was to + conceal a very dangerous piece of work that his master Catesby and + Thomas Winter had imparted unto him, and that he being fearful of + it, asked the counsel of Greenway, telling the said Greenway (which + he was not desirous to hear) their particular intent and purpose of + blowing up the Parliament House, and Greenway the priest thereto + said that he would take no notice thereof, but that he, the said + examinant, should be secret in that which his master had imparted + unto him, because that was for a good cause, and that he willed + this examinant to tell no other priest of it; saying moreover that + it was not dangerous unto him nor any offence to conceal it, and + thereupon the said priest Greenway gave this examinant absolution, + and he received the sacrament in the company of his master Robert + Catesby and Mr. Thomas Winter. + + * * * * * + + "Thomas Bate, + Nottingham, + Suffolk, + E. Worcester, + H. Northampton, + Salisbury, + Mar, + Dunbar." + + Indorsed:--"_The exam._ of Tho. Bate 4 Dec. 1605. _Greenway_, + Sec.."[271] + +Out of this document arise two questions which ought to be kept +carefully distinct:-- + + 1. Did the Government invent or falsify the document here partially + printed? + + 2. Did Bates, on the hypothesis that the document is genuine, tell + the truth about Greenway? + +1. In the first place, Father Gerard calls our attention to the fact +that the document has only reached us in a copy. It is quite true; +though, on the other hand, I must reiterate the argument, which I have +already used in a similar case,[272] that a copy in which the names of +the Commissioners appear, even though not under their own hands, falls +not far short of an original. If this copy, being a forgery, were read +in court, as Father Gerard says it was,[273] some of the Commissioners +would have felt aggrieved at their names being misused, unless, indeed, +the whole seven concurred in authorising the forgery, which is so +extravagant a supposition that we are bound to look narrowly into any +evidence brought forward to support it. + +Father Gerard's main argument in favour of the conclusion at which he +leads up to--one can hardly say he arrives at this or any other clearly +announced conviction--is put in the following words:-- + + "If, however, this version were not genuine, but prepared for a + purpose, it is clear that it could not have been produced while + Bates was alive to contradict it, and there appears to be no doubt + that it was not heard of till after his death." + +The meaning of this is, that the Government did not dare to produce the +confession till after Bates's death, lest he should contradict it. If +this were true it would no doubt furnish a strong argument against the +genuineness of the confession, though not a conclusive one, because at +the trial of that batch of the prisoners among whom Bates stood, the +Government may have wished to reserve the evidence to be used against +Greenway, whom it chiefly concerned, if they still hoped to catch him. I +do not, however, wish to insist on this suggestion, as I hope to be able +to show that the evidence was produced at Bates's trial, when he had +the opportunity, if he pleased, of replying to it. + +Father Gerard's first argument is, that in a certain 'manuscript account +of the plot,[274] written between the trial of the conspirators and that +of Garnet, that is, within two months of the former,' the author, though +he argues that the priests must have been cognizant of the design, says +nothing of the case of Bates's evidence against Greenway, 'but asserts +him to have been guilty only because his Majesty's proclamation so +speaks it.'[275] To this it may be answered that, in the first place, +the manuscript does not profess to be a history of the plot. It contains +the story of the arrest of Garnet and other persons, and is followed by +the story of the taking of Robert Winter and Stephen Littleton. In the +second place, there is strong reason to suppose, not only from the +subjects chosen by the writer, but also from his mode of treating them, +that he was not only a Staffordshire man, or an inhabitant of some +county near Wolverhampton, but that his narrative was drawn up at no +great distance from Wolverhampton. It does not follow that because his +Majesty's proclamation had been heard of in Wolverhampton, a piece of +evidence produced in court at Westminster would have reached so far. + +Another argument used by Father Gerard in his own favour, appears to me +to tell against him. In a copy of a minute of Salisbury's to a certain +Favat, who had been employed by the King to write to him, we find the +following statement, which undoubtedly refers to Bates's confession, it +being written on December 4, the day on which it was taken:-- + + "You may tell his Majesty that if he please to read privately what + this day we have drawn from a voluntary and penitent examination, + the point I am persuaded (but I am no undertaker) shall be so well + cleared, if he forebear to speak much of this but ten days, as he + shall see all fall out to that end whereat his Majesty + shooteth."[276] + +Father Gerard's comment on this, that the confession of Bates, here +referred to, 'cannot be that afterwards given to the world; for it is +spoken of as affording promise, but not yet satisfactory in its +performance.'[277] Yes; but promise of what? The King, it may be +presumed, had asked not merely to know what Greenway had done, but to +know what had been the conduct of all the priests who had confessed the +plotters. The early part of the minute is clear upon that. Salisbury +writes that the King wanted + + 'to learn the names of those priests which have been confessors and + ministers of the sacrament to those conspirators, because it + followeth indeed in consequence that they could not be ignorant of + their purposes, seeing all men that doubt resort to them for + satisfaction, and all men use confession to obtain absolution.' + +Bearing this in mind, and also that Salisbury goes on to say that 'most +of the conspirators have carefully forsworn that the priests knew +anything particular, and obstinately refused to be accusers of them, yea +what torture soever they be put to,' I cannot see that anything short of +the statement about Greenway ascribed to Bates would justify Salisbury's +satisfaction with what he had learnt, though he qualifies his pleasure +with the thought that there is much more still to be learnt about +Greenway himself, as well as about other priests. An autograph +postscript to a letter written to Edmondes on March 8, 1606, shows +Salisbury in exactly the spirit which I have here ascribed to him:-- + + "You may now confidently affirm that Whalley[278] is guilty _ex ore + proprio_. This day confessed of the Gunpowder Treason, but he saith + he devised it not, only he concealed it when Father Greenway + _alias_ Tesmond did impart to him all particulars, and Catesby only + the general. Thus do you see that Greenway is now by the + superintendent as guilty as we have accused him. He confesseth also + that Greenway told him that Father Owen was privy to all. More will + now come after this."[279] + +The tone of the letter to Favat is more subdued than this, as befitted +writing that was to come under the King's eye; but the meaning is +identical:--"I have got much, but I hope for more." + +We now come to Father Gerard's argument that the charge against +Greenway of approving the plot was not produced even at Garnet's trial +on March 28, 1606, Bates having been tried on January 27, and being +executed on the 30th:-- + + "Still more explicit is the evidence furnished by another MS. + containing a report of Father Garnet's trial. In this the + confession of Bates is cited, but precisely the significant passage + of which we have spoken, as follows: 'Catesby afterwards discovered + the project unto him; shortly after which discovery, Bates went to + mass to Tesimond [Greenway] and there was confessed and had + absolution.' + + "Here, again, it is impossible to suppose that the all-important + point was the one omitted. It is clear, however, that the mention + of a confession made to Greenway would _prima facie_ afford a + presumption that this particular matter had been confessed, thus + furnishing a foundation whereon to build; and knowing, as we do, + how evidence was manipulated, it is quite conceivable that the copy + now extant incorporates the improved version thus suggested." + +Father Gerard has quoted the sentence about Bates and Greenway +correctly,[280] but he has not observed that Coke, in his opening +speech, is stated on the same authority to have expressed himself as +follows:-- + + "In November following comes Bates to Greenway the Jesuit, and + tells him all his master's purpose; he hears his confession, + absolves him, and encourageth him to go on, saying it is for the + good of the Catholic cause, and therefore warrantable."[281] + +I acknowledge that Coke's unsupported assertion is worth very little; +but I submit that so practised an advocate would hardly have produced a +confession which, if it contained no more than Father Gerard supposes, +would have directly refuted his own statement. Father Gerard, I fancy, +fails to take into account the difficulties of note-takers in days prior +to the invention of shorthand. The report-taker had followed the early +part of Bates's examination fairly well. Then come the words quoted by +Father Gerard at the very bottom of the page. May not the desire to get +all that he had to say into that page have been too strong for the +reporter, especially as, after what Coke had said earlier in the day, +the statement that Bates 'confessed' might reasonably be supposed to +cover the subject of confession? 'Catesby ... discovered the project +unto him, shortly after which discovery' he confessed. What can he be +supposed to have confessed except the project discovered? and, if so, +Greenway's absolution implies approval. + +Father Gerard, moreover, though he quotes from another manuscript +Garnet's objection that 'Bates was a dead man,' thereby meaning that +Bates's testimony was now worthless, entirely omits to notice that the +preceding paragraph is destructive of his contention. A question had +arisen as to whether Greenway had shown contrition. + + "Nay," replied Mr. Attorney, "I am sure that he had not, for to + Bates he approved the fact, and said he had no obligation to reveal + it to any other ghostly father, to which effect Bates his + confession was produced, which verified as much as Mr. Attorney + said, and then Mr. Attorney added that he had heard by men more + learned than he, that if for defect of contrition it was not a + sacrament, then it might lawfully be revealed. + + "Mr. Garnet rejoined that Bates was a dead man, and therefore + although he would not discredit him, yet he was bound to keep that + secret which was spoken in confession as well as Greenway."[282] + +Having thus shown that Father Gerard's argument, that the statement +about Greenway was not produced at Garnet's trial, cannot be maintained; +that his argument drawn from the account of the arrest of Garnet and +others is irrelevant, and that Salisbury's letter to Favat, so far from +contradicting the received story, goes a long way to confirm it, I +proceed to ask why we are not to accept the report of _A true and +perfect relation_, where Coke is represented as giving the substance of +the confession of Bates, beginning with Catesby's revelation of the plot +to him, followed by his full confession to Greenway and Greenway's +answer, somewhat amplified indeed, as Coke's manner was, but obviously +founded on Bates's confession of December 4, 1605. + + "Then they," _i.e._ Catesby and Winter, "told him that he was to + receive the sacrament for the more assurance, and thereupon he went + to confession to the said Tesmond the Jesuit, and in his confession + told him that he was to conceal a very dangerous piece of work, + that his master Catesby and Thomas Winter had imparted unto him, + and said he much feared the matter to be utterly unlawful, and + therefore thereon desired the counsel of the Jesuit, and revealed + unto him the whole intent and purpose of blowing up the Parliament + House upon the first day of the assembly, at what time the King, + the Queen, the Prince, the Lords spiritual and temporal, the + judges, knights, citizens, burgesses should all have been there + convented and met together. But the Jesuit being a confederate + therein before, resolved and encouraged him in the action, and said + that he should be secret in that which his master had imparted unto + him, for that it was for a good cause, adding, moreover, that it + was not dangerous unto him nor any offence to conceal it; and + thereupon the Jesuit gave him absolution, and Bates received the + sacrament of him, in the company of his master, Robert Catesby, and + Thomas Winter."[283] + +We have not, indeed, the evidence set forth, but we have a distinct +intimation that amongst the confessions read was one from which 'it +appeared that Bates was resolved from what he understood concerning the +powder treason, and being therein warranted by the Jesuits.'[284] + +2. Being now able to assume that the confession ascribed to Bates was +genuine, the further question arises whether Bates told the truth or +not. We have, in the first place, Greenway's strong protestation that he +had not heard of the plot from Bates. In the second place, Father Gerard +adduces a retractation by Bates of a statement that he thought Greenway +'knew of the business.' Now, whatever inference we choose to draw, it is +a curious fact that this has nothing to do with Bates's confession of +December 4--the letter of Bates printed in the narrative of the Gerard +who lived in the seventeenth century running as follows:-- + + "At my last being before them I told them I thought Greenway knew + of this business, but I did not charge the others with it, but that + I saw them all together with my master at my Lord Vaux's, and that + after I saw Mr. Whalley," _i.e._ Garnet, "and Mr. Greenway at + Coughton, and it is true. For I was sent thither with a letter, and + Mr. Greenway rode with me to Mr. Winter's to my master, and from + thence he rode to Mr. Abington's. This I told them, and no more. + For which I am heartily sorry for, and I trust God will forgive me, + for I did it not out of malice but in hope to gain my life by it, + which I think now did me no good."[285] + +This clearly refers not to the confession of December 4, but to that of +January 13,[286] in which these matters were spoken of, and it is to be +noted that Bates does not acknowledge having spoken falsely, but of +having told inconvenient truths. + +Bates's entire silence in this letter as to the confession of December 4 +may receive one of two interpretations. Either Greenway was not +mentioned in that confession at all--a solution which in the face of +Salisbury's letter to Favat seems to be an impossible one--or else +Bates knew that he had at that time made disclosures to which he did not +wish to refer. It is, perhaps, not so very unlikely that he compounded +for what would in any case be regarded as a great fault by disclosing a +smaller one. + +Are we, then, shut up to the conclusion that Father Greenway sheltered +himself by telling a deliberate lie? I do not see that it is absolutely +necessary; though I suppose, under correction, that he might feel +himself bound to aver that he had never heard what he had only heard in +confession. Is it not, however, possible that Bates in confessing to +Greenway did not go into the details of the plot, but merely spoke of +some design against the Government with which his master had entrusted +him, and that Greenway told him that it was his master's secret, and he +might be content to think that it was in a good cause?[287] As time went +on Bates would easily read his own knowledge of the plot into the words +he had used in confession, or may even have deliberately expanded his +statement to please the examiners. Life was dear, and he may have hoped +to gain pardon if he could throw the blame on a Jesuit. Besides, +Greenway, as he probably knew, had not been arrested, and no harm would +come if he painted him blacker than he was. This is but a conjecture, +but if it is anywhere near the mark, it is easy to understand why Bates +should not have been eager to call attention to the confession of +December 4, when he wrote the letter which has been already +quoted.[288] On the other hand Catesby seems to have had no doubt of +Greenway's adherence, as is shown by his exclaiming on the priest's +arrival at Coughton, that 'here, at least, was a gentleman that would +live and die with them.' + +In any case, the general attitude of the priests is not difficult to +imagine. Not even their warmest advocates can suppose that they received +the news of a plot to blow up James I. and his Parliament with quite as +much abhorrence as they would have manifested if they had heard of a +plot to blow up the Pope and the College of Cardinals. They were men who +had suffered much and were exposed at any moment to suffer more. They +held that James had broken his promise without excuse. But they had +their instructions from Rome to discountenance all disturbances; and we +may do them the justice to add that both Garnet and Greenway were +shocked when they were informed of the atrocious character of the plot +itself; but, at all events, Sir Everard Digby was able to write from +prison to his wife:-- + + "Before that I knew anything of the plot, I did ask Mr. Farmer," + _i.e._ Garnet, "what the meaning of the Pope's Brief was; he told + me that they were not (meaning priests) to undertake or procure + stirs; but yet they would not hinder any, neither was it the Pope's + mind they should, that should be undertaken for the Catholic good. + I did never utter thus much, nor would not but to you; and this + answer with Mr. Catesby's proceedings with him and me give me + absolute belief that the matter in general was approved, though + every particular was not known."[289] + +Whatever may be thought of the value of this statement Garnet's attitude +towards the plot was, on his own showing, hardly one of unqualified +abhorrence. Assuming that all that Greenway had informed him of on one +particular occasion, when the whole design was poured into his ears, was +told under the sanction of the confessional, and that not only the rule +of his Church, but other more worldly considerations, prohibited the +disclosure of anything so heard, there was all the more reason why he +should take any opportunity that occurred to learn the secret out of +confession, and so to do his utmost to prevent the atrocious design from +being carried into execution. Let us see whether he did so or not, on +his own showing. + +On June 8 or 9, 1605,[290] Catesby asked Garnet the question whether it +was lawful to kill innocent persons, together with nocents, on the +pretence that his inquiry related to the siege of a town in war. At +first Garnet treated the question as of no other import. "I ... thought +it at the first but as it were an idle question, till I saw him, when we +had done, make solemn protestation that he would never be known to have +asked me any such question so long as he lived." On this Garnet began to +muse within himself as to Catesby's meaning. + + "And," he continues, "fearing lest he should intend the death of + some great persons, and by seeking to draw them together enwrap not + only innocents but friends and necessary persons for the + Commonwealth, I thought I would take fit occasion to admonish him + that upon my speech he should not run headlong to so great a + mischief." + +Garnet accordingly talked to him when he met him next, towards the end +of June, telling him that he wished him 'to look what he did if he +intended anything, that he must not have so little regard of innocents +that he spare not friends and necessary persons to a Commonwealth, and +told him what charge we had of all quietness, and to procure the like of +others.' It was certainly rather mild condemnation of a design which, as +Garnet understood, would involve considerable loss of life. + +Soon afterwards Garnet received a letter from the General of the +Society, directing him, in the Pope's name, to hinder all conspiracies, +and this letter he showed to Catesby when next he saw him:-- + + "I showed him my letter from Rome," wrote Garnet afterwards, "and + admonished him of the Pope's pleasure. I doubted he had some device + in his head, whatsoever it was, being against the Pope's will, it + could not prosper. He said that what he meant to do, if the Pope + knew, he would not hinder, for the general good of the country. But + I being earnest with him, and inculcating the Pope's prohibition + did add this _quia expresse hoc Papa non vult et prohibet_, he told + me he was not bound to take knowledge by me of the Pope's will. I + said indeed my own credit was but little, but our General, whose + letter I had read to him, was a man everywhere respected for his + wisdom and virtue, so I desired him that before he attempted + anything he would acquaint the Pope. He said he would not for all + the world make his particular project known to him, for fear of + discovery. I wished him at the last in general to inform him how + things stood here by some lay gentleman." + +This suggestion took shape in the mission of Sir Edmund Baynham. We are +only concerned here with Garnet's expostulations, and again it must be +said that they appear to have been singularly mild, considering all that +Catesby had admitted. + +A few days later Garnet learnt the whole truth from Greenway, in a way +which is said to have been tantamount to confession. Admitting once more +that he may have been bound to keep silence to others on these details, +he could not keep silence to himself. There are no partitions in the +brain to divide what one wishes to know from what one wishes not to +know, and if Garnet thoroughly abhorred the plot, he was surely bound to +take up Catesby's earlier self-revelations, and to strive to the +uttermost to probe the matter to the bottom, in all legitimate ways. No +doubt he had moments in which his conscience was sorely troubled, but +they were followed by no decisive action, and it is useless to say that +he expected to meet Catesby at 'All-hallowtide.' With all the Jesuit +machinery under his hands, he could surely have found Catesby out +between July and November, and this omission is perhaps the most fatal +condemnation of Garnet's course. If he had for many months known enough +otherwise than in confession to enable him to remonstrate with Catesby +in November, why could he not have remonstrated four months before with +much more hope of success? + +Still more serious is Garnet's own account of his feelings when Greenway +imparted the story to him, saying that he thought the plot unlawful, and +'a most horrible thing.' He charged Greenway 'to hinder it if he could, +for he knew well enough what strict prohibition we had had.' Greenway +replied 'that in truth he had disclaimed it, and protested that he did +not approve it, and that he would do what lay in him to dissuade it.' +Yet up to the discovery of the plot, Garnet, though he met Greenway at +least once, took no means of inquiring how Greenway had fared in his +enterprise. "How he performed it after," he explained, "I have not heard +but by the report of Bates's confession."[291] + +On July 24, Garnet writes a letter to the General of his Society, in +which, as we are told, nothing learnt only in confession ought to have +been introduced. Accordingly, either in this or a later letter,[292] he +merely speaks in general terms of the danger of any private treason or +violence against the King, and asks for the orders of his Holiness as to +what is to be done in the case, and a formal prohibition of the use of +armed force. Surely some stronger language would be expected here. It is +true that, according to his own account, Garnet remained 'in great +perplexity,' and prayed that God 'would dispose of all for the best, and +find the best means which were pleasing to Him to prevent so great a +mischief.' He tells us, indeed, that he wrote constantly to Rome 'to get +a prohibition under censures of all attempts,' but as the answer he got +was that the Pope was of the opinion that 'his general prohibition would +serve,' it does not seem likely that Garnet enlarged on the real danger +more than he had done in the letter referred to above. He expected, he +says, some further action; 'and that hope and Mr. Catesby's promise of +doing nothing until Sir Edmund had been with the Pope made me think that +either nothing would be done or not before the end of the Parliament; +before what time we should surely hear, as undoubtedly we should if +Baynham had gone to Rome as soon as I imagined.'[293] In a further +declaration, Garnet disclosed that there was more in his conduct than +misplaced hopefulness. Speaking of Catesby's first consultation with +himself, he adds:-- + + "Neither ever did I enter further with him then, as I wrote, but + rather cut off all occasions (after I knew his project) of any + discoursing with him of it, thereby to save myself harmless both + with the state here, and with my superiors at Rome, to whom I knew + this thing would be infinitely displeasing, insomuch as at my + second conference with Mr. Greenwell," _i.e._ Greenway, "I said + 'Good Lord, if this matter go forward, the Pope will send me to the + galleys, for he will assuredly think I was privy to it.'"[294] + +To say that Garnet had two consciences, an official and a personal one, +would doubtless err by giving too brutally clear-cut a definition of the +mysterious workings of the mind. Yet we shall probably be right in +thinking not only that, as a Catholic, a priest, and a Jesuit, he was +bound to carry out the directions conveyed to him from the Pope, but +that those directions commended themselves to his own mind whenever he +set himself seriously to consider the matter. It was but human +weakness[295] to be so shocked by the persecution going on around him as +to regard with some complacency the horrors which sought to put a stop +to it, or at least to find excuses for omitting to inquire, where +inquiry must necessarily lead to active resistance. The Government +theory that Garnet and the other Jesuits had originated the plot was +undoubtedly false, but, as far as we are able to judge, they did not +look upon it with extraordinary horror, neither did they take such means +as were lawful and possible to avert the disaster. + +To sum up the conclusions to which I have been led. There may be +difference of opinion as to my suggested explanations of some details in +the 'traditional' story; but as a whole it stands untouched by Father +Gerard's criticisms. What is more, no explanation has been offered by +any one which will fit in with the evidence which I have adduced in its +favour. As for the plot itself, it was the work of men indignant at the +banishment of the priests after the promises made by James in Scotland. +The worse persecution which followed no doubt sharpened their +indignation and led to the lukewarmness with which Garnet opposed it; +but it had nothing to do with the inception of the plot. + +As to the action of the Government, it was in the main straightforward. +It had to disguise its knowledge that James did not discover the plot by +Divine inspiration, and having firmly persuaded itself that the Jesuits +had been at the bottom of the whole affair, it suppressed at least one +statement to the contrary, which it may very well have believed to be +untrue, whilst the Attorney General--not a man easily restrained--put +forward his own impression as positive truth, though he had no evidence +behind it. On the other hand, James, having before him in writing +Garnet's account of the information gained from Greenway in confession, +refused to allow it to be used against the prisoner. + +The attempt to make Salisbury the originator of the Plot for his own +purposes breaks down entirely, if only because, at the time when the +plot was started, he had already pushed James to take the first step in +the direction in which he wished him to go, and that every succeeding +step carried him further in the same direction. It is also highly +probable that he had no information about it till the Monteagle letter +was placed in his hands. That there was a plot at all is undoubtedly +owing to James's conduct in receding from his promises. Yet, even his +fault in this respect raises more difficult questions than Roman +Catholic writers are inclined to admit. The question of toleration was a +new one, and James may be credited with a sincere desire to avoid +persecution for religion. He was, however, confronted by the question of +allegiance. If the Roman Catholics increased in numbers, so far as to +become a power in the land, would they or the Pope tolerate a 'heretic' +King? This was the real crux of the situation. In the nineteenth century +it is not felt, and we can regard it lightly. In the beginning of the +seventeenth century men could remember how Henry IV. had been driven to +submit to the Papal Church on pain of exclusion from the throne. Was +there ever to be a possibility of the like happening to James? There can +be no doubt that he believed in the doctrines of his own Church as +firmly as any Jesuit believed in those which it was his duty to +maintain. But, though this question of doctrine must not be left out of +sight, it must by no means be forced into undue prominence. It was the +question of allegiance that was at stake. James tried hard to avoid it, +and it must be acknowledged that his efforts were, to some extent, +reciprocated from the other side,[296] but the gulf could not be bridged +over. In the end the antagonism took its fiercest shape in the +disputation on the new oath of allegiance enjoined on all recusants in +1606. The respective claims of Pope and King to divine right were then +brought sharply into collision. Now that we are removed by nearly three +centuries from the combatants, we may look somewhat beyond the +contentions of the disputants. Behind the arguments of the Royalist, we +may discern the claim of a nation for supreme control over its own +legislation and government. Behind the arguments of the Papalist, we may +discern an anxiety to forbid any chance occupant of a throne, or any +chance parliamentary majority, from dictating to the consciences of +those who in all temporal matters are ready to yield obedience to +existing authority. + + + + +Footnotes: + +[1] London: Osgood, McIlvaine & Co., 1897. + +[2] _Gerard_, p. 48. + +[3] _Ib._ p. 51, note 2. + +[4] _Goodman_, i. 102. + +[5] _Gerard_, pp. 46, 47. + +[6] _Gerard_, p. 159. + +[7] I imagine that the notes in Roman type proceed from Wood's +correspondent, and that Fulman's marginal questions are omitted; but +Father Gerard is not clear on this. + +[8] _I.e._, the second Earl. + +[9] ? this. + +[10] _Athenae_, iii. 902. + +[11] _Edin. Review_, January 1897, p. 192. + +[12] This is a mistake. The fine of 3,000_l._ was imposed for his part +in the Essex rebellion. (See _Jardine_, p. 31.) + +[13] Off and on, a fortnight at the end of January and beginning of +February, and then again probably for a very short time in March. + +[14] Fawkes was absent part of the time. + +[15] Mrs. Everett Green in her 'Calendar of Domestic State Papers,' adds +a sixth (_Gunpowder Plot Book_, No. 50); but this is manifestly the +deposition of November 17. It must be remembered that, when she produced +this volume, Mrs. Everett Green was quite new to the work. She was +deceived by an indorsement in the handwriting of the eighteenth century, +assigning the document to the 8th. + +[16] The words between brackets are inserted in another hand. + +[17] It was not actually hired till about Lady Day, 1605. + +[18] Inserted in the same hand as that in which the words about the +cellar were written. It will be observed that the insertion cannot serve +any one's purpose. + +[19] Gracechurch Street. + +[20] A mistake for Monday if midnight is to be reckoned with the day +preceding it. + +[21] The remainder of the draft is occupied with the discovery of the +plot. + +[22] _Proclamation Book, R.O._, p. 114. + +[23] Bancroft to Salisbury, Nov. 5. Popham to Salisbury, Nov. 5--_G. P. +B._ Nos. 7, 9. + +[24] Points and names of persons.--_S. P. Dom._ xvi. 9, 10. + +[25] Popham to Salisbury, November 5. (_G. P. B._ No. 10.) The P.S. only +is of the 6th. + +[26] Narrative, _G. P. B._ No. 129. + +[27] In a letter of advice sent to the Nuncio at Paris, on Sept. 10/20, +he is distinctly spoken of as a Catholic, as well as Worcester.--_Roman +Transcripts, R.O._ + +[28] On July 20/30, 1605, Father Creswell writes to Paul V. that +Nottingham showed him every civility 'that could be expected from one +who does not profess our holy religion.' + +[29] The 'cellar' was not really hired till a little before Easter, +March 31. + +[30] Second examination of Fawkes, November 6.--_G. P. B._ No. 16 A. + +[31] Examination of Gibbons, November 5.--_S. P. Dom._ xvi. 14. + +[32] "Mrs. Whynniard, however, tells us," writes Father Gerard (p. 73), +"that the cellar was not to let, and that Bright had not the disposal of +the lease, but one Skinner." What Mrs. Whynniard said was that the vault +was 'let to Mr. Skinner of King Street; but that she and her husband +were ready to consent if Mrs. Skinner's good will could be had.' 'Mr.' +in the first writing of the name is evidently a slip of the clerk's, as +Mrs. Whynniard goes on to speak of 'Mrs. Skinner then, and now the wife +of Andrew Bright.'--_G. P. B._ No. 39. + +[33] Probably 'Hippesley.' + +[34] Father Gerard, (p. 91, note 5) accepts Goodman's assertion that it +was said that Whynniard 'as soon as ever he heard of the news what Percy +intended, he instantly fell into a fright and died: so that it could not +be certainly known who procured him the house, or by whose means.' That +Whynniard was alive on the 7th is proved by the fact that Susan +Whynniard is styled his wife and not his widow at the head of this +examination. As he was himself not questioned it may be inferred that he +was seriously ill at the time. That his illness was caused by fright is +probably pure gossip. Mrs. Bright, when examined (_G. P. B._ No. 24) +speaks of Mrs. Whynniard as agreeing to change the tenancy of the +cellar, which looks as if the husband had been ill and inaccessible at +least six months before his death. + +[35] Properly 'John.' + +[36] _S. P. Dom._ xvi. 20. + +[37] _G. P. B._ No. 37. Witnessed by Northampton and Popham only. + +[38] The letter to Cornwallis, printed in Winwood's _Memorials_, ii. +170, is dated Nov. 9, as it is in Cott. MSS. Vesp. cix. fol. 240, from +which it is printed. That volume, however, is merely a letter book. The +letter to Edmondes, on the other hand, in the Stowe MSS. 168, fol. 213, +is the original, with Salisbury's autograph signature, and its date has +clearly been altered from 7 to 9. + +[39] Waad to Salisbury, Nov. 7.--Hatfield MSS. + +[40] Waad to Salisbury, Nov. 8.--_G. P. B._ No. 48 B. + +[41] In 'The King's Book' it is stated that Fawkes was shown the rack, +but never racked. Probably the torture used on the 9th was that of the +manacles, or hanging up by the wrists or thumbs. + +[42] The principal ones were either killed or taken at Holbeche on that +very day. + +[43] Thomas Winter. + +[44] Catesby, Percy, and John Wright. + +[45] _I.e._ Catesby. In a copy forwarded to Edmondes by Salisbury (Stowe +MSS. 168, fol. 223) the copyist had originally written 'three or four +more,' which is altered to 'three.' + +[46] 'Then,' omitted in the Stowe copy. + +[47] Christopher Wright. + +[48] 'Unto,' in the Stowe copy. + +[49] Robert Winter. The question whether Keyes worked at this time will +be discussed later on. + +[50] 'Any man,' in the Stowe copy. + +[51] 'Others,' in the Stowe copy. + +[52] 'One' is inserted above the line. + +[53] This is an obvious mistake, as the widow Skinner was not at this +time married to Bright, but one just as likely to be made by Fawkes +himself as by his examiners. + +[54] 'Viewed it,' in the Stowe copy. + +[55] 'Taken,' in Stowe copy. + +[56] 'Thence,' in Stowe copy. + +[57] Percy. + +[58] The words in italics are marked by penstrokes across them for +omission. + +[59] 'With that practice, that,' in the Stowe copy. + +[60] 'Then,' omitted in the Stowe copy. + +[61] 'But,' omitted in the Stowe copy. + +[62] 'Whereof,' in the Stowe copy. + +[63] _G. P. B._, No. 49. In the Stowe copy the names of the +Commissioners are omitted, and a list of fifteen plotters added. As the +paper was inclosed in a letter to Edmondes of the 14th, these might +easily be added at any date preceding that. + +[64] _Gerard_, p. 268. + +[65] _Stowe MSS._, 168, fol. 223. + +[66] _Gerard_, p. 170. + +[67] _Gerard_, p. 169. + +[68] _S. P. Dom._ xii. 24. + +[69] _Gerard_, p. 175. Coke's questions are in _S. P. Dom._ xvi. 38. + +[70] The handwriting is quite different. + +[71] This declaration, therefore, was not, as Mrs. Everett Green says, +'made to Salisbury.' + +[72] If anyone chooses to argue that this examination was drawn up +regardless of its truth, and only signed by Fawkes after torture had +made him incapable of distinguishing truth from falsehood, he may be +answered that, in that case, those who prepared it would never have +added to the allegation that some of the conspirators had received the +Sacrament from Gerard the Jesuit to bind them to secrecy, the +passage:--"But he saith that Gerard was not acquainted with their +purpose." This passage is marked for omission by Coke, and it assuredly +would not have been found in the document unless it had really proceeded +from Fawkes. + +[73] About whom more hereafter. + +[74] Gerard afterwards denied that this was true, and the late Father +Morris (_Life of Gerard_, p. 437) argues, with a good deal of +probability, that Fawkes mistook another priest for Gerard. For my +purpose it is not a matter of any importance. + +[75] This should be John. + +[76] Probably, as Father Gerard suggests, what would now be known as a +coursing match. + +[77] _Proclamation Book, R.O._ p. 117. + +[78] A late postscript added to the letter to the Ambassadors sent off +on the 9th (_Winwood_, ii. 173) shows that before the end of the day +Salisbury had learnt even more of the details than were comprised in the +Sheriff's letter. + +[79] Nov. 5. + +[80] Nov. 6. + +[81] Nov. 7. + +[82] Nov. 8. + +[83] The question whether Winter or Keyes was one of two workers will be +subsequently discussed. + +[84] Mrs. Everett Green suggests Nov. 8 (_G. P. B._ No. 133), but this +is merely a deduction from her mistaken date of the examination of the +17th (see p. 17, note 1). In Fawkes's confession of the 9th Keyes's +Christian name appears to have been subsequently added. + +[85] Extracts from the Council Registers, _Add. MSS._ 11,402, fol. 108. +The volume of the Council Book itself which recorded the transactions of +these years has been lost. + +[86] _G. P. B._ No. 101. There is a facsimile in _National MSS._ Part +iv. No. 8. + +[87] See pp. 18, 20. + +[88] _Gerard_, p. 174. + +[89] _Gerard_, p. 268. + +[90] The erasure of Winter's name, and the substitution of that of +Keyes, will be dealt with later. + +[91] _Gerard_, p. 168. + +[92] Father Gerard appears to show his dislike of Salisbury by denying +him his title. + +[93] All Saints Day. + +[94] Compare this with Fawkes's declaration at his second examination +(_G. P. B._ 16, A.) "Being demanded when this good act had been done +which must have brought this realm in peril to be subdued by some +foreign prince, of what foreign prince he and his compliees could have +wished to have been governed, one more than another, he doth protest +upon his soul that neither he nor any other with whom he had conferred +would have spared the last drop of their blood to have resisted any +foreign prince whatsoever." Are we seriously asked to believe that +Salisbury placed this crown of sturdy patriotism on the brows of those +whom he wished to paint as the most atrocious villains? + +[95] Juan de Velasco, Duke of Frias, Constable of Castile, arrived at +Brussels about the middle of January 1604 to conduct a negotiation for +peace with England. There he remained, delegating his powers to others. +This date of the Constable's arrival is important, as showing that +Winter's conversation with Catesby cannot have taken place earlier than +the second half of January. + +[96] Hugh Owen was, as Father Gerard says (p. 173, note 1), 'A soldier +and not a priest, though in the _Calendar of State Papers_ he is +continually styled "Father Owen," or "Owen the Jesuit."' He is however +mistaken in saying that Mrs. Everett Green inserted the title without +warrant in the original documents. A paper of intelligence received on +April 29, 1604, begins, "Father Owen, Father Baldwin and Colonel Jaques, +three men that rule the Archduke at their pleasure," &c. + +[97] In 1604 Easter term began on April 25, and ended May 21. + +[98] This distinctly implies that Percy did not know the secret before, +and I therefore wish to retract my former argument--which is certainly +not conclusive--in favour of an earlier knowledge by Percy. _Hist. of +Engl._ 1603-1642, i. 235, note 1. + +[99] "In his declaration, November 8th, however," writes Father Gerard +(p. 91, note 1), "he gives as a reason for going abroad, 'lest, being a +dangerous man, he should be known and suspected.'" I see no discrepancy +between the two statements. Having been long abroad, Fawkes's face would +not be known to the ordinary Londoner as that of a Recusant, and he was +therefore better qualified to act as a watchman than others who were so +known. On the other hand, when there was no need for anybody to watch at +all, somebody who had known him in Flanders might notify the Government +of his appearance in England, and thereby raise suspicions against him. +Besides, there were other reasons for his going over which Fawkes did +not think fit to bring to the notice of the Government. + +[100] Began October 9, ended November 28. + +[101] Marginal note: "This was about a month before Michaelmas." + +[102] The Duke of York, afterwards Charles I. + +[103] Some such words as 'we resolved' are probably omitted here. + +[104] In MS. 'taken it before.' + +[105] Interlined in the King's hand 'which was about four thousand +pounds.' + +[106] Altered in the King's hand to 'to the number of ten,' with a +marginal note 'unclear phrase,' in the same hand. + +[107] Prince Henry. + +[108] Perhaps the Prince was with his mother at Greenwich. + +[109] Oct. 27. + +[110] Oct. 31. + +[111] Nov. 1. + +[112] Nov. 2. + +[113] Nov. 3. + +[114] Nov. 4. + +[115] 5 A.M. on Nov. 5. + +[116] Nov. 6. + +[117] Nov. 7. + +[118] Nov. 8. + +[119] The attestation in brackets is in Salisbury's hand. + +[120] _Gerard_, p. 182. + +[121] _I.e._, Thomas Winter. + +[122] Mrs. Everett Green's abstract of this, to the effect that Fawkes +said that the conspiracy 'was confined to five persons at first, then to +two, and afterwards five more were added,' has no foundation in the +document she had before her. + +[123] _G. P. B._ No. 49. + +[124] _G. P. B._ No. 37. + +[125] _G. P. B._ No. 133. + +[126] The name 'Key' or 'Keyes' occurs in both of them without his +Christian name. + +[127] _Proclamation Book, R.O._ + +[128] _G. P. B._ No. 129. + +[129] 'The Discourse of the Powder Treason,' published in Bishop +Montague's _Works of James I._, p. 233, only forms part of the original +so-called 'King's Book,' which was published anonymously in 1605 +(_i.e._, before March 25, 1606) under the title of _His Majesty's Speech +in this last Session of Parliament ... together with a Discourse of the +Manner of the Discovery of this late Intended Treason, joined with the +Examination of Some of the Prisoners_.--Brit. Mus., Press Mark E. 1940, +No. 10. In the Preface directed by the Printer to the Reader, the +Printer states that he was about to commit the Speech to the press when +there came into his hands 'a discourse of this late intended most +abominable treason,' which he has added. The King's speech was delivered +on November 9, and, if it was to be published, it is not likely to have +been long kept back. The discourse consists of four parts--1. An account +of the discovery of the plot, and arrest of Fawkes. 2. Fawkes's +declaration of the 17th. 3. Winter's confession of the 23rd. 4. An +account of the flight and capture of the conspirators. The whole +composition shows signs of an early date. Part 1 knows nothing of any +names except those of Percy and Johnson _alias_ Fawkes, and was +probably, therefore, drawn up before the confession of the 9th. At the +end it slips off from a statement that Fawkes, having been 'twice or +thrice examined when the rack having been only offered and showed unto +him, the mask of his Roman fortitude did visibly begin to wear and slide +off his face, and then did he begin to confess part of the truth,' into +'and thereafter to open up the whole matter as doth appear by his +depositions immediately following.' Then comes the declaration of +November 17, with Winter amongst the diggers and Keyes amongst those +afterwards made privy. Between Parts 2 and 3 we have the following +statement: "And in regard that before this discovery could be ready to +go to the press, Thomas Winter, being apprehended and brought to the +Tower, made a confession in substance agreeing with this former of +Fawkes's, only larger in some circumstances. I have thought good to +insert the same likewise in this place, for the further clearing of the +matter and greater benefit of the reader." May we not gather from this +that the 'discourse' was finally made up for the press on or very soon +after the 23rd? Winter, it may be noted, does not mention the name +either of his brother or of Keyes. + +[130] _Gerard_, App. E., p. 251. + +[131] This note is on too small a scale to be reproduced in the +frontispiece. + +[132] This name is given at a later time to the 'Passage leading to the +Parliament Stairs' of Capon's plan, and I have, for convenience sake, +referred to it throughout by that name. + +[133] See p. 22. + +[134] _Gerard_, p. 62. + +[135] _Gerard_, pp. 141, 142. + +[136] I suppose Thomas Barlow is meant. William Barlow, who was Bishop +of Lincoln in the reign of James I., did not write about the plot. + +[137] Speed's _History_, ed. 1611, p. 891. + +[138] March 24th, 1604. + +[139] Copy of the Agreement, _G. P. B._, No. 1. + +[140] Pat. 44 Eliz., Part 22. + +[141] _Gerard_, p. 60, note 1. + +[142] _Smith's Antiquities of Westminster_, p. 39. The question of the +number of doors in the cellar will be dealt with hereafter. + +[143] _Gerard_, p. 67. + +[144] _Gerard_, p. 65. + +[145] P. 56. + +[146] Pat. 4 Edw. _VI._, Part 9. + +[147] Pat. 6 Edw. _VI._, Part 5. + +[148] Pat. 30 Eliz., Part 10. + +[149] Parliament Place. + +[150] Assignment, July 17, 42 Eliz., _Land Revenue Records Office_, +Inrolments v. fol. 104. I have been unable to trac Whynniard's tenure of +the house I have assigned to him. It was within the Old Palace, and was +probably the official residence of its keeper. Whynniard was appointed +Keeper of the Old Palace in 1602. Pat. 44 Eliz., Part 22. + +[151] See plan at p. 81. Was this the baker in whose house Catesby tried +in vain to secure a room?--'Bates's Confession, Dec. 4, 1605'; _G. P. +B._ No. 145. + +[152] Whynniard was Keeper of the Wardrobe at Hampton Court, which would +account for his servant being concerned in the Queen's removal. + +[153] Otherwise Parliament Stairs. + +[154] I suspect that this was what was afterwards known as Cotton +Garden. I have been unable to trace the date at which it was conveyed to +Sir Robert Cotton. + +[155] _G. P. B._ No. 40. + +[156] See p. 63. + +[157] See p. 90. + +[158] This we know from Capon's pencilled notes to the sketch in the +frontispiece. + +[159] The late Chairman of the Works Department of the London County +Council; than whom no man is better qualified to speak on such matters. + +[160] There are indeed old walls marked in Capon's plan beneath the +ground, but we do not know of what substance they were composed or how +near the surface they came. + +[161] Speed, no doubt, rested this assertion on Winter's evidence that +'we underpropped it, as we went, with wood.' (See p. 64.) + +[162] _Gerard_, pp. 66, 67. + +[163] See the remarks of the Edinburgh Reviewer on the ease with which +Baron Trenck executed a far harder piece of work without being +discovered for a considerable time. + +[164] Used as such, Father Gerard notes, till the Union with Ireland in +1800. + +[165] This was true of the general line of the bank, but, as will be +seen at pp. 81, 83, there was a kind of dock which brought the water +within about thirty yards of the house. + +[166] _Gerard_, pp. 59, 60. + +[167] _G. P. B._ No. 129. + +[168] This is clearly a slip. The cellar was not under the house hired +by Percy. + +[169] For its possible situation see p. 91; or it may have been erected +in the courtyard shown in the plans at pp. 82, 83. + +[170] See pp. 34, 65. The difficulty of measuring the thickness of the +wall was not so great as Father Gerard fancies. In 1678 Sir Christopher +Wren reported that 'the walls are seven feet thick below' (_Hist. MSS._ +Com. Report XI. App. ii. p. 17). As he did not dig below the surface +this must mean that they were seven feet thick at the level of the floor +of the so-called cellar, and this measurement must have been known to +the conspirators after they had access to it. I am informed that in the +case of a heavy wall, especially when it is built on light soil, as was +the case here, the foundations are always constructed to be broader than +the wall itself. The diggers, observing the angle of the face they +attacked, might roughly calculate that a foot on each side might be +added, thus reaching the nine feet. + +[171] Father Gerard (p. 64, note 2) writes: "There is, as usual, +hopeless confusion between the two witnesses upon whom, as will be seen, +we wholly depend for this portion of the story. Fawkes (November 17, +1605) makes the mining operations terminate at Candlemas, and Winter +(November 23) says that they went on to 'near Easter' (March 31). The +date of the hiring the 'cellar' was about Lady Day (March 25)." I can +see no contradiction. The resumption of work for a third time in March +was, from Winter's mode of referring to it, evidently for a very short +time. "And," he says, "near to Easter, as we wrought the third time, +opportunity was given to hire the cellar." Fawkes, though less clear and +full, implicitly says much the same thing. He says that 'about Candlemas +we had wrought the wall half through,' and then goes on to describe how +he stood sentinel, &c. Then at the beginning of another paragraph we +have "As they were working upon the wall they heard a rushing in a +cellar, &c." Fawkes gives no dates, but he says nothing to contradict +the third working spoken of by Winter. + +[172] _Gerard_, pp. 65, 66. + +[173] _Goodman_, i. 104. + +[174] _G. P. B._ No. 40. Father Gerard (p. 142) says that we learn on +the unimpeachable testimony of Mrs. Whynniard, the landlady, that Fawkes +not only paid the last instalment of rent on Sunday, November 3, but on +the following day, the day immediately preceding the intended explosion, +had carpenters and other work folk in the house for mending and +repairing thereof (_G. P. B._ No. 39). "To say nothing of the wonderful +honesty of paying rent under the circumstances, what was the sense of +putting a house in repair upon Monday, which on Tuesday was to be blown +to atoms?" The rent having fallen due at Michaelmas, is it not probable +that it was paid in November to avoid legal proceedings, which might at +least have drawn attention to the occupier of the house. As to the rest, +the 'unimpeachable testimony' is that--not of Mrs. Whynniard, but of +Roger James (_G. P. B._ No. 40), who says that the carpenter came in +about Midsummer, not on November 4. + +[175] _Gerard_, p. 69. + +[176] _G. P. B._ No. 101. + +[177] See p. 108. + +[178] _G. P. B._ No. 39. + +[179] _Gerard_, p. 87. + +[180] Here is another 'discrepancy,' which Father Gerard has not +noticed. As the 'cellar' was not taken till a little before Easter, +Percy could not make a door into it about the middle of Lent. My +solution is, that in his second examination, on November 6th, Fawkes was +trying to conceal the existence of the mine, in order that he might not +betray the miners, and therefore antedated the making of the door. See +p. 25. + +[181] _Gerard_, p. 88. + +[182] _Gerard_, p. 89. + +[183] _Gerard_, p. 74. + +[184] See p. 66. + +[185] See the table in _State Papers relating to the Defeat of the +Spanish Armada_, ed. by Prof. Laughton for the Navy Records Society, i. +339. + +[186] _Edinburgh Review_, January 1897, p. 200. + +[187] _Gerard_, p. 148. + +[188] We know that Percy visited the house at Westminster at Midsummer. +See p. 104. + +[189] Grange to Salisbury, Nov. 5.--_G. P. B._ No. 15. + +[190] Justices of Warwickshire to Salisbury, Nov. 12.--_Ib._ No. 75. + +[191] _Goodman_, i. 102. + +[192] _Gerard_, p. 151. + +[193] _Goodman_, i. 105. + +[194] _Gerard_, p. 152. + +[195] Warrant, Feb. 8; Commission, Feb. 21; Pass, Oct. 25, 1605.--_S. P. +Dom._, xii. 65; Docquet Book, 1605; _S. P. Dom._, xv. 106. + +[196] To the theory that Salisbury wanted inconvenient witnesses +disposed of, because the man who shot Percy and Catesby got a pension of +two shillings a day, I reply that the Government was more afraid of a +rebellion than of testimony. At all events, 2_s._ at that time was +certainly not worth 1_l._ now, as Father Gerard assumes here, and in +other passages of his book. It is usual to estimate the value of money +as being about four or five times as much as it is in the present day. +The relative price, however, depended so much on the commodities +purchased that I hesitate to express myself positively on the subject. +The only thing that I am quite clear about is that Father Gerard's +estimate is greatly exaggerated. It is true that he grounds his errors +on a statement by Dr. Jessopp that 4,000 marks was equivalent to +30,000_l._, but the very exaggeration of these figures should have led +him to suspect some error, or, at least--as I have recently been +informed by Dr. Jessopp was the fact--that his calculation was based on +other grounds than the relative price of commodities. + +[197] Father Greenway's statement, that while the rebels were in the +field, messengers came post haste continually one after the other, from +the capital, all bearing proclamations mentioning Percy by name +(_Gerard_, p. 155) is disposed of by the fact that there were only three +proclamations in which Percy's name was mentioned, dated the 5th, the +7th, and the 8th. Percy was killed on the morning of the 8th, and even +the messenger who started on the 7th can hardly have known that the +sheriff had gone to Holbeche, and consequently could not himself have +reached that place while Percy was living. + +[198] See p. 11. + +[199] T. Winter's examination, November 25 (_G. P. B._ No. 116). Compare +Tresham's declaration of November 13 (_ib._ No. 63). + +[200] Jardine's _Gunpowder Plot_, p. 91. + +[201] _Add. MSS._ 11,402, fol. 109. + +[202] Smith's _Antiquities of Westminster_, p. 41. + +[203] See p. 31. + +[204] On this, see p. 110. + +[205] _Gerard_, p. 126, note 1. + +[206] In an earlier part of the letter we are told of 'Johnson,' that +'on Tuesday at midnight, as he was busy to prepare his things for +execution was apprehended in the place itself, with a false lantern, +booted and spurred.' + +[207] _S. P. France._ + +[208] See p. 31. I give the extract in the form received by Edmondes, +that printed in _Winwood_, ii. 170, received by Cornwallis, being +slightly different. + +[209] _i.e._ 'owned.' + +[210] _Gerard_, p. 127. + +[211] _Winwood_, ii. 170. + +[212] Chamberlain to Carleton, November 7.--_S. P. Dom._ xvi. 23. + +[213] See p. 99. + +[214] _G. P. B._ No. 129. + +[215] _Winwood_, ii. 170. + +[216] These words look as if he had been found not in the passage but in +the court. + +[217] He was a favourite dependent of Knyvet's, who, on April 10, 1604, +had recommended him for an office in the Tower.--_S. P. Dom._ vii. 18. + +[218] See my _History of England_, 1603-1642, i. 80, 81. + +[219] _I.e._ Guardians. + +[220] _Correspondence of King James VI. with Sir Robert Cecil_, pp. 31, +33, 36. + +[221] _Correspondence of King James VI. with Sir Robert Cecil_, p. 75. + +[222] Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, June 16/26.--_Roman Transcripts, +R.O._ + +[223] Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, July 21/31.--_Roman Transcripts, +R.O._ + +[224] See p. 142. + +[225] _Hist. of England_, 1603-1642, i. 81. + +[226] S. P. Scotland, lxix. 20. + +[227] James I. to Sir T. Parry, Nov., 1603.--Tierney's _Dodd_, iv.; App. +p. 66. + +[228] Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, June 30/July 10 (_Roman Transcripts, +R.O._). There is a plain-spoken marginal note in the Pope's hand, 'Non +sara vero, ne noi gli habbiamo dato quest' ordine.' In the instructions +by the Nuncio at Brussels to Dr. Gifford, July 22/August 1 (Tierney's +_Dodd_, iv.; App. lxvi.), nothing is said about this mission, but a +definite promise is given 'eosque omnes e regno evocare quos sua +Majestas rationabiliter judicaverit regno et statui suo noxios fore.' + +[229] 'Salute.' Does this mean safety or salvation, or is it left +doubtful? + +[230] _I.e._ to James and to Henry IV. Del Bufalo to Cardinal +Aldobrandino, July 11/21.--_Roman Transcripts, R.O._ + +[231] Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, July 20/30.--_Roman +Transcripts, R.O._ + +[232] Barneby to Del Bufalo, Aug. 8/18.--_Roman Transcripts, R.O._ (The +original is in Latin.) + +[233] Afterwards Duke of Sully. + +[234] Parry to Cecil, Aug. 20, 1603.--_S. P. France._ + +[235] See p. 151, note 2. + +[236] Del Bufalo to James I. Sept. 19/29; _compare_ Del Bufalo to +Cardinal Aldobrandino, Sept. 21/Oct. 1.--_Roman Transcripts, R.O._ + +[237] We have two copies of James's letter to Parry translated into +Latin, but undated (_S. P. France._) Cecil's covering letter (_ib._) is +in draft and dated Nov. 6. It must, however, have been held back, as +both Parry's and Del Bufalo's despatches show that it did not reach +Paris till early in December. + +[238] Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, December 4/14.--_Roman +Transcripts, R.O._ + +[239] January 11/21. + +[240] Information given to Del Bufalo. + +[241] He wrote on the margin of Del Bufalo's letter: "Quanto alla +facolta di chiamare sotto pena di scomunica i torbolenti, non ci par da +darla per adesso, perche trattiamo con heretici, e corriamo pericolo di +perdere i sicuri, si come non ci par che il Nuntio debba premere nella +cosa di mandar noi personaggio, perche dubitiamo che essendo tanta +gelosia tra Francia e Spagna non intrassimo in grandissima difficolta. E +meglio aspettare la conclusione della Pace secondo noi, perche non +sapiamo che chi mandassimo fosse per usar la prudentia necessaria." + +[242] He told the Spanish Ambassador, 'che quelli del Consiglio gli +havevano fatto tanta forza che no haveva potuto far altro, ma che no si +sarebbe eseguito con rigore alcuno.' (Del Bufalo to Aldobrandino, March +27/April 6.)--_Roman Transcripts, R. O._ + +[243] Precisely the course he had recommended in his letter written to +Cecil whilst he was still in Scotland, see p. 144. + +[244] See p. 33. + +[245] A news-letter gives an account of the Council meeting, from which +it appears that James began by haranguing against the Puritans, but +Cranborne--Cecil was now known by this title--and others asked why the +Catholics were not put on the same footing, on which the King got angry, +and finally directed that the Catholics should also suffer. (Advices +from London, Feb. 19/March 1).--_Roman Transcripts, R.O._ + +[246] In those days liberty of conscience meant what we should call +liberty of worship. + +[247] Lindsay at last got off to Rome in November 1604. On his +proceedings there see _History of England_, 1603-1642, i. 224. + +[248] In the MS. 'et non haverebbe.' Mr. Rawdon Brown, amongst whose +papers, now in the Record Office, this despatch is found, remarks that +mistakes of this kind frequently occur in letters first ciphered and +then deciphered. + +[249] In the margin is 'Questo poi e troppo,' perhaps an addition by the +ambassador, or even by Mr. Rawdon Brown. + +[250] 'Religione' is suggested by Mr. Rawdon Brown for the 'ragione' of +the decipherer. + +[251] In the copy 'non si puo far di meno di non observar le leggi,' the +'non' being incorrectly repeated. + +[252] "Non predicando li preti nessuna cosa piu constantemente di questa +che il buon Cattolico bisogna che habbia questa ferma rissolutione in se +medesimo di esser per conservar la Religione pronto a solevarsi etiam +contra la vita e stato del suo Principe naturale." + +[253] Molin to the Doge, March 7/17, 1605, _Venetian Transcripts, R.O._ + +[254] Lindsay to James I. Jan. 26/Feb. 5, 1605, _S. P. Italian States_. + +[255] Compare the last passage quoted from Molin's despatch, p. 161. + +[256] This is, however, precisely what James had failed to induce the +Pope to do. + +[257] Father Gerard asks what 'our offence' was. It was clearly nothing +personal to the writer, and I am strongly inclined to interpret the +words as referring to Lindsay's proceedings at Rome, of which so much +had been made. + +[258] Sir Everard Digby to Salisbury (_S. P. Dom._ xvii. 10.) As Father +Gerard says, the date cannot be earlier than May 4, 1605, when the +Earldom was conferred on Cranborne. + +[259] Father Gerard gives the date of Davies's pardon from the Pardon +Roll as April 25, 1605. It should be April 23, 1604. + +[260] _Gerard_, 94, 95, 254. Father Gerard ascribes this application to +'a later date' than March 1606. It was, in fact a good deal later, as +the endorsement 'Mr. Secretary Conway' shows that it was not earlier +than 1623. The further endorsement 'touching Wright and his services +performed in the damnable plot of the Powder Treason,' proves nothing. +What did Conway's clerk know beyond the contents of the application +itself? + +[261] Father Gerard (p. 98) tells us of one Thomas Coe, who wrote on +Dec. 20, 1605, telling him that he had forwarded to the King 'the +primary intelligence of these late treasons.' If this claim was +justified, why do we not find Coe's name, either amongst the State +Papers or on the Patent Rolls, as recipient of some favour from the +Crown? A still more indefensible argument of Father Gerard's is one in +which a letter written to Sir Everard Digby about an otter hunt is held +(p. 103) to show the existence of Government espionage, because though +written before Digby was acquainted with the plot it is endorsed, +'Letter written to Sir Everard Digby--Powder Treason.' Any letter in +Digby's possession would be likely to be endorsed in this way whatever +its contents might have been. + +[262] _Gerard_, pp. 95, 96. + +[263] _Gerard_, p. 106. + +[264] Salisbury to Edmondes, Oct. 17, 1605.--_Stowe MSS._ 168, fol. 181. + +[265] See _History of England_, 1603-1642, i. 238, 243. + +[266] Garnet's Declaration, March 9, 1606.--_Hist. Rev._ July, 1888, p. +513. + +[267] Father Gerard gives a facsimile, p. 199. + +[268] _Harl. MSS._ 360, fol. 112 b. + +[269] See p. 128. + +[270] As in the case of the merchant who refused to pay the imposition +on currants, 'Bate' and 'Bates' were considered interchangeable. + +[271] _G. P. B._, No. 145. The words in italics are added in a different +hand. Dunbar's name does not occur in the list of Commissioners at p. +24. + +[272] See p. 41. + +[273] _Gerard_, p. 179. I do not think his argument on this point +conclusive, but obviously it would be useless to forge a document unless +it was to be used in evidence. + +[274] _Harl. MSS._ 360, fol. 96. + +[275] _Gerard_, p. 170. + +[276] Salisbury's Minute to Favat, Dec. 4, 1605.--_Add. MSS._ 6178, fol. +98. + +[277] _Gerard_, p. 181. + +[278] An _alias_ for Garnet. + +[279] Salisbury to Edmondes, March 8, 1606.--_Stowe MSS._ 168, fol. 366. + +[280] _Harl. MSS._ 360, fol. 117. + +[281] _Ib._ fol. 113. + +[282] _Add. MSS._ 21203, fol. 38 b. + +[283] _A true and perfect relation._ Sig. G., 2, _verso_. + +[284] _Ib._, Sig. K., 3. + +[285] Morris's _Condition of Catholics_, 210. A Latin translation of +part of the letter was printed in 1610, by Eudaemon Joannes, _Ad actionem +proditoriam, &c._, p. 6. + +[286] _G. P. B._, No. 166. + +[287] See the express words ascribed to Bates at p. 180. + +[288] See p. 190. + +[289] Sir E. Digby's Papers, No. 9, published at the end of Bishop +Barlow's reprint of _The Gunpowder Treason_. + +[290] The Saturday or Sunday after the octave of Corpus Christi, _i.e._, +June 8 or 9, old style, which seems to have been used, as the same day +is described as being about the beginning of Trinity Term, which began +on May 31. + +[291] Garnet's Declaration, March 9.--_Hist. Rev._, July 1888 pp. +510-517. + +[292] The letter is printed in Tierney's _Dodd_, iv. App. cix., where +there is an argument in a note to show that the part from which I am +about to quote came from a later letter. For my purpose the date is +immaterial. + +[293] Garnet's Declaration, March 9.--_Hist. Rev._, July 1888, pp. +510-517. + +[294] Garnet's Declaration, March 10. _Hist. Rev._, July 1888, p. 517. + +[295] The author of Sir Everard Digby's life writes:--"I fully admit +that if Father Garnet was weak, his weakness was owing to an excess of +kindheartedness and a loyalty to his friends that bordered on +extravagance." (_The Life of a Conspirator_, by 'One of his +Descendants,' p. 134.) It will be noticed that I am inclined to go +further than this. + +[296] In addition to what has been already said, a letter from the +Nuncio at Brussels to Dr. Gifford, written on July 22/Aug. 1, 1604, +may be quoted. He says that the Pope 'paratissimum esse ea omnia pro sua +in Catholicos authoritate facere quae Serenissimae suae Majestati +securitatem suae personae, et status procurare possunt, eosque omnes e +regno evocare quos sua Majestas rationabiliter judicaverit regno et +statui [MS. statuti] suo noxios fore.'--_Tierney's Dodd_, App. No. 5. + + + + +INDEX + + + Aldobrandino, Cardinal, report by the Nuncio at Paris to, 151 + + + Bancroft, Archbishop, informs Salisbury that Percy had ridden towards + Croydon, 23 + + Banishment of the priests, 160 + + Barlow, Bishop, mistaken reference to a book of, 84 + + Barneby, reports to the Nuncio at Paris, 153 + + Bartlet, George, said to have stated that Catesby visited Salisbury + House, 11 + + Bates, Thomas, arrest of, 47; + examination of, 179; + value of the evidence of, 182-189; + charge brought against Greenway by, 189 + + Baynham, Sir Edmund, mission of, 195 + + Brewer, Mr. H. W., author of a conjectural view of the neighbourhood + of the old House of Lords, 93 + + Brick, softer in 1605 than at present, 97 + + Bright, Mrs., evidence of, 28. + _See_ Skinner, Mrs. + + Buck, Master, alleged statement by, 7 + + Bufalo, del, _see_ Nuncio in Paris + + + Capon, William, mistakes the position of Percy's house, 77; + worthlessness of the evidence of, 107 + + Catesby, Robert, said to visit Salisbury, 11; + cannot have given information, 121; + informs Greenway of the plot, 177; + his relations with Garnet, 192 + + Cecil, Sir Robert, corresponds with James on toleration, 143-148; + forwards James's reply to the Nuncio's overtures, 156; + has no motive for inventing Gunpowder Plot, 160. + _See_ Cranborne, Viscount, and Salisbury, Earl of + + Cellar, the, Fawkes antedates the hiring of, 18, 20; + new door made into, 25; + evidence on the lease of, 28; + supposed bargain between Ferrers and Percy for, 30; + Fawkes's account of the hiring of, 34; + Winter's account of the hiring of, 65; + partly let to Mrs. Skinner, 100, 101; + leased to Percy, 105; + the miners said to be ignorant of the position of, 105; + Capon's evidence on the details of, 107; + new door into, _ib._; + entrances into, 110; + alleged public access to, 111; + Knyvet's visit to, 129; + Suffolk's search in, 131 + + Clement VIII., Pope, writes to James, 150; + annotates a report from the Nuncio at Paris, 151, 152; + rejects James's proposals, 158; + his conduct towards James, 167; + Lindsay's report on the proceedings of, 168 + + Cobham, Lord, reports a saying of James I., 8 + + Coe, Thomas, as informer, 175, _note_ 1 + + Coke, Attorney-General, conducts the first examination of Fawkes, 17; + attends the commissioners for the examination of the plot, 25; + his fishing inquiry, 40; + omits a passage in Fawkes's confession, and brings a false charge + against Gerard, 178 + + Cornwallis, Salisbury's letter to, 31 + + Cranborne, Viscount, his conversation with the Venetian ambassador, + 162-166. + _See_ Cecil, Sir Robert, and Salisbury, Earl of + + + Davies, an informer, 173 + + Devonshire, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, 24 + + Digby, Sir Edward, misstatement about the knighting of the sons of, 10; + arrest of, 47; + writes to Salisbury, 169; + receives a letter about an otter hunt, 175, _note_ 1; + his evidence against Garnet, 192 + + Digby, Sir Kenelm, alleged statement by, 10 + + Doubleday, Edmond, secures Fawkes, 135-137 + + Dunchurch, hunting-match at, 30 + + + _Edinburgh Reviewer_, the, negative criticism of, 3; + his summary of the story of the plot, 14 + + Edmondes, Salisbury's letter to, 31 + + + Favat, Salisbury's letter to, 183, 184 + + Fawkes, Guy, first examination of, 17; + assumes the name of Johnson, 18; + shields his companions by false statements, 19; + alleged alteration of the examination of, 20; + confesses the whole of the design, 21; + second examination of, 25; + third examination of, 26; + fourth examination of, 30; + threatened with torture, 32; + fifth examination of, 33; + relation of the fifth examination of, with that of Nov. 17, 37; + his declaration under torture, 43; + gives the names of the plotters, 44; + examined on the hints given to noblemen to absent themselves from + Parliament, 48; + a watch bought for, 49; + doubts as to the genuineness of his full account of the plot + examined, 50-54; + capable of directing mining operations, 78; + ascertains that the cellar is to be let, 109; + alleged discrepancies in the accounts of the seizure of, 127; + arrest of, 132-136 + + Ferrers, or Ferris, Henry, gives up his house to Percy, 29; + agreement for the lease by, 89 + + Fulman's Collection, notes on the plot preserved in, 9 + + + Garnet, Henry, receives information of the plot from Greenway, 177; + Digby's evidence against, 192; + his knowledge of the plot, 193-199 + + Gerard, John (Jesuit in the 17th century), not to be trusted when in + ignorance of the facts, 7; + said to have given the sacrament to the conspirators, 44; + probably ignorant of the plot, 177; + false charge brought by Coke against, 178 + + Gibbons, Mrs., has charge of the house, 28 + + Goodman, Bishop, thinks Salisbury contrived the plot, 7 + + Grant, John, his name erroneously given as digging the mine, 73 + + Greenway (_alias_ for Oswald Tesimond), informs Garnet of the plot, 177; + said to have been informed of the plot by Bates, 180; + discussion on Bates's evidence against, 183-192; + his relations with Garnet, 195-198 + + Grene, Father, reports a saying of Usher's, 8 + + Gunpowder stored by the plotters, exaggerations about the amount of, 112; + disposal of, 113 + + + Holbeche House, capture or death of the plotters at, 46 + + House hired by Percy, the, Fawkes's statement about, 18; + in charge of Mrs. Gibbons, 28; + evidence on the lease of, 29; + situation of, 77-91; + alleged smallness of, 91; + alleged populousness of the neighbourhood of, 92; + position of the garden belonging to, 96; + powder brought to, 102; + a carpenter admitted to, 104 + + House of Lords, the old, description of, 100 + + + James, Roger, evidence of, 91 + + James I. said to have called November 5 Cecil's holiday, 8; + orders the use of torture, 26; + said to have interpreted the Monteagle letter by inspiration, 114, + 125, 126; + his relations with the Catholics, 141-142; + refuses to sign a letter to the Pope, 143; + corresponds with Cecil on toleration, _ib._; + letter falsely attributed to, 150; + interruption of Lindsay's mission from, 151; + receives overtures from the Nuncio at Brussels, 151; + his position towards the recusants, 153; + is assured of the Pope's desire to keep the Catholics in obedience, + 154; + banishes the priests, 160 + + + Keyes, Robert, inquiry into the movements of, 24; + arrest of, 47; + confusion about his working in the mine, 71; + acknowledges that he worked at the mine, 74; + mistake in the 'King's Book' about, _ib._; + brought from Lambeth, 102 + + 'King's Book,' the, erroneous account of Robert Winter's proceedings + in, 74; + probable date of the issue of, 74, _note_ 1 + + Knyvet, Sir Thomas, visits the cellar, 128, 136 + + + Lenthall said to have been told that Salisbury contrived the plot, 10; + Wood's character of, 12 + + Lindsay, Sir James, carries a letter from the Pope to James, 150; + is unable to return with the answer, 151; + starts for Italy, 156; + Cranborne's opinion of, 162; + reports from Rome, 168 + + + Mar, Earl of, is a commissioner to examine the plot, 24 + + Mine, the, silence of Fawkes about, 20; + Mrs. Whynniard ignorant of, 29; + the Government ignorant of, 30; + first mentioned by Fawkes, 33; + described by Winter, 63; + position of, 96; + made through the wall of Percy's house, 97; + alleged inexperience of the makers of, 98; + precautions to avoid noise in, 99; + penetrates the wall under House of Lords, 102; + disposal of the earth and stones from, 103; + the Government ignorant of the position of, 104 + + Montague, Lord, sent to the Tower, 48 + + Monteagle, Lord, the letter addressed to said to have been known + beforehand, 10; + false statements about the interpretation of, 114; + Salisbury said to have been previously informed of, 115; + delivery of, 122; + taken to Salisbury, 123 + + Mordaunt, Lord, sent to the Tower, 48 + + + Northampton, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, 24; + is a Catholic, 25 + + Nottingham, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, 24; + his relations to the Catholics, 25 + + Nuncio at Brussels, the, makes overtures to James, 151 + + Nuncio at Paris, the, reports on James's proceedings, 151; + writes to Parry on the Pope's desire to keep the Catholics in + obedience, 154; + writes to James, 155; + James's reply to the overtures of, 156; + sends the reply to Rome, 157 + + + Osborne, Francis, thinks the plot a device of Salisbury, 7 + + Owen, Hugh, not a priest, 60, _note_ 1 + + + Parry, Sir Thomas, draft of a letter to, 22; + uncertainty when Salisbury's letter was sent to, 31; + receives overtures from the Nuncio, 154 + + Percy, Thomas, Fawkes's statement about the hiring of the house and + cellar by, 18; + proclamation for the apprehension of, 23; + rumours about the movements of, _ib._; + search of his house, 24; + enters into possession of the house and cellar, 29; + reward offered for the apprehension of, 44; + the Sheriff of Worcestershire announces the death of, 44; + buys a watch for Fawkes, 49; + Winter's account of the proceedings of, 62-69; + agreement for the lease of the house to, 85; + not likely to be turned out when Parliament met, 86; + takes the cellar, 105; + alleged bigamy of, 115; + said to have visited Salisbury, 117; + displays his connection with the Court, 118; + receives a pass for post-horses, _ib._; + alleged secret orders to kill, 119 + + Pope, the (_see_ Clement VIII.) + + Popham, Chief Justice, examines Fawkes, 17; + sends to Salisbury a rumour of Percy's movements, 23; + makes inquiries into the movements of Catholics, 24; + a commissioner to examine the plot, 25 + + Priests, the banishment of, proclamation for, 160 + + Privy Councillors, form of publishing the signatures of, 40 + + + Recusants, their fines remitted, 149; + fines reimposed on, 161 + + Rokewood, Ambrose, examination of the landlady of, 24 + + + Salisbury, Earl of, alleged to have invented the plot, 7; + said to have told his son that he had contrived the plot, 10; + writes an account of the plot to Parry, 22; + is a commissioner for the examination into the plot, 24; + his letter to the ambassadors, 31; + cannot have deceived his fellow-commissioners, 41; + said to have known of the plot before the Monteagle letter, 115; + said to have received visits from Percy, 117; + said to have issued orders not to take Percy alive, 119; + the Monteagle letter delivered to, 123; + probably knew nothing of the plot independent of the letter, 124; + was the probable interpreter of the letter, 125; + receives a letter from Sir E. Digby, 169; + has no motive for inventing the plot, 172; + expects plots, 176; + writes to Favat, 183; + failure of the charge against, 200 + + Shepherd, John, evidence of, 77 + + Skinner, Mrs., gives up the cellar to Percy, 28, 105 + + Spedding, James, his canon of historical evidence, 5 + + Speed, John, his statement that Percy's house was only to be let when + Parliament was not sitting, 85 + + Standen, Sir Anthony, mission of, 158 + + Suffolk, Earl of, a commissioner for examining the plot, 24; + friendly to the Catholics, 25; + sent to search the cellar, 131 + + + Talbot of Grafton, John, summoned before the Council, 48 + + Tresham, Francis, informed of the plot, 66; + probably informs the Government, 121; + his connection with the letter to Monteagle, 122 + + + Usher, language used about the plot by, 8 + + + Vaux, Mrs., committed to the charge of an alderman, 48 + + Vowell, Peter, said to assert the plot to have been invented, 10 + + + Waad, Sir William, gives information of Percy's movements, 23; + pronounces Fawkes obstinate, 32; + informs Salisbury that Winter is ready to confess, 70 + + Walsh, Sir Richard, writes to announce the death or capture of the + plotters, 45 + + Whynniard, John, Fawkes's evidence about his lease to Percy, 18; + position of the house of, 77; + appointed keeper of the Old Palace, 86; + history of the land held by him, 93, 94; + position of the garden of, 95; + leases the cellar to Percy, 105 + + Whynniard, Mrs., consents to the lease of the cellar, 28 + + Winter, Robert, arrest of, 47; + incorrectly stated to have worked in the mine, 71; + his name substituted for that of Keyes, 73 + + Winter, Thomas, inquiry into the movements of, 24; + captured at Holbeche, 46; + doubts as to the genuineness of his full account of the plot + examined, 54-67; + his account of the plot, 57-69; + no evidence of the torture of, 70; + explanation of the confusion between Keyes and, 72; + Coke wishes to examine, 74 + + Wood, Anthony, statements by a correspondent of, 9; + his character of Lenthall, 12 + + Worcester, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, 24; + is understood to be a Catholic, 25 + + Wotton, Sir Henry, says that Cecil invented plots, 10 + + Wright, Christopher, death of, 46, 47; + Robert Winter's name substituted for, 73 + + Wright, Henry, an informer, 173, 174 + + Wright, John, killed at Holbeche, 46, 47 + + + + +MESSRS. 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