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diff --git a/34348-8.txt b/34348-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b62eb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/34348-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,948 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Drama of Glass, by Kate Field + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Drama of Glass + +Author: Kate Field + +Release Date: November 17, 2010 [EBook #34348] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DRAMA OF GLASS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Josephine Paolucci and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive.) + + + + + + + +[Illustration: KATE FIELD] + + +THE DRAMA OF GLASS + +BY + +KATE FIELD + +PUBLISHED BY THE +LIBBEY GLASS CO. + + +The Drama of Glass was an inspiration born in the brain of Kate Field, +as she watched the busy workmen, who with trained eyes and skillful +hands, wrought out the products of one of America's great industries +that found a temporary home in the World's Fair at Chicago. + +It is an addition to the long list of brilliant writings of this +versatile woman, whose literary labors have made her memory so dear to +the thousands of Americans who have found in them the reflection of her +own individuality. + +The story of an art that is as old as the building of the City of +Babylon, that formed a part in the life of Egypt, that was interwoven in +the history of Rome, and that gave a reputation to a nation, is re-told +by Miss Field. + +From the beginning of the art, wrapped in mystery and legend, step by +step her story has become history. She has carried it as far as the +World's Fair, and it has devolved upon Mr. Thos. M. Willey to complete +what she so well begun. + +[Illustration] + + + + +PROLOGUE + + +Have you ever thought what a drama glass plays in the history of the +world? It is a drama even in the French acceptation of the word, which +infers not only intense action, but death. Can there be more intense +action than that of fire, and is not glass the own child of fire and +death? + +The origin of glass is lost in myth and romance. Nobody knows how it was +born, but there are as many traditions as there are cities claiming to +be Homer's birthplace. Pliny says that the discovery of glass was due to +substituting cakes of nitre for stones as supports for cooking pots. + +[Illustration] + +According to his story, certain Phoenician merchants landed on the +coast of Palestine and cooked their food in pots supported on cakes of +nitre taken from their cargo. + +Great was the wonder of these Phoenicians--the Yankees of antiquity, +the builders of Tyre and Sidon, the inventors of the alphabet--on +beholding solid matter changed to a strange fluid, which voluntarily +mingled with its nearest neighbor, the sand, and made a transparent +material now called glass. + +[Illustration] + +This story is too pretty to spoil, and those of us who prefer romance to +science will believe it, though Menet the chemist positively declares +that to produce such a fluid would require a heat from 1800 to 2700 +degrees Fahrenheit. Under the circumstances narrated by Pliny, such a +tremendously high temperature was impossible. Science often interferes +with romance, and were not truth better even than poetry, science would +be a nuisance in literature. + +An art that Hermes taught to Egyptian chemists like good wine needs no +bush, yet on its brilliant crest may be found the splendid quarterings +not only of Egypt, but of Gaul, Rome, Byzantium, Venice, Germany, +Bohemia, Great Britain, and last but not least the United States. + +[Illustration] + +He was a poor man, who, in Seneca's day, had not his house decorated +with various designs in glass; while Scaurus, the Aedile, a +superintendent of public buildings in ancient Rome, actually built a +theatre seating forty thousand persons, the second story of which was +made of glass. That masterpiece of ancient manufacture, the Portland +Vase, was taken from the tomb of the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus, +and should bear his name rather than that of the Duchess of Portland, +who purchased it from the Barberini family after it had stood three +hundred years in their famous Roman gallery. + +In the thirteenth century Venice reigned supreme in glass making. No one +knows how long the City of Doges might have monopolized certain features +of this art but for a woman who could not keep a secret from her lover. +Marietta was the daughter of Beroviero, one of the most famous glass +makers of the fifteenth century. Many were his receipts for producing +colored glass, and as he had faith in his own flesh and blood he +confided these precious receipts to his daughter. Alas, for poor +Beroviero! Marietta, after the manner of women, loved a man, one +Giorgio, an artisan in her father's employ. History does not tell, but I +have no doubt that Giorgio wheedled the secret out of his sweetheart. + +[Illustration] + +Once possessed of these receipts he published and sold them for a large +sum, then turning on the man he had betrayed he demanded faithless +Marietta in marriage. Thus it came to pass that the ignoble love of a +weak woman for a dishonorable man helped to change the fortunes of +Venice. The world gained by the destruction of a monopoly, one more +proof of the poet's dictum that "all partial evil is universal good." + +[Illustration] + +It was in the middle of this same fifteenth century that a number of +Venetian glass makers were imprisoned in London because they could not +pay the heavy fine imposed by the Venetian Council for plying their art +in foreign lands. "Let us work out our fine," pleaded these victims of +prohibition. Their prayer was warmly seconded by England's king, whose +intercession was by no means disinterested. Yielding to royal desire, +Venice freed these artisans, and thus glass making was established in +Great Britain. Beyond the point of reason all prohibitory laws fail +sooner or later. Go to the bottom of slang, and as a rule you will find +it based on rugged truth. When in the breezy vernacular of this republic +a human being is credited with "sand" or is accused of being entirely +destitute of it, he rises to high esteem or falls beneath contempt. +Possessing "sand" he can command success; without it he is a poor +creature. For the origin of this slang we turn to glass making, the +excellence of which depends upon sand. + +If Bohemia succeeded finally in making clearer and whiter glass than +Venice, it was because Bohemia produced better sand. When the town of +Murano furnished the world with glass, its population was thirty +thousand. That number has dwindled to four thousand. Bohemian glass +stood unrivaled until England discovered flint or lead glass; now, the +world looks to the United States for rich cut glass, the highest +artistic expression of modern glass. + +Where does America begin its evolution in glass? Before the landing of +the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock. In 1608, within a mile of the English +settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, a glass house was built in the woods. +Curiously enough it was the first factory built upon this continent. +This factory began with bottles, and bottles were the first manufactured +articles that were exported from North America. + +In those early days glass beads were in great demand. Indians would sell +their birthright for a mess of them, so when the first glass house fell +to pieces, a second took its place for the purpose of supplying the +Indians with beads. + +[Illustration] + +A few years later common glass was made in Massachusetts. It appears +from the records of the town of Salem that the glass makers could not +have been very successful, as that town loaned them thirty pounds in +money which was never paid back. + +During the time of the Dutch occupation of Manhattan Island, when New +York was known as New Amsterdam, a glass factory was built near Hanover +Square, but not until after the Revolution came and went did glass +making really take root in American soil. In July, 1787, the +Massachusetts Legislature gave to a Boston glass company the exclusive +right to make glass in that State for fifteen years. This company +prospered and was the first successful glass manufacturing company in +the United States. Then followed others that were successful. As early +as 1865 there was manufactured, in the vicinity of Boston, glass that +was the equal of the best flint glass manufactured in England. Two +hundred and fifty years from the time the first rough bottles were +exported from Virginia to England seems a long time to us, but how short +a time it really is in the life of this ancient art--this drama of +glass. + +[Illustration] + + + + +FROM 1850 TO 1893 + +AN EVOLUTION IN GLASS + + +It is always interesting to trace the history of a great industry. Like +the oak, it begins with a small seed that hardly knows its own mind, and +is often more surprised than the rest of the world at the result of +earnest effort. See what apothecaries did for Italy. Mediæval art and +the Medicis go hand in hand. The drama of glass in the United States may +have as significant a mission, for it is singularly true that James +Jackson Jarves, son of Deming Jarves, the pioneer glass manufacturer of +New England, was almost the first American to give his life to the study +of old masters and to devote his fortune to collecting their works. The +Jarves gallery now belongs to Yale University. + +[Illustration] + +William L. Libbey was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and became, in +1850, the confidential clerk of Jarves & Commeraiss, the greatest glass +importers of Boston, and whose glass factory in South Boston was the +forerunner of the Libbey Works of the Columbian Exposition. Having made +a fortune--the fortune his clever son spent in art and +_bric-a-brac_--Deming Jarves sold his glass factory to his trusted clerk +in 1855, and for twenty years this Massachusetts industry gained +strength and reputation. But the trend of population was westward. + +Cheap fuel was necessary to successful glass making. How could New +England coal compete with natural gas? So Ohio came to the front. A few +years ago Ohio's natural gas became exhausted. Without a day's +disturbance petroleum succeeded gas, and better glass was made than +ever, because oil produces a more even temperature. Verily "there is a +soul of goodness in things evil." From Massachusetts to Ohio, from coal +to gas, from gas to petroleum, what would be the next act in the drama +of American glass? What, indeed, but an act the scene of which was laid +in the grounds of the World's Fair! + +Believing fully in the westward course of empire, Mr. Edward D. Libbey +had the inspiration that if Chicago wanted the World's Fair, Chicago +would not only have it, but would create such an exposition as had never +been seen. So before even the temporary organization was formed in +Chicago the Libbey Glass Company filed an application for the exclusive +right to manufacture glass at the Columbian Exposition. + +The problem of erecting a building that should be architecturally in +keeping with the surroundings, that should afford every possible comfort +to the thousands of daily visitors and still be used as a manufactory, +was not an easy matter. + +Begun in October, 1892, the admirable building, put up in the Midway +Plaisance to show the process of making glass, was finished one week +before May 1st following. On that bleak opening day thousands of +overshoes were stalled in mud a foot deep before the Administration +Building, and the owners went home in some cases almost barefooted. + +[Illustration] + +But there was an expenditure of $125,000 in an idea, and the investors +had no reason to fear weather or neglect. From the opening to the +closing of the big front door two million people found their way to this +glass house, at which no one threw stones. The trouble was not to get +people in, but to keep them out. A mob never benefits itself nor anybody +else. To reduce the attendance to reasonable proportions a fee was +charged, applicable to the purchase of some souvenir, made perhaps +before the buyer's very eyes. Why was this glass house so popular? +Because its exhibit displayed the only art industry in actual operation +within the Fair grounds. + +All people like machinery in motion, and the most curious people on +earth are Americans. They want to know how things are made, and, like +children, are not content until they have laid their hands on whatever +confronts them. "Please do not touch" has no terrors for them. In +addition to this inborn love of action, there is a fascination about +glass blowing and the fashioning of shapeless matter piping hot from the +pot that appeals to men and women of all sorts and conditions. With eyes +and mouths wide open, thousands stood daily around the circular factory +watching a hundred skilled artisans at work. They looked at the big +central furnace, in which sand, oxide of lead, potash, saltpetre and +nitrate of soda underwent vitrification; they saw it taken out of the +pot a plastic mass, which, through long, hollow iron tubes, was blown +and rolled and twisted and turned into things of beauty. Here was a +champagne glass, there was a flower bowl; now came a decanter, followed +by a jewel basket. A few minutes later jugs and goblets and vases galore +passed from the nimble fingers of the artisans to the annealing oven +below. + +[Illustration] + +All these creations entered the oven as hot as they came from the last +manipulator, but gradually cooled off to the temperature of the +atmosphere. Getting used to the hardships of life requires twenty-four +hours, during which the trays on which the glass stands are slowly moved +from the hot to the temperate end of the oven. This procession was an +object lesson in life as well as in glass. "Make haste slowly or you'll +defeat yourself," was the burden of the song those things of beauty sang +to themselves and to all who listened. + +If American cut glass has grown beyond compare, it is largely due to the +superior intelligence of American artisans. They have the "sand": so, +too, have the beautiful hills of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, whence +comes the purest quality the whole world has known. The best flint glass +exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1867 owed its excellence to the +treasure stowed away in Western Massachusetts. + +[Illustration] + +The finest American flint glass of the Columbian Exposition found its +inspiration in the same part of the old Bay State. + +Little did those visitors to the Fair know whence came the hot fires of +Libbey's Glass House. They little knew that oil was drawn in pipes from +Ohio, and that one hundred and fifty barrels of petroleum lay buried +under innocent-looking grass, that looked up and asked not to be trodden +under foot. + +Of course, had lightning struck those two great hidden tanks of liquid +dynamite, we should all have been sent to that bourne whence no World's +Fair visitor could have returned. + +Seventy-five barrels of oil were burned daily on the Midway Plaisance. +How many gallons? Three thousand. Multiply one day's fire by one hundred +and eighty days and you discover that the drama of glass at the Fair was +the death of fifty-four thousand gallons of petroleum. + + + + +EPILOGUE + +THE ACTRESS AND THE INFANTA + +[Illustration: GEORGIA CAYVAN] + +Ever since the era of fairy tales the world has heard of glass slippers. +Cinderella wore them and great was the romance thereof. But whoever +before 1893 heard of a glass dress, and who conceived such a novel idea? + +[Illustration] + +From that memorable day in the Garden of Eden when Eve ate that apple, +which may literally be called the fruit of all knowledge, woman has been +at the bottom of everything: it was a woman who got it into her head +that she wanted a glass dress. How did it happen? Thus: In the middle of +May, 1893, women from all parts of the earth took Chicago by storm. +Theirs was the first of one hundred congresses, and among many artists +was Georgia Cayvan, whose record on and off the stage does credit to her +head and heart. Of course the clever actress visited the Fair and of +course she followed the multitude and found herself watching the process +of making American glass. It was not long before Miss Cayvan's quick eye +was attracted by an exhibit of spun and woven glass lamp shades. + +"Do you mean to say those shades are spun out of glass?" she exclaimed; +"the material resembles silk." + +"Nevertheless it is glass," replied the attendant. + +"Is it possible to make a glass dress?" + +[Illustration] + +"Why not? It is not only possible but eminently feasible." + +"Would it be very expensive?" + +"Twenty-five dollars a yard." + +This was a deal of money to invest in an experiment, as at least twelve +yards are needed for a gown, but when a woman wills she wills, +especially when she is intimately acquainted with her own mind. Miss +Cayvan knows hers perfectly, and in a few minutes she exacted from the +Company a promise not only to spin her many yards of glass cloth for a +white evening costume, but she obtained from them the exclusive right to +wear glass cloth on the stage. "It is agreed," said actress and +manufacturer in chorus, and off hied the former to New York, where at +the end of four weeks she received her material direct from the Midway +Plaisance. How to make it up was the next question, for Madame la +Modiste vowed she wouldn't touch such material with scissors and +needles. + +[Illustration: INFANTA EULALIA] + +As a matter of fact a specialist is needed to cut and sew glass, which +differs from other cloths in breaking and wickedly sticking into the +hands, so a skillful and artistic young woman employee from Toledo was +sent to New York to do what the ordinary seamstress could not. She cut +and made the unique costume with which Miss Cayvan sweeps the stage to +the edification of feminine and the wonder of masculine eyes. + +The fame of that glass gown reached the ears of the Infanta Eulalia, who +saw it worn by the ingenious actress and determined to inspect its +counterpart set up in a case at the World's Fair. The Midway Plaisance +was the Princess's favorite resort in Chicago, and she soon turned her +steps toward the glass house she had heard so much about. "Where's that +dress?" asked the Infanta as she entered the factory. On being conducted +to it Eulalia expressed great pleasure, declaring it was the finest +thing she had seen at the Fair. + +"Would Your Highness wear such a gown were one made expressly for you?" +she was asked. + +[Illustration] + +"Not only would I wear it, but I'd take the greatest delight in telling +the story of its manufacture," replied the Princess. + +Before sailing away to Spain, Eulalia was fitted for her American glass +gown, now wears it, and today there hangs in the Libbey Glass Company's +private office the following official certificate: + + ROYAL HOUSE OF H. R. H. INFANTE DON ANTONIO DE ORLEANS + + H. R. H. Infante Antonio de Orleans appoints Messrs. Libbey + and Company of Toledo, Ohio, cut-glass makers to his royal + house, with the use of his royal coat-of-arms for signs, + bills and labels. In fulfillment of the command of His Royal + Highness I present this certificate, signed in Madrid, July + 15th, 1893. + + PEDRO JOVER FOVAR + + Superintendent of His Royal Highness's Household + + + +Thus for the first time in the history of an industry almost as old as +humanity, glass adorns alike the person of a Royal Princess and the +person of a charming actress. Produced at the Court of Spain and on the +American stage, am I not justified in calling this memory of a far and +near past "The Drama of Glass"? + + KATE FIELD + + + + +THE DRAMA OF GLASS + +BY + +KATE FIELD + + +In every story told of the sights worth seeing at the Columbian +Exposition the factory of the Libbey Glass Company, of Toledo, Ohio, has +had an important part. It was more than a mere exhibit; it was a +practical education in the art of glass making, which, like an easy +lesson that follows step by step, from the mixing of the crude material +to the completion of the finest piece of cut glass, impressed itself +upon the minds of hundred of thousands of visitors. + +[Illustration] + +Recall in your memory your visit to the World's Fair in 1893. Place +yourself upon the Midway Plaisance, directly opposite the Woman's +Building. Does your mind picture a stately, beautiful building, with +central dome and graceful towers? This was the building of the glass +factory to whom the exclusive right to manufacture and sell its products +was awarded over many competitors by the Ways and Means Committee of the +World's Columbian Exposition. This concession was given because the plan +of the Libbey Glass Company was a plan of broad ideas, fully meeting the +requirement that America should show that the whole world followed her +in the manufacture of cut glass. + +[Illustration] + +How well that Company fulfilled its mission is known to the two million +visitors who passed under the deep-recessed semicircular archway, rich +with sculptured ornament, that covered the grand entrance to this +palace; within, it was like a theatre, where the scenes in the +beautiful drama of glass were ever changing. Do you remember that the +sides, the dome, the ceiling, were all glitter and sheen with the +products of this mystic art, and that from thousands of cut-glass +pieces, as from brilliant diamonds, sparkled the prismatic hues? + +[Illustration] + +Do you remember the roaring furnace a hundred feet high, the melting +pots made of the clays of the Old and the New Worlds, mixed by the bare +feet in order that they have the requisite consistency? The products of +this factory were born of fire. The plastic molten mass that came from +the melting furnace, with its heat of 2200 degrees Fahrenheit, was +thirty hours before a mixture called by glass makers a "batch," whose +chief ingredient was sand from the hills of Massachusetts. + +[Illustration] + +Did you watch the workmen--the "gatherer" and the "blower," with their +long, hollow iron pipes? How the "blower," with his trained fingers, +gave an easy, constantly swaying motion to the pipe, into which he blew +and expanded the hot glass at its end? The tempering oven, through which +all glass productions must pass before they will resist changes in +temperature or even stand transportation? Did you follow the process of +cutting glass; see the wheels like grindstones, driven by steam power? +Wheels of stone that come from England and Scotland, and carry with them +the old-country names of Yorkshire Flag, New Castle and Craigleith, +stones that are very hard and close-grained, capable of retaining a very +sharp edge? Wheels of iron, which are used to cut the design in the +rough; wheels of wood, cork, felt, and revolving brush wheels, used in +finishing and polishing? Did you know that the trained eye of the cutter +and his experience were the only guides he had to secure the requisite +depth to his cutting; that he must exercise great care and judgment, +else the vibration of the glass renders it extremely liable to break, +and that an intricate design requires many days of constant +manipulation? + +Did you watch with interest the making of glass cloth, see how the +thread of glass was drawn out and wound on the big wheels that revolved +hundreds of times a minute? How the glass thread was woven with the silk +thread, producing a pliable glass cloth of soft sheen and lustre, that +could be folded, pleated and handled in all ways like cloth? + +Do you recall the Crystal Art Room? Did you realize that under that +ceiling, bedecked with ten thousand dollars' worth of spun glass cloth, +was collected the finest display of cut glass the world had ever seen? +Do you remember an old glass punch bowl, used in 1840 by Henry Clay, and +that near this relic of ancient glassware was another punch bowl upon +which five hundred dollars' worth of labor had been bestowed? + +[Illustration] + +Did you mark the difference, the deep and brilliant cuttings, how +effective they were, how they brought out the beauty and richness of the +design? Then, when you examined the hundreds of other articles, the +sherbet and punch glasses in Roman shapes, the quaint decanters in +Venetian forms, the celery trays, flower vases, and the ice-cream sets +and cut-glass dishes for every use, you saw the clearness of the glass +itself, and that this deep and brilliant cutting of perfect design, that +brought out the beauties of the great punch bowl, was a marked +characteristic of the Libbey Cut Glass. Did you not, as an American, +feel proud of the progress that your countrymen had made in this old art +of glass making? + +Since the World's Fair at Chicago, two expositions of the industries of +this country, the San Francisco Midwinter Fair and the Atlanta +Exposition, have added to the honors and reputation of the cut glass of +the Libbey Company. Certain trade-marks and names on silver and china +are always looked upon with pleasure and with a feeling that the +possessor has the genuine article. + +The same thing applies to cut glassware, so as a protection to the +public against those who would profit by the reputation of others, the +Libbey Glass Company cut their trade-mark--the name Libbey with a sword +under it--upon every piece of glass they manufacture. + +Half a century in the life of America has added much to the art upon +whose brilliant crest, as Miss Field has said, may be found the splendid +quarterings of Egypt, Rome, Venice, Germany and Great Britain, and today +the United States stands unrivaled in the manufacture of cut glass. + +The honor conferred upon the Libbey Glass Company by the committee, in +granting to them the exclusive concession to manufacture and sell +American glassware within the grounds of the Exposition during the +World's Fair, was a great one. + +The honors conferred by the San Francisco and Atlanta Expositions are +but added proofs that the selection was a proper one. The Libbey Glass +Company thus stands today to represent the best the United States +produces in cut glass, and the best the United States produces is the +world's best. + +[Illustration] + + +Bartlett & Company + +The Orr Press + +New York + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Drama of Glass, by Kate Field + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DRAMA OF GLASS *** + +***** This file should be named 34348-8.txt or 34348-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/3/4/34348/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Josephine Paolucci and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. 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