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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Drama of Glass, by Kate Field
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Drama of Glass
+
+Author: Kate Field
+
+Release Date: November 17, 2010 [EBook #34348]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DRAMA OF GLASS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Josephine Paolucci and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: KATE FIELD]
+
+
+THE DRAMA OF GLASS
+
+BY
+
+KATE FIELD
+
+PUBLISHED BY THE
+LIBBEY GLASS CO.
+
+
+The Drama of Glass was an inspiration born in the brain of Kate Field,
+as she watched the busy workmen, who with trained eyes and skillful
+hands, wrought out the products of one of America's great industries
+that found a temporary home in the World's Fair at Chicago.
+
+It is an addition to the long list of brilliant writings of this
+versatile woman, whose literary labors have made her memory so dear to
+the thousands of Americans who have found in them the reflection of her
+own individuality.
+
+The story of an art that is as old as the building of the City of
+Babylon, that formed a part in the life of Egypt, that was interwoven in
+the history of Rome, and that gave a reputation to a nation, is re-told
+by Miss Field.
+
+From the beginning of the art, wrapped in mystery and legend, step by
+step her story has become history. She has carried it as far as the
+World's Fair, and it has devolved upon Mr. Thos. M. Willey to complete
+what she so well begun.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PROLOGUE
+
+
+Have you ever thought what a drama glass plays in the history of the
+world? It is a drama even in the French acceptation of the word, which
+infers not only intense action, but death. Can there be more intense
+action than that of fire, and is not glass the own child of fire and
+death?
+
+The origin of glass is lost in myth and romance. Nobody knows how it was
+born, but there are as many traditions as there are cities claiming to
+be Homer's birthplace. Pliny says that the discovery of glass was due to
+substituting cakes of nitre for stones as supports for cooking pots.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+According to his story, certain Phoenician merchants landed on the
+coast of Palestine and cooked their food in pots supported on cakes of
+nitre taken from their cargo.
+
+Great was the wonder of these Phoenicians--the Yankees of antiquity,
+the builders of Tyre and Sidon, the inventors of the alphabet--on
+beholding solid matter changed to a strange fluid, which voluntarily
+mingled with its nearest neighbor, the sand, and made a transparent
+material now called glass.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This story is too pretty to spoil, and those of us who prefer romance to
+science will believe it, though Menet the chemist positively declares
+that to produce such a fluid would require a heat from 1800 to 2700
+degrees Fahrenheit. Under the circumstances narrated by Pliny, such a
+tremendously high temperature was impossible. Science often interferes
+with romance, and were not truth better even than poetry, science would
+be a nuisance in literature.
+
+An art that Hermes taught to Egyptian chemists like good wine needs no
+bush, yet on its brilliant crest may be found the splendid quarterings
+not only of Egypt, but of Gaul, Rome, Byzantium, Venice, Germany,
+Bohemia, Great Britain, and last but not least the United States.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+He was a poor man, who, in Seneca's day, had not his house decorated
+with various designs in glass; while Scaurus, the Aedile, a
+superintendent of public buildings in ancient Rome, actually built a
+theatre seating forty thousand persons, the second story of which was
+made of glass. That masterpiece of ancient manufacture, the Portland
+Vase, was taken from the tomb of the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus,
+and should bear his name rather than that of the Duchess of Portland,
+who purchased it from the Barberini family after it had stood three
+hundred years in their famous Roman gallery.
+
+In the thirteenth century Venice reigned supreme in glass making. No one
+knows how long the City of Doges might have monopolized certain features
+of this art but for a woman who could not keep a secret from her lover.
+Marietta was the daughter of Beroviero, one of the most famous glass
+makers of the fifteenth century. Many were his receipts for producing
+colored glass, and as he had faith in his own flesh and blood he
+confided these precious receipts to his daughter. Alas, for poor
+Beroviero! Marietta, after the manner of women, loved a man, one
+Giorgio, an artisan in her father's employ. History does not tell, but I
+have no doubt that Giorgio wheedled the secret out of his sweetheart.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Once possessed of these receipts he published and sold them for a large
+sum, then turning on the man he had betrayed he demanded faithless
+Marietta in marriage. Thus it came to pass that the ignoble love of a
+weak woman for a dishonorable man helped to change the fortunes of
+Venice. The world gained by the destruction of a monopoly, one more
+proof of the poet's dictum that "all partial evil is universal good."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It was in the middle of this same fifteenth century that a number of
+Venetian glass makers were imprisoned in London because they could not
+pay the heavy fine imposed by the Venetian Council for plying their art
+in foreign lands. "Let us work out our fine," pleaded these victims of
+prohibition. Their prayer was warmly seconded by England's king, whose
+intercession was by no means disinterested. Yielding to royal desire,
+Venice freed these artisans, and thus glass making was established in
+Great Britain. Beyond the point of reason all prohibitory laws fail
+sooner or later. Go to the bottom of slang, and as a rule you will find
+it based on rugged truth. When in the breezy vernacular of this republic
+a human being is credited with "sand" or is accused of being entirely
+destitute of it, he rises to high esteem or falls beneath contempt.
+Possessing "sand" he can command success; without it he is a poor
+creature. For the origin of this slang we turn to glass making, the
+excellence of which depends upon sand.
+
+If Bohemia succeeded finally in making clearer and whiter glass than
+Venice, it was because Bohemia produced better sand. When the town of
+Murano furnished the world with glass, its population was thirty
+thousand. That number has dwindled to four thousand. Bohemian glass
+stood unrivaled until England discovered flint or lead glass; now, the
+world looks to the United States for rich cut glass, the highest
+artistic expression of modern glass.
+
+Where does America begin its evolution in glass? Before the landing of
+the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock. In 1608, within a mile of the English
+settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, a glass house was built in the woods.
+Curiously enough it was the first factory built upon this continent.
+This factory began with bottles, and bottles were the first manufactured
+articles that were exported from North America.
+
+In those early days glass beads were in great demand. Indians would sell
+their birthright for a mess of them, so when the first glass house fell
+to pieces, a second took its place for the purpose of supplying the
+Indians with beads.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A few years later common glass was made in Massachusetts. It appears
+from the records of the town of Salem that the glass makers could not
+have been very successful, as that town loaned them thirty pounds in
+money which was never paid back.
+
+During the time of the Dutch occupation of Manhattan Island, when New
+York was known as New Amsterdam, a glass factory was built near Hanover
+Square, but not until after the Revolution came and went did glass
+making really take root in American soil. In July, 1787, the
+Massachusetts Legislature gave to a Boston glass company the exclusive
+right to make glass in that State for fifteen years. This company
+prospered and was the first successful glass manufacturing company in
+the United States. Then followed others that were successful. As early
+as 1865 there was manufactured, in the vicinity of Boston, glass that
+was the equal of the best flint glass manufactured in England. Two
+hundred and fifty years from the time the first rough bottles were
+exported from Virginia to England seems a long time to us, but how short
+a time it really is in the life of this ancient art--this drama of
+glass.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+FROM 1850 TO 1893
+
+AN EVOLUTION IN GLASS
+
+
+It is always interesting to trace the history of a great industry. Like
+the oak, it begins with a small seed that hardly knows its own mind, and
+is often more surprised than the rest of the world at the result of
+earnest effort. See what apothecaries did for Italy. Mediæval art and
+the Medicis go hand in hand. The drama of glass in the United States may
+have as significant a mission, for it is singularly true that James
+Jackson Jarves, son of Deming Jarves, the pioneer glass manufacturer of
+New England, was almost the first American to give his life to the study
+of old masters and to devote his fortune to collecting their works. The
+Jarves gallery now belongs to Yale University.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+William L. Libbey was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and became, in
+1850, the confidential clerk of Jarves & Commeraiss, the greatest glass
+importers of Boston, and whose glass factory in South Boston was the
+forerunner of the Libbey Works of the Columbian Exposition. Having made
+a fortune--the fortune his clever son spent in art and
+_bric-a-brac_--Deming Jarves sold his glass factory to his trusted clerk
+in 1855, and for twenty years this Massachusetts industry gained
+strength and reputation. But the trend of population was westward.
+
+Cheap fuel was necessary to successful glass making. How could New
+England coal compete with natural gas? So Ohio came to the front. A few
+years ago Ohio's natural gas became exhausted. Without a day's
+disturbance petroleum succeeded gas, and better glass was made than
+ever, because oil produces a more even temperature. Verily "there is a
+soul of goodness in things evil." From Massachusetts to Ohio, from coal
+to gas, from gas to petroleum, what would be the next act in the drama
+of American glass? What, indeed, but an act the scene of which was laid
+in the grounds of the World's Fair!
+
+Believing fully in the westward course of empire, Mr. Edward D. Libbey
+had the inspiration that if Chicago wanted the World's Fair, Chicago
+would not only have it, but would create such an exposition as had never
+been seen. So before even the temporary organization was formed in
+Chicago the Libbey Glass Company filed an application for the exclusive
+right to manufacture glass at the Columbian Exposition.
+
+The problem of erecting a building that should be architecturally in
+keeping with the surroundings, that should afford every possible comfort
+to the thousands of daily visitors and still be used as a manufactory,
+was not an easy matter.
+
+Begun in October, 1892, the admirable building, put up in the Midway
+Plaisance to show the process of making glass, was finished one week
+before May 1st following. On that bleak opening day thousands of
+overshoes were stalled in mud a foot deep before the Administration
+Building, and the owners went home in some cases almost barefooted.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+But there was an expenditure of $125,000 in an idea, and the investors
+had no reason to fear weather or neglect. From the opening to the
+closing of the big front door two million people found their way to this
+glass house, at which no one threw stones. The trouble was not to get
+people in, but to keep them out. A mob never benefits itself nor anybody
+else. To reduce the attendance to reasonable proportions a fee was
+charged, applicable to the purchase of some souvenir, made perhaps
+before the buyer's very eyes. Why was this glass house so popular?
+Because its exhibit displayed the only art industry in actual operation
+within the Fair grounds.
+
+All people like machinery in motion, and the most curious people on
+earth are Americans. They want to know how things are made, and, like
+children, are not content until they have laid their hands on whatever
+confronts them. "Please do not touch" has no terrors for them. In
+addition to this inborn love of action, there is a fascination about
+glass blowing and the fashioning of shapeless matter piping hot from the
+pot that appeals to men and women of all sorts and conditions. With eyes
+and mouths wide open, thousands stood daily around the circular factory
+watching a hundred skilled artisans at work. They looked at the big
+central furnace, in which sand, oxide of lead, potash, saltpetre and
+nitrate of soda underwent vitrification; they saw it taken out of the
+pot a plastic mass, which, through long, hollow iron tubes, was blown
+and rolled and twisted and turned into things of beauty. Here was a
+champagne glass, there was a flower bowl; now came a decanter, followed
+by a jewel basket. A few minutes later jugs and goblets and vases galore
+passed from the nimble fingers of the artisans to the annealing oven
+below.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+All these creations entered the oven as hot as they came from the last
+manipulator, but gradually cooled off to the temperature of the
+atmosphere. Getting used to the hardships of life requires twenty-four
+hours, during which the trays on which the glass stands are slowly moved
+from the hot to the temperate end of the oven. This procession was an
+object lesson in life as well as in glass. "Make haste slowly or you'll
+defeat yourself," was the burden of the song those things of beauty sang
+to themselves and to all who listened.
+
+If American cut glass has grown beyond compare, it is largely due to the
+superior intelligence of American artisans. They have the "sand": so,
+too, have the beautiful hills of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, whence
+comes the purest quality the whole world has known. The best flint glass
+exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1867 owed its excellence to the
+treasure stowed away in Western Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The finest American flint glass of the Columbian Exposition found its
+inspiration in the same part of the old Bay State.
+
+Little did those visitors to the Fair know whence came the hot fires of
+Libbey's Glass House. They little knew that oil was drawn in pipes from
+Ohio, and that one hundred and fifty barrels of petroleum lay buried
+under innocent-looking grass, that looked up and asked not to be trodden
+under foot.
+
+Of course, had lightning struck those two great hidden tanks of liquid
+dynamite, we should all have been sent to that bourne whence no World's
+Fair visitor could have returned.
+
+Seventy-five barrels of oil were burned daily on the Midway Plaisance.
+How many gallons? Three thousand. Multiply one day's fire by one hundred
+and eighty days and you discover that the drama of glass at the Fair was
+the death of fifty-four thousand gallons of petroleum.
+
+
+
+
+EPILOGUE
+
+THE ACTRESS AND THE INFANTA
+
+[Illustration: GEORGIA CAYVAN]
+
+Ever since the era of fairy tales the world has heard of glass slippers.
+Cinderella wore them and great was the romance thereof. But whoever
+before 1893 heard of a glass dress, and who conceived such a novel idea?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+From that memorable day in the Garden of Eden when Eve ate that apple,
+which may literally be called the fruit of all knowledge, woman has been
+at the bottom of everything: it was a woman who got it into her head
+that she wanted a glass dress. How did it happen? Thus: In the middle of
+May, 1893, women from all parts of the earth took Chicago by storm.
+Theirs was the first of one hundred congresses, and among many artists
+was Georgia Cayvan, whose record on and off the stage does credit to her
+head and heart. Of course the clever actress visited the Fair and of
+course she followed the multitude and found herself watching the process
+of making American glass. It was not long before Miss Cayvan's quick eye
+was attracted by an exhibit of spun and woven glass lamp shades.
+
+"Do you mean to say those shades are spun out of glass?" she exclaimed;
+"the material resembles silk."
+
+"Nevertheless it is glass," replied the attendant.
+
+"Is it possible to make a glass dress?"
+
+[Illustration]
+
+"Why not? It is not only possible but eminently feasible."
+
+"Would it be very expensive?"
+
+"Twenty-five dollars a yard."
+
+This was a deal of money to invest in an experiment, as at least twelve
+yards are needed for a gown, but when a woman wills she wills,
+especially when she is intimately acquainted with her own mind. Miss
+Cayvan knows hers perfectly, and in a few minutes she exacted from the
+Company a promise not only to spin her many yards of glass cloth for a
+white evening costume, but she obtained from them the exclusive right to
+wear glass cloth on the stage. "It is agreed," said actress and
+manufacturer in chorus, and off hied the former to New York, where at
+the end of four weeks she received her material direct from the Midway
+Plaisance. How to make it up was the next question, for Madame la
+Modiste vowed she wouldn't touch such material with scissors and
+needles.
+
+[Illustration: INFANTA EULALIA]
+
+As a matter of fact a specialist is needed to cut and sew glass, which
+differs from other cloths in breaking and wickedly sticking into the
+hands, so a skillful and artistic young woman employee from Toledo was
+sent to New York to do what the ordinary seamstress could not. She cut
+and made the unique costume with which Miss Cayvan sweeps the stage to
+the edification of feminine and the wonder of masculine eyes.
+
+The fame of that glass gown reached the ears of the Infanta Eulalia, who
+saw it worn by the ingenious actress and determined to inspect its
+counterpart set up in a case at the World's Fair. The Midway Plaisance
+was the Princess's favorite resort in Chicago, and she soon turned her
+steps toward the glass house she had heard so much about. "Where's that
+dress?" asked the Infanta as she entered the factory. On being conducted
+to it Eulalia expressed great pleasure, declaring it was the finest
+thing she had seen at the Fair.
+
+"Would Your Highness wear such a gown were one made expressly for you?"
+she was asked.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+"Not only would I wear it, but I'd take the greatest delight in telling
+the story of its manufacture," replied the Princess.
+
+Before sailing away to Spain, Eulalia was fitted for her American glass
+gown, now wears it, and today there hangs in the Libbey Glass Company's
+private office the following official certificate:
+
+     ROYAL HOUSE OF H. R. H. INFANTE DON ANTONIO DE ORLEANS
+
+     H. R. H. Infante Antonio de Orleans appoints Messrs. Libbey
+     and Company of Toledo, Ohio, cut-glass makers to his royal
+     house, with the use of his royal coat-of-arms for signs,
+     bills and labels. In fulfillment of the command of His Royal
+     Highness I present this certificate, signed in Madrid, July
+     15th, 1893.
+
+                 PEDRO JOVER FOVAR
+
+                 Superintendent of His Royal Highness's Household
+
+
+
+Thus for the first time in the history of an industry almost as old as
+humanity, glass adorns alike the person of a Royal Princess and the
+person of a charming actress. Produced at the Court of Spain and on the
+American stage, am I not justified in calling this memory of a far and
+near past "The Drama of Glass"?
+
+                              KATE FIELD
+
+
+
+
+THE DRAMA OF GLASS
+
+BY
+
+KATE FIELD
+
+
+In every story told of the sights worth seeing at the Columbian
+Exposition the factory of the Libbey Glass Company, of Toledo, Ohio, has
+had an important part. It was more than a mere exhibit; it was a
+practical education in the art of glass making, which, like an easy
+lesson that follows step by step, from the mixing of the crude material
+to the completion of the finest piece of cut glass, impressed itself
+upon the minds of hundred of thousands of visitors.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Recall in your memory your visit to the World's Fair in 1893. Place
+yourself upon the Midway Plaisance, directly opposite the Woman's
+Building. Does your mind picture a stately, beautiful building, with
+central dome and graceful towers? This was the building of the glass
+factory to whom the exclusive right to manufacture and sell its products
+was awarded over many competitors by the Ways and Means Committee of the
+World's Columbian Exposition. This concession was given because the plan
+of the Libbey Glass Company was a plan of broad ideas, fully meeting the
+requirement that America should show that the whole world followed her
+in the manufacture of cut glass.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How well that Company fulfilled its mission is known to the two million
+visitors who passed under the deep-recessed semicircular archway, rich
+with sculptured ornament, that covered the grand entrance to this
+palace; within, it was like a theatre, where the scenes in the
+beautiful drama of glass were ever changing. Do you remember that the
+sides, the dome, the ceiling, were all glitter and sheen with the
+products of this mystic art, and that from thousands of cut-glass
+pieces, as from brilliant diamonds, sparkled the prismatic hues?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Do you remember the roaring furnace a hundred feet high, the melting
+pots made of the clays of the Old and the New Worlds, mixed by the bare
+feet in order that they have the requisite consistency? The products of
+this factory were born of fire. The plastic molten mass that came from
+the melting furnace, with its heat of 2200 degrees Fahrenheit, was
+thirty hours before a mixture called by glass makers a "batch," whose
+chief ingredient was sand from the hills of Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Did you watch the workmen--the "gatherer" and the "blower," with their
+long, hollow iron pipes? How the "blower," with his trained fingers,
+gave an easy, constantly swaying motion to the pipe, into which he blew
+and expanded the hot glass at its end? The tempering oven, through which
+all glass productions must pass before they will resist changes in
+temperature or even stand transportation? Did you follow the process of
+cutting glass; see the wheels like grindstones, driven by steam power?
+Wheels of stone that come from England and Scotland, and carry with them
+the old-country names of Yorkshire Flag, New Castle and Craigleith,
+stones that are very hard and close-grained, capable of retaining a very
+sharp edge? Wheels of iron, which are used to cut the design in the
+rough; wheels of wood, cork, felt, and revolving brush wheels, used in
+finishing and polishing? Did you know that the trained eye of the cutter
+and his experience were the only guides he had to secure the requisite
+depth to his cutting; that he must exercise great care and judgment,
+else the vibration of the glass renders it extremely liable to break,
+and that an intricate design requires many days of constant
+manipulation?
+
+Did you watch with interest the making of glass cloth, see how the
+thread of glass was drawn out and wound on the big wheels that revolved
+hundreds of times a minute? How the glass thread was woven with the silk
+thread, producing a pliable glass cloth of soft sheen and lustre, that
+could be folded, pleated and handled in all ways like cloth?
+
+Do you recall the Crystal Art Room? Did you realize that under that
+ceiling, bedecked with ten thousand dollars' worth of spun glass cloth,
+was collected the finest display of cut glass the world had ever seen?
+Do you remember an old glass punch bowl, used in 1840 by Henry Clay, and
+that near this relic of ancient glassware was another punch bowl upon
+which five hundred dollars' worth of labor had been bestowed?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Did you mark the difference, the deep and brilliant cuttings, how
+effective they were, how they brought out the beauty and richness of the
+design? Then, when you examined the hundreds of other articles, the
+sherbet and punch glasses in Roman shapes, the quaint decanters in
+Venetian forms, the celery trays, flower vases, and the ice-cream sets
+and cut-glass dishes for every use, you saw the clearness of the glass
+itself, and that this deep and brilliant cutting of perfect design, that
+brought out the beauties of the great punch bowl, was a marked
+characteristic of the Libbey Cut Glass. Did you not, as an American,
+feel proud of the progress that your countrymen had made in this old art
+of glass making?
+
+Since the World's Fair at Chicago, two expositions of the industries of
+this country, the San Francisco Midwinter Fair and the Atlanta
+Exposition, have added to the honors and reputation of the cut glass of
+the Libbey Company. Certain trade-marks and names on silver and china
+are always looked upon with pleasure and with a feeling that the
+possessor has the genuine article.
+
+The same thing applies to cut glassware, so as a protection to the
+public against those who would profit by the reputation of others, the
+Libbey Glass Company cut their trade-mark--the name Libbey with a sword
+under it--upon every piece of glass they manufacture.
+
+Half a century in the life of America has added much to the art upon
+whose brilliant crest, as Miss Field has said, may be found the splendid
+quarterings of Egypt, Rome, Venice, Germany and Great Britain, and today
+the United States stands unrivaled in the manufacture of cut glass.
+
+The honor conferred upon the Libbey Glass Company by the committee, in
+granting to them the exclusive concession to manufacture and sell
+American glassware within the grounds of the Exposition during the
+World's Fair, was a great one.
+
+The honors conferred by the San Francisco and Atlanta Expositions are
+but added proofs that the selection was a proper one. The Libbey Glass
+Company thus stands today to represent the best the United States
+produces in cut glass, and the best the United States produces is the
+world's best.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Bartlett & Company
+
+The Orr Press
+
+New York
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Drama of Glass, by Kate Field
+
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+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Drama Of Glass, by Kate Field.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
+         text-align: justify;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
+         }
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
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+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
+    body{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+            /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+                position: absolute;
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+           margin: 0 0.5em 0 0;
+           position:relative; }
+   p.cap_1 { text-indent: -1.2em; }
+    div.drop p { margin-bottom:0; }
+
+
+    .poem             {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;}
+    .poem br          {display: none;}
+    .poem .stanza     {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+    .poem span.i0     {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i2     {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i4     {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Drama of Glass, by Kate Field
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Drama of Glass
+
+Author: Kate Field
+
+Release Date: November 17, 2010 [EBook #34348]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DRAMA OF GLASS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Josephine Paolucci and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 390px;">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="390" height="650" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 355px;">
+<img src="images/i_002.jpg" width="355" height="650" alt="KATE FIELD" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<h1>THE DRAMA OF GLASS</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>KATE FIELD</h2>
+
+<p class="center">
+PUBLISHED BY THE<br />
+LIBBEY GLASS CO.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 342px;">
+<img src="images/i_003.jpg" width="342" height="650" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i_005.jpg" width="500" height="192" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The Drama of Glass was an inspiration born in the brain of Kate Field,
+as she watched the busy workmen, who with trained eyes and skillful
+hands, wrought out the products of one of America's great industries
+that found a temporary home in the World's Fair at Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>It is an addition to the long list of brilliant writings of this
+versatile woman, whose literary labors have made her memory so dear to
+the thousands of Americans who have found in them the reflection of her
+own individuality.</p>
+
+<p>The story of an art that is as old as the building of the City of
+Babylon, that formed a part in the life of Egypt, that was interwoven in
+the history of Rome, and that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> gave a reputation to a nation, is re-told
+by Miss Field.</p>
+
+<p>From the beginning of the art, wrapped in mystery and legend, step by
+step her story has become history. She has carried it as far as the
+World's Fair, and it has devolved upon Mr. Thos. M. Willey to complete
+what she so well begun.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 160px;">
+<img src="images/i_006.jpg" width="160" height="119" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i_007.jpg" width="500" height="223" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i_009a.jpg" width="500" height="193" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="drop">
+<img src="images/h.jpg" width="100" height="96" alt="H" class="cap"  />
+<p class="cap_1">Have you ever thought what a drama glass plays in the history of the
+world? It is a drama even in the French acceptation of the word, which
+infers not only intense action, but death. Can there be more intense
+action than that of fire, and is not glass the own child of fire and
+death?</p></div>
+
+<p>The origin of glass is lost in myth and romance. Nobody knows how it was
+born, but there are as many traditions as there are cities claiming to
+be Homer's birthplace. Pliny says that the discovery of glass was due to
+substituting cakes of nitre for stones as supports for cooking pots.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 448px;">
+<img src="images/i_009b.jpg" width="448" height="209" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>According to his story, certain Ph&oelig;nician merchants landed on the
+coast of Palestine and cooked their food in pots supported on cakes of
+nitre taken from their cargo.</p>
+
+<p>Great was the wonder of these Ph&oelig;nicians&mdash;the Yankees of antiquity,
+the builders of Tyre and Sidon, the inventors of the alphabet&mdash;on
+beholding solid matter changed to a strange fluid, which voluntarily
+mingled with its nearest neighbor, the sand, and made a transparent
+material now called glass.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 309px;">
+<img src="images/i_010.jpg" width="309" height="448" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>This story is too pretty to spoil, and those of us who prefer romance to
+science will believe it, though Menet the chemist positively declares
+that to produce such a fluid would require a heat from 1800 to 2700
+degrees Fahrenheit. Under the circumstances narrated by Pliny, such<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> a
+tremendously high temperature was impossible. Science often interferes
+with romance, and were not truth better even than poetry, science would
+be a nuisance in literature.</p>
+
+<p>An art that Hermes taught to Egyptian chemists like good wine needs no
+bush, yet on its brilliant crest may be found the splendid quarterings
+not only of Egypt, but of Gaul, Rome, Byzantium, Venice, Germany,
+Bohemia, Great Britain, and last but not least the United States.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 336px;">
+<img src="images/i_011.jpg" width="336" height="347" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>He was a poor man, who, in Seneca's day, had not his house decorated
+with various designs in glass; while Scaurus, the Aedile, a
+superintendent of public buildings in ancient Rome, actually built a
+theatre seating forty thousand persons, the second story of which was
+made of glass. That<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> masterpiece of ancient manufacture, the Portland
+Vase, was taken from the tomb of the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus,
+and should bear his name rather than that of the Duchess of Portland,
+who purchased it from the Barberini family after it had stood three
+hundred years in their famous Roman gallery.</p>
+
+<p>In the thirteenth century Venice reigned supreme in glass making. No one
+knows how long the City of Doges might have monopolized certain features
+of this art but for a woman who could not keep a secret from her lover.
+Marietta was the daughter of Beroviero, one of the most famous glass
+makers of the fifteenth century. Many were his receipts for producing
+colored glass, and as he had faith in his own flesh and blood he
+confided these precious receipts to his daughter. Alas, for poor
+Beroviero! Marietta, after the manner of women, loved a man,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> one
+Giorgio, an artisan in her father's employ. History does not tell, but I
+have no doubt that Giorgio wheedled the secret out of his sweetheart.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;">
+<img src="images/i_013.jpg" width="336" height="383" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Once possessed of these receipts he published and sold them for a large
+sum, then turning on the man he had betrayed he demanded faithless
+Marietta in marriage. Thus it came to pass that the ignoble love of a
+weak woman for a dishonorable man helped to change the fortunes of
+Venice. The world gained by the destruction of a monopoly, one more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+proof of the poet's dictum that "all partial evil is universal good."</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 274px;">
+<img src="images/i_014.jpg" width="274" height="448" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It was in the middle of this same fifteenth century that a number of
+Venetian glass makers were imprisoned in London because they could not
+pay the heavy fine imposed by the Venetian Council for plying their art
+in foreign lands. "Let us work out our fine," pleaded these victims of
+prohibition. Their prayer was warmly seconded by England's king, whose
+intercession was by no means disinterested. Yielding to royal desire,
+Venice freed these artisans, and thus glass making was established in
+Great Britain. Beyond the point of reason all prohibitory laws fail
+sooner or later. Go to the bottom of slang, and as a rule you will find
+it based on rugged truth. When in the breezy vernacular of this republic
+a human being is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> credited with "sand" or is accused of being entirely
+destitute of it, he rises to high esteem or falls beneath contempt.
+Possessing "sand" he can command success; without it he is a poor
+creature. For the origin of this slang we turn to glass making, the
+excellence of which depends upon sand.</p>
+
+<p>If Bohemia succeeded finally in making clearer and whiter glass than
+Venice, it was because Bohemia produced better sand. When the town of
+Murano furnished the world with glass, its population was thirty
+thousand. That number has dwindled to four thousand. Bohemian glass
+stood unrivaled until England discovered flint or lead glass; now, the
+world looks to the United States for rich cut glass, the highest
+artistic expression of modern glass.</p>
+
+<p>Where does America begin its evolution in glass? Before the landing of
+the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock. In 1608, within a mile of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> the English
+settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, a glass house was built in the woods.
+Curiously enough it was the first factory built upon this continent.
+This factory began with bottles, and bottles were the first manufactured
+articles that were exported from North America.</p>
+
+<p>In those early days glass beads were in great demand. Indians would sell
+their birthright for a mess of them, so when the first glass house fell
+to pieces, a second took its place for the purpose of supplying the
+Indians with beads.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/i_016.jpg" width="333" height="448" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>A few years later common glass was made in Massachusetts. It appears
+from the records of the town<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> of Salem that the glass makers could not
+have been very successful, as that town loaned them thirty pounds in
+money which was never paid back.</p>
+
+<p>During the time of the Dutch occupation of Manhattan Island, when New
+York was known as New Amsterdam, a glass factory was built near Hanover
+Square, but not until after the Revolution came and went did glass
+making really take root in American soil. In July, 1787, the
+Massachusetts Legislature gave to a Boston glass company the exclusive
+right to make glass in that State for fifteen years. This company
+prospered and was the first successful glass manufacturing company in
+the United States. Then followed others that were successful. As early
+as 1865 there was manufactured, in the vicinity of Boston, glass that
+was the equal of the best flint glass manufactured in England. Two
+hundred and fifty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> years from the time the first rough bottles were
+exported from Virginia to England seems a long time to us, but how short
+a time it really is in the life of this ancient art&mdash;this drama of
+glass.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;">
+<img src="images/i_018.jpg" width="336" height="337" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i_019.jpg" width="500" height="379" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i_021a.jpg" width="500" height="223" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It is always interesting to trace the history of a great industry. Like
+the oak, it begins with a small seed that hardly knows its own mind, and
+is often more surprised than the rest of the world at the result of
+earnest effort. See what apothecaries did for Italy. Medi&aelig;val art and
+the Medicis go hand in hand. The drama of glass in the United States may
+have as significant a mission, for it is singularly true that James
+Jackson Jarves, son of Deming Jarves, the pioneer glass manufacturer of
+New England, was almost the first American to give his life to the study
+of old masters and to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> devote his fortune to collecting their works. The
+Jarves gallery now belongs to Yale University.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 336px;">
+<img src="images/i_021b.jpg" width="336" height="356" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>William L. Libbey was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and became, in
+1850, the confidential clerk of Jarves &amp; Commeraiss, the greatest glass
+importers of Boston, and whose glass factory in South Boston was the
+forerunner of the Libbey Works of the Columbian Exposition. Having made
+a fortune&mdash;the fortune his clever son spent in art and
+<i>bric-a-brac</i>&mdash;Deming Jarves sold his glass factory to his trusted clerk
+in 1855, and for twenty years this Massachusetts industry gained
+strength and reputation. But the trend of population was westward.</p>
+
+<p>Cheap fuel was necessary to successful glass making. How could New
+England coal compete with natural gas? So Ohio came to the front. A few
+years ago Ohio's natural gas became exhausted. Without a day's
+disturbance petroleum<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> succeeded gas, and better glass was made than
+ever, because oil produces a more even temperature. Verily "there is a
+soul of goodness in things evil." From Massachusetts to Ohio, from coal
+to gas, from gas to petroleum, what would be the next act in the drama
+of American glass? What, indeed, but an act the scene of which was laid
+in the grounds of the World's Fair!</p>
+
+<p>Believing fully in the westward course of empire, Mr. Edward D. Libbey
+had the inspiration that if Chicago wanted the World's Fair, Chicago
+would not only have it, but would create such an exposition as had never
+been seen. So before even the temporary organization was formed in
+Chicago the Libbey Glass Company filed an application for the exclusive
+right to manufacture glass at the Columbian Exposition.</p>
+
+<p>The problem of erecting a building that should be architecturally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> in
+keeping with the surroundings, that should afford every possible comfort
+to the thousands of daily visitors and still be used as a manufactory,
+was not an easy matter.</p>
+
+<p>Begun in October, 1892, the admirable building, put up in the Midway
+Plaisance to show the process of making glass, was finished one week
+before May 1st following. On that bleak opening day thousands of
+overshoes were stalled in mud a foot deep before the Administration
+Building, and the owners went home in some cases almost barefooted.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 448px;">
+<img src="images/i_024.jpg" width="448" height="315" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>But there was an expenditure of $125,000 in an idea, and the investors
+had no reason to fear<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> weather or neglect. From the opening to the
+closing of the big front door two million people found their way to this
+glass house, at which no one threw stones. The trouble was not to get
+people in, but to keep them out. A mob never benefits itself nor anybody
+else. To reduce the attendance to reasonable proportions a fee was
+charged, applicable to the purchase of some souvenir, made perhaps
+before the buyer's very eyes. Why was this glass house so popular?
+Because its exhibit displayed the only art industry in actual operation
+within the Fair grounds.</p>
+
+<p>All people like machinery in motion, and the most curious people on
+earth are Americans. They want to know how things are made, and, like
+children, are not content until they have laid their hands on whatever
+confronts them. "Please do not touch" has no terrors for them. In
+addition to this inborn love of action, there is a fascination<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> about
+glass blowing and the fashioning of shapeless matter piping hot from the
+pot that appeals to men and women of all sorts and conditions. With eyes
+and mouths wide open, thousands stood daily around the circular factory
+watching a hundred skilled artisans at work. They looked at the big
+central furnace, in which sand, oxide of lead, potash, saltpetre and
+nitrate of soda underwent vitrification; they saw it taken out of the
+pot a plastic mass, which, through long, hollow iron tubes, was blown
+and rolled and twisted and turned into things of beauty. Here was a
+champagne glass, there was a flower bowl; now came a decanter, followed
+by a jewel basket. A few minutes later jugs and goblets and vases galore
+passed from the nimble fingers of the artisans to the annealing oven
+below.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 235px;">
+<img src="images/i_026.jpg" width="235" height="448" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>All these creations entered the oven as hot as they came from the last
+manipulator, but gradually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> cooled off to the temperature of the
+atmosphere. Getting used to the hardships of life requires twenty-four
+hours, during which the trays on which the glass stands are slowly moved
+from the hot to the temperate end of the oven. This procession was an
+object lesson in life as well as in glass. "Make haste slowly or you'll
+defeat yourself," was the burden of the song those things of beauty sang
+to themselves and to all who listened.</p>
+
+<p>If American cut glass has grown beyond compare, it is largely due to the
+superior intelligence of American artisans. They have the "sand": so,
+too, have the beautiful hills of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, whence
+comes the purest quality the whole world has known. The best flint glass
+exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1867 owed its excellence to the
+treasure stowed away in Western Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 337px;">
+<img src="images/i_027.jpg" width="337" height="336" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The finest American flint glass of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> the Columbian Exposition found its
+inspiration in the same part of the old Bay State.</p>
+
+<p>Little did those visitors to the Fair know whence came the hot fires of
+Libbey's Glass House. They little knew that oil was drawn in pipes from
+Ohio, and that one hundred and fifty barrels of petroleum lay buried
+under innocent-looking grass, that looked up and asked not to be trodden
+under foot.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, had lightning struck those two great hidden tanks of liquid
+dynamite, we should all have been sent to that bourne whence no World's
+Fair visitor could have returned.</p>
+
+<p>Seventy-five barrels of oil were burned daily on the Midway Plaisance.
+How many gallons? Three thousand. Multiply one day's fire by one hundred
+and eighty days and you discover that the drama of glass at the Fair was
+the death of fifty-four thousand gallons of petroleum.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 356px;">
+<img src="images/i_029.jpg" width="356" height="650" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i_031.jpg" width="500" height="229" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 359px;">
+<img src="images/i_030.jpg" width="359" height="650" alt="GEORGIA CAYVAN" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Ever since the era of fairy tales the world has heard of glass slippers.
+Cinderella wore them and great was the romance thereof. But whoever
+before 1893 heard of a glass dress, and who conceived such a novel idea?</p>
+
+
+<p>From that memorable day in the Garden of Eden when Eve ate that apple,
+which may literally be called the fruit of all knowledge, woman has been
+at the bottom of everything: it was a woman who got it into her head
+that she wanted a glass dress. How did it happen? Thus: In the middle of
+May, 1893, women from all parts of the earth took Chicago by storm.
+Theirs was the first of one hundred congresses, and among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> many artists
+was Georgia Cayvan, whose record on and off the stage does credit to her
+head and heart. Of course the clever actress visited the Fair and of
+course she followed the multitude and found herself watching the process
+of making American glass. It was not long before Miss Cayvan's quick eye
+was attracted by an exhibit of spun and woven glass lamp shades.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you mean to say those shades are spun out of glass?" she exclaimed;
+"the material resembles silk."</p>
+
+<p>"Nevertheless it is glass," replied the attendant.</p>
+
+<p>"Is it possible to make a glass dress?"</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 288px;">
+<img src="images/i_032.jpg" width="288" height="448" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>"Why not? It is not only possible but eminently feasible."</p>
+
+<p>"Would it be very expensive?"</p>
+
+<p>"Twenty-five dollars a yard."</p>
+
+<p>This was a deal of money to invest in an experiment,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> as at least twelve
+yards are needed for a gown, but when a woman wills she wills,
+especially when she is intimately acquainted with her own mind. Miss
+Cayvan knows hers perfectly, and in a few minutes she exacted from the
+Company a promise not only to spin her many yards of glass cloth for a
+white evening costume, but she obtained from them the exclusive right to
+wear glass cloth on the stage. "It is agreed," said actress and
+manufacturer in chorus, and off hied the former to New York, where at
+the end of four weeks she received her material direct from the Midway
+Plaisance. How to make it up was the next question, for Madame la
+Modiste vowed she wouldn't touch such material with scissors and
+needles.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 371px;">
+<img src="images/i_034.jpg" width="371" height="650" alt="INFANTA EULALIA" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact a specialist is needed to cut and sew glass, which
+differs from other cloths in breaking and wickedly sticking into the
+hands, so a skillful and artistic young woman employee from Toledo was
+sent to New York to do what the ordinary seamstress could not. She cut
+and made the unique costume with which Miss Cayvan sweeps the stage to
+the edification of feminine and the wonder of masculine eyes.</p>
+
+<p>The fame of that glass gown reached the ears of the Infanta Eulalia, who
+saw it worn by the ingenious actress and determined to inspect its
+counterpart set up in a case at the World's Fair. The Midway Plaisance
+was the Princess's favorite resort in Chicago, and she soon turned her
+steps toward the glass house she had heard so much about. "Where's that
+dress?" asked the Infanta as she entered the factory. On being conducted
+to it Eulalia expressed great pleasure, declaring it was the finest
+thing she had seen at the Fair.</p>
+
+<p>"Would Your Highness wear such a gown were one made expressly for you?"
+she was asked.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 336px;">
+<img src="images/i_036.jpg" width="336" height="343" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>"Not only would I wear it, but I'd take the greatest delight in telling
+the story of its manufacture," replied the Princess.</p>
+
+<p>Before sailing away to Spain, Eulalia was fitted for her American glass
+gown, now wears it, and today there hangs in the Libbey Glass Company's
+private office the following official certificate:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Royal House of H. R. H. Infante Don Antonio de Orleans</span></p>
+
+<p>H. R. H. Infante Antonio de Orleans appoints Messrs. Libbey
+and Company of Toledo, Ohio, cut-glass makers to his royal
+house, with the use of his royal coat-of-arms for signs,
+bills and labels. In fulfillment of the command of His Royal
+Highness I present this certificate, signed in Madrid, July
+15th, 1893.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Pedro Jover Fovar</span><br />
+<br />
+Superintendent of His Royal Highness's Household<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus for the first time in the history of an industry almost as old as
+humanity, glass adorns alike the person of a Royal Princess and the
+person of a charming actress. Produced at the Court of Spain and on the
+American stage, am I not justified in calling this memory of a far and
+near past "The Drama of Glass"?</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Kate Field</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i_037.jpg" width="500" height="400" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i_039a.jpg" width="500" height="230" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In every story told of the sights worth seeing at the Columbian
+Exposition the factory of the Libbey Glass Company, of Toledo, Ohio, has
+had an important part. It was more than a mere exhibit; it was a
+practical education in the art of glass making, which, like an easy
+lesson that follows step by step, from the mixing of the crude material
+to the completion of the finest piece of cut glass, impressed itself
+upon the minds of hundred of thousands of visitors.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 308px;">
+<img src="images/i_039b.jpg" width="308" height="448" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Recall in your memory your visit to the World's Fair in 1893. Place
+yourself<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> upon the Midway Plaisance, directly opposite the Woman's
+Building. Does your mind picture a stately, beautiful building, with
+central dome and graceful towers? This was the building of the glass
+factory to whom the exclusive right to manufacture and sell its products
+was awarded over many competitors by the Ways and Means Committee of the
+World's Columbian Exposition. This concession was given because the plan
+of the Libbey Glass Company was a plan of broad ideas, fully meeting the
+requirement that America should show that the whole world followed her
+in the manufacture of cut glass.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 218px;">
+<img src="images/i_040.jpg" width="218" height="448" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>How well that Company fulfilled its mission is known to the two million
+visitors who passed under the deep-recessed semicircular archway, rich
+with sculptured ornament, that covered the grand entrance to this
+palace; within, it was like a theatre, where the scenes in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+beautiful drama of glass were ever changing. Do you remember that the
+sides, the dome, the ceiling, were all glitter and sheen with the
+products of this mystic art, and that from thousands of cut-glass
+pieces, as from brilliant diamonds, sparkled the prismatic hues?</p>
+
+<p>Do you remember the roaring furnace a hundred feet high, the melting
+pots made of the clays of the Old and the New Worlds, mixed by the bare
+feet in order that they have the requisite consistency? The products of
+this factory were born of fire. The plastic molten mass that came from
+the melting furnace, with its heat of 2200 degrees Fahrenheit, was
+thirty hours before a mixture called by glass makers a "batch," whose
+chief ingredient was sand from the hills of Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 255px;">
+<img src="images/i_041.jpg" width="255" height="448" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Did you watch the workmen&mdash;the "gatherer" and the "blower," with their
+long, hollow iron pipes? How the "blower," with his trained<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> fingers,
+gave an easy, constantly swaying motion to the pipe, into which he blew
+and expanded the hot glass at its end? The tempering oven, through which
+all glass productions must pass before they will resist changes in
+temperature or even stand transportation? Did you follow the process of
+cutting glass; see the wheels like grindstones, driven by steam power?
+Wheels of stone that come from England and Scotland, and carry with them
+the old-country names of Yorkshire Flag, New Castle and Craigleith,
+stones that are very hard and close-grained, capable of retaining a very
+sharp edge? Wheels of iron, which are used to cut the design in the
+rough; wheels of wood, cork, felt, and revolving brush wheels, used in
+finishing and polishing? Did you know that the trained eye of the cutter
+and his experience were the only guides he had to secure the requisite
+depth to his cutting; that he must exercise<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> great care and judgment,
+else the vibration of the glass renders it extremely liable to break,
+and that an intricate design requires many days of constant
+manipulation?</p>
+
+<p>Did you watch with interest the making of glass cloth, see how the
+thread of glass was drawn out and wound on the big wheels that revolved
+hundreds of times a minute? How the glass thread was woven with the silk
+thread, producing a pliable glass cloth of soft sheen and lustre, that
+could be folded, pleated and handled in all ways like cloth?</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 322px;">
+<img src="images/i_042.jpg" width="322" height="448" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>Do you recall the Crystal Art Room? Did you realize that under that
+ceiling, bedecked with ten thousand dollars' worth of spun glass cloth,
+was collected the finest display of cut glass the world had ever seen?
+Do you remember an old glass punch bowl, used in 1840 by Henry Clay, and
+that near this relic of ancient glassware was another<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> punch bowl upon
+which five hundred dollars' worth of labor had been bestowed?</p>
+
+
+<p>Did you mark the difference, the deep and brilliant cuttings, how
+effective they were, how they brought out the beauty and richness of the
+design? Then, when you examined the hundreds of other articles, the
+sherbet and punch glasses in Roman shapes, the quaint decanters in
+Venetian forms, the celery trays, flower vases, and the ice-cream sets
+and cut-glass dishes for every use, you saw the clearness of the glass
+itself, and that this deep and brilliant cutting of perfect design, that
+brought out the beauties of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> great punch bowl, was a marked
+characteristic of the Libbey Cut Glass. Did you not, as an American,
+feel proud of the progress that your countrymen had made in this old art
+of glass making?</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;">
+<img src="images/i_044.jpg" width="336" height="364" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Since the World's Fair at Chicago, two expositions of the industries of
+this country, the San Francisco Midwinter Fair and the Atlanta
+Exposition, have added to the honors and reputation of the cut glass of
+the Libbey Company. Certain trade-marks and names on silver and china
+are always looked upon with pleasure and with a feeling that the
+possessor has the genuine article.</p>
+
+<p>The same thing applies to cut glassware, so as a protection to the
+public against those who would profit by the reputation of others, the
+Libbey Glass Company cut their trade-mark&mdash;the name Libbey with a sword
+under it&mdash;upon every piece of glass they manufacture.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Half a century in the life of America has added much to the art upon
+whose brilliant crest, as Miss Field has said, may be found the splendid
+quarterings of Egypt, Rome, Venice, Germany and Great Britain, and today
+the United States stands unrivaled in the manufacture of cut glass.</p>
+
+<p>The honor conferred upon the Libbey Glass Company by the committee, in
+granting to them the exclusive concession to manufacture and sell
+American glassware within the grounds of the Exposition during the
+World's Fair, was a great one.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 265px;">
+<img src="images/i_047.jpg" width="265" height="448" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The honors conferred by the San Francisco and Atlanta Expositions are
+but added proofs that the selection was a proper one. The Libbey Glass
+Company thus stands today to represent the best the United States
+produces in cut glass, and the best the United States produces is the
+world's best.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="center">
+Bartlett &amp; Company<br />
+<br />
+The Orr Press<br />
+<br />
+New York<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Drama of Glass, by Kate Field
+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Drama of Glass, by Kate Field
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Drama of Glass
+
+Author: Kate Field
+
+Release Date: November 17, 2010 [EBook #34348]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DRAMA OF GLASS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Josephine Paolucci and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: KATE FIELD]
+
+
+THE DRAMA OF GLASS
+
+BY
+
+KATE FIELD
+
+PUBLISHED BY THE
+LIBBEY GLASS CO.
+
+
+The Drama of Glass was an inspiration born in the brain of Kate Field,
+as she watched the busy workmen, who with trained eyes and skillful
+hands, wrought out the products of one of America's great industries
+that found a temporary home in the World's Fair at Chicago.
+
+It is an addition to the long list of brilliant writings of this
+versatile woman, whose literary labors have made her memory so dear to
+the thousands of Americans who have found in them the reflection of her
+own individuality.
+
+The story of an art that is as old as the building of the City of
+Babylon, that formed a part in the life of Egypt, that was interwoven in
+the history of Rome, and that gave a reputation to a nation, is re-told
+by Miss Field.
+
+From the beginning of the art, wrapped in mystery and legend, step by
+step her story has become history. She has carried it as far as the
+World's Fair, and it has devolved upon Mr. Thos. M. Willey to complete
+what she so well begun.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PROLOGUE
+
+
+Have you ever thought what a drama glass plays in the history of the
+world? It is a drama even in the French acceptation of the word, which
+infers not only intense action, but death. Can there be more intense
+action than that of fire, and is not glass the own child of fire and
+death?
+
+The origin of glass is lost in myth and romance. Nobody knows how it was
+born, but there are as many traditions as there are cities claiming to
+be Homer's birthplace. Pliny says that the discovery of glass was due to
+substituting cakes of nitre for stones as supports for cooking pots.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+According to his story, certain Phoenician merchants landed on the
+coast of Palestine and cooked their food in pots supported on cakes of
+nitre taken from their cargo.
+
+Great was the wonder of these Phoenicians--the Yankees of antiquity,
+the builders of Tyre and Sidon, the inventors of the alphabet--on
+beholding solid matter changed to a strange fluid, which voluntarily
+mingled with its nearest neighbor, the sand, and made a transparent
+material now called glass.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This story is too pretty to spoil, and those of us who prefer romance to
+science will believe it, though Menet the chemist positively declares
+that to produce such a fluid would require a heat from 1800 to 2700
+degrees Fahrenheit. Under the circumstances narrated by Pliny, such a
+tremendously high temperature was impossible. Science often interferes
+with romance, and were not truth better even than poetry, science would
+be a nuisance in literature.
+
+An art that Hermes taught to Egyptian chemists like good wine needs no
+bush, yet on its brilliant crest may be found the splendid quarterings
+not only of Egypt, but of Gaul, Rome, Byzantium, Venice, Germany,
+Bohemia, Great Britain, and last but not least the United States.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+He was a poor man, who, in Seneca's day, had not his house decorated
+with various designs in glass; while Scaurus, the Aedile, a
+superintendent of public buildings in ancient Rome, actually built a
+theatre seating forty thousand persons, the second story of which was
+made of glass. That masterpiece of ancient manufacture, the Portland
+Vase, was taken from the tomb of the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus,
+and should bear his name rather than that of the Duchess of Portland,
+who purchased it from the Barberini family after it had stood three
+hundred years in their famous Roman gallery.
+
+In the thirteenth century Venice reigned supreme in glass making. No one
+knows how long the City of Doges might have monopolized certain features
+of this art but for a woman who could not keep a secret from her lover.
+Marietta was the daughter of Beroviero, one of the most famous glass
+makers of the fifteenth century. Many were his receipts for producing
+colored glass, and as he had faith in his own flesh and blood he
+confided these precious receipts to his daughter. Alas, for poor
+Beroviero! Marietta, after the manner of women, loved a man, one
+Giorgio, an artisan in her father's employ. History does not tell, but I
+have no doubt that Giorgio wheedled the secret out of his sweetheart.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Once possessed of these receipts he published and sold them for a large
+sum, then turning on the man he had betrayed he demanded faithless
+Marietta in marriage. Thus it came to pass that the ignoble love of a
+weak woman for a dishonorable man helped to change the fortunes of
+Venice. The world gained by the destruction of a monopoly, one more
+proof of the poet's dictum that "all partial evil is universal good."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It was in the middle of this same fifteenth century that a number of
+Venetian glass makers were imprisoned in London because they could not
+pay the heavy fine imposed by the Venetian Council for plying their art
+in foreign lands. "Let us work out our fine," pleaded these victims of
+prohibition. Their prayer was warmly seconded by England's king, whose
+intercession was by no means disinterested. Yielding to royal desire,
+Venice freed these artisans, and thus glass making was established in
+Great Britain. Beyond the point of reason all prohibitory laws fail
+sooner or later. Go to the bottom of slang, and as a rule you will find
+it based on rugged truth. When in the breezy vernacular of this republic
+a human being is credited with "sand" or is accused of being entirely
+destitute of it, he rises to high esteem or falls beneath contempt.
+Possessing "sand" he can command success; without it he is a poor
+creature. For the origin of this slang we turn to glass making, the
+excellence of which depends upon sand.
+
+If Bohemia succeeded finally in making clearer and whiter glass than
+Venice, it was because Bohemia produced better sand. When the town of
+Murano furnished the world with glass, its population was thirty
+thousand. That number has dwindled to four thousand. Bohemian glass
+stood unrivaled until England discovered flint or lead glass; now, the
+world looks to the United States for rich cut glass, the highest
+artistic expression of modern glass.
+
+Where does America begin its evolution in glass? Before the landing of
+the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock. In 1608, within a mile of the English
+settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, a glass house was built in the woods.
+Curiously enough it was the first factory built upon this continent.
+This factory began with bottles, and bottles were the first manufactured
+articles that were exported from North America.
+
+In those early days glass beads were in great demand. Indians would sell
+their birthright for a mess of them, so when the first glass house fell
+to pieces, a second took its place for the purpose of supplying the
+Indians with beads.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A few years later common glass was made in Massachusetts. It appears
+from the records of the town of Salem that the glass makers could not
+have been very successful, as that town loaned them thirty pounds in
+money which was never paid back.
+
+During the time of the Dutch occupation of Manhattan Island, when New
+York was known as New Amsterdam, a glass factory was built near Hanover
+Square, but not until after the Revolution came and went did glass
+making really take root in American soil. In July, 1787, the
+Massachusetts Legislature gave to a Boston glass company the exclusive
+right to make glass in that State for fifteen years. This company
+prospered and was the first successful glass manufacturing company in
+the United States. Then followed others that were successful. As early
+as 1865 there was manufactured, in the vicinity of Boston, glass that
+was the equal of the best flint glass manufactured in England. Two
+hundred and fifty years from the time the first rough bottles were
+exported from Virginia to England seems a long time to us, but how short
+a time it really is in the life of this ancient art--this drama of
+glass.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+FROM 1850 TO 1893
+
+AN EVOLUTION IN GLASS
+
+
+It is always interesting to trace the history of a great industry. Like
+the oak, it begins with a small seed that hardly knows its own mind, and
+is often more surprised than the rest of the world at the result of
+earnest effort. See what apothecaries did for Italy. Mediaeval art and
+the Medicis go hand in hand. The drama of glass in the United States may
+have as significant a mission, for it is singularly true that James
+Jackson Jarves, son of Deming Jarves, the pioneer glass manufacturer of
+New England, was almost the first American to give his life to the study
+of old masters and to devote his fortune to collecting their works. The
+Jarves gallery now belongs to Yale University.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+William L. Libbey was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and became, in
+1850, the confidential clerk of Jarves & Commeraiss, the greatest glass
+importers of Boston, and whose glass factory in South Boston was the
+forerunner of the Libbey Works of the Columbian Exposition. Having made
+a fortune--the fortune his clever son spent in art and
+_bric-a-brac_--Deming Jarves sold his glass factory to his trusted clerk
+in 1855, and for twenty years this Massachusetts industry gained
+strength and reputation. But the trend of population was westward.
+
+Cheap fuel was necessary to successful glass making. How could New
+England coal compete with natural gas? So Ohio came to the front. A few
+years ago Ohio's natural gas became exhausted. Without a day's
+disturbance petroleum succeeded gas, and better glass was made than
+ever, because oil produces a more even temperature. Verily "there is a
+soul of goodness in things evil." From Massachusetts to Ohio, from coal
+to gas, from gas to petroleum, what would be the next act in the drama
+of American glass? What, indeed, but an act the scene of which was laid
+in the grounds of the World's Fair!
+
+Believing fully in the westward course of empire, Mr. Edward D. Libbey
+had the inspiration that if Chicago wanted the World's Fair, Chicago
+would not only have it, but would create such an exposition as had never
+been seen. So before even the temporary organization was formed in
+Chicago the Libbey Glass Company filed an application for the exclusive
+right to manufacture glass at the Columbian Exposition.
+
+The problem of erecting a building that should be architecturally in
+keeping with the surroundings, that should afford every possible comfort
+to the thousands of daily visitors and still be used as a manufactory,
+was not an easy matter.
+
+Begun in October, 1892, the admirable building, put up in the Midway
+Plaisance to show the process of making glass, was finished one week
+before May 1st following. On that bleak opening day thousands of
+overshoes were stalled in mud a foot deep before the Administration
+Building, and the owners went home in some cases almost barefooted.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+But there was an expenditure of $125,000 in an idea, and the investors
+had no reason to fear weather or neglect. From the opening to the
+closing of the big front door two million people found their way to this
+glass house, at which no one threw stones. The trouble was not to get
+people in, but to keep them out. A mob never benefits itself nor anybody
+else. To reduce the attendance to reasonable proportions a fee was
+charged, applicable to the purchase of some souvenir, made perhaps
+before the buyer's very eyes. Why was this glass house so popular?
+Because its exhibit displayed the only art industry in actual operation
+within the Fair grounds.
+
+All people like machinery in motion, and the most curious people on
+earth are Americans. They want to know how things are made, and, like
+children, are not content until they have laid their hands on whatever
+confronts them. "Please do not touch" has no terrors for them. In
+addition to this inborn love of action, there is a fascination about
+glass blowing and the fashioning of shapeless matter piping hot from the
+pot that appeals to men and women of all sorts and conditions. With eyes
+and mouths wide open, thousands stood daily around the circular factory
+watching a hundred skilled artisans at work. They looked at the big
+central furnace, in which sand, oxide of lead, potash, saltpetre and
+nitrate of soda underwent vitrification; they saw it taken out of the
+pot a plastic mass, which, through long, hollow iron tubes, was blown
+and rolled and twisted and turned into things of beauty. Here was a
+champagne glass, there was a flower bowl; now came a decanter, followed
+by a jewel basket. A few minutes later jugs and goblets and vases galore
+passed from the nimble fingers of the artisans to the annealing oven
+below.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+All these creations entered the oven as hot as they came from the last
+manipulator, but gradually cooled off to the temperature of the
+atmosphere. Getting used to the hardships of life requires twenty-four
+hours, during which the trays on which the glass stands are slowly moved
+from the hot to the temperate end of the oven. This procession was an
+object lesson in life as well as in glass. "Make haste slowly or you'll
+defeat yourself," was the burden of the song those things of beauty sang
+to themselves and to all who listened.
+
+If American cut glass has grown beyond compare, it is largely due to the
+superior intelligence of American artisans. They have the "sand": so,
+too, have the beautiful hills of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, whence
+comes the purest quality the whole world has known. The best flint glass
+exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1867 owed its excellence to the
+treasure stowed away in Western Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The finest American flint glass of the Columbian Exposition found its
+inspiration in the same part of the old Bay State.
+
+Little did those visitors to the Fair know whence came the hot fires of
+Libbey's Glass House. They little knew that oil was drawn in pipes from
+Ohio, and that one hundred and fifty barrels of petroleum lay buried
+under innocent-looking grass, that looked up and asked not to be trodden
+under foot.
+
+Of course, had lightning struck those two great hidden tanks of liquid
+dynamite, we should all have been sent to that bourne whence no World's
+Fair visitor could have returned.
+
+Seventy-five barrels of oil were burned daily on the Midway Plaisance.
+How many gallons? Three thousand. Multiply one day's fire by one hundred
+and eighty days and you discover that the drama of glass at the Fair was
+the death of fifty-four thousand gallons of petroleum.
+
+
+
+
+EPILOGUE
+
+THE ACTRESS AND THE INFANTA
+
+[Illustration: GEORGIA CAYVAN]
+
+Ever since the era of fairy tales the world has heard of glass slippers.
+Cinderella wore them and great was the romance thereof. But whoever
+before 1893 heard of a glass dress, and who conceived such a novel idea?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+From that memorable day in the Garden of Eden when Eve ate that apple,
+which may literally be called the fruit of all knowledge, woman has been
+at the bottom of everything: it was a woman who got it into her head
+that she wanted a glass dress. How did it happen? Thus: In the middle of
+May, 1893, women from all parts of the earth took Chicago by storm.
+Theirs was the first of one hundred congresses, and among many artists
+was Georgia Cayvan, whose record on and off the stage does credit to her
+head and heart. Of course the clever actress visited the Fair and of
+course she followed the multitude and found herself watching the process
+of making American glass. It was not long before Miss Cayvan's quick eye
+was attracted by an exhibit of spun and woven glass lamp shades.
+
+"Do you mean to say those shades are spun out of glass?" she exclaimed;
+"the material resembles silk."
+
+"Nevertheless it is glass," replied the attendant.
+
+"Is it possible to make a glass dress?"
+
+[Illustration]
+
+"Why not? It is not only possible but eminently feasible."
+
+"Would it be very expensive?"
+
+"Twenty-five dollars a yard."
+
+This was a deal of money to invest in an experiment, as at least twelve
+yards are needed for a gown, but when a woman wills she wills,
+especially when she is intimately acquainted with her own mind. Miss
+Cayvan knows hers perfectly, and in a few minutes she exacted from the
+Company a promise not only to spin her many yards of glass cloth for a
+white evening costume, but she obtained from them the exclusive right to
+wear glass cloth on the stage. "It is agreed," said actress and
+manufacturer in chorus, and off hied the former to New York, where at
+the end of four weeks she received her material direct from the Midway
+Plaisance. How to make it up was the next question, for Madame la
+Modiste vowed she wouldn't touch such material with scissors and
+needles.
+
+[Illustration: INFANTA EULALIA]
+
+As a matter of fact a specialist is needed to cut and sew glass, which
+differs from other cloths in breaking and wickedly sticking into the
+hands, so a skillful and artistic young woman employee from Toledo was
+sent to New York to do what the ordinary seamstress could not. She cut
+and made the unique costume with which Miss Cayvan sweeps the stage to
+the edification of feminine and the wonder of masculine eyes.
+
+The fame of that glass gown reached the ears of the Infanta Eulalia, who
+saw it worn by the ingenious actress and determined to inspect its
+counterpart set up in a case at the World's Fair. The Midway Plaisance
+was the Princess's favorite resort in Chicago, and she soon turned her
+steps toward the glass house she had heard so much about. "Where's that
+dress?" asked the Infanta as she entered the factory. On being conducted
+to it Eulalia expressed great pleasure, declaring it was the finest
+thing she had seen at the Fair.
+
+"Would Your Highness wear such a gown were one made expressly for you?"
+she was asked.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+"Not only would I wear it, but I'd take the greatest delight in telling
+the story of its manufacture," replied the Princess.
+
+Before sailing away to Spain, Eulalia was fitted for her American glass
+gown, now wears it, and today there hangs in the Libbey Glass Company's
+private office the following official certificate:
+
+     ROYAL HOUSE OF H. R. H. INFANTE DON ANTONIO DE ORLEANS
+
+     H. R. H. Infante Antonio de Orleans appoints Messrs. Libbey
+     and Company of Toledo, Ohio, cut-glass makers to his royal
+     house, with the use of his royal coat-of-arms for signs,
+     bills and labels. In fulfillment of the command of His Royal
+     Highness I present this certificate, signed in Madrid, July
+     15th, 1893.
+
+                 PEDRO JOVER FOVAR
+
+                 Superintendent of His Royal Highness's Household
+
+
+
+Thus for the first time in the history of an industry almost as old as
+humanity, glass adorns alike the person of a Royal Princess and the
+person of a charming actress. Produced at the Court of Spain and on the
+American stage, am I not justified in calling this memory of a far and
+near past "The Drama of Glass"?
+
+                              KATE FIELD
+
+
+
+
+THE DRAMA OF GLASS
+
+BY
+
+KATE FIELD
+
+
+In every story told of the sights worth seeing at the Columbian
+Exposition the factory of the Libbey Glass Company, of Toledo, Ohio, has
+had an important part. It was more than a mere exhibit; it was a
+practical education in the art of glass making, which, like an easy
+lesson that follows step by step, from the mixing of the crude material
+to the completion of the finest piece of cut glass, impressed itself
+upon the minds of hundred of thousands of visitors.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Recall in your memory your visit to the World's Fair in 1893. Place
+yourself upon the Midway Plaisance, directly opposite the Woman's
+Building. Does your mind picture a stately, beautiful building, with
+central dome and graceful towers? This was the building of the glass
+factory to whom the exclusive right to manufacture and sell its products
+was awarded over many competitors by the Ways and Means Committee of the
+World's Columbian Exposition. This concession was given because the plan
+of the Libbey Glass Company was a plan of broad ideas, fully meeting the
+requirement that America should show that the whole world followed her
+in the manufacture of cut glass.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How well that Company fulfilled its mission is known to the two million
+visitors who passed under the deep-recessed semicircular archway, rich
+with sculptured ornament, that covered the grand entrance to this
+palace; within, it was like a theatre, where the scenes in the
+beautiful drama of glass were ever changing. Do you remember that the
+sides, the dome, the ceiling, were all glitter and sheen with the
+products of this mystic art, and that from thousands of cut-glass
+pieces, as from brilliant diamonds, sparkled the prismatic hues?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Do you remember the roaring furnace a hundred feet high, the melting
+pots made of the clays of the Old and the New Worlds, mixed by the bare
+feet in order that they have the requisite consistency? The products of
+this factory were born of fire. The plastic molten mass that came from
+the melting furnace, with its heat of 2200 degrees Fahrenheit, was
+thirty hours before a mixture called by glass makers a "batch," whose
+chief ingredient was sand from the hills of Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Did you watch the workmen--the "gatherer" and the "blower," with their
+long, hollow iron pipes? How the "blower," with his trained fingers,
+gave an easy, constantly swaying motion to the pipe, into which he blew
+and expanded the hot glass at its end? The tempering oven, through which
+all glass productions must pass before they will resist changes in
+temperature or even stand transportation? Did you follow the process of
+cutting glass; see the wheels like grindstones, driven by steam power?
+Wheels of stone that come from England and Scotland, and carry with them
+the old-country names of Yorkshire Flag, New Castle and Craigleith,
+stones that are very hard and close-grained, capable of retaining a very
+sharp edge? Wheels of iron, which are used to cut the design in the
+rough; wheels of wood, cork, felt, and revolving brush wheels, used in
+finishing and polishing? Did you know that the trained eye of the cutter
+and his experience were the only guides he had to secure the requisite
+depth to his cutting; that he must exercise great care and judgment,
+else the vibration of the glass renders it extremely liable to break,
+and that an intricate design requires many days of constant
+manipulation?
+
+Did you watch with interest the making of glass cloth, see how the
+thread of glass was drawn out and wound on the big wheels that revolved
+hundreds of times a minute? How the glass thread was woven with the silk
+thread, producing a pliable glass cloth of soft sheen and lustre, that
+could be folded, pleated and handled in all ways like cloth?
+
+Do you recall the Crystal Art Room? Did you realize that under that
+ceiling, bedecked with ten thousand dollars' worth of spun glass cloth,
+was collected the finest display of cut glass the world had ever seen?
+Do you remember an old glass punch bowl, used in 1840 by Henry Clay, and
+that near this relic of ancient glassware was another punch bowl upon
+which five hundred dollars' worth of labor had been bestowed?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Did you mark the difference, the deep and brilliant cuttings, how
+effective they were, how they brought out the beauty and richness of the
+design? Then, when you examined the hundreds of other articles, the
+sherbet and punch glasses in Roman shapes, the quaint decanters in
+Venetian forms, the celery trays, flower vases, and the ice-cream sets
+and cut-glass dishes for every use, you saw the clearness of the glass
+itself, and that this deep and brilliant cutting of perfect design, that
+brought out the beauties of the great punch bowl, was a marked
+characteristic of the Libbey Cut Glass. Did you not, as an American,
+feel proud of the progress that your countrymen had made in this old art
+of glass making?
+
+Since the World's Fair at Chicago, two expositions of the industries of
+this country, the San Francisco Midwinter Fair and the Atlanta
+Exposition, have added to the honors and reputation of the cut glass of
+the Libbey Company. Certain trade-marks and names on silver and china
+are always looked upon with pleasure and with a feeling that the
+possessor has the genuine article.
+
+The same thing applies to cut glassware, so as a protection to the
+public against those who would profit by the reputation of others, the
+Libbey Glass Company cut their trade-mark--the name Libbey with a sword
+under it--upon every piece of glass they manufacture.
+
+Half a century in the life of America has added much to the art upon
+whose brilliant crest, as Miss Field has said, may be found the splendid
+quarterings of Egypt, Rome, Venice, Germany and Great Britain, and today
+the United States stands unrivaled in the manufacture of cut glass.
+
+The honor conferred upon the Libbey Glass Company by the committee, in
+granting to them the exclusive concession to manufacture and sell
+American glassware within the grounds of the Exposition during the
+World's Fair, was a great one.
+
+The honors conferred by the San Francisco and Atlanta Expositions are
+but added proofs that the selection was a proper one. The Libbey Glass
+Company thus stands today to represent the best the United States
+produces in cut glass, and the best the United States produces is the
+world's best.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Bartlett & Company
+
+The Orr Press
+
+New York
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Drama of Glass, by Kate Field
+
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