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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:01:08 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:01:08 -0700 |
| commit | 5d237bc272c18200fa40d97b84d597b69ffcad6e (patch) | |
| tree | 4ac84defdbb54ce9672babfd4a003c89fedc70fa /34199-h | |
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diff --git a/34199-h/34199-h.htm b/34199-h/34199-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a6fd50 --- /dev/null +++ b/34199-h/34199-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,6151 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Peeps Into China, by E. C. Phillips. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1.25em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + img {border: 0;} + .tnote {border: dashed 1px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + ins {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + .copyright {text-align: center; font-size: 70%;} + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: justify;} + + .bbox {border: solid 2px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .chaptertitle {text-align: center; font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold;} + .chapternumber {text-align: center; margin-top: 8em; font-size: 150%; font-weight: bold;} + .chapternumber2 {text-align: center; margin-top: 13em; font-size: 150%; font-weight: bold;} + + .splitlt {float: left; + clear: left; + padding-right: 30px; + padding-left: 0px; + padding-top: 0px; + padding-bottom: 0px; + } + + .splitlb {float: left; + clear: left; + padding-right: 30px; + padding-left: 0px; + padding-top: 0px; + padding-bottom: 10px; + } + table.river {width: 600px; text-align: center; background-image: + url("images/i-185a.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat;} + .caption {font-weight: bold; font-size: 85%;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: + 0; margin-right: .5em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .unindent {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + .right {text-align: right;} + .poem {margin-left: 30%; text-align: left;} + .poem2 {margin-left: 15%; text-align: left;} + .sig {margin-right: 10%; text-align: right;} + .hang1 {text-indent: -3em; margin-left: 3em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Peeps Into China, by E. C. Phillips + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Peeps Into China + Or: The Missionary's Children + +Author: E. C. Phillips + +Release Date: November 3, 2010 [EBook #34199] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PEEPS INTO CHINA *** + + + + +Produced by Emmy, Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 391px;"> +<img src="images/coverpage.jpg" width="391" height="600" alt="Cover." title="" /> +</div> + +<div class='tnote'><b>Transcriber's Note:</b> Clicking on the map on page 15 will +link to a larger version for better readability.</div> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 303px;"> +<img src="images/i-006.png" width="303" height="499" alt="A STREET SHOWMAN." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A STREET SHOWMAN.</span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<h1>PEEPS INTO CHINA;</h1> +<div class='center'>OR,</div> +<h3>The Missionary's Children.</h3> + +<h3>BY</h3> +<h2>E. C. PHILLIPS,</h2> + +<div class='copyright'>AUTHOR OF "TROPICAL READING-BOOKS," "THE ORPHANS," "BUNCHY,"<br /> +"HILDA AND HER DOLL," ETC.<br /><br /><br /></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 330px;"> +<img src="images/i-009.png" width="330" height="325" alt="boats" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class='center'><br /><br /><br /><big>CASSELL & COMPANY, <span class="smcap">Limited</span>:</big><br /> +<i>LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK & MELBOURNE.</i><br /> +<br /> +<small>[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.]</small></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + + +<div class='center'> +<b>To</b><br /> +<br /> +MY DEAR PARENTS,<br /> +<br /> +<small>IN</small><br /> +<br /> +LOVING MEMORY.<br /> +</div> + +<div class='poem'><br /> +"Can I forget thy cares, from helpless years<br /> +<span style="margin-left: .5em;">Thy tenderness for me?"</span><br /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-013a.png" width="500" height="175" alt="Contents." title="" /> +</div> + + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><small>CHAPTER</small></td><td align='right'><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>I. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Country Rectory</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>II. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The First Peep</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>III. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Religions of China</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>IV. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Chinese Childhood</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>V. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Merchant Showman</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VI. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Little Chu and Woo-Urh</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VII. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Leonard's Exploit in Formosa</span> </td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VIII. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Boat Population</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>IX. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">At Canton</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>X. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A Bride and Bridegroom</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XI. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Processions</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XII. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Last Peep</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 331px;"> +<img src="images/i-013b.png" width="331" height="151" alt="cherub decoration" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-015a.png" width="500" height="158" alt="Decoration: Windmill" title="" /> +</div> + + + + +<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE COUNTRY RECTORY.</div> + + +<div class="figright" style="width: 201px;"> +<img src="images/i-015b.png" width="201" height="344" alt="Decoration: Pagoda" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 68px;"> +<img src="images/i-015c-nquote.png" width="68" height="71" alt="N" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'>OT really; you can't +mean it really!"</div> + +<p>"As true as possible. +Mother told me her <i>very +own</i> self," was the emphatic +reply.</p> + +<p>Two children, brother and +sister, the boy aged ten, the +girl three years older, were +carrying on this conversation in +the garden of a country rectory.</p> + +<p>"But really and truly, on +your word of honour," repeated +Leonard, as though he could +not believe what his sister had just related to him.</p> + +<p>"I hope my word is always a word of honour; I +thought everybody's word ought to be that," Sybil +Graham replied a little proudly, for when she had run +quickly to bring such important news to her brother, she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +could not help feeling hurt that he should refuse to +believe what she said.</p> + +<p>"And we are really going there, and shall actually +see the 'pig-tails' in their own country, and the splendid +kites they fly, and all the wonderful things that father +used to tell us about? Oh! it seems too good to be +true."</p> + +<p>"But it is true," Sybil repeated with emphasis. +"And I dare say we might even see tea growing, as it +does grow there, you know, and I suppose we shall be +carried about in sedan-chairs ourselves." She was +really as happy as her brother, only not so excitable.</p> + +<p>At this moment their mother joined them. "Oh, +mother!" the boy then exclaimed, "how beautiful! +Sybil has just told me, but I could not believe her."</p> + +<p>"I thought the news would delight you both very +much," Mrs. Graham answered. "Your father and I +have been thinking about going to China for some time, +but we would not tell you anything about it until +matters were quite settled, and now everything seems +to be satisfactorily arranged for us to start in three +months' time."</p> + +<p>"That will be in August, then," they both said at +once.</p> + +<p>"Oh, how very beautiful!" Sybil exclaimed. "<i>I like +my father to be a missionary very much.</i> He must be +glad too; isn't he, mother?"</p> + +<p>"Very glad indeed, although the joy will entail +some sadness also. I expect your father will grieve a +good deal to leave this dear little country parish of ours, +and the duties he has so loved to perform here, but a +wider field of usefulness having opened out for him, he +is very thankful to obey the call."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 316px;"> +<img src="images/i-017.png" width="316" height="500" alt="THE CHURCH." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE CHURCH.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> + +<p>"And father will do it so well, mother," answered +Sybil. "I wonder whether I shall be able to do anything +to help him there?"</p> + +<p>"I think you have long since found out, Sybil," +was her mother's loving answer, "that you can always +be doing something to help us."</p> + +<p>Sybil and Leonard had as yet only learnt a part of +the story. They had still to learn the rest. This going +to China would not be all beautiful, all joy for them, +especially for Sybil, with her very affectionate nature +and dread of saying "Good-byes," for she and Leonard +were only to be taken out on a trip—a pleasure tour—to +see something of China, and to return to England to go +on with their education at the end of six months.</p> + +<p>Mr. Graham then calling his wife, the children were +again left alone.</p> + +<p>It was no easy matter to go as a missionary to China. +This Mr. Graham well knew, for his father, although +only for a short time, had been one over there before +him, and had discovered—what so many other later +brother missionaries have found out also—that to obtain +even a hearing on the subject of religion from a Chinaman, +who has been trained and brought up to be a +superstitious idolater, very vain of his wisdom and +antiquity as a nation, and to look upon Europeans as +barbarians, is often a most difficult matter.</p> + +<p>Eighteen years before Mr. Graham the elder went out +to Peking as one of the first missionaries to China, and +his only son, who had then just qualified for the medical +profession, accompanied him. A year later, the father +dying, his son returned at once to England, but with a +changed mind, determined now to seek holy orders and +enter the ministry, instead of following his profession,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +so as by thus doing to add one more to the number of +earnest clergy that his short stay in China had shown +him were so much needed. To carry out his resolution, +he went to Oxford to prepare, and soon after his ordination +he married, and settled down, in the little country +village, where we find him, surrounded by his little +family.</p> + +<p>Often since then had he contemplated leaving +England for missionary work, but until now he had +been prevented from carrying his wishes into effect.</p> + +<p>His knowledge of medicine had not been lost to him, +for many a sufferer in the little, yet wide-spreading +country parish, who lived at too great a distance to send +for the doctor for a slight ailment, had been very thankful, +when the clergyman came in to read and pray with +him, to learn from him what his slight ailment was, +and how he could prevent its becoming a great one.</p> + +<p>And this knowledge would be most helpful and +invaluable in China, where Mr. Graham knew that the +science of medicine was held in veneration by the +inhabitants, and gained a ready admission to those who +were glad to be cured of bodily ailments, but knew not +how sick their souls were.</p> + +<p>The missionary's slight acquaintance with the +Chinese dialect, which, when time permitted, he had +endeavoured to keep up, would also be of service to him +when he arrived in China; for although the dialects of +the south, where he was going, were very different from +those of the north, the Mandarin, or Court language, +spoken by the officials, was understood in every part.</p> + +<p>"That's why father's been reading all those books +lately with the pig-tail pictures in, and wonderful kites, +and why he has been studying the language without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +an alphabet," Leonard said, when he and his sister were +again alone. "If I hadn't been at school so much, I expect +I should have found out what was going to happen."</p> + +<p>"I don't believe we should ever find out anything +that father did not wish us to know, however much we +wanted to do so," answered Sybil. "But isn't it +splendid?—all but one thing, and that is having to leave +everybody, and my best friend Lily Keith. I shan't +like doing that at all."</p> + +<p>"And I shall miss my friends too, of course," said +Leonard; "but then I expect we shall make some new +ones; and I thought you were so fond of writing letters. +Why, you could write splendid ones from China, and +tell Lily what we see, and perhaps mother would draw +you some pictures for them, for she can draw anything, +you know."</p> + +<p>Sybil was comforted, for she was very fond of writing +letters, and her friend, she knew, would be very glad to +have some from China.</p> + +<p>Directly after the six o'clock dinner was the +children's hour with father, who, being a very busy man, +had to regulate all his time; but this one hour a day +belonged entirely to his family, and unless anything unforeseen +happened, they had and claimed every moment +of it.</p> + +<p>Sybil came down-stairs first, and going up to her +father, who was sitting by a large bow window, gazing +out of it, with a very serious look on his face, she said +with surprise as she kissed him: "You look sad, dear +father. Aren't you glad to go to China?"</p> + +<p>He drew her on to his knee.</p> + +<p>"Very glad, my darling," was the answer; "but +I was just picturing to myself some farewells that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +will have to be taken. I shall be very sorry, too, +to say 'Good-bye' here, where our lives have been so +blessed and our prayers so abundantly answered. We +cannot help feeling sorry to leave our old friends, +can we?"</p> + +<p>"But you don't look, father," she continued, "as if +that were all that you had been thinking."</p> + +<p>"I dare say it was also about the work in which I +am so soon to engage, for that, Sybil, is full of grave responsibility; +but now I think it is my turn to ask what +your thoughts are," he went on, for at that moment +Sybil was looking quite as grave as, just before, her +father could have looked.</p> + +<p>"I was remembering two verses of a piece of poetry +that I learnt last term at school, which I think must +have been written for missionaries," she replied.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/i-022-mapbig.jpg"><img src="images/i-022-map.jpg" width="600" height="421" alt="MAP OF CHINA." title="" /></a> +<span class="caption">MAP OF CHINA.</span> +</div> + +<p>Her father then asking her to repeat them to him, +Sybil said:—</p> + +<div class='poem'> +"Sow ye beside all waters,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Where the dew of heaven may fall;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ye shall reap, if ye be not weary,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">For the Spirit breathes o'er all.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Sow, though the thorns may wound thee;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">One wore the thorns for thee;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">And, though the cold world scorn thee,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Patient and hopeful be.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Sow ye beside all waters,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">With a blessing and a prayer,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Name Him whose hand upholds thee,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">And sow thou everywhere.</span><br /> +<br /> +"Work! in the wild waste places,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Though none thy love may own;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">God guides the down of the thistle</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">The wandering wind hath sown.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Will Jesus chide thy weakness,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Or call thy labour vain?</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">The Word that for Him thou bearest</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Shall return to Him again.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">On!—with thine heart in heaven,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Thy strength—thy Master's might,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Till the wild waste places blossom</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">In the warmth of a Saviour's light."</span><br /> +</div> + +<p>"Thank you, Sybil," said her father. "I am sure +you will make a capital little missionary's daughter some +day."</p> + +<p>"To what part of China are we going, father?" +she then asked; "to the same place where you were +before?"</p> + +<p>"No; quite in another direction. You know when I +was last in China I was at Peking, in the north, and +now I am to be in Hong-Kong, an island in the south; +but we shall not go there direct, as I wish to take you +to see several places before finally landing."</p> + +<p>"Wait a minute, please, father," Sybil then exclaimed, +"while I just fetch my map to look them out +as you tell them to me." And as she spoke she ran off, +to return the next minute with an atlas, in which she +found these places as her father mentioned them: +Shanghai, Amoy, the Island of Formosa, Swatow, +Hong-Kong, Macao, and Canton.</p> + +<p>"I wish, father, you would tell us some day all you +can remember about Peking," then said Leonard, as he +ran in and joined his father and sister, having till now been +very busy, first coaxing his good friend the gardener to +help him cut and put up some roosts in the fowl-house, +and then showing his handiwork to his mother. "You<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +know what I mean: something like what you used to +tell us."</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 360px;"> +<img src="images/i-024.png" width="360" height="500" alt="LEONARD IN THE GARDEN." title="" /> +<span class="caption">LEONARD IN THE GARDEN.</span> +</div> + +<p>"I will try to arouse up my memory, and tell +you what I can on board ship, when we shall have, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +suppose, seven or eight weeks with very little to do, +and when you will, no doubt, be glad of some true +stories to while away the time."</p> + +<p>"I wish we were going to start to-morrow," rejoined +Leonard, who was, I am afraid, a boy without a particle +of that virtue which we call "patience." He wanted +his mother now to go into the poultry-yard with him to +see the roosts he had, and as she liked to enter into +all his pleasures and useful occupations, she was very +pleased to go.</p> + +<p>Before either of them came in again, Sybil had +heard "the rest" from her father; that she and Leonard +were, after a six months' long holiday in China, to +return to England to continue their education. It was +a terrible blow to her, to whom a long separation +from her parents seemed almost like an impossibility. +Her bright eyes filled with tears.</p> + +<p>"Oh, father!" she said; "and leave you and +mother?"</p> + +<p>"It must be for a time, my darling, till your +education is completed, as your mother and I both +wish you to remain at the school where you are, but +when school-days are over, about four years hence, I +hope to be able to have you out with us. It will be +longer for poor old Leonard, won't it?"</p> + +<p>"I don't think I care to go to China now, father," +Sybil then said.</p> + +<p>"Oh yes you do, Sybil," was the answer; "you like +your father to be a missionary very much, you know, +do you not?" Her mother had repeated this saying. +"And, my child," he continued, "you know that it +must be a dreadful trial for so very good and loving +a mother as yours to part from her children; but now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +that a call has come to me to do my Master's work +in a foreign land, and she is helping me to obey it, +you would not make her trial greater, would you, by +letting her see you sad? Oh no! I know you would +not; but you would help us to do our duty more +bravely. Is it not so, my child?"</p> + +<p>Sybil buried her face on her father's shoulder, and +sobbed, but on seeing her mother coming up the +garden towards them, she quickly wiped her tears away, +and tried to look cheerful. Her father had gone wisely +to work in giving her such a reason for trying to +overcome her sorrow, and he knew that now she +would set herself bravely to work to help, and not to +hinder, her parents' undertaking.</p> + +<p>And they were not to be parted for nearly another +year, she said to herself, and meanwhile they were to +have all sorts of enjoyments with their parents.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Graham brought a message from Leonard for +Sybil to go and see his roosts, which she at once obeyed, +affectionately kissing her mother as she passed her. +That was to say that she knew, and a great deal more.</p> + +<p>Another piece of news Sybil now conveyed to Leonard, +and as she told it, even he could not tell that it made +her very unhappy. I wonder if he believed at once this +time!</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 239px;"> +<img src="images/i-026.png" width="239" height="211" alt="Decoration: Birdhouse" title="" /> +</div><hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-027a.png" width="500" height="161" alt="Decoration: Peepshow" title="" /> +</div> + + + + +<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE FIRST PEEP.</div> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 177px;"> +<img src="images/i-027b-t.png" width="177" height="231" alt="T" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'>HE missionary's family party had +set sail, and the steamship, in which +they were passengers, was now +fairly out at sea.</div> + +<p>As far as money was concerned, +Mr. Graham had no anxieties, for +being the only son of a very wealthy +man, who had lost his wife some +time before he died himself, Mr. +Graham had, at his father's death, inherited the whole +of his large fortune.</p> + +<p>"Now, father, don't you think it's high time you +began to tell us about old Peking?" Leonard said, a few +days after they had sailed. "I did not ask you at +first, because we had plenty to do to look about us, but +now that there's nothing in the world but water to see +anywhere, we should so like to hear some stories; so +please begin, if it won't trouble you too much."</p> + +<p>And sitting on deck, with Sybil on his right and +Leonard on his left, Mr. Graham did as he was requested, +and gave his children what they considered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +a very interesting description of a portion of that vast +empire which they were so soon to visit. "The Chinese," +he began, "are a very ancient race, so ancient, indeed, +that the origin of their monarchy is not known."</p> + +<p>"Do you mind waiting one minute, father, just to +tell me a thing I have forgotten, and you told me once?" +Leonard asked. "What does the word China mean?"</p> + +<p>"The ancient name for China, Tien-sha, means +'inferior only to heaven.' Chinese history begins with +the fabulous ages, two or three million years ago, +when the Chinese say that no land but theirs was inhabited, +and gods reigned upon the earth, which was +made for them. After the gods, they tell us, came +mythical kings, who were giants, had the power of +working miracles, and lived for thousands of years; but +it is really supposed that the first people who passed +beyond the deserts of Central Asia settled in the province +of Shen-si, which borders on Tartary, and here laid the +foundation of the present monarchy of China.</p> + +<p>"Some Chinese historians think that their first +mortal Emperor was Fuh-hi, whose date of coming to +the throne is fixed as early as 2,852 years <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> He is +described as possessing great virtues, and was called +by his subjects the 'Son of heaven'—a title which +is still given to Emperors of China, who are foolishly +supposed, by some of their subjects, to be of celestial +origin. He is said to have taught them how to keep +laws and to live peaceably, also to have invented the +arts of music and numbers. Certainly the Chinese +have understood music from very early ages, and class +it among the chief of the sciences.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-029.png" width="600" height="397" alt="MUSICIANS." title="" /> +<span class="caption">MUSICIANS.</span> +</div> + +<p>"They have at least fifty different kinds of wind and +string musical instruments, made of wood, stone, or metal,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +and they play a great deal, but especially upon their fiddle +instruments. They do not like our music at all.</p> + +<p>"But now we must go back to a little more Chinese +history. There is nothing to prove that the Chinese +existed as a nation before the time of Yu the Great, +whose date of accession is said to be 2,285 years <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, +and he is also included in the Legendary Period to +which Fuh-hi belongs. After the Legendary Period +came the Semi-Historical Period in Chinese history; +the really Historical Period dating from the early part +of the eighth century before Christ.</p> + +<p>"Different dynasties succeeded each other, till from +the years 500 to 200 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> many petty kings, reigning +over various provinces, waged war against one +another. At length a fierce warrior, named Ching-wang, +went to war with, and conquered, all of them, +and made himself master of the whole empire, about 200 +years <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, his government comprising about the northern +half of modern China. He was the first monarch of the +dynasty called Tsin, or Chin. Next he turned his arms +against the Tartars, who were a portion of those people +whom we read of in history by the name of Huns, and who +were now making constant inroads into China. They were +capital soldiers—I believe every Tartar has now to be a +soldier—and as the Chinese dreaded them very much, +the Emperor thought out a way to keep them off. He +erected a great wall along the whole extent of the +northern frontier of China, of very great height, thickness, +and strength, made of two walls of brick many feet +apart, the space between them being, for half the length +of the wall, filled up with earth, and the other half with +gravel and rubbish. On it were square towers, which +were erected at about a hundred yards' distance from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +one another. Some say this wall extended 1,500 miles +from the sea to the most western provinces of Shen-si; +McCulloch says it is 1,250 miles in length. It was +carried over mountains and across rivers. Six horsemen +could ride abreast upon it. But there was great +cruelty practised in its construction, for the Emperor +obliged every third labouring man in the kingdom to +work at this wall without payment.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-031.png" width="500" height="420" alt="GREAT WALL OF CHINA, GULF OF PE-CHI-LI." title="" /> +<span class="caption">GREAT WALL OF CHINA, GULF OF PE-CHI-LI.</span> +</div> + +<p>"It took five years to finish, and has now existed for +more than two thousand years. It is called Wan-li-chang, +or Myriad-mile Wall."</p> + +<p>"And did it keep out the Tartars?" Leonard asked.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> + +<p>"No; the little Emperor Tsai-tien, born in 1871, and +now on the throne, is, I believe, a descendant of theirs. +He is called Kwang-su, which means 'Continuation of +glory.'"</p> + +<p>"Does the Emperor's eldest son always reign?"</p> + +<p>"No; the ablest or best son is generally chosen. +Ching-wang seemed to think that he was master of +the whole universe, and called himself Che-Hwang-ti, +or First Emperor; and then to try to show that he +was the founder of the monarchy, he had, as he thought, +all the historical documents burnt that could prove +otherwise, but did not succeed, for some that had been +hidden behind the walls of houses were found after his +death."</p> + +<p>"What a quantity of stuff it must have taken to +build the wall!" said Leonard.</p> + +<p>"Yes; the material in the Great Wall, including the +earth in the middle of it, is said to be more than enough +to surround the circumference of the earth, on two of its +great circles, with two walls of six feet high and two +feet thick. Guards are stationed in the strong towers +by which the wall is fortified; every important pass +having a strong fortress."</p> + +<p>"And what is the height of the wall, father?" asked +Leonard.</p> + +<p>"About twenty feet; and there are steps of brick +and stone for men on foot to ascend, and slanting places +for the cavalry."</p> + +<p>"I shall like to see Chinese soldiers," Leonard said. +"Did you ever see them at drill, father?"</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-033.png" width="600" height="386" alt="CHINESE ARTILLERY-MEN, PEKING." title="" /> +<span class="caption">CHINESE ARTILLERY-MEN, PEKING.</span> +</div> + +<p>"I remember very well seeing a regiment of artillery +at gun-drill one day, but I believe there has been a new +armament of Chinese artillery since my time. I suppose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +you know, children," then said Mr. Graham, "that +Peking ranks——"</p> + +<p>"For the number of its inhabitants," Sybil said +quickly, "as the second city in the world, only London +having more inhabitants, Paris about the same number."</p> + +<p>"Yes; and it has——"</p> + +<p>"About two million inhabitants."</p> + +<p>"Yes; and as Peking was built many centuries before +the Christian era, it is a very old city. The name +Peking means Court of the North. After the conquest +by the Tartars of the kingdom of Yen, of which +Peking was the capital, it became only a provincial +town, when, at the beginning of the fifteenth century, +it was again made the capital of China. The Chinese +sovereigns used to live at Nanking, but when the Tartars +had so often invaded the country, they removed to the +northern province, to enable them the more easily to +keep out the invaders."</p> + +<p>"On our Chinese umbrella that we had in the dining-room +fireplace at home," said Sybil, "there was, I remember, +a picture of Peking, and some water was close +by it, but I cannot remember what river Peking is on."</p> + +<p>"It is situated in a large sandy plain on the Tunghui, +a small tributary of the Peiho. This city is again divided +into the Chinese and Tartar cities, the Imperial +city, in which live the Emperor and his retainers, and +another in which the court officials have their residence.</p> + +<p>"Like all other Chinese cities, they are surrounded +by high walls. At the north, south, east, and west sides +of towns are large folding-gates, which are often further +secured by three inner gates. The one in the south is +that of honour, through which the Emperor passes, but +which is usually kept closed at other times.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-035.png" width="600" height="373" alt="CIEAN-MUN, OR CHEAN-GATE AT PEKING." title="" /> +<span class="caption">CIEAN-MUN, OR CHEAN-GATE AT PEKING.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> + +<p>"The wall of Peking, which is sixteen miles round, +has two gates on three sides and three on the other, of +which the principal is Chean-Mun, at the south of the +Tartar city. Over the gate is a building occupied by +soldiers, who are there for purposes of defence.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 287px;"> +<img src="images/i-036.png" width="287" height="500" alt="CHINESE SOLDIER." title="" /> +<span class="caption">CHINESE SOLDIER.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-037.png" width="600" height="380" alt="STREET OF HATA-MÈNE-TA-KIE, PEKING." title="" /> +<span class="caption">STREET OF HATA-<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'MÊNE'">MÈNE</ins> -TA-KIE, PEKING.</span> +</div> + +<p>"The streets in Peking are very broad; we shall find +them much narrower in the south of China. They are +raised in the centre, and covered with a kind of stone, to +form a smooth, hard surface. In summer they are often, +I remember, very dusty, and during the rainy seasons +very dirty. At the end of each street is a wooden barrier,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +which is guarded day and night by soldiers. The +barrier is closed at nine o'clock at night, after which +time the Chinese are only allowed to pass through +if they have a very good reason to give for being out so +late.</p> + +<p>"Order is well kept in the streets of Peking by +the soldiers and police, who may use their whips on +troublesome customers whenever they think it necessary +to do so.</p> + +<p>"The principal streets, or main thoroughfares, extending +from one end of the city to the other, are its only +outlets. Trees grow in several of these streets. Houses, +in which the inhabitants live, are in smaller streets or +lanes, the houses themselves being often shut in by +walls.</p> + +<p>"Pagodas (which, you know, are temples to heathen +gods, built in the form of towers), monasteries, and +churchyards, are all outside the walls, and the city itself +is principally kept for purposes of commerce."</p> + +<p>"We know what pagodas are like," Leonard said, +"because we had two at home for ornaments. I think +we know many things through being so fortunate as +to have a father who has travelled."</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 424px;"> +<img src="images/i-039.png" width="424" height="600" alt="CHINESE BARBER." title="" /> +<span class="caption">CHINESE BARBER.</span> +</div> + +<p>"There is a great noise in some of the streets," Mr. +Graham went on: "for instance, in the Hata-mène-ta-kie, +where many people are to be seen bustling about and +talking very loudly to one another. Tents are here put up +in which rice, fruit, and other things are sold, and any +one wishing for a pretty substantial meal can be supplied +with it in the Hata-mène-ta-kie, for before stoves stand +the vendors of such meals, who have cooked them ready +for purchasers. Other tradesmen carry hampers, slung +across their shoulders, in which they keep their goods,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +whilst they call out, from time to time, to let people +know what these hampers contain. Carts, horses, mules, +wheel-barrows, and sedan-chairs pass along, the whole +place seeming to be alive with buyers and sellers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +The cobbler is sure to be somewhere close at hand in his +movable workshop, and first here and then there, as may +best suit himself and employers, the blacksmith pitches +his tent, which sometimes consists of a large umbrella; +whilst, again, people can refresh themselves, if they do +not care for a heavier meal, with some soup or a patty +at a soup stall.</p> + +<p>"And the barber does not forget that he is a very +useful person. There, in the open streets, he communicates, +by the tinkling of a little bell, the fact that he is +ready to shave the heads and arrange the cues or pig-tails +of those who may require his services; and as one man +after another takes the seat that has been put ready for +him, the barber not only shaves and plaits, but also +frequently paints his customer's eyebrows and gives his +clothes a brush."</p> + +<p>"Father, why do Chinamen wear pig-tails?" here +broke in Leonard, who, with Sybil, was very much interested +in what he heard.</p> + +<p>"After they were conquered by the Tartars they +were obliged to wear them, to show that they were in +subjection to their conquerors; but now the pig-tail is +held in honour, and the longer it will grow the better +pleased is the Chinese gentleman who wears it. Some +very bad criminals have their tails cut off as a great +punishment and disgrace.</p> + +<p>"Well, what should you like to hear now?" Mr. +Graham asked, after a little pause.</p> + +<p>"What Chinese shops are like, I think," said Sybil.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 339px;"> +<img src="images/i-041.png" width="339" height="600" alt="A SHOP IN PEKING." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A SHOP IN PEKING.</span> +</div> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 121px;"> +<img src="images/i-042.png" width="121" height="500" alt="SIGN-BOARD OF A CUSHION AND MATTING MANUFACTORY." title="" /> +<span class="caption">SIGN-BOARD OF A CUSHION AND MATTING MANUFACTORY.</span> +</div> + +<p>"Most of those in China are quite open in front; +where we are going I suppose we shall see very few, if +any, shop-windows at all, but in Peking many of the +shops have glass windows. In China there are certain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +streets for certain shops, where the different branches of +trade have generally their own sides of the road. A +shop is called a hong. Sometimes +the master sits outside, waiting for his +customers to arrive.</p> + + +<p>"At the door of each hong are +sign-boards, upon which are painted +in gold, or coloured letters, a motto +instead of a name, and what the shop +offers for sale.</p> + +<p>"I do not think," Mr. Graham +then said, drawing, as he spoke, a +little representation of a sign-board +out of his pocket-book, "that I ever +showed you this."</p> + +<p>"Oh no!" both the children +answered. "And what do those +characters mean?"</p> + +<p>On another piece of paper Mr. +Graham pointed out to them the +following interpretation:</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Interpretation"> +<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><b>Teën</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><b>Yee</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><b>Shun</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fung </td><td align='left'>Poo</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Seih </td><td align='left'>Tian</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><b>Tëen</b></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>"The three first large characters, +which form the motto, may be taken +to signify that 'Heaven favours the +prudent.' The other smaller characters designate +the nature of the business, a cushion and matting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +manufactory; the last character, without which no sign-board +is complete, meaning shop or factory."</p> + +<p>"I shall like to see these sign-boards very much +when we get to China," Sybil said. "I should think they +must make the streets look very pretty."</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-043.png" width="600" height="325" alt="A TWO-WHEELED CART." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A TWO-WHEELED CART.</span> +</div> + +<p>Mr. Graham had illustrated several things which he +had told the children by some pictures which he had +brought on board with him.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-044.png" width="500" height="325" alt="A YOUNG FARMER AND HIS PARENTS." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A YOUNG FARMER AND HIS PARENTS.</span> +</div> + +<p>Leonard was now looking again at that of Chean +Mun, or Chean Gate, for Mun means gate.</p> + +<p>"I have been noticing, father," he then said, "that +all the carts in this picture have only two wheels."</p> + +<p>"I never saw any in China with more," was the +answer. "Both shut and open carts (the latter being used +as carriages) have all two wheels. Those in common use +are made of wood, the body of the cart resting on an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +axle-tree, supported by the wheels. Horses and mules +are very little used in China, except for travelling and +for conveying luggage long distances. I remember also +noticing that horses and ponies require very little guiding +in China. Sometimes they go without reins, when +their masters will perhaps walk beside them, carrying a +whip. I have also seen very polite drivers, who, whenever +they met a friend, jumped off their carts and walked +on foot to pass one another.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 524px;"> +<img src="images/i-045.png" width="524" height="500" alt="A CHINESE JUNK." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A CHINESE JUNK.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 399px;"> +<img src="images/i-046.png" width="399" height="600" alt="FLYING KITES." title="" /> +<span class="caption">FLYING KITES.</span> +</div> + +<p>"Government servants generally use ponies, but as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +China is so densely populated—having, it has been +estimated, about four hundred million inhabitants, and +people find it so hard to obtain enough to support themselves +and families—they keep as few beasts of burden as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +possible. The farmer employs the bullock a great deal, +and in the north of China the camel is also much used.</p> + +<p>"Much trade is carried on by boats, and where there +is no water, and farmers are without other conveyances, +they will sometimes push their wives along the roads in +wheel-barrows, sons giving their parents similar drives. +There are but few carriage-roads in many parts of China."</p> + +<p>"I wonder the Chinese do not make more, then," +said Leonard.</p> + +<p>"They cannot afford to do so, because to make them +bread-producing land would have to be done away +with."</p> + +<p>"What a number of rivers and bays there are in +China!" said Sybil, who was again examining her map. +"And I see the Great Wall crosses the Hwang-ho."</p> + +<p>"And that's the fifth largest river in the world," +Leonard answered. "Only the Amazon, Mississippi, +Nile, and Yantze-kiang are larger; and the Grand Canal +in China is the very largest canal in the world."</p> + +<p>"I learnt once, too, that Hwang-ho meant 'Chinese +sorrow.' Why is it called that?"</p> + +<p>"Because it has altered its course, which has caused +great loss and inconvenience to the Chinese."</p> + +<p>"And what does 'Yantze-kiang' mean?"</p> + +<p>"The son that spreads; this is their favourite river."</p> + +<p>Geography was one of Leonard's favourite studies.</p> + +<p>"Why do so many Chinese rivers end in ho and +kiang?" he then asked, looking over Sybil's map.</p> + +<p>"Both words mean river—the Yantze and the +Hwang rivers. And the Chinese have all kinds of boats +for use on their rivers. Here, my boy, is a picture of a +Chinese junk. Look at it well, and see if you can discover +anything peculiar about it."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> + +<p>Leonard looked for some time. "It has sails," he +answered, "like butterflies' wings."</p> + +<p>"Yes; that is how the Chinese make many of their +sails."</p> + +<p>"But the kites are what I want to see so much," said +Leonard, as though the sails had reminded him of them +again. "What are the most peculiar of them like?"</p> + +<p>"Like birds, insects, animals, clusters of birds, gods +on clouds: all kinds of things, in fact, are represented by +these kites, which the Chinese are most clever in making, +and also in flying. I have seen old men, of about seventy +years of age, thoroughly enjoying flying their kites. The +Chinese do not care much for your, and my, favourite +games, Leonard: cricket and football."</p> + +<p>"What games do they like?"</p> + +<p>"They are very fond of battledore and shuttlecock, +but instead of using a battledore they hit the shuttlecock +with their heads, elbows, or feet. Seven or eight +children play together, and nearly always aim the shuttlecock +rightly. Girls play at this game too, in spite of +their small feet. Tops, balls, see-saws, and quoits are +also favourite toys and games amongst the Chinese."</p> + +<p>"I remember," Sybil said, "a girl at school having +a Chinese shuttlecock, and that was like a bird."</p> + +<p>"Well, father, go on, please. What other amusements +have they?" asked Leonard.</p> + +<p>"Puppet-shows for one thing I remember, which +they exhibit in the streets, as we do 'Punch and +Judy.' The pictures in these shows are exhibited by +means of strings, which are either worked from behind +or from above the stand, and as the people look through +a glass, the views are displayed to them. A man +standing at the side calls out loudly, and beats a little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +gong to summon people to attend the show. And now +I think, as I am rather tired for to-day, I shall beat a +little gong to dismiss you from the show," Mr. Graham +said, smiling, as he turned towards his children, who +never seemed to grow tired of listening.</p> + +<p>"Very well, father; we will go now, and let you rest," +Sybil replied, standing up. "Thank you so much. +To-morrow, you know, we shall come to the show again, +so please remember to sound the gong in good time." +And off they bounded, leaving Mr. Graham at liberty +to go and seek his wife, who was then lying down in her +cabin.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 266px;"> +<img src="images/i-049.png" width="266" height="500" alt="Decoration: Man" title="" /> +</div><hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-050a.png" width="500" height="187" alt="Decoration: Road" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE RELIGIONS OF CHINA.</div> + + +<div class="figright" style="width: 291px;"> +<img src="images/i-050b.png" width="291" height="300" alt="LI-HUNG." title="" /> +<span class="caption">LI-HUNG.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 89px;"> +<img src="images/i-050c-w.png" width="89" height="70" alt=""W" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'>ILL you please +tell us to-day, +father, something +about the religion +of the Chinese? I know +they worship idols, but +how do they believe in +them?" Sybil asked, as +soon as their "Peep-show," +as the children +continued to call their +father's stories, began the +next afternoon. During the morning she had sat and +read to her mother, who still felt the motion of the +vessel very much, and had therefore to lie down part of +the day.</div> + +<p>"I will try to do so," was the answer; "but I think +what you hear may puzzle you a good deal, for they have +very strange creeds."</p> + +<p>"Did grandfather make many converts?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Very few indeed; but then he was one of our very +first missionaries to Peking, so was most thankful for +the very little which he was enabled to do.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 425px;"> +<img src="images/i-051.png" width="425" height="550" alt="A CITIZEN OF TIENT-SIN." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A CITIZEN OF TIENT-SIN.</span> +</div> + +<p>"I remember two men for whose conversion from +Buddhism he often gave thanks. One was a citizen of +Tientsin, where we landed on our way to the capital.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> + +<p>"This good fellow, who was then a very questionable +character, was smoking his pipe in a most indifferent +manner, when my father, through his teacher, first addressed +him. Missionaries in China, you know, have +teachers of the dialects."</p> + +<p>"Shall you have one?"</p> + +<p>"Of course. Well, this man would not listen at all +at first, and was very angry at my father's interference; +but after a while we met him again at Peking, and in +time both he and his wife learnt to believe, and to long +for Christian baptism, before receiving which they not +only left off worshipping their family idols, but even +destroyed them. A short time ago I heard that this +man had become a native lay teacher, and was a +great help to the mission, as he could, of course, +always make himself understood to his own countrymen, +who were also not unlikely to be won by his +example."</p> + +<p>"What was his name?" asked Leonard.</p> + +<p>"Tung-Sean."</p> + +<p>"And that of the other convert?"</p> + +<p>"Li-Hung. He was a much older man, and was +sitting, I remember, the day we first saw him, in a field, +resting from his work, and as he caught sight of my +father he began to call him all sorts of names, amongst +which was to be heard very often that of 'foreign devil.' +I believe he even looked for stones to throw at us. +Your grandfather—always a very quiet, self-possessed +man—just dropped some tracts at his side, translated into +Chinese. We often saw Li-Hung again, and though he +gave us much trouble, a month before my father died he +had the happiness also of witnessing this man's conversion +to the true faith."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Grandfather must have been very pleased," Sybil +said.</p> + +<p>"He was; but I think now I have something rather +interesting to tell you of our journey from Tientsin to +Peking. We went in carts drawn by two mules, one in +front of the other, and at night we slept at inns, where, +I think, you would like to hear about our sleeping accommodation. +It was winter, and as the Peking winter +is cold, people there, to make themselves warm at night, +sleep on kangs. As these were different at both inns to +which we went, I will tell you about both.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-053.png" width="500" height="223" alt="A KANG." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A KANG.</span> +</div> + +<p>"In one the kang consisted of a platform built of +brick, so much larger than a bed that several people could +sleep on it at once. A kind of tunnel passed through the +platform, which had a chimney at one end, whilst at the +other end, a little while before bed-time, a small quantity +of dry fuel was set on fire, when the flame passed +through the tunnel and out of the chimney. In this +way the kang was warmed, when felt matting was put +upon it. Here we lay down, and were covered over +with a kind of cotton-wool counterpane.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-054.png" width="600" height="361" alt="BOATS ON THE RIVER PEI-HO AT TIENT-SIN." title="" /> +<span class="caption">BOATS ON THE RIVER PEI-HO AT TIENT-SIN.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> + +<p>"The kang in the other inn was warmed by a little +stove from underneath, which also served in the day-time +for cooking purposes, when the bed-clothes were +removed from the kang, on which mats, and even little +tables, were also sometimes put, until it became a sofa; so +it was very useful."</p> + +<p>The children laughed.</p> + +<p>"We are not hearing about the religion yet, though," +Sybil said.</p> + +<p>"Oh, do let us hear just a little more about Peking +and Tientsin first," Leonard answered. "How far is +Tientsin from the capital?"</p> + +<p>"Eighty miles. And do you know what river it is +on?"</p> + +<p>Leonard considered. "It must be an important +one, I should think, as it carries things, doesn't it, from +the sea-coast to near to Peking?"</p> + +<p>"It is only a river of secondary importance, but the +principal one of the province of Pe-chili. Now for its +name." Sybil referred to her map.</p> + +<p>"The Pei-ho, of course," they exclaimed together. +"And I suppose there is ever so much traffic on it?" +Leonard said; "with no end of ships to be seen?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, a good many may be seen there. I have a +picture of boats on the River Pei-ho."</p> + +<p>"What sort of flags do Chinese boats have, father? +I do not see any hoisted here."</p> + +<p>"The Imperial Navy is divided into river and sea-going +vessels, the former consisting of 1,900 ships, the +latter of 918; and there are 188,000 sailors. Ships in the +Imperial Navy generally fly a flag at the main, on which +red lines are drawn, or sometimes a tri-colour is hoisted +there instead. Red would, I suppose, be for safety, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +this is the 'lucky' colour of the Chinese. At the stern +of the vessel I remember seeing the name of the official +who directs and superintends the ship."</p> + +<p>"Isn't Tientsin noted for something?" Sybil then +asked.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 264px;"> +<img src="images/i-056.png" width="264" height="400" alt="MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS." title="" /> +<span class="caption">MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</span> +</div> + +<p>"Yes; for the treaty of June 26th, 1858, between the +Chinese and British, some of the terms of which were that +the Christian religion should be protected by Chinese +authorities, that British subjects should be allowed to +travel in the country for pleasure or business, under +passports issued by their consul, and that the Queen +might acquire a building site at Peking."</p> + +<p>"But now the religion, please, father," she said +again.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Very well; but you must pay great attention to what +I say, or you will not understand. Most of the Chinese +are either Confucianists, Buddhists, or Taouists, although +there are also Jews and Mahometans amongst +them. At one time it is supposed that the people of +China had really a knowledge of the true God, and +that when they worshipped, in much the same sort of +manner as did the patriarchs, Him whom they call +Wang-teen, or Shang-ti, which means Supreme Ruler, +they worshipped God.</p> + +<p>"But mixing with this an idolatrous worship of +departed ancestors, they nearly lost sight of the Supreme +Ruler, the jealous God, Who, we know, claims all our +worship.</p> + +<p>"About the latter half of the sixth century before +Christ, Confucius, a great and clever philosopher of +China, who was born 551 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, wrote and put together +books that held very moral and good maxims, afterwards +called 'The Classics.'</p> + +<p>"He taught that men must always be obedient to +those to whom they are in subjection: people to prince, +child to parent, filial piety being enforced before every +other duty. He was very anxious to improve the +manners of the people; but women he ranked very +low. Confucianism is—but perhaps you will not understand +this—more a philosophy than a religion. Its +followers have no particular form of worship, and no +priesthood. The Pearly Emperor, Supreme Ruler, is +their deity, but worship is seldom offered to him, and +then only by a few.</p> + +<p>"Although Confucius disapproved very much of idols, +after he was dead many of his followers worshipped +him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 383px;"> +<img src="images/i-058.png" width="383" height="500" alt="A MANDARIN." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A MANDARIN.</span> +</div> + +<p>"Confucianists do not believe in a future state of +rewards and punishments, but think that their good +and bad deeds will be rewarded here by riches or +poverty, long or short life, good or bad health. Conscience<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +is to lead people aright, and tell them when they +do wrong.</p> + +<p>"The high mandarins and literary people are +generally Confucianists; school-boys also worship an idol +or tablet of the sage, in which his spirit is supposed +to dwell.</p> + +<p>"There is a temple to the honour of 'The Great +Teacher' in every large town; and on great occasions, +and always in spring-time and autumn, sacrifices are +here offered, the Emperor himself, as high priest, presiding +at these two ceremonies in Peking, the chief +mandarins of his court giving him assistance. In +temples of Confucius idols are very seldom to be seen.</p> + +<p>"The Confucianists are taught that man was originally +good, his nature being given by heaven, and that sin +came through union of the soul with matter."</p> + +<p>"What are mandarins, please, father?" asked +Leonard.</p> + +<p>"Chinese officials, of which there are many grades, +and many in each grade, all of whom are paid by +Government. To every province there is a viceroy, to +every city a governor, and to the village a mandarin, who +is elected to rule over it for three years; and all these, +again, have many officers under them. There are also a +great many military mandarins. A great mark of +imperial favour is to allow mandarins, civil or military, +to wear a peacock's feather in their caps, which hangs +down over the back, and the ball placed on the top +shows, by its colour and material, the rank of the wearer. +Soldiers fighting very bravely are often buoyed up with +the hope of receiving one of these feathers.</p> + +<p>"Mandarins, who stand in a sort of fatherly relationship +towards their people, although they do not always<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +behave like fathers towards them, look for implicit +obedience from them."</p> + +<p>"Can a mandarin be punished when he does +wrong?" Leonard asked. "And what sort of dress does +he wear?"</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/i-060.png" width="450" height="450" alt="A MANDARIN WITH PEACOCK'S FEATHER." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A MANDARIN WITH PEACOCK'S FEATHER.</span> +</div> + +<p>"He can be punished when he does wrong; and as well +as I can remember, those mandarins that I saw, who +were in high office, wore a long, loose robe of blue +silk, embroidered with gold threads. This reached to +their ankles, being fastened round their waists with a +belt. Over this was a violet tunic, coming just below +the knees, which had very wide, long sleeves, usually +worn turned back, but if not, hanging over the hands."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Will you please go on about the religion now, +father?" Sybil then said. "You had just told us that +the Confucianists were taught that man was made +good."</p> + +<p>"Yes; and their worship is paid almost entirely to +their ancestors, which worship they look upon as a continuation +of the reverence they had been taught to show +them while on earth. I will tell you more about ancestral +worship presently.</p> + +<p>"Many people, as you can well understand, were not +satisfied with Confucianism as a religion, as it could +not satisfy their spiritual wants, especially as the Pearly +Emperor, or Supreme Ruler, generally looked upon as the +highest divinity worshipped by the Chinese, might +only be approached by the Emperor and his court; +so another sect sprang up, having a philosopher +named La-outze, who was born 604 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, for its +founder. He thought that to grow perfect he must +seclude himself from other people, and in his retirement +was always looking for the Taou-le, the meaning of which +you will hardly understand—the cause or the end of +all things. His followers are called Taouists. This +philosopher says in his book that 'it is by stillness, and +contemplation, and union with Taou, that virtue is to be +achieved'—Taou here meaning a principle and a way. +He said that virtue consisted in losing sight of oneself, +and that man should love even his enemies, and go +through life as if none of his possessions belonged to +himself. The Taouists say that 'Taou is without substance, +and eternal, and the universe coming from him exists in +the silent presence of Taou everywhere,' and that only +those who become very virtuous are happy.</p> + +<p>"La-outze is now worshipped by the Taouists as the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +third of a trinity of persons, called 'The Three Pure +Ones.'</p> + +<p>"He is said, when born, to have had long white hair, +and is therefore represented as an old man, and called +'old boy.' The Chinese assert that his mother was fed +with food from heaven, and that when he was born he +jumped up into the air, and said, as he pointed with his left +hand to heaven and his right hand to the earth, 'Heaven +above, earth beneath: only Taou is honourable.' The +Taouist trinity are supposed to live in the highest heaven; +and Taouists used to spend a great deal of time in seeking +for a drink that they thought would make them live +for ever. Subduing evil is by some of them supposed +to secure immortality to the soul.</p> + +<p>"Their priests are often very ignorant men, but +they are believed in by the people, and are employed +by them to perform superstitious rites."</p> + +<p>"Oh, father! Isn't it a dreadful pity that they +should believe so many things like Christians, even in +a trinity, and the duty of loving one's enemies, and only +be heathens after all?"</p> + +<p>"It is indeed; but the more we see of heathens, +Sybil, the more we shall notice how they cannot help +feeling after truth and grasping some parts of it, which +seem as though they were a very necessity to religion. +These Taouist priests are often called in by the people +to exorcise, or drive away, evil spirits, to cure sick people +and commune with the dead."</p> + +<p>"Oh, father! I do so like this Peep-show. Please +tell us now about the people of the other sect."</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 343px;"> +<img src="images/i-063.png" width="343" height="600" alt="A BUDDHIST PRIEST." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A BUDDHIST PRIEST.</span> +</div> + +<p>"They are the Buddhists, who also worship a +trinity; indeed, Taouists are thought to have taken +that idea from them. As early as 250 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Buddhist<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +missionaries came over from India to China, but the +religion did not really take root until an emperor named +Hing, of the Han dynasty, introduced it, in the first century +of the Christian era, about 66 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> This emperor +is said to have seen in a dream, in the year of our Lord +61, an image of a foreign god coming into his palace, +and in consequence he was advised to adopt the religion of +Buddha, when he sent to India for an idol and some +priests. Towards the end of the thirteenth century +there were more than 4,200 Buddhist temples in China, +and more than 213,000 monks. The Buddhist trinity +is called Pihte, or the Three Precious Ones: Buddha Past, +Buddha Present, and Buddha Future, and dreadfully ugly +idols they are. The Buddhist's idea of heaven is Nirvâna, +or rest, or more properly speaking, extinction. The +Chinese Buddhist thinks that a man possesses three souls or +spirits, one of which accompanies the body to the grave, +another passes into his ancestral tablet to be worshipped, +and the third enters into one, or all, of the ten kingdoms +of the Buddhistic hell, into which people pass after death, +there to receive punishments according to the lives they +have led upon earth. From the tenth kingdom they +pass back to earth, to inhabit the form of a man, beast, +bird, or insect, as they may have deserved, unless during +life a man has attained to a certain state of perfection, +when he mounts to the highest heaven, and perhaps +becomes a god or buddha. But even from the Western +Paradise a spirit has sometimes to return to earth. +Should a man have been good in all the various lives +that he has lived, he is supposed to attain, I believe, to +this Nirvâna, or extinction."</p> + +<p>"What a wonderful belief!" Sybil said. "So they +cannot believe at all in the immortality of the soul?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> + +<p>"No, they do not."</p> + +<p>"I should like to see a Buddhist priest very much," +Leonard said.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 449px;"> +<img src="images/i-065.png" width="449" height="450" alt="ENTRANCE TO A BUDDHIST MONASTERY." title="" /> +<span class="caption">ENTRANCE TO A BUDDHIST MONASTERY.</span> +</div> + +<p>"I dare say you will see a good many when you get +to China. They live together in monasteries, sometimes +in great numbers, and these monasteries are prettily +situated, surrounded by lakes and gardens. They consist +of a number of small buildings, to the principal of +which is a large entrance, that has inscriptions on either +side of the gateway."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-066.png" width="600" height="352" alt="A MONASTERY." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A MONASTERY.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Are the priests very good men?" asked Leonard.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-067.png" width="400" height="377" alt="A GONG." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A GONG.</span> +</div> + +<p>"Very often, I am afraid, just the reverse; but this +is not to be wondered at, for criminals in China, to escape +from justice, will sometimes shave their heads, and seek refuge +by becoming Buddhist priests. When they take their +vows—some taking nine, some twelve—for each one a cut +is made in their arms to help them to remember it. Some +of the vows resemble the commandments setting forth +our duty towards our neighbour. A Buddhist priest, in +China, wears a wide turn-over collar; when he officiates +he often dresses in a yellow robe made of silk or cotton,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +but he is only allowed to wear silk when he does +officiate. At other times his garments are of white or +ash colour, or he wears a long, grey cowl with flowing +sleeves. Buddhist priests shave all their hair two or +three times a month. They think it is of great use to +repeat their classics very often to the gods, and keep an +account of the number of times they say them on their +beads. I fancy they use brooms wherewith to sprinkle +holy water. There are four special commandments for +Buddhists, both priests and people: not to destroy animal +life, not to steal, not to speak falsely, and not to drink +wine. In monasteries the refectories of the priests are +very large, and they have all to sit at dinner, so that +the abbot, who is at their head, can see their faces. +They are called to breakfast and dinner by a gong, +where they have to appear in their cowls. Gongs are +very much used in China, and are to be seen at all the +temples. When the priest, who presides, comes in, they +all rise, and putting their hands together, say grace. +After the food has been so blessed, some is put outside +as an offering to the fowls of the air. During dinner +the priests may not speak, and on the walls of the +refectory are boards, on which are written warnings, +such as not to eat too quickly; also the rules of the +monastery."</p> + +<p>"That would not have done for you, Leonard, when +you thought you would be late for school, and gobbled +your dinner anyhow," said Sybil.</p> + +<p>"How many gods have the Chinese?" asked +Leonard.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-069.png" width="600" height="358" alt="WORSHIP IN A LAMASARY, BUDDHIST TEMPLE." title="" /> +<span class="caption">WORSHIP IN A LAMASARY, BUDDHIST TEMPLE.</span> +</div> + +<p>"So many that it would be impossible to say, and +the Celestials (as the Chinese are often called, from +naming their country the Celestial Land) are not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +particular how they worship them; Taouists, for instance, +worshipping those who are peculiarly Buddhist divinities, +and Buddhists invoking, in return, their gods. Indeed, +the three religions have so borrowed from one another, +and people have believed so much as they liked, that +the Chinese themselves often do not know to which +religion they belong, and are either all or none, pretty +well as they choose. The Buddhism of China is not +at all the pure Buddhism, and has been much corrupted +by its professors."</p> + +<p>"Who was the founder of Buddhism?"</p> + +<p>"An Indian prince, of beautiful character, born +620 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, and called Shâkyamuni Buddha, who left +wealth and luxury to go about relieving suffering +wherever he found it. After he died his followers +believed that he was transformed into a god, having +three different forms."</p> + +<p>"Tell us some of the gods, please."</p> + +<p>"A god of rain; a god of wind; a god of thunder; +a god of wealth, the latter worshipped very much by +tradesmen; a god of thieves; a goddess of thunder; a +guardian goddess of women and little children, called +Kum-fa, whose ten attendants watch over children, helping +them to eat, and teaching them to smile and walk; +a god of wine; a god of fire; a goddess of mercy; a +goddess of sailors; a goddess of children, called 'Mother'; +a god of the kitchen; a god of measles, a god of small-pox. +Then the Confucianists worship two stars, who +are supposed to look after literature and drawing, the +former called the god of literature. And besides household +gods belonging to every family, there are a god of +the passing year, and numerous others. Many of the +gods are deified persons who once lived on earth."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-071.png" width="600" height="350" alt="TEMPLE OF THE MOON, PEKING." title="" /> +<span class="caption">TEMPLE OF THE MOON, PEKING.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> + +<p>"What a number!" Sybil said. "But who, then, is +the great Lama? You have not told us anything about +him yet, and I heard you speaking about him the other +day."</p> + +<p>"There is another form of Buddhism, called Lamaism, +and this, though it prevails principally in Thibet and +Mongolia, has also its followers in Peking. The Great +Lama, or Living Buddha, is the head of this."</p> + +<p>"And he is a living man?"</p> + +<p>"Yes; but his soul is said never to die; therefore, +when he dies it is supposed to pass into an infant whom +the priests select by a likeness that they trace to the late +Lama. I one day saw worship going on in a Lama +temple."</p> + +<p>"Have you a picture of it, father?" Leonard asked, +who was getting a little tired of these descriptions, which +Sybil liked so much.</p> + +<p>"Yes, and I think it a very good one. In the centre, +facing the worshippers, is a very large idol indeed of +Buddha. To the right and left of the temple are smaller +idols. Some gods in temples do not receive worship, but +guard the doors. Incense is burning in front; the high +priest, to the right, is lifting up his hands in adoration, +whilst the people offer scented rods and tapers to +Buddha. As they light their offerings they kow-tow, +or hit their heads upon the floor. This is the Chinese +way of reverent, respectful salutation. The devotees +are grouped in squares.</p> + +<p>"Then I forgot to tell you that the Sun and Moon are +also worshipped. Whilst in Peking, I went to a temple +of the Moon. It was on the day of the autumnal equinox, +when, at six o'clock in the evening, a very solemn sacrifice +is offered, and the great ladies of the capital meet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +to burn their tapers. I approached this temple by a long +avenue of beautiful trees. The temple was large; but I +noticed that more women than men had come to attend +the ceremonies."</p> + +<p>"I thought the Chinese were clever people," Sybil +said; "if so, how can they believe in so many gods?"</p> + +<p>"They have been trained to do so. They feel, I +suppose, that they must offer worship, and until a real +knowledge of the true God can be planted in their midst, +they will remain slaves to idolatry. Many of the more +enlightened heathen, I believe, only regard their idols +as representations of the Deity they are feeling after, +and not really as the Deity Himself; although I fear +many of the simpler sort, in different degrees, regard +their idols with great religious awe. Then, many a +Chinaman, again, will so often seem to have no religion +at all!"</p> + +<p>"Is it very difficult to teach the Chinese, father?"</p> + +<p>"It is very difficult to find words, in their language, +clearly to bring home to them the great truths of the +Bible; and Confucius having for nearly twenty centuries +held such a sway over their minds, they do not care to +listen to new teachers."</p> + +<p>"I am so glad the Bible is now translated into +Chinese, and that you are taking some copies out with +you. But how old these people must be!"</p> + +<p>"The Chinese are a very ancient race, and had a +literature 700 years before Christ. They are very fond +and proud of their country."</p> + +<p>"Do Taouists and Buddhists believe in, and read, the +writings of Confucius?"</p> + +<p>"To a great extent."</p> + +<p>"And are there many Christians in China now?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p> + +<p>"The Church Missionary Society, at her six chief +stations of Hong-Kong, Foo-Chow, Ningpo, Hang-Chow, +Shaou-hing, and Shanghai, now numbers 4,667 +native followers, and 1,702 communicants, of whom +nine are native clergymen and 174 native Christian +teachers. In China altogether there are 40,000 Christian +adherents. But what are these, when we think +that this vast empire alone contains 400,000,000 people, +one-third of the human race?"</p> + +<p>"They will listen to you, father," Sybil said, looking +up very brightly. Sybil was a child who thought that +there was nobody, except her own mother, in the whole +world to compare with her father.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-074.png" width="500" height="151" alt="Decoration: Landscape" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> + + + + +<div><img src="images/i-075a1.png" width="600" height="165" alt="Decoration" title="" class="splitlt" /> +<img src="images/i-075a2.png" width="211" height="228" alt="Decoration" title="" class="splitlb" /> +</div> + + + + +<div class='chapternumber'><br /><br />CHAPTER IV.<br /><br /></div> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>CHINESE CHILDHOOD.</div> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 45px;"> + +</div><div class='unindent'><img src="images/i-075b-i.png" width="45" height="68" alt=""I" title="" /> FORGOT to ask you, father," +Leonard said, about a week +later—for during that time +he and his sister had been otherwise +engaged, and had therefore not come to hear +anything more about the Chinese and their strange +doings—"I forgot to ask you if Celestial boys wore pig-tails +too. I have never, I believe, seen a picture of a +Chinese boy."</div> + +<p>"Some have pig-tails, but some parents allow just a +tuft of hair to grow on a boy's head until he is eight or +ten years old, and shave the rest. Sometimes he wears +the tuft longer; and I have also seen girls wearing it +on one or both sides of their heads."</p> + +<p>"Father, will you tell us something now about +the children?" Sybil then asked.</p> + +<p>"I know little babies of three days old often have +their wrists tied with red cotton cord, to which a charm +is hung, which is, I suppose, to bring it prosperity or drive +away from it evil spirits. At a month old its head is +shaved for the first time, when, if its mother does not +shave it, a hair-dresser has to wear red in which to do it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +A boy is shaved before the ancestral tablet, but a girl +before an image of the goddess of children called +'Mother,' and thank-offerings are on this day presented +to the goddess."</p> + +<p>"What does the ancestral tablet mean?"</p> + +<p>"It consists of a piece of wood or stone, which is +meant to represent the dead. As I told you, one of the +spirits of a dead man is supposed to enter the tablet, and +the more this is worshipped the happier the spirit is supposed +to be. On this tablet are names and inscriptions, +which sometimes represent several ancestors. After a +certain time (I think the fifth generation) the tablet is +no longer worshipped, as by that time the spirit is supposed +to have passed into another body."</p> + +<p>"Thank you. I understand that now," Sybil said. +"Does anything else happen on the grand shaving +day?"</p> + +<p>"Presents of painted ducks' eggs, cakes, and other +things are sent to the baby, and when it is four months +old 'Mother' is thanked again, and prayed to make +the child grow fast, sleep well, and be good-tempered." +Sybil and Leonard laughed. "On this day the +child also sits for the first time in a chair, when his +grandmother, his mother's mother, who has to give him +a great many presents, sends him some soft kind of +sugar-candy, which is put upon the chair, and when this +has stuck the baby is put upon it, and I suppose his +clothes then stick to it also."</p> + +<p>"What a fashion to learn to sit in a chair!" Leonard +said. "And what's done on his first birthday?"</p> + +<p>"Another thank-offering is presented to 'Mother,' +more presents come, and the baby has to sit in front of a +number of things, such as ink, pens, scales, pencils, tools,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +books, fruit, gold, or anything the parents like to arrange +before him, and whatever he catches hold of first will +show them what his future character or occupation is +likely to be.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 332px;"> +<img src="images/i-077.png" width="332" height="450" alt="YUEN-SHUH, A LITTLE STUDENT." title="" /> +<span class="caption">YUEN-SHUH, A LITTLE STUDENT.</span> +</div> + +<p>"But the worst part has now to come. As soon as +the poor little fellow can learn anything, he is taught to +worship 'Mother' and other idols, before which he has +to bow down, and raise up his little hands, whilst candles +and incense are burnt in their honour. So it is no wonder +that as he grows older he learns his lesson thoroughly. +At sixteen children are supposed to leave childhood behind +them, and there is a ceremony for this."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Do Chinese girls learn lessons? or is it only the +boys?"</p> + +<p>"In some parts of China there are, I believe, a few +schools for young ladies, and instruction is given to +them by tutors at home; but although two or three +Chinese ladies have been celebrated for great literary +attainments, these are quite the exceptions, and there +are only a very few schools for any girls in China, +except the mission schools. Those for boys abound all +over the country."</p> + +<p>"Did you ever go into a boy's school, father?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, into several, where I saw many a little +intelligent-looking boy working very hard at his lessons. +One little boy, named Yuen-Shuh, told me that he +meant to get all the literary honours that he could. +Chinese boys are not allowed to talk at all in school-hours. +Each boy has a desk at which to sit, which +is so arranged that he cannot speak to the boy next to +him. Little Yuen-Shuh had been to school since he +was six years old.</p> + +<p>"Another boy was saying a lesson when I went in, +and therefore standing with his back to his teacher. +Boys always say their lessons like this, and it is called +'backing the book.' The teacher, as they repeat their +lessons, puts down their marks. When learning their +lessons they repeat them aloud. There are higher schools +into which older boys pass, and the great aim of the +Chinese is to take literary honours, as nothing else can +give them a position of high rank; but even a peasant +taking these honours would rank as a gentleman."</p> + +<p>"Will you take me to see a school in China?" +Leonard then asked.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-079.png" width="600" height="331" alt="A CHINESE SCHOOL." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A CHINESE SCHOOL.</span> +</div> + +<p>His father, having promised to do so, went on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +to say to Leonard: "Parents are very particular as to +their choice of a schoolmaster, who must be considered +good, as well as able to teach; and to qualify himself +the master must, of course, know the doctrines of +the ancient sages. After all has been settled for a +boy to go to school, the parents always invite the +schoolmaster to a dinner, given expressly for him. +Then a fortune-teller is asked to decide upon a 'lucky' +day for the boy to make his first appearance at school, +when he takes the tutor a present. No boy ever goes +to school first on the anniversary of the day on which +Confucius died or was buried. On entering school, he +turns to the shrine of Confucius—an altar erected to +his honour in every school—and worships him, after +which he salutes his teacher very respectfully, hears +what he has to do, and goes to his desk."</p> + +<p>"And are there many holidays at Chinese schools?"</p> + +<p>"At the new year and in the autumn there are +always holidays, but children also go home to keep all +religious festivals, to celebrate the birthdays of parents +and grandparents, to worship their tablets, and at the +tombs of ancestors. Very often schoolmasters are men +who have toiled very hard at their books, and yet have +not succeeded in taking a very high degree, but +sometimes having done so, they choose teaching for +their profession. Children are very much punished in +China when they break school-rules. Perhaps the +punishment they fear most is to be beaten with a +broom, because they think that this may make them +unlucky for the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'r st'">rest</ins> of their lives."</p> + +<p>"And they can never have an alphabet to learn," +Sybil said, "when they first go to school, as there is not +one."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 353px;"> +<img src="images/i-081.png" width="353" height="550" alt="A VILLAGE SCHOOLMASTER." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A VILLAGE SCHOOLMASTER.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> + +<p>"No; instead of letters and words, they have to learn, +and master, characters. In some schools children learn +names first; in others they have reading lessons, where +all the sentences consist of three characters. As soon +as possible they are set to learn the classic on 'Filial +Piety.'"</p> + +<p>"Now, father, will you please describe a Chinese +house to us?"</p> + +<p>"Those of the richer classes are surrounded by a +high wall, and composed of a number of rooms, generally +on one floor. In large cities some houses have another +storey; but the Chinese think it 'unlucky' to live above +ground."</p> + +<p>"The Chinese seem to think everything either lucky +or unlucky," Sybil said; "it does seem silly. I do not +wonder that you always told me not to say that word. +I don't think I shall ever want to say it again now; and +I used to say it rather often, usen't I? But I did not +mean to interrupt you, so please go on now."</p> + +<p>"Some houses are very large, which they have to be, +in order to accommodate several branches of the same +family, who often live together in different parts of +them.</p> + +<p>"There are generally three doors of entrance to a +house, of which the principal, in the centre, leads to the +reception hall, into which visitors are shown. I have +seen the walls of rooms hung with white silk or +satin, on which sentences of good advice were written. +All sorts of beautiful lanterns hang from the sitting-room +ceilings, sometimes by silk cords. The furniture consists +principally of chairs, tables, pretty screens and cabinets, +with many porcelain ornaments, and fans are very +numerous in a Chinese household. Most houses have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +very beautiful gardens; even the poor try to have their +houses surrounded by as much ground as possible. Many +houses also have verandahs, where the Chinaman likes to +smoke his evening pipe. Indeed, women, even ladies, +smoke pipes in China. I have a picture of a verandah +scene in the south of China."</p> + +<p>"Are these people rich or poor?" Sybil asked.</p> + +<p>"Certainly not rich, but also not very poor."</p> + +<p>"You were saying the other day, father, that +Chinese people smoke something else besides tobacco?" +Leonard then asked.</p> + +<p>"Opium."</p> + +<p>"What is opium?"</p> + +<p>"The juice of the poppy, which, after being made +into a solid form, is boiled down with water."</p> + +<p>"Why did you say that opium-smoking was so +dreadful?"</p> + +<p>"You shall hear all about it, and then judge for yourself. +The opium-smoker, whilst engaged with his pipe, +thinks of, and cares for, nothing else in the whole world +besides, and generally lies down to give himself up to +its more full enjoyment. Holding his pipe over the +flame of a small oil-lamp beside him, he lights the opium, +and then gently draws in the vapour which proceeds +from it. Sometimes people smoke in their own houses, +and sometimes they resort to horrid places regularly set +apart for opium-smoking. In Hong-Kong, where we are +going, there will be many an opium-smoker who will +buy this drug in quantities when he cannot even afford +to purchase clothing.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 379px;"> +<img src="images/i-084.png" width="379" height="600" alt="FAMILY SCENE—AFTER DINNER" title="" /> +<span class="caption">FAMILY SCENE—AFTER DINNER</span> +</div> + +<p>"If a man make a practice of smoking opium at +stated times, even should these times not be very frequent, +he so acquires the habit of smoking, that if, when the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +pipe be due it is not forthcoming, he is quite unable to do +his work, and wastes all his time thinking of and longing +for his pipe. The habit is sometimes acquired in less +than a fortnight. Opium may first be taken in a small +quantity to cure toothache; the small quantity leads to +large quantities; the large quantities, or even small ones +taken regularly, lead at last to the man becoming an +habitual opium-smoker: and this means that the victim's +health becomes injured, and that he is unfit for any +work. If he then leave off his opium, he becomes ill, has +dreadful pain, which sometimes lasts till he smokes again; +he has no appetite for food, cannot sleep at night, and +looks haggard and miserable. Sometimes if opium cannot be procured +by him he dies.</p> + +<p>"And these men make themselves slaves for life to +this horrid drug, knowing before they touch it what it +will do for them.</p> + +<p>"Opium-smoking makes rich men poor, honest men +thieves, and poor people even sell their children to obtain +the drug."</p> + +<p>"And can't they be cured, father?" Sybil asked.</p> + +<p>"Medical aid has been brought in to help them, +but it generally fails; and every now and then we hear +of an opium-smoker becoming a Christian and then overcoming +the vice, but this is also very rare indeed. And +what does this teach us, children?"</p> + +<p>They thought. "Never to acquire bad habits, I suppose," +said Sybil, "for fear they should grow upon +us."</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 346px;"> +<img src="images/i-086.png" width="346" height="600" alt="HABITUAL OPIUM-SMOKERS." title="" /> +<span class="caption">HABITUAL OPIUM-SMOKERS.</span> +</div> + +<p>"Yes; and because they do grow upon us. Everything +to which we very much accustom ourselves grows +into a habit; therefore it is so very important for +both Chinese and English, for both grown-up and little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +people, to cultivate good habits. And more especially is +this important in the case of young people, because so +many of our habits, which remain with us and influence +our whole after-life, are formed in our childish days."</p> + +<p>"And do people really sell their children?"</p> + +<p>"They do, indeed; and some children are so filial +that they will even sell themselves for the good of their +parents. There is very little that a Chinaman will not +do for a parent. One of their superstitions is that if a +father or mother be ill, and the child should cut away +some of its own flesh to mix in the parent's medicine, a +cure would be effected; and children have been known +to cut pieces, for this purpose, out of their own arms."</p> + +<p>"What would happen," Sybil asked, "if a child were +to do anything very dreadful to a parent in China?"</p> + +<p>"If a son kill a parent, he is put to death, his +house is torn down, his nearest neighbours are punished, +and his schoolmaster is put to death; the magistrate of the +district would also suffer, and the governor of the province +would go down in rank."</p> + +<p>"How unfair!" Leonard exclaimed, "when only +one person did it."</p> + +<p>"Why does all that happen?" Sybil asked.</p> + +<p>"To show how great the man's sin is. The schoolmaster +is punished because it is thought that he did not +bring up his pupil properly. Of course, it is very unfair, +but the Chinese are often very cruel in their +chastisments, and many criminals prefer death to some of +the other punishments. A great many also suffer capital +punishment; sometimes as many as ten thousand people +in a year."</p> + +<p>"Then, when children do wrong, their parents and +schoolmasters are blamed?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Very often their faults are attributed to their +bringing-up."</p> + +<p>"Oh! oughtn't we to be careful, then, Leonard? +Fancy when we do wrong people blaming father or +mother!"</p> + +<p>Leonard was then very anxious to hear more about +Chinese punishments, so his father told him an occurrence +that he had once witnessed.</p> + +<p>"A very usual way of punishing small offences," he +began, "is by beating with a bamboo; and whenever +a mandarin finds that any one, under his jurisdiction, has +transgressed, he can use the bamboo. Parents use it on +their children even when they are thirty years of age. +The poor Chinese culprits used to be subject to very +horrible tortures, such as having their fingers or ankles +squeezed until they made confession; but I believe +a good many of the worst tortures have now been done +away with. One in common use is the canque, which +is a collar made of heavy wood, with a hole in the centre +for the head to come through. It is fastened round the +neck, and is worn from one to three months, preventing its +prisoner from lying down day or night. The captive +remains in the street instead of in prison, and is dependent +upon his friends to feed him."</p> + +<p>"What a shame!" Leonard said. "I'd like to be a +magistrate in China, to put that sort of cruelty down."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 365px;"> +<img src="images/i-089.png" width="365" height="500" alt="A CHINESE COURT OF LAW." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A CHINESE COURT OF LAW.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/i-090.png" width="450" height="400" alt="CHINESE PUNISHMENT." title="" /> +<span class="caption">CHINESE PUNISHMENT.</span> +</div> + +<p>"But now I am coming to a trial that I witnessed +myself. I remember, as I went into the Provincial +Criminal Court, one day, seeing the judge sitting +behind a large table, covered with a red cloth. Secretaries, +interpreters, and turnkeys stood at each end +of the table, only the judge having a right to sit down. +Soon after I arrived the prisoner was led in by a chain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +who immediately threw himself down on the ground +before the judge. The crime brought against him was +robbing an official of high rank. It was thought that +he could not have committed the robbery alone, and was +asked how it was effected, and who were his accomplices. +He would not say. Then he was beaten; but still this +brought no answer. Both an arm and a leg were then +put into a board, which made it almost impossible for +him either to walk, or sit, or stand. His poor back must +have ached terribly; and while one man dragged him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +along by a chain, another held a whip to urge him +forward.</p> + +<p>"And he had never committed the robbery after all, +but gave himself up in place of his father, a man named +Wang-Yangsui, who was really the culprit."</p> + +<p>Tears were in Sybil's eyes as she listened.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/i-091.png" width="450" height="422" alt="POOR OLD WANG-YANGSUI IN THE CAGE." title="" /> +<span class="caption">POOR OLD WANG-YANGSUI IN THE CAGE.</span> +</div> + +<p>"And he suffered all that?" she said.</p> + +<p>"Sons have been known to allow themselves to be +transported to save their parents, and then only to have +felt that they did their duty."</p> + +<p>"And in this case was the real culprit ever found +out?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Yes; the father, moved with compassion for his +boy, gave himself up."</p> + +<p>"And did they not let him off," Leonard asked, "as +the son had suffered so much for him?"</p> + +<p>"No; they put him into a cage in which were holes +for his head and feet, but in which he could neither sit +down nor stand upright. Round the cage was an inscription +relating the nature of his crime."</p> + +<p>"How long was he left there?"</p> + +<p>"That I was not able to hear, but the day he was +incarcerated I saw his daughter feeding him with chop-sticks. +These, which consist of two sticks that people +hold in the same hand wherewith to feed themselves, +instead of knives and forks, the Chinese always use when +they eat. She must have found it difficult to get to +him, as she was carrying a basket, as well as a baby on her +back, for she had small feet, and women with small feet +cannot walk any distance, even without a load at all. It +is not the rule for lower class girls to have their feet +made small, though in some cases it is done. This +woman had once been better off."</p> + +<p>"Why do Chinese ladies have small feet?" Leonard +asked.</p> + +<p>"But, father," Sybil put in, "please tell us first +what became of that poor old man. I am so sorry he +stole."</p> + +<p>"I heard that great poverty had tempted him to do +so, but that he afterwards bitterly repented of the crime +which he had committed. How long he remained in the +cage I was never able to ascertain; but I really think +now that we must close our 'Peep-show' for to-day."</p> + +<p>"After we've heard about the small feet ladies, +father. I think you have just time for that."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> + +<p>"The feet of Chinese women would be no smaller +than, perhaps not as small as, other women's feet, were +they not compressed."</p> + +<p>"What does that mean?"</p> + +<p>"Made smaller by being pressed."</p> + +<p>"How painful it must be!"</p> + +<p>"So it is. When very young, a little girl's foot is +tightly bandaged round, the end of the bandage being first +laid on the inside of the foot, then carried round the toes, +under the foot, and round the heel till the toes are +drawn over the sole, in which an indentation becomes +made and the instep swells out. After a time the +foot is soaked in hot water, when some of the toes will +occasionally drop off. Every time the bandage is taken +away another is put on, and tied more tightly. For the +first year there is, as we can imagine, dreadful pain, +but after two years the foot will become dead and cease +to ache. You can therefore understand that it is very +uncomfortable for Chinese ladies to walk, and if they +go any distance they are carried on the backs of their +female slaves."</p> + +<p>"Are all Chinese parents so silly as to have their +little girls' feet bandaged?"</p> + +<p>"A few are strong-minded enough to break through +the rule, and all the Tartar ladies have natural feet. +Anti-foot-binding societies have now been formed by +the Chinese gentry in Canton and Amoy."</p> + +<p>"I wonder what made people first think of doing +this?" Sybil said.</p> + +<p>"Some people think that it was first done to +help husbands to keep their wives at home; others +say that it was to copy an Empress who had a deformed +foot which she bandaged; but whatever the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +reason may have been, we cannot but wish very, very +strongly, that the cruel custom might be soon completely +done away with!"</p> + +<p>"I shall like to see the ladies being carried on their +slaves' backs," Leonard said. "That will be fun!"</p> + +<p>"You will soon see it now," was his father's answer, +"for we have been six weeks at sea, and the captain says +we may expect to be at Shanghai in another ten days' +time, so I think I had better not tell you any more, and +let you find out the rest for yourselves."</p> + +<p>"I think we might have just one more 'Peep-show,'" +Sybil replied, "and hear how we get our tea-leaves. +I think we ought to know about that before we +arrive."</p> + +<p>The missionary smiled, and the next time his children +wanted a "Peep-show" very much, only a very little +persuasion was required to make him sit down between +them and let them have it.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/i-094.png" width="300" height="219" alt="Small feet" title="" /> +</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-095a.png" width="500" height="189" alt="Landscape" title="" /> +</div> + + + + +<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE MERCHANT SHOWMAN.</div> + + +<div class="figright" style="width: 285px;"> +<img src="images/i-095b.png" width="285" height="244" alt="Man sitting" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/i-095c-wq.png" width="100" height="70" alt=""W" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'>ELL, so it is to be about +tea to-day," Mr. Graham +at once began. "Supposing +I do not know anything +about it, though; what are we to +do then? I know tea comes from +an evergreen plant, something +like a myrtle, but +that isn't much information, +is it? Wait a +minute, though, children," he then went on, "and you +shall have a proper lesson to-day." And as he spoke +Mr. Graham disappeared, soon to return with a fellow +passenger, a tea merchant, who would be the kind +"show-man" for to-day.</div> + +<p>"How far did you get?" he asked, as he sat amongst +the group of father, mother, and children, for Mrs. +Graham had also come to "the show" to-day.</p> + +<p>"That tea was an evergreen plant, something like the +myrtle," Sybil said, laughing; and all laughed with her.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-096.png" width="500" height="402" alt="GATHERING TEA-LEAVES." title="" /> +<span class="caption">GATHERING TEA-LEAVES.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 445px;"> +<img src="images/i-097.png" width="445" height="600" alt="SIFTING TEA." title="" /> +<span class="caption">SIFTING TEA.</span> +</div> + +<p>"Then I have it all to do, it seems. Well, the tea-plant +yields a crop after it has been planted three years, +and there are three gatherings during the year: one in +the middle of April, the second at midsummer, and the +third in August and September. I suppose it will do +if we begin here. The plant requires very careful plucking, +only one leaf being allowed to be gathered at a time; +and then a tree must never be plucked too bare. +Women and children, who are generally, though not +always, the tea gatherers, are obliged to wash their hands +before they begin their work, and have to understand +that it is the medium-sized leaves which they have to pick,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +leaving the larger ones to gather the dew. When the +baskets are full, into which the leaves have been dropped, +they are carried away hanging to a bamboo slung across +the shoulders, which is a very usual way of carrying<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +things in China. The tea-plant is the most important +vegetable production of the 'Flowery Land.' But as there +are, you know, several kinds of tea, I think I had better +tell you how that called Congou, which, I suppose, you +generally drink yourselves, is prepared. The leaves are +first spread out in the air to dry, after which they are +trodden by labourers, so that any moisture remaining in +them, after they have been exposed to the air or sun, may +be pressed out; after this they are again heaped +together, and covered for the night with cloths. In this +state they remain all night, when a strange thing happens +to them, spontaneous heating changing the green leaves +to black or brown. They are now more fragrant and +the taste has changed.</p> + +<p>"The next process is to twist and crumple the leaves, +by rubbing them between the palms of the hands. In +this crumpled state they are again put in the sun, or if +the day be wet, or the sky threatening, they are baked +over a charcoal fire.</p> + +<p>"Leaves, arranged in a sieve, are placed in the middle +of a basket-frame, over a grate in which are hot embers of +charcoal. After some one has so stirred the leaves that they +have all become heated alike, they are ready to be sold +to proprietors of tea-hongs in the towns, when the proprietor +has the leaves again put over the fire and sifted.</p> + +<p>"After this, women and girls separate all the bad +leaves and stems from the good ones; sitting, in order to +do so, with baskets of leaves before them, and very carefully +picking out with both their hands all the bad leaves +and stems that the sieve has not got rid of. The light +and useless leaves are then divided from those that are +heavy and good, when the good are put into boxes lined +with paper."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p> + +<p>"What is scented Caper Tea?" Mr Graham asked.</p> + +<p>"Oh, father! I am so glad that there's something you +have to ask," Leonard said, "as you seemed to know +<i>everything</i>."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/i-099.png" width="450" height="447" alt="SORTING TEA." title="" /> +<span class="caption">SORTING TEA.</span> +</div> + +<p>"The leaves of scented Orange Pekoe," the merchant +answered, "obtain their fragrance by being mixed with +the flowers of the Arabian jessamine, and when scented +enough, they are separated from the flowers by sieves. +Scented Caper Tea is made from some of the leaves of +this Orange Pekoe.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 390px;"> +<img src="images/i-100.png" width="390" height="500" alt="PRESSING BAGS OF TEA." title="" /> +<span class="caption">PRESSING BAGS OF TEA.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 394px;"> +<img src="images/i-101.png" width="394" height="500" alt="TEA-TASTING." title="" /> +<span class="caption">TEA-TASTING.</span> +</div> + +<p>"Those leaves which are prepared at Canton are +black or brown, with a slight tinge of yellow or green. +The tea-leaves growing on an extensive range of hills +in the district of Hokshan are often forwarded to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +Canton, where they are made into caper in the following +manner. But I wonder if Leonard knows what +'shan' means?" the merchant interrupted. He did, +for he had seen in his geography that "shan" meant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +mountain. "A tea-hong," the merchant continued, +"is furnished with many pans, into which seventeen +or eighteen handfuls of leaves are put. These are +moistened with water, and stirred up by the hand. As +soon as they are soft they are put into coarse bags, +which, tightly fastened, look like large balls.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 417px;"> +<img src="images/i-102.png" width="417" height="500" alt="WEIGHING TEA." title="" /> +<span class="caption">WEIGHING TEA.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p> + +<p>"These bags are moved backwards and forwards +on the floor by men holding on to wooden poles, and +standing upon them. In each bag the leaves take the +form of pellets, or capers.</p> + +<p>"The coarse leaves, gathered from finer ones, thus +made into Caper, after being well fired, are put into +wooden troughs, and chopped into several pieces, and +it is these pieces which become the tea which we call +Caper."</p> + +<p>"Thank you very much," said Mr. Graham. "I did +not know anything of this."</p> + +<p>"Tea-merchants are most particular, before buying +and selling tea, to taste it and to test its quality.</p> + +<p>"And before it is shipped away it is also very carefully +weighed, when I myself, I know, for instance, sit +by, watching the process, and taking account of the +result."</p> + +<p>"I suppose tea isn't ever sent about in wheel-barrows?" +then said Leonard, who liked very much +indeed the idea of wheel-barrows with sails up, such as +he had heard about.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-104.png" width="600" height="388" alt="GOING TO MARKET." title="" /> +<span class="caption">GOING TO MARKET.</span> +</div> + +<p>"I never saw it," was the merchant's reply; "but if +you are interested in wheel-barrows, you might like to +hear about one that I once saw in China. It was conveying +not only goods, and the scales wherewith to +weigh them, to market, but the family also to whom the +goods belonged. The family party made a great impression +upon me. The master of the barrow was pushing +it from behind, a donkey was pulling it in front, and on +the donkey rode a boy; a woman and two children +were driven in the wheel-barrow, besides the goods for +market. I thought the man and donkey must have a +heavy load between them, but both seemed to work most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +cheerfully and willingly; and a sail in the centre of +the wheel-barrow, gathering the full force of the wind, +must have been a great help to them.</p> + +<p>"The donkey was guided by no reins, only by the +voice of the boy on his back, who carried a stick, but had +no occasion to use it, although every now and then he just +raised it in the air. Sometimes the boy ran beside the +donkey. Anyhow suited the willing little beast, who +was as anxious as his master to do his best. A dog +completed the number of the party.</p> + +<p>"The man told me that he was truly fond of this +dog, and gave him 'plenty chow-chow' (plenty to eat), and +that he considered he owed all his wealth to him, as he +had once come to the house, and had since then remained +with the family.</p> + +<p>"A strange dog coming to, and remaining at, a house +is looked upon by the Chinese as bringing good luck to +the family, but a strange cat coming is a bad omen."</p> + +<p>The children laughed.</p> + +<p>"This man certainly treated his dog very well, as do +some few of his countrymen; but, alas! alas! so many +poor little faithful dogs in China, as in other countries, +lead anything but happy lives!"</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-105.png" width="400" height="173" alt="Landscape" title="" /> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-106a.png" width="500" height="236" alt="On river" title="" /> +</div> + + + + +<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>LITTLE CHU AND WOO-URH.</div> + + +<div class="figright" style="width: 316px;"> +<img src="images/i-106b.png" width="316" height="350" alt="Decoration: Palm tree" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 54px;"> +<img src="images/i-106c-n.png" width="54" height="70" alt="N" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'>O more story +Peep-shows of +what might be +seen in China, no more +wondering what the +Celestials would be like, +for Sybil and Leonard +had now landed on +Chinese soil, and +were themselves at +Shanghai, face to +face with its inhabitants.</div> + +<p>Shanghai seemed, +and was, a very +busy place, but not a town of very great importance in +itself, owing, really, its recent prosperity to having +opened its port to foreign commerce. The custom-house, +through which the Grahams' boxes had to be passed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +struck the children as a very strange and beautiful +building, quite different from anything that they had +seen before; and there was a great noise of chattering +going on outside, which sounded most unintelligible. +Coolies were carrying bales of silk and tea to and fro; +there were also, ready at hand, some of the sedan-chairs +that Sybil had longed to see, and everywhere "pig-tails," +or cues, as they were called, seemed to meet +Leonard's gaze.</p> + +<p>But the ships! Watching them was what he enjoyed +better than anything else. The town of Shanghai +is situated on the River Woosung, a tributary of the +Yangtse-kiang, just at that point where it joins the +great river, and about one hundred ships were +anchored before this busy, commercial city. Many +families resident there have their junks and a little +home on the river. There were some very pretty +buildings to be seen at Shanghai, and at one of these +our little party stayed—on a visit to another missionary +from the Church of England—for the three +days that they remained there.</p> + +<p>At some cities and towns, on the banks of rivers, +floating hotels are to be seen; and as people generally +have to travel by water, and the Chinese are not allowed +to keep open their city-gates after nine o'clock at night, +these hotels prove very useful to those arriving too +late to enter the city. Lighted with lanterns, they look +very pretty floating on the water, and both Sybil and +Leonard were very pleased to be taken over a large +floating hotel before they left Shanghai. Leonard was +very anxious to know how long this town had been open +to foreign commerce, and was told since the Opium +War, which lasted from 1840 to 1842, when the British,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +having occupied several Chinese cities, and having +captured Chinkiang in Hoopeh, were advancing to +Nanking, and the Chinese suing for peace, a treaty +was concluded which opened the ports of Amoy, Foochow, +Shanghai, and Ningpo, in addition to Canton, to +the British, who were henceforward to appoint consuls +to live in these towns.</p> + +<p>The Chinese are very polite to foreigners in Shanghai; +and as the kind missionary who bade the Grahams +welcome to his home endeavoured, during their short +stay, to interest and show them sights, they enjoyed +themselves very much. Sybil and Leonard could not help +noticing how very many people they met in spectacles, +but they were told that the Chinese suffer very much +from ophthalmia, and that when they wear spectacles, +some of which are very large, they often have sore +eyes.</p> + +<p>"There is one thing I cannot understand the Chinese +doing," Leonard said one day to Sybil: "and that is, +everybody that we have seen, as yet, spoiling their tea +by not taking any milk or sugar in it; and father says +all the Chinese drink tea like that, and call milk white +blood, and only use it in medicine."</p> + +<p>"Tea like that would not suit us," Sybil answered, +"as we like plenty of both milk and sugar; but I dare +say they think we spoil our tea by putting such things +into it."</p> + +<p>A visit to some rice-fields, a little sight-seeing, +a little more watching of ships carrying rice and other +products away, and then it was time for the Grahams +once more to take their seats on board.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-109.png" width="600" height="397" alt="THE CUSTOM-HOUSE, SHANGHAI." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE CUSTOM-HOUSE, SHANGHAI.</span> +</div> + +<p>We can imagine how both children strained their +eyes, as they steamed farther and farther away from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +Shanghai, to see what that port looked like in the +distance, and how Sybil examined her map as they +left the province of Kiang-su, to see at what port, and +in what province, they would next touch.</p> + +<p>This was Ningpo, in Che-kiang, but they did not +land here; neither did they go on shore at their next +halting-place, Foochow, in the province of Fu-kien. +It was at Amoy, in the same province, where their +father had a missionary friend, who had invited them +to pay him a few days' or a week's visit, as would suit +them best, that they next purposed landing, and this +they did about four days after they left Shanghai.</p> + +<p>"Whoever thought," Sybil said one day on board, +"that we should actually be on the Yellow Sea ourselves? +It seems almost too good to be true now."</p> + +<p>"I never knew people like to stare more at anybody +than they seem to like to stare at us here," Leonard +thought to himself when first at Amoy.</p> + +<p>He and Sybil were then being very carefully observed +by a group of natives of that place, but Leonard +had yet to become accustomed to being stared at in +China.</p> + +<p>"And, father," he said later, "I wonder why so +many of them wear turbans? I did not notice people +doing this at Shanghai."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-111.png" width="600" height="407" alt="A FLOATING HOTEL AT SHANGHAI." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A FLOATING HOTEL AT SHANGHAI.</span> +</div> + +<p>Mr. Graham did not know the reason of this +either; but he and Leonard were later informed +that the men of Amoy adopted the turban to hide +the tail when they were made to wear it by +their conquerors, and that they never gave it up. +Leonard was also told that they were good soldiers, +which, he said, he thought they looked. One thing +remarkable about the people of Amoy was that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +different families seemed to consist almost entirely of +boys. A great many of the inhabitants were very +poor, living crowded together in dirty houses very +barely furnished. Mrs. Graham had not to be long +in China to discover that cleanliness is not a Chinese +virtue. Sybil bought some very pretty artificial flowers +of some of the inhabitants of Amoy, which they had +themselves made. They manufactured them principally, +she heard, to be placed on graves.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-112.png" width="500" height="172" alt="THE PORT OF SHANGHAI." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE PORT OF SHANGHAI.</span> +</div> + +<p>Like other Chinese, these people were very superstitious. +Here and there large blocks of granite were to +be met with, which were regarded by them with reverence, +and looked upon as good divinities. On one the +Grahams saw inscriptions, which related some history of +the place.</p> + +<p>Granite seemed to abound here, for the temples and +monasteries were, for the most part, erected on the +heights between rocks of this description.</p> + +<p>Two days after reaching Amoy, Sybil was dreadfully +distressed, and shocked, to see a little girl +named Chu, of eleven years old, put up for sale by her +own parents. At ten dollars (£1) only was she valued;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +and for this paltry sum the parents were ready to sell +her to any one who would bid it for her. They were +very poor, and could not afford to keep her any longer. +She had four sisters and only two brothers; the youngest +of all, the baby, was to be drowned by her father, later +on in the day, in a tub of water. They had never done +anything like this before: this man and woman had +never killed a child, although they had had five girls, +and many of their neighbours had thought nothing of +destroying most of their daughters so soon as they were +born; but now, as the man was ill, and able to earn so +little, they had resolved to rid themselves of two of them +that day. If the baby lived, the mother comforted herself +by saying, she must be sold later, or grow up in +poverty and misery.</p> + +<p>Parents think it very necessary that their children +should marry, and sometimes sell, or give them away, +to their friends, when they are quite little, to be the +future wives of the sons of their new owners.</p> + +<p>If sold, they will then fetch about two dollars for +every year that they have lived; so a child of five years +old would fetch ten dollars; and this little girl, put up +for sale, was now eleven years old; therefore she was +being offered, poor little thing, below half price. And +some little girls of Amoy have been even offered for +sale for a few pence!</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-114.png" width="600" height="380" alt="A FAMILY OF AMOY." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A FAMILY OF AMOY.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 276px;"> +<img src="images/i-115.png" width="276" height="400" alt="THE MISSIONARY'S TEACHER." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE MISSIONARY'S TEACHER.</span> +</div> + +<p>It seemed incomprehensible to Sybil, as it must to +us, that a mother could wish either to kill or to sell +her little child, but neither the one nor the other +event is uncommon in some parts of China, where the +parent is poor; and even amongst the well-to-do +classes little girls are sometimes put to death, if the +parents have more daughters than they care to rear,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> +not only at Amoy, but at other places in the neighbourhood; +and even Chinese ladies will sometimes have +their poor little daughters put to death.</p> + +<p>"Why do people not kill their boys too?" Sybil +asked, when she heard all about this.</p> + + + +<p>"Because when they grow up they can earn money +that girls could not earn; and not only can they help to +support their parents when old, but they can worship +their ancestral tablets and keep up the family name."</p> + +<p>"I am sure a girl would do this too."</p> + +<p>"Her doing so would be considered of little use."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-116.png" width="600" height="327" alt="A VIEW OF AMOY, WITH A BLOCK OF GRANITE IN THE FOREGROUND." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A VIEW OF AMOY, WITH A BLOCK OF GRANITE IN THE FOREGROUND.</span> +</div> + +<p>It seemed that the very day before Mr. Graham<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +arrived in Amoy, a widow lady there had had her little +baby girl destroyed, and then, in her widow's dress, +had sat down quietly to talk matters over with her +sister-in-law, who thought that she had acted very +wisely. Killing a daughter, in China, is hardly looked +upon as being sinful. A widow's mourning consists of +all white and a band round the head, white being +Chinese deepest mourning.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-117.png" width="400" height="397" alt="LADIES OF AMOY." title="" /> +<span class="caption">LADIES OF AMOY.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 353px;"> +<img src="images/i-118.png" width="353" height="450" alt="LITTLE CHU." title="" /> +<span class="caption">LITTLE CHU.</span> +</div> + +<p>Whilst Mr. Graham stood by, a purchaser for little +Chu stepped forward, holding the ten dollars in his hand; +but the missionary was before him, and through a teacher,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +whom he had already been able to engage, offered the +father twice that sum not to sell the little girl at all, but +to let him have her for a servant. He hesitated, as +though he would rather sell his child right off to any +Chinaman than trust her to a foreign "barbarian." +But the sum tempted him; and although he could not +understand how receiving it did not give Chu altogether +to her purchaser, he seemed to be contented, especially +when the teacher explained that she would not be a slave, +but would be paid for what work she did. Little Chu +was well off to have stepped into so happy a service, and +the baby was rescued also. A certain sum was to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +paid weekly to the father, towards her support, until he +recovered his health, if he would only spare her; and both +parents, who really fondly loved their children, were +very glad to spare their baby, fifth girl though she was. +Her name was Woo-Urh, which means fifth girl.</p> + +<p>It did not take long to have little Chu tidily dressed, +with money that her new master supplied, and her poor +mother, who had some beads stowed away, now looked +them out and also put these on her. Chu was only +eleven years old, but poverty and care had given the little +one an old expression beyond her years. Chinese children +of from ten to sixteen years of age—about which +time they are supposed to marry—have a fringe cut over +their foreheads, and Chu wore this fringe now. It has +to grow again before they marry.</p> + +<p>That evening Chu was sent round to Mr. Graham's +brother missionary's house, where, as Sybil's little maid, +she was housed for the two or three days longer that they +would spend at Amoy; and though Chu had come to live +with foreigners, in the family of a "barbarian," as her +father thought, we can well imagine that she had never +been so happy in her life. Mr. Graham had told her +parents that when they reached Hong-Kong he should +send her to the mission school.</p> + +<p>"And the father would have killed the baby himself!" +said Sybil. "How could he have done so?"</p> + +<p>"That is the marvel; but it is generally the fathers +who commit the deed; other people might be punished +if they interfered."</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p> + + + + +<div><img src="images/i-120a1.png" width="600" height="441" alt="Decoration" title="" class="splitlt" /> +<img src="images/i-120a2.png" width="247" height="168" alt="Decoration" title="" class="splitlb" /> +</div> +<div class='chapternumber2'><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CHAPTER VII.<br /><br /></div> + + +<div class='chaptertitle'>LEONARD'S EXPLOIT IN FORMOSA.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/i-120b-a.png" width="58" height="71" alt="A" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'>BOUT the middle of November, +eleven weeks +after Mr. Graham and +his family had left England, they arrived in the +beautiful island of Formosa, whither they had crossed +over from Amoy.</div> + +<p>Three more persons were now added to the travelling +party—the teacher, a Chinese maid, and little Chu, the +latter having already begun to show herself really +useful.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/i-121.png" width="450" height="450" alt="ENTRANCE TO THE PORT OF TAKOW." title="" /> +<span class="caption">ENTRANCE TO THE PORT OF TAKOW.</span> +</div> + +<p>There is but little fun in travelling, and one does +not see half there is to be seen unless one climbs; and +as the Grahams were all bent on having fun and seeing +as much as they could, on reaching the port of Takow, +in Formosa, they ascended a very high mountain, +called Monkey Mountain, because it is the home of very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> +many monkeys, and they were rewarded by having, from +its height, a capital view of the entrance to the port. +To the front of the mountain were some European +houses, belonging to English merchants from Amoy. +The port of Takow is a very difficult one at which to +anchor, and is closed for commerce during six months of +the year, whilst the wind is blowing in an adverse direction; +but when the wind and tide are favourable, barks +pass between some rocks at the entrance to the port. It +is only at the north that the water is deep enough<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> +for merchant-ships to pass by. Here Leonard saw men +fishing quite differently from what he had ever seen +people fish before; and as they walked in the water +behind their nets, which they seemed to manage very +cleverly, he wished so much that he could have been +there with them.</p> + +<p>Takow is one of the four ports in Formosa which, +through treaties, have been thrown open to foreign trade, +the others being those of Kelung, Tamsui, and Taiwan-fu.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-122.png" width="500" height="178" alt="THE EXTREME NORTH OF TAKOW." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE EXTREME NORTH OF TAKOW.</span> +</div> + +<p>Formosa, as its name implies, is a very lovely, +picturesque island, and the Spaniards, who first made it +known to Europeans, named it "Isla Formosa," which, +in their language, means "beautiful island." Takow +seemed to abound in tropical vegetation, palm-trees +being very conspicuous. The gong, used everywhere in +China, was much in use here also; and as in other places +men carried things by balancing them across their +shoulders, so also they did here. But as Mr. Graham's +special object in coming to this island was to visit +Poahbi, the first centre of the population of a tribe +of aborigines, whom the Chinese have named Pepohoans, +or strangers of the plain, he moved on thither<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +as quickly as he could. The country through which +they now passed was very beautiful, palm-trees and +bamboos overshadowing the way.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-123.png" width="400" height="402" alt="FISHERMEN OF TAKOW." title="" /> +<span class="caption">FISHERMEN OF TAKOW.</span> +</div> + +<p>Although it was the month of November, the +weather was hot here, and women, wearing white calico +dresses, were hard at work in the fields. Many of +the women of Formosa had compressed feet, and most +of the children wore charms round their necks.</p> + +<p>The Pepohoans used to live in fertile plains, but +when greedy and grasping Chinese drove them from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +the rich and beautiful lands that were then theirs, and +had belonged to their ancestors before them, they took +shelter, and made themselves homes, in mountain fastnesses.</p> + +<p>Sybil and Leonard were charmed with the people of +Poahbi, and thought both their faces and manners very +pretty. Although some of the people stared at the +foreigners, and laughed at them, many wished to make +them welcome in their midst. One woman gave them +shelter for the night—a very kind-hearted woman, with +a dear little baby, and a very clean and comfortable +home. She was a Christian.</p> + +<p>At Poahbi Mr. Graham saw a little Christian chapel, +which the natives had not only built, but which they +also kept up, themselves. Pepohoans are good builders, +and do also much work in the fields. They have a +most affectionate remembrance of the Dutch, who were +once their masters, but who were afterwards expelled +from Formosa by a Chinese pirate.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-125.png" width="600" height="344" alt="VIEW OF TAKOW, A TOWN IN FORMOSA." title="" /> +<span class="caption">VIEW OF TAKOW, A TOWN IN FORMOSA.</span> +</div> + +<p>The huts, or bamboo cottages, of the Pepohoans, +raised on terraces three or four feet high, looked very +picturesque, and consisted first of a framework of +bamboo, through which crossbars of reeds were run; +the whole being thickly covered over with clay. The +houses were afterwards whitened with lime. A barrier +of prickly stems extended round the huts, throwing +a shade over them, whilst these dwellings often had for +roofing a thatch of dried leaves. Most things in Formosa +were made of bamboo, such as tables, chairs, beds, +pails, rice-measures, jars, hats, pipes, chop-sticks, goblets, +paper, and pens. Many of the Pepohoans' habitations +were built on three sides of a four-cornered spot, +with a yard in the centre, where the families sometimes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +passed their evenings together. The natives assembled +here, in numbers, at about nine o'clock, where they +made a fire when it was cold. Old and young people +here often formed a circle on the ground, sitting +together with their arms crossed, smoking, and talking. +It was not unusual for dogs also to surround them. +These people were fond of singing, but played no musical +instruments. Sybil said, directly she saw them, that +they were just the sort of people she liked, but this was +before she heard that they ate serpents and rats. The +women had a quantity of hair, which they wound round +their heads like crowns. None of them painted their +faces. Some of the men were very badly dressed. All +Pepohoans seemed to have very beautiful black eyes. In +the different villages the inhabitants were different, and +where they had most contact with the Chinese they dressed +better, but were less affable. They seemed to be a +very honest race.</p> + +<p>The Pepohoans are subject to the Chinese Government. +Some of them, like the Chinese, have been ruined +by opium. The aborigines, consisting of different +tribes, talk different dialects. The people of one tribe, +the most savage of all, are very warlike, and think nothing +of killing and eating their Chinese neighbours when +they get the chance to do so; therefore, they are held +in great terror. Sybil and Leonard would not have liked +to have visited this tribe, for they also hate Europeans.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 349px;"> +<img src="images/i-127.png" width="349" height="600" alt="MOUNTAINEERS OF FORMOSA." title="" /> +<span class="caption">MOUNTAINEERS OF FORMOSA.</span> +</div> + +<p>There was a grandness of beauty in this island of +Formosa which could not fail, more and more, to charm +Mrs. Graham, and many a pretty sketch did she here +make, both for herself and for Sybil's letters. Sybil +also liked being here very much; "but if she had only +seen," Leonard said, what he and his father saw one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +day, when they went for a ramble through the mountains, +whilst Sybil was helping her mother to sketch by +keeping her company, and making clever little attempts +at sketching herself, "she would want to be off that +very moment."</p> + +<p>There were caverns in Formosa, and they were walking +along, exploring some, Leonard some little way in front +of Mr. Graham, the teacher, and a native guide, who followed +a few yards behind, when the English boy suddenly +caught sight of two huge, yellow serpents twined round +the branch of an overhanging tree. No one but Leonard +was near enough to see them, and as the first creature +stretched its dreadful-looking head out, hissing towards +him, the brave, self-possessed little fellow, who held a +stick in his hand, struck his deadly foe with it with all +his might, and hit and aimed so well that he had the +satisfaction, the next moment, of seeing the serpent roll +over and over down the rock. But then the further one +(which, although rather smaller than the other, measured +about six feet) wound, in a moment, its wriggling body +round the branch of the tree, stretching its head out +almost within reach of Leonard, when the boy-guide and +Mr. Graham, the same instant, came upon the spot. The +boy, accustomed to such encounters, at once dealt the +snake a blow, that caused it to lose its balance, and +thus all were able to pass on their way in thankfulness +and safety.</p> + +<p>When Sybil heard of the adventure she was very +proud of her little brother; but, as he had imagined +when she heard that Formosa was inhabited by serpents, +she was glad also to think that it was settled for +them to leave that island for Swatow in two days' time.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-129.png" width="600" height="373" alt="PEPOHOANS AND THEIR HUT." title="" /> +<span class="caption">PEPOHOANS AND THEIR HUT.</span> +</div> + +<p>That evening was spent very pleasantly comparing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +notes of adventure with an English gentleman, who had +been in Formosa for some time, and now called upon +Mr. Graham and his family, who were staying at the +consul's. He had seen and done a good deal, he said, +but he spoke very highly of Leonard's brave exploit.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-130.png" width="400" height="376" alt="HUT OF ONE OF THE SAVAGE TRIBES." title="" /> +<span class="caption">HUT OF ONE OF THE SAVAGE TRIBES.</span> +</div> + +<p>In the course of his wanderings, he told them, he had +visited the village of Lalung, which is situated on the +narrowest part of a large river. During the rainy season +the waters would here rise and cover a vast bed, opening +out a new passage across the land, and flowing away +towards the eastern plain. Great mountain heights<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +surrounded the bed of the river, and the violence of the +torrent carried away very large quantities of all sorts of +rubbish, which the sea would collect, and deposit, along +the eastern coast. Mr. Hardy explained to Leonard how +this would account for the port of Thaï-ouan disappearing, +and that of Takow forming lower down.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 425px;"> +<img src="images/i-131.png" width="425" height="500" alt="SERPENTS OF FORMOSA." title="" /> +<span class="caption">SERPENTS OF FORMOSA.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-132.png" width="600" height="377" alt="THE BED OF THE RIVER LALUNG DURING THE DRY SEASON." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE BED OF THE RIVER LALUNG DURING THE DRY SEASON.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Formosa," he continued, "shows very plainly how +the violence of waters can quite transform the physical +aspect of a country."</p> + +<p>Mr. Hardy then told them that he, with a guide, had +once visited the bed of the river of Lalung, during the +dry season, as an explorer, when he had taken off his boots +and socks, so as to be able to walk wherever he chose, +and fathom the depth of the water in different parts.</p> + +<p>How Leonard wished he had been with him on this occasion, +which seemed to him a regular voyage of discovery!</p> + +<p>Two days later, as arranged, the Grahams made sail +for Swatow. In crossing the channel, which separates +the island from the mainland, Leonard, as usual, had +some questions to ask.</p> + +<p>"What made the Chinese call Formosa Tai-wan?"</p> + +<p>"Because that word means the terraced harbour."</p> + +<p>"The east coast hasn't a harbour at all, has it?"</p> + +<p>"No; mountains are on the east, and to the west +are flat and fertile plains, and all the ports."</p> + +<p>"I suppose you know, Sybil, that there are some +wild beasts in Formosa?" Leonard went on.</p> + +<p>"Yes, I heard Mr. Hardy say so: leopards, tigers, +and wolves."</p> + +<p>"I think it's my turn to ask a question now," Mrs. +Graham said. "I wonder if you and Sybil can tell +me what grows principally in Formosa?"</p> + +<p>"Rice," Sybil began, "sugar, wheat, beans, tea, +coffee, pepper."</p> + +<p>"Cotton, tobacco, silk, oranges, peaches, and +plums," Leonard ended. "We saw most of these +things growing ourselves, so we ought to know."</p> + +<p>"Yes; and flax, indigo, camphor, and many fruits +that you have not mentioned."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span></p> + +<p>"The Chinese part of the island, I suppose, belongs +to Fukien?" Sybil said, "as it is painted the same colour +on my map."</p> + +<p>"Yes."</p> + +<p>What religion had the aborigines? she then wanted +to know.</p> + +<p>Mr. Graham answered this question by telling her +that he believed they had no priesthood at all.</p> + +<p>"What a pity it is," Sybil said, "that a number of +missionaries could not be sent out there. I do so like +the Pepohoans!"</p> + +<p>"How long is it now since the Dutch were driven +away?" Leonard asked. "And how long were they in +Formosa?"</p> + +<p>"About 1634 the Dutch took possession of the +island, and built several forts, but a Chinese pirate +drove them out in 1662, and made himself king of the +western part. In 1683 his descendants submitted to the +authority of the Chinese Emperor, to whom they are now +tributary. The Chinese colonists, however, often rebel."</p> + +<p>"People have not known very long, have they, that +the island of Formosa is important?"</p> + +<p>"No; only since about 1852."</p> + +<p>"About how many inhabitants has Thaï-ouan, the +capital?" Leonard asked.</p> + +<p>"I should think about 70,000, but it is now decreasing +in population."</p> + +<p>"How much you know, father," Sybil said. "I +wish I knew all you did!"</p> + +<p>"I am afraid that is not very much; but if you +notice things that you come across, and try to remember +what you hear and what you read, you will soon gain +plenty of knowledge and useful information."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-135.png" width="600" height="360" alt="SWATOW." title="" /> +<span class="caption">SWATOW.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I wonder what Swatow is like?" Leonard then said; +but he had not long to wait to find out, for a week after +leaving Formosa they landed at Swatow, the port of +Chaou-Chou-foo, in the province of Kwang-tung, where +once again, for a fortnight, they were made very +welcome: this time by some friends of the missionary +with whom they had stayed at Amoy.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 359px;"> +<img src="images/i-136.png" width="359" height="400" alt="E-CHUNG." title="" /> +<span class="caption">E-CHUNG.</span> +</div> + +<p>Their home, for the present, was very prettily +situated on a range of low hills. Many pieces of granite +were scattered about on the summit of these hills, as +they were about Amoy, which some people say have +been caused to appear through volcanic irruptions. +On them also were Chinese inscriptions. Leonard +was delighted because the Chinese teacher cut his name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> +on one of these pieces of granite. The houses of Swatow +were built with a kind of mortar, made of China clay, +and attached to some of them were very pretty gardens.</p> + +<p>In front of the Consulate, which was a very large +building, was a flag-staff, with a flag flying.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 355px;"> +<img src="images/i-137.png" width="355" height="400" alt="WOMAN OF SWATOW." title="" /> +<span class="caption">WOMAN OF SWATOW.</span> +</div> + +<p>The ceilings of the house, in which the Grahams +stayed, was painted with flowers and birds, and some of +the windows were also painted so as to look like open +fans. The Chinese are fond of decorating their rooms +and painting their ornaments, and the people of +Swatow seemed to be better painters than the +Chinese; but they kept their pictures hidden, only a +very few of them producing any to show our friends. +The people of Swatow are also noted for fan-painting.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sybil thought some of the women of Swatow rather +nice-looking, but, like other ladies of the "Flowery Land," +they had a wonderful way of dressing their hair. One +woman, Leonard declared, had hers done to represent a +large shell. A young lady, to whom Sybil was introduced, +had the thickest hair that she had ever seen. +She and other Chinese girls wore it hanging down their +backs in twists. She was just fifteen, and Sybil was +told that she was going to be married in about a year's +time, so she would soon have to begin to let her fringe +grow. She was the daughter of a rich man, and had +such pretty, dark eyes.</p> + +<p>Round a girl's and woman's head, or to fasten up +her back hair, ornaments are generally worn. E-Chung +wore rather a large one round her head. Sybil was +allowed to spend an afternoon, and take some tea, with +this young lady, but they could not talk much together. +E-Chung knew, and spoke, a little of what is called +pidgin, or business English, because many business, or +shop, people and those who mix most with the English, +speak this strange language to them; but Sybil could +understand hardly any of it. Before E-Chung heard +that Sybil had a brother, she said to her, "You one +piecee chilo?" meaning to ask if she were the only +child. Then she was trying to describe somebody to +Sybil whose appearance did not please her, so she made +an ugly grimace and said, "That number one ugly man +all-same so fashion," meaning "just like this." Another +time she meant to ask Sybil if she were not very rich, +so she said, "You can muchee money?"</p> + +<p>The hair down Sybil's back was such a contrast to +her friend's, as was also her rather pale complexion. +E-Chung wished very much to enamel Sybil's face, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> +she did her own, and could not understand why she +should so persistently refuse to have it done.</p> + +<p>Chinese ladies seldom do without their rouge, and +often keep their amahs, or maids, from three to four +hours at a time doing their hair.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 260px;"> +<img src="images/i-139.png" width="260" height="350" alt="SYBIL." title="" /> +<span class="caption">SYBIL.</span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-140a.png" width="500" height="227" alt="Decoration: Boats on the water" title="" /> +</div> + + + + +<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE BOAT POPULATION.</div> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 66px;"> +<img src="images/i-140b-m.png" width="66" height="71" alt="M" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'>R. GRAHAM had thought of visiting Chaou-chou, +a very fertile city on the river Han, but +was advised not to do so, as foreigners are +disliked by its inhabitants; and he was therefore told +that they might have cause to regret going thither. +It used not to be an uncommon thing for these people +to greet an Englishman with a shower of stones. +People have tried to establish an English consulate +there, but have not succeeded, although the city is open +to foreign commerce; and Jui Lin, the late viceroy of +Canton, succeeded in making people in the neighbourhood +much more orderly.</div> + +<p>A very large bridge crosses the Han River at this +place, a picture of which the teacher had, and showed to +the children. It is made of stone, and composed of +many arches, or rather square gateways, under which +ships pass to and fro. On the bridge, on each side of +the causeway, are houses and shops.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-141.png" width="600" height="335" alt="THE BRIDGE OF CHAOU CHOU." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE BRIDGE OF CHAOU CHOU.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I should not care much to live in them," said +Leonard.</p> + +<p>Nor would the teacher, he replied; for they did +not look, and were not supposed to be, at all safe.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 444px;"> +<img src="images/i-142.png" width="444" height="450" alt="ARCH OF THE BRIDGE OF CHAOU-CHOU." title="" /> +<span class="caption">ARCH OF THE BRIDGE OF CHAOU-CHOU.</span> +</div> + +<p>Two pieces of wood are suspended between the +arches, which the inhabitants take up in the day-time +and let down at night, to prevent, as they say, evil +spirits passing under their homes and playing them +tricks.</p> + +<p>It was a very happy fortnight that was spent at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> +Swatow, and Sybil was sorry to leave this port to go on +to Hong-Kong. Somehow, although they were not +going to settle down now, and had still Macao and +Canton to visit, it seemed like bringing the end nearer—going +much nearer to it, when they went to Hong-Kong +even for a few days, for there her parents were to +be left behind when she and Leonard returned to +England. This English colony, the little island of +Hong-Kong, about eight miles in length, is separated +from the mainland by a very narrow strait, in the midst +of a number of small islands.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/i-143.png" width="450" height="446" alt="CHINESE BOAT-CHILDREN." title="" /> +<span class="caption">CHINESE BOAT-CHILDREN.</span> +</div> + +<p>The Bishop of Hong-Kong had kindly invited Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +Graham and his family to stay at his residence, St. Paul's +College, during the few days that they now remained +at Hong-Kong, before continuing their tour and returning +to settle down, and the kind invitation had +been gladly and gratefully accepted.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 480px;"> +<img src="images/i-144.png" width="480" height="500" alt="CHAIR-MEN OF HONG-KONG." title="" /> +<span class="caption">CHAIR-MEN OF HONG-KONG.</span> +</div> + +<p>The missionary's party landed in a boat, or rather, in +a floating house, for the people to whom it belonged lived +here, and it was their only home.</p> + +<p>The children had heard that there were so many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +inhabitants in China that for very many of them there was +no house accommodation, and that these lived in boats, +and were called the boat population; and Leonard was +delighted to be travelling in one of these house-boats himself, +and seeing the homes of the boat people. Their very +little children were tied to doors, and other parts of the +boat, by long ropes. Those who were three or four years +old had floats round their backs, so that if they fell overboard +they would not sink, and their parents could jump +in after them. Most care seemed to be taken of the +boys. Instead of being dedicated to "Mother," boat-children, +soon after they are born, are dedicated to Kow-wong, +or Nine Kings, and for three days and nights before +they marry, which ceremony takes place in the middle +of the night, Taouist priests chant prayers to the Kow-wong.</p> + +<p>The boats in which live the Taouist priests, for the +boat population, are called Nam-Mo-Teng. These are +anchored in certain parts, that the priests may be sent +for when needed. Their boats look partly like temples, +and have altars and idols, also incense burning within +them. The names of the priests who live there, and the +rites they perform, are written up in the boats. The +boat people can have everything they require without +going on shore at all. There are even river barbers and +policemen, which latter are very necessary, considering +that there are so many pirates.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 363px;"> +<img src="images/i-146.png" width="363" height="500" alt="A PORTRAIT-PAINTER OF HONG-KONG." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A PORTRAIT-PAINTER OF HONG-KONG.</span> +</div> + +<p>It seemed strange to Sybil and Leonard to +think that boat-children never went on shore, might +never do so, and would even marry on board their +boat homes; but it did not seem at all strange to +the little children themselves, who played about +on board quite as happily as did children on shore.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> +They looked strong, and seemed to be fond of one +another. One woman going along was very angry +with one of her children, and for a punishment +threw him into the water, but he had a float on his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> +back, and was quickly brought back again. These +women often carry their children on their backs, but this +is a most usual way of carrying children in China, both +amongst the land and water people.</p> + +<p>Sybil had already often had her wish fulfilled, of +travelling in sedan-chairs, and as that is the regular mode +of travelling in Hong-Kong, directly they arrived here +coolies were to be seen, standing and sitting, on the pier +beside their chairs, waiting for a fare. Very eager they +seemed to be to secure either people or their baggage. +And Sybil liked being borne along in these chairs even +better than she had expected.</p> + +<p>The sedans were made of bamboo, covered with oil-cloth, +and carried on long poles. A great many sedan-chair-bearers +have no fixed homes, living day and night +in the open air, and buying their food at stalls on the road. +They take care to keep their chairs in very good condition, +ready to hire out whenever they are needed. Leonard +was charmed with his bearers. They spoke such funny +pigeon English to him, and made him wonder why they +would put "ee" to the end of so many of their words. +When Leonard once wished to speak to his father, who was +on in front, and succeeded in making his bearers understand +this, one of them said "My no can catchee." They +admired the boy very much, and wanted to persuade +him to let them carry him one day to a "handsome face-taking-man," +but he could not understand at all, at +first, that they wanted him to let them carry him +somewhere to have his portrait taken. "My likee," +one said, pointing to Leonard's face, "welly much." +The Chinese do not paint pictures very well, and sometimes, +instead of a brush, will use their fingers and +nails.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-148.png" width="600" height="392" alt="VIEW OF HONG-KONG." title="" /> +<span class="caption">VIEW OF HONG-KONG.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span></p> + +<p>The chair-men called Leonard "Captain" several +times, which seemed to be a common way of addressing +strange "gentlemen."</p> + +<p>They then asked him how Mr. Turner was, but he +shook his head to show that he knew nobody of this name. +They either did not understand or believe him.</p> + +<p>"He hab got London-side," they explained.</p> + +<p>Thinking that if he tacked a double "e" on to all +his words he would be speaking the language they +talked so much, he said "No-ee know-ee," and shook +his head again. I think it was the expression on his +face, and the shake of his head, which made them +understand at last what he wished to say to them.</p> + +<p>It seems that the natives of Hong-Kong, as well as +other parts of China, think that every Englishman +must know every other Englishman; having, indeed, +such very small ideas of our important country, that +they really think our wealth consists in our possessing +Hong-Kong.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 363px;"> +<img src="images/i-150.png" width="363" height="600" alt="THE CLOCK TOWER, HONG-KONG." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE CLOCK TOWER, HONG-KONG.</span> +</div> + +<p>The first view that the Grahams had of this little +island was a chain of mountains rising in the background +to lofty peaks, and diminishing as they approached +the sea into small hills and steep rocks. Not +so very long ago, Sybil was told, Hong-Kong used to be +a deserted island, though it now contained flower-gardens, +orchards, woods, large trees, beautiful grass slopes, +and very many buildings. The English town of +Victoria was built along the sea-coast. As Hong-Kong +belongs to Great Britain, the Government here was, of +course, English; there were Christian temples, as well +as Buddhist, and many European edifices were conspicuous +in the Chinese streets. Then there were also +large European club-houses, and, best of all, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> +Cathedral. The sea-shore stretched round towards a +very beautiful port, which opened out to the west by a +pass called Lyce-moun, and to the east by the Lama +Pass.</p> + +<p>"I do think, do you know, Leonard," Sybil said, as +she wished her brother "Good-night" the evening after +they had arrived at Hong-Kong, "that China is rather +a 'Flowery Land' after all. I do not think I shall ever +forget Formosa, at all events."</p> + +<p>"We have seen pretty sights since we came to +China," Leonard said, agreeing with his sister.</p> + +<p>The next day Sybil and he were taken into the +Queen's Road, which crossed the town from west to +east, to the right of which was a regular labyrinth of +streets, some leading into very fine roads. In one +part of Hong-Kong nothing but shops and houses +of business were to be seen. One of its principal +ornaments was the tall clock-tower, which made even +high trees beside it look quite small.</p> + +<p>The most ancient houses of the colony are in a +street that leads to the clock-tower, and close by it is +also the hotel of Hong-Kong. Into this Sybil and +Leonard were taken to have some tiffin, or lunch, +whilst their sedans and bearers waited for them not far +off, under some trees.</p> + +<p>Leonard took a good view afterwards of a man in a +turban whom they passed, because, as he was so important +a person as a policeman, he thought Sybil +might like to describe him in one of her letters, and she +might perhaps forget what he was like.</p> + +<p>Sybil had, as yet, only written one of her promised +letters, but this had been full of news, and had told of +rides in sedan-chairs, little Chu and Woo-urh, and all sorts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> +of things; and before they moved on to Macao, she had +determined to write another letter, and tell of Leonard +saving himself from the serpent, and what they saw in +Hong-Kong. This seemed to be a very busy place. +Steamers were always either coming or going; and here, +too, telegrams were constantly arriving. Besides English +merchants, Chinese, American, French, German, Hindoo +merchants, and others also traded with the little island, +and shared what wealth she had. Hong-Kong is very +English-looking, compared with other places in China, +and the people are not only governed by English +laws, but their crimes are tried by English judges. +But even at Canton, Shanghai, and other ports where +the English have settlements, they now claim, and have +a voice in trials for crime. It is only because Hong-Kong +belongs to the English that telegraph-wires are to +be found there, as the Chinese will not have them anywhere +else, because they think that they would offend +the ghosts, or spirits, of the places through which they +would pass. For the same reason also the Chinese have +hardly any railroads. Even children could easily +recognise here the introduction of English ways and +manners.</p> + +<p>Lily Keith was very fond of shopping, therefore in +her next letter Sybil not only gave an account of +Leonard's bravery, of which she was really more +proud than Leonard himself, but also described a visit +that she had paid to some shops.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"We went to some of the best of all the shops in +Hong-Kong to-day," she wrote, "and as we were going +into the door of one, the proprietor came to meet us. +Father said he was a merchant. He spoke English, and +was very grandly dressed in silk, and wore worked shoes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> +His shopmen also wore very handsome clothes, and +served us standing behind beautifully polished counters. +In one part of the shop were all kinds of silk materials, +and some stuff called grass-matting. We went down-stairs +to see furniture and beautiful porcelain. The +principal curiosities had come from Canton, so I suppose +when we get there we shall find still better things; and +in Canton people paint on that pretty rice paper. Across +the road were meat, fish, vegetable, and puppy-dog +shops. Yes, the Chinese do eat dogs: in some shops in +Hong-Kong we have seen a number for sale; and they +eat cats and rats too. We could tell a shop in which +clothes were sold some little distance off, because an +imitation jacket, or something of that sort, was hung up +outside, as well as the long sign-boards, which told what +kind of shops they were. Leonard says I am to tell +you that a policeman was outside. He always knows +policemen now by turbans that they wear, and they +often hold a little cane in their hands; and on the pathway +a man sat, wearing a hat just like one of those +funny-looking things, with a point, that we wore for fun +sometimes in the garden. There are no windows to the +shops.</p></div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 357px;"> +<img src="images/i-154.png" width="357" height="600" alt="TEMPLE OF KWAN-YIN." title="" /> +<span class="caption">TEMPLE OF KWAN-YIN.</span> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Oh! but some of the Chinese do believe such +strange things. The other day our amah told Leonard +and me to chatter our teeth three times and blow. We +could not understand what she meant us to do until she +did it first. We had heard a crow caw, so she thought +if we did not do this afterwards we should be very +unlucky. The other day a coolie fell down and broke a +number of things. He had not to replace any of them, +but the master had to buy all the things again because +it was fine weather. If it had been dirty and slippery,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> +the boy must have bought them. None of us could +understand the meaning of this till it was explained +to us. If it had been a slippery day, the boy ought to have +taken care, and it would have been very careless of him +to fall; but if he did so in fine weather, some god must +have made him slip, they think, and therefore he could +not help it. The heathen Chinese have such a number +of gods and goddesses.</p></div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 392px;"> +<img src="images/i-156.png" width="392" height="600" alt="A SHADOW-SHOW." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A SHADOW-SHOW.</span> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The other day we passed the Temple of Kwan-Yin, +the goddess of mercy. The Hong-Kong people +think an immense deal of her, and her temple is in such +a pretty place, with many trees round it. She is a +Buddhist divinity. A number of beggars were outside +begging, and they nearly always get something here. +Very many Chinese beggars are blind, and there are +also lepers in China. Barriers were put up to keep +visitors, who were not wanted, such as evil spirits, from +going in. People say that evil spirits only care to go +through a straight way, and never trouble to go anywhere +in a crooked direction. Over the doorway were +some characters, which father's teacher has written out +for me. They were, being read from right to left, +backwards: 'Teën How Kov Meaou,' and signify, +'The Ancient Temple of the Queen of Heaven.' Tien-How +is the goddess of sailors, and often called 'The +Queen of Heaven.' To the right was a doctor's +shop, where prescriptions were sold to the priests; +and to the left an old priest was selling little tapers +which the worshippers were to burn. We looked in +for a few moments, and saw people kneeling down +and asking the goddess to cure their sick friends. +She was seated at the end of the temple, behind an +altar, on which were bronze vases, candles, and lighted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +sticks of incense. A gong was outside, and on the walls +of the temple were different representations of acts of +mercy that the goddess was supposed to have performed. +On the roof were dragons. The dragon is the Chinese +god of rain.</p> + +<p>"Leonard says I am to tell you that some of +the Celestials thought once that he was going to beat +them because he carried a walking-stick. Chinamen, +excepting policemen and mandarins, are only allowed +to carry them when they grow old.</p> + +<p>"We saw a very strange sort of show the other day, +called a shadow-show. A man, inside a kind of Punch +and Judy house, made, with the help of a lantern, all sorts +of figures, or rather, shadows, appear on the top of the +Punch and Judy. It looked so strange, but Leonard +said he thought the people looking at it were stranger +still, what with the hats they wore and the funny way +they did their hair. He declared one woman had horns. +I never saw such pretty lanterns as the Chinese have. +Father says that on the fifteenth day of their first month +(which is not always the same, as their New Year's +Day, like our Easter, is a movable feast regulated by +the moon) there is a feast of lanterns, when all people, +both on land and on the water, hang up most beautiful +lamps, some being made to look like animals, balls of +fire, or even like Kwan-Yin herself holding a child.</p> + +<p>"Is it not strange New Year's Day next year will be +on the twenty-ninth of January, and in 1882 on +February eighteenth?</p> + +<p>"I seem to have ever so much more to tell you, but +I am too tired now to write it. I am glad you liked +mother's pictures that I sent last time. I could only +write that one short letter in Formosa. We are going<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> +on to Macao (it is pronounced Macow) the day after +to-morrow, then we stay at Canton, and then come +back here. It will be so dreadful when that time +comes, but I try not to think about it. Dear mother +does sometimes, I can see. We all went to the +Cathedral on Sunday.</p> + +<div class='sig'> +<span style="margin-right: 2em;">"I hope I shall soon have a long letter from you.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-right: 9em;">"Believe me, dear Lily,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-right: 4em;">"Always your affectionate friend,</span><br /> +"<span class="smcap">Sybil Graham</span>.<br /> +</div> + +<p>"<i>Hong-Kong, December, 1880.</i>"</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-158.png" width="400" height="220" alt="Decoration: House with columns" title="" /> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-159a.png" width="400" height="126" alt="Decoration: Bridge" title="" /> +</div> + + + + +<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>AT CANTON.</div> + + +<div class="figright" style="width: 189px;"> +<img src="images/i-159b.png" width="189" height="225" alt="Decoration: Boat on water" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/i-120b-a.png" width="58" height="71" alt="A" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'> PASSENGER-BOAT conveyed +our little travellers, +and their parents, in three +days, from Hong-Kong to Macao, +a pretty little sea-side place at +the entrance of the Bocca Tigris, +a little gulf, to the head of which +is the city of Canton.</div> + +<p>Macao was not as full now as +it had been during the summer months, when many +people resort thither from Canton for change of air +and to enjoy the fresh sea-breezes. A beautiful walk, +called the Grand Parade, surrounds its picturesque bay.</p> + +<p>As Macao belongs to the Portuguese, a great many +of the inhabitants speak that language.</p> + +<p>Mr. and Mrs. Graham and their children stayed, +whilst at Macao, at the Grand Hotel, which was situated +on the Parade, where was also a very pretty jetty, on +which Sybil and Leonard liked very much to walk. +Here, again, the houses were painted. In a pretty +street close by the Grand Parade, protected on both +sides by walls, the Grahams were shown houses whose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +windows used to have barriers of iron. These houses, +they were told, were a kind of prison, called Emigration +Agencies, but where in reality poor coolies were kept for +sale. This traffic had, happily, now been done away +with.</p> + +<p>Some of the houses in Macao seemed to be painted +all colours, and many of the windows were bordered +with red, the favourite colour. Most of the houses +could boast of large rooms. Not very much commerce +seemed to be carried on here. Leonard was one day +taken to pay the European troops a visit in their +garrison.</p> + +<p>At four o'clock in the afternoon many people walked +upon the Parade. Most of the Christians here were +Roman Catholics, which was natural, considering that +the place belonged to the Portuguese. Bells, calling +people to church, rang two or three times a day, and +these, and the bugle-call from the garrison, were the +principal sounds heard. It was interesting to visit +Macao, because here, in its quiet prettiness, the poet +Camoens, when banished, spent some of his lonely +years, and wrote a great part of his epic poem +"Lusiad;" and here also a French painter, named +Chinnery, had produced some of his pretty paintings +and sketches. Sybil was old enough to care about +such things, and to find both pleasure and interest +in visiting any places once made memorable by the +footprints left there of either good or great men; and +when she had heard the poet's story, she was very sorry +for him!</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i-161.png" width="500" height="341" alt="MACAO." title="" /> +<span class="caption">MACAO.</span> +</div> + +<p>Camoens, who was the epic poet of Portugal, was +born in Lisbon in 1524. An epic poet is one who +writes narratives, or stories, which often relate heroic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> +deeds. When banished by royal authority to Santarem, +Camoens joined the expedition of John III. against +Morocco, and lost his right eye in an engagement +with the Moors in the Straits of Gibraltar. People +in Lisbon, who would not admire his poetry, now +thought nothing of his bravery. Sad and disappointed, +he went to India in 1553; but being offended by what +he saw the Portuguese authorities doing in India, he +wrote a satire about them, called "Follies in India," +and made fun of the Viceroy. For doing this, he was +banished to Macao in 1556, where he lived for six +years, writing "The Lusiad." On being recalled, he +was shipwrecked, and lost everything that he had in +the world but this epic poem, which he held in one hand +above the waves, while he swam to shore with the other; +and after suffering many misfortunes, he arrived in Lisbon +in 1569, possessed of nothing else. He dedicated his +poem to the young king Sebastian, who allowed him to +stay at the court, and gave him a pension. But when +Sebastian died he had nothing at all, and a faithful +Indian servant begged for him in the streets. At last +he died in the hospital at Lisbon, in 1579. Sixteen years +later Camoens was appreciated, and people hunted for his +grave, to erect a monument to his memory, but had +much difficulty even in finding it.</p> + +<p>The "Lusiad" celebrates the chief events in +Portugal's history, and has been called "a gallery of +epic pictures, in which all the great achievements of +Portuguese heroism are represented." The poem has +been translated into English, French, Italian, Spanish, +German, and Polish.</p> + +<p>After a short, but pleasant, stay at Macao, the +Grahams went on to Canton.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span></p> + +<p>"The last place but one," Sybil could not help +whispering to Leonard on board. "When we next +arrive—" she went on, but tears starting into her eyes +seemed to drown the rest of the sentence. However, +as some very happy weeks had yet to be passed at +Canton, neither she nor we must anticipate. A long +visit of two months was to be spent here at the residence +of a personal friend of Mr. Graham, the English +consul of the place.</p> + +<p>A servant was stationed on the steps leading round +to the Consulate, or Yamen, to await the arrival of +Mr. and Mrs. Graham and their children.</p> + +<p>This house was situated on a height, and occupied +the site of an ancient palace. It consisted of a suite of +buildings, surrounded on one side by a pretty garden, +and on the other by a park, in which deer grazed. +Both Sybil and Leonard thought the deer very pretty; +and quite near to the Yamen was a pagoda of nine +storeys, which the Emperor Wong-Ti, who reigned about +the middle of the sixteenth century, is supposed first to +have constructed.</p> + +<p>"How little," Sybil and Leonard said to one +another, "we ever thought, when we examined our +little ornamental pagodas at home, that we should ever +live quite near to a real one!"</p> + +<p>A story relating to this pagoda, being told to +Leonard, interested him a good deal.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 354px;"> +<img src="images/i-164.png" width="354" height="600" alt="THE ENGLISH CONSULATE AT CANTON." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE ENGLISH CONSULATE AT CANTON.</span> +</div> + +<p>In 1859 some English sailors climbed up the old +building, which was then in so tottering a condition +that it was a really perilous ascent, and when they +reached the top the Chinese were dreadfully angry, for +two reasons: first, because they looked upon it as +sacrilege; and secondly, because from the height the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> +sailors could look down upon their houses, and the +Chinese dislike very much indeed to be overlooked, +especially by "barbarians."</p> + +<p>The consul and Leonard were soon very good friends, +and the elder friend very kindly did not weary of +answering questions put to him by the little boy.</p> + +<p>"Why is your house called a yamen?"</p> + +<p>"This word means the same as does consulate, the +official residence of the consul."</p> + +<p>"What are you here for?"</p> + +<p>The consul smiled. "To protect your interests and +those, commercial and otherwise, of every English citizen +resident here."</p> + +<p>"Who is that Jui-Lin of whom you have a picture? +and is he alive now?"</p> + +<p>"He died a few years ago, and was viceroy of +Canton. He made so good a governor that those +provinces over which he ruled generally prospered +under his administration. It is in a great measure +through his influence that peaceable relations have, +for some time, been established between China and +foreign countries. The Emperor Tau-Kwang, who +came to the throne in 1820, thought so well of him +that he made him one of his ministers. Later he became +general of the Tartar garrison at Canton, and soon +after he was made viceroy. He established order in +a very troublesome district, where he made the clan +villagers at last acknowledge some authority, and +so put the people and their property in much greater +security."</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 368px;"> +<img src="images/i-166.png" width="368" height="600" alt="JUI-LIN, LATE VICEROY OF CANTON." title="" /> +<span class="caption">JUI-LIN, LATE VICEROY OF CANTON.</span> +</div> + +<p>Leonard said Canton was the place for him, for here +he saw ships and fishing to perfection. In Canton alone, +the consul told him, it was estimated that 300,000<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> +persons had their homes on the water. One Canton +boat-woman, in whose passenger-boat they travelled, +said that her husband went on shore during the day to +work, whilst she looked after the passengers; but he +seemed to be rather an exception, for most of the boat +population never went on shore at all, and as people on +land go to market to buy vegetables and other food, so +everything in this line, that they required, was brought, +by boat, to them. Then, besides boats, there were floating +islands, on which people lived, and these consisted +of rafts of bamboos fastened together, with a thick bed of +vegetable soil covering the rafts. Here the owners set +up houses, cultivated rice-fields, and kept tame cattle +and hogs. Swallows and pigeons here built their nests +in pretty surrounding gardens. Sails were put up on +the houses, and oars were often used to propel the +islands along. Women worked them frequently, with +their babies fastened to their backs; and little boys and +girls would here also play together, having smaller +brothers and sisters thus attached to them. These floating +islands, Sybil and Leonard were told, were to be +seen on almost all Chinese lakes. Many floating +houses were moored to one another.</p> + +<p>Sometimes the boat population made such a noise. +They seemed a good-natured set of people, but every +now and then they quarrelled, and this was done very +noisily. Then if a storm came on, they would call +out with fear. Those people who lived in river streets, +where their houses were close against the river, often +complained of the noise that they heard during the +night. The boat population are often looked down +upon by the Chinese who live on land, and may not +go in for the literary examinations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span></p> + +<p>There were very many fishing villages about, +and nothing made Leonard happier than to be taken +to one or another of them; he was so fond of boats +of all kinds. Fishing-boats in China had to obtain a +license from Government. Some of these sailed two +and two abreast, at a distance, from one another, of +about three hundred feet, when a net was stretched +from ship to ship to enclose the fish. Names cut in +the boats had generally reference to good fortune. The +name on one, which Leonard had interpreted for him, +was "Good Success."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-168.png" width="400" height="365" alt="CHINESE BOAT-WOMAN." title="" /> +<span class="caption">CHINESE BOAT-WOMAN.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 413px;"> +<img src="images/i-169.png" width="413" height="450" alt="A FISHING VILLAGE ON THE CANTON RIVER." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A FISHING VILLAGE ON THE CANTON RIVER.</span> +</div> + +<p>In fishing as well as in other villages men go +about hawking things for sale, and carrying them, by +ship, from one village to another. In the bows of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> +fishing vessels are large pairs of shears, which can be +either raised or lowered. A large dip-net, fastened to +the shears, is drawn up after remaining some time in +the water, when the fish it contains are emptied into +a little hole in the middle of the ship, like a large +cistern, into which fresh water flows. The fishermen +anchor their boats, and then lower their dip-nets into +the water by means of these shears, which are made +of bamboo, and attached to wooden platforms, resting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> +on posts. Huts are sometimes erected near the dip-nets, +so that the fishermen can shelter themselves from +the hot sun. A great deal of fishing with birds called +cormorants is also carried on in China, when one man +will, perhaps, take out a hundred birds to fish for him, +fastening something to their throats to prevent them +from swallowing the fish when caught. As they return +with them, they are given a little piece that they +can swallow.</p> + +<p>After young fish are caught, they are fed with paste +in the tanks, or wells, into which they are put, +and when they grow older little ponds are made for +them.</p> + +<p>Sybil and Leonard were taken very often on the +Canton river in all kinds of boats, both large and +small. In the stern of very many was an altar, concealed +generally behind a sliding door, but which, night +and morning, was drawn aside to admit the altar to +view, and display the images of household gods that +were upon it.</p> + +<p>Here were also small ancestral tablets, which were +regularly worshipped, and offerings of fruit and flowers +were constantly offered to the guardian god of the boat +and the tablets when they were worshipped. Tien-How, +Queen of Heaven, also called Ma-chu, and other names, is +much worshipped by sailors, but each boat has its special +guardian god. Incense is burnt night and morning at the +bow of the boat. The Grahams very often travelled in a +small ship called a sampan, which had a mat roofing +over the centre, and was driven forward, very frequently +by women, with two oars and a scull.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 418px;"> +<img src="images/i-171.png" width="418" height="500" alt="CHINESE FISHING." title="" /> +<span class="caption">CHINESE FISHING.</span> +</div> + +<p>"I have seen just the sort of thing for you to sketch, +mother," Sybil said one day. Like her mother, she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> +greatly admired what was beautiful, and now, with +her fellow-excursionists, the consul, her father, and +brother, returned home, from a ramble, very tired; "a +dear little pagoda, seven storeys high, very near to the +banks of the river, with mountains at the back and +trees near to it, and a little village in the distance; and +on the opposite side of the river we saw two men and a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +boy: the boy seemed to have a kite, but we thought it +belonged to one of the men, and he was just carrying it +for him."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Graham sometimes did not feel equal to long +expeditions, of which her children never grew tired, so +then she would remain at home, or walk through the +pretty gardens and park.</p> + +<p>The Canton, Chu-kiang, or Pearl River, has a great +many names and branches. The great western branch +is called Kan-kiang, the northern branch Pe-kiang, +or Pearl River, and the eastern one Tong-kiang. On +the western branch the children found themselves surrounded +by lovely mountain scenery. From Canton to +Whampoa it was called the Pearl River; from Whampoa +to Bocca Tigris, or Tiger's Mouth, Foo-mon; and beyond +Shek-moon towards Canton, the Covetous River. The +passage to Macao was the Wild Goose River. It was +some time before Sybil and Leonard could understand +anything at all about these divisions.</p> + +<p>One day, on the Pearl River, they came to a very +pretty spot, where the water was almost entirely land-locked +by high ranges of hills, and here they asked to +be allowed to remain stationary, for a little while, to look +about them.</p> + +<p>Another day they went very far indeed with their +father and mother, crossing the Fatchan River, where +Leonard heard, with interest, that Commodore Keppel +engaged in a memorable battle in 1857. The river +divides the town of Fatchan into two equal parts. Then +again they went so far that they could not even think +of returning home the same day, and stayed the night +on the road to a village called Wong-tong, which was +very countrified and pretty.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-173.png" width="400" height="325" alt="PAGODA ON THE BANKS OF THE CANTON RIVER." title="" /> +<span class="caption">PAGODA ON THE BANKS OF THE CANTON RIVER.</span> +</div> + +<p>And once more they went—father, mother, and all—to +a place quite different from anything that they had yet +seen, which was the village of Polo-Hang. Here they +found themselves in the midst of vast plains, on the outskirts +of which were to be seen lovely-looking hills of +limestone and rows of wonderfully-shaped mountains. +Standing on one of these mountains, they had a capital +view of the Temple of Polo-Hang and its surroundings, +consisting of bare fields traversed by canals; and, at the +foot of the mountains of thickets of bamboo, whose light, +feathery branches swayed gently to and fro. Bamboo +was very largely cultivated here, and Sybil thought it +such a fairy-like growth. Must not this scene have +been very lovely? Sybil was so glad that her mother<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +had come to see it. Then other hills appeared, covered +with trees, and dotted here and there with temples.</p> + +<p>"Where <i>did</i> they all come from?" Leonard asked.</p> + +<p>Mr. Graham was looking very serious. This was +a scene calculated to leave a deep impression upon the +beholders.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/i-174.png" width="450" height="417" alt="ON THE CANTON RIVER" title="" /> +<span class="caption">ON THE CANTON RIVER</span> +</div> + +<p>"From the hand of God," he said very quietly.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-175.png" width="600" height="361" alt="VILLAGE OF POLO-HANG IN CANTON." title="" /> +<span class="caption">VILLAGE OF POLO-HANG IN CANTON.</span> +</div> + +<p>A week later, Sybil wrote again to her friend.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<div class='right'> +"<i>Canton, January, 1881.</i><br /> +</div> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">My Dearest Lily</span>,—We saw such a strange sight +yesterday; and we could not help liking to see it, although, +of course, it was very dreadful. We went inside<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +a Buddhist temple at Canton. These temples are often +called joss-houses; this one was the Temple of Five +Hundred Gods. Fancy five hundred gods! and these +idols were all there, arranged in different lines. They +all seemed to look different, and some were dreadfully +ugly. I saw beards on a few of their faces. In the +part of the temple where, in a church, our altar would +be, there was a terrible-looking thing: I suppose a very +special god.</p> + +<p>"We saw one of the priests. He had his beads in +one hand, and a fan in the other. Some of the priests +are men who have committed great crimes, and have +escaped to a monastery and had their heads shaved, so +as not to be caught and punished.</p> + +<p>"Some of the idols were as large as if they were alive, +and they had their arms in all sorts of different positions. +Some held beads, and a few wore crowns; I think they +were disciples of Buddha. The buildings of the temple, +and the houses of the priests, were surrounded by lakes +and gardens.</p> + +<p>"We have been able to get you a picture of part of +the inside of the temple, so I send it to you; but +Leonard says that he thinks as you'll have the picture +(and he considers it a very good one) that you ought to +know that this temple is said to have been founded +about 520 years <span class="smcap">a.d</span>., and to have been rebuilt in 1755. +Fancy people wasting prayers before these images! +Isn't it a pity that they don't know better? There are +more than 120 temples, or joss-houses, in Canton.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-177.png" width="600" height="372" alt="THE TEMPLE OF THE FIVE HUNDRED GODS, CANTON." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE TEMPLE OF THE FIVE HUNDRED GODS, CANTON.</span> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Chinese never eat with knives and forks, but +with chop-sticks. These are generally small square +pieces of bamboo, as large as a penholder, which they +hold between the thumb and first finger of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> +right hand. I can't eat with them at all, nor can +mother; and the other day, when she went out to +lunch with some Chinese ladies, they sent for a knife +and fork for her.</p> + +<p>"Chinese ladies in Canton never seem to be with +their husbands in public, and they never walk in the +streets with them. Some of them think us such +barbarous people because we are so different from what +they are.</p> + +<p>"The Chinese have such a funny way of paying +formal visits, that I think I must tell you about it. +They often go in sedan-chairs. Officers of the highest +rank may have eight bearers, people of less rank have +four, and ordinary people two. The state sedan-chair of +an official is covered with green cloth, and the fringe on +the roof and window-curtains has to be green too. So +much seems to go by rank in China. For the first three +ranks, the tips of poles may be of brass, in the form +of a dragon's head; the fourth and fifth rank would +have a lion's head. On the top of these chairs is a ball +of tin. Leonard and I can tell the chairs very well now. +Private gentlemen have blue cloth, and the ends of their +poles are tipped with plain brass.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-179.png" width="600" height="366" alt="AN OFFICIAL'S PALANQUIN." title="" /> +<span class="caption">AN OFFICIAL'S PALANQUIN.</span> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Father says when an official calls upon another +official in Peking, his servant sends in his visiting card. +The official who is being called upon then sends out to +know how his visitor is dressed, and if he hears that it +is in full costume, he dresses himself in the same way, +and then goes to the entrance of the house, and asks his +visitor to get out of his carriage or chair, and come in. +As they pass through a door of the gate, the gentleman, +to whom the house belongs asks the visitor to go first, +but he always says 'No' until he has been asked three<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +times, and then he walks first to the reception-hall, when +the two stop again, and ask one another to go first. +When they have come into the hall, father says, they +kneel down, and knock their heads on the ground six +times. This is performing the kow-tow. When they +get up from this performance, the host arranges a chair +for the other, and asks him to sit down, but he must not +do this even till he has bowed again. I am sure I +should forget when I had to make all these bows, and +should be sure to do them at the wrong times.</p> + +<p>"After they have had a little talk, a servant is told +to make some tea. I suppose the host would then say +'Yam-cha' to the other, for this means 'Drink tea.' +Before either gentleman drinks, both bow again, and +soon afterwards the visitor gets up, and says, 'I want to +take my leave.' They walk together to the grand +entrance, but at every door-way the visitor has to bow, +and ask his friend not to come any farther, although of +course he must go, or it would not be polite. And then +he stands at the entrance door till the carriage has +driven off. The Chinese do bow so often, and little +children have to do it too.</p> + +<p>"The consul told Leonard that when school-boys go +to see their masters, they have to arrange the chair-cushions +for their masters and themselves. The boy +has to stand outside the visitor's hall till his master +comes, and when he has been asked to go in, he gives +him for a present a tael of silver, about 2s. 8d., which +he holds up with both his hands. Then he looks towards +the north, kneels, and knocks his head twice +upon the ground, when the master bows. The boy +asks how his teacher's parents are, who also asks after +the boy's. He then invites his little guest to sit down;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> +but every time the boy is asked a question by his +teacher he has to stand up to answer it. When he +leaves, he goes to the entrance door by himself. At +school, the boys have to make a bow to the schoolmaster +whenever they go in and out of the room.</p> + +<p>"You asked me in your letter if people have very +many servants in China. Some have a very great +number. Ordinary Chinese gentlemen might have a +porter, two or three footmen, coolies for house-work, +sedan-chair bearers, and a cook. Women servants are +often bought by their masters. A rich man will have +sometimes twenty or thirty slaves. People called 'go-betweens' +generally buy them for the masters. We +have very few servants of our own now, as we are on a +visit. Mother's maid shows dear little Chu what to do. +Female slaves attend upon the ladies and children, and +we have often seen them carrying their mistresses with +small feet. It does look so funny. In good families, +father says, they are very well treated, but some maid-of-all-work +slaves often run away because they are so +unhappy.</p> + +<p>"Children are sometimes stolen to be slaves. +Great-grandsons of slaves can buy their freedom. I am +so glad I have my little Chu, because she cannot be +bought or sold now: father made that agreement. I +should not know nearly so much about the servants +and slaves if I had not wanted to know what might +have become of little Chu if we had not had her. +Sometimes servants stand in the streets to be hired.</p> + +<p>"In a suburb of Canton, in a street called the Taiping +Kai, we saw one morning a number of bricklayers, +journeymen, and carpenters, waiting to be hired. The +carpenters stand in a line on one side, and bricklayers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> +on the other. Father said they had been there since +five o'clock.</p> + +<p>"Another day we saw men carrying baskets, in which +they were collecting every bit of paper they could +find about the streets, which had been written upon. +The Chinese have such respect for every little piece of +paper, on which have been any Chinese characters, +that they will not allow any parcels even to be wrapped +up in them. When all these scraps have been collected, +they are burnt in a furnace, and the ashes are put +into baskets, carried in procession, and emptied into +a stream. Slips of paper are pasted on walls, telling +people to reverence lettered paper. Chinese characters are +called 'eyes of the sage;' and some people think that if +they are irreverent to the paper, they are so to the sages +who invented them, and they will perhaps, for a punishment, +be born blind in the next world.</p> +<div class="figright" style="width: 309px;"> +<img src="images/i-183.png" width="309" height="450" alt="WAITING TO BE HIRED." title="" /> +<span class="caption">WAITING TO BE HIRED.</span> +</div> + +<p>"Men become famous in China when they write +very beautifully. They write with a brush and Indian +ink. Father's teacher says there are three styles of +writing Chinese characters, and that the literature of +China is the first in Asia. A Chinaman writes from +right to left, and all the writing consists of signs or +characters. I cannot think how Chinese people understand +either their writing or their conversation. One +word will mean a number of things, and you know +which word they mean by the sound of the voice +and the stress on the word. Leonard asked the teacher +one day what soldier was in Chinese, and he said, +'ping;' but he also told him that 'ping' meant +ice, pancake, and other words too. 'Fu' is father, +and 'Mu' mother. They think we have no written +language.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Canton is entered by twelve outer, and four inner, +gates. The name means 'City of Perfection.' Leonard +and I are now going for a walk, with father, to the +Street of Apothecaries, and to-morrow we are to see a +bridal procession.</p></div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"There are such a number of narrow streets in +Canton, and religious worship is carried on in the +open streets, in front of shrines; and before the +shops lighted sticks, called 'joss-sticks,' are put at dawn +and sunset. The natives live in the narrow streets.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> +Those in the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Europeon'">European</ins> settlement, where we are, are +larger.</p> + +<p>"The ports, which are open to foreign commerce, +have European parts where the European inhabitants +live.</p> + +<div class='sig'> +<span style="margin-right: 4em;">"Always your affectionate</span><br /> +"<span class="smcap">Sybil Graham</span>."<br /> +</div></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/i-184.png" width="350" height="350" alt="A CHINESE WRITER " title="" /> +<span class="caption">A CHINESE WRITER </span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span></p> + +<div class='center'> <table class="river" summary="river"> +<tr><td align='left'><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> +<br /><br /><br /><br /> + + + +<h2><span style="margin-left: 12em;">CHAPTER X.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'><span style="margin-left: 15em;">A BRIDE AND BRIDEGROOM.</span></div> +</td> +</tr></table></div> + + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 40px;"> +<img src="images/i-185b-t.png" width="40" height="69" alt="T" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'>HE Street of Apothecaries +was no exception to the +general rule that Sybil +had laid down. It also was very narrow, and, like +many other streets in Canton, was so covered over at +the top that in walking through it the sun did not burn +too fiercely, neither did the rain fall upon the passers-by.</div> + +<p>The shops opened right upon the street, which was +very gay indeed with sign-boards. Just in front of +the shops were granite counters, on which goods were +shown to purchasers.</p> + +<p>Many of the sign-boards rested on granite pedestals. +On one side of each shop was a little altar, dedicated to +the god of wealth, or the god supposed to preside over +the special trade carried on within. Every heathen +Chinese merchant and shopkeeper has some little spot +set apart for this worship, although all the shops have +not an altar, but many only a piece of red paper pasted +upon a wall, on which the characters meaning "god of +wealth" are written, and before which incense and +candles are burnt. Every day, as soon as the shop +is opened, worship is paid to this divinity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 332px;"> +<img src="images/i-186.png" width="332" height="600" alt="THE STREET OF APOTHECARIES, CANTON." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE STREET OF APOTHECARIES, CANTON.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p> + +<p>The counters and shelves inside these hongs were +very handsome. The accountant's desk was at the end +of the hong, and here again the red colour was not +absent, for the scales and weights of the shop were +covered with cloth of that hue.</p> + +<p>Beggars (some miserably and scantily dressed) are +very numerous in China, people making quite a +profession of begging, when they visit shops in companies, +and there make a great disturbance until they +receive what they demand. These beggars are often +governed by a head-man, who was really first appointed +to rule over them by the mandarin, to save +himself trouble. A head-man will sometimes make an +agreement with a hong proprietor, that if he will pay +a sum of money down beggars shall not molest him; +and when he agrees to this, a notice on red paper, +stating the arrangement made, is hung up in the shop, +after which any native beggar applying for aid can be +shown this, turned out of the hong, and upon refusing to +go, he can be beaten. But unless such an arrangement +has been made, beggars may neither be beaten nor +turned out of a shop, whatever annoyance they may offer, +unless they steal, or break some other law. Therefore +it is that poor shop-keepers feel themselves bound to +pay money in order to avoid such annoyance. When +the head-man is paid a sum of money, he is supposed +to divide it amongst his band.</p> + +<p>"I never heard such a shame!" Leonard exclaimed, +when he saw one of these beggars very troublesome +in the Street of Apothecaries, and heard the law with +regard to them. "I wish I were a mandarin. I'd +very soon put a stop to poor shop-keepers being so +persecuted."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 180px;"> +<img src="images/i-188.png" width="180" height="550" alt="A BEGGAR." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A BEGGAR.</span> +</div> + + + +<p>That evening both +Sybil and Leonard, feeling +tired, went very early to +bed, as they wanted to +be up in very good time +in the morning, so as to +see the whole of the bridal +procession, for the bridegroom +sends very early +indeed in the morning +for his bride. The bridal-chair +which he sends for +her is often painted red. +The one which the Grahams +saw was of this +colour, and over the door +were also strips of red +paper. Before the bride +took her seat in the sedan, +which was brought into +the reception-room of her +home for her, she having +eaten nothing that morning, +and having kow-towed +very often to her +parents, they covered her +head and face with a thick +veil, so that she could not +be seen. The floor, from +her room to the sedan, was +covered with red carpet. +When in the sedan, four +bread-cakes were tossed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> +into the air by one of the bridesmaids as an omen +of good fortune. In front of the procession two +men carried large lighted lanterns, having the family +name of the bridegroom, cut in red paper, and pasted on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> +them. Then came two men bearing the family name of +the bride, who were, however, only to go part of the +way. Other men followed, some carrying a large red +umbrella, others torches, and again some playing a band +of music. Near the bridal-chair brothers or friends of +the bride walked. Half-way between the two houses +the friends of the bridegroom met the bride, and as they +approached the procession stopped.</p> +<div class="figright" style="width: 314px;"> +<img src="images/i-189.png" width="314" height="500" alt="BRIDESMAIDS" title="" /> +<span class="caption">BRIDESMAIDS</span> +</div> +<p>The children were very much interested in watching +what happened next. The bride's friends brought out a +large red card, on which was written the bride's family +name, and the other party produced a similar one, bearing +that of the bridegroom. These were exchanged with +bows. The two men at the head of the procession then +walked, with their lanterns, between the sedan-chair and +the lantern-bearers, who carried the bride's family name, +and returned to their places in front, when the bride's +party turned round and went back to her father's house, +carrying home her family name, she being supposed to +have now taken that of her husband. Even her +brothers went back also, and then the band played a +very lively air whilst the rest of the procession took her +on.</p> + +<p>Fireworks were let off along the road, and a great +many outside the bridegroom's door when the bride +arrived. Her bridesmaids, who have to keep with her +throughout the day, accompanied the procession.</p> + +<p>As the sedan-chair was taken into the reception-room, +the torch-bearers and musicians stayed near the +door, and where it was put down the floor was again +covered with red carpet. The bridegroom then came +and knocked at the bridal door, but a married woman +and a little boy, holding a mirror, asked the bride to get<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> +out. Her bridesmaids helped her to alight. The mirror +was supposed to ward off evil influences.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 372px;"> +<img src="images/i-191.png" width="372" height="500" alt="BRIDE AND BRIDEGROOM." title="" /> +<span class="caption">BRIDE AND BRIDEGROOM.</span> +</div> + +<p>Sometimes, much for the same purpose, a bride is +carried over a charcoal fire on a servant's back, but this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> +was not done on this occasion. All this time the bride's +face was hidden by her veil. She was then taken into a +room, where the bridegroom was waiting for her, and here +they sat down together for a few minutes, without speaking +a word. Sometimes the bridegroom sits on a high +stool, while the bride throws herself down before him, to +show that she considers man superior to woman.</p> + +<p>He then went into the reception-room, where he +waited for his bride to come to worship his ancestral +tablets with him. A table was put in front of the room, +on which were two lighted candles and lighted incense. +Two goblets, chop-sticks, white sugar-cocks, and other +things were on the table, when the bride and bridegroom +both knelt four times, bowing their heads towards the +earth. This was called "worshipping heaven and earth." +The ancestral tablets were on tables at the back, on +which were also lighted candles and incense. Turning +round towards the tablets, they worshipped them eight +times, and then facing one another, they knelt four +times.</p> + +<p>Wedding wine was now drunk, and the bride and +bridegroom ate a small piece from the same sugar-cock, +which was to make them agree.</p> + +<p>The thick veil was now taken off the bride, but her +face was still partly hidden by strings of pearl hanging +from a bridal coronet.</p> + +<p>It often happens that the bridegroom now sees his +bride for the first time, the two fathers having perhaps +planned the marriage, asked a fortune-teller's advice, +sent go-betweens to make all the necessary arrangements, +chosen a lucky day, without the bride or bridegroom +having a voice in the matter. This was the case +with the young couple, a great part of whose wedding<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> +ceremony Sybil and Leonard had witnessed. Both +Chinese boys and girls marry sometimes when they are +sixteen years of age; these were very little older.</p> + +<p>Many other ceremonies had to take place, such +as kneeling very often before the bridegroom's parents, +when at last it was time for the bride's heavy outer +garments to be taken off, together with her head-dress, +so that her hair could be well arranged; but she was not +allowed to eat anything at all at the wedding dinner. +Indeed, on her wedding-day, she is hardly expected to +touch food at all.</p> + +<p>Many people came in to see her, and on this day +she must be quite natural, and wear no rouge at all. +She has to stand up quietly to be looked at, blessed, and +have remarks made upon her appearance. Presents are +sent to the bridegroom's family. For three days the +bride's parents send her food, as she may not, during +that time, eat what her husband provides. In some +districts of the province of Canton the bride leaves her +husband, and goes home again for a time after she is +married, but after marriage she is generally considered +to belong almost entirely to her husband's family, in a +wing of whose house she lives with him, and to whose +parents she is supposed to help him to be filial. On +many other days the ancestral tablets have to be +worshipped by the bride and bridegroom, and amongst +other gods and goddesses, those of the kitchen have +adoration paid to them.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-194.png" width="600" height="358" alt="AT A CHINESE FARM." title="" /> +<span class="caption">AT A CHINESE FARM.</span> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"><br /><div class='right'> +"<i>Canton, February, 1881.</i><br /> +</div> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">My Dearest Lily.</span>—Father took us to a lovely +farm the other day" (Sybil wrote in another letter), +"where we saw a little donkey, who was so well cared +for that he seemed like one of the family. Leonard and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> +I fed him for some time. We both thought that the +farm-house was something like a Swiss cottage. +Father said the walls were made of clay, and on these +walls were scrolls, which were supposed to have power +to keep the fox and wild cat away.</p> + +<p>"There were a few bullocks and cows here, but not +many; their stalls were quite near to the house. We +liked the village, to which we went, very much, and it +was surrounded by high trees. Father says that the +stables of the Chinese are like cart-sheds, but each +stable has an altar in honour of the ruler of horses. +In this city there is a large temple to this god.</p> + +<p>"We saw a number of bean, pea, rice, and cotton-fields, +and had some sugar-cane given us to eat. +Sugar-cane is grown in Canton, and we had some bean-curds +to drink. We liked them very much. Mother +says she was told that they were made in Canton overnight, +and generally sold very early in the morning. +The beans are ground to flour, which is strained, and +then boiled slowly for an hour. I wonder if you would +like it?</p> + +<p>"The Chinese are so fond of sugar-cane, and it grew +in China before it grew anywhere else. Ever so many +fruits and vegetables grow also in China, but there +seem to be more rice-fields than any other. I will +tell you a few of the vegetables: sweet potatoes, yams, +tomatoes, cabbages, lettuces, turnips, and carrots; and +some fruits are apricots, custard-apples, rose-apples, +dates, oranges, pomegranates, melons, pumpkins, and +ever so many others. Canton is in the tropics, but +it is not hot here in the winter. There are such pretty +water-lilies here, not only white, but also red and red-and-white. +The Chinese look upon this lily as a sacred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> +plant. Some shop-keepers use the leaves, in which to +wrap up things, instead of paper.</p> + +<p>"Chinese people do very funny things. Because they +think that their birds sometimes like change of air, +they carry their cages out of doors with them for a +walk. But I do so wish that they did not eat dogs! +You see them being sold in the shops, and in one district +of Canton a fair is held, where they are regularly sold +for food. Many people like black dogs best. At the +beginning of summer nearly everybody eats dog's flesh, +when a ceremony takes place. If people eat it, they +think that it will keep them from being ill in the summer. +I am glad, for that reason, that I shall not be +here in June, as the dogs are cruelly beaten the day +before they are killed. Fancy, poor little things! I +suppose that is to bring luck too! And yet the Cantonese +think that they displease the gods when they eat +dog's flesh, and we have seen it written on Buddhist +temples that people ought not to eat 'their faithful +guardians.'</p> + +<p>"The Cantonese must not go into a temple to worship +till they have been three whole days without eating +any dog. One of the 'boys' here—he is a footman; but +in China all these sort of people are called 'boys'—eats +rats. He says he is getting bald, and if he eats them +his hair will grow again. Horses are sometimes eaten +too; and worms that spoil the rice-fields, father told me, +are sent to the markets and sold to be eaten. Isn't that +nasty? And a kind of swallow's nest is eaten even by +ladies. It is lined with feathers, which are first removed; +then it is scraped, washed, and pulled to pieces, +when it looks white. People say it is something like +blancmange. I should not like to eat it. Does it not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> +seem greedy, when people have so much to eat, to take +poor little birds'-nests which have been made with such +pains by their owners?</p> + +<p>"There is a bird in China that has such a long tail: it +is called the Golden Pheasant. The feathers of the cock +bird are most beautiful. His throat and breast are like +purple velvet, and his back looks like gold. The upper +part of his very long tail is scarlet, and the rest yellow. +When this pheasant lifts his head and neck-feathers he +shows such a tuft!</p> + +<p>"There are a good many deer in China, which are +also supposed to bring good fortune. Some Chinese are +very cruel to animals. We have seen them carrying +pigs, ducks, and geese fastened to a pole, hanging with +their heads downwards; and some of their dogs look so +hungry, and their beasts of burden so tired. We saw a +dreadful thing one day, almost too dreadful to write +about—a poor little dog running yelping through the +streets with its tail cut off! A Taouist priest had cut +it off, so that it should run screaming through all the +house in which evil spirits were supposed to be, because +this would drive them out; then the poor little dog +rushed into the streets, where we saw it, and, fortunately, +father was near enough to have it killed at once.</p> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 360px;"> +<img src="images/i-199.png" width="360" height="600" alt="CHINESE LADIES." title="" /> +<span class="caption">CHINESE LADIES.</span> +</div> +<p>"The people listen more to father than they do to +many missionaries, because he goes to the dispensary and +helps to cure them when they are ill.</p> + +<p>"I forgot to tell you that when we first went to +the farm nobody saw us, because the farmer, his wife, +daughter, and a labourer were all listening to a man +reading to them. We thought he must have got hold +of some of the Chinese classics. The pigeon-English +people talk sometimes is so funny. They are so fond<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> +of the word 'piecee.' Instead of 'one child,' they say +'one piecee chilo;' and if they had many children, I +expect they would say 'piecee muchee.'</p> + +<p>"Leonard makes very good shots at pigeon-English, +and can talk it much better than I can. What we +generally do is to put 'ee' at the end of our words; +but when we spoke to the farmer he could not understand, +and so said, 'You talkee me. Very good +talkee.' When he wanted to tell us that his house was +very large, he said, 'Number one largee, handsome +howsow;' and for 'There is a child up-stairs,' he said, +'Have got chilo topside.'</p> + +<p>"You asked me how the Chinese dressed, so I must +try to tell you this, although I have written you such a +long letter already.</p></div> + + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 316px;"> +<img src="images/i-200.png" width="316" height="400" alt="A VILLAGER." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A VILLAGER.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 314px;"> +<img src="images/i-201.png" width="314" height="400" alt="A COOLIE." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A COOLIE.</span> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Gentlemen and ladies seem to dress very much +alike; and people cannot change their clothes as they +choose, because there is a minister of ceremonies, who +says of what colour, stuff, and shape things are to be +made, and when winter and summer things are to be +changed. Even a head-dress may not be altered as +people like, or they might be breaking a law. And it +is so funny about the nails; some people let some of +their nails grow as long as they can, and are so proud +when they are very long. No Chinaman wears a beard +till he is forty. The outside robe of a gentleman is so +long that it reaches to his ankles, and it is fastened with +buttons. The sleeves are first broad, and then get +narrower and narrower. A sash is tied round his +waist, and from this chop-sticks, a tobacco-case, fans, +and such-like things hang. The head-dress is a cap +with a peak at the top. Men do not take off their +hats to bow; indeed, they would put them on if they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> +were off. In-doors they wear silk slippers, pointed and +turned up at the toes. Chinese men are admired when +they are stout, and women when they are thin. Women +also have two robes, the top one often being made of +satin, and reaching from the chin to the ground. Their +sleeves are so long that they do instead of gloves. They +always wear trousers, and often carry a pipe, for women +smoke a great deal in China. Some, I think, are +pretty. They have rather large eyes and red lips.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> +Old ladies wear very quiet clothes. Mother says the +Chinese are not at all clean people, and ought to change +their clothes much oftener than they do. People wear +shoes of silk, or cotton, with thick felt soles. The women +spend hours having their hair done into all sorts of +shapes, such as baskets, bird-cages, or anything they and +their amahs can manufacture. Then besides ornaments +in their hair, they wear ear-rings and bangles. Even +boat-women wear these; and the ladies almost always<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> +paint their faces, to do which they have a kind of +enamel. Chinese ladies have little useful occupation, +and spend a great part of their time, mother says, when +they are not doing embroidery, in gambling and adorning +themselves.</p> + +<p>"The peasants wear a coarse linen shirt, covered by +a cotton tunic, with thin trousers fastened to the ankles. +In wet and cold weather they make a useful covering +of net-work, into which are plaited rushes, or coarse +dry grass, and they put on very large hats, made in the +same way. The Chinese are not at all lazy people, +for father says after their shutters are shut, and all +looks dark from the outside, they are often at work, +and they get up early too. When men grow old their +tails get so thin. I saw such a wrinkled old man the +other day, with hardly any tail at all. I think he must +have been very sorry about that; he was an old villager.</p> + +<p>"Coolies wear their tails twisted round their heads. +They do all the heavy work, and are porters, common +house labourers, and sedan-chair bearers.</p> + +<p>"Leonard says if I write any more stuff he is sure +you will not read it; but I hope you will think it +interesting stuff, at all events, and, therefore, not mind +my letter being so long. There seems to be so much +to tell you when you have not been to China, and it +seems selfish to keep all the pleasure of seeing such +new things to myself. I meant to tell you about the +New Year, which we have just kept, but I have not +room. I hope you will write to me very soon. We <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'al'">all</ins> +send love to you, and</p> + +<div class='sig'> +<span style="margin-right: 6em;">"Believe me,</span><br /> +"Your very affectionate friend,<br /> +<span style="margin-right: 2em;">"<span class="smcap">Sybil Graham</span>."</span><br /> +</div></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-203a.png" width="400" height="204" alt="Decoration: Between two mountains" title="" /> +</div> + + + + +<h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>PROCESSIONS.</div> + + +<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/i-203b.png" width="200" height="178" alt="Decoration: Carrying water" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/i-120b-a.png" width="58" height="71" alt="A" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'> FORTNIGHT later Mr. +Graham saw a large, +Leonard a small, portion +of a funeral procession, and Sybil +was very anxious afterwards to +hear all about it, for Leonard had +told her that it seemed even grander than the marriage +one.</div> + +<p>"Please, father," she said, "tell me all that the +Chinese do when anybody dies."</p> + +<p>"I do not think I could tell you all," was her +father's reply, "because it would take too long, and +I do not know all myself; but I dare say I can tell you +quite enough to satisfy your curiosity. When a +Chinese thinks that a relation is likely to die soon, +he places him, with his feet towards the door, on a +bed of boards, arranging his best robes and a hat, or +cap, quite close to him, that he may be dressed in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> +these just before he dies. It would be considered a +dreadful thing if he were to die without putting them +on. Soon after he is dead, a priest—usually a priest +of Taou—is called in to ask the spirit to make haste +to Elysium, and to cast the man's horoscope, so as to +see how far the spirit has got on its journey."</p> + +<p>"What does casting his horoscope mean?"</p> + +<p>"Finding out the hour of a man's birth, and then +foretelling events by the appearance of the heavens. +More clothes are then put upon the dead man, who, +if he be a person of rank, would wear three silk robes. +Gongs are beaten, and when the body is placed in its +coffin, every corner of the room is beaten with a +hammer, to frighten away bad spirits. A crown is +also put on any person of rank. Widows and children, +to show their grief, sit on the floor instead of +on chairs for seven days, and sleep on mats near to +the husband and father's coffin. On the seventh day +letters are written to friends, informing them of the +death, when they send presents of money to help to +defray the funeral expenses. I saw a very strange +letter of thanks yesterday, a copy of which had been +sent to each giver of a present, and besides money, +food is sometimes given or priests are sent. The +letter, as far as I can remember, ran thus: 'This is +to express the thanks of the orphaned son, who weeps +tears of blood, and bows his head; of the mourning +brother, who weeps and bows his head; of the mourning +nephew, who wipes away his tears and bows his +head.' Then a letter is also written to the departed, +and burnt, that it may reach him, whilst cakes and +other presents are also sent to him by means of burning.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/i-205.png" width="350" height="600" alt="MEN ENGAGED TO WALK IN FUNERAL PROCESSIONS." title="" /> +<span class="caption">MEN ENGAGED TO WALK IN FUNERAL PROCESSIONS.</span> +</div> + +<p>"On the twenty-first day after death a banquet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> +is prepared in honour of the spirit, which is supposed, +on that day, to come back to his home, when the +entrance doors are shut, for fear any one should come +in and vex the spirit. On the twenty-third day three +large paper birds are put on high poles in front of +the house, to carry the soul to Elysium; and for +three days Buddhist priests pray to the ten kings of +Buddhist hell to hasten the flight of the departed +soul to the Western Paradise.</p> + +<p>"The coffin is kept in the house for seven weeks, +where an altar is set up, near to which the tablet and +portrait of the deceased are put. Banners, which are looked +upon as letters of condolence, are fixed upon the walls, +and on these the merits of the dead man are inscribed.</p> + +<p>"Pictures of the three Buddhas are also to be seen +in the house. A lucky place and day have then to be +fixed, by fortune-tellers, for the burial, and should these +not be forthcoming, the coffin would be placed on a +hill till they can be found. Burial is considered of +so much importance, that should a man be drowned +his spirit would be called back into a figure of wood +or paper, and buried with pomp. Before the grave-diggers +begin their work, members of the family +worship the genii of the mountain, and write letters +to these gods, asking them to be so kind as to allow +the funeral to take place."</p> + +<p>"But how are these letters made to 'arrive?'"</p> + +<p>"They are set on fire and burnt."</p> + +<p>"Leonard says he saw a number of people dressed +in white in the procession."</p> + +<p>"Those were the relatives in deep mourning, +white, you remember, being the deepest, white and blue +lesser, mourning."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 358px;"> +<img src="images/i-207.png" width="358" height="600" alt="CHE-YIN." title="" /> +<span class="caption">CHE-YIN.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span></p> + +<p>"And he says he is sure he saw his friend Che-Yin +among the mourners. You know, father, Che-Yin is +really a great friend of Leonard's, though he is so much +older than himself, and now he is taking great trouble +to teach him to play on the musical instrument which +he plays so well himself. I believe if Leonard were +going to stay longer here he would really learn to play +it quite well. Is it not kind of Che-Yin? But I must +not interrupt you any more," Sybil went on, "and this +is so interesting. Leonard said he wondered so much +what could be happening once when he heard a tremendous +noise, and saw people rushing out into the +streets screaming."</p> + +<p>"I think I know what that meant," was the +missionary's answer. "On the day of burial the relatives +weep and lament very loudly. They carry a long +white streamer, called a soul-cloth, to the ancestral hall, +for the spirit to say 'Good-bye' to its ancestors. At +three or four o'clock in the morning all decorations, +that have been put up in front of the door, are taken +down, and a banquet is made ready, of which the +spirit is invited to partake. You remember I told you +that they believe one spirit is buried with the body. +Well, some kind of paper is now again burnt, while +the spirit is asked to accompany the body, and the +tablet and portrait of the dead man are put in a +sedan-chair by his eldest son, over the top of which +is a streamer of red satin, on which his name and +titles are written.</p> + +<p>"Distant relations remain standing out in the +streets; but I expect what Leonard saw was people +rushing out of the house, dreadfully frightened, for fear +that after all the day might not be lucky, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> +spirit should be vexed, and send trouble to them, in +consequence.</p> + +<p>"As the coffin is brought out offerings are also again +presented to the spirit. Two men walk first, carrying +large lanterns, on which are written the name, title, +and age of the man who has died. Then come two +other men with a gong, which they beat from time +to time."</p> + +<p>"Leonard heard that."</p> + +<p>"Then follow musicians, and behind these some men +walk with flags, others with red boards, on which are +inscribed, in golden letters, the titles of the ancestors of +the deceased."</p> + +<p>"Then Leonard saw some gold canopies and sedan-chairs."</p> + +<p>"Offerings made to the dead are carried under gilded +canopies, and these canopies also follow the ancestral +tablets. The portrait of the dead man is in one sedan-chair, +and his wooden tablet in another.</p> + +<p>"I believe somewhere about here are more musicians, +then comes a man scattering pieces of paper fastened to +tinfoil. This is supposed to be mock-money for hungry +ghosts, the souls of those people who have died at corners +of the streets, and this money is to make peace with +them, so that they shall not injure the soul of the man +now being buried. The eldest son carries a staff, whilst +a person walks on either side to support him."</p> + +<p>"But Leonard said he saw a white cock, when he +could not help laughing. What could this be for?"</p> + +<p>"The cock is also carried to call the soul to go with +the body. Behind the eldest son comes the bier, carried +by men or drawn by horses.</p> + +<p>"Many other persons follow. All the people that can,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> +go in the procession. Women with small feet, unless +carried on their slaves' backs, can only go a short way. +At the grave, grains of rice are scattered over the coffin, +when the priest and all the people lift the cock and +bend their bodies forward three times. The tablet is +taken out of the chair, on which the nearest relation +makes a mark with a red pencil; then the sons kneel +down, and a priest, if present, addresses them."</p> + +<p>"Then a priest is not obliged to go to the funeral?"</p> + +<p>"No; sometimes only a man skilled in geomancy is +present. Geomancy is a kind of foretelling things, by +means of little dots first made on the ground and then +on paper. The tablet is marked, I believe, to bring +good luck to the sons, and then every one knocks his +head on the ground and does homage to it."</p> + +<p>Sybil was looking very serious, though she was +smiling too.</p> + +<p>"Oh, father!" she said, "how much you, and other +missionaries, will have to teach these people! What a +pity it is that they cannot know that the soul is never +buried, and that they can't learn to worship and pray to +God, Who would send them such real happiness in +answer to their prayers!"</p> + +<p>"It is indeed, my child," was the missionary's +answer.</p> + +<p>"And is anything more done for the dead after +this except worship being paid to them?"</p> + +<p>"Yes; for many days feasts are prepared for the +departed relative, hot water is carried to him to wash +his face and hands, and I have also heard of another +way that the Chinese have of 'conveying' spirits to +the kingdoms of Buddhistic hell. Little sedan-chairs +are made of bamboo splints and paper, with four<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> +little paper bearers, and sometimes there is a fifth little +paper man, holding an umbrella. These are burnt like +the paper mock-money; and sometimes, after the death +of another friend, a little paper trunk, full of paper +clothes, is supplied for one already dead, and burnt, +when the senders believe that the person who died last +is conveying this trunk to the other in safety for them."</p> + +<p>"They think that people need a great many things +in the other world, then," Sybil said. "And do children +often worship at their parents' tombs?"</p> + +<p>"Yes; at certain seasons of the year they make +pilgrimages to the tops of high hills, or to other distant +parts, where they prostrate themselves, this being supposed +to continue the homage and reverence which they +showed to them on earth; and they believe that in a +great measure the happiness of the spirits depends upon +the adoration and worship which they pay to them, whilst +those who render it secure for themselves favour from +the gods. Twice a day do children also pay adoration +to their dead parents, before a shrine set up in the +house to the memory of departed ancestors."</p> + +<p>"But what is the use of preparing feasts for the +dead?" Sybil asked. "They cannot think that the +dead really eat the food?"</p> + +<p>"They seem to do so, and not only lay a place for +them, but even put chop-sticks for their use."</p> + +<p>Another procession Sybil and Leonard saw one day, +and this Sybil described in the last letter that she wrote +to her friend, before she left China. Some men carried +an image of the Dragon King, others carried gongs, +drums, and green and black and yellow and white flags, +whilst boys, walking in the procession, called out loudly +from time to time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span></p> + +<p>The children could not possibly imagine what this +procession could be all about.</p> + +<p>Some characters were written on the flags.</p> + +<p>One man who, as Leonard thought, had a very happy, +smiling face, had a pole slung across his shoulders, from +which hung two buckets of water. In his hand he held +a green branch of a shrub which, from time to time, he +dipped in the water, and then sprinkled the ground; +while he also continually called out something. Other +men were carrying sticks of lighted incense. Most of the +people, in the procession, wore white clothes, and white +caps without tassels.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 304px;"> +<img src="images/i-212.png" width="304" height="300" alt="SPRINKLING WATER." title="" /> +<span class="caption">SPRINKLING WATER.</span> +</div> + +<p>Sybil and Leonard were afterwards told that this +was praying for rain, because for some time there had +been none.</p> + +<p>The Dragon King was carried, because he is supposed +to be the god of rain. Besides the Dragon King +there is a River Dragon, who is both feared and worshipped.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> +His mother, Loong-Moo, is often worshipped +by people engaged in river traffic.</p> + +<p>The men and boys were calling out "Rain comes!" +The yellow and white banners were to represent wind +and water, and the green and black, clouds.</p> + +<p>The inscription on the flags was, when translated, +"Prayer is offered for rain."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-213.png" width="400" height="192" alt="Decoration" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-214a.png" width="400" height="175" alt="Decoration: Building" title="" /> +</div> + + + + +<h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE LAST PEEP.</div> + + +<div class="figright" style="width: 208px;"> +<img src="images/i-214b.png" width="208" height="350" alt="Decoration: Woman" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 46px;"> +<img src="images/i-214c-s.png" width="46" height="70" alt="S" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'>YBIL had made several +friends amongst Cantonese +ladies and children, and +some very pleasant afternoons +had she spent with them. The +girls, she noticed, generally +wore cotton tunics and trousers. +One little girl, with whom she +had spent a few hours, was in +mourning, so she wore white, +bound with blue. Sybil could +not help thinking that this was +very pretty mourning, but her +brother's was still prettier, for +his trousers were of pale blue silk tied round the ankles, +and he wore white shoes. His cue was tied with blue. +And there were such very pretty gardens belonging to +the houses in which they lived, with rockeries, fish-ponds, +and summer-houses almost large enough to live in.</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span></p> + +<p>One lady, whom Sybil visited, astonished her very +much, because she had an only boy, who was very pale-looking +and delicate, and she called him all sorts of +names, and seemed to treat him so unkindly. When +Sybil had been ill herself, her mother had always treated +her with such extra love and care, and she fancied that +all mothers behaved like this. Then the Chinese love +their boys so much, that one would therefore have +thought an only boy would be so very precious. The +next time that she saw the lady she had given away +her child to be adopted by some one else. Mrs. +Graham heard the explanation to this unnatural conduct, +and gave it to Sybil. The woman really loved +her boy most fondly, and would have given anything she +had to have him well, but she fancied that the gods +were malicious towards him, and that if she pretended to +them that she did not care for the child they would let +him get well again. All that conduct was to deceive +the gods.</p> + +<p>Mr. Graham had several times dined out at Chinese +houses, and sometimes his wife had accompanied him, +but as Cantonese ladies never dine with their husbands +in public, where her doing so was likely to give any +offence, even though she were invited, she never went; +but many Chinese very well understand that there are +quite different laws for Europeans than there are for them, +and these seemed to be glad to admit English ladies, with +their husbands, to be guests at their houses.</p> + +<p>When Mr. and Mrs. Graham went to one of these +dinners, knives and forks were borrowed for them, +and the other English visitors, in place of chop-sticks. +A china spoon and a two-pronged fork were set before +each person, and there were china wine-glasses. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> +table-napkins were of brown paper. Basins of fruit, +from which all helped themselves as they liked, +were in the middle of the table. There were a +great many soups and other courses. Every now and +then the host took something out of a basin with his +chop-stick, and offered to put it into the mouths of his +guests. Out of politeness they were bound to accept +these gifts. There was not any beef, as no Chinaman +eats beef. Music was played, and slaves fanned the +people during dinner.</p> + +<p>Once when Sybil visited some of her young +Chinese friends, the tea was brought in to them in +covered cups, and when they wanted more, tea-leaves +were put into the cups and boiling water was poured +upon them. She had learnt now to be able to drink tea +without milk or sugar, but she could not like it.</p> + +<p>A two months' stay at Canton brought the children +to the end of four months and a half of their stay in +China, and left but six weeks more before they were to +return to England. It was the middle of March when +the Grahams said "Good-bye" to their kind friends +at the Yamen, and returned to Hong-Kong. Sybil +could not bear to say this farewell, as it was the last +but one, and she knew how very quickly six weeks +would pass.</p> + +<p>They had all enjoyed their stay in Canton very +much, and often thought about the New Year's Day +which had been kept, while they were there, with such +grand rejoicings. At midnight, on the last day of the +old year, a bell, never used except on this occasion, +pealed forth, when, at the signal, people rushed into +the streets in crowds to let off fireworks.</p> + +<p>Every temple and every pagoda was lighted up, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> +people burnt incense before idols in their own homes. +Some streets are lighted in Canton by lanterns, but, +as a rule, the smaller streets are in darkness, with +the exception of paper lanterns, which hang, every now +and then, from before shops or private houses, and even +these are put out by half-past nine o'clock. Paraffin lamps +are now being introduced along Chinese city streets.</p> + +<p>All New Year's night a great noise was to be heard, +and in the morning friends dressed in their best to +call upon, and salute, one another.</p> + +<p>In the streets they were to be seen prostrating themselves +upon the ground. Rich and poor alike had great +rejoicings on New Year's Day, the rich often keeping +up their holiday for ten days.</p> + +<p>Latterly Mr. Graham had been several times backwards +and forwards to Hong-Kong, where he had made +his final arrangements.</p> + +<p>The missionary, whose place he was about to fill, +would, when he left the island, take with him to +England, besides his own family, Sybil and Leonard +Graham. Until they sailed, the Grahams would all stay +with them at the Mission House, when it would be +handed over to Mr. Graham.</p> + +<p>The other missionary had three children of his own, +two daughters, twelve and ten years old, and a son of +nine, but as they had been absent from Hong-Kong +when the Grahams had been there before, the children +had not yet made one another's acquaintance.</p> + +<p>The eldest, Katie, now became Sybil's very useful +interpreter, for as she had been born in China and lived +there all her life, she could understand, and speak, many +Chinese dialects.</p> + +<p>Sybil now knew several Chinese words herself.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> +"Che-fan," or "Have you eaten your rice?" was "How +do you do?" though, as a rule, when people said "How +do you do?" to her it was "Chin-chin mississi?"</p> + +<p>When she went out visiting, questions such as the +following were generally put to her, "What honourable +name have you?" "What is the name of your beautiful +dwelling?" and "What age have you?" Had she +been grown up, this question would probably have been, +"What is your venerable age?"</p> + +<p>Leonard was often told to "catchee plenty chow-chow," +which means "eat a very good dinner," but as +somehow he generally seemed able to do this, he hardly +needed the kind advice.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Graham's amah amused Sybil very much. +She had been a great traveller, having visited both +England and America, and she liked England much the +best. One day she said to Sybil: "Melicā no good +countly. Welly bad chow-chow. Appool number one. +My hab chow-chow sixty pieces before bleakfast. Any +man no got dollar, all hab got paper. Number one +foolo pidgin. No good countly. My no likee Melicā. +My likee England side more better." This meant: +"America is not a good country. It has very bad food, +but first-rate apples. I ate sixty before breakfast. No +one has any dollars there, all use paper money. Very +foolish business. Not a good country. I do not like +America. I like England better."</p> + +<p>Some pleasure or another was always forthcoming +for Sybil and Leonard, and the few last "Peep-shows" +were very precious.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 326px;"> +<img src="images/i-219.png" width="326" height="600" alt=""SING-SONG."" title="" /> +<span class="caption">"SING-SONG."</span> +</div> + +<p>One day, when they were out, they saw a "Sing-Song," +as the performance was called. Under a canopy, +in the open streets, children were acting and dancing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> +To do so, they had dressed up in very gorgeous costumes, +their ornaments and head-dresses being grander, +Leonard said, than anything he had ever seen before; +and the little Chinese actors themselves seemed to be +thoroughly at their ease, and quite at home, in their +grand attire.</p> + +<p>"Why did that policeman come after you to-day, +father, and take down the name of the boat that we got +into?" Leonard once asked, when he and his father had +been out together, and were returning home.</p> + +<p>"Policemen have done that several times, if you had +only noticed," was the reply. "That was to guard us +from pirates. They took the name of our boat, so that +the owner could be held responsible if we did not return +safely. The Chinese are dreadful pirates, and are +generally on the look-out for opportunities to rob. +Sometimes a band of them will take their passages in a +ship, and when fairly out at sea will all rise in mutiny +against the captain and his officers, and perhaps murder +them, so as to be able to plunder as they choose."</p> + +<p>"I should think the boat-policemen had plenty of +work to do," Leonard then said.</p> + +<p>"Father, do you remember well when you were just +eleven?" the child then asked suddenly, going, as it +seemed, right away from his present subject. "Did +you ever want to be a sailor then? ever think for +certain you would be one?"</p> + +<p>"I do not remember ever having had that wish."</p> + +<p>"Well, I have had it over and over again, and +thought that there could not be anything better in the +world than going about in ships, and seeing different +places. I've wished to be a sailor for ever so many +years; but, you know, I don't wish it now."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i-221.png" width="600" height="359" alt="FISHERMEN AND FISHERWOMEN." title="" /> +<span class="caption">FISHERMEN AND FISHERWOMEN.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span></p> + +<p>Mr. Graham smiled. I expect it was Leonard's +"ever so many years" which made him do so.</p> + +<p>"Don't you?" his father asked. "Then what do +you want to be now?"</p> + +<p>"Something, father, I'm not half good enough for," +the boy answered, thoughtfully. "A missionary! Oh, +father, I do so want to be a missionary now, and come to +China, as you and grandfather have done! Shouldn't +you like it too? I know mother would; and perhaps +the Church Missionary Society would send me out if I +asked them."</p> + +<p>"I should like nothing better, my little son," was +the missionary's reply.</p> + +<p>A few minutes later Leonard was out of doors +again, flying himself one of the "wonderful kites," +which a Chinaman had made for, and given to, him, +and his father was watching his little fellow with +pleasure almost amounting to pride.</p> + +<p>Was this his impulsive boy's own thought, he +wondered, or had his sister suggested it to him.</p> + +<p>Quite his own; but no doubt the quiet, gentle influence +which Sybil exerted over her younger brother +was very good for him.</p> + +<p>"Do you think, Sybil, that the heathen Chinese +could teach the Christian English anything?" Mr. +Graham asked his daughter, as they sat and talked +together the very last evening.</p> + +<p>"I am sure they could," she answered quickly; +"many things. Filial love and obedience for one, +respect and reverence for old age for another; and then, +though they do believe such silly, superstitious things, +there seems to be such a reality, so much earnestness, +about the way some of them carry out their religion.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> +They do not mind how early they get up and go out +to keep a religious festival, and they seem to ask a +sort of blessing, from their gods, on everything they +do, and keep their fasts and feasts so very regularly; +but I think their love for their parents beats +everything. 'Boy' asked for a holiday yesterday, +because it was his mother's birthday, and got up very +early to do his work before he went." "Boy" was a +kind of footman.</p> + +<p>"Yes; parents' birthdays are kept up much more +than are those of children. Sometimes on their birthdays +they will sit under a crimson canopy, whilst their +children kneel and perform the 'kow-tow' to them. +The fifty-first birthday, and every ten years afterwards, +is celebrated with great pomp, when religious ceremonies +are often performed at the Temple of Longevity. I +believe thirty Buddhist priests will then sometimes +return thanks for three days.</p> + +<p>"When a man is eighty-one, the fact is occasionally +communicated to the Emperor, who may then allow +money to be given for a monumental arch to be erected +to the old man's honour.</p> + +<p>"After parents are dead their birthdays are still celebrated +in the ancestral hall, where their portraits hang."</p> + +<p>"I suppose children give their parents beautiful +presents on their birthdays?"</p> + +<p>"When they begin to get old the best present that +a child can, and does, make a parent, and one which +he values more than anything else, is a coffin, because, +you know, a Chinaman thinks that unless his body be +buried properly his spirit cannot rest.</p> + +<p>"The Chinese are strange contradictions," Mr. +Graham went on. "Although they are very courageous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> +in bearing torture, they are dreadful liars, and a great +liar is generally a great coward. Then they are sober +and industrious, but slaves to the opium drug; meek +and gentle, but, at the same time, treacherous and +cruel; most dutiful to their parents, but often very +jealous of their neighbours; and then, perhaps strangest +of all, is their love towards their children, but yet their +readiness to put their girls to death."</p> + +<p>Sybil was silent for several minutes. "Oh, father!" +she then said, "isn't the time dreadfully near now? +Fancy leaving you and dear mother! How can we?"</p> + +<p>"You must go to <i>your</i> work, darling, and we must +stay here to do ours. Is it not so?" Mr. Graham asked, +in the dear, kind, soft voice that Sybil loved so much, +and which she always called his "preachy voice." "But +what shall give us comfort? what shall we think about +when we are trying to do our several duties, though +apart, I hope contentedly and well? That it is God +who has called us to our several duties; it is His +Almighty will which we have now and always to obey; +but remember, not alone, not unaided, dear Sybil. +Who will be our guide, stay, and comfort, when we are +separated from one another?"</p> + +<p>Sybil knew, but could not answer, because she was +crying.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 384px;"> +<img src="images/i-225.png" width="384" height="550" alt="WOMAN OF POAH-BI." title="" /> +<span class="caption">WOMAN OF POAH-BI.</span> +</div> + +<p>"Your mother and I," Mr. Graham went on, "in +commending our children to the Fatherly love and care +of Him Who gave you to us, know that we place you in +the safest keeping; and you yourselves have also both +learnt, have you not, how to go to our Father and +'Supreme Ruler' in earnest prayer, whenever tempted +to do what would displease Him? A missionary, you +know, is one who is sent on a mission—to fulfil a duty.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> +A missionary's children must not shrink from fulfilling, +must not fail to fulfil, the mission on which they are +sent, must they?"</p> + +<p>Sybil looked comforted. She liked this last "Peep-show" +very much, and kissed her father to show him +that she did.</p> + +<p>A few minutes later she said, "Do you know, +father, I believe little Chu is really beginning to +believe and understand properly, for the other day, +when I was saying my prayers, she came and knelt +down beside me, and she would never kneel to our God +before, even when she saw the Christian woman at +Poah-bi do so, with whom we stayed, and with whom +she was such good friends. I shall often remember +that woman and her dear little baby, which she tied to +herself so funnily, because I liked them so very much.</p> + +<p>"Poor little Chu!" Sybil then went on. "I shall +be so glad to see her again when I come back to you, +but I do not think she will like me to go away."</p> + +<p>"Chu will have to be a great deal at school now. +She has her work to do too, you know."</p> + +<p>"How I shall think of you, father, and the Hong-Kong +Mission on Intercession Day, when it comes +round, shan't I?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, Sybil; and not only on Intercession Day, but +always in your prayers, you must remember to pray +very fervently, both for Chinese and other unbelievers, +and not only for me, but for all who are seeking their +conversion."</p> + +<p>"It seems a more real thing now to pray for," +Sybil said.</p> + +<p>"And to give thanks for too. Here in Hong-Kong +we have great cause to be thankful."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span></p> + +<p>"What a dear old lady that was who was baptized +on Sunday! but what was the Christian name she +chose? I could not hear it."</p> + +<p>"Mong-Oi, which means 'desiring the love' (of +Jesus)."</p> + +<p>"That was a beautiful name, wasn't it? And there +were a number of communicants for here too. How +many native communicants are there in Hong-Kong?"</p> + +<p>"Between sixty and seventy; and what is so +comforting is that the communicants seem to be really +devout, and to realise what being a communicant means +for, and requires of, them, and it is no easy matter at +all for natives of China to embrace Christianity. +Sometimes they have to leave all their relations, and +suffer much persecution in consequence."</p> + +<p>"When was the Hong-Kong mission begun?" +Sybil asked.</p> + +<p>"In 1862."</p> + +<p>Although the results were far from what the zealous +missionaries would fain have seen them, Mr. Graham +was right in saying that the Mission from the Church +of England to Hong-Kong had cause to take hope and +be thankful.</p> + +<p>Several men and women were now under instruction +both for baptism and confirmation. The mission schools +for boys numbered more than 190, and for girls more +than thirty, and here the children were religiously +as well as secularly instructed.</p> + +<p>There were, although only two European missionaries +and one native clergyman, twenty-three native Christian +teachers, and 183 native Christians. The Mission comprised, +besides St. Stephen's Church and the agencies +around it in the island of Hong-Kong, many out-stations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> +in the province of Quangtung occupied by +native agents.</p> + +<p>The Prayer Book, and, still better, the Holy Bible, +translated into their own tongue, were now circulated +among the people, some of whom were really learning to +love and value them; and not only were the services for +the Christians well attended, but every evening the +heathen were to be seen in numbers going to hear +sermons that were to be preached for them.</p> + +<p>Well, then, might Mr. Graham go forth to his new +work with hope.</p> + +<p>"How much you will have to do, father," Sybil said, +"if you go to the Medical Missionary Institution so +often, and do all your other work besides! But the +people seem to be very grateful to you. 'Boy' said +yesterday that you were 'a hundred man good,' and +I know what that means: 'The best of men.'"</p> + +<p>Mr. Graham smiled.</p> + +<p>"I like, and it is good for us all," he said, "to have +plenty to do; and one work, you know, may help on +the other."</p> + +<p>"I expect mother will help you a very great deal +too."</p> + +<p>"She is sure to do that." Sybil knew she was.</p> + +<p>All day long the child had spent beside her +much-loved mother; now, for another hour, she sat +on and talked with her father, receiving good, +kind counsel, when Leonard, who had been closeted +with his mother, listening to her dear words of best +advice, came in, with eyes swollen from crying, and +then the four sat together till it was long past bed-time; +but what of that? To-morrow, on board +ship, there would be nothing to keep them up late,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> +when they could make up for to-night, and go early +to bed.</p> + +<p>To-morrow came, as happy and sad to-morrows all +alike will come; when the mother gave her children their +last kisses, the father their last kisses and benedictions, +and Sybil and Leonard Graham started on their homeward +voyage to England, leaving their parents very +grateful for having such good, kind friends to whose +care on board ship to entrust them.</p> + +<p>Both children were to return at once to their former +schools, and spend their holidays together at Mrs. +Graham's brother's house, who was also the rector of a +country parish, and where she knew they would very +soon feel quite at home.</p> + +<p>Sybil and Leonard Graham, the children of brave +parents, were brave children themselves, and as they had +promised not to grieve more then they could help, they +at once did battle with their tears, and before long +were talking really cheerfully with their friends.</p> + +<p>"Who knows," Sybil said once to Leonard, when she +and her brother found themselves alone, "but what they +might come over for a small holiday-trip in two or three +years' time? and if not, I believe when I go out you are +to go with me for another 'Peep-show' holiday, and to +see <i>them!</i>"</p> + +<p>"Of course I ought to go whenever I can," Leonard +answered, "as I'm going to be a missionary out there +myself."</p> + +<p>Sybil had said "them" because she could not yet +say, without crying, those two dear, sacred words, father +and mother, which stand alone in the vocabulary of +every language, and have no peers.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Graham herself was then alone, shedding bitter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> +tears, which she had stifled until her children left her, +but which she could keep back no longer.</p> + +<p>Yet, though her mother's loving heart was very sad +and sore, she would not weep long, but would, to the +very best of her ability, go forth at once to help her +husband—who could not but feel sad now too—in the +good work in which she had encouraged him to embark, +counting <i>all</i> the costs beforehand.</p> + +<p>And Sybil, who had said "<i>I like my father to be a +missionary very much</i>," would not unsay the words +now, though it took both her parents so far away from +her and Leonard. Oh no! since she had seen the +great need that there was for missionaries to China, she +liked, even better than before, her father "to be a +missionary!"</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 156px;"> +<img src="images/i-230.png" width="156" height="300" alt="" title="" /> +</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i-005.jpg" width="400" height="233" alt="Inscription." title="" /> +</div> +<p> <br /><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 316px;"> +<img src="images/back_cover.jpg" width="316" height="500" alt="Back cover." title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3> +<p>Obvious punctuation errors repaired.</p> + +<p>Text uses uses varied hyphenation on the naming of the cities. This includes both Fu-kien and Fukien, Poahbi +and Poa-bi, and Pei-ho and Peiho, among others.</p></div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Peeps Into China, by E. C. 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