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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone
+in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal, by Ales Hrdlicka
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal
+       Bulletin of the AMNH, Vol. XIII, Article XXI, pp. 281-295, Dec. 31, 1900
+
+Author: Ales Hrdlicka
+
+Release Date: October 19, 2010 [EBook #34101]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PARIETAL BONE OF A CHIMPANZEE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
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+
+
+  _A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone
+       in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference
+       to the Oblique Sutures in the
+       Parietal._
+
+  By ALE[vS] HRDLI[vC]KA
+
+  AUTHOR'S EDITION, extracted from BULLETIN
+  OF THE
+  _American Museum of Natural History_,
+  VOL. XIII, ARTICLE XXI, pp. 281-295.
+
+  _New York, Dec. 31, 1900._
+
+
+
+
+  _The Knickerbocker Press, New York_
+
+
+
+
+=Article XXI.=--A BILATERAL DIVISION OF THE PARIETAL BONE IN A
+CHIMPANZEE; WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OBLIQUE SUTURES IN THE
+PARIETAL.
+
+By ALE[vS] HRDLI[vC]KA.
+
+
+The first to describe a case of division of the parietal bone in apes
+was Johannes Ranke, in 1899.[1] The skull in question is that of an
+adolescent female orang, one of 245 orang crania in the Selenka
+collection in the Munich Anthropological Institute. The abnormal
+suture divides the right parietal into an upper larger and a lower
+smaller portion. "The suture runs nearly parallel with the sagittal
+suture," but, as the illustration shows (Fig. 1), it descends in its
+posterior extremity towards the temporo-parietal suture, and
+terminates in this a few millimetres in front of the lambdoid suture.
+The abnormal suture shows but little serration, and the articulation
+of the two divisions of the parietal bone is squamous in character,
+the lower portion overlapping the upper. Below the junction of the
+abnormal with the coronal suture, the latter takes a pronounced bend
+forward. A similar bend in the coronal suture is present in the same
+specimen on the left side. This is common among the other orang skulls
+in the collection. The portions of the coronal suture below and above
+the bend differ somewhat in character.
+
+Besides the above-mentioned complete division, Ranke found among the
+245 orang skulls 13 with incomplete division of the parietal bone. The
+division consisted invariably of a longer or shorter remnant of a
+horizontal "parietal suture," ending in the coronal suture at the top
+of the bend above referred to. A similar anterior remnant of an
+abnormal parietal suture was found by Ranke in a young chimpanzee
+skull; but the author questions the word "chimpanzee," which evidently
+means that the identity of the skull is somewhat doubtful.
+
+In consequence of his finds, Ranke believes both complete and
+incomplete divisions in the parietal bone to be much more frequent in
+the orang than in man.[2] He also thinks that the bend usually present
+in the coronal suture in the orang signifies that, "even where there
+are no traces of a parietal suture, such a suture has actually existed
+in an earlier stage of development." This implies the development of
+the adult parietal bone in the orang from two original segments, one
+above the other.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Division of the Right Parietal in an Orang
+(Ranke, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., II cl., XX Bd., ii Abth.).]
+
+The divisions which I am about to describe occur, one in each
+parietal, in the skull of a nine-year-old male chimpanzee, which was
+captured, when young, in West Africa. Later on he was one of the
+attractions of the Barnum and Bailey Circus, and was familiarly known
+as Chico. The chimpanzee died in 1894, since when his skin and bones
+have been preserved in the American Museum of Natural History, New
+York City. Prof. J. A. Allen, the curator of the Zoological Department
+of the Museum, has kindly given me permission to describe the skeletal
+parts for publication.[3]
+
+The most interesting part of Chico is unquestionably the skull. The
+divisions of the parietal bones which the specimen presents are not
+only the first complete divisions of the parietal observed in a
+chimpanzee, but are also unique in character, no divisions of the same
+nature having been observed before, either in man, in apes, or in
+monkeys. The position and extent of the divisions in this skull will
+throw considerable light on the question of the aberrant, complete
+divisions of the parietal bone, by which term may be designated
+divisions differing from the typical horizontal ones.
+
+The skull under consideration shows in general a good development and
+an almost perfect symmetry. The capacity of the brain cavity, measured
+according to Flower's method, is 390 c.c.
+
+The masculine features of this skull, and particularly the temporal
+ridges, are not quite as marked as those of another skull of an
+adolescent male chimpanzee in the Museum. The temporal ridges are
+slightly prominent, and in their middle third, over part of the frontal
+and the parietal bones, not more pronounced than in some human crania.
+They are, however, situated very high. Their upper lines or boundaries
+touch each other over a part of the sagittal suture, a little back of
+the bregma; while the lower lines approach to within 6 mm. of the
+sagittal suture. The supraorbital ridges are not very massive, although
+prominent to such a degree that, when the skull rests on the occipital
+condyles and on the teeth, the plane of the orbits is almost vertical.
+The sagittal crest is insignificant; the occipital crest is high, but
+not very massive. The zygomatic arches are less strong than they are in
+an average white male; and the mastoids are small, even smaller than in
+an average adult white female.
+
+The second dentition is incomplete; the third molars have not reached
+the level of the opening of their sockets. The condition of the
+sutures, so far as their patency is concerned, does not bear the same
+relation to the stage of dentition as it does in man: all the sutures
+of this skull are more or less obliterated. There are no signs on any
+part of the skull that point to the closure of any of the sutures as
+premature. In detail, the condition of the sutures is as follows: The
+spheno-maxillary articulation is completely closed, but still plainly
+traceable. Of the various facial sutures, only remnants are open; the
+suture in the zygomatic arch, however, is almost fully patent on both
+sides. The spheno-frontal articulation is completely obliterated on
+the left, but traces of it remain on the right side. The left
+temporo-sphenoidal and squamo-frontal sutures (the squama of the
+temporal articulates with the frontal bone) are, with the exception of
+the basal part of the former, which remains open, quite obliterated,
+but on the right side both are open. The temporo-parietal sutures,
+with the exception of 8 mm. of the anterior end of the suture on the
+right side, are both entirely closed and hardly traceable. The coronal
+suture is partly open on the left, and wholly open on the right, up to
+a point a little below the middle of the anterior border of the
+parietal bone. At this point on each side, the lower portion of the
+coronal suture bends backward and continues as the anomalous suture;
+the upper portion of the coronal, particularly on the right, is
+completely obliterated, though still traceable. There are no signs
+left of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, and only the basal portions
+of the temporo-occipital articulation remain. The palatine sutures,
+also, are entirely obliterated.
+
+The skull shows no important anomalies besides the division of the
+parietals.
+
+The divisions of the parietal bones begin on the left 32 mm., on the
+right 28 mm. (measured with a tape), above the point of junction of
+the coronal and temporo-parietal sutures. From the point where the
+anomalous sutures leave the coronal suture, to the bregma, the
+distance on the left is 44 mm., on the right 42 mm. The excess of size
+of the left over the right parietal bone along the coronal suture (6
+mm.) compensates the greater height of that portion of the right
+temporal squama which articulates with the frontal bone. Measured
+across their middle from the temporo-parietal suture, the two
+parietals appear to be almost of equal size (left 82 mm., right 80
+mm.). In an antero-posterior direction, from the beginning of the
+division to the middle of the parietal portion of the occipital crest,
+both bones measure the same, namely 75 mm.
+
+The division in the left parietal begins at a V-shaped cleft, which is
+filled with a process of the frontal bone. There are slightly distinct
+markings on the bone and a number of insular ossicles, which make it
+probable that the cleft had been originally much greater and was
+largely filled by a Wormian or, rather, a fontanel bone, the lower
+border of which has subsequently united with the parietal.
+
+For 30 mm. from its beginning the abnormal suture proceeds directly
+backward, and to this extent shows but little obliteration. The original
+cleft has, it seems, extended up to this point. From here the suture
+takes a slight bend upwards, and proceeds almost directly upwards and
+backwards, becoming gradually obliterated, until it disappears at the
+temporal ridge, 16 mm. from the median line. Originally the suture must
+have terminated on the posterior border of the parietal bone, not far
+from the lambda. The whole suture shows fairly good serration. The
+coronal suture on this side, below the division, shows serration about
+equal to that of the abnormal suture; the obliterated portion above this
+was, so far as can be seen, more simple.
+
+[Illustration: Figs. 2-4. Skull of an Adolescent Male Chimpanzee.]
+
+On the right side the division of the parietal may also have begun with
+a cleft in the anterior border of the bone, but, owing to the advanced
+state of obliteration of the upper portion of the coronal suture on this
+side, the existence of the cleft cannot be fully ascertained. Here also
+the abnormal suture, at first wholly open, runs for the first 26 mm.
+directly backwards; at this point the suture, still quite patent, takes
+a turn somewhat sharper than that on the left, and proceeds for 16 mm.
+backwards and upwards; here it takes a second turn, and proceeds almost
+directly upwards towards the sagittal suture. This last portion of the
+abnormal suture is considerably obliterated, and on and beyond the
+temporal ridge is scarcely traceable. The point at which the division
+has reached the sagittal suture is situated a little behind the middle
+of the latter. The abnormal as well as the open part of the coronal
+suture on this side shows a simpler serration than the corresponding
+sutures on the left side.
+
+In this specimen there is on neither side any encroachment of the
+lower portion of the parietal bone upon the frontal, such as Ranke
+lays stress on in the case of his orangs. A second skull of an
+adolescent male chimpanzee, in the Museum of Natural History, has a
+decided bend in the coronal suture, not unlike that which Ranke
+describes, and which, as he thinks, generally indicates an old
+parietal division; but in this case the bend is situated between the
+inferior and superior boundaries of the prominent temporal ridge, and
+apparently owes its origin to the latter (Figs. 2, 3, 4).
+
+The main interest in the case just described centres in the direction
+of the abnormal sutures, and in the clearness with which the two
+divisions appear as equivalent and of the same origin, although one
+divides the parietal completely, while the other is restricted to one
+of its angles.
+
+As to the course of the abnormal suture in the parietal bone, in all
+the cases thus far reported, the division runs in a horizontal
+direction (cases of Tarin, Soemmering, Gruber, Hyrtl, Welcker, Turner,
+Putnam, Dorsey, Ranke, and others); or it runs obliquely from or near
+the middle of the lambdoid suture to some part of the temporo-parietal
+suture, the sphenoidal angle, or the lower portion of the coronal
+suture (cases of Curnow, Ekmark, Gruber, Hyrtl, Lucae, Welcker,
+Putnam, Traquair, Ranke); in a case of _Simia silenus_ described by
+Gruber and in an Egyptian cranium described by Smith, the divisions
+run to the lambda and begin respectively slightly above the pterion
+and at it. In Boyd's and in two of Hyrtl's cases, the abnormal suture
+begins at or below the bregma on the coronal margin of the parietal
+bone, and ends at or near its mastoid angle; finally, in Blumenbach's
+(cited by Welcker), Bianchi's, Fusari's, and Coraini's cases (those of
+Coraini include two monkeys) the division is vertical, passing between
+the temporo-parietal and sagittal sutures. The left division in our
+chimpanzee approaches those in Gruber's _Simia silenus_ and Smith's
+cases; but it originates much higher anteriorly, and terminates
+slightly below the lambda on the occipital border of the parietal. The
+division in the right parietal of the chimpanzee, beginning slightly
+below the middle of the anterior border of the bone, and ending
+slightly back of the middle of its sagittal border, has no analogy
+among the cases previously described.
+
+The difference in extent and terminations of the two abnormal sutures
+in the chimpanzee is of particular interest in connection with the
+problem of the significance and origin of those divisions of the
+parietal bone that involve more or less only one of its angles.
+
+Since the observations of Toldt,[4] and more recently of Ranke,[5] on
+the development of the parietal bone in the human embryo, it appears,
+though it cannot as yet be said whether the fact is or is not general,
+that the bone originates from two centres of ossification. These
+centres appear in most cases one directly above the other, but, as
+Ranke himself shows,[6] and as can hardly be otherwise, these
+primitive components of the parietal do not always show the same
+relations in size or position. The centres blend together, ordinarily,
+at the end of the third or during the first half of the fourth month
+of f[oe]tal life. On this account, the typical, complete, horizontal
+division of the human parietal bone, when met with at any time after
+the fourth month of f[oe]tal life, is generally interpreted to-day as
+a retardation of the union, or a persistence of separation, of the two
+original segments of the bone. Opinion, however, is still unsettled as
+to the significance of the more atypical, oblique divisions of the
+parietal, particularly of those where the separation is limited to one
+angle. Up to the recent contribution on the subject by Ranke, the
+weight of opinion on the point, although rather briefly expressed,
+seems to have been in favor of attributing to these smaller, oblique
+divisions, the same significance as was given to the more typical,
+horizontal ones. Gruber,[7] in reporting a new case of a bilateral
+oblique suture in the parietal bone, calls the separated mastoid
+angles "the secondary posterior parietals." Hyrtl and Welcker advance
+no definite theories on this point, though the latter expresses an
+opinion[8] that in both the horizontal division and the separation of
+the mastoid angle of the parietal bone the development of the
+condition may be identical. In 1883 Prof. F. W. Putnam, in describing
+one of his Tennessee skulls with an abnormal oblique suture in each
+parietal,[9] referred the development of the separated mastoid angle
+on the right side, as well as the larger oblique inferior portion of
+the parietal on the left side, to a "separate centre" of ossification.
+Ranke[10] opposes both Gruber's and Putnam's opinion, and presents
+instead a theory somewhat vague and not satisfactorily demonstrated,
+by which he accounts for the origin of oblique sutures from partial
+horizontal sutures in the parietal bone through "half-pathological
+processes." In his words, "the oblique parietal suture is allied to
+the half-pathological conditions of the skull; it is wholly
+unjustifiable to speak, as W. Gruber has done, of a separate Parietale
+secundarium posterius, severed by the suture, as of a typical, in a
+certain sense normal, formation. The oblique parietal suture is
+nothing more than an incomplete (posterior), true, _i. e._, typical,
+parietal suture with a sagittal course, modified by certain
+half-pathological conditions." These half-pathological conditions are
+produced, the author explains on the preceding page, "durch
+Einknickung der nach Herrn G. H. Meyer 'plastisch' aufwaerts gebogenen
+hinteren Scheitelbeinraender."
+
+This opinion of Ranke calls for a few words about the incomplete
+horizontal parietal sutures. These sutures are apparently very rare in
+human adults, only five instances being on record (4 Ranke's, 1
+Turner's). They are more frequent in orangs (Ranke), and quite common
+(as Ranke shows, and as I found independently before Ranke's publication
+of his observations) in the human embryos near term and in new-born or
+very young infants. In the human family, these partial divisions of the
+parietal generally begin in the posterior part, and run sagittally to
+the posterior border of the bone, ending in this border at or near its
+middle. In orangs the incomplete horizontal divisions seem to begin, as
+a rule, in the anterior part, and end at or near the middle of the
+anterior border of the parietal. The length of these divisions varies
+from a few millimetres to several centimetres, and they even reach up to
+the centre of the parietal bone.[11] These divisions are, without doubt,
+the remains of the original anterior and posterior clefts, or, if we go
+a step further, of the original intervening antero-posterior space
+between the original inferior and superior segments of the parietal.
+From the very first contact of the growing centres, the median extremity
+of these clefts is bounded both below and above by a mass of bone; and
+when the anterior or posterior border of the parietal comes finally in
+contact with the frontal or occipital bone, the anterior and posterior
+sagittal clefts, if they still exist, lie between two well-developed,
+firm portions of the bone. Under these circumstances it is quite
+impossible to imagine any disturbance, mechanical or pathological, that
+could affect solely or mainly the median portion of the cleft, and cause
+a deflection downward in this portion of the division, or cause its
+extension to the inferior border or even the anterior-inferior angle of
+the parietal.
+
+There are only two factors that can possibly affect and modify the
+course of the incomplete parietal suture, and both of these would show
+their influence mainly or entirely on the distal portion of the same.
+These two factors are, first, an abnormal development, either
+defective or excessive, of one of the original parietal segments; and,
+secondly, influences that would interfere with the freedom of full
+growth of the anterior or posterior border of the parietal.
+
+In the first case, as can easily be imagined or even artificially
+demonstrated, there would be possible only a lower or higher situation
+or an obliquity affecting mostly the marginal portion of the division.
+The results would be low or high sagittal sutures, and curved or
+oblique sutures diverging from the parietal eminence,--effects
+entirely different from the actually observed oblique sutures that
+sever the lower portion of the parietal, or its mastoid angle.
+
+Influences interfering with the free development of the anterior or
+posterior border of the parietal bone could only deflect upwards or
+downwards the marginal end of an incomplete parietal suture, or, at
+most, in a case of a short suture, render it oblique or curved in its
+entirety. No pathological condition, unless it were accompanied by a
+fracture, could extend even a deflected antero-posterior incomplete
+division to any of the borders of the bone.
+
+There are, it seems to me, only three possible ways in which an
+oblique suture, extending between any two borders of the parietal
+bone, can be produced.
+
+In the first case the oblique suture, or rather a suture-like
+formation, may be the effect of an early fracture. A fracture produced
+in adult life is generally recognizable as such; but a fracture dating
+from earlier stages of life, produced before the growth of the bone
+has ceased, may, if not entirely obliterated, present more or less the
+characteristics of a suture. I have seen several skulls where a
+division in the parietal bone or the temporal squama presented at the
+same time features of a fracture and suture; in one or two of these
+cases so much so, that it was and still is impossible for me to decide
+exactly which of the two conditions I had before me. Gruber describes
+one such case[12] as an instance of an oblique parietal suture, while
+Hyrtl and Ranke both consider this case as one with an acquired
+division. To differentiate a congenital real oblique suture from a
+division which is the result of a fracture, we must be guided largely
+by the situation, form, and serration of the division, and the
+condition of the surrounding bones, especially that of the opposite
+parietal. A straight course, ending with one extremity in or near the
+middle of the anterior or posterior border of the parietal, a complex
+serration, no continuity of the division on the neighboring bones, and
+particularly a co-existence of an allied or similar division on the
+opposite parietal,--all favor the conclusion that the division under
+consideration is a real congenital suture, and not the result of a
+fracture.
+
+In the second case there are reasons for believing that an oblique
+suture of the parietal bone can originate in the same way as the
+horizontal one, namely, through a persistence of the original separation
+between the two centres from which the bone is developed, and a
+co-existent difference in the relative position or the relative growth
+of the two centres. It is in this connection that the above-described
+division in the parietals of the chimpanzee will prove of value.
+
+The occasional persistence of the separation between the two original
+segments of the parietal bone is sufficiently demonstrated by the
+presence of the complete horizontal parietal suture. Differences in
+the relative position of these segments can be observed in a limited
+degree in Ranke's illustrations of embryos, before referred to; it can
+be deduced from such cases as the two of Hyrtl,[13] in which the
+division of the parietal was directed from the upper portion of the
+anterior to the lower portion of the posterior border of the bone. The
+most pronounced change in the position of these centres may be
+witnessed in cases where the parietal bone shows a perfect vertical
+instead of a horizontal suture. Such cases have been referred to
+before, and I presented at the meeting of the Association of American
+Anatomists, in 1899, several such examples, found by me in skulls of
+monkeys in Professor Huntington's anatomical collection in the Medical
+Department of Columbia University. One of these specimens is shown in
+the accompanying illustration (Fig. 5).
+
+A difference in the relative growth of the two centres of the
+parietal bone is well shown in the difference of size between the
+inferior and superior portions of the parietal in cases of the
+complete horizontal suture in the same. In the majority of such cases
+on record the superior portion is larger, particularly anteriorly,
+than the inferior; so much so, that that condition seems to be the
+typical one. The difference in the size of the two portions of the
+parietal, and in their relative anterior and posterior height, is most
+pronounced in one of Gruber's cases,[14] where the "parietal suture"
+begins only 10 mm. above the pterion, and ends 40 mm. above the
+asterion. In Dorsey's case[15] the lower portion of the divided
+parietal is 12 mm. higher than the upper. The same condition as is
+found in Gruber's case, here mentioned, exists in the almost identical
+left division of the second case of Putnam, of which I have a
+photograph in my hands. A somewhat similar excess of the posterior
+over the anterior part of the lower severed portion of the parietal
+can also be seen in the illustrations of the cases of Tarin, Lucae,
+and Turner (Admiralty Islands skull). In Calori's interesting case[16]
+there is a decided excess of the lower portion of the divided parietal
+in its posterior portion on the left and in its anterior portion on
+the right side.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5. _Macacus rhesus_ (Medical Department, Columbia
+University), showing a Complete Division of the Right Parietal Bone in
+a Vertical Direction.]
+
+In case the upper segment was not vertically above the lower one, but
+in a position a little more forward or backward of it; and,
+furthermore, if the relative growth of the two segments differed, and
+their separation remained permanent,--the separation of any portion of
+the parietal bone in almost any form and to almost any extent might
+result. Such coincidence of anomalous conditions, although
+necessarily rare, cannot, from what we know on the subject in parietal
+and other bones, be declared improbable. All cases where oblique
+suture on one side co-exists with more or less horizontal suture on
+the other side in the parietal bone, as in the second of Putnam's
+cases, would of course point directly to a similar origin of the
+anomaly on both sides of the cranium. That such cases have not been
+more frequently observed is largely due, I think, to the rarity of
+bilateral parietal divisions.
+
+A third mode of development of the oblique suture in the parietal bone
+suggests itself where the severed portion of the bone is small, and
+that is the possible existence of a supernumerary, third centre of
+ossification. I am by no means ready to defend this theory, yet there
+are cases in which it would afford the easiest explanation. I have a
+Peruvian skull at hand, in which there is a bilateral, quite
+symmetrical quadrangular separate piece of bone, encroaching on the
+mastoid process of the parietal. The surface of the left parietal bone
+in this skull measures across its middle in antero-posterior direction
+120 mm., in infero-superior direction 130 mm.; similar measures of the
+right parietal are respectively 117 and 130 mm. The separate bone on
+the left measures across its middle in antero-posterior direction 20
+mm., in infero-superior direction 12 to 21 mm.; the same portion on
+the right measures respectively 25 and 11 to 15 mm. Both pieces are
+joined to the parietal bone by a squamous suture (Fig. 6).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 6 (99/3550). Quadrilateral Fontanel Bones in a
+Peruvian Male Skull, encroaching upon the Mastoid Angle of the
+Parietals.]
+
+It is apparent that the separate pieces of bone in this case are too
+small to be easily taken for representatives of one of the regular
+centres of ossification of the parietal bone; but the same pieces are
+somewhat too large, and especially too singularly outlined and joined
+to the parietal, to be without difficulty diagnosed as simple Wormian
+or fontanel bones. One of Ranke's cases,[17] though the separation of
+the mastoid angle is oblong instead of quadrangular, as in the
+Peruvian skull, seems to me to present a similar difficulty in
+properly diagnosing the nature of the severed portion. This group of
+cases needs further observation, particularly on the bones of infants
+and embryos. I have two monkey skulls at hand which actually show a
+multiplicity of the original segments of the parietal. These specimens
+will be described in a future publication.
+
+So much as to the _formation_ of the oblique sutures in the parietal.
+It should not be forgotten that such sutures can be _simulated_ by
+those which divide true Wormian or fontanel bones from the parietal.
+The distinction between the real oblique parietal and these
+extra-parietal sutures must depend largely on the extent of the
+division and form of the separate piece of bone.
+
+We may now return to the skull of our chimpanzee. In considering the
+nature of the divisions in the parietal bones of this skull, we can at
+once and absolutely discard the idea of the divisions being due to
+fractures, or being boundaries of Wormian or fontanel bones, and thus
+really extra-parietal in their nature. There is nothing about the
+sutures, or the divided pieces, or the neighboring bones, that would
+even suggest such an explanation; and in our records on Wormian and
+fontanel bones we find no analogies either in man, or apes, or lower
+animals, to the conditions here observed. The necessary conclusion
+from this can only be that we have before us two examples of real
+parietal division.
+
+The division on the left side, had it existed alone, would be readily
+acceptable as an instance of the "parietal suture." The anterior
+extremity and more than the anterior third of the course of the
+division correspond exactly to the same features of a typical,
+horizontal "parietal suture;" while the elevation of the posterior
+extremity of the division, though unusual, can readily be explained as
+due to an excess in growth of the inferior original centre of the
+bone, which may, in addition, have been situated slightly posterior to
+the upper centre.
+
+The division in the right parietal of the chimpanzee begins at its
+anterior end, and runs for the first third of its course in the same
+way as that on the left side; its posterior end, however, does not
+reach the lambdoid, but turns up and ends in the sagittal border.
+Should this formation have existed alone, I should be inclined to
+consider it either as the result of an accessory centre of the
+parietal, or, possibly, as a persistence of the anterior portion of
+the divided superior centre of the bone, the posterior portion of the
+same being united with the lower segment of the parietal in the usual
+way. With the division of the left parietal in the same skull before
+me, everything points to a similar origin of the division on both
+sides, and to the right as well as the left division being a true
+"parietal suture," deflected less on the left and more on the right
+side by a disproportion in growth of the two original, regular
+segments of each of the bones.
+
+The disproportion of growth of the two original segments of the
+parietal bone will, I believe, be found more common as attention is
+directed to this subject. It can be well explained, though there may
+at times be other factors present, by a difference in the blood-supply
+to the two centres. This of course may occur not only in different
+skulls, but also on the two sides of the same cranium.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Die ueberzaehligen Hautknochen des menschlichen
+Schaedeldachs, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., II Cl., XX Bd., II
+Abth., pp. 36 et seq., Fig. 17.]
+
+[Footnote 2: _L. c._, p. 41. Among 3000 Bavarian crania, Ranke found
+but one with complete and three with incomplete parietal sutures;
+basing his conclusion on this observation, he says, "Bei den
+Orangutanschaedeln ist die Haeufigkeit der Scheitelbeinnaethe circa 40
+mal groesser als bei dem erwachsenen Menschen."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Since finding the abnormal sutures on this skull, I have
+been able to present the same at a meeting of the Association of
+American Anatomists (1899) and before the Ethnological Society of New
+York City (1900).]
+
+[Footnote 4: Toldt, C., in Maska's Hdb. d. gerichtl. Med., 1882, v.
+III, p. 515; the same in his U. d. Entwick. d. Scheitelbeins d.
+Menschen, Zeitschr. f. Heilkunde, 1883, v. IV, pp. 83-86.]
+
+[Footnote 5: _L. c._, pp. 324-330.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _L. c._, pp. 327-330, Figs. 29-32.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat.,
+Berlin, 1879, II Heft, pp. 12-15.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Welcker, H., Untersuch. ue. d. Wachsthum u. Bau d.
+menschl. Schaedels, Leipzig, 1862, p. 109.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Putnam, F. W., Abnormal Human Skulls from Stone Graves in
+Tennessee (Proc. A. A. A. S., XXXII, 1884, p. 391).]
+
+[Footnote 10: _L. c._, p. 309.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Ranke's Fig. 25, p. 318.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Virchow's Archiv, 1870, v. 50, p. 113.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Hyrtl, J., Die doppelten Schlaefenlinien d.
+Menschenschaedel, etc. (Denkschr. d. math. naturw. Classe d. k. Akad.
+d. Wiss. zu Wien, 1871, v. XXXII, pp. 39-50).]
+
+[Footnote 14: Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat.,
+Berlin, 1879, II Heft, p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Dorsey, G. A., Chicago Med. Recorder, v. XII, Feb., 1897.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Calori, Luigi, Sut. soprannum. d. Cranio Umano (Mem. d.
+Accad. d. Sc. d. Ist. d. Bologna, 1867, pp. 327 et seq., Fig. 4).]
+
+[Footnote 17: _L. c._, p. 303, Fig. 13.]
+
+
+
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+Transcriber's Note:
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+
+  * Footnotes have been moved to the end of the article.
+
+  * Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original
+  (=bold=).
+
+  * [vC] represents a large letter "C" with a "caron".
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+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal
+Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal, by Ales Hrdlicka
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