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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone
+in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference, by Ales Hrdlicka
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal
+       Bulletin of the AMNH, Vol. XIII, Article XXI, pp. 281-295, Dec. 31, 1900
+
+Author: Ales Hrdlicka
+
+Release Date: October 19, 2010 [EBook #34101]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PARIETAL BONE IN A CHIMPANZEE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+  _A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone
+       in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference
+       to the Oblique Sutures in the
+       Parietal._
+
+  By ALEÅ  HRDLIÄŒKA
+
+  AUTHOR'S EDITION, extracted from BULLETIN
+  OF THE
+  _American Museum of Natural History_,
+  VOL. XIII, ARTICLE XXI, pp. 281-295.
+
+  _New York, Dec. 31, 1900._
+
+
+
+
+  _The Knickerbocker Press, New York_
+
+
+
+
+=Article XXI.=--A BILATERAL DIVISION OF THE PARIETAL BONE IN A
+CHIMPANZEE; WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OBLIQUE SUTURES IN THE
+PARIETAL.
+
+By ALEÅ  HRDLIÄŒKA.
+
+
+The first to describe a case of division of the parietal bone in apes
+was Johannes Ranke, in 1899.[1] The skull in question is that of an
+adolescent female orang, one of 245 orang crania in the Selenka
+collection in the Munich Anthropological Institute. The abnormal
+suture divides the right parietal into an upper larger and a lower
+smaller portion. "The suture runs nearly parallel with the sagittal
+suture," but, as the illustration shows (Fig. 1), it descends in its
+posterior extremity towards the temporo-parietal suture, and
+terminates in this a few millimetres in front of the lambdoid suture.
+The abnormal suture shows but little serration, and the articulation
+of the two divisions of the parietal bone is squamous in character,
+the lower portion overlapping the upper. Below the junction of the
+abnormal with the coronal suture, the latter takes a pronounced bend
+forward. A similar bend in the coronal suture is present in the same
+specimen on the left side. This is common among the other orang skulls
+in the collection. The portions of the coronal suture below and above
+the bend differ somewhat in character.
+
+Besides the above-mentioned complete division, Ranke found among the
+245 orang skulls 13 with incomplete division of the parietal bone. The
+division consisted invariably of a longer or shorter remnant of a
+horizontal "parietal suture," ending in the coronal suture at the top
+of the bend above referred to. A similar anterior remnant of an
+abnormal parietal suture was found by Ranke in a young chimpanzee
+skull; but the author questions the word "chimpanzee," which evidently
+means that the identity of the skull is somewhat doubtful.
+
+In consequence of his finds, Ranke believes both complete and
+incomplete divisions in the parietal bone to be much more frequent in
+the orang than in man.[2] He also thinks that the bend usually present
+in the coronal suture in the orang signifies that, "even where there
+are no traces of a parietal suture, such a suture has actually existed
+in an earlier stage of development." This implies the development of
+the adult parietal bone in the orang from two original segments, one
+above the other.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Division of the Right Parietal in an Orang
+(Ranke, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., II cl., XX Bd., ii Abth.).]
+
+The divisions which I am about to describe occur, one in each
+parietal, in the skull of a nine-year-old male chimpanzee, which was
+captured, when young, in West Africa. Later on he was one of the
+attractions of the Barnum and Bailey Circus, and was familiarly known
+as Chico. The chimpanzee died in 1894, since when his skin and bones
+have been preserved in the American Museum of Natural History, New
+York City. Prof. J. A. Allen, the curator of the Zoölogical Department
+of the Museum, has kindly given me permission to describe the skeletal
+parts for publication.[3]
+
+The most interesting part of Chico is unquestionably the skull. The
+divisions of the parietal bones which the specimen presents are not
+only the first complete divisions of the parietal observed in a
+chimpanzee, but are also unique in character, no divisions of the same
+nature having been observed before, either in man, in apes, or in
+monkeys. The position and extent of the divisions in this skull will
+throw considerable light on the question of the aberrant, complete
+divisions of the parietal bone, by which term may be designated
+divisions differing from the typical horizontal ones.
+
+The skull under consideration shows in general a good development and
+an almost perfect symmetry. The capacity of the brain cavity, measured
+according to Flower's method, is 390 c.c.
+
+The masculine features of this skull, and particularly the temporal
+ridges, are not quite as marked as those of another skull of an
+adolescent male chimpanzee in the Museum. The temporal ridges are
+slightly prominent, and in their middle third, over part of the frontal
+and the parietal bones, not more pronounced than in some human crania.
+They are, however, situated very high. Their upper lines or boundaries
+touch each other over a part of the sagittal suture, a little back of
+the bregma; while the lower lines approach to within 6 mm. of the
+sagittal suture. The supraorbital ridges are not very massive, although
+prominent to such a degree that, when the skull rests on the occipital
+condyles and on the teeth, the plane of the orbits is almost vertical.
+The sagittal crest is insignificant; the occipital crest is high, but
+not very massive. The zygomatic arches are less strong than they are in
+an average white male; and the mastoids are small, even smaller than in
+an average adult white female.
+
+The second dentition is incomplete; the third molars have not reached
+the level of the opening of their sockets. The condition of the
+sutures, so far as their patency is concerned, does not bear the same
+relation to the stage of dentition as it does in man: all the sutures
+of this skull are more or less obliterated. There are no signs on any
+part of the skull that point to the closure of any of the sutures as
+premature. In detail, the condition of the sutures is as follows: The
+spheno-maxillary articulation is completely closed, but still plainly
+traceable. Of the various facial sutures, only remnants are open; the
+suture in the zygomatic arch, however, is almost fully patent on both
+sides. The spheno-frontal articulation is completely obliterated on
+the left, but traces of it remain on the right side. The left
+temporo-sphenoidal and squamo-frontal sutures (the squama of the
+temporal articulates with the frontal bone) are, with the exception of
+the basal part of the former, which remains open, quite obliterated,
+but on the right side both are open. The temporo-parietal sutures,
+with the exception of 8 mm. of the anterior end of the suture on the
+right side, are both entirely closed and hardly traceable. The coronal
+suture is partly open on the left, and wholly open on the right, up to
+a point a little below the middle of the anterior border of the
+parietal bone. At this point on each side, the lower portion of the
+coronal suture bends backward and continues as the anomalous suture;
+the upper portion of the coronal, particularly on the right, is
+completely obliterated, though still traceable. There are no signs
+left of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, and only the basal portions
+of the temporo-occipital articulation remain. The palatine sutures,
+also, are entirely obliterated.
+
+The skull shows no important anomalies besides the division of the
+parietals.
+
+The divisions of the parietal bones begin on the left 32 mm., on the
+right 28 mm. (measured with a tape), above the point of junction of
+the coronal and temporo-parietal sutures. From the point where the
+anomalous sutures leave the coronal suture, to the bregma, the
+distance on the left is 44 mm., on the right 42 mm. The excess of size
+of the left over the right parietal bone along the coronal suture (6
+mm.) compensates the greater height of that portion of the right
+temporal squama which articulates with the frontal bone. Measured
+across their middle from the temporo-parietal suture, the two
+parietals appear to be almost of equal size (left 82 mm., right 80
+mm.). In an antero-posterior direction, from the beginning of the
+division to the middle of the parietal portion of the occipital crest,
+both bones measure the same, namely 75 mm.
+
+The division in the left parietal begins at a V-shaped cleft, which is
+filled with a process of the frontal bone. There are slightly distinct
+markings on the bone and a number of insular ossicles, which make it
+probable that the cleft had been originally much greater and was
+largely filled by a Wormian or, rather, a fontanel bone, the lower
+border of which has subsequently united with the parietal.
+
+For 30 mm. from its beginning the abnormal suture proceeds directly
+backward, and to this extent shows but little obliteration. The original
+cleft has, it seems, extended up to this point. From here the suture
+takes a slight bend upwards, and proceeds almost directly upwards and
+backwards, becoming gradually obliterated, until it disappears at the
+temporal ridge, 16 mm. from the median line. Originally the suture must
+have terminated on the posterior border of the parietal bone, not far
+from the lambda. The whole suture shows fairly good serration. The
+coronal suture on this side, below the division, shows serration about
+equal to that of the abnormal suture; the obliterated portion above this
+was, so far as can be seen, more simple.
+
+[Illustration: Figs. 2-4. Skull of an Adolescent Male Chimpanzee.]
+
+On the right side the division of the parietal may also have begun with
+a cleft in the anterior border of the bone, but, owing to the advanced
+state of obliteration of the upper portion of the coronal suture on this
+side, the existence of the cleft cannot be fully ascertained. Here also
+the abnormal suture, at first wholly open, runs for the first 26 mm.
+directly backwards; at this point the suture, still quite patent, takes
+a turn somewhat sharper than that on the left, and proceeds for 16 mm.
+backwards and upwards; here it takes a second turn, and proceeds almost
+directly upwards towards the sagittal suture. This last portion of the
+abnormal suture is considerably obliterated, and on and beyond the
+temporal ridge is scarcely traceable. The point at which the division
+has reached the sagittal suture is situated a little behind the middle
+of the latter. The abnormal as well as the open part of the coronal
+suture on this side shows a simpler serration than the corresponding
+sutures on the left side.
+
+In this specimen there is on neither side any encroachment of the
+lower portion of the parietal bone upon the frontal, such as Ranke
+lays stress on in the case of his orangs. A second skull of an
+adolescent male chimpanzee, in the Museum of Natural History, has a
+decided bend in the coronal suture, not unlike that which Ranke
+describes, and which, as he thinks, generally indicates an old
+parietal division; but in this case the bend is situated between the
+inferior and superior boundaries of the prominent temporal ridge, and
+apparently owes its origin to the latter (Figs. 2, 3, 4).
+
+The main interest in the case just described centres in the direction
+of the abnormal sutures, and in the clearness with which the two
+divisions appear as equivalent and of the same origin, although one
+divides the parietal completely, while the other is restricted to one
+of its angles.
+
+As to the course of the abnormal suture in the parietal bone, in all
+the cases thus far reported, the division runs in a horizontal
+direction (cases of Tarin, Soemmering, Gruber, Hyrtl, Welcker, Turner,
+Putnam, Dorsey, Ranke, and others); or it runs obliquely from or near
+the middle of the lambdoid suture to some part of the temporo-parietal
+suture, the sphenoidal angle, or the lower portion of the coronal
+suture (cases of Curnow, Ekmark, Gruber, Hyrtl, Lucae, Welcker,
+Putnam, Traquair, Ranke); in a case of _Simia silenus_ described by
+Gruber and in an Egyptian cranium described by Smith, the divisions
+run to the lambda and begin respectively slightly above the pterion
+and at it. In Boyd's and in two of Hyrtl's cases, the abnormal suture
+begins at or below the bregma on the coronal margin of the parietal
+bone, and ends at or near its mastoid angle; finally, in Blumenbach's
+(cited by Welcker), Bianchi's, Fusari's, and Coraini's cases (those of
+Coraini include two monkeys) the division is vertical, passing between
+the temporo-parietal and sagittal sutures. The left division in our
+chimpanzee approaches those in Gruber's _Simia silenus_ and Smith's
+cases; but it originates much higher anteriorly, and terminates
+slightly below the lambda on the occipital border of the parietal. The
+division in the right parietal of the chimpanzee, beginning slightly
+below the middle of the anterior border of the bone, and ending
+slightly back of the middle of its sagittal border, has no analogy
+among the cases previously described.
+
+The difference in extent and terminations of the two abnormal sutures
+in the chimpanzee is of particular interest in connection with the
+problem of the significance and origin of those divisions of the
+parietal bone that involve more or less only one of its angles.
+
+Since the observations of Toldt,[4] and more recently of Ranke,[5] on
+the development of the parietal bone in the human embryo, it appears,
+though it cannot as yet be said whether the fact is or is not general,
+that the bone originates from two centres of ossification. These
+centres appear in most cases one directly above the other, but, as
+Ranke himself shows,[6] and as can hardly be otherwise, these
+primitive components of the parietal do not always show the same
+relations in size or position. The centres blend together, ordinarily,
+at the end of the third or during the first half of the fourth month
+of fœtal life. On this account, the typical, complete, horizontal
+division of the human parietal bone, when met with at any time after
+the fourth month of fœtal life, is generally interpreted to-day as
+a retardation of the union, or a persistence of separation, of the two
+original segments of the bone. Opinion, however, is still unsettled as
+to the significance of the more atypical, oblique divisions of the
+parietal, particularly of those where the separation is limited to one
+angle. Up to the recent contribution on the subject by Ranke, the
+weight of opinion on the point, although rather briefly expressed,
+seems to have been in favor of attributing to these smaller, oblique
+divisions, the same significance as was given to the more typical,
+horizontal ones. Gruber,[7] in reporting a new case of a bilateral
+oblique suture in the parietal bone, calls the separated mastoid
+angles "the secondary posterior parietals." Hyrtl and Welcker advance
+no definite theories on this point, though the latter expresses an
+opinion[8] that in both the horizontal division and the separation of
+the mastoid angle of the parietal bone the development of the
+condition may be identical. In 1883 Prof. F. W. Putnam, in describing
+one of his Tennessee skulls with an abnormal oblique suture in each
+parietal,[9] referred the development of the separated mastoid angle
+on the right side, as well as the larger oblique inferior portion of
+the parietal on the left side, to a "separate centre" of ossification.
+Ranke[10] opposes both Gruber's and Putnam's opinion, and presents
+instead a theory somewhat vague and not satisfactorily demonstrated,
+by which he accounts for the origin of oblique sutures from partial
+horizontal sutures in the parietal bone through "half-pathological
+processes." In his words, "the oblique parietal suture is allied to
+the half-pathological conditions of the skull; it is wholly
+unjustifiable to speak, as W. Gruber has done, of a separate Parietale
+secundarium posterius, severed by the suture, as of a typical, in a
+certain sense normal, formation. The oblique parietal suture is
+nothing more than an incomplete (posterior), true, _i. e._, typical,
+parietal suture with a sagittal course, modified by certain
+half-pathological conditions." These half-pathological conditions are
+produced, the author explains on the preceding page, "durch
+Einknickung der nach Herrn G. H. Meyer 'plastisch' aufwärts gebogenen
+hinteren Scheitelbeinränder."
+
+This opinion of Ranke calls for a few words about the incomplete
+horizontal parietal sutures. These sutures are apparently very rare in
+human adults, only five instances being on record (4 Ranke's, 1
+Turner's). They are more frequent in orangs (Ranke), and quite common
+(as Ranke shows, and as I found independently before Ranke's publication
+of his observations) in the human embryos near term and in new-born or
+very young infants. In the human family, these partial divisions of the
+parietal generally begin in the posterior part, and run sagittally to
+the posterior border of the bone, ending in this border at or near its
+middle. In orangs the incomplete horizontal divisions seem to begin, as
+a rule, in the anterior part, and end at or near the middle of the
+anterior border of the parietal. The length of these divisions varies
+from a few millimetres to several centimetres, and they even reach up to
+the centre of the parietal bone.[11] These divisions are, without doubt,
+the remains of the original anterior and posterior clefts, or, if we go
+a step further, of the original intervening antero-posterior space
+between the original inferior and superior segments of the parietal.
+From the very first contact of the growing centres, the median extremity
+of these clefts is bounded both below and above by a mass of bone; and
+when the anterior or posterior border of the parietal comes finally in
+contact with the frontal or occipital bone, the anterior and posterior
+sagittal clefts, if they still exist, lie between two well-developed,
+firm portions of the bone. Under these circumstances it is quite
+impossible to imagine any disturbance, mechanical or pathological, that
+could affect solely or mainly the median portion of the cleft, and cause
+a deflection downward in this portion of the division, or cause its
+extension to the inferior border or even the anterior-inferior angle of
+the parietal.
+
+There are only two factors that can possibly affect and modify the
+course of the incomplete parietal suture, and both of these would show
+their influence mainly or entirely on the distal portion of the same.
+These two factors are, first, an abnormal development, either
+defective or excessive, of one of the original parietal segments; and,
+secondly, influences that would interfere with the freedom of full
+growth of the anterior or posterior border of the parietal.
+
+In the first case, as can easily be imagined or even artificially
+demonstrated, there would be possible only a lower or higher situation
+or an obliquity affecting mostly the marginal portion of the division.
+The results would be low or high sagittal sutures, and curved or
+oblique sutures diverging from the parietal eminence,--effects
+entirely different from the actually observed oblique sutures that
+sever the lower portion of the parietal, or its mastoid angle.
+
+Influences interfering with the free development of the anterior or
+posterior border of the parietal bone could only deflect upwards or
+downwards the marginal end of an incomplete parietal suture, or, at
+most, in a case of a short suture, render it oblique or curved in its
+entirety. No pathological condition, unless it were accompanied by a
+fracture, could extend even a deflected antero-posterior incomplete
+division to any of the borders of the bone.
+
+There are, it seems to me, only three possible ways in which an
+oblique suture, extending between any two borders of the parietal
+bone, can be produced.
+
+In the first case the oblique suture, or rather a suture-like
+formation, may be the effect of an early fracture. A fracture produced
+in adult life is generally recognizable as such; but a fracture dating
+from earlier stages of life, produced before the growth of the bone
+has ceased, may, if not entirely obliterated, present more or less the
+characteristics of a suture. I have seen several skulls where a
+division in the parietal bone or the temporal squama presented at the
+same time features of a fracture and suture; in one or two of these
+cases so much so, that it was and still is impossible for me to decide
+exactly which of the two conditions I had before me. Gruber describes
+one such case[12] as an instance of an oblique parietal suture, while
+Hyrtl and Ranke both consider this case as one with an acquired
+division. To differentiate a congenital real oblique suture from a
+division which is the result of a fracture, we must be guided largely
+by the situation, form, and serration of the division, and the
+condition of the surrounding bones, especially that of the opposite
+parietal. A straight course, ending with one extremity in or near the
+middle of the anterior or posterior border of the parietal, a complex
+serration, no continuity of the division on the neighboring bones, and
+particularly a co-existence of an allied or similar division on the
+opposite parietal,--all favor the conclusion that the division under
+consideration is a real congenital suture, and not the result of a
+fracture.
+
+In the second case there are reasons for believing that an oblique
+suture of the parietal bone can originate in the same way as the
+horizontal one, namely, through a persistence of the original separation
+between the two centres from which the bone is developed, and a
+co-existent difference in the relative position or the relative growth
+of the two centres. It is in this connection that the above-described
+division in the parietals of the chimpanzee will prove of value.
+
+The occasional persistence of the separation between the two original
+segments of the parietal bone is sufficiently demonstrated by the
+presence of the complete horizontal parietal suture. Differences in
+the relative position of these segments can be observed in a limited
+degree in Ranke's illustrations of embryos, before referred to; it can
+be deduced from such cases as the two of Hyrtl,[13] in which the
+division of the parietal was directed from the upper portion of the
+anterior to the lower portion of the posterior border of the bone. The
+most pronounced change in the position of these centres may be
+witnessed in cases where the parietal bone shows a perfect vertical
+instead of a horizontal suture. Such cases have been referred to
+before, and I presented at the meeting of the Association of American
+Anatomists, in 1899, several such examples, found by me in skulls of
+monkeys in Professor Huntington's anatomical collection in the Medical
+Department of Columbia University. One of these specimens is shown in
+the accompanying illustration (Fig. 5).
+
+A difference in the relative growth of the two centres of the
+parietal bone is well shown in the difference of size between the
+inferior and superior portions of the parietal in cases of the
+complete horizontal suture in the same. In the majority of such cases
+on record the superior portion is larger, particularly anteriorly,
+than the inferior; so much so, that that condition seems to be the
+typical one. The difference in the size of the two portions of the
+parietal, and in their relative anterior and posterior height, is most
+pronounced in one of Gruber's cases,[14] where the "parietal suture"
+begins only 10 mm. above the pterion, and ends 40 mm. above the
+asterion. In Dorsey's case[15] the lower portion of the divided
+parietal is 12 mm. higher than the upper. The same condition as is
+found in Gruber's case, here mentioned, exists in the almost identical
+left division of the second case of Putnam, of which I have a
+photograph in my hands. A somewhat similar excess of the posterior
+over the anterior part of the lower severed portion of the parietal
+can also be seen in the illustrations of the cases of Tarin, Lucae,
+and Turner (Admiralty Islands skull). In Calori's interesting case[16]
+there is a decided excess of the lower portion of the divided parietal
+in its posterior portion on the left and in its anterior portion on
+the right side.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5. _Macacus rhesus_ (Medical Department, Columbia
+University), showing a Complete Division of the Right Parietal Bone in
+a Vertical Direction.]
+
+In case the upper segment was not vertically above the lower one, but
+in a position a little more forward or backward of it; and,
+furthermore, if the relative growth of the two segments differed, and
+their separation remained permanent,--the separation of any portion of
+the parietal bone in almost any form and to almost any extent might
+result. Such coincidence of anomalous conditions, although
+necessarily rare, cannot, from what we know on the subject in parietal
+and other bones, be declared improbable. All cases where oblique
+suture on one side co-exists with more or less horizontal suture on
+the other side in the parietal bone, as in the second of Putnam's
+cases, would of course point directly to a similar origin of the
+anomaly on both sides of the cranium. That such cases have not been
+more frequently observed is largely due, I think, to the rarity of
+bilateral parietal divisions.
+
+A third mode of development of the oblique suture in the parietal bone
+suggests itself where the severed portion of the bone is small, and
+that is the possible existence of a supernumerary, third centre of
+ossification. I am by no means ready to defend this theory, yet there
+are cases in which it would afford the easiest explanation. I have a
+Peruvian skull at hand, in which there is a bilateral, quite
+symmetrical quadrangular separate piece of bone, encroaching on the
+mastoid process of the parietal. The surface of the left parietal bone
+in this skull measures across its middle in antero-posterior direction
+120 mm., in infero-superior direction 130 mm.; similar measures of the
+right parietal are respectively 117 and 130 mm. The separate bone on
+the left measures across its middle in antero-posterior direction 20
+mm., in infero-superior direction 12 to 21 mm.; the same portion on
+the right measures respectively 25 and 11 to 15 mm. Both pieces are
+joined to the parietal bone by a squamous suture (Fig. 6).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 6 (99/3550). Quadrilateral Fontanel Bones in a
+Peruvian Male Skull, encroaching upon the Mastoid Angle of the
+Parietals.]
+
+It is apparent that the separate pieces of bone in this case are too
+small to be easily taken for representatives of one of the regular
+centres of ossification of the parietal bone; but the same pieces are
+somewhat too large, and especially too singularly outlined and joined
+to the parietal, to be without difficulty diagnosed as simple Wormian
+or fontanel bones. One of Ranke's cases,[17] though the separation of
+the mastoid angle is oblong instead of quadrangular, as in the
+Peruvian skull, seems to me to present a similar difficulty in
+properly diagnosing the nature of the severed portion. This group of
+cases needs further observation, particularly on the bones of infants
+and embryos. I have two monkey skulls at hand which actually show a
+multiplicity of the original segments of the parietal. These specimens
+will be described in a future publication.
+
+So much as to the _formation_ of the oblique sutures in the parietal.
+It should not be forgotten that such sutures can be _simulated_ by
+those which divide true Wormian or fontanel bones from the parietal.
+The distinction between the real oblique parietal and these
+extra-parietal sutures must depend largely on the extent of the
+division and form of the separate piece of bone.
+
+We may now return to the skull of our chimpanzee. In considering the
+nature of the divisions in the parietal bones of this skull, we can at
+once and absolutely discard the idea of the divisions being due to
+fractures, or being boundaries of Wormian or fontanel bones, and thus
+really extra-parietal in their nature. There is nothing about the
+sutures, or the divided pieces, or the neighboring bones, that would
+even suggest such an explanation; and in our records on Wormian and
+fontanel bones we find no analogies either in man, or apes, or lower
+animals, to the conditions here observed. The necessary conclusion
+from this can only be that we have before us two examples of real
+parietal division.
+
+The division on the left side, had it existed alone, would be readily
+acceptable as an instance of the "parietal suture." The anterior
+extremity and more than the anterior third of the course of the
+division correspond exactly to the same features of a typical,
+horizontal "parietal suture;" while the elevation of the posterior
+extremity of the division, though unusual, can readily be explained as
+due to an excess in growth of the inferior original centre of the
+bone, which may, in addition, have been situated slightly posterior to
+the upper centre.
+
+The division in the right parietal of the chimpanzee begins at its
+anterior end, and runs for the first third of its course in the same
+way as that on the left side; its posterior end, however, does not
+reach the lambdoid, but turns up and ends in the sagittal border.
+Should this formation have existed alone, I should be inclined to
+consider it either as the result of an accessory centre of the
+parietal, or, possibly, as a persistence of the anterior portion of
+the divided superior centre of the bone, the posterior portion of the
+same being united with the lower segment of the parietal in the usual
+way. With the division of the left parietal in the same skull before
+me, everything points to a similar origin of the division on both
+sides, and to the right as well as the left division being a true
+"parietal suture," deflected less on the left and more on the right
+side by a disproportion in growth of the two original, regular
+segments of each of the bones.
+
+The disproportion of growth of the two original segments of the
+parietal bone will, I believe, be found more common as attention is
+directed to this subject. It can be well explained, though there may
+at times be other factors present, by a difference in the blood-supply
+to the two centres. This of course may occur not only in different
+skulls, but also on the two sides of the same cranium.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Die überzähligen Hautknochen des menschlichen
+Schädeldachs, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., II Cl., XX Bd., II
+Abth., pp. 36 et seq., Fig. 17.]
+
+[Footnote 2: _L. c._, p. 41. Among 3000 Bavarian crania, Ranke found
+but one with complete and three with incomplete parietal sutures;
+basing his conclusion on this observation, he says, "Bei den
+Orangutanschädeln ist die Häufigkeit der Scheitelbeinnäthe circa 40
+mal grösser als bei dem erwachsenen Menschen."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Since finding the abnormal sutures on this skull, I have
+been able to present the same at a meeting of the Association of
+American Anatomists (1899) and before the Ethnological Society of New
+York City (1900).]
+
+[Footnote 4: Toldt, C., in Maska's Hdb. d. gerichtl. Med., 1882, v.
+III, p. 515; the same in his U. d. Entwick. d. Scheitelbeins d.
+Menschen, Zeitschr. f. Heilkunde, 1883, v. IV, pp. 83-86.]
+
+[Footnote 5: _L. c._, pp. 324-330.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _L. c._, pp. 327-330, Figs. 29-32.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat.,
+Berlin, 1879, II Heft, pp. 12-15.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Welcker, H., Untersuch. ü. d. Wachsthum u. Bau d.
+menschl. Schädels, Leipzig, 1862, p. 109.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Putnam, F. W., Abnormal Human Skulls from Stone Graves in
+Tennessee (Proc. A. A. A. S., XXXII, 1884, p. 391).]
+
+[Footnote 10: _L. c._, p. 309.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Ranke's Fig. 25, p. 318.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Virchow's Archiv, 1870, v. 50, p. 113.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Hyrtl, J., Die doppelten Schläfenlinien d.
+Menschenschädel, etc. (Denkschr. d. math. naturw. Classe d. k. Akad.
+d. Wiss. zu Wien, 1871, v. XXXII, pp. 39-50).]
+
+[Footnote 14: Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat.,
+Berlin, 1879, II Heft, p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Dorsey, G. A., Chicago Med. Recorder, v. XII, Feb., 1897.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Calori, Luigi, Sut. soprannum. d. Cranio Umano (Mem. d.
+Accad. d. Sc. d. Ist. d. Bologna, 1867, pp. 327 et seq., Fig. 4).]
+
+[Footnote 17: _L. c._, p. 303, Fig. 13.]
+
+
+
+
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+Transcriber's Note:
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+  * Footnotes have been moved to the end of the article.
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+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal
+Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special, by Ales Hrdlicka
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone
+in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal, by Ales Hrdlicka
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal
+       Bulletin of the AMNH, Vol. XIII, Article XXI, pp. 281-295, Dec. 31, 1900
+
+Author: Ales Hrdlicka
+
+Release Date: October 19, 2010 [EBook #34101]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PARIETAL BONE OF A CHIMPANZEE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
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+
+
+  _A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone
+       in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference
+       to the Oblique Sutures in the
+       Parietal._
+
+  By ALE[vS] HRDLI[vC]KA
+
+  AUTHOR'S EDITION, extracted from BULLETIN
+  OF THE
+  _American Museum of Natural History_,
+  VOL. XIII, ARTICLE XXI, pp. 281-295.
+
+  _New York, Dec. 31, 1900._
+
+
+
+
+  _The Knickerbocker Press, New York_
+
+
+
+
+=Article XXI.=--A BILATERAL DIVISION OF THE PARIETAL BONE IN A
+CHIMPANZEE; WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OBLIQUE SUTURES IN THE
+PARIETAL.
+
+By ALE[vS] HRDLI[vC]KA.
+
+
+The first to describe a case of division of the parietal bone in apes
+was Johannes Ranke, in 1899.[1] The skull in question is that of an
+adolescent female orang, one of 245 orang crania in the Selenka
+collection in the Munich Anthropological Institute. The abnormal
+suture divides the right parietal into an upper larger and a lower
+smaller portion. "The suture runs nearly parallel with the sagittal
+suture," but, as the illustration shows (Fig. 1), it descends in its
+posterior extremity towards the temporo-parietal suture, and
+terminates in this a few millimetres in front of the lambdoid suture.
+The abnormal suture shows but little serration, and the articulation
+of the two divisions of the parietal bone is squamous in character,
+the lower portion overlapping the upper. Below the junction of the
+abnormal with the coronal suture, the latter takes a pronounced bend
+forward. A similar bend in the coronal suture is present in the same
+specimen on the left side. This is common among the other orang skulls
+in the collection. The portions of the coronal suture below and above
+the bend differ somewhat in character.
+
+Besides the above-mentioned complete division, Ranke found among the
+245 orang skulls 13 with incomplete division of the parietal bone. The
+division consisted invariably of a longer or shorter remnant of a
+horizontal "parietal suture," ending in the coronal suture at the top
+of the bend above referred to. A similar anterior remnant of an
+abnormal parietal suture was found by Ranke in a young chimpanzee
+skull; but the author questions the word "chimpanzee," which evidently
+means that the identity of the skull is somewhat doubtful.
+
+In consequence of his finds, Ranke believes both complete and
+incomplete divisions in the parietal bone to be much more frequent in
+the orang than in man.[2] He also thinks that the bend usually present
+in the coronal suture in the orang signifies that, "even where there
+are no traces of a parietal suture, such a suture has actually existed
+in an earlier stage of development." This implies the development of
+the adult parietal bone in the orang from two original segments, one
+above the other.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Division of the Right Parietal in an Orang
+(Ranke, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., II cl., XX Bd., ii Abth.).]
+
+The divisions which I am about to describe occur, one in each
+parietal, in the skull of a nine-year-old male chimpanzee, which was
+captured, when young, in West Africa. Later on he was one of the
+attractions of the Barnum and Bailey Circus, and was familiarly known
+as Chico. The chimpanzee died in 1894, since when his skin and bones
+have been preserved in the American Museum of Natural History, New
+York City. Prof. J. A. Allen, the curator of the Zoölogical Department
+of the Museum, has kindly given me permission to describe the skeletal
+parts for publication.[3]
+
+The most interesting part of Chico is unquestionably the skull. The
+divisions of the parietal bones which the specimen presents are not
+only the first complete divisions of the parietal observed in a
+chimpanzee, but are also unique in character, no divisions of the same
+nature having been observed before, either in man, in apes, or in
+monkeys. The position and extent of the divisions in this skull will
+throw considerable light on the question of the aberrant, complete
+divisions of the parietal bone, by which term may be designated
+divisions differing from the typical horizontal ones.
+
+The skull under consideration shows in general a good development and
+an almost perfect symmetry. The capacity of the brain cavity, measured
+according to Flower's method, is 390 c.c.
+
+The masculine features of this skull, and particularly the temporal
+ridges, are not quite as marked as those of another skull of an
+adolescent male chimpanzee in the Museum. The temporal ridges are
+slightly prominent, and in their middle third, over part of the frontal
+and the parietal bones, not more pronounced than in some human crania.
+They are, however, situated very high. Their upper lines or boundaries
+touch each other over a part of the sagittal suture, a little back of
+the bregma; while the lower lines approach to within 6 mm. of the
+sagittal suture. The supraorbital ridges are not very massive, although
+prominent to such a degree that, when the skull rests on the occipital
+condyles and on the teeth, the plane of the orbits is almost vertical.
+The sagittal crest is insignificant; the occipital crest is high, but
+not very massive. The zygomatic arches are less strong than they are in
+an average white male; and the mastoids are small, even smaller than in
+an average adult white female.
+
+The second dentition is incomplete; the third molars have not reached
+the level of the opening of their sockets. The condition of the
+sutures, so far as their patency is concerned, does not bear the same
+relation to the stage of dentition as it does in man: all the sutures
+of this skull are more or less obliterated. There are no signs on any
+part of the skull that point to the closure of any of the sutures as
+premature. In detail, the condition of the sutures is as follows: The
+spheno-maxillary articulation is completely closed, but still plainly
+traceable. Of the various facial sutures, only remnants are open; the
+suture in the zygomatic arch, however, is almost fully patent on both
+sides. The spheno-frontal articulation is completely obliterated on
+the left, but traces of it remain on the right side. The left
+temporo-sphenoidal and squamo-frontal sutures (the squama of the
+temporal articulates with the frontal bone) are, with the exception of
+the basal part of the former, which remains open, quite obliterated,
+but on the right side both are open. The temporo-parietal sutures,
+with the exception of 8 mm. of the anterior end of the suture on the
+right side, are both entirely closed and hardly traceable. The coronal
+suture is partly open on the left, and wholly open on the right, up to
+a point a little below the middle of the anterior border of the
+parietal bone. At this point on each side, the lower portion of the
+coronal suture bends backward and continues as the anomalous suture;
+the upper portion of the coronal, particularly on the right, is
+completely obliterated, though still traceable. There are no signs
+left of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, and only the basal portions
+of the temporo-occipital articulation remain. The palatine sutures,
+also, are entirely obliterated.
+
+The skull shows no important anomalies besides the division of the
+parietals.
+
+The divisions of the parietal bones begin on the left 32 mm., on the
+right 28 mm. (measured with a tape), above the point of junction of
+the coronal and temporo-parietal sutures. From the point where the
+anomalous sutures leave the coronal suture, to the bregma, the
+distance on the left is 44 mm., on the right 42 mm. The excess of size
+of the left over the right parietal bone along the coronal suture (6
+mm.) compensates the greater height of that portion of the right
+temporal squama which articulates with the frontal bone. Measured
+across their middle from the temporo-parietal suture, the two
+parietals appear to be almost of equal size (left 82 mm., right 80
+mm.). In an antero-posterior direction, from the beginning of the
+division to the middle of the parietal portion of the occipital crest,
+both bones measure the same, namely 75 mm.
+
+The division in the left parietal begins at a V-shaped cleft, which is
+filled with a process of the frontal bone. There are slightly distinct
+markings on the bone and a number of insular ossicles, which make it
+probable that the cleft had been originally much greater and was
+largely filled by a Wormian or, rather, a fontanel bone, the lower
+border of which has subsequently united with the parietal.
+
+For 30 mm. from its beginning the abnormal suture proceeds directly
+backward, and to this extent shows but little obliteration. The original
+cleft has, it seems, extended up to this point. From here the suture
+takes a slight bend upwards, and proceeds almost directly upwards and
+backwards, becoming gradually obliterated, until it disappears at the
+temporal ridge, 16 mm. from the median line. Originally the suture must
+have terminated on the posterior border of the parietal bone, not far
+from the lambda. The whole suture shows fairly good serration. The
+coronal suture on this side, below the division, shows serration about
+equal to that of the abnormal suture; the obliterated portion above this
+was, so far as can be seen, more simple.
+
+[Illustration: Figs. 2-4. Skull of an Adolescent Male Chimpanzee.]
+
+On the right side the division of the parietal may also have begun with
+a cleft in the anterior border of the bone, but, owing to the advanced
+state of obliteration of the upper portion of the coronal suture on this
+side, the existence of the cleft cannot be fully ascertained. Here also
+the abnormal suture, at first wholly open, runs for the first 26 mm.
+directly backwards; at this point the suture, still quite patent, takes
+a turn somewhat sharper than that on the left, and proceeds for 16 mm.
+backwards and upwards; here it takes a second turn, and proceeds almost
+directly upwards towards the sagittal suture. This last portion of the
+abnormal suture is considerably obliterated, and on and beyond the
+temporal ridge is scarcely traceable. The point at which the division
+has reached the sagittal suture is situated a little behind the middle
+of the latter. The abnormal as well as the open part of the coronal
+suture on this side shows a simpler serration than the corresponding
+sutures on the left side.
+
+In this specimen there is on neither side any encroachment of the
+lower portion of the parietal bone upon the frontal, such as Ranke
+lays stress on in the case of his orangs. A second skull of an
+adolescent male chimpanzee, in the Museum of Natural History, has a
+decided bend in the coronal suture, not unlike that which Ranke
+describes, and which, as he thinks, generally indicates an old
+parietal division; but in this case the bend is situated between the
+inferior and superior boundaries of the prominent temporal ridge, and
+apparently owes its origin to the latter (Figs. 2, 3, 4).
+
+The main interest in the case just described centres in the direction
+of the abnormal sutures, and in the clearness with which the two
+divisions appear as equivalent and of the same origin, although one
+divides the parietal completely, while the other is restricted to one
+of its angles.
+
+As to the course of the abnormal suture in the parietal bone, in all
+the cases thus far reported, the division runs in a horizontal
+direction (cases of Tarin, Soemmering, Gruber, Hyrtl, Welcker, Turner,
+Putnam, Dorsey, Ranke, and others); or it runs obliquely from or near
+the middle of the lambdoid suture to some part of the temporo-parietal
+suture, the sphenoidal angle, or the lower portion of the coronal
+suture (cases of Curnow, Ekmark, Gruber, Hyrtl, Lucae, Welcker,
+Putnam, Traquair, Ranke); in a case of _Simia silenus_ described by
+Gruber and in an Egyptian cranium described by Smith, the divisions
+run to the lambda and begin respectively slightly above the pterion
+and at it. In Boyd's and in two of Hyrtl's cases, the abnormal suture
+begins at or below the bregma on the coronal margin of the parietal
+bone, and ends at or near its mastoid angle; finally, in Blumenbach's
+(cited by Welcker), Bianchi's, Fusari's, and Coraini's cases (those of
+Coraini include two monkeys) the division is vertical, passing between
+the temporo-parietal and sagittal sutures. The left division in our
+chimpanzee approaches those in Gruber's _Simia silenus_ and Smith's
+cases; but it originates much higher anteriorly, and terminates
+slightly below the lambda on the occipital border of the parietal. The
+division in the right parietal of the chimpanzee, beginning slightly
+below the middle of the anterior border of the bone, and ending
+slightly back of the middle of its sagittal border, has no analogy
+among the cases previously described.
+
+The difference in extent and terminations of the two abnormal sutures
+in the chimpanzee is of particular interest in connection with the
+problem of the significance and origin of those divisions of the
+parietal bone that involve more or less only one of its angles.
+
+Since the observations of Toldt,[4] and more recently of Ranke,[5] on
+the development of the parietal bone in the human embryo, it appears,
+though it cannot as yet be said whether the fact is or is not general,
+that the bone originates from two centres of ossification. These
+centres appear in most cases one directly above the other, but, as
+Ranke himself shows,[6] and as can hardly be otherwise, these
+primitive components of the parietal do not always show the same
+relations in size or position. The centres blend together, ordinarily,
+at the end of the third or during the first half of the fourth month
+of f[oe]tal life. On this account, the typical, complete, horizontal
+division of the human parietal bone, when met with at any time after
+the fourth month of f[oe]tal life, is generally interpreted to-day as
+a retardation of the union, or a persistence of separation, of the two
+original segments of the bone. Opinion, however, is still unsettled as
+to the significance of the more atypical, oblique divisions of the
+parietal, particularly of those where the separation is limited to one
+angle. Up to the recent contribution on the subject by Ranke, the
+weight of opinion on the point, although rather briefly expressed,
+seems to have been in favor of attributing to these smaller, oblique
+divisions, the same significance as was given to the more typical,
+horizontal ones. Gruber,[7] in reporting a new case of a bilateral
+oblique suture in the parietal bone, calls the separated mastoid
+angles "the secondary posterior parietals." Hyrtl and Welcker advance
+no definite theories on this point, though the latter expresses an
+opinion[8] that in both the horizontal division and the separation of
+the mastoid angle of the parietal bone the development of the
+condition may be identical. In 1883 Prof. F. W. Putnam, in describing
+one of his Tennessee skulls with an abnormal oblique suture in each
+parietal,[9] referred the development of the separated mastoid angle
+on the right side, as well as the larger oblique inferior portion of
+the parietal on the left side, to a "separate centre" of ossification.
+Ranke[10] opposes both Gruber's and Putnam's opinion, and presents
+instead a theory somewhat vague and not satisfactorily demonstrated,
+by which he accounts for the origin of oblique sutures from partial
+horizontal sutures in the parietal bone through "half-pathological
+processes." In his words, "the oblique parietal suture is allied to
+the half-pathological conditions of the skull; it is wholly
+unjustifiable to speak, as W. Gruber has done, of a separate Parietale
+secundarium posterius, severed by the suture, as of a typical, in a
+certain sense normal, formation. The oblique parietal suture is
+nothing more than an incomplete (posterior), true, _i. e._, typical,
+parietal suture with a sagittal course, modified by certain
+half-pathological conditions." These half-pathological conditions are
+produced, the author explains on the preceding page, "durch
+Einknickung der nach Herrn G. H. Meyer 'plastisch' aufwärts gebogenen
+hinteren Scheitelbeinränder."
+
+This opinion of Ranke calls for a few words about the incomplete
+horizontal parietal sutures. These sutures are apparently very rare in
+human adults, only five instances being on record (4 Ranke's, 1
+Turner's). They are more frequent in orangs (Ranke), and quite common
+(as Ranke shows, and as I found independently before Ranke's publication
+of his observations) in the human embryos near term and in new-born or
+very young infants. In the human family, these partial divisions of the
+parietal generally begin in the posterior part, and run sagittally to
+the posterior border of the bone, ending in this border at or near its
+middle. In orangs the incomplete horizontal divisions seem to begin, as
+a rule, in the anterior part, and end at or near the middle of the
+anterior border of the parietal. The length of these divisions varies
+from a few millimetres to several centimetres, and they even reach up to
+the centre of the parietal bone.[11] These divisions are, without doubt,
+the remains of the original anterior and posterior clefts, or, if we go
+a step further, of the original intervening antero-posterior space
+between the original inferior and superior segments of the parietal.
+From the very first contact of the growing centres, the median extremity
+of these clefts is bounded both below and above by a mass of bone; and
+when the anterior or posterior border of the parietal comes finally in
+contact with the frontal or occipital bone, the anterior and posterior
+sagittal clefts, if they still exist, lie between two well-developed,
+firm portions of the bone. Under these circumstances it is quite
+impossible to imagine any disturbance, mechanical or pathological, that
+could affect solely or mainly the median portion of the cleft, and cause
+a deflection downward in this portion of the division, or cause its
+extension to the inferior border or even the anterior-inferior angle of
+the parietal.
+
+There are only two factors that can possibly affect and modify the
+course of the incomplete parietal suture, and both of these would show
+their influence mainly or entirely on the distal portion of the same.
+These two factors are, first, an abnormal development, either
+defective or excessive, of one of the original parietal segments; and,
+secondly, influences that would interfere with the freedom of full
+growth of the anterior or posterior border of the parietal.
+
+In the first case, as can easily be imagined or even artificially
+demonstrated, there would be possible only a lower or higher situation
+or an obliquity affecting mostly the marginal portion of the division.
+The results would be low or high sagittal sutures, and curved or
+oblique sutures diverging from the parietal eminence,--effects
+entirely different from the actually observed oblique sutures that
+sever the lower portion of the parietal, or its mastoid angle.
+
+Influences interfering with the free development of the anterior or
+posterior border of the parietal bone could only deflect upwards or
+downwards the marginal end of an incomplete parietal suture, or, at
+most, in a case of a short suture, render it oblique or curved in its
+entirety. No pathological condition, unless it were accompanied by a
+fracture, could extend even a deflected antero-posterior incomplete
+division to any of the borders of the bone.
+
+There are, it seems to me, only three possible ways in which an
+oblique suture, extending between any two borders of the parietal
+bone, can be produced.
+
+In the first case the oblique suture, or rather a suture-like
+formation, may be the effect of an early fracture. A fracture produced
+in adult life is generally recognizable as such; but a fracture dating
+from earlier stages of life, produced before the growth of the bone
+has ceased, may, if not entirely obliterated, present more or less the
+characteristics of a suture. I have seen several skulls where a
+division in the parietal bone or the temporal squama presented at the
+same time features of a fracture and suture; in one or two of these
+cases so much so, that it was and still is impossible for me to decide
+exactly which of the two conditions I had before me. Gruber describes
+one such case[12] as an instance of an oblique parietal suture, while
+Hyrtl and Ranke both consider this case as one with an acquired
+division. To differentiate a congenital real oblique suture from a
+division which is the result of a fracture, we must be guided largely
+by the situation, form, and serration of the division, and the
+condition of the surrounding bones, especially that of the opposite
+parietal. A straight course, ending with one extremity in or near the
+middle of the anterior or posterior border of the parietal, a complex
+serration, no continuity of the division on the neighboring bones, and
+particularly a co-existence of an allied or similar division on the
+opposite parietal,--all favor the conclusion that the division under
+consideration is a real congenital suture, and not the result of a
+fracture.
+
+In the second case there are reasons for believing that an oblique
+suture of the parietal bone can originate in the same way as the
+horizontal one, namely, through a persistence of the original separation
+between the two centres from which the bone is developed, and a
+co-existent difference in the relative position or the relative growth
+of the two centres. It is in this connection that the above-described
+division in the parietals of the chimpanzee will prove of value.
+
+The occasional persistence of the separation between the two original
+segments of the parietal bone is sufficiently demonstrated by the
+presence of the complete horizontal parietal suture. Differences in
+the relative position of these segments can be observed in a limited
+degree in Ranke's illustrations of embryos, before referred to; it can
+be deduced from such cases as the two of Hyrtl,[13] in which the
+division of the parietal was directed from the upper portion of the
+anterior to the lower portion of the posterior border of the bone. The
+most pronounced change in the position of these centres may be
+witnessed in cases where the parietal bone shows a perfect vertical
+instead of a horizontal suture. Such cases have been referred to
+before, and I presented at the meeting of the Association of American
+Anatomists, in 1899, several such examples, found by me in skulls of
+monkeys in Professor Huntington's anatomical collection in the Medical
+Department of Columbia University. One of these specimens is shown in
+the accompanying illustration (Fig. 5).
+
+A difference in the relative growth of the two centres of the
+parietal bone is well shown in the difference of size between the
+inferior and superior portions of the parietal in cases of the
+complete horizontal suture in the same. In the majority of such cases
+on record the superior portion is larger, particularly anteriorly,
+than the inferior; so much so, that that condition seems to be the
+typical one. The difference in the size of the two portions of the
+parietal, and in their relative anterior and posterior height, is most
+pronounced in one of Gruber's cases,[14] where the "parietal suture"
+begins only 10 mm. above the pterion, and ends 40 mm. above the
+asterion. In Dorsey's case[15] the lower portion of the divided
+parietal is 12 mm. higher than the upper. The same condition as is
+found in Gruber's case, here mentioned, exists in the almost identical
+left division of the second case of Putnam, of which I have a
+photograph in my hands. A somewhat similar excess of the posterior
+over the anterior part of the lower severed portion of the parietal
+can also be seen in the illustrations of the cases of Tarin, Lucae,
+and Turner (Admiralty Islands skull). In Calori's interesting case[16]
+there is a decided excess of the lower portion of the divided parietal
+in its posterior portion on the left and in its anterior portion on
+the right side.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5. _Macacus rhesus_ (Medical Department, Columbia
+University), showing a Complete Division of the Right Parietal Bone in
+a Vertical Direction.]
+
+In case the upper segment was not vertically above the lower one, but
+in a position a little more forward or backward of it; and,
+furthermore, if the relative growth of the two segments differed, and
+their separation remained permanent,--the separation of any portion of
+the parietal bone in almost any form and to almost any extent might
+result. Such coincidence of anomalous conditions, although
+necessarily rare, cannot, from what we know on the subject in parietal
+and other bones, be declared improbable. All cases where oblique
+suture on one side co-exists with more or less horizontal suture on
+the other side in the parietal bone, as in the second of Putnam's
+cases, would of course point directly to a similar origin of the
+anomaly on both sides of the cranium. That such cases have not been
+more frequently observed is largely due, I think, to the rarity of
+bilateral parietal divisions.
+
+A third mode of development of the oblique suture in the parietal bone
+suggests itself where the severed portion of the bone is small, and
+that is the possible existence of a supernumerary, third centre of
+ossification. I am by no means ready to defend this theory, yet there
+are cases in which it would afford the easiest explanation. I have a
+Peruvian skull at hand, in which there is a bilateral, quite
+symmetrical quadrangular separate piece of bone, encroaching on the
+mastoid process of the parietal. The surface of the left parietal bone
+in this skull measures across its middle in antero-posterior direction
+120 mm., in infero-superior direction 130 mm.; similar measures of the
+right parietal are respectively 117 and 130 mm. The separate bone on
+the left measures across its middle in antero-posterior direction 20
+mm., in infero-superior direction 12 to 21 mm.; the same portion on
+the right measures respectively 25 and 11 to 15 mm. Both pieces are
+joined to the parietal bone by a squamous suture (Fig. 6).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 6 (99/3550). Quadrilateral Fontanel Bones in a
+Peruvian Male Skull, encroaching upon the Mastoid Angle of the
+Parietals.]
+
+It is apparent that the separate pieces of bone in this case are too
+small to be easily taken for representatives of one of the regular
+centres of ossification of the parietal bone; but the same pieces are
+somewhat too large, and especially too singularly outlined and joined
+to the parietal, to be without difficulty diagnosed as simple Wormian
+or fontanel bones. One of Ranke's cases,[17] though the separation of
+the mastoid angle is oblong instead of quadrangular, as in the
+Peruvian skull, seems to me to present a similar difficulty in
+properly diagnosing the nature of the severed portion. This group of
+cases needs further observation, particularly on the bones of infants
+and embryos. I have two monkey skulls at hand which actually show a
+multiplicity of the original segments of the parietal. These specimens
+will be described in a future publication.
+
+So much as to the _formation_ of the oblique sutures in the parietal.
+It should not be forgotten that such sutures can be _simulated_ by
+those which divide true Wormian or fontanel bones from the parietal.
+The distinction between the real oblique parietal and these
+extra-parietal sutures must depend largely on the extent of the
+division and form of the separate piece of bone.
+
+We may now return to the skull of our chimpanzee. In considering the
+nature of the divisions in the parietal bones of this skull, we can at
+once and absolutely discard the idea of the divisions being due to
+fractures, or being boundaries of Wormian or fontanel bones, and thus
+really extra-parietal in their nature. There is nothing about the
+sutures, or the divided pieces, or the neighboring bones, that would
+even suggest such an explanation; and in our records on Wormian and
+fontanel bones we find no analogies either in man, or apes, or lower
+animals, to the conditions here observed. The necessary conclusion
+from this can only be that we have before us two examples of real
+parietal division.
+
+The division on the left side, had it existed alone, would be readily
+acceptable as an instance of the "parietal suture." The anterior
+extremity and more than the anterior third of the course of the
+division correspond exactly to the same features of a typical,
+horizontal "parietal suture;" while the elevation of the posterior
+extremity of the division, though unusual, can readily be explained as
+due to an excess in growth of the inferior original centre of the
+bone, which may, in addition, have been situated slightly posterior to
+the upper centre.
+
+The division in the right parietal of the chimpanzee begins at its
+anterior end, and runs for the first third of its course in the same
+way as that on the left side; its posterior end, however, does not
+reach the lambdoid, but turns up and ends in the sagittal border.
+Should this formation have existed alone, I should be inclined to
+consider it either as the result of an accessory centre of the
+parietal, or, possibly, as a persistence of the anterior portion of
+the divided superior centre of the bone, the posterior portion of the
+same being united with the lower segment of the parietal in the usual
+way. With the division of the left parietal in the same skull before
+me, everything points to a similar origin of the division on both
+sides, and to the right as well as the left division being a true
+"parietal suture," deflected less on the left and more on the right
+side by a disproportion in growth of the two original, regular
+segments of each of the bones.
+
+The disproportion of growth of the two original segments of the
+parietal bone will, I believe, be found more common as attention is
+directed to this subject. It can be well explained, though there may
+at times be other factors present, by a difference in the blood-supply
+to the two centres. This of course may occur not only in different
+skulls, but also on the two sides of the same cranium.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Die überzähligen Hautknochen des menschlichen
+Schädeldachs, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., II Cl., XX Bd., II
+Abth., pp. 36 et seq., Fig. 17.]
+
+[Footnote 2: _L. c._, p. 41. Among 3000 Bavarian crania, Ranke found
+but one with complete and three with incomplete parietal sutures;
+basing his conclusion on this observation, he says, "Bei den
+Orangutanschädeln ist die Häufigkeit der Scheitelbeinnäthe circa 40
+mal grösser als bei dem erwachsenen Menschen."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Since finding the abnormal sutures on this skull, I have
+been able to present the same at a meeting of the Association of
+American Anatomists (1899) and before the Ethnological Society of New
+York City (1900).]
+
+[Footnote 4: Toldt, C., in Maska's Hdb. d. gerichtl. Med., 1882, v.
+III, p. 515; the same in his U. d. Entwick. d. Scheitelbeins d.
+Menschen, Zeitschr. f. Heilkunde, 1883, v. IV, pp. 83-86.]
+
+[Footnote 5: _L. c._, pp. 324-330.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _L. c._, pp. 327-330, Figs. 29-32.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat.,
+Berlin, 1879, II Heft, pp. 12-15.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Welcker, H., Untersuch. ü. d. Wachsthum u. Bau d.
+menschl. Schädels, Leipzig, 1862, p. 109.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Putnam, F. W., Abnormal Human Skulls from Stone Graves in
+Tennessee (Proc. A. A. A. S., XXXII, 1884, p. 391).]
+
+[Footnote 10: _L. c._, p. 309.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Ranke's Fig. 25, p. 318.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Virchow's Archiv, 1870, v. 50, p. 113.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Hyrtl, J., Die doppelten Schläfenlinien d.
+Menschenschädel, etc. (Denkschr. d. math. naturw. Classe d. k. Akad.
+d. Wiss. zu Wien, 1871, v. XXXII, pp. 39-50).]
+
+[Footnote 14: Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat.,
+Berlin, 1879, II Heft, p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Dorsey, G. A., Chicago Med. Recorder, v. XII, Feb., 1897.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Calori, Luigi, Sut. soprannum. d. Cranio Umano (Mem. d.
+Accad. d. Sc. d. Ist. d. Bologna, 1867, pp. 327 et seq., Fig. 4).]
+
+[Footnote 17: _L. c._, p. 303, Fig. 13.]
+
+
+
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+Transcriber's Note:
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+
+  * Footnotes have been moved to the end of the article.
+
+  * Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original
+  (=bold=).
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+  * [vC] represents a large letter "C" with a "caron".
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+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal
+Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal, by Ales Hrdlicka
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone
+in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal, by Ales Hrdlicka
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal
+       Bulletin of the AMNH, Vol. XIII, Article XXI, pp. 281-295, Dec. 31, 1900
+
+Author: Ales Hrdlicka
+
+Release Date: October 19, 2010 [EBook #34101]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PARIETAL BONE IN A CHIMPANZEE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
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+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1><i>A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone<br />
+in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference<br />
+to the Oblique Sutures in the<br />
+Parietal.</i></h1>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h2>By <span class="smcap">Ale&#353; Hrdli&#269;ka</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h3>AUTHOR'S EDITION, extracted from BULLETIN</h3>
+<h4>OF THE</h4>
+<h2><i>American Museum of Natural History</i>,</h2>
+<h3><span class="smcap">Vol. XIII, Article XXI</span>, pp. 281&ndash;295.</h3>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h2><i>New York, Dec. 31, 1900.</i></h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h4><i>The Knickerbocker Press, New York</i></h4>
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p>
+<h2><b>Article XXI.</b>&mdash;A BILATERAL DIVISION OF THE<br />
+PARIETAL BONE IN A CHIMPANZEE; WITH<br />
+SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OBLIQUE SUTURES<br />
+IN THE PARIETAL.</h2>
+
+<h3>By <span class="smcap">Ale&#353; Hrdli&#269;ka</span>.</h3>
+
+<p>The first to describe a case of division of the parietal bone in
+apes was Johannes Ranke, in 1899.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The skull in question is
+that of an adolescent female orang, one of 245 orang crania in
+the Selenka collection in the Munich Anthropological Institute.
+The abnormal suture divides the right parietal into an upper
+larger and a lower smaller portion. "The suture runs nearly
+parallel with the sagittal suture," but, as the illustration shows
+(<a href="#Page_282">Fig. 1</a>), it descends in its posterior extremity towards the temporo-parietal
+suture, and terminates in this a few millimetres in
+front of the lambdoid suture. The abnormal suture shows but
+little serration, and the articulation of the two divisions of the
+parietal bone is squamous in character, the lower portion overlapping
+the upper. Below the junction of the abnormal with the
+coronal suture, the latter takes a pronounced bend forward. A
+similar bend in the coronal suture is present in the same specimen
+on the left side. This is common among the other orang
+skulls in the collection. The portions of the coronal suture below
+and above the bend differ somewhat in character.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the above-mentioned complete division, Ranke found
+among the 245 orang skulls 13 with incomplete division of the
+parietal bone. The division consisted invariably of a longer or
+shorter remnant of a horizontal "parietal suture," ending in the
+coronal suture at the top of the bend above referred to. A similar
+anterior remnant of an abnormal parietal suture was found by
+Ranke in a young chimpanzee skull; but the author questions
+the word "chimpanzee," which evidently means that the identity
+of the skull is somewhat doubtful.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of his finds, Ranke believes both complete
+and incomplete divisions in the parietal bone to be much more
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>
+frequent in the orang than in man.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> He also thinks that the
+bend usually present in the coronal suture in the orang signifies
+that, "even where there are no traces of a parietal suture, such a
+suture has actually existed in an earlier stage of development."
+This implies the development of the adult parietal bone in the
+orang from two original
+segments, one
+above the other.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;">
+    <a name="p004a-illus.jpg" id="p004a-illus.jpg"></a>
+    <img src="images/p004a-illus.jpg" width="200" height="168" alt="Skull sutures" title="" />
+    <p class="caption">Fig. 1. Division of the Right Parietal in an Orang
+    (Ranke, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., II cl., XX Bd., ii Abth.).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The divisions which
+I am about to describe
+occur, one in
+each parietal, in the
+skull of a nine-year-old
+male chimpanzee,
+which was captured,
+when young, in West
+Africa. Later on he
+was one of the attractions
+of the Barnum
+and Bailey Circus,
+and was familiarly
+known as Chico. The
+chimpanzee died in 1894, since when his skin and bones have
+been preserved in the American Museum of Natural History,
+New York City. Prof. J. A. Allen, the curator of the Zoölogical
+Department of the Museum, has kindly given me permission to
+describe the skeletal parts for publication.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>The most interesting part of Chico is unquestionably the skull.
+The divisions of the parietal bones which the specimen presents
+are not only the first complete divisions of the parietal observed
+in a chimpanzee, but are also unique in character, no divisions of
+the same nature having been observed before, either in man,
+in apes, or in monkeys. The position and extent of the divisions
+in this skull will throw considerable light on the question of the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>
+aberrant, complete divisions of the parietal bone, by which term
+may be designated divisions differing from the typical horizontal
+ones.</p>
+
+<p>The skull under consideration shows in general a good development
+and an almost perfect symmetry. The capacity of the
+brain cavity, measured according to Flower's method, is 390 c.c.</p>
+
+<p>The masculine features of this skull, and particularly the
+temporal ridges, are not quite as marked as those of another
+skull of an adolescent male chimpanzee in the Museum. The
+temporal ridges are slightly prominent, and in their middle third,
+over part of the frontal and the parietal bones, not more pronounced
+than in some human crania. They are, however, situated
+very high. Their upper lines or boundaries touch each other
+over a part of the sagittal suture, a little back of the bregma;
+while the lower lines approach to within 6 mm. of the sagittal
+suture. The supraorbital ridges are not very massive, although
+prominent to such a degree that, when the skull rests on
+the occipital condyles and on the teeth, the plane of the orbits is
+almost vertical. The sagittal crest is insignificant; the occipital
+crest is high, but not very massive. The zygomatic arches are less
+strong than they are in an average white male; and the mastoids
+are small, even smaller than in an average adult white female.</p>
+
+<p>The second dentition is incomplete; the third molars have not
+reached the level of the opening of their sockets. The condition
+of the sutures, so far as their patency is concerned, does not
+bear the same relation to the stage of dentition as it does in
+man: all the sutures of this skull are more or less obliterated.
+There are no signs on any part of the skull that point to the
+closure of any of the sutures as premature. In detail, the condition
+of the sutures is as follows: The spheno-maxillary articulation
+is completely closed, but still plainly traceable. Of the
+various facial sutures, only remnants are open; the suture in the
+zygomatic arch, however, is almost fully patent on both sides.
+The spheno-frontal articulation is completely obliterated on the
+left, but traces of it remain on the right side. The left temporo-sphenoidal
+and squamo-frontal sutures (the squama of the temporal
+articulates with the frontal bone) are, with the exception of
+the basal part of the former, which remains open, quite obliterated,
+but on the right side both are open. The temporo-parietal
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>
+sutures, with the exception of 8 mm. of the anterior end of
+the suture on the right side, are both entirely closed and hardly
+traceable. The coronal suture is partly open on the left, and
+wholly open on the right, up to a point a little below the middle
+of the anterior border of the parietal bone. At this point on each
+side, the lower portion of the coronal suture bends backward
+and continues as the anomalous suture; the upper portion of
+the coronal, particularly on the right, is completely obliterated,
+though still traceable. There are no signs left of the sagittal
+and lambdoid sutures, and only the basal portions of the temporo-occipital
+articulation remain. The palatine sutures, also, are
+entirely obliterated.</p>
+
+<p>The skull shows no important anomalies besides the division
+of the parietals.</p>
+
+<p>The divisions of the parietal bones begin on the left 32 mm.,
+on the right 28 mm. (measured with a tape), above the point of
+junction of the coronal and temporo-parietal sutures. From the
+point where the anomalous sutures leave the coronal suture, to
+the bregma, the distance on the left is 44 mm., on the right
+42 mm. The excess of size of the left over the right parietal
+bone along the coronal suture (6 mm.) compensates the greater
+height of that portion of the right temporal squama which articulates
+with the frontal bone. Measured across their middle from
+the temporo-parietal suture, the two parietals appear to be almost
+of equal size (left 82 mm., right 80 mm.). In an antero-posterior
+direction, from the beginning of the division to the middle of the
+parietal portion of the occipital crest, both bones measure the
+same, namely 75 mm.</p>
+
+<p>The division in the left parietal begins at a V-shaped cleft,
+which is filled with a process of the frontal bone. There are
+slightly distinct markings on the bone and a number of insular
+ossicles, which make it probable that the cleft had been originally
+much greater and was largely filled by a Wormian or, rather, a
+fontanel bone, the lower border of which has subsequently united
+with the parietal.</p>
+
+<p>For 30 mm. from its beginning the abnormal suture proceeds
+directly backward, and to this extent shows but little obliteration.
+The original cleft has, it seems, extended up to this point.
+From here the suture takes a slight bend upwards, and proceeds
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 285]<br />[Pg 286]</a></span>
+almost directly upwards and backwards, becoming gradually obliterated,
+until it disappears at the temporal ridge, 16 mm. from
+the median line. Originally the suture must have terminated on
+the posterior border of the parietal bone, not far from the
+lambda. The whole suture shows fairly good serration. The
+coronal suture on this side, below the division, shows serration
+about equal to that of the abnormal suture; the obliterated portion
+above this was, so far as can be seen, more simple.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+    <a name="p007a-illus.jpg" id="p007a-illus.jpg"></a>
+    <img src="images/p007a-illus.jpg" width="500" height="955" alt="Skull views" title="" />
+    <p class="caption">Figs. 2&ndash;4. Skull of an Adolescent Male Chimpanzee.</p>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>On the right side the division of the parietal may also have
+begun with a cleft in the anterior border of the bone, but, owing
+to the advanced state of obliteration of the upper portion of the
+coronal suture on this side, the existence of the cleft cannot be
+fully ascertained. Here also the abnormal suture, at first wholly
+open, runs for the first 26 mm. directly backwards; at this point
+the suture, still quite patent, takes a turn somewhat sharper
+than that on the left, and proceeds for 16 mm. backwards and upwards;
+here it takes a second turn, and proceeds almost directly
+upwards towards the sagittal suture. This last portion of the
+abnormal suture is considerably obliterated, and on and beyond
+the temporal ridge is scarcely traceable. The point at which the
+division has reached the sagittal suture is situated a little behind
+the middle of the latter. The abnormal as well as the open
+part of the coronal suture on this side shows a simpler serration
+than the corresponding sutures on the left side.</p>
+
+<p>In this specimen there is on neither side any encroachment of
+the lower portion of the parietal bone upon the frontal, such as
+Ranke lays stress on in the case of his orangs. A second skull of
+an adolescent male chimpanzee, in the Museum of Natural History,
+has a decided bend in the coronal suture, not unlike that
+which Ranke describes, and which, as he thinks, generally indicates
+an old parietal division; but in this case the bend is situated
+between the inferior and superior boundaries of the prominent
+temporal ridge, and apparently owes its origin to the latter (<a href="#Page_286">Figs. 2, 3, 4</a>).</p>
+
+<p>The main interest in the case just described centres in the
+direction of the abnormal sutures, and in the clearness with which
+the two divisions appear as equivalent and of the same origin,
+although one divides the parietal completely, while the other is
+restricted to one of its angles.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>
+    As to the course of the abnormal suture in the parietal bone,
+in all the cases thus far reported, the division runs in a horizontal
+direction (cases of Tarin, Soemmering, Gruber, Hyrtl, Welcker,
+Turner, Putnam, Dorsey, Ranke, and others); or it runs obliquely
+from or near the middle of the lambdoid suture to some
+part of the temporo-parietal suture, the sphenoidal angle, or the
+lower portion of the coronal suture (cases of Curnow, Ekmark,
+Gruber, Hyrtl, Lucae, Welcker, Putnam, Traquair, Ranke); in
+a case of <i>Simia silenus</i> described by Gruber and in an Egyptian
+cranium described by Smith, the divisions run to the lambda
+and begin respectively slightly above the pterion and at it. In
+Boyd's and in two of Hyrtl's cases, the abnormal suture begins
+at or below the bregma on the coronal margin of the parietal
+bone, and ends at or near its mastoid angle; finally, in Blumenbach's
+(cited by Welcker), Bianchi's, Fusari's, and Coraini's cases
+(those of Coraini include two monkeys) the division is vertical,
+passing between the temporo-parietal and sagittal sutures. The
+left division in our chimpanzee approaches those in Gruber's
+<i>Simia silenus</i> and Smith's cases; but it originates much higher
+anteriorly, and terminates slightly below the lambda on the occipital
+border of the parietal. The division in the right parietal of
+the chimpanzee, beginning slightly below the middle of the anterior
+border of the bone, and ending slightly back of the middle
+of its sagittal border, has no analogy among the cases previously
+described.</p>
+
+<p>The difference in extent and terminations of the two abnormal
+sutures in the chimpanzee is of particular interest in connection
+with the problem of the significance and origin of those divisions
+of the parietal bone that involve more or less only one of its
+angles.</p>
+
+<p>Since the observations of Toldt,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> and more recently of Ranke,
+    <a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+on the development of the parietal bone in the human embryo, it
+appears, though it cannot as yet be said whether the fact is or is
+not general, that the bone originates from two centres of ossification.
+These centres appear in most cases one directly above the
+other, but, as Ranke himself shows,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> and as can hardly be otherwise,
+these primitive components of the parietal do not always
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>
+show the same relations in size or position. The centres blend
+together, ordinarily, at the end of the third or during the first
+half of the fourth month of f&oelig;tal life. On this account, the
+typical, complete, horizontal division of the human parietal bone,
+when met with at any time after the fourth month of f&oelig;tal life,
+is generally interpreted to-day as a retardation of the union, or a
+persistence of separation, of the two original segments of the
+bone. Opinion, however, is still unsettled as to the significance
+of the more atypical, oblique divisions of the parietal, particularly
+of those where the separation is limited to one angle. Up to the
+recent contribution on the subject by Ranke, the weight of opinion
+on the point, although rather briefly expressed, seems to have been
+in favor of attributing to these smaller, oblique divisions, the
+same significance as was given to the more typical, horizontal
+ones. Gruber,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> in reporting a new case of a bilateral oblique
+suture in the parietal bone, calls the separated mastoid angles
+"the secondary posterior parietals." Hyrtl and Welcker advance
+no definite theories on this point, though the latter expresses an
+opinion<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> that in both the horizontal division and the separation
+of the mastoid angle of the parietal bone the development of the
+condition may be identical. In 1883 Prof. F. W. Putnam, in
+describing one of his Tennessee skulls with an abnormal oblique
+suture in each parietal,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> referred the development of the separated
+mastoid angle on the right side, as well as the larger oblique
+inferior portion of the parietal on the left side, to a "separate
+centre" of ossification. Ranke<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> opposes both Gruber's and
+Putnam's opinion, and presents instead a theory somewhat vague
+and not satisfactorily demonstrated, by which he accounts for
+the origin of oblique sutures from partial horizontal sutures in
+the parietal bone through "half-pathological processes." In his
+words, "the oblique parietal suture is allied to the half-pathological
+conditions of the skull; it is wholly unjustifiable to
+speak, as W. Gruber has done, of a separate Parietale secundarium
+posterius, severed by the suture, as of a typical, in a certain sense
+normal, formation. The oblique parietal suture is nothing more
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>
+than an incomplete (posterior), true, <i>i. e.</i>, typical, parietal suture
+with a sagittal course, modified by certain half-pathological conditions."
+These half-pathological conditions are produced, the
+author explains on the preceding page, "durch Einknickung der
+nach Herrn G. H. Meyer 'plastisch' aufwärts gebogenen hinteren
+Scheitelbeinränder."</p>
+
+<p>This opinion of Ranke calls for a few words about the incomplete
+horizontal parietal sutures. These sutures are apparently
+very rare in human adults, only five instances being on record
+(4 Ranke's, 1 Turner's). They are more frequent in orangs
+(Ranke), and quite common (as Ranke shows, and as I found
+independently before Ranke's publication of his observations)
+in the human embryos near term and in new-born or very young
+infants. In the human family, these partial divisions of the
+parietal generally begin in the posterior part, and run sagittally
+to the posterior border of the bone, ending in this border at or
+near its middle. In orangs the incomplete horizontal divisions
+seem to begin, as a rule, in the anterior part, and end at or
+near the middle of the anterior border of the parietal. The
+length of these divisions varies from a few millimetres to several
+centimetres, and they even reach up to the centre of the parietal
+bone.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> These divisions are, without doubt, the remains of the
+original anterior and posterior clefts, or, if we go a step further,
+of the original intervening antero-posterior space between the
+original inferior and superior segments of the parietal. From
+the very first contact of the growing centres, the median extremity
+of these clefts is bounded both below and above by a
+mass of bone; and when the anterior or posterior border of the
+parietal comes finally in contact with the frontal or occipital
+bone, the anterior and posterior sagittal clefts, if they still exist,
+lie between two well-developed, firm portions of the bone. Under
+these circumstances it is quite impossible to imagine any
+disturbance, mechanical or pathological, that could affect solely
+or mainly the median portion of the cleft, and cause a deflection
+downward in this portion of the division, or cause its extension
+to the inferior border or even the anterior-inferior angle of the
+parietal.</p>
+
+<p>There are only two factors that can possibly affect and modify
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span>
+the course of the incomplete parietal suture, and both of these
+would show their influence mainly or entirely on the distal
+portion of the same. These two factors are, first, an abnormal
+development, either defective or excessive, of one of the original
+parietal segments; and, secondly, influences that would interfere
+with the freedom of full growth of the anterior or posterior
+border of the parietal.</p>
+
+<p>In the first case, as can easily be imagined or even artificially
+demonstrated, there would be possible only a lower or higher
+situation or an obliquity affecting mostly the marginal portion of
+the division. The results would be low or high sagittal sutures,
+and curved or oblique sutures diverging from the parietal eminence,&mdash;effects
+entirely different from the actually observed
+oblique sutures that sever the lower portion of the parietal, or its
+mastoid angle.</p>
+
+<p>Influences interfering with the free development of the anterior
+or posterior border of the parietal bone could only deflect upwards
+or downwards the marginal end of an incomplete parietal
+suture, or, at most, in a case of a short suture, render it oblique
+or curved in its entirety. No pathological condition, unless it were
+accompanied by a fracture, could extend even a deflected antero-posterior
+incomplete division to any of the borders of the bone.</p>
+
+<p>There are, it seems to me, only three possible ways in which an
+oblique suture, extending between any two borders of the parietal
+bone, can be produced.</p>
+
+<p>In the first case the oblique suture, or rather a suture-like formation,
+may be the effect of an early fracture. A fracture produced
+in adult life is generally recognizable as such; but a
+fracture dating from earlier stages of life, produced before the
+growth of the bone has ceased, may, if not entirely obliterated,
+present more or less the characteristics of a suture. I have seen
+several skulls where a division in the parietal bone or the temporal
+squama presented at the same time features of a fracture
+and suture; in one or two of these cases so much so, that it was
+and still is impossible for me to decide exactly which of the two
+conditions I had before me. Gruber describes one such case
+    <a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>
+as an instance of an oblique parietal suture, while Hyrtl and
+Ranke both consider this case as one with an acquired division.
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>
+To differentiate a congenital real oblique suture from a division
+which is the result of a fracture, we must be guided largely by
+the situation, form, and serration of the division, and the condition
+of the surrounding bones, especially that of the opposite
+parietal. A straight course, ending with one extremity in or
+near the middle of the anterior or posterior border of the parietal,
+a complex serration, no continuity of the division on the neighboring
+bones, and particularly a co-existence of an allied or
+similar division on the opposite parietal,&mdash;all favor the conclusion
+that the division under consideration is a real congenital
+suture, and not the result of a fracture.</p>
+
+<p>In the second case there are reasons for believing that an
+oblique suture of the parietal bone can originate in the same
+way as the horizontal one, namely, through a persistence of the
+original separation between the two centres from which the bone
+is developed, and a co-existent difference in the relative position
+or the relative growth of the two centres. It is in this connection
+that the above-described division in the parietals of the chimpanzee
+will prove of value.</p>
+
+<p>The occasional persistence of the separation between the two
+original segments of the parietal bone is sufficiently demonstrated
+by the presence of the complete horizontal parietal suture. Differences
+in the relative position of these segments can be observed
+in a limited degree in Ranke's illustrations of embryos,
+before referred to; it can be deduced from such cases as the two
+of Hyrtl,<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> in which the division of the parietal was directed from
+the upper portion of the anterior to the lower portion of the posterior
+border of the bone. The most pronounced change in the
+position of these centres may be witnessed in cases where the
+parietal bone shows a perfect vertical instead of a horizontal suture.
+Such cases have been referred to before, and I presented
+at the meeting of the Association of American Anatomists, in
+1899, several such examples, found by me in skulls of monkeys
+in Professor Huntington's anatomical collection in the Medical
+Department of Columbia University. One of these specimens is
+shown in the accompanying illustration (<a href="#Page_292">Fig. 5</a>).</p>
+
+<p>A difference in the relative growth of the two centres of the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>
+parietal bone is well shown in the difference of size between the
+inferior and superior portions of the parietal in cases of the complete
+horizontal suture in the same. In the majority of such
+cases on record the superior portion is larger, particularly anteriorly,
+than the inferior; so
+much so, that that condition
+seems to be the typical one.
+The difference in the size of
+the two portions of the parietal,
+and in their relative anterior
+and posterior height, is most
+pronounced in one of Gruber's
+cases,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> where the "parietal suture"
+begins only 10 mm. above
+the pterion, and ends 40 mm.
+above the asterion. In Dorsey's
+case<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> the lower portion
+of the divided parietal is 12
+mm. higher than the upper.
+The same condition as is found
+in Gruber's case, here mentioned,
+exists in the almost
+identical left division of the second case of Putnam, of
+which I have a photograph in my hands. A somewhat similar
+excess of the posterior over the anterior part of the lower severed
+portion of the parietal can also be seen in the illustrations of the
+cases of Tarin, Lucae, and Turner (Admiralty Islands skull). In
+Calori's interesting case<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> there is a decided excess of the lower
+portion of the divided parietal in its posterior portion on the left
+and in its anterior portion on the right side.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;">
+    <a name="p014a-illus.jpg" id="p014a-illus.jpg"></a>
+    <img src="images/p014a-illus.jpg" width="200" height="249" alt="Specimen" title="" />
+    <p class="caption">Fig. 5. <i>Macacus rhesus</i> (Medical Department,
+    Columbia University), showing a Complete Division of the Right Parietal Bone in
+    a Vertical Direction.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In case the upper segment was not vertically above the lower
+one, but in a position a little more forward or backward of it;
+and, furthermore, if the relative growth of the two segments
+differed, and their separation remained permanent,&mdash;the separation
+of any portion of the parietal bone in almost any form and
+to almost any extent might result. Such coincidence of anomalous
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>
+conditions, although necessarily rare, cannot, from what
+we know on the subject in parietal and other bones, be declared
+improbable. All cases where oblique suture on one side
+co-exists with more or less horizontal suture on the other
+side in the parietal bone, as in the second of Putnam's cases,
+would of course point directly to a similar origin of the anomaly
+on both sides of the cranium. That such cases have not been
+more frequently observed is largely due, I think, to the rarity of
+bilateral parietal divisions.</p>
+
+<p>A third mode of development of the oblique suture in the
+parietal bone suggests itself where the severed portion of the
+bone is small, and that is the possible existence of a supernumerary,
+third centre of ossification. I am by no means ready
+to defend this theory, yet there are cases in which it would afford
+the easiest explanation. I have a Peruvian skull at hand, in
+which there is a bilateral, quite symmetrical quadrangular separate
+piece of bone, encroaching on the mastoid process of the parietal.
+The surface of the left parietal bone in this skull measures across
+its middle in antero-posterior direction 120 mm., in infero-superior
+direction 130 mm.; similar measures of the right parietal are respectively
+117 and 130 mm. The separate bone on the left
+measures across its middle in
+antero-posterior direction 20
+mm., in infero-superior
+direction 12 to 21 mm.; the
+same portion on the right
+measures respectively 25 and
+11 to 15 mm. Both pieces are
+joined to the parietal bone by
+a squamous suture (<a href="#Page_293">Fig. 6</a>).</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;">
+    <a name="p015a-illus.jpg" id="p015a-illus.jpg"></a>
+    <img src="images/p015a-illus.jpg" width="200" height="190" alt="Skull example" title="" />
+    <p class="caption">Fig. 6 (99/3550). Quadrilateral Fontanel Bones
+    in a Peruvian Male Skull, encroaching upon the
+    Mastoid Angle of the Parietals.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is apparent that the separate
+pieces of bone in this
+case are too small to be easily
+taken for representatives of
+one of the regular centres of
+ossification of the parietal
+bone; but the same pieces are somewhat too large, and
+especially too singularly outlined and joined to the parietal, to be
+without difficulty diagnosed as simple Wormian or fontanel
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>
+bones. One of Ranke's cases,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> though the separation of the
+mastoid angle is oblong instead of quadrangular, as in the Peruvian
+skull, seems to me to present a similar difficulty in properly
+diagnosing the nature of the severed portion. This group of
+cases needs further observation, particularly on the bones of infants
+and embryos. I have two monkey skulls at hand which
+actually show a multiplicity of the original segments of the parietal.
+These specimens will be described in a future publication.</p>
+
+<p>So much as to the <i>formation</i> of the oblique sutures in the parietal.
+It should not be forgotten that such sutures can be <i>simulated</i>
+by those which divide true Wormian or fontanel bones from
+the parietal. The distinction between the real oblique parietal
+and these extra-parietal sutures must depend largely on the extent
+of the division and form of the separate piece of bone.</p>
+
+<p>We may now return to the skull of our chimpanzee. In considering
+the nature of the divisions in the parietal bones of this
+skull, we can at once and absolutely discard the idea of the
+divisions being due to fractures, or being boundaries of
+Wormian or fontanel bones, and thus really extra-parietal in
+their nature. There is nothing about the sutures, or the divided
+pieces, or the neighboring bones, that would even suggest such
+an explanation; and in our records on Wormian and fontanel
+bones we find no analogies either in man, or apes, or lower animals,
+to the conditions here observed. The necessary conclusion
+from this can only be that we have before us two examples of
+real parietal division.</p>
+
+<p>The division on the left side, had it existed alone, would be
+readily acceptable as an instance of the "parietal suture." The
+anterior extremity and more than the anterior third of the course
+of the division correspond exactly to the same features of a
+typical, horizontal "parietal suture;" while the elevation of the
+posterior extremity of the division, though unusual, can readily
+be explained as due to an excess in growth of the inferior original
+centre of the bone, which may, in addition, have been situated
+slightly posterior to the upper centre.</p>
+
+<p>The division in the right parietal of the chimpanzee begins at
+its anterior end, and runs for the first third of its course in the
+same way as that on the left side; its posterior end, however,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>
+does not reach the lambdoid, but turns up and ends in the sagittal
+border. Should this formation have existed alone, I should
+be inclined to consider it either as the result of an accessory
+centre of the parietal, or, possibly, as a persistence of the anterior
+portion of the divided superior centre of the bone, the posterior
+portion of the same being united with the lower segment of the
+parietal in the usual way. With the division of the left parietal
+in the same skull before me, everything points to a similar origin
+of the division on both sides, and to the right as well as the left
+division being a true "parietal suture," deflected less on the
+left and more on the right side by a disproportion in growth of
+the two original, regular segments of each of the bones.</p>
+
+<p>The disproportion of growth of the two original segments of
+the parietal bone will, I believe, be found more common as attention
+is directed to this subject. It can be well explained,
+though there may at times be other factors present, by a difference
+in the blood-supply to the two centres. This of course may
+occur not only in different skulls, but also on the two sides of
+the same cranium.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+<div class="fn">
+<h2>Footnotes</h2>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Die überzähligen Hautknochen des menschlichen Schädeldachs, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad.
+d. Wiss., II Cl., XX Bd., II Abth., pp. 36 et seq., Fig. 17.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>L. c.</i>, p. 41. Among 3000 Bavarian crania, Ranke found but one with complete and three
+with incomplete parietal sutures; basing his conclusion on this observation, he says, "Bei den
+Orangutanschädeln ist die Häufigkeit der Scheitelbeinnäthe circa 40 mal grösser als bei
+dem erwachsenen Menschen."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Since finding the abnormal sutures on this skull, I have been able to present the same at a
+meeting of the Association of American Anatomists (1899) and before the Ethnological Society
+of New York City (1900).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Toldt, C., in Maska's Hdb. d. gerichtl. Med., 1882, v. III, p. 515; the same in his U.
+d. Entwick. d. Scheitelbeins d. Menschen, Zeitschr. f. Heilkunde, 1883, v. IV, pp. 83&ndash;86.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>L. c.</i>, pp. 324&ndash;330.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>L. c.</i>, pp. 327&ndash;330, Figs. 29&ndash;32.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat., Berlin, 1879, II Heft, pp. 12&ndash;15.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Welcker, H., Untersuch. ü. d. Wachsthum u. Bau d. menschl. Schädels, Leipzig, 1862,
+p. 109.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Putnam, F. W., Abnormal Human Skulls from Stone Graves in Tennessee (Proc. A.
+A. A. S., XXXII, 1884, p. 391).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>L. c.</i>, p. 309.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Ranke's Fig. 25, p. 318.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Virchow's Archiv, 1870, v. 50, p. 113.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Hyrtl, J., Die doppelten Schläfenlinien d. Menschenschädel, etc. (Denkschr. d. math. naturw.
+Classe d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Wien, 1871, v. XXXII, pp. 39&ndash;50).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat., Berlin, 1879, II Heft, p. 15.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Dorsey, G. A., Chicago Med. Recorder, v. XII, Feb., 1897.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Calori, Luigi, Sut. soprannum. d. Cranio Umano (Mem. d. Accad. d. Sc. d. Ist. d. Bologna,
+1867, pp. 327 et seq., Fig. 4).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <i>L. c.</i>, p. 303, Fig. 13.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2>PUBLICATIONS</h2>
+<h4>OF THE</h4>
+<h2>American Museum of Natural History</h2>
+
+<p>The publications of the American Museum of Natural History consist of
+the 'Bulletin,' in octavo, of which one volume, consisting of about 400 pages,
+and about 25 plates, with numerous text figures, is published annually; and
+the 'Memoirs,' in quarto, published in parts at irregular intervals.</p>
+
+<p>The matter in the 'Bulletin' consists of about twenty-four articles per
+volume, which relate about equally to Geology, Palæontology, Mammalogy,
+Ornithology, Entomology, and (in the recent volumes) Anthropology.</p>
+
+<p>Each Part of the 'Memoirs,' forms a separate and complete monograph,
+with numerous plates.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+<h3>MEMOIRS.</h3>
+
+<h4>Vol. I (not yet completed).</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="smcap">Part I.</span>&mdash;Republication of Descriptions of Lower Carboniferous Crinoidea
+from the Hall Collection now in the American Museum of Natural History,
+with Illustrations of the Original Type Specimens not heretofore
+Figured. By R. P. Whitfield. Pp. 1&ndash;37, pll. i-iii. September 15, 1893.
+Price, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Part II.</span>&mdash;Republication of Descriptions of Fossils from the Hall Collection in
+the American Museum of Natural History, from the report of Progress for
+1861 of the Geological Survey of Wisconsin, by James Hall, with Illustrations
+from the Original Type Specimens not heretofore Figured. By
+R. P. Whitfield. Pp. 39&ndash;74, pll. iv-xii. August 10, 1895. Price, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Part III.</span>&mdash;The Extinct Rhinoceroses. By Henry Fairfield Osborn. Part I.
+Pp. 75&ndash;164, pll. xii<i>a</i>-xx. April 22, 1898. Price, $4.20.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Part IV.</span>&mdash;A complete Mosasaur Skeleton. By Henry Fairfield Osborn. Pp.
+165&ndash;188, pll. xxi-xxiii, with 15 text figures. October 25, 1899.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Part V.</span>&mdash;A Skeleton of Diplodocus. By Henry Fairfield Osborn. Pp.
+189&ndash;214, pll. xxiv-xxviii, with 15 text figures. October 25, 1899. Price
+of Parts IV and V, issued under one cover, $2.00.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h4>Vol. II. Anthropology (not yet completed).</h4>
+<p class="center"><i>The Jesup North Pacific Expedition.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="smcap">Part I.</span>&mdash;Facial Paintings of the Indians of Northern British Columbia. By
+Franz Boas. Pp. 1&ndash;24, pll. i-vi. June 16, 1898. Price, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Part II.</span>&mdash;The Mythology of the Bella Coola Indians. By Franz Boas. Pp.
+25&ndash;127, pll. vii-xii. November, 1898. Price, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Part III.</span>&mdash;The Archæology of Lytton, British Columbia. By Harlan I.
+Smith. Pp. 129&ndash;161, pl. xiii, with 117 text figures. May, 1899. Price, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Part IV.</span>&mdash;The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. By James Teit.
+Edited by Franz Boas. Pp. 163&ndash;392, pll. xiv-xx, with 198 text figures.
+April, 1900. Price, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Part V.</span>&mdash;Basketry Designs of the Salish Indians. By Livingstone Farrand.
+Pp. 393&ndash;399, pll. xxi-xxiii, with 15 text figures. April, 1900. Price, 75 cts.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h4>Vol. III. Anthropology (not yet completed).</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="smcap">Part I.</span>&mdash;Symbolism of the Huichol Indians. By Carl Lumholtz. Pp. 1&ndash;228,
+pll. i-iv, with 291 text figures. May, 1900. Price, $5.00.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>BULLETIN.</h3>
+
+<table class="toc" summary="Listing">
+<tr><td class="c1">Volume</td><td class="c2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I, 1881&ndash;86</td><td class="c3"> Price, $5.50</td></tr>
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+<tr><td class="c1">"</td><td class="c2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;X, 1898</td><td class="c3"> "&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  4.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="c1">"</td><td class="c2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;XI, Part I, 1898</td><td class="c3"> "&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  1.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="c1">"</td><td class="c2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;II, 1899</td><td class="c3"> "&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  2.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="c1">"</td><td class="c2">&nbsp;&nbsp;XII, 1899</td><td class="c3"> "&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  4.00</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p class="center">For sale by <span class="smcap">G. P. Putnam's Sons</span>, New York and London;<br />
+<span class="smcap">J. B. Baillière et Fils</span>, Paris;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">R. Friedländer &amp; Sohn</span>, Berlin;<br />
+and at the Museum.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<div class="tn">
+<h4>Transcriber's Note</h4>
+<ul class="corrections">
+<li>Footnotes have been moved to the end of the article.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal
+Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal, by Ales Hrdlicka
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone
+in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal, by Ales Hrdlicka
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal
+       Bulletin of the AMNH, Vol. XIII, Article XXI, pp. 281-295, Dec. 31, 1900
+
+Author: Ales Hrdlicka
+
+Release Date: October 19, 2010 [EBook #34101]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PARIETAL BONE OF A CHIMPANZEE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  _A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone
+       in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference
+       to the Oblique Sutures in the
+       Parietal._
+
+  By ALE[vS] HRDLI[vC]KA
+
+  AUTHOR'S EDITION, extracted from BULLETIN
+  OF THE
+  _American Museum of Natural History_,
+  VOL. XIII, ARTICLE XXI, pp. 281-295.
+
+  _New York, Dec. 31, 1900._
+
+
+
+
+  _The Knickerbocker Press, New York_
+
+
+
+
+=Article XXI.=--A BILATERAL DIVISION OF THE PARIETAL BONE IN A
+CHIMPANZEE; WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OBLIQUE SUTURES IN THE
+PARIETAL.
+
+By ALE[vS] HRDLI[vC]KA.
+
+
+The first to describe a case of division of the parietal bone in apes
+was Johannes Ranke, in 1899.[1] The skull in question is that of an
+adolescent female orang, one of 245 orang crania in the Selenka
+collection in the Munich Anthropological Institute. The abnormal
+suture divides the right parietal into an upper larger and a lower
+smaller portion. "The suture runs nearly parallel with the sagittal
+suture," but, as the illustration shows (Fig. 1), it descends in its
+posterior extremity towards the temporo-parietal suture, and
+terminates in this a few millimetres in front of the lambdoid suture.
+The abnormal suture shows but little serration, and the articulation
+of the two divisions of the parietal bone is squamous in character,
+the lower portion overlapping the upper. Below the junction of the
+abnormal with the coronal suture, the latter takes a pronounced bend
+forward. A similar bend in the coronal suture is present in the same
+specimen on the left side. This is common among the other orang skulls
+in the collection. The portions of the coronal suture below and above
+the bend differ somewhat in character.
+
+Besides the above-mentioned complete division, Ranke found among the
+245 orang skulls 13 with incomplete division of the parietal bone. The
+division consisted invariably of a longer or shorter remnant of a
+horizontal "parietal suture," ending in the coronal suture at the top
+of the bend above referred to. A similar anterior remnant of an
+abnormal parietal suture was found by Ranke in a young chimpanzee
+skull; but the author questions the word "chimpanzee," which evidently
+means that the identity of the skull is somewhat doubtful.
+
+In consequence of his finds, Ranke believes both complete and
+incomplete divisions in the parietal bone to be much more frequent in
+the orang than in man.[2] He also thinks that the bend usually present
+in the coronal suture in the orang signifies that, "even where there
+are no traces of a parietal suture, such a suture has actually existed
+in an earlier stage of development." This implies the development of
+the adult parietal bone in the orang from two original segments, one
+above the other.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Division of the Right Parietal in an Orang
+(Ranke, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., II cl., XX Bd., ii Abth.).]
+
+The divisions which I am about to describe occur, one in each
+parietal, in the skull of a nine-year-old male chimpanzee, which was
+captured, when young, in West Africa. Later on he was one of the
+attractions of the Barnum and Bailey Circus, and was familiarly known
+as Chico. The chimpanzee died in 1894, since when his skin and bones
+have been preserved in the American Museum of Natural History, New
+York City. Prof. J. A. Allen, the curator of the Zoological Department
+of the Museum, has kindly given me permission to describe the skeletal
+parts for publication.[3]
+
+The most interesting part of Chico is unquestionably the skull. The
+divisions of the parietal bones which the specimen presents are not
+only the first complete divisions of the parietal observed in a
+chimpanzee, but are also unique in character, no divisions of the same
+nature having been observed before, either in man, in apes, or in
+monkeys. The position and extent of the divisions in this skull will
+throw considerable light on the question of the aberrant, complete
+divisions of the parietal bone, by which term may be designated
+divisions differing from the typical horizontal ones.
+
+The skull under consideration shows in general a good development and
+an almost perfect symmetry. The capacity of the brain cavity, measured
+according to Flower's method, is 390 c.c.
+
+The masculine features of this skull, and particularly the temporal
+ridges, are not quite as marked as those of another skull of an
+adolescent male chimpanzee in the Museum. The temporal ridges are
+slightly prominent, and in their middle third, over part of the frontal
+and the parietal bones, not more pronounced than in some human crania.
+They are, however, situated very high. Their upper lines or boundaries
+touch each other over a part of the sagittal suture, a little back of
+the bregma; while the lower lines approach to within 6 mm. of the
+sagittal suture. The supraorbital ridges are not very massive, although
+prominent to such a degree that, when the skull rests on the occipital
+condyles and on the teeth, the plane of the orbits is almost vertical.
+The sagittal crest is insignificant; the occipital crest is high, but
+not very massive. The zygomatic arches are less strong than they are in
+an average white male; and the mastoids are small, even smaller than in
+an average adult white female.
+
+The second dentition is incomplete; the third molars have not reached
+the level of the opening of their sockets. The condition of the
+sutures, so far as their patency is concerned, does not bear the same
+relation to the stage of dentition as it does in man: all the sutures
+of this skull are more or less obliterated. There are no signs on any
+part of the skull that point to the closure of any of the sutures as
+premature. In detail, the condition of the sutures is as follows: The
+spheno-maxillary articulation is completely closed, but still plainly
+traceable. Of the various facial sutures, only remnants are open; the
+suture in the zygomatic arch, however, is almost fully patent on both
+sides. The spheno-frontal articulation is completely obliterated on
+the left, but traces of it remain on the right side. The left
+temporo-sphenoidal and squamo-frontal sutures (the squama of the
+temporal articulates with the frontal bone) are, with the exception of
+the basal part of the former, which remains open, quite obliterated,
+but on the right side both are open. The temporo-parietal sutures,
+with the exception of 8 mm. of the anterior end of the suture on the
+right side, are both entirely closed and hardly traceable. The coronal
+suture is partly open on the left, and wholly open on the right, up to
+a point a little below the middle of the anterior border of the
+parietal bone. At this point on each side, the lower portion of the
+coronal suture bends backward and continues as the anomalous suture;
+the upper portion of the coronal, particularly on the right, is
+completely obliterated, though still traceable. There are no signs
+left of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, and only the basal portions
+of the temporo-occipital articulation remain. The palatine sutures,
+also, are entirely obliterated.
+
+The skull shows no important anomalies besides the division of the
+parietals.
+
+The divisions of the parietal bones begin on the left 32 mm., on the
+right 28 mm. (measured with a tape), above the point of junction of
+the coronal and temporo-parietal sutures. From the point where the
+anomalous sutures leave the coronal suture, to the bregma, the
+distance on the left is 44 mm., on the right 42 mm. The excess of size
+of the left over the right parietal bone along the coronal suture (6
+mm.) compensates the greater height of that portion of the right
+temporal squama which articulates with the frontal bone. Measured
+across their middle from the temporo-parietal suture, the two
+parietals appear to be almost of equal size (left 82 mm., right 80
+mm.). In an antero-posterior direction, from the beginning of the
+division to the middle of the parietal portion of the occipital crest,
+both bones measure the same, namely 75 mm.
+
+The division in the left parietal begins at a V-shaped cleft, which is
+filled with a process of the frontal bone. There are slightly distinct
+markings on the bone and a number of insular ossicles, which make it
+probable that the cleft had been originally much greater and was
+largely filled by a Wormian or, rather, a fontanel bone, the lower
+border of which has subsequently united with the parietal.
+
+For 30 mm. from its beginning the abnormal suture proceeds directly
+backward, and to this extent shows but little obliteration. The original
+cleft has, it seems, extended up to this point. From here the suture
+takes a slight bend upwards, and proceeds almost directly upwards and
+backwards, becoming gradually obliterated, until it disappears at the
+temporal ridge, 16 mm. from the median line. Originally the suture must
+have terminated on the posterior border of the parietal bone, not far
+from the lambda. The whole suture shows fairly good serration. The
+coronal suture on this side, below the division, shows serration about
+equal to that of the abnormal suture; the obliterated portion above this
+was, so far as can be seen, more simple.
+
+[Illustration: Figs. 2-4. Skull of an Adolescent Male Chimpanzee.]
+
+On the right side the division of the parietal may also have begun with
+a cleft in the anterior border of the bone, but, owing to the advanced
+state of obliteration of the upper portion of the coronal suture on this
+side, the existence of the cleft cannot be fully ascertained. Here also
+the abnormal suture, at first wholly open, runs for the first 26 mm.
+directly backwards; at this point the suture, still quite patent, takes
+a turn somewhat sharper than that on the left, and proceeds for 16 mm.
+backwards and upwards; here it takes a second turn, and proceeds almost
+directly upwards towards the sagittal suture. This last portion of the
+abnormal suture is considerably obliterated, and on and beyond the
+temporal ridge is scarcely traceable. The point at which the division
+has reached the sagittal suture is situated a little behind the middle
+of the latter. The abnormal as well as the open part of the coronal
+suture on this side shows a simpler serration than the corresponding
+sutures on the left side.
+
+In this specimen there is on neither side any encroachment of the
+lower portion of the parietal bone upon the frontal, such as Ranke
+lays stress on in the case of his orangs. A second skull of an
+adolescent male chimpanzee, in the Museum of Natural History, has a
+decided bend in the coronal suture, not unlike that which Ranke
+describes, and which, as he thinks, generally indicates an old
+parietal division; but in this case the bend is situated between the
+inferior and superior boundaries of the prominent temporal ridge, and
+apparently owes its origin to the latter (Figs. 2, 3, 4).
+
+The main interest in the case just described centres in the direction
+of the abnormal sutures, and in the clearness with which the two
+divisions appear as equivalent and of the same origin, although one
+divides the parietal completely, while the other is restricted to one
+of its angles.
+
+As to the course of the abnormal suture in the parietal bone, in all
+the cases thus far reported, the division runs in a horizontal
+direction (cases of Tarin, Soemmering, Gruber, Hyrtl, Welcker, Turner,
+Putnam, Dorsey, Ranke, and others); or it runs obliquely from or near
+the middle of the lambdoid suture to some part of the temporo-parietal
+suture, the sphenoidal angle, or the lower portion of the coronal
+suture (cases of Curnow, Ekmark, Gruber, Hyrtl, Lucae, Welcker,
+Putnam, Traquair, Ranke); in a case of _Simia silenus_ described by
+Gruber and in an Egyptian cranium described by Smith, the divisions
+run to the lambda and begin respectively slightly above the pterion
+and at it. In Boyd's and in two of Hyrtl's cases, the abnormal suture
+begins at or below the bregma on the coronal margin of the parietal
+bone, and ends at or near its mastoid angle; finally, in Blumenbach's
+(cited by Welcker), Bianchi's, Fusari's, and Coraini's cases (those of
+Coraini include two monkeys) the division is vertical, passing between
+the temporo-parietal and sagittal sutures. The left division in our
+chimpanzee approaches those in Gruber's _Simia silenus_ and Smith's
+cases; but it originates much higher anteriorly, and terminates
+slightly below the lambda on the occipital border of the parietal. The
+division in the right parietal of the chimpanzee, beginning slightly
+below the middle of the anterior border of the bone, and ending
+slightly back of the middle of its sagittal border, has no analogy
+among the cases previously described.
+
+The difference in extent and terminations of the two abnormal sutures
+in the chimpanzee is of particular interest in connection with the
+problem of the significance and origin of those divisions of the
+parietal bone that involve more or less only one of its angles.
+
+Since the observations of Toldt,[4] and more recently of Ranke,[5] on
+the development of the parietal bone in the human embryo, it appears,
+though it cannot as yet be said whether the fact is or is not general,
+that the bone originates from two centres of ossification. These
+centres appear in most cases one directly above the other, but, as
+Ranke himself shows,[6] and as can hardly be otherwise, these
+primitive components of the parietal do not always show the same
+relations in size or position. The centres blend together, ordinarily,
+at the end of the third or during the first half of the fourth month
+of f[oe]tal life. On this account, the typical, complete, horizontal
+division of the human parietal bone, when met with at any time after
+the fourth month of f[oe]tal life, is generally interpreted to-day as
+a retardation of the union, or a persistence of separation, of the two
+original segments of the bone. Opinion, however, is still unsettled as
+to the significance of the more atypical, oblique divisions of the
+parietal, particularly of those where the separation is limited to one
+angle. Up to the recent contribution on the subject by Ranke, the
+weight of opinion on the point, although rather briefly expressed,
+seems to have been in favor of attributing to these smaller, oblique
+divisions, the same significance as was given to the more typical,
+horizontal ones. Gruber,[7] in reporting a new case of a bilateral
+oblique suture in the parietal bone, calls the separated mastoid
+angles "the secondary posterior parietals." Hyrtl and Welcker advance
+no definite theories on this point, though the latter expresses an
+opinion[8] that in both the horizontal division and the separation of
+the mastoid angle of the parietal bone the development of the
+condition may be identical. In 1883 Prof. F. W. Putnam, in describing
+one of his Tennessee skulls with an abnormal oblique suture in each
+parietal,[9] referred the development of the separated mastoid angle
+on the right side, as well as the larger oblique inferior portion of
+the parietal on the left side, to a "separate centre" of ossification.
+Ranke[10] opposes both Gruber's and Putnam's opinion, and presents
+instead a theory somewhat vague and not satisfactorily demonstrated,
+by which he accounts for the origin of oblique sutures from partial
+horizontal sutures in the parietal bone through "half-pathological
+processes." In his words, "the oblique parietal suture is allied to
+the half-pathological conditions of the skull; it is wholly
+unjustifiable to speak, as W. Gruber has done, of a separate Parietale
+secundarium posterius, severed by the suture, as of a typical, in a
+certain sense normal, formation. The oblique parietal suture is
+nothing more than an incomplete (posterior), true, _i. e._, typical,
+parietal suture with a sagittal course, modified by certain
+half-pathological conditions." These half-pathological conditions are
+produced, the author explains on the preceding page, "durch
+Einknickung der nach Herrn G. H. Meyer 'plastisch' aufwaerts gebogenen
+hinteren Scheitelbeinraender."
+
+This opinion of Ranke calls for a few words about the incomplete
+horizontal parietal sutures. These sutures are apparently very rare in
+human adults, only five instances being on record (4 Ranke's, 1
+Turner's). They are more frequent in orangs (Ranke), and quite common
+(as Ranke shows, and as I found independently before Ranke's publication
+of his observations) in the human embryos near term and in new-born or
+very young infants. In the human family, these partial divisions of the
+parietal generally begin in the posterior part, and run sagittally to
+the posterior border of the bone, ending in this border at or near its
+middle. In orangs the incomplete horizontal divisions seem to begin, as
+a rule, in the anterior part, and end at or near the middle of the
+anterior border of the parietal. The length of these divisions varies
+from a few millimetres to several centimetres, and they even reach up to
+the centre of the parietal bone.[11] These divisions are, without doubt,
+the remains of the original anterior and posterior clefts, or, if we go
+a step further, of the original intervening antero-posterior space
+between the original inferior and superior segments of the parietal.
+From the very first contact of the growing centres, the median extremity
+of these clefts is bounded both below and above by a mass of bone; and
+when the anterior or posterior border of the parietal comes finally in
+contact with the frontal or occipital bone, the anterior and posterior
+sagittal clefts, if they still exist, lie between two well-developed,
+firm portions of the bone. Under these circumstances it is quite
+impossible to imagine any disturbance, mechanical or pathological, that
+could affect solely or mainly the median portion of the cleft, and cause
+a deflection downward in this portion of the division, or cause its
+extension to the inferior border or even the anterior-inferior angle of
+the parietal.
+
+There are only two factors that can possibly affect and modify the
+course of the incomplete parietal suture, and both of these would show
+their influence mainly or entirely on the distal portion of the same.
+These two factors are, first, an abnormal development, either
+defective or excessive, of one of the original parietal segments; and,
+secondly, influences that would interfere with the freedom of full
+growth of the anterior or posterior border of the parietal.
+
+In the first case, as can easily be imagined or even artificially
+demonstrated, there would be possible only a lower or higher situation
+or an obliquity affecting mostly the marginal portion of the division.
+The results would be low or high sagittal sutures, and curved or
+oblique sutures diverging from the parietal eminence,--effects
+entirely different from the actually observed oblique sutures that
+sever the lower portion of the parietal, or its mastoid angle.
+
+Influences interfering with the free development of the anterior or
+posterior border of the parietal bone could only deflect upwards or
+downwards the marginal end of an incomplete parietal suture, or, at
+most, in a case of a short suture, render it oblique or curved in its
+entirety. No pathological condition, unless it were accompanied by a
+fracture, could extend even a deflected antero-posterior incomplete
+division to any of the borders of the bone.
+
+There are, it seems to me, only three possible ways in which an
+oblique suture, extending between any two borders of the parietal
+bone, can be produced.
+
+In the first case the oblique suture, or rather a suture-like
+formation, may be the effect of an early fracture. A fracture produced
+in adult life is generally recognizable as such; but a fracture dating
+from earlier stages of life, produced before the growth of the bone
+has ceased, may, if not entirely obliterated, present more or less the
+characteristics of a suture. I have seen several skulls where a
+division in the parietal bone or the temporal squama presented at the
+same time features of a fracture and suture; in one or two of these
+cases so much so, that it was and still is impossible for me to decide
+exactly which of the two conditions I had before me. Gruber describes
+one such case[12] as an instance of an oblique parietal suture, while
+Hyrtl and Ranke both consider this case as one with an acquired
+division. To differentiate a congenital real oblique suture from a
+division which is the result of a fracture, we must be guided largely
+by the situation, form, and serration of the division, and the
+condition of the surrounding bones, especially that of the opposite
+parietal. A straight course, ending with one extremity in or near the
+middle of the anterior or posterior border of the parietal, a complex
+serration, no continuity of the division on the neighboring bones, and
+particularly a co-existence of an allied or similar division on the
+opposite parietal,--all favor the conclusion that the division under
+consideration is a real congenital suture, and not the result of a
+fracture.
+
+In the second case there are reasons for believing that an oblique
+suture of the parietal bone can originate in the same way as the
+horizontal one, namely, through a persistence of the original separation
+between the two centres from which the bone is developed, and a
+co-existent difference in the relative position or the relative growth
+of the two centres. It is in this connection that the above-described
+division in the parietals of the chimpanzee will prove of value.
+
+The occasional persistence of the separation between the two original
+segments of the parietal bone is sufficiently demonstrated by the
+presence of the complete horizontal parietal suture. Differences in
+the relative position of these segments can be observed in a limited
+degree in Ranke's illustrations of embryos, before referred to; it can
+be deduced from such cases as the two of Hyrtl,[13] in which the
+division of the parietal was directed from the upper portion of the
+anterior to the lower portion of the posterior border of the bone. The
+most pronounced change in the position of these centres may be
+witnessed in cases where the parietal bone shows a perfect vertical
+instead of a horizontal suture. Such cases have been referred to
+before, and I presented at the meeting of the Association of American
+Anatomists, in 1899, several such examples, found by me in skulls of
+monkeys in Professor Huntington's anatomical collection in the Medical
+Department of Columbia University. One of these specimens is shown in
+the accompanying illustration (Fig. 5).
+
+A difference in the relative growth of the two centres of the
+parietal bone is well shown in the difference of size between the
+inferior and superior portions of the parietal in cases of the
+complete horizontal suture in the same. In the majority of such cases
+on record the superior portion is larger, particularly anteriorly,
+than the inferior; so much so, that that condition seems to be the
+typical one. The difference in the size of the two portions of the
+parietal, and in their relative anterior and posterior height, is most
+pronounced in one of Gruber's cases,[14] where the "parietal suture"
+begins only 10 mm. above the pterion, and ends 40 mm. above the
+asterion. In Dorsey's case[15] the lower portion of the divided
+parietal is 12 mm. higher than the upper. The same condition as is
+found in Gruber's case, here mentioned, exists in the almost identical
+left division of the second case of Putnam, of which I have a
+photograph in my hands. A somewhat similar excess of the posterior
+over the anterior part of the lower severed portion of the parietal
+can also be seen in the illustrations of the cases of Tarin, Lucae,
+and Turner (Admiralty Islands skull). In Calori's interesting case[16]
+there is a decided excess of the lower portion of the divided parietal
+in its posterior portion on the left and in its anterior portion on
+the right side.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5. _Macacus rhesus_ (Medical Department, Columbia
+University), showing a Complete Division of the Right Parietal Bone in
+a Vertical Direction.]
+
+In case the upper segment was not vertically above the lower one, but
+in a position a little more forward or backward of it; and,
+furthermore, if the relative growth of the two segments differed, and
+their separation remained permanent,--the separation of any portion of
+the parietal bone in almost any form and to almost any extent might
+result. Such coincidence of anomalous conditions, although
+necessarily rare, cannot, from what we know on the subject in parietal
+and other bones, be declared improbable. All cases where oblique
+suture on one side co-exists with more or less horizontal suture on
+the other side in the parietal bone, as in the second of Putnam's
+cases, would of course point directly to a similar origin of the
+anomaly on both sides of the cranium. That such cases have not been
+more frequently observed is largely due, I think, to the rarity of
+bilateral parietal divisions.
+
+A third mode of development of the oblique suture in the parietal bone
+suggests itself where the severed portion of the bone is small, and
+that is the possible existence of a supernumerary, third centre of
+ossification. I am by no means ready to defend this theory, yet there
+are cases in which it would afford the easiest explanation. I have a
+Peruvian skull at hand, in which there is a bilateral, quite
+symmetrical quadrangular separate piece of bone, encroaching on the
+mastoid process of the parietal. The surface of the left parietal bone
+in this skull measures across its middle in antero-posterior direction
+120 mm., in infero-superior direction 130 mm.; similar measures of the
+right parietal are respectively 117 and 130 mm. The separate bone on
+the left measures across its middle in antero-posterior direction 20
+mm., in infero-superior direction 12 to 21 mm.; the same portion on
+the right measures respectively 25 and 11 to 15 mm. Both pieces are
+joined to the parietal bone by a squamous suture (Fig. 6).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 6 (99/3550). Quadrilateral Fontanel Bones in a
+Peruvian Male Skull, encroaching upon the Mastoid Angle of the
+Parietals.]
+
+It is apparent that the separate pieces of bone in this case are too
+small to be easily taken for representatives of one of the regular
+centres of ossification of the parietal bone; but the same pieces are
+somewhat too large, and especially too singularly outlined and joined
+to the parietal, to be without difficulty diagnosed as simple Wormian
+or fontanel bones. One of Ranke's cases,[17] though the separation of
+the mastoid angle is oblong instead of quadrangular, as in the
+Peruvian skull, seems to me to present a similar difficulty in
+properly diagnosing the nature of the severed portion. This group of
+cases needs further observation, particularly on the bones of infants
+and embryos. I have two monkey skulls at hand which actually show a
+multiplicity of the original segments of the parietal. These specimens
+will be described in a future publication.
+
+So much as to the _formation_ of the oblique sutures in the parietal.
+It should not be forgotten that such sutures can be _simulated_ by
+those which divide true Wormian or fontanel bones from the parietal.
+The distinction between the real oblique parietal and these
+extra-parietal sutures must depend largely on the extent of the
+division and form of the separate piece of bone.
+
+We may now return to the skull of our chimpanzee. In considering the
+nature of the divisions in the parietal bones of this skull, we can at
+once and absolutely discard the idea of the divisions being due to
+fractures, or being boundaries of Wormian or fontanel bones, and thus
+really extra-parietal in their nature. There is nothing about the
+sutures, or the divided pieces, or the neighboring bones, that would
+even suggest such an explanation; and in our records on Wormian and
+fontanel bones we find no analogies either in man, or apes, or lower
+animals, to the conditions here observed. The necessary conclusion
+from this can only be that we have before us two examples of real
+parietal division.
+
+The division on the left side, had it existed alone, would be readily
+acceptable as an instance of the "parietal suture." The anterior
+extremity and more than the anterior third of the course of the
+division correspond exactly to the same features of a typical,
+horizontal "parietal suture;" while the elevation of the posterior
+extremity of the division, though unusual, can readily be explained as
+due to an excess in growth of the inferior original centre of the
+bone, which may, in addition, have been situated slightly posterior to
+the upper centre.
+
+The division in the right parietal of the chimpanzee begins at its
+anterior end, and runs for the first third of its course in the same
+way as that on the left side; its posterior end, however, does not
+reach the lambdoid, but turns up and ends in the sagittal border.
+Should this formation have existed alone, I should be inclined to
+consider it either as the result of an accessory centre of the
+parietal, or, possibly, as a persistence of the anterior portion of
+the divided superior centre of the bone, the posterior portion of the
+same being united with the lower segment of the parietal in the usual
+way. With the division of the left parietal in the same skull before
+me, everything points to a similar origin of the division on both
+sides, and to the right as well as the left division being a true
+"parietal suture," deflected less on the left and more on the right
+side by a disproportion in growth of the two original, regular
+segments of each of the bones.
+
+The disproportion of growth of the two original segments of the
+parietal bone will, I believe, be found more common as attention is
+directed to this subject. It can be well explained, though there may
+at times be other factors present, by a difference in the blood-supply
+to the two centres. This of course may occur not only in different
+skulls, but also on the two sides of the same cranium.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Die ueberzaehligen Hautknochen des menschlichen
+Schaedeldachs, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., II Cl., XX Bd., II
+Abth., pp. 36 et seq., Fig. 17.]
+
+[Footnote 2: _L. c._, p. 41. Among 3000 Bavarian crania, Ranke found
+but one with complete and three with incomplete parietal sutures;
+basing his conclusion on this observation, he says, "Bei den
+Orangutanschaedeln ist die Haeufigkeit der Scheitelbeinnaethe circa 40
+mal groesser als bei dem erwachsenen Menschen."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Since finding the abnormal sutures on this skull, I have
+been able to present the same at a meeting of the Association of
+American Anatomists (1899) and before the Ethnological Society of New
+York City (1900).]
+
+[Footnote 4: Toldt, C., in Maska's Hdb. d. gerichtl. Med., 1882, v.
+III, p. 515; the same in his U. d. Entwick. d. Scheitelbeins d.
+Menschen, Zeitschr. f. Heilkunde, 1883, v. IV, pp. 83-86.]
+
+[Footnote 5: _L. c._, pp. 324-330.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _L. c._, pp. 327-330, Figs. 29-32.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat.,
+Berlin, 1879, II Heft, pp. 12-15.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Welcker, H., Untersuch. ue. d. Wachsthum u. Bau d.
+menschl. Schaedels, Leipzig, 1862, p. 109.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Putnam, F. W., Abnormal Human Skulls from Stone Graves in
+Tennessee (Proc. A. A. A. S., XXXII, 1884, p. 391).]
+
+[Footnote 10: _L. c._, p. 309.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Ranke's Fig. 25, p. 318.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Virchow's Archiv, 1870, v. 50, p. 113.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Hyrtl, J., Die doppelten Schlaefenlinien d.
+Menschenschaedel, etc. (Denkschr. d. math. naturw. Classe d. k. Akad.
+d. Wiss. zu Wien, 1871, v. XXXII, pp. 39-50).]
+
+[Footnote 14: Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat.,
+Berlin, 1879, II Heft, p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Dorsey, G. A., Chicago Med. Recorder, v. XII, Feb., 1897.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Calori, Luigi, Sut. soprannum. d. Cranio Umano (Mem. d.
+Accad. d. Sc. d. Ist. d. Bologna, 1867, pp. 327 et seq., Fig. 4).]
+
+[Footnote 17: _L. c._, p. 303, Fig. 13.]
+
+
+
+
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+Vol. III. Anthropology (not yet completed).
+
+     PART I.--Symbolism of the Huichol Indians. By Carl Lumholtz. Pp.
+     1-228, pll. i-iv, with 291 text figures. May, 1900. Price, $5.00.
+
+
+BULLETIN.
+
+    Volume    I, 1881-86     Price, $5.50
+       "     II, 1887-90       "     4.75
+       "    III, 1890-91       "     4.00
+       "     IV, 1892          "     4.00
+       "      V, 1893          "     4.00
+       "     VI, 1894          "     4.00
+       "    VII, 1895          "     4.00
+       "   VIII, 1896          "     4.00
+       "     IX, 1897          "     4.75
+       "      X, 1898          "     4.75
+       "     XI, Part I, 1898  "     1.25
+       "      "    " II, 1899  "     2.00
+       "    XII, 1899          "     4.00
+
+    For sale by G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, New York and London;
+    J. B. BAILLIERE ET FILS, Paris; R. FRIEDLAeNDER &
+    SOHN, Berlin; and at the Museum.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+
+  * Footnotes have been moved to the end of the article.
+
+  * Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original
+  (=bold=).
+
+  * [vC] represents a large letter "C" with a "caron".
+
+  * [vS] represents a large letter "S" with a "caron".
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal
+Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal, by Ales Hrdlicka
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