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diff --git a/34101-h/34101-h.htm b/34101-h/34101-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5edb6e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/34101-h/34101-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1390 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a + Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal, by Aleš Hrdlička. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + margin: 3em auto 3em auto; + height: 0px; + border-width: 1px 0 0 0; + border-style: solid; + border-color: #dcdcdc; + width: 500px; + clear: both; +} + +hr.hr2 { + width: 250px; + margin: 3em auto 3em auto; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table.toc { + margin: auto; + width: 40%; +} + +td.c1 { + text-align: center; + vertical-align: top; + padding-right: 1em; +} + +td.c2 { + text-align: left; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em; + padding-right: 1em; + vertical-align: top; +} + +td.c3 { + text-align: right; + padding-left: 1em; + vertical-align: bottom; +} + +td { padding: 0em 1em; } +th { padding: 0em 1em; } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + color: #999; +} /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + .center {text-align: center;} + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ + .figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + + .figleft { + clear: left; + float: left; + padding: 0; + text-align: left; + width: auto; + padding-right: 1em; +} + + .figright { + clear: right; + float: right; + margin: 0em 0em 0em 1em; + padding: 0; + text-align: left; + width: auto; +} + +p.caption { + margin-top: 0; + font-size: 70%; + text-align: left; +} + +/* Transcriber Notes */ +div.tn { + background-color: #EEE; + border: dashed 1px; + color: #000; + margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + margin-top: 5em; + margin-bottom: 5em; + padding: 1em; +} + +ul.corrections { + list-style-type: circle; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +div.fn { + background-color: #EEE; + border: dashed 1px; + color: #000; + margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + margin-top: 5em; + margin-bottom: 5em; + padding: 1em; +} + + .footnote { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em; +} + + .footnote .label { + position: absolute; + right: 84%; + text-align: right; +} + + .fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone +in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal, by Ales Hrdlicka + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal + Bulletin of the AMNH, Vol. XIII, Article XXI, pp. 281-295, Dec. 31, 1900 + +Author: Ales Hrdlicka + +Release Date: October 19, 2010 [EBook #34101] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PARIETAL BONE IN A CHIMPANZEE *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h1><i>A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone<br /> +in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference<br /> +to the Oblique Sutures in the<br /> +Parietal.</i></h1> + +<p> </p> + +<h2>By <span class="smcap">Aleš Hrdlička</span></h2> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h3>AUTHOR'S EDITION, extracted from BULLETIN</h3> +<h4>OF THE</h4> +<h2><i>American Museum of Natural History</i>,</h2> +<h3><span class="smcap">Vol. XIII, Article XXI</span>, pp. 281–295.</h3> + +<p> </p> + +<h2><i>New York, Dec. 31, 1900.</i></h2> + +<hr /> + +<h4><i>The Knickerbocker Press, New York</i></h4> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p> +<h2><b>Article XXI.</b>—A BILATERAL DIVISION OF THE<br /> +PARIETAL BONE IN A CHIMPANZEE; WITH<br /> +SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OBLIQUE SUTURES<br /> +IN THE PARIETAL.</h2> + +<h3>By <span class="smcap">Aleš Hrdlička</span>.</h3> + +<p>The first to describe a case of division of the parietal bone in +apes was Johannes Ranke, in 1899.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The skull in question is +that of an adolescent female orang, one of 245 orang crania in +the Selenka collection in the Munich Anthropological Institute. +The abnormal suture divides the right parietal into an upper +larger and a lower smaller portion. "The suture runs nearly +parallel with the sagittal suture," but, as the illustration shows +(<a href="#Page_282">Fig. 1</a>), it descends in its posterior extremity towards the temporo-parietal +suture, and terminates in this a few millimetres in +front of the lambdoid suture. The abnormal suture shows but +little serration, and the articulation of the two divisions of the +parietal bone is squamous in character, the lower portion overlapping +the upper. Below the junction of the abnormal with the +coronal suture, the latter takes a pronounced bend forward. A +similar bend in the coronal suture is present in the same specimen +on the left side. This is common among the other orang +skulls in the collection. The portions of the coronal suture below +and above the bend differ somewhat in character.</p> + +<p>Besides the above-mentioned complete division, Ranke found +among the 245 orang skulls 13 with incomplete division of the +parietal bone. The division consisted invariably of a longer or +shorter remnant of a horizontal "parietal suture," ending in the +coronal suture at the top of the bend above referred to. A similar +anterior remnant of an abnormal parietal suture was found by +Ranke in a young chimpanzee skull; but the author questions +the word "chimpanzee," which evidently means that the identity +of the skull is somewhat doubtful.</p> + +<p>In consequence of his finds, Ranke believes both complete +and incomplete divisions in the parietal bone to be much more + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> +frequent in the orang than in man.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> He also thinks that the +bend usually present in the coronal suture in the orang signifies +that, "even where there are no traces of a parietal suture, such a +suture has actually existed in an earlier stage of development." +This implies the development of the adult parietal bone in the +orang from two original +segments, one +above the other.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;"> + <a name="p004a-illus.jpg" id="p004a-illus.jpg"></a> + <img src="images/p004a-illus.jpg" width="200" height="168" alt="Skull sutures" title="" /> + <p class="caption">Fig. 1. Division of the Right Parietal in an Orang + (Ranke, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., II cl., XX Bd., ii Abth.).</p> +</div> + +<p>The divisions which +I am about to describe +occur, one in +each parietal, in the +skull of a nine-year-old +male chimpanzee, +which was captured, +when young, in West +Africa. Later on he +was one of the attractions +of the Barnum +and Bailey Circus, +and was familiarly +known as Chico. The +chimpanzee died in 1894, since when his skin and bones have +been preserved in the American Museum of Natural History, +New York City. Prof. J. A. Allen, the curator of the Zoölogical +Department of the Museum, has kindly given me permission to +describe the skeletal parts for publication.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>The most interesting part of Chico is unquestionably the skull. +The divisions of the parietal bones which the specimen presents +are not only the first complete divisions of the parietal observed +in a chimpanzee, but are also unique in character, no divisions of +the same nature having been observed before, either in man, +in apes, or in monkeys. The position and extent of the divisions +in this skull will throw considerable light on the question of the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> +aberrant, complete divisions of the parietal bone, by which term +may be designated divisions differing from the typical horizontal +ones.</p> + +<p>The skull under consideration shows in general a good development +and an almost perfect symmetry. The capacity of the +brain cavity, measured according to Flower's method, is 390 c.c.</p> + +<p>The masculine features of this skull, and particularly the +temporal ridges, are not quite as marked as those of another +skull of an adolescent male chimpanzee in the Museum. The +temporal ridges are slightly prominent, and in their middle third, +over part of the frontal and the parietal bones, not more pronounced +than in some human crania. They are, however, situated +very high. Their upper lines or boundaries touch each other +over a part of the sagittal suture, a little back of the bregma; +while the lower lines approach to within 6 mm. of the sagittal +suture. The supraorbital ridges are not very massive, although +prominent to such a degree that, when the skull rests on +the occipital condyles and on the teeth, the plane of the orbits is +almost vertical. The sagittal crest is insignificant; the occipital +crest is high, but not very massive. The zygomatic arches are less +strong than they are in an average white male; and the mastoids +are small, even smaller than in an average adult white female.</p> + +<p>The second dentition is incomplete; the third molars have not +reached the level of the opening of their sockets. The condition +of the sutures, so far as their patency is concerned, does not +bear the same relation to the stage of dentition as it does in +man: all the sutures of this skull are more or less obliterated. +There are no signs on any part of the skull that point to the +closure of any of the sutures as premature. In detail, the condition +of the sutures is as follows: The spheno-maxillary articulation +is completely closed, but still plainly traceable. Of the +various facial sutures, only remnants are open; the suture in the +zygomatic arch, however, is almost fully patent on both sides. +The spheno-frontal articulation is completely obliterated on the +left, but traces of it remain on the right side. The left temporo-sphenoidal +and squamo-frontal sutures (the squama of the temporal +articulates with the frontal bone) are, with the exception of +the basal part of the former, which remains open, quite obliterated, +but on the right side both are open. The temporo-parietal + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> +sutures, with the exception of 8 mm. of the anterior end of +the suture on the right side, are both entirely closed and hardly +traceable. The coronal suture is partly open on the left, and +wholly open on the right, up to a point a little below the middle +of the anterior border of the parietal bone. At this point on each +side, the lower portion of the coronal suture bends backward +and continues as the anomalous suture; the upper portion of +the coronal, particularly on the right, is completely obliterated, +though still traceable. There are no signs left of the sagittal +and lambdoid sutures, and only the basal portions of the temporo-occipital +articulation remain. The palatine sutures, also, are +entirely obliterated.</p> + +<p>The skull shows no important anomalies besides the division +of the parietals.</p> + +<p>The divisions of the parietal bones begin on the left 32 mm., +on the right 28 mm. (measured with a tape), above the point of +junction of the coronal and temporo-parietal sutures. From the +point where the anomalous sutures leave the coronal suture, to +the bregma, the distance on the left is 44 mm., on the right +42 mm. The excess of size of the left over the right parietal +bone along the coronal suture (6 mm.) compensates the greater +height of that portion of the right temporal squama which articulates +with the frontal bone. Measured across their middle from +the temporo-parietal suture, the two parietals appear to be almost +of equal size (left 82 mm., right 80 mm.). In an antero-posterior +direction, from the beginning of the division to the middle of the +parietal portion of the occipital crest, both bones measure the +same, namely 75 mm.</p> + +<p>The division in the left parietal begins at a V-shaped cleft, +which is filled with a process of the frontal bone. There are +slightly distinct markings on the bone and a number of insular +ossicles, which make it probable that the cleft had been originally +much greater and was largely filled by a Wormian or, rather, a +fontanel bone, the lower border of which has subsequently united +with the parietal.</p> + +<p>For 30 mm. from its beginning the abnormal suture proceeds +directly backward, and to this extent shows but little obliteration. +The original cleft has, it seems, extended up to this point. +From here the suture takes a slight bend upwards, and proceeds + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 285]<br />[Pg 286]</a></span> +almost directly upwards and backwards, becoming gradually obliterated, +until it disappears at the temporal ridge, 16 mm. from +the median line. Originally the suture must have terminated on +the posterior border of the parietal bone, not far from the +lambda. The whole suture shows fairly good serration. The +coronal suture on this side, below the division, shows serration +about equal to that of the abnormal suture; the obliterated portion +above this was, so far as can be seen, more simple.</p> + +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> + <a name="p007a-illus.jpg" id="p007a-illus.jpg"></a> + <img src="images/p007a-illus.jpg" width="500" height="955" alt="Skull views" title="" /> + <p class="caption">Figs. 2–4. Skull of an Adolescent Male Chimpanzee.</p> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<p>On the right side the division of the parietal may also have +begun with a cleft in the anterior border of the bone, but, owing +to the advanced state of obliteration of the upper portion of the +coronal suture on this side, the existence of the cleft cannot be +fully ascertained. Here also the abnormal suture, at first wholly +open, runs for the first 26 mm. directly backwards; at this point +the suture, still quite patent, takes a turn somewhat sharper +than that on the left, and proceeds for 16 mm. backwards and upwards; +here it takes a second turn, and proceeds almost directly +upwards towards the sagittal suture. This last portion of the +abnormal suture is considerably obliterated, and on and beyond +the temporal ridge is scarcely traceable. The point at which the +division has reached the sagittal suture is situated a little behind +the middle of the latter. The abnormal as well as the open +part of the coronal suture on this side shows a simpler serration +than the corresponding sutures on the left side.</p> + +<p>In this specimen there is on neither side any encroachment of +the lower portion of the parietal bone upon the frontal, such as +Ranke lays stress on in the case of his orangs. A second skull of +an adolescent male chimpanzee, in the Museum of Natural History, +has a decided bend in the coronal suture, not unlike that +which Ranke describes, and which, as he thinks, generally indicates +an old parietal division; but in this case the bend is situated +between the inferior and superior boundaries of the prominent +temporal ridge, and apparently owes its origin to the latter (<a href="#Page_286">Figs. 2, 3, 4</a>).</p> + +<p>The main interest in the case just described centres in the +direction of the abnormal sutures, and in the clearness with which +the two divisions appear as equivalent and of the same origin, +although one divides the parietal completely, while the other is +restricted to one of its angles.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> + As to the course of the abnormal suture in the parietal bone, +in all the cases thus far reported, the division runs in a horizontal +direction (cases of Tarin, Soemmering, Gruber, Hyrtl, Welcker, +Turner, Putnam, Dorsey, Ranke, and others); or it runs obliquely +from or near the middle of the lambdoid suture to some +part of the temporo-parietal suture, the sphenoidal angle, or the +lower portion of the coronal suture (cases of Curnow, Ekmark, +Gruber, Hyrtl, Lucae, Welcker, Putnam, Traquair, Ranke); in +a case of <i>Simia silenus</i> described by Gruber and in an Egyptian +cranium described by Smith, the divisions run to the lambda +and begin respectively slightly above the pterion and at it. In +Boyd's and in two of Hyrtl's cases, the abnormal suture begins +at or below the bregma on the coronal margin of the parietal +bone, and ends at or near its mastoid angle; finally, in Blumenbach's +(cited by Welcker), Bianchi's, Fusari's, and Coraini's cases +(those of Coraini include two monkeys) the division is vertical, +passing between the temporo-parietal and sagittal sutures. The +left division in our chimpanzee approaches those in Gruber's +<i>Simia silenus</i> and Smith's cases; but it originates much higher +anteriorly, and terminates slightly below the lambda on the occipital +border of the parietal. The division in the right parietal of +the chimpanzee, beginning slightly below the middle of the anterior +border of the bone, and ending slightly back of the middle +of its sagittal border, has no analogy among the cases previously +described.</p> + +<p>The difference in extent and terminations of the two abnormal +sutures in the chimpanzee is of particular interest in connection +with the problem of the significance and origin of those divisions +of the parietal bone that involve more or less only one of its +angles.</p> + +<p>Since the observations of Toldt,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> and more recently of Ranke, + <a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> +on the development of the parietal bone in the human embryo, it +appears, though it cannot as yet be said whether the fact is or is +not general, that the bone originates from two centres of ossification. +These centres appear in most cases one directly above the +other, but, as Ranke himself shows,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> and as can hardly be otherwise, +these primitive components of the parietal do not always + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> +show the same relations in size or position. The centres blend +together, ordinarily, at the end of the third or during the first +half of the fourth month of fœtal life. On this account, the +typical, complete, horizontal division of the human parietal bone, +when met with at any time after the fourth month of fœtal life, +is generally interpreted to-day as a retardation of the union, or a +persistence of separation, of the two original segments of the +bone. Opinion, however, is still unsettled as to the significance +of the more atypical, oblique divisions of the parietal, particularly +of those where the separation is limited to one angle. Up to the +recent contribution on the subject by Ranke, the weight of opinion +on the point, although rather briefly expressed, seems to have been +in favor of attributing to these smaller, oblique divisions, the +same significance as was given to the more typical, horizontal +ones. Gruber,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> in reporting a new case of a bilateral oblique +suture in the parietal bone, calls the separated mastoid angles +"the secondary posterior parietals." Hyrtl and Welcker advance +no definite theories on this point, though the latter expresses an +opinion<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> that in both the horizontal division and the separation +of the mastoid angle of the parietal bone the development of the +condition may be identical. In 1883 Prof. F. W. Putnam, in +describing one of his Tennessee skulls with an abnormal oblique +suture in each parietal,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> referred the development of the separated +mastoid angle on the right side, as well as the larger oblique +inferior portion of the parietal on the left side, to a "separate +centre" of ossification. Ranke<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> opposes both Gruber's and +Putnam's opinion, and presents instead a theory somewhat vague +and not satisfactorily demonstrated, by which he accounts for +the origin of oblique sutures from partial horizontal sutures in +the parietal bone through "half-pathological processes." In his +words, "the oblique parietal suture is allied to the half-pathological +conditions of the skull; it is wholly unjustifiable to +speak, as W. Gruber has done, of a separate Parietale secundarium +posterius, severed by the suture, as of a typical, in a certain sense +normal, formation. The oblique parietal suture is nothing more + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> +than an incomplete (posterior), true, <i>i. e.</i>, typical, parietal suture +with a sagittal course, modified by certain half-pathological conditions." +These half-pathological conditions are produced, the +author explains on the preceding page, "durch Einknickung der +nach Herrn G. H. Meyer 'plastisch' aufwärts gebogenen hinteren +Scheitelbeinränder."</p> + +<p>This opinion of Ranke calls for a few words about the incomplete +horizontal parietal sutures. These sutures are apparently +very rare in human adults, only five instances being on record +(4 Ranke's, 1 Turner's). They are more frequent in orangs +(Ranke), and quite common (as Ranke shows, and as I found +independently before Ranke's publication of his observations) +in the human embryos near term and in new-born or very young +infants. In the human family, these partial divisions of the +parietal generally begin in the posterior part, and run sagittally +to the posterior border of the bone, ending in this border at or +near its middle. In orangs the incomplete horizontal divisions +seem to begin, as a rule, in the anterior part, and end at or +near the middle of the anterior border of the parietal. The +length of these divisions varies from a few millimetres to several +centimetres, and they even reach up to the centre of the parietal +bone.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> These divisions are, without doubt, the remains of the +original anterior and posterior clefts, or, if we go a step further, +of the original intervening antero-posterior space between the +original inferior and superior segments of the parietal. From +the very first contact of the growing centres, the median extremity +of these clefts is bounded both below and above by a +mass of bone; and when the anterior or posterior border of the +parietal comes finally in contact with the frontal or occipital +bone, the anterior and posterior sagittal clefts, if they still exist, +lie between two well-developed, firm portions of the bone. Under +these circumstances it is quite impossible to imagine any +disturbance, mechanical or pathological, that could affect solely +or mainly the median portion of the cleft, and cause a deflection +downward in this portion of the division, or cause its extension +to the inferior border or even the anterior-inferior angle of the +parietal.</p> + +<p>There are only two factors that can possibly affect and modify + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> +the course of the incomplete parietal suture, and both of these +would show their influence mainly or entirely on the distal +portion of the same. These two factors are, first, an abnormal +development, either defective or excessive, of one of the original +parietal segments; and, secondly, influences that would interfere +with the freedom of full growth of the anterior or posterior +border of the parietal.</p> + +<p>In the first case, as can easily be imagined or even artificially +demonstrated, there would be possible only a lower or higher +situation or an obliquity affecting mostly the marginal portion of +the division. The results would be low or high sagittal sutures, +and curved or oblique sutures diverging from the parietal eminence,—effects +entirely different from the actually observed +oblique sutures that sever the lower portion of the parietal, or its +mastoid angle.</p> + +<p>Influences interfering with the free development of the anterior +or posterior border of the parietal bone could only deflect upwards +or downwards the marginal end of an incomplete parietal +suture, or, at most, in a case of a short suture, render it oblique +or curved in its entirety. No pathological condition, unless it were +accompanied by a fracture, could extend even a deflected antero-posterior +incomplete division to any of the borders of the bone.</p> + +<p>There are, it seems to me, only three possible ways in which an +oblique suture, extending between any two borders of the parietal +bone, can be produced.</p> + +<p>In the first case the oblique suture, or rather a suture-like formation, +may be the effect of an early fracture. A fracture produced +in adult life is generally recognizable as such; but a +fracture dating from earlier stages of life, produced before the +growth of the bone has ceased, may, if not entirely obliterated, +present more or less the characteristics of a suture. I have seen +several skulls where a division in the parietal bone or the temporal +squama presented at the same time features of a fracture +and suture; in one or two of these cases so much so, that it was +and still is impossible for me to decide exactly which of the two +conditions I had before me. Gruber describes one such case + <a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> +as an instance of an oblique parietal suture, while Hyrtl and +Ranke both consider this case as one with an acquired division. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> +To differentiate a congenital real oblique suture from a division +which is the result of a fracture, we must be guided largely by +the situation, form, and serration of the division, and the condition +of the surrounding bones, especially that of the opposite +parietal. A straight course, ending with one extremity in or +near the middle of the anterior or posterior border of the parietal, +a complex serration, no continuity of the division on the neighboring +bones, and particularly a co-existence of an allied or +similar division on the opposite parietal,—all favor the conclusion +that the division under consideration is a real congenital +suture, and not the result of a fracture.</p> + +<p>In the second case there are reasons for believing that an +oblique suture of the parietal bone can originate in the same +way as the horizontal one, namely, through a persistence of the +original separation between the two centres from which the bone +is developed, and a co-existent difference in the relative position +or the relative growth of the two centres. It is in this connection +that the above-described division in the parietals of the chimpanzee +will prove of value.</p> + +<p>The occasional persistence of the separation between the two +original segments of the parietal bone is sufficiently demonstrated +by the presence of the complete horizontal parietal suture. Differences +in the relative position of these segments can be observed +in a limited degree in Ranke's illustrations of embryos, +before referred to; it can be deduced from such cases as the two +of Hyrtl,<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> in which the division of the parietal was directed from +the upper portion of the anterior to the lower portion of the posterior +border of the bone. The most pronounced change in the +position of these centres may be witnessed in cases where the +parietal bone shows a perfect vertical instead of a horizontal suture. +Such cases have been referred to before, and I presented +at the meeting of the Association of American Anatomists, in +1899, several such examples, found by me in skulls of monkeys +in Professor Huntington's anatomical collection in the Medical +Department of Columbia University. One of these specimens is +shown in the accompanying illustration (<a href="#Page_292">Fig. 5</a>).</p> + +<p>A difference in the relative growth of the two centres of the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> +parietal bone is well shown in the difference of size between the +inferior and superior portions of the parietal in cases of the complete +horizontal suture in the same. In the majority of such +cases on record the superior portion is larger, particularly anteriorly, +than the inferior; so +much so, that that condition +seems to be the typical one. +The difference in the size of +the two portions of the parietal, +and in their relative anterior +and posterior height, is most +pronounced in one of Gruber's +cases,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> where the "parietal suture" +begins only 10 mm. above +the pterion, and ends 40 mm. +above the asterion. In Dorsey's +case<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> the lower portion +of the divided parietal is 12 +mm. higher than the upper. +The same condition as is found +in Gruber's case, here mentioned, +exists in the almost +identical left division of the second case of Putnam, of +which I have a photograph in my hands. A somewhat similar +excess of the posterior over the anterior part of the lower severed +portion of the parietal can also be seen in the illustrations of the +cases of Tarin, Lucae, and Turner (Admiralty Islands skull). In +Calori's interesting case<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> there is a decided excess of the lower +portion of the divided parietal in its posterior portion on the left +and in its anterior portion on the right side.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;"> + <a name="p014a-illus.jpg" id="p014a-illus.jpg"></a> + <img src="images/p014a-illus.jpg" width="200" height="249" alt="Specimen" title="" /> + <p class="caption">Fig. 5. <i>Macacus rhesus</i> (Medical Department, + Columbia University), showing a Complete Division of the Right Parietal Bone in + a Vertical Direction.</p> +</div> + +<p>In case the upper segment was not vertically above the lower +one, but in a position a little more forward or backward of it; +and, furthermore, if the relative growth of the two segments +differed, and their separation remained permanent,—the separation +of any portion of the parietal bone in almost any form and +to almost any extent might result. Such coincidence of anomalous + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> +conditions, although necessarily rare, cannot, from what +we know on the subject in parietal and other bones, be declared +improbable. All cases where oblique suture on one side +co-exists with more or less horizontal suture on the other +side in the parietal bone, as in the second of Putnam's cases, +would of course point directly to a similar origin of the anomaly +on both sides of the cranium. That such cases have not been +more frequently observed is largely due, I think, to the rarity of +bilateral parietal divisions.</p> + +<p>A third mode of development of the oblique suture in the +parietal bone suggests itself where the severed portion of the +bone is small, and that is the possible existence of a supernumerary, +third centre of ossification. I am by no means ready +to defend this theory, yet there are cases in which it would afford +the easiest explanation. I have a Peruvian skull at hand, in +which there is a bilateral, quite symmetrical quadrangular separate +piece of bone, encroaching on the mastoid process of the parietal. +The surface of the left parietal bone in this skull measures across +its middle in antero-posterior direction 120 mm., in infero-superior +direction 130 mm.; similar measures of the right parietal are respectively +117 and 130 mm. The separate bone on the left +measures across its middle in +antero-posterior direction 20 +mm., in infero-superior +direction 12 to 21 mm.; the +same portion on the right +measures respectively 25 and +11 to 15 mm. Both pieces are +joined to the parietal bone by +a squamous suture (<a href="#Page_293">Fig. 6</a>).</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;"> + <a name="p015a-illus.jpg" id="p015a-illus.jpg"></a> + <img src="images/p015a-illus.jpg" width="200" height="190" alt="Skull example" title="" /> + <p class="caption">Fig. 6 (99/3550). Quadrilateral Fontanel Bones + in a Peruvian Male Skull, encroaching upon the + Mastoid Angle of the Parietals.</p> +</div> + +<p>It is apparent that the separate +pieces of bone in this +case are too small to be easily +taken for representatives of +one of the regular centres of +ossification of the parietal +bone; but the same pieces are somewhat too large, and +especially too singularly outlined and joined to the parietal, to be +without difficulty diagnosed as simple Wormian or fontanel + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> +bones. One of Ranke's cases,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a> + <a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> though the separation of the +mastoid angle is oblong instead of quadrangular, as in the Peruvian +skull, seems to me to present a similar difficulty in properly +diagnosing the nature of the severed portion. This group of +cases needs further observation, particularly on the bones of infants +and embryos. I have two monkey skulls at hand which +actually show a multiplicity of the original segments of the parietal. +These specimens will be described in a future publication.</p> + +<p>So much as to the <i>formation</i> of the oblique sutures in the parietal. +It should not be forgotten that such sutures can be <i>simulated</i> +by those which divide true Wormian or fontanel bones from +the parietal. The distinction between the real oblique parietal +and these extra-parietal sutures must depend largely on the extent +of the division and form of the separate piece of bone.</p> + +<p>We may now return to the skull of our chimpanzee. In considering +the nature of the divisions in the parietal bones of this +skull, we can at once and absolutely discard the idea of the +divisions being due to fractures, or being boundaries of +Wormian or fontanel bones, and thus really extra-parietal in +their nature. There is nothing about the sutures, or the divided +pieces, or the neighboring bones, that would even suggest such +an explanation; and in our records on Wormian and fontanel +bones we find no analogies either in man, or apes, or lower animals, +to the conditions here observed. The necessary conclusion +from this can only be that we have before us two examples of +real parietal division.</p> + +<p>The division on the left side, had it existed alone, would be +readily acceptable as an instance of the "parietal suture." The +anterior extremity and more than the anterior third of the course +of the division correspond exactly to the same features of a +typical, horizontal "parietal suture;" while the elevation of the +posterior extremity of the division, though unusual, can readily +be explained as due to an excess in growth of the inferior original +centre of the bone, which may, in addition, have been situated +slightly posterior to the upper centre.</p> + +<p>The division in the right parietal of the chimpanzee begins at +its anterior end, and runs for the first third of its course in the +same way as that on the left side; its posterior end, however, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> +does not reach the lambdoid, but turns up and ends in the sagittal +border. Should this formation have existed alone, I should +be inclined to consider it either as the result of an accessory +centre of the parietal, or, possibly, as a persistence of the anterior +portion of the divided superior centre of the bone, the posterior +portion of the same being united with the lower segment of the +parietal in the usual way. With the division of the left parietal +in the same skull before me, everything points to a similar origin +of the division on both sides, and to the right as well as the left +division being a true "parietal suture," deflected less on the +left and more on the right side by a disproportion in growth of +the two original, regular segments of each of the bones.</p> + +<p>The disproportion of growth of the two original segments of +the parietal bone will, I believe, be found more common as attention +is directed to this subject. It can be well explained, +though there may at times be other factors present, by a difference +in the blood-supply to the two centres. This of course may +occur not only in different skulls, but also on the two sides of +the same cranium.</p> + + +<hr class="hr2" /> +<div class="fn"> +<h2>Footnotes</h2> + +<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Die überzähligen Hautknochen des menschlichen Schädeldachs, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. +d. Wiss., II Cl., XX Bd., II Abth., pp. 36 et seq., Fig. 17.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>L. c.</i>, p. 41. Among 3000 Bavarian crania, Ranke found but one with complete and three +with incomplete parietal sutures; basing his conclusion on this observation, he says, "Bei den +Orangutanschädeln ist die Häufigkeit der Scheitelbeinnäthe circa 40 mal grösser als bei +dem erwachsenen Menschen."</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Since finding the abnormal sutures on this skull, I have been able to present the same at a +meeting of the Association of American Anatomists (1899) and before the Ethnological Society +of New York City (1900).</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Toldt, C., in Maska's Hdb. d. gerichtl. Med., 1882, v. III, p. 515; the same in his U. +d. Entwick. d. Scheitelbeins d. Menschen, Zeitschr. f. Heilkunde, 1883, v. IV, pp. 83–86.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>L. c.</i>, pp. 324–330.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>L. c.</i>, pp. 327–330, Figs. 29–32.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat., Berlin, 1879, II Heft, pp. 12–15.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Welcker, H., Untersuch. ü. d. Wachsthum u. Bau d. menschl. Schädels, Leipzig, 1862, +p. 109.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Putnam, F. W., Abnormal Human Skulls from Stone Graves in Tennessee (Proc. A. +A. A. S., XXXII, 1884, p. 391).</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>L. c.</i>, p. 309.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Ranke's Fig. 25, p. 318.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Virchow's Archiv, 1870, v. 50, p. 113.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Hyrtl, J., Die doppelten Schläfenlinien d. Menschenschädel, etc. (Denkschr. d. math. naturw. +Classe d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Wien, 1871, v. XXXII, pp. 39–50).</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat., Berlin, 1879, II Heft, p. 15.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Dorsey, G. A., Chicago Med. Recorder, v. XII, Feb., 1897.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Calori, Luigi, Sut. soprannum. d. Cranio Umano (Mem. d. Accad. d. Sc. d. Ist. d. Bologna, +1867, pp. 327 et seq., Fig. 4).</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <i>L. c.</i>, p. 303, Fig. 13.</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<h2>PUBLICATIONS</h2> +<h4>OF THE</h4> +<h2>American Museum of Natural History</h2> + +<p>The publications of the American Museum of Natural History consist of +the 'Bulletin,' in octavo, of which one volume, consisting of about 400 pages, +and about 25 plates, with numerous text figures, is published annually; and +the 'Memoirs,' in quarto, published in parts at irregular intervals.</p> + +<p>The matter in the 'Bulletin' consists of about twenty-four articles per +volume, which relate about equally to Geology, Palæontology, Mammalogy, +Ornithology, Entomology, and (in the recent volumes) Anthropology.</p> + +<p>Each Part of the 'Memoirs,' forms a separate and complete monograph, +with numerous plates.</p> + + +<hr class="hr2" /> +<h3>MEMOIRS.</h3> + +<h4>Vol. I (not yet completed).</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><span class="smcap">Part I.</span>—Republication of Descriptions of Lower Carboniferous Crinoidea +from the Hall Collection now in the American Museum of Natural History, +with Illustrations of the Original Type Specimens not heretofore +Figured. 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