initial commit of ebook 34101HEADmain

1 files changed, 1087 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/34101-0.txt b/34101-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef448cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/34101-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1087 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone
+in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference, by Ales Hrdlicka
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference to the Oblique Sutures in the Parietal
+       Bulletin of the AMNH, Vol. XIII, Article XXI, pp. 281-295, Dec. 31, 1900
+
+Author: Ales Hrdlicka
+
+Release Date: October 19, 2010 [EBook #34101]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PARIETAL BONE IN A CHIMPANZEE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  _A Bilateral Division of the Parietal Bone
+       in a Chimpanzee; with a Special Reference
+       to the Oblique Sutures in the
+       Parietal._
+
+  By ALEŠ HRDLIČKA
+
+  AUTHOR'S EDITION, extracted from BULLETIN
+  OF THE
+  _American Museum of Natural History_,
+  VOL. XIII, ARTICLE XXI, pp. 281-295.
+
+  _New York, Dec. 31, 1900._
+
+
+
+
+  _The Knickerbocker Press, New York_
+
+
+
+
+=Article XXI.=--A BILATERAL DIVISION OF THE PARIETAL BONE IN A
+CHIMPANZEE; WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OBLIQUE SUTURES IN THE
+PARIETAL.
+
+By ALEŠ HRDLIČKA.
+
+
+The first to describe a case of division of the parietal bone in apes
+was Johannes Ranke, in 1899.[1] The skull in question is that of an
+adolescent female orang, one of 245 orang crania in the Selenka
+collection in the Munich Anthropological Institute. The abnormal
+suture divides the right parietal into an upper larger and a lower
+smaller portion. "The suture runs nearly parallel with the sagittal
+suture," but, as the illustration shows (Fig. 1), it descends in its
+posterior extremity towards the temporo-parietal suture, and
+terminates in this a few millimetres in front of the lambdoid suture.
+The abnormal suture shows but little serration, and the articulation
+of the two divisions of the parietal bone is squamous in character,
+the lower portion overlapping the upper. Below the junction of the
+abnormal with the coronal suture, the latter takes a pronounced bend
+forward. A similar bend in the coronal suture is present in the same
+specimen on the left side. This is common among the other orang skulls
+in the collection. The portions of the coronal suture below and above
+the bend differ somewhat in character.
+
+Besides the above-mentioned complete division, Ranke found among the
+245 orang skulls 13 with incomplete division of the parietal bone. The
+division consisted invariably of a longer or shorter remnant of a
+horizontal "parietal suture," ending in the coronal suture at the top
+of the bend above referred to. A similar anterior remnant of an
+abnormal parietal suture was found by Ranke in a young chimpanzee
+skull; but the author questions the word "chimpanzee," which evidently
+means that the identity of the skull is somewhat doubtful.
+
+In consequence of his finds, Ranke believes both complete and
+incomplete divisions in the parietal bone to be much more frequent in
+the orang than in man.[2] He also thinks that the bend usually present
+in the coronal suture in the orang signifies that, "even where there
+are no traces of a parietal suture, such a suture has actually existed
+in an earlier stage of development." This implies the development of
+the adult parietal bone in the orang from two original segments, one
+above the other.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Division of the Right Parietal in an Orang
+(Ranke, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., II cl., XX Bd., ii Abth.).]
+
+The divisions which I am about to describe occur, one in each
+parietal, in the skull of a nine-year-old male chimpanzee, which was
+captured, when young, in West Africa. Later on he was one of the
+attractions of the Barnum and Bailey Circus, and was familiarly known
+as Chico. The chimpanzee died in 1894, since when his skin and bones
+have been preserved in the American Museum of Natural History, New
+York City. Prof. J. A. Allen, the curator of the Zoölogical Department
+of the Museum, has kindly given me permission to describe the skeletal
+parts for publication.[3]
+
+The most interesting part of Chico is unquestionably the skull. The
+divisions of the parietal bones which the specimen presents are not
+only the first complete divisions of the parietal observed in a
+chimpanzee, but are also unique in character, no divisions of the same
+nature having been observed before, either in man, in apes, or in
+monkeys. The position and extent of the divisions in this skull will
+throw considerable light on the question of the aberrant, complete
+divisions of the parietal bone, by which term may be designated
+divisions differing from the typical horizontal ones.
+
+The skull under consideration shows in general a good development and
+an almost perfect symmetry. The capacity of the brain cavity, measured
+according to Flower's method, is 390 c.c.
+
+The masculine features of this skull, and particularly the temporal
+ridges, are not quite as marked as those of another skull of an
+adolescent male chimpanzee in the Museum. The temporal ridges are
+slightly prominent, and in their middle third, over part of the frontal
+and the parietal bones, not more pronounced than in some human crania.
+They are, however, situated very high. Their upper lines or boundaries
+touch each other over a part of the sagittal suture, a little back of
+the bregma; while the lower lines approach to within 6 mm. of the
+sagittal suture. The supraorbital ridges are not very massive, although
+prominent to such a degree that, when the skull rests on the occipital
+condyles and on the teeth, the plane of the orbits is almost vertical.
+The sagittal crest is insignificant; the occipital crest is high, but
+not very massive. The zygomatic arches are less strong than they are in
+an average white male; and the mastoids are small, even smaller than in
+an average adult white female.
+
+The second dentition is incomplete; the third molars have not reached
+the level of the opening of their sockets. The condition of the
+sutures, so far as their patency is concerned, does not bear the same
+relation to the stage of dentition as it does in man: all the sutures
+of this skull are more or less obliterated. There are no signs on any
+part of the skull that point to the closure of any of the sutures as
+premature. In detail, the condition of the sutures is as follows: The
+spheno-maxillary articulation is completely closed, but still plainly
+traceable. Of the various facial sutures, only remnants are open; the
+suture in the zygomatic arch, however, is almost fully patent on both
+sides. The spheno-frontal articulation is completely obliterated on
+the left, but traces of it remain on the right side. The left
+temporo-sphenoidal and squamo-frontal sutures (the squama of the
+temporal articulates with the frontal bone) are, with the exception of
+the basal part of the former, which remains open, quite obliterated,
+but on the right side both are open. The temporo-parietal sutures,
+with the exception of 8 mm. of the anterior end of the suture on the
+right side, are both entirely closed and hardly traceable. The coronal
+suture is partly open on the left, and wholly open on the right, up to
+a point a little below the middle of the anterior border of the
+parietal bone. At this point on each side, the lower portion of the
+coronal suture bends backward and continues as the anomalous suture;
+the upper portion of the coronal, particularly on the right, is
+completely obliterated, though still traceable. There are no signs
+left of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, and only the basal portions
+of the temporo-occipital articulation remain. The palatine sutures,
+also, are entirely obliterated.
+
+The skull shows no important anomalies besides the division of the
+parietals.
+
+The divisions of the parietal bones begin on the left 32 mm., on the
+right 28 mm. (measured with a tape), above the point of junction of
+the coronal and temporo-parietal sutures. From the point where the
+anomalous sutures leave the coronal suture, to the bregma, the
+distance on the left is 44 mm., on the right 42 mm. The excess of size
+of the left over the right parietal bone along the coronal suture (6
+mm.) compensates the greater height of that portion of the right
+temporal squama which articulates with the frontal bone. Measured
+across their middle from the temporo-parietal suture, the two
+parietals appear to be almost of equal size (left 82 mm., right 80
+mm.). In an antero-posterior direction, from the beginning of the
+division to the middle of the parietal portion of the occipital crest,
+both bones measure the same, namely 75 mm.
+
+The division in the left parietal begins at a V-shaped cleft, which is
+filled with a process of the frontal bone. There are slightly distinct
+markings on the bone and a number of insular ossicles, which make it
+probable that the cleft had been originally much greater and was
+largely filled by a Wormian or, rather, a fontanel bone, the lower
+border of which has subsequently united with the parietal.
+
+For 30 mm. from its beginning the abnormal suture proceeds directly
+backward, and to this extent shows but little obliteration. The original
+cleft has, it seems, extended up to this point. From here the suture
+takes a slight bend upwards, and proceeds almost directly upwards and
+backwards, becoming gradually obliterated, until it disappears at the
+temporal ridge, 16 mm. from the median line. Originally the suture must
+have terminated on the posterior border of the parietal bone, not far
+from the lambda. The whole suture shows fairly good serration. The
+coronal suture on this side, below the division, shows serration about
+equal to that of the abnormal suture; the obliterated portion above this
+was, so far as can be seen, more simple.
+
+[Illustration: Figs. 2-4. Skull of an Adolescent Male Chimpanzee.]
+
+On the right side the division of the parietal may also have begun with
+a cleft in the anterior border of the bone, but, owing to the advanced
+state of obliteration of the upper portion of the coronal suture on this
+side, the existence of the cleft cannot be fully ascertained. Here also
+the abnormal suture, at first wholly open, runs for the first 26 mm.
+directly backwards; at this point the suture, still quite patent, takes
+a turn somewhat sharper than that on the left, and proceeds for 16 mm.
+backwards and upwards; here it takes a second turn, and proceeds almost
+directly upwards towards the sagittal suture. This last portion of the
+abnormal suture is considerably obliterated, and on and beyond the
+temporal ridge is scarcely traceable. The point at which the division
+has reached the sagittal suture is situated a little behind the middle
+of the latter. The abnormal as well as the open part of the coronal
+suture on this side shows a simpler serration than the corresponding
+sutures on the left side.
+
+In this specimen there is on neither side any encroachment of the
+lower portion of the parietal bone upon the frontal, such as Ranke
+lays stress on in the case of his orangs. A second skull of an
+adolescent male chimpanzee, in the Museum of Natural History, has a
+decided bend in the coronal suture, not unlike that which Ranke
+describes, and which, as he thinks, generally indicates an old
+parietal division; but in this case the bend is situated between the
+inferior and superior boundaries of the prominent temporal ridge, and
+apparently owes its origin to the latter (Figs. 2, 3, 4).
+
+The main interest in the case just described centres in the direction
+of the abnormal sutures, and in the clearness with which the two
+divisions appear as equivalent and of the same origin, although one
+divides the parietal completely, while the other is restricted to one
+of its angles.
+
+As to the course of the abnormal suture in the parietal bone, in all
+the cases thus far reported, the division runs in a horizontal
+direction (cases of Tarin, Soemmering, Gruber, Hyrtl, Welcker, Turner,
+Putnam, Dorsey, Ranke, and others); or it runs obliquely from or near
+the middle of the lambdoid suture to some part of the temporo-parietal
+suture, the sphenoidal angle, or the lower portion of the coronal
+suture (cases of Curnow, Ekmark, Gruber, Hyrtl, Lucae, Welcker,
+Putnam, Traquair, Ranke); in a case of _Simia silenus_ described by
+Gruber and in an Egyptian cranium described by Smith, the divisions
+run to the lambda and begin respectively slightly above the pterion
+and at it. In Boyd's and in two of Hyrtl's cases, the abnormal suture
+begins at or below the bregma on the coronal margin of the parietal
+bone, and ends at or near its mastoid angle; finally, in Blumenbach's
+(cited by Welcker), Bianchi's, Fusari's, and Coraini's cases (those of
+Coraini include two monkeys) the division is vertical, passing between
+the temporo-parietal and sagittal sutures. The left division in our
+chimpanzee approaches those in Gruber's _Simia silenus_ and Smith's
+cases; but it originates much higher anteriorly, and terminates
+slightly below the lambda on the occipital border of the parietal. The
+division in the right parietal of the chimpanzee, beginning slightly
+below the middle of the anterior border of the bone, and ending
+slightly back of the middle of its sagittal border, has no analogy
+among the cases previously described.
+
+The difference in extent and terminations of the two abnormal sutures
+in the chimpanzee is of particular interest in connection with the
+problem of the significance and origin of those divisions of the
+parietal bone that involve more or less only one of its angles.
+
+Since the observations of Toldt,[4] and more recently of Ranke,[5] on
+the development of the parietal bone in the human embryo, it appears,
+though it cannot as yet be said whether the fact is or is not general,
+that the bone originates from two centres of ossification. These
+centres appear in most cases one directly above the other, but, as
+Ranke himself shows,[6] and as can hardly be otherwise, these
+primitive components of the parietal do not always show the same
+relations in size or position. The centres blend together, ordinarily,
+at the end of the third or during the first half of the fourth month
+of fœtal life. On this account, the typical, complete, horizontal
+division of the human parietal bone, when met with at any time after
+the fourth month of fœtal life, is generally interpreted to-day as
+a retardation of the union, or a persistence of separation, of the two
+original segments of the bone. Opinion, however, is still unsettled as
+to the significance of the more atypical, oblique divisions of the
+parietal, particularly of those where the separation is limited to one
+angle. Up to the recent contribution on the subject by Ranke, the
+weight of opinion on the point, although rather briefly expressed,
+seems to have been in favor of attributing to these smaller, oblique
+divisions, the same significance as was given to the more typical,
+horizontal ones. Gruber,[7] in reporting a new case of a bilateral
+oblique suture in the parietal bone, calls the separated mastoid
+angles "the secondary posterior parietals." Hyrtl and Welcker advance
+no definite theories on this point, though the latter expresses an
+opinion[8] that in both the horizontal division and the separation of
+the mastoid angle of the parietal bone the development of the
+condition may be identical. In 1883 Prof. F. W. Putnam, in describing
+one of his Tennessee skulls with an abnormal oblique suture in each
+parietal,[9] referred the development of the separated mastoid angle
+on the right side, as well as the larger oblique inferior portion of
+the parietal on the left side, to a "separate centre" of ossification.
+Ranke[10] opposes both Gruber's and Putnam's opinion, and presents
+instead a theory somewhat vague and not satisfactorily demonstrated,
+by which he accounts for the origin of oblique sutures from partial
+horizontal sutures in the parietal bone through "half-pathological
+processes." In his words, "the oblique parietal suture is allied to
+the half-pathological conditions of the skull; it is wholly
+unjustifiable to speak, as W. Gruber has done, of a separate Parietale
+secundarium posterius, severed by the suture, as of a typical, in a
+certain sense normal, formation. The oblique parietal suture is
+nothing more than an incomplete (posterior), true, _i. e._, typical,
+parietal suture with a sagittal course, modified by certain
+half-pathological conditions." These half-pathological conditions are
+produced, the author explains on the preceding page, "durch
+Einknickung der nach Herrn G. H. Meyer 'plastisch' aufwärts gebogenen
+hinteren Scheitelbeinränder."
+
+This opinion of Ranke calls for a few words about the incomplete
+horizontal parietal sutures. These sutures are apparently very rare in
+human adults, only five instances being on record (4 Ranke's, 1
+Turner's). They are more frequent in orangs (Ranke), and quite common
+(as Ranke shows, and as I found independently before Ranke's publication
+of his observations) in the human embryos near term and in new-born or
+very young infants. In the human family, these partial divisions of the
+parietal generally begin in the posterior part, and run sagittally to
+the posterior border of the bone, ending in this border at or near its
+middle. In orangs the incomplete horizontal divisions seem to begin, as
+a rule, in the anterior part, and end at or near the middle of the
+anterior border of the parietal. The length of these divisions varies
+from a few millimetres to several centimetres, and they even reach up to
+the centre of the parietal bone.[11] These divisions are, without doubt,
+the remains of the original anterior and posterior clefts, or, if we go
+a step further, of the original intervening antero-posterior space
+between the original inferior and superior segments of the parietal.
+From the very first contact of the growing centres, the median extremity
+of these clefts is bounded both below and above by a mass of bone; and
+when the anterior or posterior border of the parietal comes finally in
+contact with the frontal or occipital bone, the anterior and posterior
+sagittal clefts, if they still exist, lie between two well-developed,
+firm portions of the bone. Under these circumstances it is quite
+impossible to imagine any disturbance, mechanical or pathological, that
+could affect solely or mainly the median portion of the cleft, and cause
+a deflection downward in this portion of the division, or cause its
+extension to the inferior border or even the anterior-inferior angle of
+the parietal.
+
+There are only two factors that can possibly affect and modify the
+course of the incomplete parietal suture, and both of these would show
+their influence mainly or entirely on the distal portion of the same.
+These two factors are, first, an abnormal development, either
+defective or excessive, of one of the original parietal segments; and,
+secondly, influences that would interfere with the freedom of full
+growth of the anterior or posterior border of the parietal.
+
+In the first case, as can easily be imagined or even artificially
+demonstrated, there would be possible only a lower or higher situation
+or an obliquity affecting mostly the marginal portion of the division.
+The results would be low or high sagittal sutures, and curved or
+oblique sutures diverging from the parietal eminence,--effects
+entirely different from the actually observed oblique sutures that
+sever the lower portion of the parietal, or its mastoid angle.
+
+Influences interfering with the free development of the anterior or
+posterior border of the parietal bone could only deflect upwards or
+downwards the marginal end of an incomplete parietal suture, or, at
+most, in a case of a short suture, render it oblique or curved in its
+entirety. No pathological condition, unless it were accompanied by a
+fracture, could extend even a deflected antero-posterior incomplete
+division to any of the borders of the bone.
+
+There are, it seems to me, only three possible ways in which an
+oblique suture, extending between any two borders of the parietal
+bone, can be produced.
+
+In the first case the oblique suture, or rather a suture-like
+formation, may be the effect of an early fracture. A fracture produced
+in adult life is generally recognizable as such; but a fracture dating
+from earlier stages of life, produced before the growth of the bone
+has ceased, may, if not entirely obliterated, present more or less the
+characteristics of a suture. I have seen several skulls where a
+division in the parietal bone or the temporal squama presented at the
+same time features of a fracture and suture; in one or two of these
+cases so much so, that it was and still is impossible for me to decide
+exactly which of the two conditions I had before me. Gruber describes
+one such case[12] as an instance of an oblique parietal suture, while
+Hyrtl and Ranke both consider this case as one with an acquired
+division. To differentiate a congenital real oblique suture from a
+division which is the result of a fracture, we must be guided largely
+by the situation, form, and serration of the division, and the
+condition of the surrounding bones, especially that of the opposite
+parietal. A straight course, ending with one extremity in or near the
+middle of the anterior or posterior border of the parietal, a complex
+serration, no continuity of the division on the neighboring bones, and
+particularly a co-existence of an allied or similar division on the
+opposite parietal,--all favor the conclusion that the division under
+consideration is a real congenital suture, and not the result of a
+fracture.
+
+In the second case there are reasons for believing that an oblique
+suture of the parietal bone can originate in the same way as the
+horizontal one, namely, through a persistence of the original separation
+between the two centres from which the bone is developed, and a
+co-existent difference in the relative position or the relative growth
+of the two centres. It is in this connection that the above-described
+division in the parietals of the chimpanzee will prove of value.
+
+The occasional persistence of the separation between the two original
+segments of the parietal bone is sufficiently demonstrated by the
+presence of the complete horizontal parietal suture. Differences in
+the relative position of these segments can be observed in a limited
+degree in Ranke's illustrations of embryos, before referred to; it can
+be deduced from such cases as the two of Hyrtl,[13] in which the
+division of the parietal was directed from the upper portion of the
+anterior to the lower portion of the posterior border of the bone. The
+most pronounced change in the position of these centres may be
+witnessed in cases where the parietal bone shows a perfect vertical
+instead of a horizontal suture. Such cases have been referred to
+before, and I presented at the meeting of the Association of American
+Anatomists, in 1899, several such examples, found by me in skulls of
+monkeys in Professor Huntington's anatomical collection in the Medical
+Department of Columbia University. One of these specimens is shown in
+the accompanying illustration (Fig. 5).
+
+A difference in the relative growth of the two centres of the
+parietal bone is well shown in the difference of size between the
+inferior and superior portions of the parietal in cases of the
+complete horizontal suture in the same. In the majority of such cases
+on record the superior portion is larger, particularly anteriorly,
+than the inferior; so much so, that that condition seems to be the
+typical one. The difference in the size of the two portions of the
+parietal, and in their relative anterior and posterior height, is most
+pronounced in one of Gruber's cases,[14] where the "parietal suture"
+begins only 10 mm. above the pterion, and ends 40 mm. above the
+asterion. In Dorsey's case[15] the lower portion of the divided
+parietal is 12 mm. higher than the upper. The same condition as is
+found in Gruber's case, here mentioned, exists in the almost identical
+left division of the second case of Putnam, of which I have a
+photograph in my hands. A somewhat similar excess of the posterior
+over the anterior part of the lower severed portion of the parietal
+can also be seen in the illustrations of the cases of Tarin, Lucae,
+and Turner (Admiralty Islands skull). In Calori's interesting case[16]
+there is a decided excess of the lower portion of the divided parietal
+in its posterior portion on the left and in its anterior portion on
+the right side.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5. _Macacus rhesus_ (Medical Department, Columbia
+University), showing a Complete Division of the Right Parietal Bone in
+a Vertical Direction.]
+
+In case the upper segment was not vertically above the lower one, but
+in a position a little more forward or backward of it; and,
+furthermore, if the relative growth of the two segments differed, and
+their separation remained permanent,--the separation of any portion of
+the parietal bone in almost any form and to almost any extent might
+result. Such coincidence of anomalous conditions, although
+necessarily rare, cannot, from what we know on the subject in parietal
+and other bones, be declared improbable. All cases where oblique
+suture on one side co-exists with more or less horizontal suture on
+the other side in the parietal bone, as in the second of Putnam's
+cases, would of course point directly to a similar origin of the
+anomaly on both sides of the cranium. That such cases have not been
+more frequently observed is largely due, I think, to the rarity of
+bilateral parietal divisions.
+
+A third mode of development of the oblique suture in the parietal bone
+suggests itself where the severed portion of the bone is small, and
+that is the possible existence of a supernumerary, third centre of
+ossification. I am by no means ready to defend this theory, yet there
+are cases in which it would afford the easiest explanation. I have a
+Peruvian skull at hand, in which there is a bilateral, quite
+symmetrical quadrangular separate piece of bone, encroaching on the
+mastoid process of the parietal. The surface of the left parietal bone
+in this skull measures across its middle in antero-posterior direction
+120 mm., in infero-superior direction 130 mm.; similar measures of the
+right parietal are respectively 117 and 130 mm. The separate bone on
+the left measures across its middle in antero-posterior direction 20
+mm., in infero-superior direction 12 to 21 mm.; the same portion on
+the right measures respectively 25 and 11 to 15 mm. Both pieces are
+joined to the parietal bone by a squamous suture (Fig. 6).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 6 (99/3550). Quadrilateral Fontanel Bones in a
+Peruvian Male Skull, encroaching upon the Mastoid Angle of the
+Parietals.]
+
+It is apparent that the separate pieces of bone in this case are too
+small to be easily taken for representatives of one of the regular
+centres of ossification of the parietal bone; but the same pieces are
+somewhat too large, and especially too singularly outlined and joined
+to the parietal, to be without difficulty diagnosed as simple Wormian
+or fontanel bones. One of Ranke's cases,[17] though the separation of
+the mastoid angle is oblong instead of quadrangular, as in the
+Peruvian skull, seems to me to present a similar difficulty in
+properly diagnosing the nature of the severed portion. This group of
+cases needs further observation, particularly on the bones of infants
+and embryos. I have two monkey skulls at hand which actually show a
+multiplicity of the original segments of the parietal. These specimens
+will be described in a future publication.
+
+So much as to the _formation_ of the oblique sutures in the parietal.
+It should not be forgotten that such sutures can be _simulated_ by
+those which divide true Wormian or fontanel bones from the parietal.
+The distinction between the real oblique parietal and these
+extra-parietal sutures must depend largely on the extent of the
+division and form of the separate piece of bone.
+
+We may now return to the skull of our chimpanzee. In considering the
+nature of the divisions in the parietal bones of this skull, we can at
+once and absolutely discard the idea of the divisions being due to
+fractures, or being boundaries of Wormian or fontanel bones, and thus
+really extra-parietal in their nature. There is nothing about the
+sutures, or the divided pieces, or the neighboring bones, that would
+even suggest such an explanation; and in our records on Wormian and
+fontanel bones we find no analogies either in man, or apes, or lower
+animals, to the conditions here observed. The necessary conclusion
+from this can only be that we have before us two examples of real
+parietal division.
+
+The division on the left side, had it existed alone, would be readily
+acceptable as an instance of the "parietal suture." The anterior
+extremity and more than the anterior third of the course of the
+division correspond exactly to the same features of a typical,
+horizontal "parietal suture;" while the elevation of the posterior
+extremity of the division, though unusual, can readily be explained as
+due to an excess in growth of the inferior original centre of the
+bone, which may, in addition, have been situated slightly posterior to
+the upper centre.
+
+The division in the right parietal of the chimpanzee begins at its
+anterior end, and runs for the first third of its course in the same
+way as that on the left side; its posterior end, however, does not
+reach the lambdoid, but turns up and ends in the sagittal border.
+Should this formation have existed alone, I should be inclined to
+consider it either as the result of an accessory centre of the
+parietal, or, possibly, as a persistence of the anterior portion of
+the divided superior centre of the bone, the posterior portion of the
+same being united with the lower segment of the parietal in the usual
+way. With the division of the left parietal in the same skull before
+me, everything points to a similar origin of the division on both
+sides, and to the right as well as the left division being a true
+"parietal suture," deflected less on the left and more on the right
+side by a disproportion in growth of the two original, regular
+segments of each of the bones.
+
+The disproportion of growth of the two original segments of the
+parietal bone will, I believe, be found more common as attention is
+directed to this subject. It can be well explained, though there may
+at times be other factors present, by a difference in the blood-supply
+to the two centres. This of course may occur not only in different
+skulls, but also on the two sides of the same cranium.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Die überzähligen Hautknochen des menschlichen
+Schädeldachs, Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., II Cl., XX Bd., II
+Abth., pp. 36 et seq., Fig. 17.]
+
+[Footnote 2: _L. c._, p. 41. Among 3000 Bavarian crania, Ranke found
+but one with complete and three with incomplete parietal sutures;
+basing his conclusion on this observation, he says, "Bei den
+Orangutanschädeln ist die Häufigkeit der Scheitelbeinnäthe circa 40
+mal grösser als bei dem erwachsenen Menschen."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Since finding the abnormal sutures on this skull, I have
+been able to present the same at a meeting of the Association of
+American Anatomists (1899) and before the Ethnological Society of New
+York City (1900).]
+
+[Footnote 4: Toldt, C., in Maska's Hdb. d. gerichtl. Med., 1882, v.
+III, p. 515; the same in his U. d. Entwick. d. Scheitelbeins d.
+Menschen, Zeitschr. f. Heilkunde, 1883, v. IV, pp. 83-86.]
+
+[Footnote 5: _L. c._, pp. 324-330.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _L. c._, pp. 327-330, Figs. 29-32.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat.,
+Berlin, 1879, II Heft, pp. 12-15.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Welcker, H., Untersuch. ü. d. Wachsthum u. Bau d.
+menschl. Schädels, Leipzig, 1862, p. 109.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Putnam, F. W., Abnormal Human Skulls from Stone Graves in
+Tennessee (Proc. A. A. A. S., XXXII, 1884, p. 391).]
+
+[Footnote 10: _L. c._, p. 309.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Ranke's Fig. 25, p. 318.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Virchow's Archiv, 1870, v. 50, p. 113.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Hyrtl, J., Die doppelten Schläfenlinien d.
+Menschenschädel, etc. (Denkschr. d. math. naturw. Classe d. k. Akad.
+d. Wiss. zu Wien, 1871, v. XXXII, pp. 39-50).]
+
+[Footnote 14: Gruber, W., Beobacht. a. d. menschl. u. vergl. Anat.,
+Berlin, 1879, II Heft, p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Dorsey, G. A., Chicago Med. Recorder, v. XII, Feb., 1897.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Calori, Luigi, Sut. soprannum. d. Cranio Umano (Mem. d.
+Accad. d. Sc. d. Ist. d. Bologna, 1867, pp. 327 et seq., Fig. 4).]
+
+[Footnote 17: _L. c._, p. 303, Fig. 13.]
+
+
+
+
+PUBLICATIONS OF THE American Museum of Natural History
+
+
+The publications of the American Museum of Natural History consist of
+the 'Bulletin,' in octavo, of which one volume, consisting of about
+400 pages, and about 25 plates, with numerous text figures, is
+published annually; and the 'Memoirs,' in quarto, published in parts
+at irregular intervals.
+
+The matter in the 'Bulletin' consists of about twenty-four articles
+per volume, which relate about equally to Geology, Palæontology,
+Mammalogy, Ornithology, Entomology, and (in the recent volumes)
+Anthropology.
+
+Each Part of the 'Memoirs,' forms a separate and complete monograph,
+with numerous plates.
+
+
+MEMOIRS.
+
+Vol. I (not yet completed).
+
+     PART I.--Republication of Descriptions of Lower Carboniferous
+     Crinoidea from the Hall Collection now in the American Museum of
+     Natural History, with Illustrations of the Original Type
+     Specimens not heretofore Figured. By R. P. Whitfield. Pp. 1-37,
+     pll. i-iii. September 15, 1893. Price, $2.00.
+
+     PART II.--Republication of Descriptions of Fossils from the Hall
+     Collection in the American Museum of Natural History, from the
+     report of Progress for 1861 of the Geological Survey of
+     Wisconsin, by James Hall, with Illustrations from the Original
+     Type Specimens not heretofore Figured. By R. P. Whitfield. Pp.
+     39-74, pll. iv-xii. August 10, 1895. Price, $2.00.
+
+     PART III.--The Extinct Rhinoceroses. By Henry Fairfield Osborn.
+     Part I. Pp. 75-164, pll. xii_a_-xx. April 22, 1898. Price, $4.20.
+
+     PART IV.--A complete Mosasaur Skeleton. By Henry Fairfield
+     Osborn. Pp. 165-188, pll. xxi-xxiii, with 15 text figures.
+     October 25, 1899.
+
+     PART V.--A Skeleton of Diplodocus. By Henry Fairfield Osborn. Pp.
+     189-214, pll. xxiv-xxviii, with 15 text figures. October 25,
+     1899. Price of Parts IV and V, issued under one cover, $2.00.
+
+Vol. II. Anthropology (not yet completed).
+
+_The Jesup North Pacific Expedition._
+
+     PART I.--Facial Paintings of the Indians of Northern British
+     Columbia. By Franz Boas. Pp. 1-24, pll. i-vi. June 16, 1898.
+     Price, $2.00.
+
+     PART II.--The Mythology of the Bella Coola Indians. By Franz
+     Boas. Pp. 25-127, pll. vii-xii. November, 1898. Price, $2.00.
+
+     PART III.--The Archæology of Lytton, British Columbia. By Harlan
+     I. Smith. Pp. 129-161, pl. xiii, with 117 text figures. May,
+     1899. Price, $2.00.
+
+     PART IV.--The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. By James
+     Teit. Edited by Franz Boas. Pp. 163-392, pll. xiv-xx, with 198
+     text figures. April, 1900. Price, $5.00.
+
+     PART V.--Basketry Designs of the Salish Indians. By Livingstone
+     Farrand. Pp. 393-399, pll. xxi-xxiii, with 15 text figures.
+     April, 1900. Price, 75 cts.
+
+Vol. III. Anthropology (not yet completed).
+
+     PART I.--Symbolism of the Huichol Indians. By Carl Lumholtz. Pp.
+     1-228, pll. i-iv, with 291 text figures. May, 1900. Price, $5.00.
+
+
+BULLETIN.
+
+    Volume    I, 1881-86     Price, $5.50
+       "     II, 1887-90       "     4.75
+       "    III, 1890-91       "     4.00
+       "     IV, 1892          "     4.00
+       "      V, 1893          "     4.00
+       "     VI, 1894          "     4.00
+       "    VII, 1895          "     4.00
+       "   VIII, 1896          "     4.00
+       "     IX, 1897          "     4.75
+       "      X, 1898          "     4.75
+       "     XI, Part I, 1898  "     1.25
+       "      "    " II, 1899  "     2.00
+       "    XII, 1899          "     4.00
+
+    For sale by G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, New York and London;
+    J. B. BAILLIÈRE ET FILS, Paris; R. FRIEDLÄNDER &
+    SOHN, Berlin; and at the Museum.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+
+  * Footnotes have been moved to the end of the article.
+
+  * Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original
+  (=bold=).
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Bilateral Division of the Parietal
+Bone in a Chimpanzee; with a Special, by Ales Hrdlicka
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PARIETAL BONE IN A CHIMPANZEE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 34101-0.txt or 34101-0.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/1/0/34101/
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.