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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/34094-8.txt b/34094-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38c7752 --- /dev/null +++ b/34094-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Journal of Entomology and Zoology + Volume Eleven, Number Two, June 1919 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: October 18, 2010 [EBook #34094] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + VOLUME ELEVEN NUMBER TWO + + JOURNAL + OF + ENTOMOLOGY + AND + ZOOLOGY + + JUNE, 1919 + + PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY + POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT _of_ ZOOLOGY + CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + Page + + ANNELIDS FROM LAGUNA BEACH 27 + + STRUCTURE OF DOLICHGLOSSUS PUSILLUS--_Alma Evans_ 28 + + OPISTHOBRANCHS FROM LAGUNA BEACH 34 + + CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE SAND DOLLAR DENDRASTER + EXCENTRICUS ESH.--_W. A. Hilton_ 35 + + ANTS FROM THE CLAREMONT-LAGUNA REGION 38 + + + Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class + matter, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879 + + + + +Journal of Entomology and Zoology + +EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY + + +_Subscription_ $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries. + +This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological and +entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports of +societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions. + +The pages of the journal are especially open to western entomologists +and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western and Californian +forms and conditions are particularly desired, but short +morphological, systematic or economic studies from any locality will +be considered for publication. + +Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of paper about +8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of figures, etc., +should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes and figures should be +numbered consecutively throughout. The desired position of foot notes +and figures should be clearly indicated in the manuscript. + +Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as line cuts so +far as possible. An unusually large number of half tones must be paid +for in part by the author. Other more expensive illustrations will be +furnished at cost. Figures for cuts should be made to conform to the +size of the page when reduced, that is, 5 by 7-1/2 inches or less. The +lettering should be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on +the drawings, in most cases. + +Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive fifty +reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than this are +desired, the order should be given with the return of the proof +sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special paper will be +furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions will receive a few +extra copies of the number containing their articles. + +Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail. + +Address all communications to + + THE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY + + William A. Hilton, Editor + + Claremont, California, U. S. A. + + + + +Annelids from Laguna Beach + + +This list includes specimens recently determined by Dr. R. V. +Chamberlin, but does not include new species reported on at that time. + + _Glycera rugosa_ Johnson. _Euphrosyne aurantiaca_ John. _Eudistylia + polymorpha_ Johnson. From holdfast. _Chrysopetalum + occidentalis_ John. + + _Diopatra californica_ Moore. _Podarke pugettensis_ Johnson. + + _Syllis alterniata_ Moore. _Pionosyllis elongata_ Johnson. + + _Halosydna pulchra_ Johnson. + + _H. californica_ Johnson. Dredged. _Scoloplos sp._ San. Balboa. + + _Naineris longa_ Moore? Under stones. _Cirratulus luxuriosus_ Moore, + all bright red from eel grass. _Polycirrus californicus_ Moore. + + _Nereis agassizi_ Ehlers. _Anaitides sp. Lumbrineries zonata_ John.? + + _Syllis alternata_ Moore. _Nepthys caeca_ Fabr.? + + _Sthenelais verruculosa_ Johnson. + + W. A. H. + + (_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_) + + + + +Structure of Dolichoglossus Pusillus + +ALMA EVANS + + +The animals were studied from serial sections cut in several planes. The +stains used were carmine, hematoxylin and eosin. The hematoxylin seemed +to show the tissues more clearly. A graphic reconstruction was +attempted, but did not prove satisfactory because of the individual +artificial foldings and contractions. The drawings were obtained by the +use of a camera lucida. The general drawings, Figs. 1-9 inclusive, are +not filled in in great detail. The special drawings are shown at greater +magnification with more of an attempt to show the actual condition. + +Dolichoglossus is a soft worm-like animal with ciliated surface. It is +divided into three distinct regions: the proboscis, a long club-shaped +organ; the collar, a fold in the surface just behind the proboscis, +and the trunk, a long cylindrical portion posterior to the collar. + +Dolichoglossus is a marine form living in sandy bays or sheltered +places. Mucous glands in the surface epithelium secrete a sticky fluid +which covers the body and to which tiny sand grains stick. The sand +clinging to the mucous coated surface forms a fragile temporary tube +in which the animal is usually secluded. The animals in the living +condition are bright orange or red but lose their color very soon +after preservation in alcohol or formalin. + +The proboscis cavity extending the entire length of the organ is +surrounded by a network of connective tissue supported by longitudinal +bands of plain muscle. This cavity is supposed to communicate with the +exterior by a very small opening, the proboscis pore, but this did not +show in the specimens examined. The heart, proboscis gland and +notochord are located in the posterior part of the proboscis. + +The collar contains the central nervous system, part of the notochord, +the dorsal blood vessel, ventral and dorsal mesenteries, mouth opening +and anterior part of the alimentary canal. + +The trunk contains the alimentary canal, dorsal and ventral blood +vessels, dorsal and ventral nerves, the gill-slits, the reproductive +bodies, dorsal and ventral mesenteries and muscle bands. + +The nervous system consists of three parts: the central, located in +the collar region, Fig. 5; the sub-epidermic network extending over +the entire body just under the surface epithelium, Figs. 1-7; and the +dorsal and ventral strands which are thickenings of the sub-epidermic +network extending throughout the trunk, Figs. 1 and 7. There is also +quite a decided thickening of the sub-epidermic network at the base of +the proboscis, Figs. 5, 6. + +The vascular system consists of two parts, the central and the +peripheral. The central is made up of the heart, a thin-walled vesicle +at the base of the proboscis just dorsal to the notochord, and +connected with it the proboscis gland, a plexus of capillaries just +anterior to the notochord. Fig. 5. The peripheral system is composed +of a ventral and a dorsal vessel. The dorsal starts at the heart and +continues just ventral of the dorsal nerve throughout the length of +the body. Figs. 1, 5, 7. The ventral vessel extends from the posterior +border of the collar to the anal end. It is connected with the dorsal +vessel by a circular vessel in the posterior edge of the collar. + +The mouth is situated ventrally at the base of the proboscis, within +the collar, and opens directly into the straight alimentary canal. +The latter is a straight tube extending from the mouth opening to the +anus. Figs. 5, 1, 7, 9. + +The alimentary canal in the anterior part of the collar gives off a +diverticulum, which grows forward and supports the proboscis. Because +this diverticulum has the vacuolated appearance of the notochordal +tissue of higher animals, it has been regarded as a notochord. It is +largest at the base of the proboscis immediately anterior to the +heart. Figs. 5, 6. + +The paired gill-slits occupy the region just posterior to the collar. +They are arranged in two longitudinal grooves in the dorsal wall. The +number increases throughout life, new slits appearing just behind +those already in place. I found about twenty-five to be the average +number, while particular individuals had as low as eighteen and twenty +and as high as thirty and thirty-one. The gills are formed in the +shape of a U. A skeletal rod or gill bar separates the gills from each +other. The gills are supplied with blood from the dorsal vessel. Figs. +3, 7, 8. + +The sexes are distinct. The ovaries and testes are saccular organs +arranged in a row along the gill and succeeding region. The sacs in +other genera, for example Balanoglossus as described by Shipley, open +directly on to the epidermis. I have been unable to see these openings +in my preparations. Fig. 8 shows the position of the ovaries in the +female; the testes in the male are in a similar location. + +The surface epithelium is modified ciliated columnar, varying slightly +in thickness, size of nuclei and size and shape of cell according to +location. Figs. 13, 14, 15. + +The epithelium forming the gills and intestine is also modified +ciliated columnar. That of the gills having short narrow cells and +small nuclei, and that of the intestine having longer thicker cells +and large nuclei. Figs. 11, 10. + +The connective tissue surrounding the proboscis cavity is of a +peculiar arrangement. The connective tissue itself consists of fine +strands loosely interwoven, but arranged in a definite manner. The +strands form a fine network which gives a beautiful lacy appearance. +Small round nuclei are quite numerous in connection with the strands. +Longitudinal bands of plain muscle are very conspicuous in the +connective tissue. These muscle bands are probably used in altering +the size and shape of the proboscis. Figs. 4, 20, 21. + +The nervous tissue consists of many fibers thickly interwoven. There +are a few small nuclei scattered about among the fibers. Figs. 12, 13. + +The muscle is unstriated. The fibers are very long in some places, +shorter in others and always quite distinct. + + (_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_) + + +REFERENCES + + _Assheton, Richard_ 1918 + A new species of Dolichoglossus. Zool. Anz. Bd. 33, p. + 517-520. + + _Delage and Herouard_ 1898 + Traité De Zoologie concrète Vol. 8. Les Procordés. + Balanoglossus. + + Encyclopedia Britainica Balanoglossus. + + _Shipley, Arthur E._ 1893 + Zoology of the Invertebrata. Balanoglossus. + + + + +EXPLANATION OF FIGURES + + +Fig. 1. Cross section through the gill region showing gill opening. D. +N., dorsal nerve. D. V., Dorsal vessel. G. O., gill openings. A, +alimentary corps. G., gill. V. N., ventral nerve. V. V. ventral +vessel. N., nervous tissue. ×40. + +Fig. 2. Cross section through the base of the proboscis showing +diverticulum wall and proboscis gland. D., diverticulum. N., nervous +tissue. P. G., proboscis gland. ×40. + +Fig. 3. Longitudinal section through a gill opening. N., nervous +tissue. G., gill. G. O., gill opening. ×40. + +Fig. 4. Cross section through the center of the proboscis. N., nervous +tissue. M. C., muscle in the connective tissue. T., connective tissue. +×90. + +Fig. 5. Longitudinal section through the base of the proboscis and +collar. M., mouth. C. N., central nervous system. H., heart. No., +notochord. P. G., proboscis gland. N., nervous network. A., alimentary +canal. D. V., dorsal ventral. ×40. + +Fig. 6. Cross section through the base of the proboscis showing +thickened nerve network. N., nerve network. D., diverticulum wall. H., +heart. ×40. + +Fig. 7. Cross section through gill region. D. N., dorsal nerve. D. B. +V., dorsal blood vessel. G. B., gill vessel. V. N., ventral nerve. V. +V., ventral vessel. ×40. + +Fig. 8. Longitudinal section through the gill region. G., gills. B., +blood. O., ovary. N., nervous network. ×40. + +Fig. 9. Cross section of alimentary canal. A., wall of alimentary +canal. ×40. + +Fig. 10. Intestinal epithelium, modified ciliated columnar. ×400. + +Fig. 11. Epithelium of the gill, modified ciliated columnar. ×400. + +Fig. 12. Nervous tissue. ×400. + +Fig. 13. Surface epithelium of proboscis, modified ciliated columnar. +×400. + +Fig. 14. Surface epithelium of collar, modified ciliated columnar. +×400. + +Fig. 15. Surface epithelium of trunk, modified ciliated columnar. +×400. + +Fig. 16. Cells of testis. ×400. + +Fig. 17. Ovary. ×400. + +Fig. 18. Plain muscle. ×400. + +Fig. 19. Epithelium of diverticulum. ×400. + +Fig. 20. Connective tissue of proboscis. ×400. + +Fig. 21. Muscle bands in proboscis connective tissue. ×400. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + + + + +Opisthobranchs from Laguna Beach + +The determinations are by Dr. F. M. MacFarland + + +TECTIBRANCHS + + _Pleurobranchæa californica_ MacF. Only one specimen has been + obtained at Laguna Beach, from a depth of from 15 to 20 fathoms. + The specimen was mottled dark above and about 5 inches long. Dr. + MacFarland informs me that this species is quite common in Monterey + Bay and ranges much larger, almost up to 10 inches in length. + + _Navanax inermis_ Cooper. Black, yellow lines, blue spots, yellow + edges. About two inches in length. Another specimen possibly may be + the same species, black with yellow spots. Apparently the same form + occurs at Balboa. + + _Aglaja (Doridium) purpureum_ Berg.? Brown, dredged 10 to 15 f. + + +NUDIBRANCHS + + _Triopha sp._ Large, brown. Holdfast. + + _Flabellina iodinea_ Cooper. Narrow blue body, red appendages. + Swims by lateral movements of the body. This beautiful nudibranch + was first found near Laguna by Miss M. Cate, not far from Dana's + point in 1916. In Jan. 15, '18, Mrs. May found a number near + Laguna Beach. + + _Dirona picta_ MacF. Light brown, long thick appendages. + Holdfasts and tidepools common in 1915. + + _Aegires_ sp. Knobs. Brick red, body clear. + + _Chromodoris universitatis_ Cock. Blue, yellow spots. + + _Polycera atra_ MacF. Red-brown, black stripes, brown spots. July + 10, 1915. + + _Facelina_ sp. Body clear, appendages dark. + + _Ancula pacifica_ MacF.? Clear white, two yellow lines in front, + one behind. Front appendages and two lateral tipped with yellow. + + _Cadlina_ Sp.? Dark brown, flattened. + + _Aeolidia_ sp. White to pink, appendages brown. + + W. A. H. + + + + +Central Nervous System of the Sand Dollar Dendraster Excentricus Esh + +WILLIAM A. HILTON + + +There seems to be little or no literature on the central nervous +system of this form of echinoderm. As might be expected, the general +arrangement of radial and circumoral bands are much as in sea-urchins, +such as shown especially by Delage and Herouard 1903. There are +however some interesting features which make the study of this type of +special value. + +In this paper only the chief mass of the central nervous system is +considered. The more evident parts of the central nervous system are +arranged in general as in other forms. The circumoral nerves issue +from under the lantern and run along the oral, cross over at the edge +of the shell and then run along the aboral side. The five radial +nerves converge at the five ocular areas near the center of the aboral +region. The circumoral nerve ring is looped over and under parts of +the lantern. Fig. 1 shows a part of the lantern and parts of three +loops of the circumoral nerve trunk. In the center of the figure one +fifth of the lantern is drawn in and from under it a radial nerve is +shown in the lower part of the figure. To the left and to the right of +the central bony part of the lantern the union of a radial with a +circumoral nerve is shown. At the junction of each radial nerve with +the circumoral, is a little thickening which seems to be a special +cellular mass such as I have not found in other forms. Fig. 7 is a +section through a part of a circumoral strand, much enlarged. There +are only a few nerve cells, from one to two layers. + +As the radial nerves leave the lantern they are quite evident in +dissected specimens as they are close to the bony skeleton with very +little connective or other tissues to obscure them. The use of aqueous +methylene blue aids in following the smaller branches. Near the +lantern the branches are small as shown in fig. 2. When the region is +reached where the upper and lower surfaces of the shell begin to fuse, +the branches become larger and more irregularly arranged, as shown in +the lower part of fig. 1 and fig. 2. After the nerve turns to run on +the aboral side there is no change in arrangement until the region of +the tube feet is reached. In the region of the tube feet the nerves +become more numerous, smaller and more regular. The general +distribution of the nerves and the arrangement of the tube feet nerves +are shown in fig. 4 which is from part of the upper end of the aboral +nerve. The holes in the skeleton for the tube feet are shown as +circles on each side of the diagram. + +The general structure of the chief central nerve trunks is quite +similar as shown in sections. Figs. 6, 7 and 8. The nerve trunks have +about one to two layers of cells, the main part of the nerves are +composed of longitudinal fibers. There are not so many evident +vertical fibers from cells as found in starfish and some other forms. +This change in position of the fibers may be in part due to the +general modification of structure. Whether this arrangement leads to +other types of nerve association is a question. + +When the nerve trunks are removed, stained in methylene blue and +examined with the microscope something of the arrangement of the cells +may be seen. In the circumoral and oral radial nerves the nerve cells +are thickly massed from side to side, but in the upper part of the +aboral nerve there is an evident arrangement of nerve cells in zones. +There is usually a central more or less clear zone, next on each side +a rather dense cell area and next on each side a very dense cell area, +then a narrow nearly clear zone on each side again. + +As a rule slightly larger cells are found near the nerve trunks and as +some of these seem to send long branches out into the lateral trunks, +they may be motor or sensory, the association neurones are probably +the smaller cells in farther. The cells seem multipolar in most cases +and in fact much more modified than the cells of starfish or +sea-urchin. Figs. 9 and 10. + + +REFERENCES + + _Delage and Herouard_ 1903 Traité de zoologie concrète. T. iii. + Les Echinoderms. + + _Hamann, O._ 1887 Beitrage zur Histologie der Echinodermen. Jenna + Zeit. Nat. W. xxi. + + _Hilton, W. A._ 1917 Some remarks on the nervous system of two + sea-urchins. Jour. ent. and zoo. vol. ix, no. 4. + + (_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_) + + +Explanation of Figures + +Fig. 1. Diagram of one fifth of Aristotle's lantern of _Dendraster_ +showing three loops of the circumoral nerve ring, and parts of three +radial nerves, the central one partly hidden at its origin by the +lantern. The nerves are in black. ×9. + +Fig. 2. Drawing of part of the first part of an oral radial nerve. ×9. + +Fig. 3. Drawing of the lower end of an oral radial nerve. ×9. + +Fig. 4. Drawing of the upper part of an aboral radial nerve. The eye +spot region is up in the figure. ×9. + +Fig. 5. Camera lucida drawing of a part of an aboral nerve showing +position of cell areas. ×70. + +Fig. 6. Drawing of a section of an oral radial nerve. ×300. + +Fig. 7. Drawing of a section of circumoral nerve. ×300. + +Fig. 8. Drawing of a section of aboral nerve. ×300. + +Fig. 9. Nerve cells from central regions of a radial nerve. The +arrangement is as shown in the drawing, cells of various levels shown +as one layer. Some of the processes possibly relate nearby cells, but +most fibers run into the general fibrous mass. All fibers or fibrils +are small. There is some indication of tigroid substance in some of +the cells. ×450. + +Fig. 10. Nerve cells from near a lateral branch from the radial band. +×450. + +[Illustration] + + + + +Ants from the Claremont Laguna Region + + +This list includes ants collected chiefly in 1917. All determinations +are by Dr. W. M. Wheeler. + + _Novomessor andrei_ Mayr. red var. Also some dark. Claremont. + + _N. pergandei_ Mayr. Medium, dark colored. Claremont. + + _Pogonomyrmex californicus_ Buckley Claremont. + + _Pheidole longipes_ Pergande Claremont. + + _Pediole_ sp. Claremont. + + _Crematogaster lineolata_ Say. Subsp. _californica_ Emery. + Claremont. + + _C. l._ Say. subsp. _corctata_ Emery. Claremont. + + _Solenopsis molesta_ Say. var. _validiuscula_ Emery. Claremont. + + _S. geminata_ Fab. var. Claremont. + + _Liometopum occidentale_ Emery. Mts. and Claremont. + + _Iridomyrex pruinosus_ Roger var. _analis_ Ern. André. + + _I. humilis_ Mayr (Argentine ant) Claremont. + + _Dorymyrmex pyramicus_ Roger _var._ Claremont. + + _Prenolepis imparis_ Say. Below Aliso canon, Laguna Beach and + Claremont. + + _Tapinoma sessile_ Say. Laguna Beach. + + _Myrmecocystus melliger_ Forel var. (Honey ant) Claremont. + + _M. mexicanus_ Wesm. sub sp. _mojave_ Wheeler (Honey ant) + Claremont. + + _Formica rufibarbis_ Fb. var _occidua_ Wheeler. Claremont. + + _F. cinerea_ Mayr. subsp. _pilicornis_ Emery. Claremont. + + _Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus_ Fb. subsp. _vicinus_ Mayr. + _var. luteangulus_ Wheeler. Claremont. + + W. A. H. + + (_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_) + + + + +JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY--_Advertising Section_ + + + _The_ Journal _of_ + Zoological Research + + _Edited by + WALTER E. COLLINGE, M. Sc., F. L. S., F. E. S. + The Gatty Marine Laboratory + The University, St. Andrews, Scotland_ + + The subject matter is strictly confined to original zoological + research--systematic and anatomical. Fully illustrated by + lithographic plates and text figures. + + Each volume will consist of 4 parts, price $5. + + _All subscriptions should be forwarded to_ + + Messrs. Dulau & Co., Ltd. + 37 Soho Square, London, W., England + + +GRIFFITH Incubators + +[Illustration: A simple, well constructed bacteriological incubator] + + +GAGE--The Microscope + +=An Introduction to Microscopic Methods and to Histology= + +By SIMON H. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Journal of Entomology and Zoology + Volume Eleven, Number Two, June 1919 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: October 18, 2010 [EBook #34094] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h5>VOLUME ELEVEN NUMBER TWO</h5> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2>JOURNAL</h2> +<h4>OF</h4> +<h1>ENTOMOLOGY</h1> +<h4>AND</h4> +<h1>ZOOLOGY</h1> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>JUNE, 1919</h3> + +<p> </p> + +<h5>PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY</h5> +<h4>POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT <i>of</i> ZOOLOGY</h4> +<h5>CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.</h5> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h4>CONTENTS</h4> + +<table class="toc" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td class="c1"> </td><td class="c3">Page</td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"><span class="smcap">Annelids from Laguna Beach</span></td><td class="c3"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"><span class="smcap">Structure of Dolichglossus Pusillus</span>—<i>Alma Evans</i></td> + <td class="c3"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"><span class="smcap">Opisthobranchs from Laguna Beach</span></td><td class="c3"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"><span class="smcap">Central Nervous System of the Sand Dollar Dendraster Excentricus + Esh.</span>—<i>W. A. Hilton</i></td><td class="c3"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"><span class="smcap">Ants from the Claremont-Laguna Region</span></td><td class="c3"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h5>Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress<br /> +of March 3, 1879</h5> + +<hr /> + +<h2>Journal of Entomology and Zoology</h2> +<h3>EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY</h3> + + +<p><i>Subscription</i> $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.</p> + +<p>This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological +and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports +of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.</p> + +<p>The pages of the journal are especially open to western entomologists +and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western +and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired, +but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from +any locality will be considered for publication.</p> + +<p>Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of +paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of +figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes +and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The +desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly +indicated in the manuscript.</p> + +<p>Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as +line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half +tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more +expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for +cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when +reduced, that is, 5 by 7½ inches or less. The lettering should +be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the +drawings, in most cases.</p> + +<p>Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive +fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than +this are desired, the order should be given with the return of +the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special +paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions +will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their +articles.</p> + +<p>Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.</p> + +<p>Address all communications to</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Journal of Entomology and Zoology</span></p> + +<div class="signature">William A. Hilton, Editor</div> + +<div class="signature2">Claremont, California, U. S. A.</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> +<h2>Annelids from Laguna Beach</h2> + +<p>This list includes specimens recently determined by Dr. R. V. Chamberlin, but +does not include new species reported on at that time.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><i>Glycera rugosa</i> Johnson. <i>Euphrosyne aurantiaca</i> John. <i>Eudistylia polymorpha</i> Johnson.<br /> +From holdfast. <i>Chrysopetalum occidentalis</i> John.</p> +<p><i>Diopatra californica</i> Moore. <i>Podarke pugettensis</i> Johnson.</p> +<p><i>Syllis alterniata</i> Moore. <i>Pionosyllis elongata</i> Johnson.</p> +<p><i>Halosydna pulchra</i> Johnson.</p> +<p><i>H. californica</i> Johnson. Dredged. <i>Scoloplos sp.</i> San. Balboa.</p> +<p><i>Naineris longa</i> Moore? Under stones. <i>Cirratulus luxuriosus</i> Moore, all bright red<br /> +from eel grass. <i>Polycirrus californicus</i> Moore.</p> +<p><i>Nereis agassizi</i> Ehlers. <i>Anaitides sp. Lumbrineries zonata</i> John.?</p> +<p><i>Syllis alternata</i> Moore. <i>Nepthys caeca</i> Fabr.?</p> +<p><i>Sthenelais verruculosa</i> Johnson.</p> +</div> + +<div class="signature">W. A. H.</div> + +<p class ="center">(<i>Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College</i>)</p> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> +<h2>Structure of Dolichoglossus Pusillus</h2> +<h3>ALMA EVANS</h3> + +<p>The animals were studied from serial sections cut in several planes. The stains +used were carmine, hematoxylin and eosin. The hematoxylin seemed to show the +tissues more clearly. A graphic reconstruction was attempted, but did not prove +satisfactory because of the individual artificial foldings and contractions. The drawings +were obtained by the use of a camera lucida. The general drawings, + Figs. <a href="#Page_31">1</a>–<a href="#Page_32">9</a> +inclusive, are not filled in in great detail. The special drawings are shown at greater +magnification with more of an attempt to show the actual condition.</p> + +<p>Dolichoglossus is a soft worm-like animal with ciliated surface. It is divided +into three distinct regions: the proboscis, a long club-shaped organ; the collar, a +fold in the surface just behind the proboscis, and the trunk, a long cylindrical portion +posterior to the collar.</p> + +<p>Dolichoglossus is a marine form living in sandy bays or sheltered places. Mucous +glands in the surface epithelium secrete a sticky fluid which covers the body and to +which tiny sand grains stick. The sand clinging to the mucous coated surface forms +a fragile temporary tube in which the animal is usually secluded. The animals in +the living condition are bright orange or red but lose their color very soon after +preservation in alcohol or formalin.</p> + +<p>The proboscis cavity extending the entire length of the organ is surrounded by a +network of connective tissue supported by longitudinal bands of plain muscle. This +cavity is supposed to communicate with the exterior by a very small opening, the proboscis +pore, but this did not show in the specimens examined. The heart, proboscis +gland and notochord are located in the posterior part of the proboscis.</p> + +<p>The collar contains the central nervous system, part of the notochord, the dorsal +blood vessel, ventral and dorsal mesenteries, mouth opening and anterior part of the +alimentary canal.</p> + +<p>The trunk contains the alimentary canal, dorsal and ventral blood vessels, dorsal +and ventral nerves, the gill-slits, the reproductive bodies, dorsal and ventral mesenteries +and muscle bands.</p> + +<p>The nervous system consists of three parts: the central, located in the collar +region, Fig. <a href="#Page_32">5</a>; the sub-epidermic network extending over the entire body just under +the surface epithelium, Figs. <a href="#Page_31">1</a> + –<a href="#Page_32">7</a>; and the dorsal and ventral strands which are thickenings +of the sub-epidermic network extending throughout the trunk, Figs. <a href="#Page_31">1</a> and <a href="#Page_32">7</a>. +There is also quite a decided thickening of the sub-epidermic network at the base of +the proboscis, Figs. <a href="#Page_32">5</a>, <a href="#Page_32">6</a>.</p> + +<p>The vascular system consists of two parts, the central and the peripheral. The +central is made up of the heart, a thin-walled vesicle at the base of the proboscis +just dorsal to the notochord, and connected with it the proboscis gland, a plexus of +capillaries just anterior to the notochord. Fig. <a href="#Page_32">5</a>. The peripheral system is composed +of a ventral and a dorsal vessel. The dorsal starts at the heart and continues +just ventral of the dorsal nerve throughout the length of the body. Figs. + <a href="#Page_31">1</a>, <a href="#Page_32">5</a>, <a href="#Page_32">7</a>. The +ventral vessel extends from the posterior border of the collar to the anal end. It is +connected with the dorsal vessel by a circular vessel in the posterior edge of the collar.</p> + +<p>The mouth is situated ventrally at the base of the proboscis, within the collar, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +and opens directly into the straight alimentary canal. The latter is a straight tube +extending from the mouth opening to the anus. Figs. <a href="#Page_32">5</a>, <a href="#Page_31">1</a>, + <a href="#Page_32">7</a>, <a href="#Page_32">9</a>.</p> + +<p>The alimentary canal in the anterior part of the collar gives off a diverticulum, +which grows forward and supports the proboscis. Because this diverticulum has the +vacuolated appearance of the notochordal tissue of higher animals, it has been regarded +as a notochord. It is largest at the base of the proboscis immediately anterior +to the heart. Figs. <a href="#Page_32">5</a>, <a href="#Page_32">6</a>.</p> + +<p>The paired gill-slits occupy the region just posterior to the collar. They are +arranged in two longitudinal grooves in the dorsal wall. The number increases +throughout life, new slits appearing just behind those already in place. I found +about twenty-five to be the average number, while particular individuals had as low +as eighteen and twenty and as high as thirty and thirty-one. The gills are formed +in the shape of a U. A skeletal rod or gill bar separates the gills from each other. +The gills are supplied with blood from the dorsal vessel. Figs. + <a href="#Page_31">3</a>, <a href="#Page_32">7</a>, <a href="#Page_32">8</a>.</p> + +<p>The sexes are distinct. The ovaries and testes are saccular organs arranged in +a row along the gill and succeeding region. The sacs in other genera, for example +Balanoglossus as described by Shipley, open directly on to the epidermis. I have been +unable to see these openings in my preparations. Fig. <a href="#Page_32">8</a> shows the position of the +ovaries in the female; the testes in the male are in a similar location.</p> + +<p>The surface epithelium is modified ciliated columnar, varying slightly in thickness, +size of nuclei and size and shape of cell according to location. Figs. + <a href="#Page_33">13</a>, <a href="#Page_33">14</a>, <a href="#Page_33">15</a>.</p> + +<p>The epithelium forming the gills and intestine is also modified ciliated columnar. +That of the gills having short narrow cells and small nuclei, and that of the intestine +having longer thicker cells and large nuclei. Figs. <a href="#Page_33">11</a>, <a href="#Page_33">10</a>.</p> + +<p>The connective tissue surrounding the proboscis cavity is of a peculiar arrangement. +The connective tissue itself consists of fine strands <a name="losely" id="losely"></a>loosely interwoven, but +arranged in a definite manner. The strands form a fine network which gives a beautiful +lacy appearance. Small round nuclei are quite numerous in connection with the +strands. Longitudinal bands of plain muscle are very conspicuous in the connective +tissue. These muscle bands are probably used in altering the size and shape of the +proboscis. Figs. <a href="#Page_31">4</a>, <a href="#Page_33">20</a>, <a href="#Page_33">21</a>.</p> + +<p>The nervous tissue consists of many fibers thickly interwoven. There are a few +small nuclei scattered about among the fibers. Figs. <a href="#Page_33">12</a>, <a href="#Page_33">13</a>.</p> + +<p>The muscle is unstriated. The fibers are very long in some places, shorter in +others and always quite distinct.</p> + +<p class="center">(<i>Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College</i>)</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h3>REFERENCES</h3> + +<table class="toc" summary="References"> +<tr><td class="c1"><i>Assheton, Richard</i></td><td class="c3">1918</td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"> A new species of Dolichoglossus. Zool. Anz. Bd. 33, p. 517–520.</td><td class="c3"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"><i>Delage and Herouard</i></td><td class="c3">1898</td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"> Traité De Zoologie concrète Vol. 8. Les Procordés. Balanoglossus.</td><td class="c3"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1">Encyclopedia Britainica Balanoglossus.</td><td class="c3"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"><i>Shipley, Arthur E.</i></td><td class="c3">1893</td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"> Zoology of the Invertebrata. Balanoglossus.</td><td class="c3"> </td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr class="hr2" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> +<h3>EXPLANATION OF FIGURES</h3> + +<p>Fig. 1. Cross section through the gill region showing gill opening. D. N., dorsal +nerve. D. V., Dorsal vessel. G. O., gill openings. A, alimentary corps. G., gill. +V. N., ventral nerve. V. V. ventral vessel. N., nervous tissue. ×40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Cross section through the base of the proboscis showing diverticulum wall +and proboscis gland. D., diverticulum. N., nervous tissue. P. G., proboscis gland. +×40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3. Longitudinal section through a gill opening. N., nervous tissue. G., gill. +G. O., gill opening. ×40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4. Cross section through the center of the proboscis. N., nervous tissue. +M. C., muscle in the connective tissue. T., connective tissue. ×90.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Longitudinal section through the base of the proboscis and collar. M., +mouth. C. N., central nervous system. H., heart. No., notochord. P. G., proboscis +gland. N., nervous network. A., alimentary canal. D. V., dorsal ventral. ×40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6. Cross section through the base of the proboscis showing thickened nerve +network. N., nerve network. D., diverticulum wall. H., heart. ×40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7. Cross section through gill region. D. N., dorsal nerve. D. B. V., dorsal +blood vessel. G. B., gill vessel. V. N., ventral nerve. V. V., ventral vessel. ×40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8. Longitudinal section through the gill region. G., gills. B., blood. O., +ovary. N., nervous network. ×40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 9. Cross section of alimentary canal. A., wall of alimentary canal. ×40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 10. Intestinal epithelium, modified ciliated columnar. ×400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 11. Epithelium of the gill, modified ciliated columnar. ×400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 12. Nervous tissue. ×400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 13. Surface epithelium of proboscis, modified ciliated columnar. ×400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 14. Surface epithelium of collar, modified ciliated columnar. ×400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 15. Surface epithelium of trunk, modified ciliated columnar. ×400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 16. Cells of testis. ×400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 17. Ovary. ×400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 18. Plain muscle. ×400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 19. Epithelium of diverticulum. ×400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 20. Connective tissue of proboscis. ×400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 21. Muscle bands in proboscis connective tissue. ×400.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> + <a name="p007-illus.jpg" id="p007-illus.jpg"></a> + <img src="images/p007-illus.jpg" width="600" height="754" alt="Set of various figures" title="" /> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> + <a name="p008-illus.jpg" id="p008-illus.jpg"></a> + <img src="images/p008-illus.jpg" width="600" height="790" alt="Set of various figures" title="" /> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> + <a name="p009-illus.jpg" id="p009-illus.jpg"></a> + <img src="images/p009-illus.jpg" width="600" height="712" alt="Set of various figures" title="" /> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> +<h2>Opisthobranchs from Laguna Beach</h2> +<h3>The determinations are by Dr. F. M. MacFarland</h3> + + +<h3>TECTIBRANCHS</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><i>Pleurobranchæa californica</i> MacF. Only one specimen has been obtained at Laguna +Beach, from a depth of from 15 to 20 fathoms. The specimen was mottled dark +above and about 5 inches long. Dr. MacFarland informs me that this species +is quite common in Monterey Bay and ranges much larger, almost up to 10 inches +in length.</p> + +<p><i>Navanax inermis</i> Cooper. Black, yellow lines, blue spots, yellow edges. About two +inches in length. Another specimen possibly may be the same species, black with +yellow spots. Apparently the same form occurs at Balboa.</p> + +<p><i>Aglaja (Doridium) purpureum</i> Berg.? Brown, dredged 10 to 15 f.</p> +</div> + + +<h3>NUDIBRANCHS</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><i>Triopha sp.</i> Large, brown. Holdfast.</p> + +<p><i>Flabellina iodinea</i> Cooper. Narrow blue body, red appendages. Swims by lateral +movements of the body. This beautiful nudibranch was first found near Laguna +by Miss M. Cate, not far from Dana's point in 1916. In Jan. 15, '18, Mrs. May +found a number near Laguna Beach.</p> + +<p><i>Dirona picta</i> MacF. Light brown, long thick appendages. Holdfasts and tidepools +common in 1915.</p> + +<p><i>Aegires</i> sp. Knobs. Brick red, body clear.</p> + +<p><i>Chromodoris universitatis</i> Cock. Blue, yellow spots.</p> + +<p><i>Polycera atra</i> MacF. Red-brown, black stripes, brown spots. July 10, 1915.</p> + +<p><i>Facelina</i> sp. Body clear, appendages dark.</p> + +<p><i>Ancula pacifica</i> MacF.? Clear white, two yellow + <a name="lilnes" id="lilnes"></a>lines in front, one behind. Front +appendages and two lateral tipped with yellow.</p> + +<p><i>Cadlina</i> Sp.? Dark brown, flattened.</p> + +<p><i>Aeolidia</i> sp. White to pink, appendages brown.</p> +</div> + +<div class="signature">W. A. H.</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> +<h2>Central Nervous System of the Sand<br /> +Dollar Dendraster Excentricus Esh</h2> + +<h3>WILLIAM A. HILTON</h3> + +<p>There seems to be little or no literature on the central nervous system of this +form of echinoderm. As might be expected, the general arrangement of radial and +circumoral bands are much as in sea-urchins, such as shown especially by Delage and +Herouard 1903. There are however some interesting features which make the study +of this type of special value.</p> + +<p>In this paper only the chief mass of the central nervous system is considered. The +more evident parts of the central nervous system are arranged in general as in other +forms. The circumoral nerves issue from under the lantern and run along the oral, +cross over at the edge of the shell and then run along the aboral side. The five radial +nerves converge at the five ocular areas near the center of the aboral region. The +circumoral nerve ring is looped over and under parts of the lantern. Fig. <a href="#Page_37">1</a> shows +a part of the lantern and parts of three loops of the circumoral nerve trunk. In the +center of the figure one fifth of the lantern is drawn in and from under it a radial +nerve is shown in the lower part of the figure. To the left and to the right of the +central bony part of the lantern the union of a radial with a circumoral nerve is +shown. At the junction of each radial nerve with the circumoral, is a little thickening +which seems to be a special cellular mass such as I have not found in other forms. +Fig. <a href="#Page_37">7</a> is a section through a part of a circumoral strand, much enlarged. There are +only a few nerve cells, from one to two layers.</p> + +<p>As the radial nerves leave the lantern they are quite evident in dissected specimens +as they are close to the bony skeleton with very little connective or other tissues +to obscure them. The use of aqueous methylene blue aids in following the smaller +branches. Near the lantern the branches are small as shown in fig. <a href="#Page_37">2</a>. When the +region is reached where the upper and lower surfaces of the shell begin to fuse, the +branches become larger and more irregularly arranged, as shown in the lower part +of fig. <a href="#Page_37">1</a> and fig. <a href="#Page_37">2</a>. + After the nerve turns to run on the aboral side there is no change +in arrangement until the region of the tube feet is reached. In the region of the tube +feet the nerves become more numerous, smaller and more regular. The general distribution +of the nerves and the arrangement of the tube feet nerves are shown in fig. <a href="#Page_37">4</a> +which is from part of the upper end of the aboral nerve. The holes in the skeleton +for the tube feet are shown as circles on each side of the diagram.</p> + +<p>The general structure of the chief central nerve trunks is quite similar as shown +in sections. Figs. <a href="#Page_37">6</a>, <a href="#Page_37">7</a> and <a href="#Page_37">8</a>. + The nerve trunks have about one to two layers of +cells, the main part of the nerves are composed of longitudinal fibers. There are not +so many evident vertical fibers from cells as found in starfish and some other forms. +This change in position of the fibers may be in part due to the general modification +of structure. Whether this arrangement leads to other types of nerve association is +a question.</p> + +<p>When the nerve trunks are removed, stained in methylene blue and examined +with the microscope something of the arrangement of the cells may be seen. In the +circumoral and oral radial nerves the nerve cells are thickly massed from side to side, +but in the upper part of the aboral nerve there is an evident arrangement of nerve + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +cells in zones. There is usually a central more or less clear zone, next on each side +a rather dense cell area and next on each side a very dense cell area, then a narrow +nearly clear zone on each side again.</p> + +<p>As a rule slightly larger cells are found near the nerve trunks and as some of +these seem to send long branches out into the lateral trunks, they may be motor or +sensory, the association neurones are probably the smaller cells in farther. The cells +seem multipolar in most cases and in fact much more modified than the cells of starfish +or sea-urchin. Figs. <a href="#Page_37">9</a> and <a href="#Page_37">10</a>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h3>REFERENCES</h3> + +<table class="toc" summary="References"> +<tr><td class="c1"><i>Delage and Herouard</i></td><td class="c3">1903</td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"><a name="Traite" id="Traite"></a>Traité de zoologie concrète. T. iii. Les Echinoderms.</td><td class="c3"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"><i>Hamann, O.</i></td><td class="c3">1887</td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1">Beitrage zur Histologie der Echinodermen. Jenna Zeit. Nat. W. xxi.</td><td class="c3"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1"><i>Hilton, W. A.</i></td><td class="c3">1917</td></tr> +<tr><td class="c1">Some remarks on the nervous system of two sea-urchins. Jour. ent. and zoo. vol. ix, no. 4.</td><td class="c3"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">(<i>Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College</i>)</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h3>Explanation of Figures</h3> + +<p>Fig. 1. Diagram of one fifth of Aristotle's lantern of <i>Dendraster</i> showing three +loops of the circumoral nerve ring, and parts of three radial nerves, the central one +partly hidden at its origin by the lantern. The nerves are in black. ×9.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Drawing of part of the first part of an oral radial nerve. ×9.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3. Drawing of the lower end of an oral radial nerve. ×9.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4. Drawing of the upper part of an aboral radial nerve. The eye spot +region is up in the figure. ×9.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Camera lucida drawing of a part of an aboral nerve showing position of +cell areas. ×70.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6. Drawing of a section of an oral radial nerve. ×300.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7. Drawing of a section of circumoral nerve. ×300.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8. Drawing of a section of aboral nerve. ×300.</p> + +<p>Fig. 9. Nerve cells from central regions of a radial nerve. The arrangement +is as shown in the drawing, cells of various levels shown as one layer. Some of the +processes possibly relate nearby cells, but most fibers run into the general fibrous mass. +All fibers or fibrils are small. There is some indication of tigroid substance in some +of the cells. ×450.</p> + +<p>Fig. 10. Nerve cells from near a lateral branch from the radial band. ×450.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> + <a name="p013-illus.jpg" id="p013-illus.jpg"></a> + <img src="images/p013-illus.jpg" width="600" height="759" alt="Set of various figures" title="" /> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> +<h2>Ants from the Claremont Laguna Region</h2> + +<p class="center">This list includes ants collected chiefly in 1917. All determinations are by Dr. W. M. +Wheeler.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><i>Novomessor andrei</i> Mayr. red var. Also some dark. Claremont.</p> +<p><i>N. pergandei</i> Mayr. Medium, dark colored. Claremont.</p> +<p><i>Pogonomyrmex californicus</i> Buckley Claremont.</p> +<p><i>Pheidole longipes</i> Pergande Claremont.</p> +<p><i>Pediole</i> sp. Claremont.</p> +<p><i>Crematogaster lineolata</i> Say. Subsp. <i>californica</i> Emery. Claremont.</p> +<p><i>C. l.</i> <a name="say" id="say"></a>Say. subsp. <i>corctata</i> Emery. Claremont.</p> +<p><i>Solenopsis molesta</i> Say. var. <i>validiuscula</i> Emery. Claremont.</p> +<p><i>S. geminata</i> Fab. var. Claremont.</p> +<p><i>Liometopum occidentale</i> Emery. Mts. and Claremont.</p> +<p><i>Iridomyrex pruinosus</i> Roger var. <i>analis</i> Ern. André.</p> +<p><i>I. humilis</i> Mayr (Argentine ant) Claremont.</p> +<p><i>Dorymyrmex pyramicus</i> Roger <i>var.</i> Claremont.</p> +<p><i>Prenolepis imparis</i> Say. Below Aliso canon, Laguna Beach and Claremont.</p> +<p><i>Tapinoma sessile</i> Say. Laguna Beach.</p> +<p><i>Myrmecocystus melliger</i> Forel var. (Honey ant) Claremont.</p> +<p><i>M. mexicanus</i> Wesm. sub sp. <i>mojave</i> Wheeler (Honey ant) Claremont.</p> +<p><i>Formica rufibarbis</i> Fb. var <i>occidua</i> Wheeler. Claremont.</p> +<p><i>F. cinerea</i> Mayr. subsp. <i>pilicornis</i> Emery. Claremont.</p> +<p><i>Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus</i> Fb. subsp. <i>vicinus</i> Mayr. <i>var. luteangulus</i> +Wheeler. Claremont.</p> +</div> + +<div class="signature">W. A. H.</div> + +<p class="center">(<i>Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College</i>)</p> + + +<hr /> +<h3>Journal of Entomology and Zoology—<i>Advertising Section</i></h3> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><i>The</i> Journal <i>of</i><br /> +Zoological Research</h2> + +<p class="center"><i>Edited by<br /> +WALTER E. COLLINGE, M. Sc., F. L. S., F. E. S.<br /> +The Gatty Marine Laboratory<br /> +The University, St. Andrews, Scotland</i></p> + +<p class="center">The subject matter is strictly confined to original zoological<br /> +research—systematic and anatomical. Fully illustrated by<br /> +lithographic plates and text figures.</p> + +<p class="center">Each volume will consist of 4 parts, price $5.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>All subscriptions should be forwarded to</i></p> + +<h3>Messrs. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Journal of Entomology and Zoology + Volume Eleven, Number Two, June 1919 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: October 18, 2010 [EBook #34094] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + VOLUME ELEVEN NUMBER TWO + + JOURNAL + OF + ENTOMOLOGY + AND + ZOOLOGY + + JUNE, 1919 + + PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY + POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT _of_ ZOOLOGY + CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + Page + + ANNELIDS FROM LAGUNA BEACH 27 + + STRUCTURE OF DOLICHGLOSSUS PUSILLUS--_Alma Evans_ 28 + + OPISTHOBRANCHS FROM LAGUNA BEACH 34 + + CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE SAND DOLLAR DENDRASTER + EXCENTRICUS ESH.--_W. A. Hilton_ 35 + + ANTS FROM THE CLAREMONT-LAGUNA REGION 38 + + + Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class + matter, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879 + + + + +Journal of Entomology and Zoology + +EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY + + +_Subscription_ $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries. + +This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological and +entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports of +societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions. + +The pages of the journal are especially open to western entomologists +and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western and Californian +forms and conditions are particularly desired, but short +morphological, systematic or economic studies from any locality will +be considered for publication. + +Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of paper about +8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of figures, etc., +should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes and figures should be +numbered consecutively throughout. The desired position of foot notes +and figures should be clearly indicated in the manuscript. + +Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as line cuts so +far as possible. An unusually large number of half tones must be paid +for in part by the author. Other more expensive illustrations will be +furnished at cost. Figures for cuts should be made to conform to the +size of the page when reduced, that is, 5 by 7-1/2 inches or less. The +lettering should be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on +the drawings, in most cases. + +Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive fifty +reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than this are +desired, the order should be given with the return of the proof +sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special paper will be +furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions will receive a few +extra copies of the number containing their articles. + +Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail. + +Address all communications to + + THE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY + + William A. Hilton, Editor + + Claremont, California, U. S. A. + + + + +Annelids from Laguna Beach + + +This list includes specimens recently determined by Dr. R. V. +Chamberlin, but does not include new species reported on at that time. + + _Glycera rugosa_ Johnson. _Euphrosyne aurantiaca_ John. _Eudistylia + polymorpha_ Johnson. From holdfast. _Chrysopetalum + occidentalis_ John. + + _Diopatra californica_ Moore. _Podarke pugettensis_ Johnson. + + _Syllis alterniata_ Moore. _Pionosyllis elongata_ Johnson. + + _Halosydna pulchra_ Johnson. + + _H. californica_ Johnson. Dredged. _Scoloplos sp._ San. Balboa. + + _Naineris longa_ Moore? Under stones. _Cirratulus luxuriosus_ Moore, + all bright red from eel grass. _Polycirrus californicus_ Moore. + + _Nereis agassizi_ Ehlers. _Anaitides sp. Lumbrineries zonata_ John.? + + _Syllis alternata_ Moore. _Nepthys caeca_ Fabr.? + + _Sthenelais verruculosa_ Johnson. + + W. A. H. + + (_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_) + + + + +Structure of Dolichoglossus Pusillus + +ALMA EVANS + + +The animals were studied from serial sections cut in several planes. The +stains used were carmine, hematoxylin and eosin. The hematoxylin seemed +to show the tissues more clearly. A graphic reconstruction was +attempted, but did not prove satisfactory because of the individual +artificial foldings and contractions. The drawings were obtained by the +use of a camera lucida. The general drawings, Figs. 1-9 inclusive, are +not filled in in great detail. The special drawings are shown at greater +magnification with more of an attempt to show the actual condition. + +Dolichoglossus is a soft worm-like animal with ciliated surface. It is +divided into three distinct regions: the proboscis, a long club-shaped +organ; the collar, a fold in the surface just behind the proboscis, +and the trunk, a long cylindrical portion posterior to the collar. + +Dolichoglossus is a marine form living in sandy bays or sheltered +places. Mucous glands in the surface epithelium secrete a sticky fluid +which covers the body and to which tiny sand grains stick. The sand +clinging to the mucous coated surface forms a fragile temporary tube +in which the animal is usually secluded. The animals in the living +condition are bright orange or red but lose their color very soon +after preservation in alcohol or formalin. + +The proboscis cavity extending the entire length of the organ is +surrounded by a network of connective tissue supported by longitudinal +bands of plain muscle. This cavity is supposed to communicate with the +exterior by a very small opening, the proboscis pore, but this did not +show in the specimens examined. The heart, proboscis gland and +notochord are located in the posterior part of the proboscis. + +The collar contains the central nervous system, part of the notochord, +the dorsal blood vessel, ventral and dorsal mesenteries, mouth opening +and anterior part of the alimentary canal. + +The trunk contains the alimentary canal, dorsal and ventral blood +vessels, dorsal and ventral nerves, the gill-slits, the reproductive +bodies, dorsal and ventral mesenteries and muscle bands. + +The nervous system consists of three parts: the central, located in +the collar region, Fig. 5; the sub-epidermic network extending over +the entire body just under the surface epithelium, Figs. 1-7; and the +dorsal and ventral strands which are thickenings of the sub-epidermic +network extending throughout the trunk, Figs. 1 and 7. There is also +quite a decided thickening of the sub-epidermic network at the base of +the proboscis, Figs. 5, 6. + +The vascular system consists of two parts, the central and the +peripheral. The central is made up of the heart, a thin-walled vesicle +at the base of the proboscis just dorsal to the notochord, and +connected with it the proboscis gland, a plexus of capillaries just +anterior to the notochord. Fig. 5. The peripheral system is composed +of a ventral and a dorsal vessel. The dorsal starts at the heart and +continues just ventral of the dorsal nerve throughout the length of +the body. Figs. 1, 5, 7. The ventral vessel extends from the posterior +border of the collar to the anal end. It is connected with the dorsal +vessel by a circular vessel in the posterior edge of the collar. + +The mouth is situated ventrally at the base of the proboscis, within +the collar, and opens directly into the straight alimentary canal. +The latter is a straight tube extending from the mouth opening to the +anus. Figs. 5, 1, 7, 9. + +The alimentary canal in the anterior part of the collar gives off a +diverticulum, which grows forward and supports the proboscis. Because +this diverticulum has the vacuolated appearance of the notochordal +tissue of higher animals, it has been regarded as a notochord. It is +largest at the base of the proboscis immediately anterior to the +heart. Figs. 5, 6. + +The paired gill-slits occupy the region just posterior to the collar. +They are arranged in two longitudinal grooves in the dorsal wall. The +number increases throughout life, new slits appearing just behind +those already in place. I found about twenty-five to be the average +number, while particular individuals had as low as eighteen and twenty +and as high as thirty and thirty-one. The gills are formed in the +shape of a U. A skeletal rod or gill bar separates the gills from each +other. The gills are supplied with blood from the dorsal vessel. Figs. +3, 7, 8. + +The sexes are distinct. The ovaries and testes are saccular organs +arranged in a row along the gill and succeeding region. The sacs in +other genera, for example Balanoglossus as described by Shipley, open +directly on to the epidermis. I have been unable to see these openings +in my preparations. Fig. 8 shows the position of the ovaries in the +female; the testes in the male are in a similar location. + +The surface epithelium is modified ciliated columnar, varying slightly +in thickness, size of nuclei and size and shape of cell according to +location. Figs. 13, 14, 15. + +The epithelium forming the gills and intestine is also modified +ciliated columnar. That of the gills having short narrow cells and +small nuclei, and that of the intestine having longer thicker cells +and large nuclei. Figs. 11, 10. + +The connective tissue surrounding the proboscis cavity is of a +peculiar arrangement. The connective tissue itself consists of fine +strands loosely interwoven, but arranged in a definite manner. The +strands form a fine network which gives a beautiful lacy appearance. +Small round nuclei are quite numerous in connection with the strands. +Longitudinal bands of plain muscle are very conspicuous in the +connective tissue. These muscle bands are probably used in altering +the size and shape of the proboscis. Figs. 4, 20, 21. + +The nervous tissue consists of many fibers thickly interwoven. There +are a few small nuclei scattered about among the fibers. Figs. 12, 13. + +The muscle is unstriated. The fibers are very long in some places, +shorter in others and always quite distinct. + + (_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_) + + +REFERENCES + + _Assheton, Richard_ 1918 + A new species of Dolichoglossus. Zool. Anz. Bd. 33, p. + 517-520. + + _Delage and Herouard_ 1898 + Traite De Zoologie concrete Vol. 8. Les Procordes. + Balanoglossus. + + Encyclopedia Britainica Balanoglossus. + + _Shipley, Arthur E._ 1893 + Zoology of the Invertebrata. Balanoglossus. + + + + +EXPLANATION OF FIGURES + + +Fig. 1. Cross section through the gill region showing gill opening. D. +N., dorsal nerve. D. V., Dorsal vessel. G. O., gill openings. A, +alimentary corps. G., gill. V. N., ventral nerve. V. V. ventral +vessel. N., nervous tissue. x40. + +Fig. 2. Cross section through the base of the proboscis showing +diverticulum wall and proboscis gland. D., diverticulum. N., nervous +tissue. P. G., proboscis gland. x40. + +Fig. 3. Longitudinal section through a gill opening. N., nervous +tissue. G., gill. G. O., gill opening. x40. + +Fig. 4. Cross section through the center of the proboscis. N., nervous +tissue. M. C., muscle in the connective tissue. T., connective tissue. +x90. + +Fig. 5. Longitudinal section through the base of the proboscis and +collar. M., mouth. C. N., central nervous system. H., heart. No., +notochord. P. G., proboscis gland. N., nervous network. A., alimentary +canal. D. V., dorsal ventral. x40. + +Fig. 6. Cross section through the base of the proboscis showing +thickened nerve network. N., nerve network. D., diverticulum wall. H., +heart. x40. + +Fig. 7. Cross section through gill region. D. N., dorsal nerve. D. B. +V., dorsal blood vessel. G. B., gill vessel. V. N., ventral nerve. V. +V., ventral vessel. x40. + +Fig. 8. Longitudinal section through the gill region. G., gills. B., +blood. O., ovary. N., nervous network. x40. + +Fig. 9. Cross section of alimentary canal. A., wall of alimentary +canal. x40. + +Fig. 10. Intestinal epithelium, modified ciliated columnar. x400. + +Fig. 11. Epithelium of the gill, modified ciliated columnar. x400. + +Fig. 12. Nervous tissue. x400. + +Fig. 13. Surface epithelium of proboscis, modified ciliated columnar. +x400. + +Fig. 14. Surface epithelium of collar, modified ciliated columnar. +x400. + +Fig. 15. Surface epithelium of trunk, modified ciliated columnar. +x400. + +Fig. 16. Cells of testis. x400. + +Fig. 17. Ovary. x400. + +Fig. 18. Plain muscle. x400. + +Fig. 19. Epithelium of diverticulum. x400. + +Fig. 20. Connective tissue of proboscis. x400. + +Fig. 21. Muscle bands in proboscis connective tissue. x400. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + + + + +Opisthobranchs from Laguna Beach + +The determinations are by Dr. F. M. MacFarland + + +TECTIBRANCHS + + _Pleurobranchaea californica_ MacF. Only one specimen has been + obtained at Laguna Beach, from a depth of from 15 to 20 fathoms. + The specimen was mottled dark above and about 5 inches long. Dr. + MacFarland informs me that this species is quite common in Monterey + Bay and ranges much larger, almost up to 10 inches in length. + + _Navanax inermis_ Cooper. Black, yellow lines, blue spots, yellow + edges. About two inches in length. Another specimen possibly may be + the same species, black with yellow spots. Apparently the same form + occurs at Balboa. + + _Aglaja (Doridium) purpureum_ Berg.? Brown, dredged 10 to 15 f. + + +NUDIBRANCHS + + _Triopha sp._ Large, brown. Holdfast. + + _Flabellina iodinea_ Cooper. Narrow blue body, red appendages. + Swims by lateral movements of the body. This beautiful nudibranch + was first found near Laguna by Miss M. Cate, not far from Dana's + point in 1916. In Jan. 15, '18, Mrs. May found a number near + Laguna Beach. + + _Dirona picta_ MacF. Light brown, long thick appendages. + Holdfasts and tidepools common in 1915. + + _Aegires_ sp. Knobs. Brick red, body clear. + + _Chromodoris universitatis_ Cock. Blue, yellow spots. + + _Polycera atra_ MacF. Red-brown, black stripes, brown spots. July + 10, 1915. + + _Facelina_ sp. Body clear, appendages dark. + + _Ancula pacifica_ MacF.? Clear white, two yellow lines in front, + one behind. Front appendages and two lateral tipped with yellow. + + _Cadlina_ Sp.? Dark brown, flattened. + + _Aeolidia_ sp. White to pink, appendages brown. + + W. A. H. + + + + +Central Nervous System of the Sand Dollar Dendraster Excentricus Esh + +WILLIAM A. HILTON + + +There seems to be little or no literature on the central nervous +system of this form of echinoderm. As might be expected, the general +arrangement of radial and circumoral bands are much as in sea-urchins, +such as shown especially by Delage and Herouard 1903. There are +however some interesting features which make the study of this type of +special value. + +In this paper only the chief mass of the central nervous system is +considered. The more evident parts of the central nervous system are +arranged in general as in other forms. The circumoral nerves issue +from under the lantern and run along the oral, cross over at the edge +of the shell and then run along the aboral side. The five radial +nerves converge at the five ocular areas near the center of the aboral +region. The circumoral nerve ring is looped over and under parts of +the lantern. Fig. 1 shows a part of the lantern and parts of three +loops of the circumoral nerve trunk. In the center of the figure one +fifth of the lantern is drawn in and from under it a radial nerve is +shown in the lower part of the figure. To the left and to the right of +the central bony part of the lantern the union of a radial with a +circumoral nerve is shown. At the junction of each radial nerve with +the circumoral, is a little thickening which seems to be a special +cellular mass such as I have not found in other forms. Fig. 7 is a +section through a part of a circumoral strand, much enlarged. There +are only a few nerve cells, from one to two layers. + +As the radial nerves leave the lantern they are quite evident in +dissected specimens as they are close to the bony skeleton with very +little connective or other tissues to obscure them. The use of aqueous +methylene blue aids in following the smaller branches. Near the +lantern the branches are small as shown in fig. 2. When the region is +reached where the upper and lower surfaces of the shell begin to fuse, +the branches become larger and more irregularly arranged, as shown in +the lower part of fig. 1 and fig. 2. After the nerve turns to run on +the aboral side there is no change in arrangement until the region of +the tube feet is reached. In the region of the tube feet the nerves +become more numerous, smaller and more regular. The general +distribution of the nerves and the arrangement of the tube feet nerves +are shown in fig. 4 which is from part of the upper end of the aboral +nerve. The holes in the skeleton for the tube feet are shown as +circles on each side of the diagram. + +The general structure of the chief central nerve trunks is quite +similar as shown in sections. Figs. 6, 7 and 8. The nerve trunks have +about one to two layers of cells, the main part of the nerves are +composed of longitudinal fibers. There are not so many evident +vertical fibers from cells as found in starfish and some other forms. +This change in position of the fibers may be in part due to the +general modification of structure. Whether this arrangement leads to +other types of nerve association is a question. + +When the nerve trunks are removed, stained in methylene blue and +examined with the microscope something of the arrangement of the cells +may be seen. In the circumoral and oral radial nerves the nerve cells +are thickly massed from side to side, but in the upper part of the +aboral nerve there is an evident arrangement of nerve cells in zones. +There is usually a central more or less clear zone, next on each side +a rather dense cell area and next on each side a very dense cell area, +then a narrow nearly clear zone on each side again. + +As a rule slightly larger cells are found near the nerve trunks and as +some of these seem to send long branches out into the lateral trunks, +they may be motor or sensory, the association neurones are probably +the smaller cells in farther. The cells seem multipolar in most cases +and in fact much more modified than the cells of starfish or +sea-urchin. Figs. 9 and 10. + + +REFERENCES + + _Delage and Herouard_ 1903 Traite de zoologie concrete. T. iii. + Les Echinoderms. + + _Hamann, O._ 1887 Beitrage zur Histologie der Echinodermen. Jenna + Zeit. Nat. W. xxi. + + _Hilton, W. A._ 1917 Some remarks on the nervous system of two + sea-urchins. Jour. ent. and zoo. vol. ix, no. 4. + + (_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_) + + +Explanation of Figures + +Fig. 1. Diagram of one fifth of Aristotle's lantern of _Dendraster_ +showing three loops of the circumoral nerve ring, and parts of three +radial nerves, the central one partly hidden at its origin by the +lantern. The nerves are in black. x9. + +Fig. 2. Drawing of part of the first part of an oral radial nerve. x9. + +Fig. 3. Drawing of the lower end of an oral radial nerve. x9. + +Fig. 4. Drawing of the upper part of an aboral radial nerve. The eye +spot region is up in the figure. x9. + +Fig. 5. Camera lucida drawing of a part of an aboral nerve showing +position of cell areas. x70. + +Fig. 6. Drawing of a section of an oral radial nerve. x300. + +Fig. 7. Drawing of a section of circumoral nerve. x300. + +Fig. 8. Drawing of a section of aboral nerve. x300. + +Fig. 9. Nerve cells from central regions of a radial nerve. The +arrangement is as shown in the drawing, cells of various levels shown +as one layer. Some of the processes possibly relate nearby cells, but +most fibers run into the general fibrous mass. All fibers or fibrils +are small. There is some indication of tigroid substance in some of +the cells. x450. + +Fig. 10. Nerve cells from near a lateral branch from the radial band. +x450. + +[Illustration] + + + + +Ants from the Claremont Laguna Region + + +This list includes ants collected chiefly in 1917. All determinations +are by Dr. W. M. Wheeler. + + _Novomessor andrei_ Mayr. red var. Also some dark. Claremont. + + _N. pergandei_ Mayr. Medium, dark colored. Claremont. + + _Pogonomyrmex californicus_ Buckley Claremont. + + _Pheidole longipes_ Pergande Claremont. + + _Pediole_ sp. Claremont. + + _Crematogaster lineolata_ Say. Subsp. _californica_ Emery. + Claremont. + + _C. l._ Say. subsp. _corctata_ Emery. Claremont. + + _Solenopsis molesta_ Say. var. _validiuscula_ Emery. Claremont. + + _S. geminata_ Fab. var. Claremont. + + _Liometopum occidentale_ Emery. Mts. and Claremont. + + _Iridomyrex pruinosus_ Roger var. _analis_ Ern. Andre. + + _I. humilis_ Mayr (Argentine ant) Claremont. + + _Dorymyrmex pyramicus_ Roger _var._ Claremont. + + _Prenolepis imparis_ Say. Below Aliso canon, Laguna Beach and + Claremont. + + _Tapinoma sessile_ Say. Laguna Beach. + + _Myrmecocystus melliger_ Forel var. (Honey ant) Claremont. + + _M. mexicanus_ Wesm. sub sp. _mojave_ Wheeler (Honey ant) + Claremont. + + _Formica rufibarbis_ Fb. var _occidua_ Wheeler. Claremont. + + _F. cinerea_ Mayr. subsp. _pilicornis_ Emery. Claremont. + + _Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus_ Fb. subsp. _vicinus_ Mayr. + _var. luteangulus_ Wheeler. Claremont. + + W. A. H. + + (_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_) + + + + +JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY--_Advertising Section_ + + + _The_ Journal _of_ + Zoological Research + + _Edited by + WALTER E. COLLINGE, M. Sc., F. L. S., F. E. S. + The Gatty Marine Laboratory + The University, St. Andrews, Scotland_ + + The subject matter is strictly confined to original zoological + research--systematic and anatomical. Fully illustrated by + lithographic plates and text figures. + + Each volume will consist of 4 parts, price $5. + + _All subscriptions should be forwarded to_ + + Messrs. Dulau & Co., Ltd. + 37 Soho Square, London, W., England + + +GRIFFITH Incubators + +[Illustration: A simple, well constructed bacteriological incubator] + + +GAGE--The Microscope + +=An Introduction to Microscopic Methods and to Histology= + +By SIMON H. 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