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diff --git a/34070-h/34070-h.html b/34070-h/34070-h.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..843fad4 --- /dev/null +++ b/34070-h/34070-h.html @@ -0,0 +1,14589 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /><meta name="DC.Creator" content="C. S. Rafinesque" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="The American Nations, Vol. I." /><meta name="DC.Date" content="October 14, 2010" /><meta name="DC.Language" content="English" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Project Gutenberg" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/34070" /><meta name="DC.Rights" content="This text is in the public domain." /><title>The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Nations, Vol. I. by C. S. Rafinesque</title><style type="text/css">/* +The Gnutenberg Press - default CSS2 stylesheet + +Any generated element will have a class "tei" and a class "tei-elem" +where elem is the element name in TEI. +The order of statements is important !!! +*/ + +.tei { margin: 0; padding: 0; + font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal } + +.block { display: block; } +.inline { display: inline; } +.floatleft { float: left; margin: 1em 2em 1em 0; } +.floatright { float: right; margin: 1em 0 1em 2em; } +.shaded { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: 1em; background-color: #eee; } +.boxed { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: 1em; border: 1px solid black; } + +body.tei { margin: 4ex 10%; text-align: justify } +div.tei { margin: 2em 0em } +p.tei { margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; text-indent: 0em; } +blockquote.tei { margin: 2em 4em } + +div.tei-lg { margin: 1em 0em; } +div.tei-l { margin: 0em; text-align: left; } +div.tei-tb { text-align: center; } +div.tei-epigraph { margin: 0em 0em 1em 10em; } +div.tei-dateline { margin: 1ex 0em; text-align: right } +div.tei-salute { margin: 1ex 0em; } +div.tei-signed { margin: 1ex 0em; text-align: right } +div.tei-byline { margin: 1ex 0em; } + + /* calculate from size of body = 80% */ +div.tei-marginnote { margin: 0em 0em 0em -12%; width: 11%; float: left; } + +div.tei-sp { margin: 1em 0em 1em 2em } +div.tei-speaker { margin: 0em 0em 1em -2em; + font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0em } +div.tei-stage { margin: 1em 0em; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic } +span.tei-stage { font-weight: normal; font-style: italic } + +div.tei-eg { padding: 1em; + color: black; background-color: #eee } + +hr.doublepage { margin: 4em 0em; height: 5px; } +hr.page { margin: 4em 0em; height: 2px; } + +ul.tei-index { list-style-type: none } + +dl.tei { margin: 1em 0em } + +dt.tei-notelabel { font-weight: normal; text-align: right; + float: left; width: 3em } +dd.tei-notetext { margin: 0em 0em 1ex 4em } + +span.tei-pb { position: absolute; left: 1%; width: 8%; + font-style: normal; } + +span.code { font-family: monospace; font-size: 110%; } + +ul.tei-castlist { margin: 0em; list-style-type: none } +li.tei-castitem { margin: 0em; } +table.tei-castgroup { margin: 0em; } +ul.tei-castgroup { margin: 0em; list-style-type: none; + padding-right: 2em; border-right: solid black 2px; } +caption.tei-castgroup-head { caption-side: right; width: 50%; text-align: left; + vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 2em; } +*.tei-roledesc { font-style: italic } +*.tei-set { font-style: italic } + +table.rules { border-collapse: collapse; } +table.rules caption, +table.rules th, +table.rules td { border: 1px solid black; } + +table.tei { border-collapse: collapse; } +table.tei-list { width: 100% } + +th.tei-head-table { padding: 0.5ex 1em } + +th.tei-cell { padding: 0em 1em } +td.tei-cell { padding: 0em 1em } + +td.tei-item { padding: 0; font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; text-align: left; } +th.tei-label, +td.tei-label { width: 3em; padding: 0; font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; text-align: right; } + +th.tei-label-gloss, +td.tei-label-gloss { text-align: left } + +td.tei-item-gloss, +th.tei-headItem-gloss { padding-left: 4em; } + +img.tei-formula { vertical-align: middle; } + +</style></head><body class="tei"> + + + + + + + + +<div lang="en" class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em" xml:lang="en"> + <div class="tei tei-front" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Nations, Vol. I. by C. S. Rafinesque</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost + and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, + give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project + Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this + eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: The American Nations, Vol. I. + +Author: C. S. Rafinesque + +Release Date: October 14, 2010 [Ebook #34070] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN NATIONS, VOL. I.*** +</pre></div> + </div> + <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + + </div> + + <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The American Nations;</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Or,</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Outlines of A National History;</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Of The</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Ancient and Modern Nations</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Of</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">North and South America</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">By Prof. C. S. Rafinesque.</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Volume I.</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Philadelphia</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Published by C. S. Rafinesque,</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">No. 110 North Tenth Street.</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1836</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc1">Prospectus.</a></li><li><a href="#toc3">Dedication.</a></li><li><a href="#toc5">Preface.</a></li><li><a href="#toc7">Chapter I.</a></li><li><a href="#toc9">Chapter II.</a></li><li><a href="#toc11">Chapter III.</a></li><li><a href="#toc13">Chapter IV.</a></li><li><a href="#toc15">Chapter V.</a></li><li><a href="#toc17">Chapter VI.</a></li><li><a href="#toc19">Chapter VII.</a></li><li><a href="#toc21">Footnotes</a></li></ul> + </div> + + </div> +<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagei">[pg i]</span><a name="Pgi" id="Pgi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> +<a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Prospectus.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Published quarterly at Five Dollars in +advance for Six Numbers or Volumes, similar +to this, of nearly 300 pages—each separate +Number sold for one Dollar, or more +when they will contain maps and illustrations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A list of Agents will be given hereafter. +At present the principal Booksellers may +act as such. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Names of the Subscribers will be +printed in a subsequent Number. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is contemplated to conclude these annals +and their illustrations in 12 Numbers +or Volumes. Therefore the whole cost to +subscribers will only be $10, for which a +complete American Historical Library will +be obtained. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +By remitting $5 to the author, six Volumes +are secured whatever be their future +price, and will be sent by mail: a similar +sum will be due when the 7th number is +issued. Those who may prefer to pay $10 +at once, will be deemed Patrons of the +work. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Whoever subscribes and pays for 5 sets, +is entitled to a 6th gratis. Agents will be +allowed 20 per cent commission. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The price of this Number by itself is One +Dollar, or Five Dollars for Six copies. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It contains an introduction, general view, +account of materials and cataclysms, the +Linapi and Haytian annals, with the Haytian +Language, notes, tables, &c. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span><a name="Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> +<a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Dedication.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To The +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Society Of Geography +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of Paris. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gentlemen</span></span>:— +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To you I dedicate this work, result of long and +weary researches. This homage is due to the public +approbation you gave to my first analogous labor, my +Memoirs or Series of Researches on the Origin of +Mankind: which I endeavored to trace philologically +to the centre of Asia. I had announced long ago this +history of the Americans, the inhabitants of a whole +hemisphere. I had quoted it in my other works. +I now offer the outlines of it under your auspices. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +You have furnished the example of cultivating +along with Geography, all the auxiliary and connected +sciences, which may enlighten it: particularly the +ancient and modern Ethnography, with Philology one +of its bases. You will see that I have followed this +practice in availing myself of all the sciences to enlighten +the history of mankind, the Ethnography and +annals of nations: above all Philology with Chronology +and Geography. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The origins and annals of the black nations, and +of the American nations, were two subjects quite obscure +and neglected, or the least known, of the history +of mankind. Nobody has undertaken, as yet, the +history of the Negro nations: a labor so difficult and +luckless as to be despised. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +My memoirs on this despised race, may perhaps +furnish the bases of such history. All the histories +of America are mere fragments or dreams. I have +perceived the possibility and necessity to write a general +and faithful history of this hemisphere. I now +offer the results of this weary labor. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg 002]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +You will perceive in it many things which have +already been said; since it is impossible to write history +without repetitions; but my plan, the whole point +of view, and the results which I draw, are my own. +You will also find many things which were never told +or were very improperly presented. I shall destroy +many errors, hypotheses and conjectures: since in +them alone often consist our works upon America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But I shall not say every thing; where so much +is to be related, all cannot be told: and I shall be +compelled to neglect several minute details. I wish +to trace faithful outlines, rather than write a bulky +work, like our pretending <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">universal histories</span></em>, which +however, dwell only upon one-third of the globe or +even less. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I dislike long quotations, and shall seldom employ +them: I quote only when authorities are required +to render an opinion more forcible. Every where else +I merely give the abridgement of my great historical +materials in manuscript, which are arranged by extracts +of authorities, and where they may be sought +for in case of need. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Accept, Gentlemen, the respectful homage of +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Author. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Philadelphia</span></span>,<br /> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October 22d, 1833</span></span>. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> +<a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Preface.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In venturing to open a new path in historical +researches on the earth and mankind, +it is incumbent on the bold pioneer +to state his views, or at least to furnish +adequate reasons for deviating so far from +the usual track. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While every science and branch of +knowledge is improving, and has, with rapid +strides, made continual advances for fifty +years past or more, is the noble muse of +history to be kept stationary forever, by +compilers and classical plodders? and for +America by the foes of the ancient and +modern nations of a whole hemisphere? +No ... it is time to improve history as +every thing else; to seek the truth and +tell it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As the human mind is yet more swayed +by authorities, than genius or wisdom; +high authorities will be given instead of +long explanations. Ever since the time of +Juvenal, it has been an ungrateful task to +write historical truth: men often prefer to +be amused, deceived, or helped in strife; +than to be instructed, or receive sketches +of former times. Yet there is always a +secret delight in viewing faithful pictures +of ages past, of our ancestors on earth, and +our predecessors on the soil of our homes, or +where we spend the scenes of our own lives. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The worthies who have been taken for models +or guides in this arduous undertaking, +are Solomon, Moses, Job, St. Paul, St. Augustine, +Plato, Niebuhr, Humboldt, Malcolm, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Gebelin, D'Olivet, Bryant, Adelung, Drummond, +Pritchard, Champollion, Klaproth, +Jones, Wilford, Akbar, Price, Bailly, Russell, +Beattie, Herder, Carli, Barton &c. +They shall speak for themselves, in quotations +of their own words, instead of elaborate +reflexions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +From God comes wisdom, knowledge +and understanding—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Solomon</span></span> Prov. 2. v. 6. +Those who will seek early wisdom will find +her—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sol.</span></span> Pr. 8. v. 17. Hear instruction +and be wise, and refuse it not—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sol.</span></span> Pr. 8. +v. 33. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +ZE this is. SFR book. THU symbol. +LDTH progeny. ADM mankind. BIUM +in manifestation. BRA in realization. +ALEIM angels. ADM mankind. BDMUTH +in identic passage. ALEIM angels. +OSHE worked. ATHU such symbol.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moses.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Genesis ch, 5. v. 1.</span></span> Genuine mosaic +words, and genuine translation word +for word. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When I laid the foundations of the earth +... the morning stars sung together, and +the sons of God shouted for joy.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Speech +of God Himself in Job</span></span> ch. 38., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vulgar +translation: the original is still more +striking</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Hebrew philosophy divided the +world in two hemispheres, the upper was +SHMIM or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shamaim</span></span>, the Heavens—the +lower was SHEOL; but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sheol-tahtith</span></span> +or inferior, was the place of bad souls and +Rephaim. (The true <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sheol</span></span> was America, +or the southern hemisphere). The +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Jesuit Sanetius thought that Job had spoken +of America.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Peters</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dissertation +on Job</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is very possible for modern learning +to understand better the books of Moses, +Orpheus, and those of all ancient nations, +than the Egyptian, Greek and Roman +commentators: because the intellectual +knowledge of languages is improving; and +those ancient writers have, by their genius, +approximated to us, while removed from +the blindness of their ages.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gebelin</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Primitive World</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The letter kills, but the spirit gives life.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. +Paul</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Corinth.</span></span> II. ch. 3. v. 6. We +use great plainness of speech, and not as +MOSES who put a veil before his face, that +the children of Israel could not stedfastly +look to the end of that which is abolished.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cor. +II. 3. v. 12, 13.</span></span>—and even unto +this day, when Moses is read, the veil is +upon their heart, nevertheless when it shall +please the Lord, this veil shall be taken +away.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cor. II. 3. v. 15, 16.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To have a right apprehension of words +or names, is a good step to the knowledge +of things.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Plato</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in Cratylo</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The confusion of words is the cause of +all disputes and sects.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">D'Israeli.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The obscure ages demand bold hypotheses +or total neglect, contradictions are +inseparable from days of tradition.—There +exist no instance of a people really savage +having spontaneously advanced to civilization. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Savage men are degenerated or +imperfect creatures.... Words and even few +are the rules of analogies in nations.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Niebuhr</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman History, Vol. I.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is manifest that there are noble resources +(for history) still remaining, if we +will but apply ourselves to diligent enquiry. +There are in every climate some scattered +fragments of original history, some +traces of a primitive and universal language. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Even America would contribute +to this purpose, the more rude the monuments, +the more ancient they may possibly +prove, and afford greater light on +enquiry.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bryant, Mythology</span></span>; conclusion +of the work. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To accumulate materials without generalizing +any idea is a method as sterile in +history as in natural philosophy.—The +geology of America does not differ essentially +from that of the old world, the strata +and the emersion from the waters are not +newer: species long extinct have also preceded +those now peopling the earth, the +waters and the air.—The problem of the +first population of America is no more the +province of history, than the questions on +the origin of plants and animals. When +we shall better know the brown men of +Africa, with those of the north and east of +Asia, the American nations will be less +insulated—They have extended from lat. +68 N. to 55 S. or 123 degrees of latitude, +in plains and mountains, assuming various +complexions and stature. If Africa has +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +140 languages, America has still more; +resembling in this, the Caucasus, Italy before +the Romans; but they are susceptible +of classification into families. The multiplicity +of languages is a very ancient phenomenon, +perhaps those which we call +American, belong no more to America, than +the Magyar and Choud or Finn to Europe.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Humboldt</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Researches, Introduction</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If we desire to be fully informed of a +nation's history, we must not reject the +fables under which the few traces that remain +of its origin are concealed. These, +however extravagant, always merit attention +they have an influence on the character +of the people to whom they relate.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">First +words of</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Malcolm</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Persia</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Chinese often call the king, the +kingdom and the nation by the same name, +nay, even also the capital city.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Regis</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Corea, in Duhalde China</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The cradle or first seat of mankind was +in Asia, between lat. 30 and 50; which is +also the native place of all the domestic +animals, fruits and grains.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adelung, Bailly, +Higgins, &c.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Genesis was a compilation of Moses +from older annals, some perhaps by Noah +himself.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revd. Mr. Davies, Herder.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The patriarchs of Moses and Pitris of +Hindus were nations, personifications of +early tribes.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Drummond, D'Olivet, Wilford.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The early gods and kings of Greece and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Italy, were probably tribes, the chiefs and +followers being called by the same name. +This is true also of the various Hercules +or wandering Heroes.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dodwell, Jamieson.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Trying them by the languages, the Americans +will appear to be children of the earliest human +families.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barton</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Physical +Journal</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A flood of historical light has lately flown +from India and Asia; but we lack still the +real annals of Thibet: Polynesia and America +may yet supply many facts and fill +some blanks.—The original seat of civilization +was between the Ganges and the +Nile, the Caspian and the ocean.—The +first tribes after the flood were fishermen +and Frugivores, next hunters who did +spread north east as far as America, and +shepherds south west, as far as Cape of +Good hope.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pritchard</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Physical History +of Man</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The genealogy of the kings of England +is derived direct from Noah in 25 generations +only, to Cerdic first king of Wessex +in 495; and through <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sceaf</span></span> born in the +ark! giving more than 125 years for each +generation, which is impossible, and proves +these names, successive tribes or dynasties till +Woden.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ingram</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saxon Chronicle</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Ethiopians, Nubians and Egyptians +are a peculiar race, perhaps in Africa before +the flood.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Champollion</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Systeme +Hieroglyphique</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The languages are better guides than +physical characters for researches on mankind, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and roots more important than grammars.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Klaproth.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Language belongs to man from origin, +he never was a dumb animal, else he would +always have remained so. All languages have something +in common, and something peculiar.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beattie</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Theory of Language</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A thousand nations with a thousand +idioms, are spread over a thousand places +on earth. Thrown against each other like +the waves of the sea, they blend and tend +to unity. Several rival languages are +formed, polished by contract, which overspread +the earth; and break to pieces as +well as nations and empires. Others arise +from their ruins, and strive again for ascendency, +until at last a people and language, +son and daughter of all the previous nations +and idioms, heirs of their dominion and +wealth; shall perhaps invade the whole +earth, and produce again the unity of +speech and rule.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">D'Olivet</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">End of Hebrew +Grammar</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is said, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In the beginning God made +Heaven and Earth</span></span>, that is to say, the +seeds of heaven and earth, since their matter +was yet in confusion in a potential +way.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Augustine</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">on Genesis</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the whole <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mosaic text</span></span> there is no +Eden, no tree, no apple, no rib, no woman, +no snake, no ark ... but other words +thus improperly translated to veil the +sense.... Adam is not a man, but mankind, +<span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style="font-style: italic">Aish</span></span> +intellectual men, <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style="font-style: italic">Ashe</span></span> mate or +potent will, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hue</span></span> our Eve is living existence!... +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The names of patriarchs are +all expressive of operations of mankind.... +Yet Moses' Unity of God, and Belief in +Immortality is evident throughout; although +so obscured by the translation as +to have been doubted.... Moses with +his veils is made absurd; raising the veils +he appears wise, deep, consistent, even +more enlightened than our age on many +points.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">D'Olivet</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notes on Genesis</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Whenever the numerical letters of Moses +are taken in their material sense, inextricable +difficulties have arisen; and which +is the true version out of the 3 is doubtful: +the deep mosaic meaning and import shall +never be known, until the ancient lost science +of numbers is restored, which was +once known from China to Egypt and +Europe.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">D'Olivet</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">last note</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Eblis or Satan was disgraced from Heaven, +where Rezoan was his successor, and +exiled to Seyestan, with the Snake and +Peacock tribes his followers, Adam was +exiled to Ceylon, Eve to Arabia &c.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Price</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Translation of Abijauffer's History +of Arabia</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Menu was Adam, but there are seven +Menus, the seventh was Noah.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sir W. +Jones</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws of Menu</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wilford.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Babylonian empire begun 530 years +after the flood, 2790 years after Adam.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Russell</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Connection of Sacred History</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Primitive history is under a veil, involved +in fables; but all ancient fables have a historical +base.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bailly</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">on Atlantis</span></span>. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Before Adam God created the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dives</span></span> +(angels) who had 72 kings or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sol-i-man</span></span> +for 7000 years, and after them the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peris</span></span> +govern for 2000 years.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Herbelot</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oriental +Library</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Noah dwelt near Cabul and Cashmir, his +Ararat was in the Imalaya mountains.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shuckford, +Wells</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sacred Geography &c.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As early as 4600 years before Christ, +there was a communication between the +Americans and the east by astronomical +coincidences.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Carli</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Letters</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Two great wars or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mahabharat</span></span> followed +by dispersions of mankind, happened in India +in 3236 and 2501 (before our era); +and the Indian solar empire of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Berhut</span></span> at +Inderput now Delhi, ascends 16 generations +beyond the first, at least to 3750 +years B. C.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Institutes of the Emperor</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Akbar</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">translated by</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gladwin</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such are my guides. Are not those +quotations sufficient? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For my rules of criticism, I have taken +for guide, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isaac Taylor's</span></span> excellent history +of the transmission of ancient books, London, +1827. They may be analysed as follows, +from his own summary. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. If the records of antiquity could be deprived +of their authority, we should also be +deprived of intelligence, liberty and religion! +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. Dates are of little importance; being +anciently expressed by letters, they are +liable to errors. The Greeks and all eastern +christians reckon 5508 years from +Adam to Christ. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. Geography and natural facts are open +to criticism. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. Wonders, monsters, miracles, are not +always fabulous, but doubtful. Natural +phenomena if unconnected with omens, +may be right. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. Speeches and secret motives do not +belong to history, they are ornaments of +rhetoric or mere surmises. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. Facts are only to be attended to, they +become more certain, if corroborated by +monuments, inscriptions, coins &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. The silence of a historian does not +invalidate the assertions of others. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. Contradictions, exaggerations, prejudices, +party spirit, national dislike, must +be allowed for. The arrogance of the +Greeks and Chinese, who call barbarians, +nations as good as they, is shameful, and +must be noticed, as well as errors arising +from hiding defeats &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The independent sources of history besides +writers are, 1. remains of literature. +2. Chronological documents and astronomical +calculations, 3. Natural features of +nature and mankind, with permanent physical +facts, 4. Permanent institutions, manners, +monuments, languages &c. Lastly, +remote facts may be certain; although a +long while elapsed: whatever be the consequence; +and even if the first evidence +may have been erroneously transmitted, or +not perspicuous. But accumulated evidence +ought never to be doubted. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> +<a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter I.</span></h1> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">General Introduction.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Natural Regions +of America.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ancient and Modern +Nations.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Historical Periods.</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Since our Globe is better known, it is no +longer divided into 4 Continents; but must +be divided into 3 great parts of the world +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tholomeres</span></span>, each containing 3 lesser +divisions or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Geotomes</span></span>, viz: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Protholia</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tholarkon</span></span>, the ancient +world, containing, 1. Asia, 2. Africa, 3. +Europe, which are continents. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +II. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Neotholia</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hesperia</span></span>, the new +world, containing, 1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Atalia</span></span> or North America, +2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Columbia</span></span> or South America, which +are two continents ... and 3. the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antilles</span></span> +or West Indies, the Archipelagos to the +East and North, Carib and Lucayes islands. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +III. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Oceania</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tholonesia</span></span>, the +Oceanic or Insular world, containing, 1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Australia</span></span>, +which is a continent, 2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Meganesia</span></span> or the +great Islands from Japan till Ceylan and +Madagascar, 3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Polynesia</span></span>, the small Eastern +Islands. These two last form immense +groups of archipelagos, or clustered islands. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Therefore the terrestrial world includes +6 continents, and 3 groups of archipelagos, +forming 9 geotomes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Neotholia</span></span> that I write the history, +of this third of the world, named likewise +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +America, or the two Americas; a double +continent, crowned in the East and towards +the two poles by archipelagos. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such an extensive part of the world, +reaching nearly to both poles, offers to +our notice and researches a crowd of objects, +nations and events. If our universal +histories which are confined to a small part +only of the old world, form already bulky +collections; it would be equally so with +America, if we had complete annals of it. +But, notwithstanding the scanty materials +which have reached us on its ancient history; +the modern annals and the old traditions +of the nations dwelling there, afford many +facts: and many auxiliary means contribute +to enlarge the previous history, in unfolding +the origins and revolutions of the nations +and empires of both Americas. Thus, we +shall often have to make a choice or abridge +these materials, particularly in these outlines +of a general history. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Formerly, historians wrote chiefly chronicles +of the empires, kingdoms and republics; +which were often mere biographies of monarchs +and chiefs, conquerors and tyrants. +We begin now to think more of mankind +and the nations. I shall follow this principle, +and trace at last a national history of +America; this subject is so new, that we +have not even yet a good history of mankind +in Europe, much less in Asia and +Africa. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Having dwelt in this continent since 1802, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +having settled in it since 1815, and having +travelled in it every year to study the monuments +and productions thereof: it was since +1818 that I began to conceive the possibility +of raising the veil that was thrown over +the annals of this third of the world. I +have visited the public libraries of Washington, +Baltimore, Philadelphia, New-York, +Boston, Albany, Lexington, &c. to consult +all the historical works on America, and +every other part of the world. I have read +nearly all the travels in America and other +distant countries. In the Ebeling library +deposited in that of Cambridge University +near Boston, I have found many ancient +works on America, often unique in the +United States, and very rare even in Europe. +There is but a small number of rare +works, which I have not yet been able to +see; I shall give a list of them, in order +that it may be ascertained whether they +contain facts that have escaped me. My +researches upon the languages and monuments +of America, will compensate this +unavoidable neglect, since they exceed +whatever had been undertaken of the kind. +I have thus endeavored to collect and compare +all the facts relating to my subject. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I have not imitated, therefore, the lazy +writers, who have pretended to give us +histories of America, and have commonly +produced mere sketches of it, full of neglects +and defects. Such were Robertson, +Holmes, Touron, Herrera, &c., with a crowd +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of imitators and compilers, which confine +themselves to some years, or a single region, +or the mere first Spanish invasions. +They have, however, acquired some reputation +either by style or manner; but they +have degraded history, by giving sketches +instead of it. We must except Herrera, +who does not shine by the style; but is at +least a faithful annalist of the Spanish deeds +and colonies during 62 years, from 1492 +till 1552. But Robertson, although praised +for his style, is only his unfaithful and imperfect +imitator, and the obvious slanderer +of the American nations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A complete criticism of the writers on +America, would be desirable; but cannot +enter into the plan of these historical outlines; +although it may find a place in ulterior +illustrations. It will be sufficient now +to indicate that the best works, or those +which furnish the greatest number of historical +materials, are the old writers and +travellers, since the modern historians +and travellers (except Humboldt and a +few more) appear to forget whatever has +already been written on America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The historian of such an extensive continent, +should not be a mere annalist; but +he ought to know well all the comparative +sciences, sisters of history, such as chronology, +geography, biography, archeology, +ethnography, philology, &c. He ought +also to be a philosopher and a philanthropist, +to know the natural sciences which +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +become connected with history by civilization, +agriculture, and geology; he ought, +above all, to be impartial and a good critic, +in order to discard national prejudices, and +avoid the blunders of credulity or imposture. +What historian has ever united such +acquirements? I have tried to acquire +them: Have I succeeded? I offer my +writings as the answer. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +My method has been to make copious +extracts of all the authors that I read. +These materials already form a collection +of over one hundred books of 6000 pages +on the history of the earth and mankind: +whereof I avail myself for all my historical +works. I have formed besides another collection +of iconographic illustrations, maps, +plans, monuments, views, portraits, alphabets, +symbols, implements, costumes, &c.; +which may serve for proofs and atlas of +these works, published or manuscript. This +tellurian iconography, chiefly American, +consists already in ten great books or portfolios; +having little hope to be enabled to +publish them, I wish they might be deposited +in a great public library, where +they might be consulted. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Instead of beginning this history of the +Americans by generalities, I should wish to +conclude the work by such results; but it +may frequently be needful to deviate from +this plan, and present results as they happen +to arise from the facts and events. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The different parts of the Western Hemisphere +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +are often distantly remote, and +insulated, or little connected in their historical +relations. Austral America and +Boreal America have for instance hardly +any historical connection: they are as +widely separated as China and Europe; +but all the central parts of America are +intimately connected, above all the mountain +regions from Mexico to Chili, which +offer the same relation of civilization, languages +and annalogies, as the Hindu-European +regions and nations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Neotholian Hemisphere contains +many distinct regions; but the natural or +physical regions are not always identic +with the historical regions. The isthmus +of Panama or valley of Choco does not divide +the nation as it does the two continents +of America: and many groups of nations +are intermingled throughout. The group +of ancient <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aruac</span></span> nations extended from +near Florida through the Antilles, Guyana, +Brazil to Tucuman and Magellania. The +elder group of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tala</span></span> or atlantic nations +could be traced from the Ohio to Mexico, +Guatimala and South America in the west. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Notwithstanding this fact, it is useful to +keep in mind the great natural regions of +America, so as to trace through them the +vicissitudes of mankind in ancient and modern +times. Thus we find six such regions +in North America, and six in South America, +with 3 in the Antilles. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. Boreal region, or region of the lakes, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +stretching across North America, from the +streight of Behring and peninsula Alaska +in the west, to Labrador, Canada and Nova +Scotia in the east. It is distinguished by +a rocky soil, many large lakes and millions +of small ones, surrounded near the pole and +on either side by groups of islands. Its +southern limits are undefined, but Lake +Erie forms one of them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. The Californian or Oregon region, +stretching from north to south along the +Pacific Ocean from Fuca Strait to Mexico +and Guatimala. It is a region of plains +and hills. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. The Mexican region or central mountains +and table lands from the sources of +the Missouri to Lake Nicaragua, distinguished +by volcanoes, a dry lofty soil, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. The Missouri region, extending in +vast grassy plains from latitude 50 to the +Gulf of Mexico. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. The Alleghany region, stretching in +woody hills and mountains from Maine to +Alabama and Illinois. The Ozark mountains +and the whole of New England appear +detached portions of it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. The Literal Atlantic region, stretching +from Long Island to Florida, Mexico, +Yucatan and Honduras, forming a long +but narrow region of level plains, sands +and marshes, skirted by sandy shores and +islands. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Antilles or West Indies, are all islands; +divided into 3 very natural groups. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. The large and hilly Islands of Jamaica, +Cuba, Hayti, Boriquen. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. The Lucayes or Bahama Islands +north of them, low and chiefly of coral +formations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. The Carib Islands east and south, +commonly volcanic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The regions of South America are 1. +That of the Andes or high volcanic mountains +extending from Santa Marta to the +Island of Chiloé, stretching branches east +as far as Cumana, and east of Peru. The +hills of Panama from Nicaragua to Choco, +are a detached part of it, probably once an +island of the size of Cuba. Also the Magellanic +or Austral region, including the +hills and islands south of Chili, all detached +from the Andes, with the archipelagos of +Chiloé, Chonos, Fuego, Austral, Falkland, +&c. often volcanic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. The Atacama region, or lowlands +along the Pacific Ocean from the valleys of +Darien and Choco to Chili, distinguished +by sterility. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. The Pampas or region of unwooded +plains east of the Andes from the strait of +Magellan to Paraguay and Chaco. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. The region of Brazil, distinguished by +fertile hills, mountains and valleys, forming +a vast group of high lands connected to the +Andes by an isthmus. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. The region of Guyana or Parima, of +shady hills perfectly insulated (once a large +island) by the plains of the Maranon and +Oronoc. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. The vast equinoctical plains of Oronoc +and Maranon, surrounding the mountains +of Parima: where deserts, swamps and +forests are mixed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These 15 regions are quite natural, distinguished +by peculiar physical, and geological +features; but they do not coincide +with the ethnological regions, where the +American tribes have spread and intermixed. +It would be difficult to state here +even the most striking of these last. It +will be the aim of this work to seek for +them, and ascertain their limits; which +have often varied anciently: while in modern +times the European colonies and +states have invaded them in all directions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Meantime the population of both Americas, +must be distinguished in ancient and +modern. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In proceeding from the known to the +unknown: we ascertain that a multitude of +nations have come to America since 1492, +as colonists or visitors. The principal were +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spanish</span></span>: who have colonized or conquered +from New Mexico to Chili, and from +Florida to Buenos Ayres. But they came +not alone, and have brought along with +them as auxiliaries. 1. Italians, 2. Flemish, +3. Biscayans, 4. Canarians, &c., while as +slaves 5. Moors of Mauritania, and 6. Many +African-negro nations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Portugueze</span></span>: who have colonized the +whole of Brazil, and brought there besides +many Negro nations, some Moors, Gypsies, +Chinese, &c. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English</span></span>: Who have colonized the +whole eastern side of North America, Jamaica +and other islands of Antilles, with +parts of Yucatan, Honduras, Guyana, &c. +But they have brought with them, the +Welsh, Scotch, Irish, Germans, Jews and +many African nations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">French</span></span>: They colonized Canada, +Lousiana, Hayti, several Carib islands, +Cayenne in Guyana, &c., and although +conquered in North America and Hayti, +their language remains. They brought +along the Provençals, Bretons, Basks, +speaking distinct languages, with several +African nations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scandinavians</span></span>: Who partly settled +in North America since the 10th century, +did laterly colonize again Groenland, with +Delaware and some Carib Islands. They +include the Norwegians, Danes and Swedes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dutch-Hollanders</span></span>: Sent colonies to +New-York, Surinam, Curazao, &c. brought +Gypsies, Germans and Africans. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Russians</span></span>: Have invaded and partly +settled the north west shores and islands +of North America; bringing there Cozacs, +Calmucs, and several other Tartarian subjects. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. Besides these, several other nations +have laterly visited America, or settled +therein, blending with the above. All the +nations of Europe, even Hungarians, Polanders, +Greeks and Turks, have been +brought there. Pirates of all nations, even +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Algerines, have wandered to America. +Almost all the nations of Africa have been +led there in slavery. Asia has sent Jews, +Hindus, Gypsies or Zinganis, Chinese and +Tartars: while Oceania has sent Malays, +Madagascars, Hawayans, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This well known fact of the various and +anomalous modern population of both Americas +within 3 or 4 centuries, will greatly +help us to form a more correct estimate of +the ancient population and colonization of +such vast countries during many thousand +years previous to 1492. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is not yet suitable to give here a complete +list of all the ancient nations, who +have, or may have colonized the Western +hemisphere: this can only be done afterwards +as a result of the instituted enquiries +on the subject. Meantime I state as highly +probable, even by mere analogy, that all +the nearest nations of the Atlantic or Pacific +Oceans, in the Eastern hemisphere, have +either visited or colonized the Americas; +particularly from the east, the bold navigators, +Atlantes, Pelagians, Phenicians, Lybyans, +Etruscans, &c., and from the west +the ancient tribes of Tartars and Chinese, +the Polynesians, &c. We shall throughout +these historical outlines find ample proofs +of this fact, exploding the erroneous belief +that a single nation could have populated +the whole of the Western Hemisphere. It +shall appear also that these early settlers +must have brought along many foreign +tribes, as auxiliaries, vassals or slaves. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In my Atlantic Journal of 1832 will be +found a kind of classification of the ancient +nations of both Americas, divided into 25 +groups, 14 in North, 11 in South America. +But this first attempt, cannot be perfect: +it requires a close study of all the American +languages, before we can ascertain correctly +all their mutual affinities, and reduce +each to the real parent group. Meantime +this attempt, and the further correction of +it in this work, will become very useful historical +bases. I give therefore the list of +the 25 groups, with a well known nation +and language as the type, to which others +may be gradually reduced. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In North America 1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uski</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Innuit</span></span>, +type the Esquimaux. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ongwi</span></span>, type the Hurons and Iroquois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Linni</span></span>, type the Lanapi or Delawares. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wacash</span></span>, type the Chopunish, and +Nutkas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Skerreh</span></span>, type the Panis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nachez</span></span>, type the Cados and Chetimachas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Capaha</span></span>, types the Washas or Ozages, +and Dacotas or Sioux. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chactah</span></span>, types the Chactahs and +Chicasas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +9. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Otali</span></span>, Tzulukis or Cherokis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +10. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Atalan</span></span>, type the Tarascas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +11. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Otomi</span></span>, type the Otomis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +12. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anahuac</span></span>, type the Aztecas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +13. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maya</span></span>, types the Mayas and Huaztecas. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +14. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chontal</span></span>, type the Tzendals and +Chols. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In South America 15. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span>, types the +Haytians, Aruacs, Taos, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +16. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calina</span></span>, types the Caribs and Tamanacs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +17. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Puris</span></span>, type the Maypuris. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +18. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yarura</span></span>, types the Guaraos and Betoys. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +19. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuna</span></span>, type the Dariens. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +20. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayna</span></span>, type the Panos. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +21. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maca</span></span>, type the Muyzcas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +22. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guarani</span></span>, type the Tupis and Omaguas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +23. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mara</span></span>, type the Quichuas and Aymaras. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +24. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lulé</span></span>, types the Vilelas and Mbayas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +25. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chili</span></span>, type the Chilians. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Notwithstanding the condensed form of +these outlines, the ample materials to be +brought together, will extend them perhaps +beyond the desirable limits. In order to +lessen this difficulty and yet omit nothing +that is new or important, the work will be +divided into three series. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1st. The annals of South America, where +many generalities will be introduced, that +need not be repeated in the 2d series, on +the annals of North America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3d. Illustrations of these outlines, where +will be thrown and collected all the collateral +proofs, documents, vocabularies of +languages, manuscript facts and events, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +essential quotations, and results of all the +investigations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Peruvian and Austral regions of +South America will first be introduced, +because of paramount importance. By +the Peruvian region is meant the whole +western part of South America from the +equator to the southern tropic, and by Austral +America, the whole of it from that +tropic to the Magellanic Islands. The +gulf of Rio Plata and the river Paraguay, +appear to divide these regions from Brazil, +both physically and historically. Austral +America includes the countries and nations +of Chili, Tucuman, Chaco, Buenos Ayres, +Patagonia and Magellania; but it shall +often be needful to mention their neighbors, +with whom they are more or less related, +and even distant nations that are not always +strangers to them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The ancient nations of Austral America +are the least known on many accounts, and +those on whom most fables and systems +have been based. It is there that dwell +the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patagons</span></span>, who have been believed a +peculiar species of giants; and those tribes +of Chaco, &c., which Azara has deemed +peculiar men, with languages without affinities +with any other: which will easily be +proved to be quite false. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If America has had an aboriginal population, +or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Autoctons</span></span>, men born from the +soil: it is there they should be found, driven +to the south and those remote climes +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +by the ancient colonies of other nations; +and they should offer features, complexions, +languages and manners totally different +from any other. If all the Americans derive +from ancient colonies, it is still there +that ought to be found the primitive tribes, +driven on by the subsequent colonies and +tribes. Therefore these Austral tribes are +exceedingly interesting to study as the most +ancient relics of American population. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But the origin of the American nations +and tribes are only to be considered as a +branch of their history. The accounts of +their dispersion and successive settlements, +the history of the events which they have +remembered and transmitted to us by traditions +or annals, those of the empires which +have been founded there in ancient and +modern times, the study of their civilization +and ethnography ... offer surely much +more interest, and a wide field of historical +facts or enquiries. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It appears that as soon as we speak of +the ancient Americans, we ought to cut +the gordian knot, and say whence they +came. I do not wish to explain beforehand, +all my views on this subject. I wish +to reserve them for the results of the enquiries +to be pursued in this work. Yet to +satisfy the general curiosity expressed on +the subject, I may venture to say that I +have not yet found in either Americas, any +people or tribe totally different from any +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +other, or without philological affinities: nor +with features, complexions, and other physical +characters quite peculiar. But instead, +all the ancient American tribes have numerous +affinities between each other, and +with races of mankind in the Eastern +hemisphere: both physical and moral, as +well as philological. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If the American nations sprung from +ancient colonies; it is among the primitive +population of the earth, that their parents +must be sought and found: since America +appears to have been partly peopled even +before the flood. Therefore the systems +which would derive them all from the Phenicians, +Jews, Chinese, Tartars of later +ages, or any single people whatever, must +be absurd and improbable: since traces of +many ancient nations are found in this +western hemisphere. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It has always appeared probable to me +that most of the ancient colonies to America, +must have come there by the nearest +and most direct way; the same nearly followed +again by Columbus in 1492: either +from north Africa or south Europe. This +becomes still more probable if there were +formerly a land or large islands in the Atlantic +Ocean; of which we have ample +proofs. Nearly all the nations from Florida +and Mexico to Chili, appear to have +reached America from the east, through +the tropical islands or Antilles; but the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +ancestors of these emigrating tribes, dwelt +once in Asia, which appears the cradle of +mankind. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +However, many nations of Brazil and Guyana +are more recent and of African origin; +while nearly all those of North America +appear to have reached America by the +opposite direction of Eastern Asia, through +Alaska or the Streight of Behring, once an +Isthmus. Therefore the Colonial tribes +came here from the East, and the North +West. It is more doubtful that any came +from the West or Polynesia. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What is now needful, is to trace these +colonies, their travels, epochas, and ascertain +the nations which they have produced +in both Americas. This I will endeavour +to do, without being prevented by the difficulties +of the task. I shall always seek to +ascertain the true names of each nation +or tribe: which have often been disguised +under a crowd of nicknames and erroneous +orthographies. These names when thus +restored will often furnish an original key, +to supply the scarcely known languages, or +lost traditions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Brigands who brought desolation +over both Americas during two centuries, +and the careless travellers who visited them +in search of wealth, took little notice of the +languages and traditions of their victims +or foes. Thus we have to regret the loss +of many valuable materials, merely indicated. +However, a few enlightened visitors, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and the missionaries have preserved some +of them. The first attempt of the kind was +the outlines of historical songs and traditions +of Hayti, collected as early as 1498 +by friar Roman, at the request of Columbus; +printed by his son, and by Barcias. +Yet this valuable document has escaped +the notice of nearly all the writers on America! +evident proof of utter carelessness or +neglect. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Piedrahita has given some of the historical +traditions of the Muyzcas; Juarros +the annals of the Toltecas of Guatimala; +Ayeta and Herrera those of the Mayas of +Yucatan. Yet they have been neglected +by our historians. They have merely dwelt, +and even sparingly, on the annals of Mexico +and Peru. We have besides fragments on +the early history of the Ongwis, Linapis, +Apalachis, Caribs, Dariens, and a few more; +but we have to regret the loss of the written +annals of many civilized nations, the Tarascas, +Huaztecas, Zapotecas, Nicaraguas, +Chontals, Chilians, Panos, &c. Some of +which may perhaps be yet partly recovered, +as those of the Ongwis and Linapis have +lately been. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is only since last age that the study of +comparative philology has begun to be +appreciated: and quite recently that languages +have been made subservient to historical +researches. Pigafetta had, however, +set the examples as early as 1520 to collect +American vocabularies, of which he gave +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +two, the Brazilian and Patagon: which +are quite important, since by them we +trace both tribes seen by him to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aruac</span></span> +race. For lack of frequent ancient vocabularies, +we must often grope in the dark; +but I do not despair to be able to restore +many lost languages, by fragments escaped +from the common ruin. I have already +succeeded with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taino</span></span> of Hayti, the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cahiri</span></span> of Trinidad, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Talega</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apalachi</span></span> +of North America, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chontal</span></span> of central +America, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Colla</span></span> of Peru, and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Séké</span></span> +of old Chili; whereby I shall draw some +happy conclusions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Asia has been the country of fables, Africa +of monsters, and America of systems, +for those who prefer opinions to reality. +The systems and hypotheses of philosophy +or ignorance upon America, exceed all the +Asiatic fables. A crowd of prejudices, +false opinions and fantastic theories, have +been asserted on this hemisphere, often +mistaking a small part of it for the whole. +Some have declared all the Americans a +red, beardless, naked and barbarous race, +or a peculiar species of men. Others that +they came out of the ground or from the +clouds, or over a bridge, instead of boats +or on the ice. Others that they are all +Jews, or Malays, or Tartars. Lastly, even +that Eden was here and Noah built the ark +in America! All these systems and fifty +more brought forth by ignorance or pride, +are based upon the most absurd proofs, or +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a few insulated facts: while there are historical +facts easy to prove that are neglected +or forgotten. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thus it is a positive fact that many +ancient nations of the east, such as the +Lybians, Moors, Etruscans, Phenicians, +Hindus, &c. had heard of America, or +knew nearly as much of it, as we did of +Australia and Polynesia 100 years ago. +It is as certain that America contained +anciently, as even now, a crowd of distinct +nations and tribes; some of which were +quite civilized, perhaps as much as the +Spaniards led by Columbus; the others +more barbarous, but not entirely savage. +There were but few, if any, real savages in +America, dwelling in woods without social +ties; most of them were wandering tribes +of fishermen or hunters. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There were formerly in America as now, +tribes of all complexions, as elsewhere: +yellowish, olive, coppery, tawny, redened, +brown, incarnate or white, and even blackened +or negro-like. Tall and dwarfish men +from 8 to 4 feet in size, called giants and +pygmies—men with various frames, skulls, +and features, of all the sorts found in the +eastern hemisphere. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Americans had long before Columbus, +large cities; built of stones, bricks or +wood, with walls, ditches, temples, palaces. +Some of which were of immense size and +population. One of them <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Otolum</span></span> near +Palenque was 28 miles long, equal to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Thebes, Babylon and Kinoj in size and +monuments. Nearly all the ancient sciences +and useful primitive arts were known +in America, as well as commerce and navigation, +symbolic and alphabetic writing, +nearly all the Asiatic religions, &c. The +most civilized nations had even colleges +and universities, canals and paved roads, +splendid temples and monuments, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It would be tedious to designate all what +has not been told, or been very unworthily +noticed, upon America. The whole of +these outlines shall be comments upon the +forgotten facts relating to this third of the +world. Such as are found recorded by +chance in one or few authors, scattered in +1000 volumes, unsought and unnoticed by +nearly all the other writers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Respecting the chronology of the American +annals, it is rather obscure and doubtful; +but perhaps not more so than that of +all ancient nations except the Chinese. It +frequently ascends as far as the floods and +even the creation. The most ancient dates +are found among the Tols or Toltecas and +Atlantes, Mexicans or Aztecas, the Muyzcas, +Ongwis, Linapis, &c. But it is difficult +to make those dates agree among themselves, +or with our oriental dates. However +the American annals may be divided into +great periods, which can be admitted as +certain, and resting points of history at +peculiar epochas. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here is their tabular view. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I. Ancient history, ending with Columbus +in 1492. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antidiluvian period</span></span>, beginning at +the creation, about 6690 years before Columbus +according to the Tols, and ending +with the last cataclysm of Peleg, about +3788 years before Columbus. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Doubtful period</span></span>, from that epocha +till the reform of Tol astronomy, 1612 years +before Columbus. This includes several +subordinate periods and epochas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +About 3100 years before Columbus, settlement +of the Linapis in Shinaki or Firland +or Oregon in N. W. America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +About 2500 years before Columbus, wars +of the Towancas and Ongwis, the hero +Yatatan, &c. in North America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Certain period</span></span>, from 1612 till Columbus' +arrival in 1492. Many lesser periods +and epochas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +442, after Christ—End of the Tollan +kingdom. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +492,—Beginning of Atotarho dynasty of +Ongwis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +558,—Empire of Tol-tecas begins in +Anahuac, and lasts till 942. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +840,—Beginning of the wars of Zipanas +and Caris in South Peru. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +947,—Foundation of the kingdom of +Mayapan by Cuculcan in Yucatan. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +985,—Discovery of America by the +Norwegians. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1000,—Conquest of Quito by the Skiris. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1105,—Beginning of the Incas empire. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1322,—Foundation of Tenuchtitlan or +Mexico. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +II. Modern history, from 1492 till our +days. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Colonial Period</span></span>, from 1492 till 1776. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Independent Period</span></span>, beginning in +1776. The foundation of the empire of +Brazil in 1822 may begin a subordinate +period. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Each age may bear the name of a wise +legislator or eminent personage: the ages +of modern history are those of 1. Columbus, +2. Las-Casas, 3. William Penn, 4. Washington, +5. Bolivar. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> +<a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter II.</span></h1> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Materials for the history +of the Americans.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Authors, +Documents, Sciences.—Languages, +Civilization, &c.</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Far from following the example of many +American historians, who often take a single +guide for their crude compilations, or +avoid the trouble to consult all the historical +sources, I have taken care in my researches +to employ all the possible means to reach +the truth, and collect all the facts that are +scattered among a crowd of writers. I +have carefully analysed, compared and +judged the materials, details and events +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +thus procured: nay, all the auxiliary sciences +have afforded additional fragments +or proofs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These materials may be divided into 10 +series or kinds +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">1. Works, printed or manuscript.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">2. Documents and monuments.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">3. Maps, plans, views, &c.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">4. Natural sciences.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">5. Ethnography.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">6. Traditions and annals.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">7. Chronology and astronomy.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">8. Languages and philology.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">9. Religion, mythologies, &c.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">10. Civilization, laws and manners.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The writers upon America are very numerous; +but mostly defective or local. A +number, however, have attempted to consider +the whole continent: the principal +among those containing facts upon all parts +of America are chiefly +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Herrera, History and Geography of Spanish +America carried till the year 1554. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Delaet, Historical Geography of America, +till 1630. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Garcias, Origins of the Americans.—Spanish +work. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Carli, American Letters.—Italian work. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ogilby, History and Geography of America, +till 1670. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Raynal, European Settlements in America, +till 1774. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Alcedo, Geographical Dictionary of Spanish +America in 1786.—Spanish work. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Maltebrun, Improved Geography, 1820. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Touron, History of America, chiefly +ecclesiastical, and incomplete, 14 volumes +1768-70, in French. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Robertson, false History of America or +Spanish Conquests of Mexico or Peru. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The collections of travels by Hackluyt, +Purchas, Harris, Ramusio, Barcias, Prevost, +&c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The American researches of Ulloa, +Humboldt, M'Culloh, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I have consulted and analyzed all these +general works, and many others of less +account; but I have not yet read Hervas +nor Compagnone, knowing them merely +through quotations +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The first <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bibliotheca Americana</span></span> or +catalogue of writers on America, was given +by Kennet in 1701 and 1713. Another +appeared in England in 1719; a third in +France in 1820. They contain the names, +authors, editions, dates, &c. of over 300 +works relating to America. Robertson +has given a list of nearly as many, which +he pretends to have consulted, although he +neglected what they tell us. Humboldt +has also a catalogue of 250 authors, +consulted by him. In 1831, Aspinwall +published his American Library containing +771 works; and Warden, in Paris, his +own, containing 977 American works with +133 atlasses and maps. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All this does not complete the account +of books on America; since I have seen +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +many omitted in all these catalogues; although +I never could meet some mentioned +there. I will carefully notice them, that it +may be known where I found my materials, +and what may yet have escaped my researches. +I have already consulted upwards +of 600 writers on both Americas, and there +are at least 1000 already printed, I mean +special or local works connected with history. +If we were to add to these the botanists, +naturalists, paltry compilers, and +pamphlets, we might make a catalogue of +3000 works on America, her inhabitants +and productions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I will refer gradually to them, and have +collected them all in my manuscript illustrations; +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">materials</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">printed works</span></span>. Therefore +we do not lack printed materials: but +the choice of the best is difficult: since +many works merely consist in fables, blunders, +errors, hypotheses and their constant +repetitions: which ought to be rejected in +order to gather facts and the truth. But +we must not reject as pyrrhoniams all that +may clash with our ideas and systems: it +is chiefly needful so recall and restore the +events and facts mentioned by the earliest +travellers and observers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These numerous local writers ought to +be divided into three classes. 1. historians +and annalists, 2. travellers and geographers, +3. antiquarians and philologists. I shall +now merely mention the most useful (which +I have all consulted) upon the Peruvian +and Austral regions of South America. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1st. The principal historians are, 1. +Molina, History of Chili, 2. Funes, Civil +History of Buenos Ayres, Paraguay and +Tucuman, 3. Lavega, History of Peru, 4. +Debrizoffer, history of Abipones, 5. Charlevoix +of Paraguay, 6. Techo, on Ditto, +7, 8. Lozano and Jolis on Chaco, 9. Muratori, +and 10. Renger, Paraguay. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2d. The principal writers who have +furnished historical facts, with geographical +and ethnographical materials, are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">old travellers</span></em>, +1. Pigafetta and Magellan, 2. Cabot, +3. Shmidel, 4. Drake, 5. Cavendish, 6. +Acarete, 7. Knivet, 8. Frezier, 9. Sepp, 10. +Brewer, 11. Nyel, 12. Schmidtmeyer. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The modern travellers are</span></span>, 1. Azara, 2. +D'Ulloa, 3. Humboldt, 4. Cook, 5. Byron, 6. +Laperouse, 7. Stevenson, 8. Myers, 9. Heyn, +10. Beaumont, 11. Gillespie, 12. Vidal, 13. +Wedel, 14. King, 15. Morrell, 16. Andrew, +17. Temple, 18. Mawe, 19. Proctor, 20. +Graham, 21. Head, 22. Pernetty. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The principal original geographers and +ethnographers are, 1. Fernandez on Chiquitos +1726, 2. Bueno, Ditto 1800, 3. Falkner, +on Patagonia 1774, 4. Molina on Chili +and Cuyo, 5. Lozano on Chaco 1733, 6. +Skinner, Memoirs on Peru, 7. Gili, South +America 1782. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3d. Lastly the auxiliary writers on philology, +antiquities and other historical branches +are, 1. Adelung, Vater, Maltebrun, Balbi, +&c., on all American languages, 2. American +researches of Humboldt, Macculoh +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +1829. Those of Depaw and Ranking are +shameful, perverting every thing to support +false systems. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manuscripts.</span></span> There are yet many such +extant on America, in the libraries of both +hemispheres. Clavigero gave a long list +of Mexican Manuscripts. Funes quotes +several on Austral America. There are +several extant in Central America and +South America, in Peru and Brazil. Many +have been lost through wilful neglect, or +destroyed at the Spanish Conquest, the +expulsion of Jesuits, &c. Those in the ancient +languages, Mexican, Tarasca, Tzendal, +&c., are now very rare, and much +esteemed. Those burnt by Zumaraga, the +Mexican Omar, have been often regretted. +Lord Kingborough has lately published +some at a great cost. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The manuscripts which I could consult +on South America are but few. Those on +North America are more numerous and +very important; particularly the traditions +of the Linapis, Shawanis, &c., they are +chiefly on wood, bark, skins or Mosaic +strings. But I have received several manuscript +vocabularies of the languages of +Guyana, Brazil, Texas, Mexico, &c. and I +have consulted several manuscripts in the +libraries of Philadelphia. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are, besides, in the public or private +libraries of all the great cities of both +Americas, several interesting historical +works, which have never been published. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are several in Philadelphia, particularly +the historical collections of Simetierre. +Often the best or most important works +cannot be printed: while a crowd of paltry +compilations are ushered to deceive the +public. This may be deemed a remainder +of the prevailing ignorance and error. Instead +of appreciating the learned and useful +works, the prevailing taste is for historical +romances and systematic fables. It is +needful to seek these previous labors, which +run the risk of being totally lost, if we will +not have again to blush hereafter for these +historical losses. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I give the list of such among my own +manuscripts, as have been employed to +write this history. They are yet in my +possession, but I wish to see them deposited +in a great public library; where they might +be consulted. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. Materials for the history, ethnography, +&c. of the Americans, their annals, +chronology, &c. 40 books, begun in 1820, +continued ever since, and not yet closed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. Vocabularies of the ancient and modern +languages of both Americas, symbols, +glyphs, &c., 4 books, begun 1824. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. Comparative geography and ethnography +of ancient and modern America, 5 +books, with maps, &c., begun 1824. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. Ancient monuments of North and +South America, compared with the primitive +monuments of the eastern hemisphere, +3 books and 200 plans, &c., 1822. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tellus</span></span>, or the primitive History of +the Earth and Mankind in Protholia, Oceania +and Neotholia, with the ancient and +modern general ethnography, 30 books, +begun in 1821. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. Synglosson, or compared examination +of all languages and nations, 6 books, begun +1825. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. Iconographical Illustrations of all my +historical works and travels, containing +over 1000 maps, plans, views, costumes, +portraits, alphabets, symbols, implements, +&c., in 10 cartoons, begun 1816. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. Travels in North America, in 1802, +3, 4, and from 1815 to 1835. In many +manuscript books and journals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I have often been apprehensive of the +fate of Boturini, for these interesting manuscript +and long researches. This has happened +already for one of my manuscripts. +As early as 1825 I sent to the Academy +of Science in Boston, a manuscript of 240 +pages, being an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">account of the materials +yet existing for the history of the nations +and tribes of America before Columbus</span></span>. +This was for an offered prize of $100: which +was never awarded, although my memoir +was declared the best sent. And instead +of depositing this manuscript in the library +of the American Antiquarian Society as +requested, it has been <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">lost</span></em> or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">stolen</span></em>. If +never recovered, and that the public may +judge of the merits of it, at such an early +period of my historical studies: I will state +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the principal results of my enquiries therein; +which tenor, together with their length, +were the ostensible reasons for not awarding +a prize probably never meant to be +awarded. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I therein proved in 1825, 1st. that there +are yet materials enough, notwithstanding +the loss of many, for an ancient history of +America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. That a complete American history +ought to employ and combine all the materials +afforded by geology, geography, +physics, chronology, physiology, ethnology, +archeology, philology, on America, with all +the traditions of the Americans. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. Geology and physical geography indicates +the cradles and ancient settlements +of mankind, the revolutions of nature, the +places unfit for population, the means of +access, probable route of colonies, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. America has an ancient geography previous +to 1492, which ought to be restored. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. The coincidence of names of nations +and tribes, afford a comparitive concordance, +indicating ancient connections or +identity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. The ancient American population, +must have been derived from the nearest +shores of Africa, Europe and Asia. The +points where all the indications and traditions +tend, are the Antilles, next Paria and +Guyana in South America; Anian or Tollan +and Alaska in the N. W with Sucanunga +or Groenland to the N. E. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. The philological solution of historical +affinities must be sought in the roots of +the languages, their conformity or analogies, +the number of similar sounds, roots +and words; which are susceptible of a +mathematical calculation, and referable to +the theory of probabilities. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. Many primitive nations in all parts of +the earth, may thus be proved to have been +akin or related. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +9. Noah's flood was nearly general; but +perhaps not universal. His ark or THBE +was perhaps Thibet: and his 3 sons 3 nations +saved there. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +10. It has been proved that all the antidiluvian +patriarchs were Nations, their long +ages being the duration of dynasties or +states. This opinion may also be entertained +of many other ancient patriarchs or +heads of tribes, every where, by the usual +figure of personification. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +11. Peleg's flood was volcanic, not so +general as Noah's. There may have been +many successive cataclysms blended in this, +as this has been often mistaken in date for +Noah's. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +12. The cradle of the Tulans or Mexican +nations, must have been the Tulan of Asia, +since Turan and Tartary. There are many +places called Tula, all over the earth, indicating +settlements of Atlantes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +13. The ancient chronology of America +may be restored. Several dates given, a +system proposed. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +14. All the races and complexions of +mankind are found in America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +15. America was known to the ancient +nations, particularly the Atlantes, Pelagians, +Phenicians, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +16. Some highlands of America were +not covered at Noah's flood, and might become +the azylums of men, animals, and +vegetation. However, but few nations can +be traced to these azylums in America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +17. The ancient monuments of both +Americas, are similar to the primitive +monuments of Asia, Africa and Europe. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +18. The ancient inscriptions of America +can be explained. A key may be found +for all: some are evidently pelagic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +19. The religions of the Americans, were +similar to the primitive religions of the +eastern hemisphere. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +20. The manners and customs, of the +Americans, are very various, and form no +peculiar test. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +21. Many American nations were highly +civilized, besides the Mexicans and Peruvians: +skilful in agriculture, and the arts, +having cattle, colleges, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +My reward for having ascertained and +proved those facts, was to be denied the +prize, and to have my manuscript mislaid +or lost or stolen! My historical researches +ever since have continued to confirm nearly +all these facts.<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Documents and monuments.</span></span> The +historical titles and proofs, inscriptions, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +medals, coins, charters, &c., which are so +common elsewhere, are but few as yet, in +America, belonging to early times: most +belong to modern history. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are some ancient inscriptions scattered +in South America; but not yet published. +Molina speaks of one on a pyramid +of Cuyo, which late travellers have not +found. Those of Otolum near Palenqué +in Central America begin to excite great +attention; and I have sought a key for +them.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ancient metallic coins and medals, really +Americans, are exceedingly scarce: yet +there are some in Central America. Several +medals, perhaps foreign and indicating +a communication, have been found, but +again lost or neglected; few have been +figured or explained. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Implements, tools, sculptures, objects of +arts, pottery, weapons, &c. of the ancient +Americans are found in all the museums; +but excite little attention, by not being +concentrated, accumulated nor classified. +Many fine specimens of arts have been +melted, or broken and lost. The astronomical +stones of the Mexicans and Muyzcas +have been preserved; but those of Peru +and Central America are lost; as well as +that beautiful one of the Talegas of North +America, a dodecagone, with 144 hieroglyphic +signs, found in the Ohio, and once +kept in a museum of Philadelphia. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The ancient monuments of both Americas, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +are very numerous, indicating a dense +population in places since become wild and +desolate, as in North America, Guyana, +Brazil, &c. They are most numerous in +the central parts of both Americas, and +lessen towards both ends. Yet they are +met from lat. 45 N. to 45 S. They are +very variable in different parts; by no +means identic, indicating different builders +or many degrees of civilization, from the +rudest arts to the most refined: employing +many materials, earth, clay, gravel, stone, +wood, unbaked bricks; being either irregular +cyclopian structures, or regular buildings +of rough or cut stones, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">pizé</span></span> or beaten +clay, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We do not know as yet one half of those +in existence, and many have never been +described nor figured. Yet they afford +every where, one of the most evident and +certain base of historical researches, confirming +traditions, or revealing the seats of +former empires, their civilization, &c. +They consist chiefly in mounds, altars, +tumuli or tombs, ruined cities, villages and +forts, temples and dwellings; but we find +besides in various places, traces of ancient +palaces, bridges, roads, causeways, canals, +mines, dromes, baths, pyramids, towers, +pillars, rocking stones, walls, wells, pits &c. +They generally resemble the primitive +monuments of the same kind, met with in +the eastern hemisphere, from England and +Ireland to Mauritania and Africa, extending +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +east to Lybia, Syria, Russia, Persia, +Tartary, &c. They have less resemblance +with the monuments of Egypt, Greece, +Rome, India and China; yet some kinds +somewhat assimilate. In fact, there are, +throughout both Americas, three very distinct +classes of monuments, indicating distinct +arts and architecture. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The first or rudest, assimilate nearly to +those yet used by the rudest tribes in the +north or in Brazil, Antilles, &c., indicating +a similar barbarous state. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The second or primitive, is known by +using wood and earth instead of stones for +buildings. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The third or most refined, employed +stones, often well cut as in Mexico, Central +America, Peru, &c., and indicates arts +nearly equal to those of Egypt and India. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Besides such great monumental remains; +there are lesser antiquities; fragments of +sculpture, statues, idols, painting, Mosaic, +&c., either in metals, stones, pottery, beads, +&c., found every where mixed with the +others. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But the most singular and dubious relics +of antiquity, are subteraneous or in excavations: +these are in caves, mines, pits, &c.: +while under ground are found trees, stumps, +charcoal, ashes, shells, pavements, walls, +houses, &c. that must have been buried by +alluvions, diluvions or new formed soil. It +has been surmised or ascertained that some +may be antidiluvian: although those in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +deep alluvial soils, near streams, and connected +with graves, may have been buried +by men, or fluvial inundations. Mummies, +skeletons and bones, with human apparel +and implements have been found in caves, +evidently buried there by human means, +and not by floods. Human remains are but +seldom if ever connected with the organic +remains of the soil and caves, even of the +latest geological date. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geography, Maps, &c.</span></span> The knowledge +of the regions and localities inhabited +by mankind, or where colonies are sent, +empires founded, is needful to history, in +order to understand and treat the events +and migrations. The physical configuration +of the land, the climates, plains, mountains +and streams, have a great influence +on civilization and communications. Physical +geography is constant and invariable: +while civil or ethnographical geography is +constantly fluctuating in limits and names. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If we had complete series of maps by +chronological order upon America; we +should find therein the materials for a comparative +historical geography, and successive +ethnography, showing the gradual revolutions +of mankind. The old maps of +America, those of Laet, the old geographers +&c. are very valuable for this object. +Many travellers in America, have given +original maps, which furnish similar materials. +I have chiefly used for Peru and +Austral America, the maps of Laet, Acarete, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +D'Anville, Molina, Falkner, Cochrane, +Wedel, the Jesuits, &c. Among the modern +general maps, relating to South America, +the Spanish maps of 1810 and 1822, the +English of 1815, the French of 1830, the +latest American of Tanner, &c. By those +materials I have been able to trace and fix +four periods of American geography, 2 ancient +and 2 modern. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I. Primitive geography of America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +II. Ancient ditto, or between 1400 and +1500. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +III. Modern colonial geography. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +IV. Modern independent geography. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I have formed Mpt. maps of the two +first periods, which shall be published gradually, +or in my Illustrations of the Ancient +Geography of America. We have thousands +of maps on the early geography of +the Eastern Hemisphere, and no one as yet +on the Western Hemisphere! to show the +respective limits and positions of Ancient +Empires, Nations, Cities, &c., except Clavigero's +map of Anahuac at the Spanish +conquest, those of Hayti, Laet, &.c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have the plans of Ancient Mexico +and Cuzco; but lack those of Tiahuanaco, +Otolum, and many more important for ancient +history. Several plans of ancient +sites of civilization have been given, along +with those of monuments. I have many +in Mpt. yet unpublished. The greatest +part of modern cities, are built on ancient +sites, from Mexico to Chili. In North +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +America, the same happens with Cincinnati, +Louisville, Pittsburg, St. Louis, Philadelphia, +Savannah, &c. The views of ruined +cities, and those of actual cities, are partly +historical, connected with the knowledge +of gradual American civilization. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many ancient names of islands, lakes, +streams and mountains, are preserved in +actual names. Such are Cuba, Hayti—Ontario, +Erie, Titicaca—Ohio, Alatamaha, +Maranon, Parana, Rivers.—Alleghanies, +Andes, Parima, Mountains, &c. When +the names have been changed, it is the duty +of the historical geographer to compare +the old and new names. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Mexicans and other civilized ancient +nations, could draw and paint maps. Even +our North American tribes can draw rude +maps on skins or bark. Some of these are +preserved in museums; but none have ever +been published: although some are pretty +correct and deserving it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Natural Sciences.</span></span> They are now +becoming sisters of history. Geology is +connected with geography. Botany and +Zoology, acquaint us with trees, plants and +animals, which were used in the arts and +agriculture at different periods. The Asiatic +origin of maize, called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">maza</span></span> by Hesiod +and known to the Pelagians (Hughes +Greece,) has been unperceived by Humboldt +and many others, although it throws +some light on the early migrations and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +communications of tribes. Maize was cultivated +in Assyria, West Tartary, North +Africa and Java, before 1492, as asserted +by Marco Polo, Crawford, Raffles. Gebelin, +&c.<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +America had anciently several cereal +plants, besides maize, two kinds of indigenous +wheat and barley in Chili. The +Quinoa and Zizania, the rice of South and +North America. Many roots, beans, seeds, +fruits and flowers, were cultivated from +Canada to Chili. Native dies were abundant, +the indigo and annato were natives. +Red and yellow cochineal were nursed and +collected. Many peculiar kinds of cotton, +silks, hemp, flax, agave, palm, &c., were +cultivated or collected to use for cloths, +threads, ropes, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Paleontology, a new science, seeks for +the remains of animals dwelling on earth, +before mankind. America has already +afforded the huge mastodons, elephants, +megatherium, megalonyx, as primitive land +animals, and many large reptiles, crocodiles +of streams and lakes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +American Zoology is very peculiar: a +few arctic quadrupeds, birds and insects excepted; +all the animals of this hemisphere +are peculiar to it. Reptiles almost entirely +such, even in the North. All the American +monkeys form distinct species. The tropical +animals of the two hemispheres are +distinct, even often in genera. Out of 33 +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +quadrupeds formerly domesticated in America, +the dog only may be deemed a stranger: +and it had even many American varieties. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The domestic quadrupeds of ancient +America were 33, while only 25 in Asia, +Africa and Europe. Among them were 4 +species of Vicunia, 4 of Agutis, 2 deer, +2 hogs, 10 monkeys, &c. See my dissertation +on the domestic animals of both hemispheres, +1832. Americans had also tamed +22 birds or fowls, as many as Asia, &c., and +even some reptiles, fishes, insects, &c., had +become domestic: altogether 112 in America +and only 80 in Europe, Asia, &c., before +1492. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +American botany offers many peculiar +regions; in the North only, akin to Asiatic +or European botany; but becoming quite +distinct in the tropics, still more so in Austral +America. Since 1492 the European +colonists have brought many plants, that +are become spontaneous from Canada to +Chili: these must be carefully separated +from the ancient indigenous plants. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The American Floras are nearly as many +as the 15 natural regions already indicated, +each having a focal seat or cradle in some +range of mountains. They become richer +or more abundant in species within the +tropics, decreasing to the North and South. +Trees and palm abound there, and disappear +near the poles, the palms are unknown +beyond the 36 degrees North and South. +The equator has 500 species of trees; in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +latitude 40 N. and S. only 100 kinds are +found, or even less. Social plants and +grasses abound in plains, and in the North +dwindle to mosses and lichens. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Trees were early tools of civilization, +affording timber, fuel, dies, houses, boats, +weapons, &c. Fruit trees afforded food in +abundance: even the tribes of North America +near latitude 40 d. had 40 kinds of native +wild fruits, and had begun to plant +orchards of plumtrees, peachtrees, crab-trees, +nut-trees. They knew how to make +oils of nuts, to dry the fruits, make sugars +out of maples and other trees. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fish has always afforded an ample supply +of food to early nations, whence the +preference to dwell near streams, Lakes +and shores. Notwithstanding the swimming +rambles of fishes, it is only the pelagic or +oceanic tribes of them that are common to +both hemispheres. Most of the resident +shore fishes of America are peculiar species. +Still more so with lacustral and fluviatile +fishes. These are divided into peculiar +regions. Our northern lakes form one; and +almost every large stream has a peculiar +generation of finny tribes: such are the +Mississippi, Maranon, Parana, the Atlantic +streams and rivers, those of Brazil, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Minerals abound in both Americas. It +was gold and silver that drew hither the +greedy Spanish freebooters. The civilized +nations knew mining, smelting, casting and +forging. They used gold, silver, copper, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +brass, lead, &c.; collected and prized gems, +emeralds, agats, volcanic glass, &c. Even +the less civilized tribes of North America +used copper and lead, clays for pipes, pottery, +&c. Iron was scarce because so hard +to melt, and highly prized; but iron-rings +have been found as jewels around the wrists +of skeletons. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Metallic coins were little known except +in Central America; but bits of silver, gold, +tin, iron, were used as such. The other +mediums of exchange were skins, mats, +nuts, cacao, shells, beads, mosaic works, +&c. Commerce was well known to many +nations; traders went 500 miles to exchange +commodities in Florida, Mexico, Yucatan, +Peru, &c. Navigators went by sea for the +same purpose all over the Antilles, coast +of Peru, and in the great streams. It is +thus that were found many strange and +foreign objects, jewels, medals, metals, &c., +all over America, and in early tombs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ethnography.</span></span> This new science +which undertakes to describe nations, +reckons already many peculiar branches. +Anthropography or the knowledge of physical +mankind. Philology or the comparative +study of human speech and languages. +Besides the nameless branch attending to +the moral ideas, arts, institutions, manners, +civilization, governments and religions of +mankind; which might be called moral +ethnography. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All these studies become the philosophy +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of history, and shall duly command my +attention. Some writers neglect them +altogether; others, like Robertson, do not +know how to collect and accumulate facts +instead of systems: Rollin has shown in +his Ancient History, how useful moral +ethnography may be as an auxiliary: although +he omitted philology and physical +facts. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I have studied the men of all the parts +of the world, in order to know and compare +them, better than had been done. +All the errors on the histories of nations, +proceed commonly from the slender or +partial views acquired or admitted by the +writers. There is much to glean on the +ethnography of modern nations, and therefrom +we may ascend to ancient ethnography. +It would be needful to study well the +physical and moral features of all; the +shapes of bodies, skulls, faces and limbs; +the complexions of the skin, hairs and eyes; +with the casual or permanent varieties. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But, above all, we must better study all +the spoken languages and dialects. It is +strange that we hardly know anything, and +sometimes nothing at all, on the languages +of many existing tribes, with whom we have +intercourse in both Americas. It would +be desirable to procure at least a vocabulary +of 100 essential words, in each. Such +words, including the cardinal numbers, will +soon become the key of ethnographical +philology. While the additional study of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +phonology or sounds of languages, their +idioms and grammars, their roots, and +verbs, the alphabets, glyphs and symbols +used to communicate ideas, will combine +to furnish the complete knowledge of philology +as a separate science. Although +I have not always carried so far my researches; +I did so for a few, applying +chiefly myself to the essential features of +languages; and the unexpected results will +be surprising. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +American anthropography will teach +that there were men of all sizes, features +and complexions, in this hemisphere before +1492: notwithstanding the false assertions +of many writers, who take one nation +for the whole American group. The +Uskihs, the Puruays, the Parias, the Chons, +&c. were as white as the Spaniards, 50 +such tribes were found in South America; +while many tribes of Choco, the Manabis, +the Yaruras, &c., were as black as negroes. +All the other shades of brown, tawny and +coppery, were scattered every where. +There was not a single red man in America, +unless painted such. Some tribes +had scanty beards as the Tartars, Chinese, +Berbers, &c., others bushy beards. +The Tinguis or Patagons were 7 or 8 feet +high, and the Guaymas only 4 or 5 feet. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traditions and Annals.</span></span> Many +American nations preserve a memory of +historical events by unwritten traditions, +repeated from fathers to sons; or communicated +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +orally by the priests, chiefs or +elderly men. Many are preserved yet to +this day, by frequent repetitions, being +embodied in songs, hymns, maxims, tales, +drawings, or even symbolic figures and +signs. Many of those traditions are precious +for history, notwithstanding the fables, +allegories, metaphors, personifications, +&c., which partly conceal them or render +the meaning obscure. We must learn to +decipher them as we do old inscriptions +and medals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Although many such are now nearly lost +for us, by the extinction of the living books, +who kept the remembrance: there are +many already collected, and of which we +ought to make a good use. But there are +as many more, which have never been +collected nor printed. I have collected +many such in North America in manuscript. +It often happens that the American +tribes will not communicate them to their +foes or oppressors; but their friends and +allies may hope to receive the deposit of +them. Every enlightened traveller ought +to seek for them wherever he goes. Yet +after being acquired, they are sometimes +lost again, by neglect. I have known some +learned and unlearned men despise them +equally as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian Stories</span></span>, because they +despise the ancient American race. There +are, however, as yet many historical songs, +poems and tales to collect among all the +American tribes, which falling in good +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +hands cannot fail to attract notice and be +employed usefully. Every one who neglects +or destroys them acts as a vandal. +Malcolm has said at the outset of his history +of Persia, that we ought never to +neglect the original notions of a people on +its origin, or early history, since therein is +found the germ and spring of their subsequent +conduct, actions and opinions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +My illustrations shall contain many unpublished +or forgotten traditions, whereof +I shall avail myself in all my historical +annals and researches. I consider those +of the Uskihs, Dinnis, Ongwis, Linapis, +Shawanis, Cados, Natchez, Ozages, Atakapas, +Apalachians, &c., as highly important +for the annals of North America. The +same may be said of the Mexicans, Zapotecas, +Mayas, Toltecas, Chols, &c., for +Central America. Of the Haytians, Cubans +and Caribs for the Antilles. And in +South America those of the Muyzcas, +Cumanans, Tamanacs, Popayans, Peruvians, +Chilians, Brazilians, Abipons, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chronology and Astronomy.</span></span> These +two sciences always go together, and form +a double key of history. The American +chronology is by no means fixed before +1492, and requires a skillful hand to preserve +and compare all the heterogenous +dates heretofore collected. I shall attempt +to elucidate it gradually; but may often be +compelled, as in geology, to relate only +successive events without dates, and merely +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +referred to a series of gradual facts. In +Austral America, we are told that none +had notions of astronomy and dates, except +the Chilians; yet their chronology begins only +in 1450. I doubt this: I rather believe +that their oral traditions have been +neglected, as well as those of their neighbours. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In Peru, there are many positive dates, +yet I was the first to reduce them to chronological +order. In Brazil and Guyana, +but few dates are found. The Muyzcas +had very early dates, yet few have been +preserved; much obscured by personifications +of dynasties, and Pietrahita begins +their real annals only in 1490, or 45 years +before the Spanish invasion. In the Antilles +the dates are quite loose, and difficult to +reduce even to a serial order. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But in Central and Mexican America, +we find many early dates with a regular +chronology. Yet some are extravagant or +contradictory. I shall endeavour to elucidate +them, so as to reduce the whole to +order. They must form the base of a +regular American chronology, that ascends +by dates to the flood and creation. In +Yucatan the first regular date only reach +to 940 after Christ. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In North America, where the smallest +number of dates existed; we have unexpectedly +and quite lately, found that many +ancient dates could be procured. Cusick +has published those of the Ongwi traditions, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and I have ascertained those of the Linapis. +Both of which reach to the flood and +creation, and afford series of available +dates as early as 1600 years before our +era; thus nearly as ample as those of the +TOL-tecas, and as plain in some instances. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Astronomy was cultivated by all the civilized +nations of ancient America. They +had cycles of 144, 104, 60, 52, 20, 15 and +13 solar years. Humboldt has well written +on that subject; but much remains to +be gleaned. The northern tribes reckon +by generations as the Greeks, the Polynesians, +&c., and by winters instead of years, +moons instead of solar months. They had +also a cycle of 60 years. In Central America, +&c. the months were of 20 days, +including 4 weeks of 5 days. But the Peruvians +had months of 27 days, or 3 weeks +of 9 days as the Etruscans. The Muyzcas +small weeks of 3 days, &c. No where in +ancient America, was found the sabatical +week of days, based on the 7 planets and +the 4 quarters of a lunation. This is remarkable, +as evincing a remote antiquity, +and separation before this week was adopted +in Egypt, India, Syria, Celtica, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Until 120 years before Christ the TOL-tecas +reckoned only 365 days in the solar +year, as the primitive nations of Asia: then +they added the hours to the year. This +forms their astronomical era. The Muyzcas +had a very complicated astronomy, and +three kinds of years. The usual was of 20 +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +moons, and the ecclesiastical of 37 moons. +The horal division unknown in many parts of +America, was of 4 hours in the day for the +Muyzcas and Mexicans, elsewhere of 5, 10 +and 20. The 24 hours and the Zodiac of +12 signs with 360 degrees were not known. +The Mexican Zodiac had 13 signs and +104 degrees. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Arithmetic is intimately connected with +astronomy. A complete decimal numeration +was known to all the civilized American +nations, and even to the northern tribes. +The most rude tribes reckoned by 5 or the +manual mode; there are traces also of a +binary numeration, the most simple of all: +while others had complex calculations by +13 and by 20 or scores. We find no trace +of any by 7, and but slight indications of a +ternary numeration by 3 and 9. All these +American modes of reckoning may thus be +reduced to the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">binary</span></em>, by two or pairs; +and the quinary or manual by the five fingers, +of which the decimal is the double, +and by 20 the quadruple. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Languages.</span></span> They are becoming one +of the most important aids in history. When +the annals are ample and clear, the examination +of the languages is merely a supplement +to historical knowledge; but when +they are obscure, mutilated or totally lost; +languages then supply more or less to their +defects or loss. Their comparative study +furnish us new lights to ascertain the origines, +parentage, dispersions, colonies, alliances, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +wars, &c., of the nations thus deprived +of written annals or even traditions. +They serve also to rectify the imperfect +annals or the fabulous traditions. This +study may lead besides to trace the manners, +religions, intercourse, arts and sciences +of nearly all nations; since the proper +languages of each people offers a picture +of the civilization, acquired or borrowed +knowledge, modes of life, &c. of each. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is above all in both Americas that this +study is indispensable in historical researches: +I will therefore apply to languages +in all cases, and make constant use of them; +and they will unfold new facts quite unknown, +although very important, Historical +lights shall thereby be thrown on many +obscure subjects, whence astonishing and +unexpected results may spring, in which I +shall depend as much as upon mutilated and +neglectful traditions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +By taking into view all the American +languages or as many as are already known, +we shall easily dispel the errors and absurd +systems of philosophers and philologists, +who taking only a few as samples of the +whole, have either deemed <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all the Americans</span></em>, +as many Jews, or Tartars, or Atlantes, +or sprung from the ground, and so on. +Now the fact is that these writers have never +taken the trouble to compare the numerous +American languages and dialects, reduce +them to groups, and seek their affinities +elsewhere. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Adelung and Vater had once stated without +proof, that nearly 1200 languages existed +in America. Balbi has reduced them +to 423, of which 212 in South America; +but they can be much further reduced, most +of them being mere dialects. The whole +may be comprised in 25 groups of languages, +or even less; which were certainly +identic in 25 languages 2 or 3000 years ago: +and all of which have astonishing affinities +with the groups of the eastern hemisphere, +so as to indicate a parentage 4 or 5000 +years ago. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Vater and Maltebrun have given a few +hundred examples of such analogies: and +the systematic writers have supposed that +they had exhausted the comparisons. Yet +a single language, the Chilian, has by itself +more affinities with the languages of Europe, +than all those mentioned by Vater and +others, put together! The foreign or transatlantic +affinities of American languages, +vary from 10 to 70 per cent, according to +the nations. If we suppose that there are +400 languages in America, and as many in +the eastern hemisphere, and each to have +about 2000 roots or essential words only; +while the mean affinities are only 25 per +cent: we shall find as many as 200,000 +affinities! out of America, in every American +language; and in all the 400, as many +as 80 millions! instead of the paltry reckoning +of 1000 or so. All this is susceptible +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of mathematical proofs, and shall be +unfolded gradually in these pages. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The theory about the common exclusive +grammatical structure of all the American +languages, is equally erroneous and based +upon partial facts. Instead of all the +American languages being polysynthetic by +amalgamating words, we find in America +many mixt forms, and even the pure monosylabic: +while the amalgamation of words +prevails more or less in Europe and Africa; +chiefly in the Bask, Italian dialects, Greek, +Berber and other Atlantic dialects, the +Negro languages, those of Caffraria, the +Sanscrit and all the derived languages. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It had been asserted that no American +language was monosylabic: yet Balbi states +that the Guarani and Maya are such; Nasera +has lately proved the same of the +Othomi. Thus we have at least 3 such +American groups of languages. But there +are more; nay many American languages +have monosylabic roots, even among the +most amalgamated groups. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The most obvious grammatical classification +of American languages, has escaped +the acuteness of philologists. I find it in the +epithetic structure, or relative position of +ideas. Under this view all the languages +arrange themselves in three great classes +or groups. 1. Regular, 2. Resupinate, +3. Mixt. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Regular</span></span> is the most simple and +natural form: where the roots or nouns are +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +prefixed, and the adjuncts or adjectives, +expressing epithetes or qualities follow or +are added. This group includes in the +Eastern Continent 1. All the Semetic languages, +Arabic, Hebrew, &c. 2. All the +Atlantic and Egyptian languages. 3. All +the Celtic and Cantabrian languages. 4. +All the Polynesian and Malay languages. +5. The Bhotiya and many languages of +Thibet. 6. Most of the Negro languages. +7. Yakut of Siberia, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In America this group includes my groups +1. Innuit or Uski. 2. Ongwi. 3. Capaha. +4. Chactah. 5. All the languages related +thereto in North-west America, the Kaluchi, +Mandan, &c. 6. All the Guarani +languages of South America, and perhaps +many others, Mayna, Mobima, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Resupinate or Reflexed Group</span></span>: +where the roots or nouns substantive are +reversed, following the adjective or epithetes, +which are prefixed. This second +mode of uniting ideas prevails 1. In all the +languages of China and Tartary. 2. In +all the Teutonic languages German, Swede, +English. 3. In most of the Thracian, Illyrian, +Greek and Slavonic languages. 4. +In all the Turkish languages of Turan, +Bokhara, Turkey. 5. The Newari of Imalaya. +6. The Qua or Hottentot of South +Africa. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In America, it is the most prevailing form, +found in my groups 1. Linni or Linapis. +2. Otali or Cheroki. 3. In all the Mexican +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and Othomi languages. 4. Chontal. +5. Skereh or Pani and Shoshoni, of North +America,—and in South America. 6. Chili. +7. Yarura. 8. Mbaya and probably many +more: although hardly indicated by the +philologists. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mixt Form</span></span>, which employs or adopts +more or less the two former modes; although +there is always a prevailing form, that indicates +the original mode of uniting ideas. +This mixt form appears 1. In the Sanscrit +and all derived languages. 2. In the Zend +and Persian languages of Iran. 3. In the +Pelagic and Italic languages, the Latin, +Italian, French, Spanish, Greek. 4. The +Japanese, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While in America it is found 1. In the +Aruac languages. 2. The Muyzca. 3. The +Peruvian languages, &c. of South America, +and in North America. 4. The Atalan. +5. Mizteca. 6. Opata, and probably some +others. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This comparative classification of languages, +will greatly help future investigations. +It will show the improbability of the +two opposite modes of annexing ideas having +been entertained, by the same people at +any time; while the mixt form evinces amalgamations +of ancient nations. We have +thus acquired another clue to trace primitive +connections, another available mean +to pursue the human steps on earth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +9. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religions and Mythologies.</span></span> The +human opinions on the past and future form +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +every where ample themes of thoughts and +actions. From revelations, inspirations, +oracles, wisdom and priestcraft comingled, +have arisen all the worships, and rites, dogmas +and creeds, swaying the human mind, +through hope or fear, love or hatred. The +history of religious ideas, is in fact the history +of civilization, since they have sprung +together in social men. Nearly all the religions +of Asia (which from hence have +spread throughout the earth along with +mankind) were found in America: except +the modern creeds. But the traces of Judaism +and Budhism were very faint and +local. Mahometism was unknown, Braminism +hardly known. Christianity or some +of its rites are traced to Yucatan only, and +may arise from other sources. The most +prevailing worships were the primitive Sabeism, +Solar worship, Polytheism, Dualism +or Manicheism, Shamanism or worship of +Spirits, Idolatry, and Fetichism or animal +worship. We find throughout America +many modifications of these creeds: with +several complex mythologies, more or less +analogous to eastern dogmas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The investigation of these American religions +affords not only an insight into the +ancient civilization, but many proofs of ancient +communications with Asia or Africa. +Throughout North America the Dualism, +mythologies and fabulous traditions point to +a connexion with Tartary. In Florida, +Mexico and Yucatan, begin to appear the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Solar worship, and a cruel idolatry foreign +to it. This Solar worship appears in a +purer form in North America, as far as Peru. +While in the Antilles, Guyana, Brazil and +Chili, prevailed several worships of heavenly +and terrestial spirits; somewhat akin to +the primitive idolatry of Africa, Europe, +Iran, India, China and Polynesia. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +American religions admitted, like many +others, of Priests, oracles, temples, shrines, +pilgrimages, holy places, sacrifices, expiations, +confessions, offerings, hymns, veneration +for animals, men and stars. Idols +painted or sculptured in wood, pottery, +stone, metals, &c.; bloody rites by human +sacrifices, scarifications, circumscision, &c. +But none of these practices were general, +some were quite local and circumscribed. +Thus circumscision was only used by the +Mayas of Yucatan, the Calchaquis of Tucuman, +&c. Traces of a triple god or +Indian Trimurti have been met from Ohio +to Peru; but it was no where the prevailing +religion. As the same idea was found +among the Celts and Polynesians, it may +have come by the east rather than Polynesia +in the west. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +10. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civilization and Manners.</span></span> This +completes the history of all nations. When +their annals are well known, it becomes a +very proper appendix to them; when they +are not, it is a very needful supplement to +the traditions, &c. But we must not make +any history consist merely in such an account, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +as often done by negligent writers. +The manners and customs of every people, +are so fluctuating, liable to be changed, or +improved by civilization, imitation, arts and +sciences, &c.; that they cannot afford any +test of connections. They are often borrowed, +from neighbors or strangers, disused +after awhile by whims or wars, invented to +suit the climate and productions it may +afford. We have positive proofs that the +Europeans have since 1492 greatly modified +the customs of all the tribes they conquered +or visited. This must have happened formerly +also, by other visits or communications. +Yet, notwithstanding the uncertainty +of the origin and duration of the primitive +American customs, they must be studied, +as one of the sources and objects of history. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We find, in ancient America, nearly all +the forms of social civilization and manners +of the east. But the Nomadic life with +camels, oxen and sheep, was unknown, as +well as those animals. The American +cattle or lamas, &c. of South America, +hogs of Coriana, dogs and rabbits of +Mexico, deers of Florida, buffalos of Taos, +were kept by sedentary civilized tribes. +The Nomadic wandering tribes of America +were chiefly hunters and fishermen: scattered +around the agricultural nations, +spreading from Canada to Chili. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All the kinds of governments were known +in America: Theocracy, despotism, monarchy, +oligarchy, and democracy. But +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the most prevailing were theocracy among +the civilized nations, oligarchy among the +barbarous nations: with two peculiar modifications, +of double kings as among Arabs, +civil and military; and chiefs of families +or tribes, as among all primitive nations. +Queens were known to but few tribes, although +the female line was often hereditary. +Written laws and codes were known to the +Tol-tecas, Mexicans, Mayans, Muyzcas, +Panos, Peruvians, &c. Oral laws were +elsewhere preserved by priests or magistrates. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Polygamy prevailed among some tribes +or castes, but was not universal. The 4 +castes of Indians are distinctly found in +nearly all the civilized nations, often modified +into priests, nobles, vassals and slaves. +The arts of music, medicine, smithery, +painting, sculpture, architecture, agriculture, +pottery, &c., were well known to +nearly all. The sciences of geometry, +geography, botany, astronomy, &c., were +cultivated from Mexico to Peru, even +taught in schools and colleges; with the +arts, the laws, the rites, and history of the +country. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Marsden has well distinguished several +degrees of civilization in Asia. If no American +nation had reached the Greeks and +Romans, or our modern polished and improved +civilization; it is not extraordinary. +But the Peruvians, Muyzcas, Tol-tecas, +Mexicans, Talascas, &c., were nearly +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +equal to the Chinese, Egyptians and Hindus +in civilization; not far removed from +the European civilization of the 15th century: +nay, in some things superior. The +second degree of American civilization +found in Chili, Florida, Cumana, the Antilles, +Popayan, the Linapis, Omaguas &c. +was equal to that of the Arabs, Malays, +Celts, Cantabrians, Pelagians, &c. While +the third degree found in all the barbarous +nations, Innuit or Esquimaux, Shoshonis, +Caribs, Brazilians, &c. was not worse +than what we find among the Fins, Laplanders, +Tartars, Sames, Negroes and +Hottentots. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Individual property in land was almost +unknown in America; but feodal and tribal +property well understood. Common property +of tribes and villages over their territories, +was the most usual tenure, modified +by wars, conquests, tributes. Individual +property existed only for tenements and +personal property. Warfares, marriages +and funerals were very different in every +nation. The weapons of war were clubs, +arrows, darts, lances, axes, Macana swords, +Sarbacanes or blowing tubes, slings, nooses, +thronged balls, &c. as elsewhere. There +was a peculiar diplomacy, with heralds, +envoys, messengers. Shields, towers, forts, +walls, ditches, were used for defence, besides +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Estopils</span></span> a peculiar quilted armor. +Flags, banners, and standards were known. +The calumets, leaves or green feathers, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +council fires, and white flags were emblems +of peace. Alliances and confederations +existed from earliest times, also the adoption +of tribes and prisoners. Slavery was +hardly known; but vassalage much extended +over conquered tribes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dresses and ornaments were quite various. +Seal skins used by the Innuit. +Deer skins and furs by the tribes of North +America. In tropical America many +tribes went nearly naked, with a mere +apron or pagne of cotton or grass cloth. +But the civilized nations were decently +clothed with cotton shirts and feather mantles. +The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Poncho</span></span> is a true American +dress known from Mexico to Chili, hardly +known out of America except Polynesia.<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Women wore long pagnes or gowns. +They made cloths of lama wool in Peru; +of cotton, hemp, nettles, grass, feathers &c. +there and elsewhere; either twisted, plaited +or woven. The Peruvians and Chilians +had a peculiar loom and plough. Cotton +looms were used in Florida, Mexico, and +all over South America, even by the Caribs +to make hamacs or hanging beds. +Among some nations women had the most +labor to perform; yet even the men assumed +hunting, making canoes, huts, weapons, +&c. More civilized tribes worked +together in the fields: The proud and warlike +employed vassals or slaves. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Painting the body or face, was usual +among many nations, but not general. It +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was useful against heat and flies, or was +used to inspire love or terror. Ornaments +to the head, ears, nose, lips, wrists, legs, +&c., were more or less adopted by men +and women. The hair was usually worn +long; but many tribes cut it in various +ways, as a crown or tuft. The beard even +when scanty was deemed unbecoming by +many tribes, and totally eradicated; but +some tribes wore beards. The head was +often left uncovered; but hats were worn +in the N. W. and Central America, turbans +in Paria and Florida, feather crowns +in the tropics, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lautas</span></span> or diadem-bands in +Peru and the Andes. Shoes and gloves +were unknown; but sandals, leggings, leather +clods, and mocassins or slippers of +various substances, commonly used; with +singular snow shoes of bark in winter by +northern tribes. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> +<a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter III.</span></h1> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">American Cataclysms</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">or Considerations +on the Periods of American Geogony, +Ontogony, Floods, and ancient +population &c. of both Americas.</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +History does not merely consist in accumulating +facts: these constitute the annals +of empires; but the real philosophical history +has a nobler aim. It seeks results, +teaches lessons of wisdom, brands with infamy +the foes of mankind, and inspires +veneration for the benefactors of the human +race. It presents examples worthy to be +followed, and records the crimes to be +avoided. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The several departments of history that +are distinguished as biography, civil and +ecclesiastical annals, moral and physical +surveys of mankind, comparative philology, +archeology, chronology, mythology, &c. +All combine to instruct and amuse, to record +the past and present, and to lead to better +future actions, an improved social order. +The nations often forget the wise lessons of +time and experience; but they are continually +recalled to memory and view by the +historians, who seek the truth, and setting +aside the sway of human passions or national +prejudices, present the faithful mirror +of history to the eyes of posterity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such is my aim. American history has +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +been so much despised or perverted, that +few lessons, have been drawn from it: yet +it affords ample scope for reflection, study +and admiration. Nearly one half of the +habitable globe, during all the past ages, +cannot fail to offer a variety of subjects, to +draw the attention of philosophy, wisdom +and philanthropy: that mutual benevolence +of mankind, which ought ever to be +felt; but is so often discarded or forgotten +through the contrary tendencies of pride, +lust, cupidity, and all the baneful passions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The connections of historical facts with +all the sciences, afford another useful theme; +that may vastly increase our comparative +knowledge: much of it has arisen, besides +observation, from accurate comparison, +analysis and generalization, which combine +to give results, enlarging the field and +sphere of human knowledge, in all its +branches. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If we go back, by the help of geology, to +the most remote periods of existence and +life in this hemisphere, we find it like the +remainder of the globe, immersed under +the Ocean. There, in the depths of the +briny waves, the actual rocks now supporting +the dry soil, were formed and matured: +superposed and intermingled by aquatic and +volcanic phenomena and cataclysms, if not +by superadded aerial depositions. Then +were formed the primitive strata of America, +ere life had begun to vivify the waters; +then were cast the Porphyries, Granites, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Shales, Basalts, and other primitive or volcanic +rocks, that are now chiefly found in +Boreal and Western America, the Andes, +Mts. Parima, and Brazil, the Austral and +Boreal Islands, Hayti and the Antilles. +This was the first period of terrestial Creation. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After this period of unknown length, began +the epocha of aquatic life; when the +breath of GOD, moving on the waters, gave +life and motion to organized aquatic beings; +1. Plants and Fucites, 2. Spongites and Alcyonites, +3. Polyps and corals, 4. Worms +and radials, 5. Sluggs and shells, 6. Mollusca +and Cephalopodes, 7. Trilobites and +Crustacites.... All incipient vegetating +beings, or inferior unbony animals, gradually +evolved and born in the waters of the +Sea.... Followed by the more perfect +vertebrated aquatic animals, 8. Fishes and +Sharks, 9. Snakes and reptiles; lastly, 10. +Seals and whales. Some of which require +shallow water, to dwell and breed.... This +was the second period of American Creation: +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aquatic life</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The third epocha is that of the destruction +of aquatic life, by cataclysms and depositions, +submarine volcanic cavernous +eruptions or other causes, throwing suddenly +in a soft, sandy or muddy state, the substances +that have formed the secondary +mountains or strata of psamites, argillites, +calcarites, carbonites, &c., that overwhelmed +the aquatic tribes in their way; +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +which becoming therein entombed as living +medals of this globe, declare to us these +mighty successive cataclysms or floods of +sand, clay, lime and coal; now met in vast +regions, the Alleghanies and Central North +America, Florida and the Bahama Islands; +the hills and plains of Brazil, Chili, East +Peru, and Central Maragnon.... This +was the second period of terrestrial formation +in America, the third of successive +eventful periods. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The fourth must have been the rise of +the land above the waters, if not already +partly begun. The epocha of terrestrial +upheaving and distortion of strata, by an +awful inward force; either volcanic, or calorific, +or of growing crystalization; forming +mountains and islands, raising them +above the Ocean; to become the nucleus +of future Continents. The American hemisphere +had then probably two great islands, +in the North and South, with many smaller +islands between them, in the tropical sea: +the Alleghany and Atlantis forming two +others in the east, and many others studding +the two polar regions. The insulated +mountain tract between Lake Nicaragua +and the long valley of Choco, must then +have formed another Island of the Antilles. +Guyana or Parima was also another large +island: while Brazil was a vast peninsula +attached to the Andes. I have endeavored +to express this first configuration of +America in my two maps of North and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +South America; when the Ocean was yet +about 500 feet higher than it is actually. +Whether this cataclysm was contemporaneous +throughout, or by successive throes +must be ascertained by Geogony.... This +was the fourth period of terrestrial events +in this hemisphere; but the first of terrestrial +separate existence. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the dry land had appeared, the +creative power of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span> exerted upon the +virgin mould of the mountains, drew forth +into life, Plants and Flowers, Trees and +Palms; with the successive terrestrial animals, +1. Worms and Slugs, 2. Insects and +Spiders, 3. Snakes and Reptiles, 4. Birds +and Fowls, 5. Beasts and Bats. Streams +began to flow, valleys were excavated in +the soft or yielding strata by heavy tides +and powerful streams: then the fishes of +the sea ascended the rivers, and filled the +streams and lakes. A few shell and other +aquatic animals sent also colonies into fresh +waters.... This was the fifth period of +terrestrial events; that of terrestrial life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Meantime the land was continuing to +rise, or the ocean to sink; the dry soil was +extending: land volcanoes began to appear +in the Andes and elsewhere, overwhelming +some living tribes. The carbonic volcanoes +had new paroxysms, slaty mud involved +terrestrial plants and trees in successive +eruptions: the clay mud or colored sand +was forming tertiary strata on the shores, +involving sea animals, shells, reptiles and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +fishes.... This was the sixth period of terrestrial +events, that of land volcanoes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After all these; mankind was created +by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span>, and appeared as lord of the earth, +and the complement of living creation.... +This may be deemed another Period, if we +like; although it was but the complement of +the terrestrial living productions, begun in +the 5th, and probably proceeding in the 6th. +Where the first man or men appeared and +dwelt, is unknown or very dubious. Asia +is commonly deemed the first dwelling of +mankind, and Central Asia or Thibet the +cradle of our race: although China, India, +Arabia, Syria, Ceylon, &c., claim the same +honor. But few authors have placed this +cradle in America, and even then not for +the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adamites</span></span>. Yet America had some +inhabitants before the flood, if we are to +believe the concurrent traditions of many +American nations; who keep the memory +of it, and point to their refuges.<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> + +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of these American Anti-diluvians we +know little or nothing: their traces are few +and uncertain. It would be otherwise if +we could identify them with the anti-diluvian +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Atlantes</span></span>, or find their diluvial remains. +The skeletons found in Guadaloupe, +and on R. Santas of Brazil, by Captain +Elliott (described by Meigs in the transactions +of American philosophical society +1827) in tuffa with shells, may have been +buried there; like the mummies of many +American caves. Some of the American +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +mounds have appeared anti-diluvian; but +the fact is not well proved. The subterranean +antiquities are also of an equivocal +character. The town of log houses lately +found in Georgia, buried under golden clysmian +soil, cannot be so remote; the soil +instead of diluvial, may be a deep alluvial. +All the facts on these remote times, shall +be hereafter collected, presented and examined +carefully. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thus, has been presented by geological +results, a rapid sketch of the American +periods, to the birth of mankind. These +6 periods or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">yums</span></span>, are well ascertained as +to succession; but their duration is unknown: +and each of them includes several +subordinate periods; which it is not needful +to investigate in these outlines. The works +on geology may be consulted if required. +These 6 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">yums</span></span> or great periods do not +answer exactly to the 6 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">yums</span></span> or manifestations +of the mosaic cosmogony, since +geogony begins only with the 3d, ending +with the 5th. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such oriental accounts are always deserving +our attention, and susceptible of +the deepest philosophical commentary, as +they mainly agree with all the detected +facts. But there are at least 3 accounts +of the creation or cosmogony in the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sepher</span></span> +or Hebrew Bible. 1. That of Job. 2. Of +Moses in chapter 2d of Genesis from verse +4 to 25; in both, no <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">yums</span></span>, days nor periods +are mentioned. 3. The usual mosaic account +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of chapter 1st. ending only at ch. 2, +v. 3. Even in this usual account more +than 7 periods can be found, including +heaven, earth and men. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These are the real Mosaic periods, with +his own names, very different from the subsequent +Jewish names, in various dialects. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Period of time or Yum.</span></span> BRA-SHITH +Real beginning or Real Supreme +Being producing <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aleim</span></span> the Angels, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shmim</span></span> +Heavens, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Artz</span></span> Earth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> THEU-UBEU Chaos, and +THEUM Abyss, with RUH Spirit of God. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> AUR Essence of celestial light +or Ether. First divine manifestation of +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mshe</span></span> or Moses. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> RKIO Expanse or sky, diversion +of aerial and celestial fluids. 2d. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> Sea and dry land, upheaving +of land over the waters, or subsiding of the +ocean. Vegetation. 3d. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> Sun and Moon appearance by +a change in the misty atmosphere? with +XUXBIM stars? 4th. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> Fishes and Fowls, &c. 5th. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> Beasts and cattle, with ADM +mankind or human emanation, our Adam, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zxr</span></span> male, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nkbe</span></span> female. 6th. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +9. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shbioi</span></span> seventh manifestation, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aleim</span></span> became IEUE Jehovah, the living-self-with-self, +the supreme or powerful self. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +10. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> AD emanation, our mist. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +11. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> ADM into GN or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gan.</span></span> our +Eden. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +12. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> OTZ Growth, of lives with +good and evil. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +13. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> NER 4 flowing emanations +or streams. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +14. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> ASHE Intellectual man-mate, +called afterwards EUA living existence, +our Eve.—Self-with-life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All these periods should require long +comments, and discussions, rather physical +than historical. It is by no means certain +that the sun and moon are implied in the 6th +yum. The text says a couple of MARTH +Centralities EMAUR-GDL and EMAUR-KTN +Self-great-ether greatest and lesser. +Some have seen here the solar and lunar +dynasties of Asia. The XUX-BIM might +be the XRUBIM of later times. The real +sun and moon may belong to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">yum</span></span> of +AUR. The stars, according to Job, were +in existence before the foundation of the +earth, and our astronomy teaches this +implicitly. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In this cosmogony, the heavenly creation +takes 4 periods. The grass grows by light +before the sun had appeared through the +misty atmosphere, and the fishes come after +the land and herbs, at the same period with +fowls. Our actual geology does not confirm +this last fact; but a proper explanation +of the biblic words would confirm the +truth.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many still consider AISH intellectual +man as the human race, previous to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adam</span></span>, +father of the Adamites; but the concurrent +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +proofs are very slender: nor is their posterity +known; unless <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nahash</span></span> or the snakes, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span> or the sons of God, +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rephains</span></span> +or giants, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nephilim</span></span> or apostates, +be considered as such. Indications of races +of men different from the Adamites may be +collected both in the Bible, and in all the +ancient annals of China, India, Iran, &c.; +but no positive connected account has ever +been made out as yet. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nahash</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hareth</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Satan</span></span> of the +Bible, is identic with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nagas</span></span> (snakes) +of the Hindus, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zabul</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dives</span></span>, (devils) +of Iran, evidently men, and foes of the +Adamites: they are also the U-long or +antidiluvian dragons of China. In America +the satanic notions will be seen in the +respective account of religions. They +often assume in this hemisphere the appearance +of volcanic ideas, or of a vampire +malignant being. But the nations of the +Linapi group connect the ideas of devils, +snakes and foes, all called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ako</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">N'akho</span></span> +very similar with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nahash</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nagas</span></span>. +They assert that they were created by the +Evil Spirit, were always foes of real men; +that they caused the flood, and went afterwards +to America before the Strait of Behring +was formed.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> Linapi Traditions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The ALEIM, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Egregori</span></span> or +angels of the Hebrew were instead sons of +God, and Moses ascribes to them the creation +of the earth; while Job ascribes it to +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eloah</span></span>, the real God. Herder has said +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +that we shall never understand well the +mosaic history, until we ascertain who +were these <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cherubim</span></span><a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> +dwelling on earth. My dissertation on +anti-diluvian history may perhaps help to +clear the matter; meantime it may be +stated that they appear to be the HO-LO +of anti-diluvian Chinese history, or LO-LO +of their post-diluvian annals. Perhaps also +the celestial emperors beginning the history +of China: the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Alorus</span></span> first dynasty of Assyria +before the flood: the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ang</span></span>-ELOS and +P'EL of the Pelagians. Also the H'ELLO +(old men) of the Egyptians, the PELEI +(old men or ancestors) of the ancient Illyrians, +the LAHI or ancient Thibetans. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They may be the ELEI or ancient Persians, +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Peris</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pelis</span></span> of Iran, ancient +beneficent beings. The Arabs and all the +Semetic nation have preserved that name +for God, in EL, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Allah</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baal</span></span>, or made of +it their universal article <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">El</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Al</span></span>, meaning +HE or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the Being</span></span>: whence also the Pelagic +and Italic articles IL, L, LI, &c., the +Spanish EL. By the frequent usual change +of L into R, we have ER root found in +many languages for men: forming the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Heros</span></span> of Greece, sons of God; the HER +or lords of the Germanic tribes, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Seres</span></span> +of Thibet or ancient Chinese, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ergaz</span></span> men +of the African Atlantes. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Erk</span></span> man in Turkish +or Turan Atlantes, akin to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Egregori</span></span>! +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In America these similar indications are +widely spread, and among the most ancient +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +nations. EL means man in Tolteca +and Mexican, OL is old and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yollo</span></span> a spirit +or angel. EL is son and tribe in Hayti, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohi</span></span> is +land and spirit in Tzuluki. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yol</span></span> +means <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">man</span></span> in the Atakapa language of +the Cado or Nachez group. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pele</span></span> means +the same in Lulé of South America; but +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Peli</span></span> is soul in Chilian, which approximate +to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Peleg</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lelex</span></span>, ancient Pelagian +tribes. The connections with TEL, TAL, +TOL, pervade the whole of ancient America, +and lead to assimilate with the TOL-tecas +and TALAS, American Atlantes, +the Tulans or Asiatic Atlantes, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Auto-Toles</span></span> +or African Atlantes. These lead to +the giants of both hemispheres or ancient +men of renown. But the subject must be +postponed, and will be found resumed in +the history of Austral and Central America, +where these atlantes and giants are +found. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Returning from this digression; we may +resume the geological periods of America +previous to mankind, in the six successive +epochas, already mentioned. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. Period. Primitive, aquatic and before +life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. Period of aquatic organic life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. Period of aquatic cataclysms. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. Period of the dry land or islands. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. Period of terrestrial life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. Period of terrestrial volcanoes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After which begins the human period, +till the flood. The question whether man +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +or men appeared together, or before or +after, in both hemispheres; must be left +undecided. Some writers have even placed +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eden</span></span> the GN of Moses in America and +the Hesperidian Islands of old; but as the +Imalaya mountains, valleys and plains, are +higher than the Andes, older in geological +series, and more suitable for human life, +not being volcanic: it is extremely probable +that they were the cradle of mankind, +rather than America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yet men reached America before the +flood, and were here at this eventful period. +But we are ignorant of the precise way they +came, and how they reached this land +which was then only a group of large islands, +unless North America was united to +Asia by Behring Strait, as very probable. +The clearest traditions point to the east, +Africa and Europe then united at the +Strait of Gibraltar, and the Island Atlantis +as a stepping place. The Mexican traditions +point to Asia, by two different opposite +quarters, the east and the north west. The +Uskis or Innuit nations are late comers by +the north west. The Linapi nations, although +earlier, came the same way, and +over the ice of Behring Strait, after its +disruption. The Hongwis came the same +way, although they boast of being Autochtones, +as did the Greeks, which we know +in both instances to be false. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Nachez nations say they came from +the east. The Olmecas or earliest people +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of Anahuac point that way also; although +both speak of an American flood. The +Haytians and Cubans were also of eastern +origin, like all the Aruac nations; but remembered +the flood and parceling of the +islands. The Carib nations appear postdiluvians +and the last come in South America; +yet the Tamanacs one of the group speak +of an American flood. The Guarani call +themselves eastern men, and came from +Africa after the flood. It is in South +America, the Andes of Chili, Peru, &c., +that a positive memory was found of several +floods and cataclysms, in or near the Andes, +which gave refuge to several tribes. +Yet it is there also that the most obvious +philological affinities are found with North +Africa and the shores of the Mediteranean; +while many invasions of foreign later nations +are recorded, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All these antidiluvian notions, and accounts +of the American flood, will be carefully +collected and given. This will form +the first period of human history in America, +extending to 2262 years at least, according +to the computation of the 70; the most +plausible of all. The Tol-tecas reckon +nearly the same time between their period +of creation and their main flood: or with +trifling differences, less than the various +terms of Josephus and others; but various +other calculations are found in Anahuac. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such a period of 23 centuries was certainly +sufficient to people America, and fill +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +it. The Cainites or Cabils have been deemed +parents of the Atlantes and Africans. +They were skilful, powerful and wicked, +inventing agriculture and arts, building +cities &c.: while the Sethites invented astronomy, +letters and dwelt in tents. If the +American Atlantes were antidiluvian, they +must have sprung from the Atlantes Cainites, +KIN of Moses. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In 1170 years after Adam, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Egregori</span></span> +angels of Mt. Ima, came to Mt. Hermon, +in 20 tribes, under their king Semi-Azar, +and uniting with the Cainites, gave birth to +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rephaim</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nephilim</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eliud</span></span>, tribes +of Giants, tyrants and Canibals: who made +war on the angels and men. They are said +in the Bible to have gone to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheol</span></span> (the +lower world or South America) with their +king Belial: where they were drowned by +the flood. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See Universal History.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Giants dwelt in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talo-tolo</span></span>, the world +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tolo</span></span> of the Hindus, where we find the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tol</span></span>-tecas (Tol-people:) therefore America: +called also <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atala</span></span> and once sunk in the +waves; like the Atlantis of the Greek, +whose Atlantes were also Giants or powerful +men. The Egregori have been deemed +the Titans of the Greeks, and Atlas was a +Titan. Although Gigantic Nations existed +in America, the Talegas, Toltecas, Caribs, +Chilians, &c. being often such: the term +Giant must always be understood to refer +to powerful perverse men. The names of +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rephaim</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nephilim</span></span> appear unknown in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +America, being mere Hebrew epithets for +giants and apostates. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +During this primitive period, geological +and physical changes probably proceeded +in America. The plains gradually appeared, +but full of marshes, lakes and wide +streams, muddy volcanoes, snakes, crocodiles +and obnoxious animals. Which must +have assailed mankind and greatly impeded +their settlements. Although the lives of +men were perhaps longer than now; yet it +is probable that the long lives of the Patriarchs +of this period, allude to as many +Dynasties or gradual nations sprung from +each other. In this I agree entirely with the +learned Hebrew scholar D'Olivet.<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Huge beasts and carnivorous animals, +dwelt then on earth; in America several +species of mastodons, elephants, oxen, megatherium, +megalonyx, hyenas, bears, &c., +which prowled in plains and caves. The +temperature of the earth was higher; little +clothing was needed. Men were at war +with beasts, and among themselves. Violence +predominated in many regions, and +Noah one of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">M'nus</span></span> of the Hindus, +a patriarch of the Adamites, a prophet +according to the Arabs, went over the earth +to preach against this corruption. Not +being attended to, he foresaw that a great +calamity would befall for these iniquities, +and he prepared himself a THBE or refuge +in Central Asia: where he collected his +relations and friends. Some say they were +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +72, our translations of Moses reduces them +to 8; but his 3 sons of Noah, are evidently +as many tribes. The THBE of Noah contained +therefore 4 tribes, including his own, +and many individuals, besides a multitude +of animals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I do not give now the history of this +flood. Before it can be given accurately, +we must collect all the scattered traditions +about it, compare them, and omitting all +fabulous and obviously impossible details, +form a narrative of the whole facts. The +notions and traditions of the Americans are +very various, as they do not always point +to this flood. We find them asserting that +men were saved in mountains, or caves, on +rafts or boats. Few, if any, allude to an +ark, but all to a refuge as THBE. Those +of Mexico and Peru, are contradictory, alluding +to several floods, and particularly +the subsequent of Peleg. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The most explicit traditions on that score +are those of the Linapi nations; although +the tribes vary the tale, the holy song of +the real Linapi tribe, alludes clearly to a +great flood in Asia: when their nations at +least was partly saved in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tula</span></span> (the turtle +land) in Central Asia, by the help of a goddess, +and Noah or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nana-bush</span></span>. The men +were then called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Linowi</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Linapi</span></span>: two +other races of men were saved, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owini</span></span> +(beings) and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tulapewi</span></span>, turtlings or +atlantes. Besides these foes the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskanako</span></span> +(strong snakes), <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nakowa</span></span> (dark +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +snakes), and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amangamek</span></span>, monsters +of the sea; who caused this dire flood. +These notions are strikingly similar to the +Asiatic and Hindu fables about the turtle +saving mankind at the flood. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nana-bush</span></span> +is evidently Noah, his name means <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Noah-Noah-hare</span></span>, +or the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Great Noah</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hare</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Chinese accounts of the first flood, +do not allude to any ark, but mountains +were the refuge of mankind. The Hindu +account is very near the mosaic; but has +no boat, and many persons were saved. +The accounts of the Assyrians, Arabs, +Tartars, Egyptians, Lybians, Greeks, Celts, +Polynesians, &c. are all different. The +mosaic account was borrowed from some +ancient source now forgotten. It is said +that Noah himself wrote an account of the +flood, and preserved ancient records. Divesting +the mosaic account from the supernatural +and the impossible, we obtain the +real tradition of a great aquatic cataclysm. +Either a sinking of some lands or an irruption +of the ocean, attended with volcanic +floods of waters from the Caspian sea (as +Humboldt says,) heavy rains, and a change +of climate: which overflew the earth or +most of it; except some <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Thebas</span></span>, refuges +in mountains, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">swimming</span></span> over the waters, +as it were: there some men and tribes, +many animals, trees and plants were preserved: +to spread afterwards again over +the earth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After this flood, America was left pretty +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +much as it is now, except that the shores +were higher yet, many flat plains inundated +and full of marshes. The Antilles yet united +in larger islands and perhaps with Cumana. +The Strait of Choco nearly filled +up: and diluvial soil, gravel, sand, boulders +and organic remains scattered over the +land, the hills, plains and caves. Many +fierce beasts had disappeared, vegetation +had been destroyed wherever the flood +went; but the buried seeds, and those of +mountain plants gradually grew or spread +again. The terrestrial animals and birds +saved in the mountains, spread themselves +again over the earth. Mankind in despair +at the disaster, kept for a long while on +mountains, and did not occupy again the +desolated hills and plains, until many years +after. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Chinese account of this flood, state +positively that it was attended with a +change in the length of the year, formerly +of only 360 days, a change in the seasons, +an increase of cold, rain and winds: compelling +men to dress in skins and mats. +Also that the wild beasts and snakes driven +to the mountains, became very troublesome, +men being compelled to defend themselves +against their attacks. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Rev. Gleig in his late history of the +Bible, where like Hales and Russel, he +has at last adopted the computation of the +Septuagint and Josephus, reckons 5411 +years from Adam to our era, the oriental +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Christians reckon 5508 years, the Toltecas, +reckoned 5099 years. Gleig puts Noah's +flood 2259 years after Adam. The Chinese +and Hindu chronology are partly +fabulous; but may be reconciled to these +periods; as well as to the second cataclysm +of the earth; that of Peleg according to +the Biblists. The only knowledge the Bible +gives about it, is that the earth was +split, broken or divided, in the time of the +patriarch or dynasty of Peleg; who lived +or lasted from 531 to 870 after Noah's +flood. But David has sung this cataclysm +in the 18th psalm. The Chinese account +brings this second flood to the year 2296 +before Christ, or 858 years after the former. +The Hindu account concealed in many fables +agrees also with this period. But it +appears to have lasted longer, and many +years. It is evidently in date the mistaken +Hebrew flood, blending both into one, and +annihilating the place between them. The +Chinese account distinctly speaks of both, +the first was under <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yunti</span></span>, the second under +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yao</span></span>, and 42 emperors are mentioned between +the two floods. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In America, it is often difficult to distinguish +which is meant by the various imperfect +traditions: yet in Mexico and Peru, +there are at least two cataclysms mentioned +by the annals or traditions. Also among +some northern tribes. The Linapi annals +or songs allude to the second, which broke +by volcanoes the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lusasaki</span></span> (burnt land) +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and separated America or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akomenaki</span></span> +(snake island) from Asia to Behring strait. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thus the real antidiluvian periods lasted +nearly 3000 years from Adam's epocha, +or 3212 by oriental computation. The +interval between Adam and Noah ought +to be called the Adamic period, that between +Noah and Peleg's floods the Noahic +period. It was at this last convulsion that +the earth took its actual form. The Straits +of Gibraltar, Calais, Messina, Hellespont, +Bosphorus, Babelmandel, Behring, Malaca, +Sunda, &c., were then formed. The Atlantis +Island in the Atlantic Ocean and the +Island Lanca in the Indian Ocean were +sunk. The Azores, Madeira, Canaries, +&c. are fragments of the Atlantis: Ceylon, +Madagascar, &c. the fragments of +Lanca.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In America, the Boreal islands may have +been broken, like the British islands of +Europe. Some suppose that they might +once join together with Iceland. The Antilles +were split in the actual form—Behring +Strait divided America from Asia. +The Polynesia lands were broken or sunk. +The lowlands of Chili, Peru, and the Atlantic +shores were inundated and then +partly left dry by huge volcanic tides. +This cataclysm was not a mere aquatic +flood; but a violent volcanic flood, having +at least three great focusses, 1. in the North +Atlantic Ocean, 2. In the Indian Ocean, +3. In Polynesia or the Pacific Ocean. In +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +China all the lowlands were overflowed +and partly overwhelmed. The great Islands +of Java and Sumatra were formed; +which formerly were united with Asia and +several islands in the vicinity, under the +remembered name of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sunda</span></span> land. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If mankind had not reached America +before Noah, it must surely have reached +it before this second cataclysm. The Atlantes +were in the neighbourhood and bold +navigators, as well as the primitive Pelagians, +Lybians, Cantabrians; bearing then +various peculiar names, mostly traced in +America. Twenty American nations have +distinct remembrance of this splitting of +American lands and islands; local or partial +floods, less general and disastrous than +the former. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This cataclysm was not so deadly to +animals and vegetables as the former; but +it must have destroyed them in several +sunken islands: and have added second +clysmian strata to the soil of the plains: +with many volcanic productions, chiefly +clay and sand, limy and marshy muds. +The memorials, annals and traditions of +the American nations are very scanty on +this period; difficult to be distinguished +from the Adamic: while the monuments +to be referred to it, are not easily traced, +nor distinct in form. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Linapi</span></span> tribes +had not yet reached America, and dwelt +in Asia; but by their account the Snake +tribes <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Akowi</span></span> went to America in that period, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +led by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nakopowa</span></span> (the Snake priest); +it is even hinted that they caused this cataclysm +or at least the separation of Asia and +America, at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lusasaki</span></span> (burnt land), in order +to escape their foes, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elowi-chik</span></span> +(hunters) of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Linnapewi</span></span>, the original +manly people. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> +<a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IV.</span></h1> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">General View</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">of the Ancient and Modern +Annals of Both Americas.—european +Colonies, Modern Fate Of +Nations, Late Physical Changes, &c.</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After these floods begin the primitive +annals of mankind in America as elsewhere; +but still scanty, obscure and involved +in fables, by personifications of +tribes, metamorphoses into animals, plants, +fruits or even stones and mountains. The +origin of nearly all the nations is neither +clear nor well ascertained, by their mere +annals; but the collateral proofs of the +languages facilitate the enquiry. Those +who have the most positive facts of primitive +times are the Ongwis, Linapis, Toltecas, +Tainos, Peruvians, &c.; but commonly +destitute of dates and correct details. We +ought not to be surprised at this, since even +in Asia (except in China,) we possess nothing +but fragments on those times; while +the most polished nations of oldest times, +the Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Arabs, +Jews, &c. have involved their early histories +in fables, mythologies and false dates. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +However, whatever might be the early +origin of the American nations, it may be +collected from all, that in the ancient periods; +they were few in number and in +population; principally confined to some +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +peculiar seats of civilization: such as the +regions of Apalacha, Hayti, Anahuac, +Oaxaca, Chiapa, Maya, Cundina, Oronoc, +and Peru. We have positive proofs of +early empires and splendid monumental +cities at Teoti-huacan, Otolum, Coban &c. +in Central America; and in South America +at Chimu, Tiahuanaco &c.; while +cities and monuments of a lesser order or +size, were scattered afterwards from the +Lakes of Canada and the River Ohio, to +Chili and Brazil: probably through the +dispersion and colonization of these early +empires or states.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After they had filled the most fruitful or +suitable regions, carrying with them agriculture, +domestic animals, religion, laws +and various graphic systems: they were +invaded by tribes less civilized; but more +warlike; principally in North America, +and in Guyana, Brazil &c. Many revolutions +must have followed these contests: +some of which are recorded in the Apalachian +region of the United States, in the +Mexican table land, in Hayti &c. and by +the Muyzcas, Peruvians &c. further south: +while in Guyana and Brazil the annals are +lacking, and the traces of these conflicts +but faint; yet certified by some traditions +and the new tribes introduced. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The solar worship prevailed among the +most civilized nations and empires: that +of Naguals or Zemis (spirits) among those +of the second degree. The least civilized +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +nations had either adopted the Dualism or +a mixed religion: while the barbarous +tribes knew only a kind of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tao</span></span> religion as +in China,<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> or a fetichism, venerating one +or many objects of nature. But these four +main worships, were subject to many fluctuations, +and diversities: they had often +degenerated into a Polytheism, and idolatry, +with various rites, and some cruel +customs, human sacrifices &c. A kind +of priesthood was almost universal and +formed a peculiar caste in many states. +The legislators and rulers had often been +priests, and became pontifs as well as +kings, in Cuzco, Chimu, Tunca, Mayapan, +Cholula, Manazicas &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +During a period of 2 or 3000 years after +the floods, the earth had undergone many +changes by volcanoes, earthquakes and the +subsiding of the sea. Many valleys were +drained, their lakes lessened or disappeared; +the shores of the Atlantic from +New Jersey to Florida and Yucatan, and +from La Plata to Magellania, as well as +those of Peru, Chili &c. were increased +by the gradual retreat of the sea. The +great plains of the Mississippi, Oronoc, +Maranon and Parana were also formed or +drained of their swamps and morasses. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is at the end of this epocha, equal to +the antecedent antidiluvian period, that +the real or certain history of the Americans +begins with many details and dates; +both in the north and south. It was then +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +that the empires of the Toltecas, Utatlans, +Mexicans, Apalachis, Mayapans, Incas &c. +were established on the ruins of many anterior +states. We obtain by the annals +preserved or recovered of many such nations, +a tolerable view of this part of their +history, and even an insight into earlier +times, when similar revolutions must have +happened. If many states or nations rose +and fell in this hemisphere, unknown to the +other: it was a common fate with others +in Africa, Polynesia and even in Asia. +But we may hope to rescue their names if +not their deeds, from total oblivion, by +seeking their monuments, and the fragments +of human tribes they left to mourn +their fate. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In this period some American nations +rose to a degree of splendor and civilization, +with knowledge of arts and sciences, +little inferior to Greeks and Romans; and +superior to the European nations of the +middle ages, even down to 1492: quite +equal at least to that of the Egyptians and +Hindus. The American graphic systems +of Apalacha, Anahuac, Maya, Otolum, +Peru; although peculiar, were quite sufficient +to transmit knowledge in books, +schools and inscriptions. This high civilization +was not merely confined to Mexico +and Peru, as often erroneously supposed; +but was scattered from the Apalachis and +Nachez of Florida to the Chilians south of +Peru, filling the whole intermediate space. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Although war and slavery prevailed in +many parts, they were modified by the +usage of adoption for individuals and whole +tribes, mutual alliances, confederacies &c.: +while slavery was changed into a feodal +vassalage. The feodal system and the +castes prevailed in all civilized nations of +America, as in India and Asia from earliest +time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Instead of perpetual wars the ancient +annals of America, present us with the +soothing view of wise legislators, who gave +civilization and happiness to millions for +ages, and conquered by deeds of peace. +Such were most of the conquests of the +Bohitos, Bochicas, Incas, Quetzals, Cuculcans, +Tzomes, Maponos, Tamanends, Tarenyos +&c. worthy lawgivers of the Antilles, +Muyzcas, Peru, Anahuac, Mayas, Guaranis, +Manazicas, Linapis, and Ongwis. I +shall revive, with pleasure, their memory +and deeds, dwelling on them with more +pleasure than on the cruel war leaders. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To them the Americans were indebted +for their policy, diplomacy, alliances, agriculture +and knowledge, with the peculiar +happy mode of holding the land in common +or feodal tenure, with property in tenements +and moveables. To them may be +traced the introduction of useful plants, +the maize, cotton, quinoa, patatas, yams, +manioc, banana, gourds, beans, and 100 +other cultivated plants and fruits. The +Mexicans had even botanic gardens and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +pleasure grounds before the modern Europeans. +The universities of Cuzco, Tunca, +Tezcuco, Cholula, Mayapan, Utatlan &c. +were founded earlier than the European +universities by such benefactors of mankind; +and 112 domestic animals had been +tamed in America, while only 80 in the +eastern hemisphere. Of which must be +reckoned.<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> +</p> + +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="3"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">In the W. Hemisphere.</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">In the Eastern.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Quadrupeds</td><td class="tei tei-cell">33 kinds</td><td class="tei tei-cell">only 25 kns.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Birds</td><td class="tei tei-cell">32</td><td class="tei tei-cell">25</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Reptiles</td><td class="tei tei-cell">15</td><td class="tei tei-cell">10</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Fishes</td><td class="tei tei-cell">12</td><td class="tei tei-cell">10</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Insects</td><td class="tei tei-cell">8</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Shells and worms</td><td class="tei tei-cell">12</td><td class="tei tei-cell">6</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The modern history of America since +1492 presents a multitude of events with +regular dates: but the historians of these +later times instead of dwelling upon the +native nations, appear to notice them merely +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">en passant</span></span>! while relating at length the +discoveries, conquests and wars of the European +adventurers and colonists. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is not thus that we are to notice them; +but as equal nations. Now that after four +ages, these colonies are also become independent +nations, and begin to nurse American +feelings, we ought to feel for them, +and reveal the truth. It is not number +nor dominion alone that constitute a people; +but a peculiar language, and peculiar +manners. The modern history of the +Araucanians, Guaranis, Caribs, and North +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +American tribes, is the best known by peculiar +fragments; but similar fragments +may be collected on many other tribes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Meantime Columbus came, another leader +of colonists to America; since many +had come before him: and with him came +the ferocious gold hunters of Castille; who +in their greedy search after golden wealth, +trampled under foot, both religion and humanity. +They enslaved, tortured and destroyed +millions of human beings from +Hayti to Mexico and Peru; but were +checked at last in Florida, Chili, Tologalpa, +Santa Marta &c. They overthrew +many flourishing states, and erected over +them a slavish colonial fabric, soon after +sunk in sloth and ignorance.<a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The dissentions of Mexico and Peru were +the cause of their ruin and subjugation by +the Spaniards; but the Floridans, Apaches +Tayronas, Poyays, Caribs, Mbayas, Chilians +&c. withstood forever their utmost efforts, +and never were conquered. The happy +states of Yucatan, Guatimala, Tunca, Hayti, +Cuba &c. fell by their unwarlike and peaceful +friendly disposition; being cruelly betrayed +and desolated. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the east, Brazil was occupied by the +Portuguese, where a bastard tribe of Mamalucos +were born; who sought for slaves +and gold, from Guayana to Paraguay, and +destroyed many tribes. After these unworthy +freebooters, came the rabble of +pirates and buccaneers to revenge American +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +wrongs, upon the Spaniards and Portuguese +by deeds of cruelty. Thus was +America flooded with blood, and groaning +in tears for nearly three centuries. But +even these horrible deeds were not the +only ones to deplore. Not satisfied with +the weak labor of American slaves; another +continent was overrun, to supply +stronger hands, and Africa was made to +contribute millions of slaves to swell American +population, or sink there to premature +death under the lashing scourge of cruel +tasks. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The English, French, and Dutch wishing +to partake of the American spoils, went in +search of wealth all over the shores of this +continent. Not satisfied with mere trading +colonies, as in India, they sent stationary +colonies of slaves and planters, to occupy +some weak points, with or without the +consent of the nations. The Dutch settled +in Brazil, Surinam, Curazao and New York. +The French in Canada, Louisiana, Florida, +Hayti, the Carib Islands, Cayenne and Brazil; +but have gradually lost all those colonies, +except Cayenne and a few Carib Ids. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The English nation, more daring, steady +and lucky, occupied with their auxiliaries, +the Scotch and Irish, some points of the +Atlantic shores, many Carib Islands &c.: +by conquest they acquired New York, Canada, +Demerary, Jamaica and some smaller +islands. Since, whenever the Europeans +were at war among themselves, they carried +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +their quarrels over the ocean, and endeavored +to destroy each other. Laterly +among them arose in North America the +holy flame of freedom and independence, +which has been travelling and spreading +throughout the continent, ever since. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But among these contending colonies and +slaving plantations, how were the owners +of the soil, treated and dealt with? Alas! +seldom with justice—Popes and kings gave +away lands and rights, which did not belong +to them; nobles and merchants, availing +themselves of this doubtful right, bought +with trifling presents the good will of some +tribes, or drove them away by force. Thus +were settled most of the American colonies; +except a few, attempted in a spirit of religion +and peace. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The worthy Las-Casas, immortal be his +name! gave the example of reducing unsubdued +tribes to peaceful allies, by words +and deeds of peace and piety, and Tezutlan +thus reduced by him was called Verapaz. +When the Spanish and Portuguese freebooters +were sunk in wealth and sloth; +they found it very convenient to employ +the Jesuits and other monks to subdue for +them whole tribes and nations, by this easy +mode. In North America, Roger Williams +and William Penn, blessed be their +names! settled colonies without strife, and +by mere good will towards the owners of +the soil. But every where the foes or +successors of these missionaries of peace, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +deceived or betrayed the allies they had +made. Unjust wars were the natural consequence, +in which the rightful party, did +not often prevail, being overpowered by +strength and cunning. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Meantime the independent period opens +a new era for America. In 1776 the +United States of North America confederate +and become free. Seventeen years +afterwards the black slaves of Hayti unfurl +the standard of broken chains. Between +1808 and 1820 the whole of Spanish America +shakes the weak power of Spain. In +1822 the whole of Brazil becomes an +American empire. Slavery is abolished +in all the Spanish states, only retained in +the colonies of Cuba and Porto Rico. In +1834 England emancipates the slaves of +all her colonies. Slavery was gradually +excluded from many states of N. America, +at early periods; but others from Virginia +to Louisiana are tenacious of these unholy +and dangerous bonds. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now, the native American tribes within +the claimed territories of these new independent +nations, are under a sort of pupilage, +and often oppressed: although no +longer slaves from Canada to Chili. Brazil +alone admits of indescriminate slavery, +and will rue the consequence at some +future period, like those colonies and states +that delay wiser measures. Meanwhile at +the two ends of America, in Canada and +the United States, as in Buenos Ayres, a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +new kind of oppression has appeared. +Land stealing and compulsory sales! unhallowed +means to increase wealth, nearly +as guilty as the precious Spanish gold +hunting. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The United States which ought to set +the wisest example, of justice and clemency, +towards reduced tribes, diminished +by vices taught instead of virtues, are doing +the reverse. They refuse to amalgamate +the native tribes, admit them to equal +rights, as in the new Spanish States; but +compel them to submit to laws not understood, +in a language untaught, or disqualify +them for witnesses. They compel them to +remove, emigrate, disperse, sell their lands +and homes, at one tenth of the value; and +this is called fair dealing! +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Notwithstanding that the European states +or colonies, occupy or claim, nearly the +whole of both Americas; yet there are +many vast regions as yet unsettled by them, +and where dwell or wander several free +tribes, particularly in the Arctic wilds, +in Oregon, California, Texas, the Missouri +plains, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Tologalpa, +in N. America—and in S. America in the +vast plains and deserts of the Oronoko, +Maranon, Brazil, Chaco, Chili and Magellania. +The most prominent of these modern +tribes are the Uskis or Esquimaux, +the Dinnis, the Chopunish, Dacotas or +Sioux, Panis or Skerés, Washas or Ozages, +Chactas, Tzulukis, Apaches or Cumanches, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Poyays or Musquitos &c. In South +America, the Aruacs, Caribs, Omaguas, +Maynas, Aymaras, Puris, Mbayas, Araucas, +Talahets or Pampas &c. All divided into +many lesser tribes and independent communities. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Instead of endeavoring to civilize them +by fair means and deeds of peace, many +continue to be exasperated by unfair dealings, +greedy traders, intemperance, and +above all by killing their game, and stealing +their lands. Some missions are established +from Groenland to Chili; but the +intercourse of the majority is with traders, +trappers, land-hunters or squatters, and the +military of the frontiers: from whom they +can imbibe no very favorable idea of their +oppressors. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +How is this to end? Is it really intended +to grasp the whole continent, and make +these fragments of nations, aliens on their +own soil? or to annihilate them at last? +Beware! men of bad faith, or greedy of +landed wealth! There is a God in heaven, +and he deals justly with nations as with +men. He may find means to punish you, +if you continue to violate the sacred laws +of mankind. The desperate tribes, either +become stronger by concentration, or acquired +knowledge, may fall on you at last, +like so many Goths and Vandals, Huns +and Tartars, to revenge their wrongs, and +desolate this land wrongly acquired. Or +among you will arise Agrarian sects, that +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +will deprive your children of this landed +property so unjustly acquired and held. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Be wise and just in time, if cupidity +does not blind you, imitate the happy policy +of Mexico, Guatimala, Peru &c. that +has admitted the natives to equality and +citizenship. Do better still, allow them to +form peculiar states and territories, preserving +their languages and laws, and +admit these states into your confederacies. +Then you will be secure, and both live in +peace, increasing and multiplying as time +rolls on. There is land enough for all, and +to spare. What need has a man of 1000 +acres of land; while 100 can support a +large family! in the cold climates, and 10 +acres in the fruitful tropical climates, where +thrive the banana and the sugar cane. If +hunters require a large wilderness to sustain +their mode of life, greedy worshippers +of mammon wish for 10,000 acres to hold +waste for speculation! or to fill with plantations +of slaves and tenants, in order to +become lords of future generations; but +the real wise and active men, the props of +society, are content with moderate, secure +estates, which they may improve and beautify +into smiling gardens. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The modern intercourse of the two hemispheres +has been productive of much +more misery, than mutual benefit. The +Americans have received the European +cattle without imparting to Europe, their +equally useful Peruvian cattle; they have +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +received the horse, and often adopted him +as a friend, to become Tartars and Arabs +by his help, so as to retaliate mischief on +the cruel Spaniards. Some European fruits +and grains have been received and cultivated: +while all have been introduced into +the colonies. Woolen cloth, blankets, iron +and copper kettles, tools, trinkets, guns and +gunpowder, with the liquid poisons of the +still, have been spread by trade. These +last with horses and guns, have been the +chief deadly weapons of Europe against +America.<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In return, Europe has received gold, silver +and precious furs: pearls and diamonds, +cochineel, annato, indigo, die woods, vicunia +wool, cacao, vanilla, gum elastic and many +other useful or medical articles. Maize, returning +east whence it came; with tobacco, +a loathsome weed of heathen growth and +rites. Human knowledge has been increased, +and trade greatly enlarged; the +tame cavias, with turkeys and musky-ducks +have been transmitted. Thus Europe has +been the gainer, and was for a long while +jealous of these treasures.<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Under the pious guise of hypocrisy, the +heavenly religion of Jesus, was offered or +forced upon many American nations, by the +same men, who were behaving worse than +heathens, worshipping gold and mammon +with the earth itself, bathed in human blood +and tears; introducing slavery and over +toils; exulting in deeds of cruelty, revenge, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +wanton lust, cupidity and avarice; with all +the other anti-christian vices. If Mexico +had ghastly idols and cruel rites; Hayti, +Cuba, Bogota, Peru &c. had not; but +peaceful, harmless worships: to which was +substituted the papal worships of other idols, +saints and monks. The pure undefiled religion +of love and peace to all mankind, was +seldom introduced in America, even by the +Jesuits—except by the heavenly Las-Casas, +the friendly quakers, the humane moravians, +and a few other christian missionaries. All +the sects of christianity have now spread to +America, and even some arisen there; nay, +the Jews have reached this continent, with +a few Mahometans, Hindus, Chinese, Budhists +&c. Thus all the religions of the +earth are now found in this hemisphere, by +the tolerance and freedom of opinions lately +proclaimed in many parts. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Great has been the influence of 3 or 4 +ages, on the American tribes, that have +been enslaved, or in frequent communication +with the nations of Europe—not in +religion alone; but in dress, manners, +knowledge, civilization and pursuits. The +alphabetical writing has been introduced +among them, the Tzulukis have invented +a syllabic alphabet; some arts, and the +pastoral nomadic life have been adopted. +In the boreal regions, the English and +Russians employ the hunting tribes as providers +of furs. In South America the +native tribes are often skillful fishermen or +traders. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Upon the whole, the late prospects of +America are cheering. Many independent +nations have sprung, which deem themselves +Americans, and love their homes. +A general spirit of tolerance and peace is +spreading, the true religion of the heart +better understood; and a disposition is +evincing to render tardy justice to the oppressed +tribes, and the poor slaves. Those +who wish oppression and intolerance to be +perpetuated, are not many in this continent, +at present; they will be fewer still in +half a century or the year 1892. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thus, mankind lives in fluctuations of +mind and manners. A few ages have been +sufficient to produce these mighty changes. +Meanwhile, nature although changing slower, +is still at work on the soil of this hemisphere. +Since 1492 volcanoes have appeared +and disappeared, the sea shores have receded, +the lakes are falling, the streams are +lessening, the mountains are crumbling, the +swamps are draining: immense forests have +been cut, and changed into ploughed fields, +hills have been cut or ploughed, roads, +causeways and canals made, splendid cities +have been built, with innumerable towns +and villages. The deltas of the Mississippi +and Magdalena have been cultivated, many +mines dug for metals or coals. The face +of the country has been quite changed in +these new seats of civilization; in the regions +of Apalacha from Canada to Louisiana, +in Guyana, Brazil; but in the western +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +regions from Mexico to Chili, agriculture +has rather receded: they had at least as +many towns and fields in ancient times. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Earthquakes and irruptions of the sea +have caused sad changes in other parts, +gulfs have been formed on the coast of +Cumana, Callao twice sunken in volcanic +tides, mountains and cities overthrown from +Popayan to Chili: while the alluvial formations +proceed along the streams and shores; +their floods are perennials, increasing deltas +and islands: Hurricanes scatter ruins and +dismay over the Antilles, whirlwinds prostrate +strips of forests. The spouting springs +and earthy volcanoes eject water, mud, +clay and marl, pitch and other substances. +The water volcanoes drown valleys and +cities, have ruined Guatimala, and desolated +Quito. Mexico near a lake and often +overflowed by it, is now distantly removed; +the lake having been drained by nature and +art jointly combined.<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These rapid sketches and views offer a +connected picture of men and soil, in this +hemisphere, during the ages past. The +detailed local annals of the various nations, +will enlarge the subject, and present the +required outlines of the ancient and modern +events of both. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After these general topics on American +history, I had proposed to enter upon the +peculiar annals of nations, beginning by +Peru and Austral America; but wishing to +give in this first volume something still +more novel and striking, I have concluded +to begin by the original unpublished annals +of the Linapis, and the neglected traditions +of the Haytians; who assert to have come +into America, by the north west, and the +second through the Atlantic Ocean. I +hear besides that a French traveller D'Orbigny, +is now publishing in Paris, his travels +in Austral and Peruvian America, with +60 vocabularies of languages: where I may +perhaps find additioned materials for the +history of those regions. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> +<a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter V.</span></h1> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Original Annals and Historical Traditions +of the</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Linapis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">from the creation +to the flood, passage and settlements +in America, as far as the Atlantic +Ocean &c., till 1820 &c.</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have but few real American Annals, +given in the original peculiar style. Those +of Mexico, Guatimala, Apalacha, Hayti, +Peru, &c., have all been translated by +abridgements or paraphrases. Those of +the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ongwi</span></span> by Cusick come nearest to the +aboriginal form, using the usual personifications +and animalizations of tribes, so +common all over America and Asia; but +so often misunderstood: having perplexed +and disgusted the commentators or translators; +who did not seize this form of style. +Even in China, the primitive inhabitants +often bear the names of beasts, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lung</span></span> dragons, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chi</span></span> birds, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yao</span></span> wolf, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Miao</span></span> tygers. +In India we find snakes, monkeys, lions &c. +Early in Europe are dogs <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canari and +Cynetes</span></span>, satyrs, lions &c., syrens, harpies, +pegasus, centaurs, faunes, cyclops &c.<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the Antilles the first inhabitants were +called beasts or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caracol</span></span>, +turtles <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Icota</span></span>, +birds, opossums, seals, trees, stones, even +gourds and fruits.—(Roman's Trad.) In +Peru we find tygers, lions, giants, pygmies, +snakes &c. In Mexico, birds, apes, snakes, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +tygers, giants &c. While throughout North +America we find tribes of beavers, turtles, +wolves, dogs, deer, birds. We must learn +to appreciate this primitive form of speech +and style, as allegorical names of men &c. +It is very needful in order to understand +the following narratives. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Having obtained, through the late Dr. +Ward of Indiana, some of the original +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wallam-Olum</span></span> (painted record) of the +Linapi tribe of Wapahani or White River, +the translation will be given of the songs +annexed to each: which form a kind of +connected annals of the nation. In the +illustrations of this history, will be figured +the original glyphs or symbols, and the +original songs, with a literal translation, +word for word. This will furnish a great +addition to our knowledge of American +graphics and philology; but here the annals +are chiefly interesting historically. I +have translated, however, all the historical +and geographical names, so as to afford a +better clue to the whole.<a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We knew by all the writers who have +had friendly intercourse with the tribes of +North America, that they did possess, and +perhaps keep yet, historical and traditional +records of events, by hieroglyphs or symbols, +on wood, bark, skins, in stringed +wampuns &c.; but none had been published +in the original form. This shall be +the first attempt. Lederer saw 200 years +ago in Carolina, wheels of 60 rays, recording +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +events of 60 years. Humboldt has +mentioned the glyphical symbols of the +Hurons on wood, seen by the Jesuits. +Heckwelder saw the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olumapi</span></span> or painted +sticks of the Linapis; but did not describe +them; he merely translated some of their +traditional tales: which agree in the main, +with these historical songs; yet the songs +appear mere abridgments of more copious +annals, or the bases of the traditions. The +Ninniwas or Chipiwas, the Ottowas, the +Sakis and Shawanis &c., all Linapi tribes, +have such painted tales and annals, called +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Neobagun</span></span> (male tool) by the former. Tanner +has figured some of these pictured +songs or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Neobagun</span></span>, in his interesting Narrative. +Loskiel has stated that the Linapis +had complete genealogies, with symbols +expressing the deeds of each king. Beatty +in 1766 saw records 370 years old. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Out of these materials and other kept by +the Ozages, Cowetas, Tzulukis, Panis &c., +might be formed or restored a peculiar +graphic system of north America, different +from the Mexican system; and probably +once imported from Asia: where it may +be compared with the graphic symbols of +the Kuriles, Yakuts, Koriaks &c., indicated +by Humboldt; but which are unknown +to me. Meantime I shall give +materials for such researches in my illustrations. +The symbols, when met alone, +were inexplicable; but by obtaining the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +words or verses, (since they must commonly +be sung) we may acquire enough to lead on +further enquiries. The most obvious peculiarity +of this system, is that each symbol +applies to a verse or many words; as if the +ideas were amalgamated in the compound +system: yet they may often be analyzed, +and the elements ascertained or conjectured, +by their repetition. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These historical songs of the Linapi, are +known to but few individuals, and must +be learned with much labor. Those obtained, +consist of 3 ancient songs relating +their traditions previous to arrival in America, +written in 24, 16 and 20 symbols, +altogether 60. They are very curious, but +destitute of chronology. The second series +relates to America, is comprised in 7 songs, +4 of 16 verses of 4 words, and 3 of 20 verses +of 3 words. It begins at the arrival in +America, and is continued without hardly +any interruption till the arrival of the European +colonists towards 1600. As 96 +successive kings or chiefs are mentioned, +except ten that are nameless: it is susceptible +of being reduced to a chronology of +96 generations, forming 32 centuries, and +reaching back to 1600 years before our +era. But the whole is very meagre, a +simple catalogue of rulers, with a few +deeds: yet it is equal to the Mexican annals +of the same kind. A last song, which +has neither symbols nor words, consisting +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in a mere translation, ends the whole, and +includes some few original details on the +period from 1600 to 1820.<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The orthography of the Linapi names is +reduced to the Spanish and French pronunciation, +except SH as in English, U as +in French, W as Hou. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If any one is inclined to doubt this historical +account; the concurrent testimonies +of Loskiel and Heckewelder are my corroborant +proofs. The words of Loskiel +are these. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Delawares keep genealogies, with +the character of each man, if wise, rich, +renowned, or a mighty warrior. They +use <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">hieroglyphs</span></em> on wood, trees and stones, +to give caution, information, communicate +events, achievements, keep records. Some +time the hero has at his feet, men, heads +or weapons. They have also paintings +on skins of deeds, hunts, feats &c.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Song.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Creation &c.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. At first there was nothing but sea-water +on the top of the land. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aki.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. There was much water, and much fog +over the land, and there was also <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kitani-towit</span></span>, +the God-creator. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. And this God-creator was the first-being +(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Saye-wis</span></span>), an eternal being, and invisible +although every where. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. It was he who caused much water, +much land, much cloud, much heaven. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. It was he who caused the sun, the +moon and the stars. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. And all these he caused to move +well. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. By his action, it blew hard, it cleared +up, and the deep water ran off. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. It looks bright, and islands stood +there.—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Menak.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +9. It was then, when again the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">God-Creator</span></em> +made the makers or spirits.—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manito-Manitoak.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +10. And also the first beings <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owiniwak</span></span>, +and also the angels <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Angelatawiwak</span></span>, and +also the souls <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chichankwak</span></span>, all them he +made.<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +11. And afterwards he made the man-being +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jin-wis</span></span>, ancestor of the +men.<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +12. He gave him the first mother <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Neta-migaho</span></span>, +mother of the first beings +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Owini</span></span>.<a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +13. And fishes he gave him, turtles he +gave him, beasts he gave him, birds he gave +him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +14. But there was a bad spirit <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makimani</span></span>, +who caused the bad beings <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makowini</span></span>, +black snakes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nakowak</span></span>, and monsters +or large reptiles <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amangamek</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +15. And caused also flies, and caused +also gnats. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +16. All the beings were then friends and +stood there. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +17. Thou being <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kiwis</span></span>, +good God <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wunand</span></span> +(these are 2 gods) and the good makers +or spirits were such. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +18. With the Jins <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nijini</span></span>, the first men, +and the first mother, their wives, which +were Fairies <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nantinewak</span></span>.<a id="noteref_23" name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +19. The first food of the Jins and Fairies +was a fat fruit <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gattamin</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +20. All were willingly-pleased, all were +easy-thinking, and all were well-happified. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +21. But after awhile a Snake-priest, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Powako</span></span>, brings on earth secretly the +Snake worship <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Initako</span></span>, of the god of the Snakes +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wakon</span></span>.<a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +22. And there came wickedness, crime +and unhappiness. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +23. And bad weather was coming, distemper +was coming, with death was coming. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +24. All this happened very long ago, at +the first land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Netamaki</span></span>, beyond the great +ocean <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kitahikan</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">2d Song. The Flood &c.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. There was long ago a powerful snake +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskanako</span></span>, when the men had become +bad beings <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makowini</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. This strong snake had become the foe +of the Jins, and they became troubled, hating +each other. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. Both were fighting, both were spoiling, +both were never peaceful. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. And they were fighting, least man +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mattapewi</span></span> with +dead-keeper <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nihanlowit</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. And the strong snake readily resolved +to destroy or fight the beings and the men. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. The dark snake he brought, the monster +(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amangam</span></span>) he brought, snake rushing-water +he brought. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. Much water is rushing, much go to +hills, much penetrate, much destroying. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. Meantime at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tula</span></span>, at that island, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nama-bush</span></span> (the great hare +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nana</span></span>) became +the ancestor of beings and men. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +9. Being born creeping, he is ready to +move and dwell at +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tula</span></span>.<a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +10. The beings and men (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owini and +Linowi</span></span>) all go forth from the flood creeping +in shallow water, or swimming afloat, +asking which is the way to the turtle back +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tulapin</span></span>. (This verse like many others +is in rhymes, and metre of 9 words of 3 +syllables.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +11. But there were many monsters +(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amangamek</span></span>) in the way, and some men +were devoured by them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +12. But the daughter of a spirit, helped +them in a boat, saying come, come, they +were coming and were helped. (The +name of the boat or raft is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mokol</span></span>.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +13. Nanabush, Nanabush, became the +grandfather of all, the grandfather of the +beings, the grandfather of the men, and the +grandfather of the turtles. (This is the beginning +of a hymn to Nanabush, in rhymes, +lasting for 4 verses.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +14. The men were there, the turtle there, +they were turtling altogether. (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tulapewi</span></span> +are the turtle-men.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +15. He was frightened, he the turtle, he +was praying, he the turtle, let it be to make +well. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +16. Water running off, it is drying, in +the plains and the mountains, at the path +of the cave, elsewhere went the powerful +action or motion. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">3d Song. Fate after the Flood.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. After the flood, the manly men <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Linapewi</span></span>, +with the manly turtle beings dwelt +close together at the cave house, and dwelling +of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talli</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. It freezes was there, it snows was +there, it is cold was there. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. To possess mild coldness and much +game, they go to the northerly plain, to +hunt cattle they go. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. To be strong and to be rich the comers +divided into tillers and hunters. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wikhi-chik</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elowi-chik</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. The most strong, the most good, the +most holy, the hunters they are.<a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. And the hunters spread themselves, +becoming northerlings, easterlings, southerlings, +westerlings. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowaniwi</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapaniwi</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shawaniwi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wunkeniwi</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. Thus the white country <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lumonaki</span></span>, +north of the turtle country, became the +hunting country of the turtling true men. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. Meantime all the snakes were afraid +in their huts, and the snake priest <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nakopowa</span></span> +said to all, let us go. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +9. Easterly they go forth at Snakeland +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akhokink</span></span>, and they went away earnestly +grieving. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +10. Thus escaping by going so far, and +by trembling the burnt land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lusasaki</span></span> is +torn and is broken from the snake fortified +land. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akomenaki</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +11. Being free, having no trouble, the +northerlings all go out, separating, at the +land of Snow <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Winiaken</span></span>. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +12. The fish resort to the shores of the +gaping sea, where tarried the fathers of +white eagle and white wolf. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Waplanewa</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Waptumewi</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +13. While our fathers were always boating +and navigating, they saw in the east +that the snake land was bright and wealthy. +(Here begins a fine poetical rhyming narrative).—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See +Last Note.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +14. The head-beaver <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wihlamok</span></span>, and +the big-bird <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kicholen</span></span>, were saying to all, +let us go to the Snake Island <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akomen</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +15. By going with us, we shall annihilate +all the snaking people, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wemaken</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +16. Having all agreed, the northerlings +and easterlings, went over the water of the +frozen sea to possess that land. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +17. It was wonderful when they all went +over the smooth deep water of the frozen sea, +at the gap of the Snake sea in the great ocean. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +18. They were ten thousand in the dark, +who all go forth in a single night in the +dark, to the Snake island of the eastern +land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapanaki</span></span> in the Dark, by walking +all the people.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Olini.</span></span><a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href="#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +19. They were the manly north, the manly +east, the manly south; with manly eagle, +manly beaver, manly wolf; with manly +hunter, manly priest, manly rich; with +manly wife, manly daughter, manly dog. +(12 words all homophonous rhymes.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +20. All coming there, they tarry at Firland +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shinaking</span></span>. But the western men +doubtful of the passage, preferred to remain +at the old turtle land. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thus end these interesting and positive +ancient traditions, by a fine poem on the +passage to America over the ice; the Shawanis +have a similar poem: the Illinois had +also one, and almost every Linapi tribe. +They are perhaps lost; but this being at +last rescued, will preserve the memory for +ever. Now begin the second series of +songs, in a different style, seldom rhyming, +but made metrical by an equal number of +words in each verse, 4 in the 4 first which +carry the tribe till their conquest of the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegas</span></span>; but only 3 in the 3 later poems +on the subsequent history. Thus these +songs diminish in details as they advance; +but they are mere abridgment of better +annals now probably lost. Numbers shall +be annexed to each successive king or +ruler, so as to compute the generations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Song. At Shinaki till the 10 Kings +or Civil Wars.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. Long ago, the fathers of men were +then at <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shinaki</span></span> or Firland. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. The path leader was the white eagle +(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapalanewa 1</span></span>), who leads them all there. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. The Snake island was a big land, a +fine land, and was explored by them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. The friendly souls, the hunting souls, +the moving souls, in assembly meet. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. All say to him, beautiful-head (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kolawil +2</span></span>) be thou king there. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. The snakes are coming, thou killest +some, to Snake hill, let them all go. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. All the snakes were quite weak, and +concealing themselves at the Bear hill. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. After Kolawil, white owl (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapagokhos</span></span> +3) was king at the Firland. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +9. After him there <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ianotowi</span></span> (4 true +maker) was king, and many things he did. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +10. After him there <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chilili</span></span> (5 snowbird) +was king, who says let us go south. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +11. To spread the fathers of men <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wokenapi</span></span>, +and to be able to possess much +more.<a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +12. South he goes the snowbird, but east +he goes the beaver-he <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamakwi</span></span>. (Here +is the separation of the Dinnis.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +13. A beautiful land was the south land, +the big Firland and the shoreland <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shabi-yaki</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +14. But the eastern land was a fish land, +and a lake land, and a cattle land. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +15. After Chilili, the great warrior (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ayamek</span></span> +6) was king, when all the tribes were +at war. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +16. There was war with the robbing-men, +snaking-men, blacking men, strongmen. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chikonapi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akhonapi</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makatapi</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Assinapi</span></span>.—Thus ends the first song with +civil strife and great wars, dividing some +tribes probably. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">2d Song. From the 10 Kings till the +Missouri &c.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +17. After Ayamek came ten kings, in +whose time there was much warfare south +and east.<a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +18. After them <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Langundowi</span></span> (peaceful-he, +17 kg.) was king at the beautiful land +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akolaking</span></span>, and there was peace.<a id="noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +19. After such <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tasukamend</span></span> (never-bad +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +18) was king, and he was a good or just +man. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +20. After such was king <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pemaholend</span></span> +(ever beloved 19) who did much good. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +21. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Matemik</span></span> (town +builder 20) who built many towns, and +afterwards the holy goer <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pilsohalin</span></span> 21. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +22. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gunokeni</span></span> +(long while fatherly 22, who ruled long) and +afterwards the big teeth <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mangipitak</span></span> 23. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +23. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olumapi</span></span> (24 +manly recorder or bundler) who caused +many writings.<a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +24. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Takwachi</span></span> (25 +who shivers with cold) who went south to +the corn land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Minihaking</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +25. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Huminiend</span></span> +(26 corn eater) who planted much corn +there. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +26. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Alkosahit</span></span> (27 +preserving keeper) who had a royal soul +and was very useful. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +27. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shiwapi</span></span> (28 +salt man) and afterwards dry-he <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Penkwonwi</span></span> +29. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +28. There was no raining, and no corn +grew, east he goes far from the sea.<a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href="#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +29. Over hollow mountain <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oligonunk</span></span>, +at last to eat he went at a fine plain <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kalok-waming</span></span> +of the cattle land. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +30. After <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Penkwonwi</span></span> came +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wekwo-chella</span></span> +(30 much weary) after such the stiff +(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chingalsuwi</span></span> 31.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +31. After such was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kwitikwund</span></span> (32 the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +reprover) who was disliked, and some unwilling +to obey. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +32. Being angry some moved easterly, +and secretly went far off. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">3d Song. From the Missouri to the +Mississippi &c.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +33. But the wise did tarry, and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Waka-holend</span></span> +(33 the beloved) was made king. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +34. It was at the Yellow River <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wisawana</span></span> +where there was much corn, large +meadows, and again were built +towns.<a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +35. All being friends <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamenend</span></span> (34 +affable like a beaver) became king and was +alone the first.<a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href="#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +36. Such Tamenend was the very best, +and all the men came to him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +37. After such good <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskansisil</span></span> (35 +strong buffaloe) was king and chieftain or +leader. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +38. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machigokhos</span></span> (36 big-owl) was king, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapkicholen</span></span> (37 white crane) was king. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +39. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wingenund</span></span> (38 mindful) was king +and pontiff, who made many festivals.<a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +40. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lapawin</span></span> (whitened 39) was king, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wallama</span></span> (40 painted) was king. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +41. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Waptiwapit</span></span> (41 white chicken) was +king, again there is war north and south. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +42. By the wise in assembly <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamaskan</span></span> +(strong wolf 42) was made king. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +43. He was able to war on all and he +killed the strong-stone +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskansini</span></span>.<a id="noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href="#note_36"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +44. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Messissuwi</span></span> (43 whole-he) was king +and made war on the snake-beings <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akowini</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +45. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chitanwulit</span></span> (44 strong and good) +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was king and made war on the northern +foes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowanuski</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +46. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Alokuwi</span></span> (45 lean he) was king and +made war on the father snake <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Towakon</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +47. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Opekasit</span></span> (46 east-looking) was king, +being sad at the warfare. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +48. To the sunrise he said let us go, and +they are many who together go east. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">4th Song. Conquest of the Talegas &c.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +49. The fish river <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nemasipi</span></span> separated +the land, and being lazy they tarry there.<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href="#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +50. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yagawanend</span></span> (47 hut maker) was +king, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tallegewi</span></span> (there found) possessing +the east. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +51. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chitanitis</span></span> (48 strong friend) king +was, and he desires the rich land of the +east. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +52. To the east some did pass, but the +head of the Talegas, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegawil</span></span> killed some +of them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +53. Then of one mind, all say, warfare, +warfare. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +54. The friends of the north the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talamatan</span></span> +(who are not like the Talligewi, +the Hurons) were coming to go altogether +united. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +55. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kinehepend</span></span> (49 sharp looking) was +king, and leader, over the river against foes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +56. Much was there possessed by them, +and much spoiling and killing of the Talegas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +57. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pimokhasuwi</span></span> (50 stirring about) was +king, but he found the Talegas too strong +in the war. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +58. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tenchekensit</span></span> (51 opening path) was +king, and many towns were given up to him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +59. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Paganchihilla</span></span> (52 great fulfiller) +was king, and all the Talegas went away +to the south. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +60. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hattanwulaton</span></span> (53 he has possession) +was king, and all the people were well +pleased. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +61. South of the lakes they settle the +council fire, and the friends <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talamatan</span></span> +north of the lakes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +62. But they were not always friends +and were conspiring when <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gunitakan</span></span> (54 +long mild) was king. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +63. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Linniwulamen</span></span> (55 man of truth) +was king, and made war on the Talamatan. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +64. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shakagapewi</span></span> (56 just and upright) +was king, and the Talamatan were trembling. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Second Series or Modern History.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">1st Song. At the Talega land.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. All were peaceful long ago there at +the Talega land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegaking</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamaganend</span></span> (57 beaver leader) was +king at the White River or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wabash Wa-palaneng</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapushuwi</span></span> (58 white linx) was king +and planted much corn. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wulichinik</span></span> (59 well hardy) was king, +and the people increased. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lekhihitin</span></span> (60. writer writing) was +king and painted many books +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wallamo-lumin</span></span>.<a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href="#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kolachuisen</span></span> (61 pretty blue bird) was +king, at the place of much fruit <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makeli-ming</span></span>. +(near Cincinnati?) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pematalli</span></span> (62 constant there) was +king and had many towns. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pepomahemen</span></span> (63 paddler up) was +king of many rivers and streams. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +9. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tankawon</span></span> (64 little cloud) was king, +while many went away. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +10. The Nentegos and the Shawanis, +went to the south lands.<a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href="#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +11. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kichitamak</span></span> (65 big beaver) was +king at the white lick <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapahoning</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +12. The heavenly prophet <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Onowutok</span></span> +(66) went to the west.<a id="noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +13. The west he visited, the forsaken +land and the western southerlings. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +14. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pawanami</span></span> (67 rich water turtle) +was king at the Ohio River <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Taleganah</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +15. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lokwelend</span></span> (68 walker) was king, +and had much warfare.<a id="noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +16. Again with the father snake <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Towako</span></span>, +again with the stony snake <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sinako</span></span>, again +with north snake <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowako</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +17. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mokolmokom</span></span> (69 the grand father +of the boats) was king and went snaking +in boats. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +18. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Winelowich</span></span> (70 snow hunter) was +king and went to the north land of the Esquimaux +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowushkis</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +19. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Linkwekinuk</span></span> (71 sharp looker) was +king and went to the Alleghany Mountains +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegachukang</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +20. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapalawikwan</span></span> (72 east settler) +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was king and went east of the Talega +land.<a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href="#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">2d Song. At the East till first White +Man comes.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +21. This land of the east, was a large +land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amangaki</span></span>, and +a long land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amigaki</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +22. This land had no snakes, but was +a rich land, and many good things were +found there. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +23. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gikenopalat</span></span> (73 great warrior) was +king near the north. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +24. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hanaholend</span></span> (74 stream loving) was +king at the branching stream or Susquehanna +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Saskwihanang</span></span>.<a id="noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +25. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gattawisi</span></span> (75 becoming fat) was +king at the sassafras land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Winaki</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +26. All the hunters reach the Salt Sea of +the sun <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gishikshapipek</span></span>, which was again +a big sea. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +27. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makhiawip</span></span> (76 red arrow) was +king at the tide water. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +28. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wolomenap</span></span> (77 hollow man) was +king at the strong falls (of Trenton) <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mas-kekitong</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +29. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapanand</span></span> (ensters) and the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tumewand</span></span> (wolfers or Mohigans) north-east +they go.<a id="noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +30. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wulitpallat</span></span> (78 good fighter) was +king and set against the north. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +31. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maliongwi</span></span> (lickers or Iroquois) +and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pungelika</span></span> (the lynx like or Eries) +were all trembling there. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +32. Again <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamenend</span></span> (79 beaver II) was +king there, and with all he made peace. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +33. And all became friendly, and all became +united, with this great ruling king.<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href="#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +34. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kichitamak</span></span> (80 great beaver) was +king and remains at the sassafras land or +Pennsylvania. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +37. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapahakey</span></span> (81 white body) was +king and went to the Sea Shore on Jersey +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheyabi</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +38. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elangomel</span></span> (82 friendly to all) was +king and much good was done. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +39. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pitenumen</span></span> (83 mistaker) was king, +and saw some one come from somewhere. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +40. At this time from the east sea was +coming a whiter <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapsi</span></span>.<a id="noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">3d Song. Till the arrival of Colonies.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +41. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makelomush</span></span> (84 much honored) was +king and made all happy. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +42. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wulakeningus</span></span> (85 well praised) was +king and became a warrior of the south. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +43. He must make war on the Cheroki +Snakes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Otaliwako</span></span>, and on the Coweta +Snakes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akowetako</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +44. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapagamoshki</span></span> (86 white otter) was +king, ally of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lamatan</span></span> or Hurons. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +45. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapashum</span></span> (87 white big horn) was +king and visited the west land of Talega. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +46. There he found the Illinois <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiliniki</span></span>, +the Shawanis <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shawoniki</span></span>, and the Conoys +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Konowiki</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +47. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nitispayat</span></span> (88 friendly comer) was +king, and he went to the big lakes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +48. And he visited all the beaver-children +or Miamis, and all the friends or allies.<a id="noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href="#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +49. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pakimitzin</span></span> (89 cranberry eater) +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was king, and made alliance with the +Ottawas, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tawa</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +50. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowaponskan</span></span> (90 north walker) was +king, and he visited the noisy place or +Niagara <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ganshowenik</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +51. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tashawinso</span></span> (91 at leisure gatherer) +was king, and visited the Sea shores. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +52. Then the offspring, in three desiring, +three to be, and they became the Turtle +tribe, the Wolf tribe, and the Turkey tribe. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Unamini</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Minsimini</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chikimini</span></span>.<a id="noteref_48" name="noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +53. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Epallahchund</span></span> (92 failer) was king, +in the war with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mahongwi</span></span>, wherein +he fails.<a id="noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +54. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Langomuwi</span></span> (93 friendly he) was +king and the Mahongwi were frightened. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +55. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wangomend</span></span> (94 saluted) was king +yonder between. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +56. The Cherokis <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Otaliwi</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasio-towi</span></span> +(those of the Otali and Wasioto mts.) +were his foes.<a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href="#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +57. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapachikis</span></span> (95 white crab) was +king and ally a friend of Jersey on the +shores. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +58. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nenachihat</span></span> (96 watcher) was king +and looking at the sea. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +59. At this time north and south the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapayachik</span></span> came, the white or eastern +moving souls. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +60. They were friendly, and came in big +bird-ships, who are they?<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href="#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thus end these poetical annals, so curious +and so plain, when properly understood +and translated. The following addition +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +is merely a fragment on the subsequent +period, translated by John Burns. I give +it as received although I fear it is inaccurate +in some respects, and a paraphrase +rather than literal account. Yet by this +addition, we obtain a kind of general history +of at least one American tribe, and a +complete original series of traditions, in +their peculiar pristine style. Many others +will be added hereafter, either from printed +traditions, or historical songs and fragments. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fragment on the history of the Linapis +from about 1600 till 1820.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. Alas, alas! we know now who they +are, these <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapsinis</span></span> (white people) who +then came out of the sea, to rob us of our +country. Starving wretches! with smiles +they came; but soon became snaking foes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wallamolum</span></span> +was written by <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lekhibit</span></span> +(the writer) to record our glory. Shall +I write another to record our fall? No! our +foes have taken care to do it; but I speak +to thee what they know not or conceal. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. We have had many other kings since +that unhappy time. They were 3 till the +friendly <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mikwon</span></span> (Penn) +came. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mattanikum</span></span> +(not horned, not strong),<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href="#note_52"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> +when the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Winakoli</span></span><a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" href="#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a> +came to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Winaki</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nahumen</span></span> (raccoon) +when the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sinalwi</span></span> (Dutch) came. And +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ikwahon</span></span> (fond of women) +when the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankwis</span></span> +(English) came, with Mikwon and his +friends soon after. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. They were all received and fed with +corn; but no land was ever sold, we never +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +sell any. They were all allowed to dwell +with us, to build houses and plant corn, as +our friends and allies. Because they were +hungry, and thought children of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gishaki</span></span> +(the sun land) and not snakes nor children +of snakes.<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href="#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. And they were traders, bringing fine +new tools, and weapons, and cloth, and +beads, for which we exchanged skins and +shells and corn. And we liked them, with +their things, because we thought they were +good, and made by the children of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gishaki</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. But alas! they brought also fire guns +and fire waters, which burned and killed. +Also baubles and trinkets of no use; since +we had better ones. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. And after Mikwon, came the children +of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolojo-Sakima</span></span> (King George) who +said, more land, more land we must have, +and no limit could be put to their steps and +increase. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. But in the north were the children of +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowi-Sakima</span></span>, (King Louis), who were +our good friends, allies of our allies, foes of +our foes: yet <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolojo</span></span> always wanted to war +with them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +9. We had 3 kings after <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mikwon</span></span> came. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Skalichi</span></span> who was another +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamenend</span></span>,<a id="noteref_55" name="noteref_55" href="#note_55"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sasunam Wikwikhon</span></span> (our uncle the +builder), and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tatami</span></span> (the beaver taker) +who was killed by a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankwako</span></span> (English +snake), and we vowed revenge. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +10. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Netatawis</span></span> (first renewed being) +became king of all the nations in the west, +again at <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talligewink</span></span> (Ohio or the Talega +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +place) on the river Cayahaga, with our old +allies the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talamatans</span></span>: and he called on +all of the east. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +11. But <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tadeskung</span></span> was chief in the east +at <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mahoning</span></span> and +bribed by the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankwis</span></span>: +there he was burnt in his house, and many +of our people were massacred at <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hickory</span></span> +(Lancaster) by the land robbers <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankwis</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +12. Then we joined our friend <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowi</span></span> in +war against the Yankwis; but they were +strong, and they took <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowanaki</span></span> (north +land, Canada) from Lowi, and came to us +in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegawink</span></span>, when peace was made; +and we called them big knives <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kichikani</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +13. Then <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Alimi</span></span> (white-eyes) and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gelelenund</span></span> +(buck killer) were chiefs, and all +the nations near us were allies under us as +our grandchildren again.<a id="noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href="#note_56"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +14. When the eastern fires were set up, +and began to resist Dolojo, they said we +should be another fire with them. But +they killed our chiefs <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Unamiwi</span></span> (turtling) +and our brothers on the Muskingum. Then +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hopokan</span></span> (strong pipe) of the Wolf tribe +was made king, and he made war on the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kichikani Yankwis</span></span>, and become the ally +of Dolojo who was then very strong. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +15. But the eastern fires were stronger, +they did not take <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowanaki</span></span> (Canada) but +become free from <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolojo</span></span>. We went to +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapahani</span></span> (white river) to be further from +them; but they follow every where, and +we made war on them, till they sent <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makhiakho</span></span> +(black snake, General Wayne) who +made strong war.<a id="noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href="#note_57"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +16. We made peace and settle limits. +Our next king was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hacking-Ponskan</span></span> +(hard walker) who was good and peaceful. +He would not even join our brothers Shawanis +and Ottawas, nor Dolojo in the next +war. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +17. Yet after the last peace, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kichikani-Yankwis</span></span> +came in crowds all around +us, and they want also our lands of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapahani</span></span>. +It was useless to resist, because +they are getting stronger by increasing +united fires. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +18. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kithtilkund</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lapanibi</span></span> (white +water) were the chiefs of our two tribes, +when we resolved to exchange our lands, +and return at last beyond the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Masispek</span></span> +(muddy water, Mississippi) near to our old +country.<a id="noteref_58" name="noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +19. We shall be near our foes the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wakon</span></span> +(god of snakes, the Ozages) but they +are not worse than the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankwiakon</span></span> (English +snake), who want to possess the whole +big island.<a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href="#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +20. Shall we be free and happy there? +at the new <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapahani</span></span> (western white river). +We want rest, and peace, and wisdom. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such is one of the accounts of the transactions +between this people and the English, +United States &c; of which Loskiel, Holm +and Hekewelder have furnished other fragments, +and for which we have ample materials +in the colonial history and late records. +But this offers some new views and facts: +which shall be partly compared and discussed +in the notes; but more properly +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +examined and united in accordance with +other narratives, in the history of the North +American nations and tribes. The 11 +kings in about 220 years named in this +fragment, indicate 107 altogether till 1820 +and later. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +That so many generations and names can +be recollected, may appear doubtful to some; +but when symbolic signs and paintings, +with poetical songs, are added, the memory +can well retain and perpetuate their connection. +Even in Polynesia, where we +are not told of symbols, but mere historical +songs, they reach to the creation and flood; +Ellis and Tierman tell us that the kings +and priests of Tahiti, Ulieta or Raiaka, +Hawahi, Mowi &c. could repeat the names +of ancestors and kings for 100 generations. +It would have been well if instead of giving +us mere fragments of the songs and names, +they had translated the whole, and thus +furnished the connected annals of Polynesia. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the Linapi annals, we find not merely +their own deeds; but the mention of many +other nations, friends, allies or foes, as in +Cusick's Traditions of the Ongwis: and +this forms another clue for American history. +As early as the Asiatic period we +find them united to the related people +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owini</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nijini</span></span>, before the flood, and calling +their foes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Powako</span></span> +(rich snake), <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makowini</span></span> +(bad being,) <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskanako</span></span> (strong +snake), similar to the satanic tribes of the +Hebrews &c.<a id="noteref_60" name="noteref_60" href="#note_60"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At the flood they are saved with the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tulapin</span></span> turtlemen, and begin to call +themselves <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Linapewi</span></span>. Soon after they +separate, go north and divide into tribes, +named after the winds, the mode of life +and animals. The hunters are <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elowi</span></span> Elohim +of the orientals, or Heros and Hercules; +they again meet snakemen, who fly to America +and must have produced there many +nations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After having filled the north, and after +the breaking of the land, at Behring strait, +part of the nation resolve to follow and +pursue the snakes to the east. The passage +by the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olinis</span></span> over the hard sea or ice, is +beautifully sung in a peculiar hymn (see +last note); they settle at Shinaki, and begin +again to war on snakemen: after which the +beaver men or Tamakwi separate going east +where they became the Dinni nations, yet +called beaver tribes, who ascribe their origin +to a beaver and a dog, and call their +ancestor <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chapewi</span></span>, +similar to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Apiwi</span></span>, the +manly in Linapi. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Meantime the main tribe going south +meets other nations which it is difficult to +identify, as the names are mere epithets +and nicknames, yet the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Assinipi</span></span> or stony +men, appear to be the Dacota or Sioux yet +called Assini or stony by the tribes of Linapi +origin. They reappear afterwards as +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskan-sini</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sinako</span></span>, and appear to have +passed to America soon after the Linapi. +They are certainly of Asiatic origin, as the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +languages prove, and very akin to the Hurons +or Ongwis in America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akowini</span></span> are met again, which appear +to have become the ancestors of the +Cowetas and many Florida tribes. The +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowanuski</span></span> were either the Uskis or the +Skeres. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Towakon</span></span> were not the Ottawas; +but probably the Ozages or their +ancestors the Wakons.<a id="noteref_61" name="noteref_61" href="#note_61"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At last they meet the civilized <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegas</span></span>, +who are not called snakes, but rather extolled, +and from whom they borrowed many +things: their symbol is very different from +that of the snakes. They were probably +of eastern or atlantic origin, akin to the +Tols, Talascas, and Telicos the ancient +Cherokis. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talamatan</span></span> become allies, +were the Hurons, the name means both <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">unlike +the Talegas</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">killer of the Talas</span></span>.—See +Cusick, and my Huron Traditions for +their own annals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The separations of the Nentegos and +Shawanis, Mohigans, and Wapanends or +Abenakis, are distinctly given; they filled +the sea shores from Florida to Acadia. +Three tribes of snakes reappear which are +similar to the former, except the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowako</span></span> +probably the same as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowanuski</span></span>. After +crossing the Alleghanies Tamenend II. reunites +all the tribes. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiliniki</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Conowiki</span></span> easily identified remain west of +the mountains. The Iroquois and Eries +appear under peculiar Linapi names. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Otalis and Cowetas appear soon +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +after as snakes or foes; whether the Otalis +or Cherokis of the mountains were real +snakes of the west is doubtful; it is more +likely that they are a fragment of the Telicos, +which was their capital till lately, and +later they are called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Otaliwi</span></span> by the Linapis. +Compare the Tzuluki traditions with these. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Tawas who call themselves fathers, +as the Linapi grandfathers, of all the akin +tribes, had then towards 1400, a great +power in the west: their empire had a +pontiff <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mushkiwis</span></span> near lake Michigan, on +whom Cass has given some very important +traditions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The following chief chronological periods +are deducible from these annals, by reckoning +3 generations in a century. About +1600 years before Christ passage of Behring +strait on the ice, lead by <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapalanewa</span></span>, +settlement at <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shinaki</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1450. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chilili</span></span> leads them south, and the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamakwi</span></span> separate. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1040. Peace after long wars under <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Langundewi</span></span> +at the land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akolaking</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +800. Annals written by <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olumapi</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +750. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Takwachi</span></span> leads +to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Minihaking</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +650. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Penkwonwi</span></span> leads east over mountains. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +460. The first <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamenend</span></span> great king on +the Missouri. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +60. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Opekasit</span></span> leads to the Mississippi. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +About 50 years of our era, alliance with +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talamatans</span></span> +against the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegas</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +150. Conquest or expulsion of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegas</span></span>. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +400. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lekhihitan</span></span> writes the annals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +540. Separation of the Shawanis and +Nentegos. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +800. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapalawikwan</span></span> leads over Alleghany +mountains to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amangaki</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +970. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wolomenap</span></span> settles the central capital +at Trenton, and the Mohigans separate. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1170. Under <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pitenumen</span></span> +arrival of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapsi</span></span> +the first white men or Europeans. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Additional Note.</span></span> As a specimen of the +original text and poetry of these annals, I +give now the poem on the passage to America: +the whole text and all the symbols will +be given hereafter. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">13. Amakolen</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Nallahemen</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Agunuken</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Powasinep</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wapasinep</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Akomenep.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">14. Wihlamok Kicholen luchundi</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wematan akomen luchundi.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">15. Witéhen wémiluen</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wémaken nihillen.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">16. Nguttichin Lowaniwi</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Nguttichin Wapanawi</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Agamunk topanpek</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wulliton épannek.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">17. Wulélémil W'shakuppek</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wémopannek hakhsinipek</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Kìtahìkan pokhakhopek</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">18. Tellenchen Kittapaki nillawi</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wémoltin gutikuni nillawi</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Akomen wapanaki nillawi</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Ponskan-ponskan wémìwi Olini</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">19. Lowanapi Wapanapi Shawanapi</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Lanéwapi Tamakwapi Tuméwapi</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Elowapi Powatapi Wilawapi</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Okwisapi Danisapi Allumapi.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">20. Wemipayat gunéunga Shinaking</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wunkénapi chanélendam payaking</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Allowélendam kowiyey Tulpaking.</div> +</div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> +<a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VI.</span></h1> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">The poetical annals and traditions of +the Haytians or Tainos of the Antilles</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">collected in 1498 by</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Roman &c.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">with additions by</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Dangleria</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">and +others, Notes, Remarks, and Ancient +Tribes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Roman was a Jeromitan friar, come with +Columbus, who began to convert the Haytians +in 1496, and collected their traditions, +after learning their language, out of the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Areitos</span></span> or songs and hymns used in festivals. +He wrote them in 1498 by order of +Columbus, and they are inserted at large +in his life by his son; but were almost neglected +by Irving. They give us not only +an insight into the belief, religion, traditions +of the Antillian people; but also a compendium +of fragments on their annals. +Although very desultory, much less connected +than those of Mexico, the Linapis, Ongwis +&c., and destitute of chronology; yet +they afford an essential addition to American +history, and the ancient accounts about +the Atlantis and Antilles. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In order to bring them into a kind of +order, they shall be analyzed, reduced to +a succession of events and divided into 3 +parts, 1. Cosmogony and Theogony, 2. +the flood and primitive history, 3. ancient +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +history previous to Columbus or 1492. A +fourth part foreign to these traditions would +be their annals since that time, and till the +extinction of the nation; which shall be +given hereafter, with the account of the +language, and civilization—What is peculiar +to these traditions among the Americans, +are the metamorphoses of men into +beasts &c., as in Ovid. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The nation who furnished these annals, +was the Haytian of Hayti, a branch of the +nation dwelling also in Cuba, and filling +the Lucayes and smaller Antilles: whose +collective proper name was <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taino</span></span> meaning +noble. But they acknowledged as brothers, +many tribes of the continent under the collective +name of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guatiaos</span></span> brothers, this +was ascertained in 1520 by Figueroa.—(See +Herrera.) These <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guatiaos</span></span> were the +Aruac nations and tribes, that were not +cannibals. These tribes as enumerated by +Figueroa in 1520 were in the Antilles the +1. Haytians, 2. Cubans, 3. Jamaicans, 4. +Boriquans (Porto Rico), 5. Cairis that +dwelt in Trinidad, Barbuda, Marmagitas +and Gianis Islands. While those of the +continent were the 1. Aruacas of Guyana, +2. Paracurias of Cubagua, 3. Urinatos of +Oronoc, 4. Pavonas of Cariaco, 5. Cariatis, +6. Cumanas, 7. Chiribichis, 8. Coquibocoa, +9. Unatos. These five last were intermixt +with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Canibas</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caribas</span></span>, the cannibal +tribes, foes of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guatiaos</span></span>, which are the +Galibis and Carib tribes; that had desolated +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and conquered most of the eastern +Antilles. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All the Tainos spoke the same language +divided into several dialects; but understood +reciprocally. D'Angleria tells us in +1512 that two distinct languages were used +in Cuba, the eastern was a mere dialect of +Hayti; but in the west was a very different +language not understood; this was the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cami</span></span> derived +from the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olmeca</span></span> of Oaxaca +or the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maya</span></span> of Yucatan; they having sent +there a colony, and founded a kingdom.—(see +the Maya History.) In Hayti there +was also in the center of the island a kingdom +of Mayas? the people were called +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayo-riexes</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Macoryxes</span></span>, (meaning +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maya people</span></span>). They spoke a language +different from the Haytian (Dangleria) +divided into 3 dialects <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cayabo</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cubaba</span></span>, +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baichagua</span></span>. This kingdom of strangers +was called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cubaba</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caibaba</span></span>, and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziguayos</span></span>. They are called Caribs by +some authors; but erroneously.<a id="noteref_62" name="noteref_62" href="#note_62"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many other additional traditions on the +Antilles are scattered in early writers, +D'Angleria, Gomara, Herrera, Munoz, +Acosta, St. Mery, Oviedo, Columbus, Brigstock, +Rochefort, Edwards, Garcia, Laet, +&c. which shall be partly noticed here as +a sequel to Roman, and all connected as a +general outline of a history of the Antillian +nations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Having succeeded to make out a fine +vocabulary of nearly three hundred words +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of the Taino dialects, collected from Roman, +Columbus, Dangleria, Munoz, Las-Casas, +Herrera, Gili, Humboldt, Vater +&c.—and another of about 150 words of +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cairi</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeri</span></span> language of the Aruac +Islanders out of Dudley, Rochefort &c. +I will be enabled to translate and elucidate +nearly all the Taino historical names and +allusions, so as to clear up the annals by +original etymologies. The orthography +will be Spanish, J must be pronounced as +Kh, and X as Sh. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Haytians had besides these songs, +other annals; since the priests taught history, +and the origin of things to the sons of +the nobles. They had also perhaps peculiar +symbols to keep their records, since +Dangleria mentions that they had paintings +of beasts, tygers, eagles &c. on cotton, +hung to walls. St. Mery says that in 1787 +was found in the mountains of Guanaminto +a tomb with a stone of 6 feet covered with +hieroglyphs! and in the mountains of Limbé, +engravings of human figures on a serpentine +rock; besides many sculptures in +Caves. Columbus saw in 1492 in Inagua +one of Lucayes a gold medal <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">with letters +on it</span></em>! If we had figures of these hieroglyphs +and engraved symbols, we should +probably obtain another clue to American +history and graphic systems. But they are +probably lost by neglect like those of North +America! The Antilles being on the way +from the east to the continent must have +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +served as a stepping place to many nations +on their passage to the continent.<a id="noteref_63" name="noteref_63" href="#note_63"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1st Part.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Theogony and Cosmogony.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fact.</span></span> The Supreme God, bears +five names or titles given by Roman and +Dangleria in two dialects, and is male or +female. +</p> + +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="4"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">By Roman</td><td class="tei tei-cell">By Dangleria</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Meanings</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Attabei</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Attabeira</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Unic-Being.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">2.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Jemao</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mamona</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Eternal.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">3.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guacas or Apito</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guaca-rapita</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Infinite.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">4.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Apito or Siella</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Liella</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Omnipotent.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">5.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zuimaco</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guimazoa</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Invisible.</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Roman calls it female, Dangleria a male +God. The titles of this god are sufficient +to indicate the supreme God of nature, and +they have astonishing analogies with the +primitive God of Asia and Europe, the +Basks, Pelasgians, Atlantes, Guanches &c. +The most common name was the first, in +Cuba <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atabex</span></span>. This and other great Gods +were not sculptured in idols. The Chillians +had similar names for the Supreme +God.<a id="noteref_64" name="noteref_64" href="#note_64"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fact.</span></span> This God was father or mother +of another great God dwelling in the +sun with a double name, variable in the +dialects. +</p> + +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="3"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">First Name.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Second Name.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">By Roman</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Iocahuna</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guamaarocon.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">By Dangleria</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Iocauna</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guamaonocon.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">In Cuba</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Yocahuna</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guamaoxocoti.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">In Jamaica</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Yocahuna</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">In Boriquen</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Iacana</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guamanomocon.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">By Oviedo</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Iovana</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guamamona.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Variations</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Iocavaghama</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guamochyna.</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The explication of these names is not +given; but they are identic with the gods +of the Cantabrians, and Guanches of Canary +islands.—The first appears to be the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jehovah</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yao</span></span> of the Orientals, and is +evidently the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hunaku</span></span> or Supreme God of +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayas</span></span>. The second name means +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord of the World</span></em> (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guama-ocon</span></span>) and is +a title.<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href="#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Event.</span></span> This last God made the +World, the Heavens <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Turei</span></span>, and the Earth +before the terrestrial sun and moon; also +the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zemis</span></span> or angels, who are male and +female lesser gods, worshipped in idols, and +intercessors with the great gods. In the +dialects <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemes</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemes</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemis</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All the ancestors are since called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemis</span></span>: +their worship was spread through America, +under various names, and forms: as well +as in the east. They are the +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shemayim</span></span> (Heavenly) of the Hebrews.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shemsia</span></span> of the Pehlavis of Persia.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Samana & Hamsa</span></span> of the Hindus.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shams</span></span> of the Arabic.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Esmun</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Saman</span></span> of the old Irish.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Eshman</span></span> (devil) of the Carthuls of Caucasus.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sumari</span></span> of Thibet, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chuman</span></span> of Tartary.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Camus</span></span>, a synonym of Magi of Persia.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shin</span></span> of the Chinese.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zamzumin</span></span> ancient giants of Arabia.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chamin & Zaones</span></span> of Egypt.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chama</span></span> of the Phrygians.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chamina</span></span> of the Etruscans.</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeones & Zanim</span></span> of the Ammonians.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zamones</span></span> (blest) of the Lybians.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Lemes</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zanes</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Annas</span></span> of the Pelasgians.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemin</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shemsho</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Naemas</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zamiel</span></span> +of Aram or Syria and Phenicia. <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemarim</span></span> Priests.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zin</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kami</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kamona</span></span> of Japan and Yedzo.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While in America we find the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemim</span></span> +of the Carib women. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tezmin</span></span> of the Mayas.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Inama</span></span> of the Apalachis.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Manito</span></span> of the Linapis.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camayos</span></span> of the Peruvians.—Which are +all identic in meaning <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Angels</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Spirits</span></em> and +their idols. This name changes elsewhere +in sound: just like <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Enzel</span></span> in Teutonic, +which has the import of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">El</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aones</span></span>, and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemes</span></span>, is root +of our <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Angel</span></em> now pronounced +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Endjel</span></span>. This oriental connection +of ideas, names and worship, appears to +be evident. They are not less in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Turei</span></span> +heaven, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Uran</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Turan</span></span> of the primitive +nation &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">4th Event.</span></span> Some of these <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zemis</span></span> became +bad beings, and devils <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuyra</span></span>, who send +diseases, hurricanes (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Furacan</span></span>), earthquakes +and thunders to desolate the earth +and mankind. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The names of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuyra</span></span> for devil and evil +has analogies throughout the earth. The +most striking are +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Out of America.</span></span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zitura</span></span> of Basks.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Guirati</span></span> of Biscayans.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Vetura</span></span> in Bali of Pallis.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tororu</span></span> of Nukahiva island.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Yarua</span></span> of the Berber Atlantes.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Yurena</span></span> of the Guanches Atlantes.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Daruj</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Puyri</span></span> of +Zend.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Turug</span></span> of Celts.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tairi</span></span> in Turkish.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tahyri</span></span> of Tahiti.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Fara</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Wara</span></span> of +Japan.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarada</span></span> of the Papuas.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Uritiram</span></span> Synonym of Shiva.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Teripis</span></span> of Oscans.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tyranos</span></span> of Greeks.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In America.</span></span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Yares</span></span> of the +<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tayronas</span></span> the Cyclops or forgers of Santa Marta.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sura</span></span> of Poyays.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tziri</span></span> of Poconchi.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Huraqui</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sura</span></span> of Apalachi.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tiviri</span></span> of the Yaquis.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kiuras</span></span> of the Powhatans.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarahu</span></span>, of the Tarahumaras.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Prororu</span></span> of Cumana, derived from +<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Pregonero</span></span> another subsequent devil of Hayti.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +By the change of R to L, we have the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tulas</span></span> and Atlantes +of America.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See Taraguva</span></span> +of 10th Event. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">5th Event.</span></span> The good Zemis were appointed +to make the earth and men, and to +rule over both. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guabanzex</span></span>, a female +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Zemis, made the air and water, and became +the goddess of the ocean and winds. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This will answer to the first period of +the earth creation, when the water was +above the land, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rkio</span></span> of Moses +was divided. The name appears to mean +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the windy</span></em>.<a id="noteref_66" name="noteref_66" href="#note_66"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">6th Event.</span></span> The male Zemis <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaia</span></span> +(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khaya</span></span>, +the earth) made the earth and islands; he +is the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aion</span></span> of Sanchoniation. Every land +and island is animated. The island of Hayti +was a great animal like a turtle; the head +and mouth was in the east, the west end of +it was a long tail, called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaca-iarima</span></span> +(country of the Vent). The caves were +the holes of the body, venerated and used +afterwards as temples and tombs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This notion, and comparison of islands +with turtles, recalls to mind the primitive +turtle land of the Chinese, Hindus, Linapis +&c. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jaia</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kaya</span></span> +for land has affinities +all over the world and is a primitive +word.<a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href="#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">7th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaia</span></span> afterwards had a son, +who was called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jaia-El</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Higuera</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hibuera</span></span> +earth-son gourd. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This first man like Adam is son of the +earth, and an EL or Angel, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span> of the +orientals; it means in Haytian, son, offspring, +family and tribe. It will often recur +in subsequent history, in the singular for +the plural. The plurals were <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eli</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ili</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">guaili</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua</span></span> +is only the article <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">This or +Such</span></em>.<a id="noteref_68" name="noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">8th Event.</span></span> The sun and moon called +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boiniael</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maroio</span></span> by Roman; but +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Binthaitel</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Marohu</span></span> by Dangleria and +Ovieda, come out of the cave <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jovovava</span></span>: +they are Zemis and foes of mankind. A +cave with the same name was their temple +in Hayti. Dangleria calls it <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Iovana-boina</span></span> +Jove Solar. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The exact time of this appearance is +doubtful, and there appears to be two +blended events, one of cosmogony alluding +to the sun being long obscured by the primitive +misty atmosphere, another historical +alluding to the solar and lunar dynasties of +Asia or America. The meaning of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jovo-vava</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kovo-vava</span></span> is cave of fathers, both +primitive names. The solar and lunar +names have many analogies elsewhere, +among which the chief are +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Names of the Sun.</span></span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Oin</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Oein</span></span> of Arabs and Ethiopia.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Oboh</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Baion</span></span>, old Egyptian.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Baon</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Oan</span></span> of Assyrians.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ian</span></span> of the Etruscans.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Belen</span></span> of the Gauls.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bun</span></span> of the Zend.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Abolion</span></span> of the Pelasgians.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Abloin</span></span> of the Thessalians.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ntiélé</span></span> of the Illyrians.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bian</span></span> of the Ausonians.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Anactes</span></span> of the Mysians.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Names of the Moon.</span></span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Yarho</span></span> of the Syrians.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Aohri</span></span> of the Tibus.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Warha</span></span> of the Ethiopians.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Carara</span></span> of the Etruscans.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Teoro</span></span> of the Betoys, S. A.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Heriho</span></span> of Canaan.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Humuri</span></span> of Old Arabic.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Matuaré</span></span> of Carthul, Caucasus.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Maraca</span></span> of Guaramis, S. A.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Marama</span></span> of Polynesia.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kamar</span></span> in Maroco.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kamaria</span></span> in Pehlvi.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gumara</span></span> in Nubian.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Most of these synonyms and analogies +are found in the most ancient languages: +to which may be added that in the ancient +Haikan language of Armenia, the sun and +moon were called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Noah!</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Morante</span></span>, +names also of Noah and his wife. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">9th Event.</span></span> The female Zemis, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coatris-quia</span></span> +makes the springs and streams to flow +over the earth, and became their goddess. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This is another period of oriental cosmogony, +that of the irruption of subterranean +waters and rain, which in the bible is posterior +to Adam. The name of the Zemis is +of doubtful meaning, probably <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coatris-quia</span></span>, +hollow-quite. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coa</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cua</span></span> was the name +of ancient hollow temples all over America. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Quia</span></span> is +found in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Quisqueia</span></span> oldest name of +Hayti or the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">great</span></em> (land) <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">universal</span></em>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">10th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Taragava-el</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Corocora</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Epileguanita</span></span>, two male Zemis of the +woods and hunters, made the trees and +beasts. This includes probably two events +anterior to the men, unless they be men. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The meanings of these Zemis which +might guide us, are quite doubtful. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Taraguva</span></span> +resembles <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuyra</span></span> +and also <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Turei</span></span> +heaven; but <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Epileguanita</span></span> was probably +the ancient god of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caracol</span></span> or Beastly-men, +since it was represented by a beast +or quadruped; while all the other Zemis +as men and women. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ili-guanita</span></span> would +mean in Haytian <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">children of the people</span></em>. +Therefore I presume that these are personifications +of the ancient hunters, or men +of the woods with the beastly and savage +men of early times. Roman calls the second +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Corocore</span></span>, synonyme +of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caracara</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Part II. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antidiluvian History and Flood.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">11th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaia-El</span></span> rebels against his +father <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaia</span></span> and wants to kill him; a warfare, +in which <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jaia-El</span></span> is killed by his father, +who puts his bones into a gourd. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Higuera</span></span>, +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hibuera</span></span>, and people the land of that +name. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This refers to the fall of man and the +wars of the Titans. The name for bones +is omitted, it would perhaps afford another +clue. Many American nations venerate +and animate bones. Dangleria says, that +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jaia</span></span> peopled all the islands of the sea with +these bones. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">12th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaia</span></span> being childless marries +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Itiba-Jatuvava</span></span> from whom he has 4 twin +sons called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimivan</span></span>, who became afterwards +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cara-cara-cols</span></span> or the great Cara-cols, +the great beastly beings; but their +mother dies at their birth. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Itiba</span></span> means woman ancient and alludes +perhaps to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Thibet</span></span>, refuge, or land of Noah. +(<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">I</span></em>, is the article <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the</span></em>). +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jatuvava</span></span> perhaps +Japhet-father, but in Aruac <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kati-uiua</span></span> +means the moon heavenly. The name of +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimivan</span></span> is remarkable, being identic with +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Demavends</span></span> or antidiluvians of Persia, +called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dawand</span></span> in the Zendavesta, the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Demoi</span></span> or old people of the Pelasgians, the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Demons</span></span> of many nations. +The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caras</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cols</span></span> are found all over America and +Asia.<a id="noteref_69" name="noteref_69" href="#note_69"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">13th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ahiacavo</span></span> (grand father) or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baia-manicoel</span></span> an +ancestor of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimivan</span></span>, +forms the nation of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Con-El</span></span>, +at <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Basamanaco</span></span>, +and invents agriculture, with the +art of making cakes and bread. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Dimivan acknowledge him as grandfather +of mankind. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Con-El</span></span> is certainly a +personification, meaning the sons or Elohim +of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Con</span></span>, who is the primitive Lybian Hercules +KON or KHON; and is found in +Peruvian history as the first legislator of +Peru. The XONS or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cones</span></span> were the +oldest people of Spain and Italy, same as +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Xâones</span></span> of Greece. Their god was XON +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Konah</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Basamanaco</span></span> is inexplicable +unless it alludes to the primitive antidiluvian +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manaco</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manco</span></span> +of Peru. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ba</span></span> is dwelling, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Samana</span></span> an island near Hayti. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">14th Event.</span></span> The four brothers +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimivan</span></span> +meeting a mute <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Conel</span></span>, making bread, ask +him for some; but he only gives them instead +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cogioba</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cohiba</span></span> +which is tobacco: +this happened at the door of Basamanaco. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +This fable indicates an intercourse of the +Dimivans and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Conels</span></span> which are probably +a branch of the Atlantes or Lybians. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">15th Event.</span></span> This refusal of bread was +the cause of a quarrel and war, in which +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Conel</span></span> kills or destroys one of the brothers +or tribes of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimivan Caracol</span></span>, but a turtle +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hicotea</span></span> came out of his body, or an island +thus called, as Hayti was. This <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Conel</span></span> conqueror +was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baia-mani-coel</span></span>, whose name +means <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Father of food celestial</span></em>; but <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baya</span></span> +is also the ocean. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This indicates a great war, and probably +alludes to that of the Atlantes.<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70" href="#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">16th Event.</span></span> The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimivans</span></span>, probably +in revenge, broke the gourd of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaiael</span></span> +(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khayahel</span></span>); but a flood of waters issue +from it and drowns the land. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This deluge is called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Niquen</span></span>: there is +no indication in Roman of the men who +were destroyed, nor who were saved and +how; but in Cuba was found a more ample +tradition of the flood as follows. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">17th Event.</span></span> Three Behiques or priests +who come to Cuba later, taught them that +the flood had been general, had broken the +land; and that a good man had been saved +in a big boat with his family. That many +animals were also in the boat, a vulture +and dove are mentioned. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Herrera and others relate this, but in different +words, and without native names. +Some have supposed this account made +out by the Spanish priests; but it appears +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to refer to a tradition brought by the Olmecas +or Mayas in Cuba, being very similar +to the Mexican accounts. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">18th Event.</span></span> Another subsequent flood +although omitted by Roman, is alluded to +by others, Garcia says that Hayti and Cuba +were then cut asunder and separated from +Yucatan. Dangleria says that the islands +Lucayas that then joined to the great +islands, were divided by irruptions of the +sea. It is the second flood of Peleg, which +in the Antilles broke the islands by volcanic +explosions. It is impossible to say what +events of the next period, may belong to +the interval between the two floods; but +probably some of them. All these antidiluvian +events appear to belong to a different +country than the Antilles, which did not +even then exist, at least in their actual +state, and may properly be referred to the +island Atlantis or the eastern hemisphere. +It was at this last cataclysm that the Antilles +assumed their actual shape and number. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Part III.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ancient History.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">19th Event.</span></span> After the floods the men +dwelt in caves on the mountain <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauta</span></span> in +the land of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caanau</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caunana</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caona</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The mountains of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauta</span></span> must have been +the refuge of men at one of the floods: they +answer probably to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuta</span></span> of the Hindus, +name given to many rocky lands and capes +besides mountains. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ceuta</span></span> mountain +of Africa south of Gibraltar, was one of +them, also called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Abyla</span></span> +from the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabyles</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +or Nomadic Berbers. Dangleria states a +tradition that men were created on that +mountain. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauta</span></span> although unexplained +is identic with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Icota</span></span> turtle, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ca-uta</span></span> land +raised. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caona</span></span> means golden. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caanau</span></span> of Roman, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caunana</span></span> +of Dangleria, has been mistaken for the +land of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Canaan</span></span> by some writers: others +deem it Florida. Both are wrong. The +Haytians did not come from North America; +but may have sent colonies there. +They came from the east, South America +and Africa, or the Atlantis. The name +means land of Noah? (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caa-Nau</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cau-Nana</span></span>). +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caunia</span></span> was the ancient name of +Asia Minor and Caria, the first Carians +were Caunians, a Pelagian tribe which +expelled by the Leleges, settled the Grecian +islands, and Lybia part of which was +called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caani</span></span>. The +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anakim</span></span> of Syria +giants dwelt in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ca-anak</span></span>. +The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khaoni</span></span> +were the ancestors of Epirians and Illyrians. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauni</span></span> was a mauritanian tribe. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">20th Event.</span></span> The sun and moon are two +great Zemis called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Binthaitel</span></span> (sun divine) +and his wife <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Marohu</span></span> (moon), come out of +the cave <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Iovana-boina</span></span> (Jehovah-Solar), +and rule the world, establishing the solar +and lunar dynasties. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This historical event must be distinguished +from the 8th. This refers to the +solar dynasties of Asia and Africa. It +must be noticed that similar places were +often shown in Hayti, as the same names +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +had been applied by the subsequent settlers, +even when the event had happened elsewhere. +In this case, these solar caves +were temples in Hayti, where the figures +of the sun and moon were worshipped, and +prayed to for rain; but Herrera says they +had their hands bound, which indicates a +conquest. Pilgrims went to those caves, +from all parts of Hayti. It was in the land +of the king <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mauziation-El</span></span> (Roman) or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machiunech</span></span> (Dangleria); but whether +these were former dynasties and kings or +late rulers, is difficult to ascertain. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">21st Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maroco-El</span></span> +(lunar son) called +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machocha-El</span></span> by Dangleria, held the sway +over men, who were still in Cauta and Caanau, +and kept them confined to the caves. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This indicates a lunar dominion over +mankind somewhere, and a state of confinement: +Perhaps in South America; in +Peru caves are also the first dwellings of +mankind. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">22d Event.</span></span> The men were divided into +double tribes or two nations, the principal +or largest and of best men was called +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazibagiaga</span></span>—R. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazibaxagua</span></span>—D. +(Royal Xagua) and the smaller <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amaianaba</span></span>—R. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amayauna</span></span>—D. (Mayas?), +ruled by Cazics for kings. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have here two nations well indicated. +The first the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giaga</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shaguas</span></span>, indicate +the Lunar tribe, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chia</span></span> of the Muyzcas, +and other South American tribes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Achaguas</span></span> +of Oronoc, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chaguays</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Changas</span></span> of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Peru, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Agaches</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Agaiz</span></span> or Paraguay; +but above all the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cacha</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Xauxa</span></span> antidiluvian +people of Peru. While in the second +we trace again the Amazons or Atlantes, +one of their main African tribes being the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amantes</span></span> of Solin, +another the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baniabas</span></span> +of Ptolemy, both in Lybia. In America the +progeny is found in the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayas</span></span> of Yucatan, +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maynas</span></span> of East +Peru, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mamayant</span></span> +of Brazil, the Mbayas of Chaco &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The important name of Cazic for kings +begins to appear: it is evidently oriental, +and its affinities will be shown in a note.<a id="noteref_71" name="noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a> +It is akin also to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kachi</span></span> sun, in the Eyeri +dialect: the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Washil</span></span> of the Nachez. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">23d Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Machocha-El</span></span> was set by +the sun to watch the caves, and many inhabitants +of the caves were killed by the +sun, if they came out in the day time; they +could only come out at night to seek for +food. (Dangleria) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This either alludes to the great heat of +the sun in Africa and the tropics, or to a +dependance of the Lunar or Cave men +upon the Solar men. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machocha</span></span> has some +affinities in the South American tribes; +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machicuys</span></span> of +Tucumen, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machacalis</span></span> of +Brazil, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chaehas</span></span> of Perou, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chanchones</span></span> of +Quixos &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">24th Event.</span></span> Some men having dared to +come in the day time, were changed into +stones by the sun; (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba</span></span> is stone): also +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machokael</span></span> for allowing it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This fable may allude to a war, between +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibas</span></span> stony or strong men and the +solar tribes. These <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibas</span></span> were probably +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zipas</span></span> or princes of the Muyzcas. In +Perou there is also a fable of men changed +to stones at the primitive city of Tiahuanaco, +which merely means a war and +change of dominion. The name of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba</span></span> +for stone is primitive.—See the Note for +affinities.<a id="noteref_72" name="noteref_72" href="#note_72"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">25th Event.</span></span> Another set of men, going +to the shores to fish, were changed into +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Joboses</span></span> (myrobolan or plumb trees) by the +sun. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This metamorphose is peculiar to these +fables: although the Mexicans called the +Olmecas, fruit-people or Zapotecas. The +analogies of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jobos</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kobos</span></span> are found in +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coyba</span></span> of Darien, +Cuba or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coaiba</span></span>, the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mocobis</span></span> of Chaco &c. Another war is +probably meant by this, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jobos</span></span> are +a people. Have they any reference with +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jubas</span></span> of Mauritania? who formed a +divine and royal dynasty there. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Juba</span></span> was +also the Jove or God of the Lybians. +Several nations of Central and Mexican +America had trees for emblems. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">26th Event.</span></span> The +dynasty of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giona</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hi-Auna</span></span> begins to rule over the men of +Caziba or royal caves in Cauta. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This family of rulers or Cazics became +famous afterwards as we shall see, as leaders +of tribes to America. We can easily +perceive here the ancient Pelagian tribes +of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ionia</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aones</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hi-Auna</span></span> means +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">the-Aones</span></span>. It was this dynasty or people +that sent colonies to America: Oviedo +says this happened in the time of Hesper +12th king of Spain, about 750 years after +the flood, or 1658 years B. C. He deems +the settlers Hesperians or Cantabrians. +The root is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ona</span></span> solar name of Lybians. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">27th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vagoniana</span></span> a ruler of the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hi-Auna</span></span>, went fishing from the cave, and +became a bird or nightingale; who crossed +the sea, and settled the island <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mathinino</span></span> +(Martinico) with a people of women. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dangleria</span></span>. His wife in the sea gives him +two sons which became jewels <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanin</span></span> marble and metal. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This is a positive voyage over the Atlantic. +Whenever we meet tribes of birds, +in ancient history, they always mean travellers +and colonies, and often passage over +the sea in sailing boats, compared to birds. +The first ships of the Scandinavians and +Europeans seen in North America, were +called birds by the natives. V and B interchange +in the Haytian language as in +Greek; <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Va-gon-iana</span></span>, +thus means <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Father-Solar-Iana</span></em>. +His people are called women, +because unwarlike fishermen, or the Amazon +tribe. Martinico was the first island +settled by them: it bears the name of +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Matinino</span></span> in Roman, and was thus called +yet in 1492, Garcia mentions the 2 sons +and jewels.<a id="noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href="#note_73"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">28th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guagu-giona</span></span> king of Caziba, +sent <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jadruvaba</span></span> out of the caves, to collect +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the holy herb <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Digo</span></span> in order to purify and +wash the body; but he was changed by the +sun into a singing bird <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giahuba-Bogiael</span></span> +(the-singer bird-divine), and never returns. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have here a second voyage by sea in +a bird, and a contention with a solar people, +caused by a trading voyage to procure some +American commodity: Indigo probably +which is identic with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Digo</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jadru-vaba</span></span> +or the father of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khadru</span></span>, must be a new +colonist. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khadru</span></span> has hardly any analogies +in America; but <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giahuba</span></span> in which +he was changed has some. It appears +analagous with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yaoy</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shebaoy</span></span> two +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> tribes of Guyana, +and thus <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khadru</span></span> +might be the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> themselves; same +nation with the Haytians once, as the languages +prove; although extending to Tucuman +and Patagonia. The name of +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruagas</span></span> +was inexplicable: it +may refer to this origin, or to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rocou</span></span> +the red paint used by them. But <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> +may also mean <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aluac</span></span>; +akin to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Labuyu</span></span> +of the Caribs their vassals, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aluez</span></span> +vassals of the Nachez nation. Could they +derive from the ALE angels of the east; +here reduced to servitude by foes? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">29th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guagu-Giona</span></span> irritated that +Jadru-vaba does not return, leaves the +cave of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caziba</span></span> in search of him, and went +with men and women to the island Matinino, +where the women were left, while the +men went to the land of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanin</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This is the third passage of the Atlantic, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +unless that of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vagoniana</span></span> only mentioned +by Dangleria and Garcia be the same; but +they are likely to be successive tribes of +Ionas. That all the women should be left +in Martinico is a fable, meaning that the +weakest or fishing tribes settled there or in +the islands; while the warriors went to the +American continent, called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanin</span></span>, which +has several meanings, land of Guanas or +lizard men, or land of metals. It became +afterwards the name of a peculiar metal +formed by the natural or artificial amalgam +of 18 parts gold, 6 silver, and 8 copper: +and a tribe assumed the name. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guana</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanos</span></span> was the name of a large nation of +South America; perhaps come from the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guans</span></span> of the Canary islands; but slightly +related to the Aruacs by the languages: +yet perhaps akin: it was spread east of the +Andes, between the two tropics.<a id="noteref_74" name="noteref_74" href="#note_74"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">30th Event.</span></span> The children were left behind, +because afraid to cross, and were +crying after their mothers; but became +changed into <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tona</span></span> or opossums. Garcia +says into <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Toa</span></span> or frogs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are no opossums in Hayti nor the +small islands, nor in Africa. But they are +plenty in South America, where the notion +must have sprung. This fable and metamorphosis +may imply a hidden meaning. +The opossums are the only animals bearing +their young in a pouch, as ships bear men. +Could not this indicate other ships without +sails, and thus no longer birds with wings? +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +TON is a remarkable word, since it is the +root of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nei-ton</span></span> the Lybian neptunes or +navigators. The twin TUN are the holy +ancestors of the Chilians, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tona-ca</span></span> (flesh +our) is the ancestor or Adam of some +Mexican nations. The frogs were the +emblem of the Muyzcas! +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">31st Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guabonito</span></span> a woman follows +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaga-Giona</span></span> +to the bigland of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanin</span></span> +by swimming. He is well pleased with it, +and calls her his own <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Biberozi</span></span> (wife-loving): +but as she was diseased he puts her +apart in a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanara</span></span>, where she heals, and +he makes her queen. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A singular romantic fable, the disease of +the woman is stated to be the syphilis! +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guabo-n'ito</span></span> means fruit or Guava pear of +man! The allegory implies another colony +following <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaga</span></span>, not by swimming; but +with paddles or on rafts; probably a part +of the lesser tribe of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amaiuna</span></span> or Amazons, +so often called women in antiquity; although +a powerful African people. All the women +left in the islands might be of such a tribe, +and since become the Mayas of Yucatan, +Hayti &c., with the Manas or Manoas, +the Amazons of South America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">32d Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Anacacugia</span></span> (flower of Cacao) +brother of this wife or ally of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaga</span></span>, +runs away from him on the back of a manati +or seal, and goes back to the women of +Matinino. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This implies a separation of tribes, one +returning to the islands, where they probably +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +formed the Cairi nation. The seal used +for boats, is a third fable, found in Greece; +boats are thus compared to birds, opossums +and seals. Many American languages +animate boats and ships. This seal must +mean a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manati</span></span>, or sea cow; real seals not +being found in the Antilles. If the name +was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manati</span></span>, it +has affinities with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ama-yuna</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ama-Zons</span></span> tribe. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma-ti-ni-no</span></span> +is in Haytian <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">great-mount-the-good</span></em>, while +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mana-ti</span></span> is +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">moving mountain</span></span>. Has not +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anacacu</span></span> a reference to +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anakim</span></span> of +Asia, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cacus</span></span> of +Europe, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tam-anacu</span></span> +of South America? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">33d Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hi-Auna</span></span> +father of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guago-giona</span></span> +comes with his son to the land of +Guanin, and being the grandfather of all +the tribes, they receive the names of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hi-auna</span></span>; +which is afterwards changed to +children of Guanin. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hin Gua-ili Gua-nin</span></span> +(the-plural such-children such-Nin), and +lastly the whole united nation is called +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanini</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Aones came then also to America, +and there was a confederacy of the tribes. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-gu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-go</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-ga</span></span>, may be 3 +spellings of a same name; but they might +also be three successive and distinct tribes +of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giona</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-bonito</span></span> +in one instance is +made another lord or tribe, instead of a +wife of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guago</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">34th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Albebora</span></span> +and his son <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Al-bebora-El</span></span>, +were also Guanini lords or +Cazics, who came with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giona</span></span> tribe. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +This indicates again another nation. The +name is remarkable, because it resembles +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Albion</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bora</span></span>, two primitive nations of +the north, which settled England and the +boreal regions, becoming the Hyper-Boreans +of later times. Perhaps these Boras +are identic with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aboras</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aboris</span></span> of +ancient Italy, the mountaineers since called +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Abori-genes</span></span> by the Greeks. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">35th Event.</span></span> Another Guaga-giona II. or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaba-giona</span></span> is mentioned afterwards, +whose son became the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanini</span></span> tribe. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaba</span></span> means both <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the father</span></em> +and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the Guava pear</span></em>. The succession of these +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gionas</span></span> is very obscure; but many are +probably omitted, and the whole poetical +records allude to the most famous of the +dynasty or nation. Guanini implies the +Golden tribe. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">36th Event.</span></span> The settlement of the Guaninis +in Hayti was from Matinino and the +east; being exiled from Matinino, they are +led by <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camo</span></span> who begins the kingdom of +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabonao</span></span> in Hayti; they settle on the river +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bahaboni</span></span>, where they built their houses, +and afterwards the great temple of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camotzia</span></span>. +They gave to the island the name of +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Quisqueia</span></span> or great universe; but afterwards +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hayti</span></span>, meaning land rough or hilly. +(Dangleria.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This important event is best given with +those details by Dangleria: while Roman +appears to mix it with the settlement of Guanin. +Yet <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Quisqueia</span></span> was more probably +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the first name given to South America, +rather than to Hayti: another name for +which was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohio</span></span> +or habitations. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camo</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guamo</span></span> means +lord or master, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tzia</span></span> is +temple. The exile of the Guaninis from +the islands, must allude to another revolution +and perhaps invasion. This <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camo</span></span>, +was probably the same as the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cami</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coma</span></span> of Cuba +in later time, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comayagua</span></span> +of Honduras; which assimilate the first +civilized Haytians with the tribes of Central +America. It might have happened that +these <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camos</span></span> +were <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayas</span></span> and the ancestors +of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayo-riexes</span></span>. The history of +the Mayas of Otolum, and Central America, +will be connected with these annals +hereafter; but much is left for conjecture. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">37th Event.</span></span> Other exiles of Matinino +settle at the island <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabini</span></span> now Turtle island; +and near it on the north shore of +Hayti, from whence they spread through +the island, which is called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bouhi</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohio</span></span>, +meaning full of towns. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dangleria mentions this likewise. House +and town or habitation, are synonymous in +Haytian. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">38th Event.</span></span> They found +some <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caracoles</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Taracolas</span></span>, crabs! or beastly men, +dwelling in the island. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaninis</span></span> +wanting women, took some Caracols beasts +for wives, and made them suitable women, +by washing them, and giving them to eat +the fruit <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Inriri Cahuvial</span></span>. This was done +by a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vagoniana</span></span> II. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +These Caracols had then survived the +flood or come before the Guaninis, the name +of the fruit that made them women, if explained, +might elucidate this event; but +the signification was not given; another +version will suggest other important analogies.<a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href="#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">39th Event.</span></span> These Caracols deprived of +their women, took other female beasts for +wives (another tribe) and from this union +most of the Haytians descended, becoming +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anaborias</span></span> or vassals of the Guaninis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anaboria</span></span> means flower or lizard of labor! +these might be descended from <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Albebora</span></span>. +This name for bondsmen, boors or +laborers, was widely spread in America, +and has affinities all over the world, even +with the Latin labor.<a id="noteref_76" name="noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">40th Event.</span></span> These first inhabitants of +Hayti, fed on dates, bananas, cocos, fruits, +nuts, herbs, yams, roots, onions, mushrooms: +until taught the use of Cazabi or bread by +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boition</span></span>, with maize, cotton, mandioc &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another fact of Dangleria, very natural +indicating the tropical food of old times. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">41st Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Michetauri Guauana</span></span>, +was the leader of the first colony to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coaibai</span></span> +(death house) in the land of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Soraia</span></span> (setting +sun), and became the king of it. There +the people are called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Goeiz</span></span> (phantoms or +ghosts) and go about by night; but are not +dead people whose name is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Opia</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coaibai</span></span> is either Cuba or Coyba in Darien, +or both. It became the paradise of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the Haytians, placed in Cuba or further +west, and a place of delight. The names +and allusions are remarkable. They assimilate +to those of the Greeks &c. about +the fortunate islands of the west: those of +the Orientals and Hebrews about the island +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elisha</span></span>, and +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheol</span></span> or place of souls, the +Hebrew Plutonic region. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Soraya</span></span> for setting +sun, is identic with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Surya</span></span> of the Hindus: +whence came <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Syria</span></span> the west, and +even our word <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sorrow</span></em>; while <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sol</span></span> comes +from Sheol. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Azil</span></span> sun in Pelasgian, is akin +to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elisha</span></span> whence our +word Azylum! <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Goeiz</span></span> +is akin to ghost, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ghaib</span></span> +in Syrian, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coyocop</span></span> +of the Nachez, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Goz</span></span> +of the Vilelas. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Opi</span></span> +has affinities every where. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Michetauri</span></span> is +perhaps a synonym of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machi-tuyra</span></span> great +devil, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guauana</span></span> is such-Auna. Perhaps +this fable alludes to an anterior event and +the passage to America of a former Hi-Auna.<a id="noteref_77" name="noteref_77" href="#note_77"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">42d Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aumatex</span></span> a great Cazic marries +the female Zemi <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guabanzex</span></span>, goddess +of waters and wind, and she has two sons +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guatauva</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pregonero</span></span>, who become +male Zemis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is impossible to say if this event belongs +to this time or to the cosmogony. I +presume it is historical, alluding to new +tribes, and perhaps foreign to Hayti. The +names are difficult to explain, nor is it +stated what these sons performed; but +being sons of water and wind, they must +have led colonies by sea elsewhere. They +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +are perhaps the ancestors of the Guataios +and the Puruays?<a id="noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href="#note_78"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">43d Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Corocoro</span></span> the quadruped +Zemi of the Caracols? was the ancestor +of two lines of kings, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guamorete</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guatabanex</span></span>, +who rule in Hayti. His temple +was in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sacaba</span></span>, and his high-priest was +called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cavava-Niovava</span></span>. Cave father and +our father. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This alludes to different tribes than the +Guaninis: <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coro</span></span> was a tribe in Cumana. +Perhaps this is another version of the +10th Event, or a proper indication of the +subsequent institutions of the Caracol nation, +when more civilized, and become the +Mayorex. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">44th Event.</span></span> Arrival in Hayti, Cuba &c. +of the first <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohito</span></span> (old man), a priest and +legislator, called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boition</span></span> by Dangleria, +meaning both <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Priest-solar</span></em> and Old <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ion</span></span>: he +introduces agriculture and the use of bread, +divides the nation into 3 castes, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tainos</span></span>, or +nobles, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohitos</span></span> +or priests, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anaborias</span></span> or +vassals, and these last into tillers, hunters +and fishermen. He becomes pontif, settles +the religion; establishing mysteries and +oracles, the worship of Zemis, and many +other institutions, holydays, festivals, religious +dances, schools &c., declaring the +land common to all, like the sun and water. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are at least 3 Bohitos, that came +to Hayti and Cuba, and civilized the people; +but it is difficult to distinguish the +deeds of each. They were probably priests +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +leading more civilized colonies from the +east or from America. Their name which +is variously spelt or varies in dialects was +also <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Buhuti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boitio</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bauti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Buhui</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boyeto</span></span> +&c., is akin to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boyez</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Poyes</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Piazes</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Payes</span></span> +of South America, used by +the Aruacs, Guaranis and Carib tribes, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Piaches</span></span> of Tamanacs, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bauti</span></span> of Dabaiba, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Papas</span></span> of Central +America, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bochica</span></span> of +Muyzcas; but the names of priests all over +ancient eastern nations, have still more +analogies<a id="noteref_79" name="noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a>—and therefore +they came from the east. The civilization +and religion introduced or improved +by them is also oriental; it was more advanced +than we are aware; since they had +ample fields and orchards, roads and canals, +schools in which they taught history, religion, +medicine and useful arts. Of their +astronomy nothing has been preserved, nor +of their hieroglyphs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">45th Event.</span></span> Bohito II. +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Buhui-tihu</span></span> +(old eminent) comes and improves still further +the rites &c., becoming high-priest. +He introduces medicines, charms, the use +of cotton and cloth, burning of bodies instead +of mummies as formerly, the holy +herbs <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gueyo</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zochen &c.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This is all what can be collected on this +second law-giver, and he is even blended +with the next, except by name. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">46th Event.</span></span> Bohito III. +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baio-habao</span></span> +(sea-lyre) comes next, introducing music, +sacred instruments called after him, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +probably the rites of the triple named god +of the Hindu and Mayan trimurti: <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bugia</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aiba</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bradama</span></span>: who became the +Zemi of war, or perhaps led to a war. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This god with three names is evidently +Vishnu, Shiba and Brama of India: found +in Yucatan as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Izona</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Echuah</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bacab</span></span>. +See my dissertation in Atlantic Journal, on +similar names of triple God all over America +and the east. It does not follow that +this worship came direct from India; but +it might come through the Pelagians, who +had it as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bram</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amen</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vix</span></span>, inverted +among the Ausonians, Oscans. The same +about a god creator preserver and destroyer +was prevalent in Asia, Iran, Thibet, Syria, +Egypt, Greece, Etruria, and even the Canary +islands. The Mayoriex came probably +with Bohito III. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">47th Event.</span></span> Happy state of this civilized +people, hardly knowing war, passing the +time in festivals, dancing, singing and making +love: whence called the Fortunate islands, +by the navigators that happened to go +so far. They dwelt in wooden houses and +had towns of 1000 houses.—Herrera. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This period is indicated by twenty authentic +sources of ancient history, and the +ancient traditions of Europe about the +happy land of the west, Elisha or Elysium, +Hesperides, Cocana of the Spaniards &c.: +besides the happy state in which Hayti +was found.—See the account of the ancient +notions and communications with America, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and the great Atlantis: the most explicit is +found in Diodorus Siculus, as follows. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">48th Event.</span></span> The Phenicians driven by +a storm, while going from Gades to Africa, +discover the large island <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Atlantis</span></span>, many +days in the ocean west of Lybia. It was +very fruitful, with mountains, large plains +and navigable rivers; with many woods +and fruits, fine valleys, plenty of wild beasts +and fish. The air is mild and healthful; +it is a residence fit for gods: the inhabitants +are a strong and healthful people; they +have many towns, with stately buildings, +houses of pleasures, gardens, orchards &c.—Diod. +Book V. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The translators of Diodorus have blundered +so far as to deem this island Madeira +or the Canaries; which are small islands, +without streams, and the first without inhabitants. +It can only apply to Hayti, or +even the continent of South America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">49th Event.</span></span> <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">A black people</span></em> came to +Hayti from the south or south-east, who +had darts of Guanin metal, and were called +the Black Guaninis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This tradition preserved by Herrera, +Garcia and Charlevoix, indicates a colony +of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Negroes</span></em> or men painting black, from +South America. They might be the black +Negroes of Quarequa mentioned by Dangleria, +or some other American Negro +nation, of which there are many.—See my +account of ancient Black Nations of America. +Dangleria mentions two wild tribes +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of savages in Hayti towards 1500, one +speechless! (which means they spoke a +different language) probably a remain of +the Caracols, another swift dwelling in +caves, quite apart, seen in 1514 in Zauana +of Guacarima. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">50th Event.</span></span> Navigations of the Haytians +and Cubans, settlements of the Lucayas islands, +Jamaica, and probably some parts of +Florida: mutual trade with Cuba and the +continent. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These colonial and trading voyages must +have begun long before and have been continual. +Columbus met individuals in Cuba +who had visited Hayti, Jamaica and Yamaya, +the Maya land or Yucatan. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yucayas</span></span> +or Lucayans knew Cuba, Hayti and Florida, +which was called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cautio</span></span> says Fulgar, +quoted by Cardenas, who deems the Antilles +peopled from hence, blending it with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauta</span></span> +the original seat of the Haytians. South +America was once called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanin</span></span>, afterwards +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caribana</span></span> when it was overspread +by the Carib tribes. The Nachez appear +to have come from Cuba. The Cumanas +knew Hayti and called it <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atsi</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">51st Event.</span></span> The +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Canibas</span></span> (whence our +Canibals) or the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caribas</span></span>, (whence our +Caraibes), a savage people, often feeding +on human flesh, begin to spread to Guyana +and South America; becoming bold navigators +also, they send war parties and +colonies to the peaceful islands of the Antilles, +and even to Florida. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Caribas evidently descended from +the Galibis, and other akin nations of South +America, did not originate in North America, +as supposed by Bridgstock and a few +others. Laborde who spent 20 years with +them, and knew well their language, has +published some of their traditions in 1704. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lon-quo</span></span> was their original god, who made +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Racumon</span></span> their chief or leader to America, +who leads there the tribes of snakes, men, +Cabatos-trees and birds. The true name +of the nation was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cali</span></span>, those of the main +were <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cali-nago</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Calibis</span></span>, of the islands +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cali-ponam</span></span>. Rochefort &c.—See my +Carib Traditions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">52d Event.</span></span> The Calibis of Guyana after +long wars with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Alouague</span></span> the kings of the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruacas</span></span>, send the +general <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Timani</span></span> to +conquer the Aruacas Islanders, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cahiris</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeris</span></span> &c. who +leads the tribe of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Labouyous</span></span> +(vassals) and conquer several islands, +killing the men and keeping the women.—Rochefort +&c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The period of this invasion is unknown; +those who bring the Caribs from North +America, make it much later of course; +but it is likely to be an old event: although +several invasions are probably meant and +blended. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Timanis</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Labouyous</span></span> +must have effected this. They adopted +many customs and partly the religion of +the conquered women. The following tradition +belongs probably to the conquered +Eyeris. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">53d Event.</span></span> Once when living wretched +and on the spontaneous fruits of the earth, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oubek-Eyeri</span></span> (heaven man) a holy man +drest all in white cotton, comes from heaven +(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oubek</span></span> above). He first appears to +a desolate old man <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boyez</span></span>, and teach him +to build houses, to cultivate mandioc and +make bread of it &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This must have been a priest or bohito +of Hayti, who tried to civilize the Caribs: +unless it refers to anterior traditions. He +taught religion also, that good men would +go after death to the happy islands of the +west, and become <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemin</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Icheiri</span></span> Zemis; +while bad men should become <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oumekoua</span></span> +wanderers at sea, and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabouyas</span></span> +devils. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">54th Event.</span></span> The Caribas in search of +these fortunate islands go to Hayti and +Cuba; but are repulsed, and settle in Florida, +where they extended inland, becoming +the tribes of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cofachi</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Matica</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amana</span></span>. They dwell there a long while +often at war with the Apalachis, who conquer +them and incorporate at last. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See Brigstock for this fact, and the wars +with the Apalachis; the details belong to +the history of North America and the nations +of Florida. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">55th Event.</span></span> Some expelled Caribs hearing +by traders of Zigateo, steal some canos +and run away to this island, one of the +Lucayas; well received; but sent to Ayay +(Santa Cruz) desert island, where they +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +settle and increase. This happened towards +1150 of our era. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This positive fact begins the certain +chronology of the Antilles; but Brigstock +is quite wrong in deeming these fugitives, +the ancestors of all the Carib and Galibis +tribes as far as Brazil. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">56th Event.</span></span> Civil wars in Hayti, attempt +of some kings to become independent from +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohitos</span></span> government. The Cazic +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guamaretus</span></span> despise his +god or Zemi <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Corochotum</span></span>, +for which he is overcome in +battle and his palace burnt. Dangleria. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This indicates probably a revolution, and +attempt to overthrow the ancient religion, +perhaps before 1150. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">57th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cazi-baquel</span></span> restores peace, +and the worship of the great God <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jocavaghama</span></span>, +with the Zemi <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarugavael</span></span> found +in the woods. Meantime the god <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jocava</span></span> +prophecies by an oracle that the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maguacochios</span></span> +(great people clothed) would come, +with fire and thunder to destroy or enslave +the rebellious Haytians. This was understood +to apply to the Caribs, and Spaniards +afterwards.<a id="noteref_80" name="noteref_80" href="#note_80"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">58th Event.</span></span> This great king <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Baquel</span></span>, +begins a dynasty, and has many successors +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gamanacoel</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guarionel</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guayaronel</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guavanenechin</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guavavo-conel</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caramarex</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaramatex &c.</span></span>, who are the +chief kings of Hayti. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guarionex</span></span> was his +successor when the Spaniards came. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The ancestors of Guarionex had been +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +kings or cazics from time immemorial in +the great kingdom and valley of Maguana, +180 miles long and 30 broad, running from +east to west; having from east to west the +provinces Canobocoa, Hubabo, Cayaba, +Maricoa, Bainoa. The river Bahuan runs +through it, which is probably the same as +Bahaboni, where settled the Guaninis. +They appear to have been at the head of +the feodal system of Cazics and Tainos +established in Hayti. All the other kings +bearing them allegiance: and their dialect +was the court language. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">59th Event.</span></span> The island becomes divided +into 5 principal kingdoms, with many provinces +each having a Cazic. They were +1. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caizimu</span></span> in the east with 11 provinces, +Higuey was the first of them, 2. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bainoa</span></span> +in the centre, the largest of all, belonging +to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baquel</span></span> dynasty, with 24 provinces, +Maguana being the first of them, 3. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guacarima</span></span>, +the west end, with 12 provinces, +Xaragua being the main, 4. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hubaba</span></span>, a +small kingdom with 3 provinces in the +south mountains, 5. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cotoy</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cayabo</span></span> in +the mountains of the north, held by the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayoriex</span></span> people, with 7 provinces, and +the mountains Zibao. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dangleria gives the names of all these +provinces, but he has omitted the kingdom +of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Marien</span></span> in the north-west, he makes it +only a province of Bainoa. Laet, Charlevoix +and Munoz have given maps of old +Hayti, with the situations of many, the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +rivers, towns, islands, mountains, lakes &c.; +see my Ancient Geography of the Antilles. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">60th Event.</span></span> Meantime Cuba was also +divided into 7 kingdoms, 1. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayzi</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maiti</span></span> +opposite Hayti, 2. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bayamo</span></span> west of it, 3. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cueyba</span></span> in the centre, whence the name of +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuba</span></span>, probably +the head kingdom, 4. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camayegua</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camaguey</span></span> inhabited by a +different people, famous tribe, probably +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comayaguas</span></span> of Honduras, or Olmecas, +5. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Xagua</span></span> near the middle, +6. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Macaca</span></span> in +the south opposite Jamaica, 7. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Haniguanica</span></span> +at the west end where are the high +mountains <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Uhima</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">61st Event.</span></span> The island of Jamaica was +divided in two kingdoms. Boriquen also +Buchena or Burichina (D) now Porto-Rico, +formed one, but had 26 Cazics in as many +valleys, the high mountains of Guayamo +being desert. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yucayas</span></span> (white islands) +now Bahama, were numberless, the +largest being Amana, Zigateo, Bahama, +Bimini, Sumana, Yuma, Guanahani, Saomoto, +Abaco &c. The Cazics were much +respected there, being also Bohitos or Behiques +(priests) judges and stewards. Labor +was in common and the daily food given +from the public stores. Some islands were +at war; but only used sticks in their quarrels. +Yet all the islands formed a single kingdom, +the great Cazic resided at Saomoto. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">62d Event.</span></span> The Caribas of Ayay having +multiplied, spread again over the eastern +islands: they are repulsed in Boriquen; +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +but meeting their ancient tribes in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Curucueria</span></span> +now Guadeloupe: it becomes their +chief island: whence they send war parties +to 1000 miles off, even to the continent; +and occupy <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Galana</span></span> now Marigalante, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Matinino</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Madinino</span></span> now Martinique, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Liamaca</span></span> now Antigua, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Liamuiga</span></span> St. +Christopher, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bayaraco</span></span> +St. Vincent, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bequia</span></span> +Grenada &c. called collectively <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caliaqua</span></span> +the islands of the Calibis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">63d Event.</span></span> They molest the shores of +Boriquen, where they are always repulsed, +but often steal men and children to eat +them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">64th Event.</span></span> They assail the shores of +Hayti, where they are much feared; signals +by smoke are made when they appear. +In Higuey and Caizimu, eastern regions of +the island, the Haytians become warlike to +defend themselves, and use poisoned arrows +as they did. Elsewhere the Haytians used +only darts, lances and macanas, peculiar +wooden swords. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">65th Event.</span></span> The Caribs went as far as +the shores of Cuba, and desolated the south +shores: the Cubans removing their towns +inland. They were called Canibas and +Canimas: and succeed in forming a settlement +at Baracoa to the south-east. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">66th Event.</span></span> They were repulsed in their +attempt against the warlike Jamaicans who +used arrows; they do not appear to have +molested the Yucayans, owing to their former +alliance and gift of the island Ayay. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These events are chiefly collected from +Columbus' own account, and personal narratives +of his travels, with other retrospective +hints by the Spanish writers. They +will also afford the notices of the subsequent +events. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">67th Event.</span></span> The population of all the +Tainos in the Antilles was at least two +millions; 1,200,000 in Hayti; 600,000 in +Cuba; 100,000 in Boriquen; 60,000 in +Jamaica; 40,000 in the Yucayas; besides +the unknown Carib population. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This is the least calculation, at the Spanish +arrival: others have swelled it to 6 +millions, including all the West Indies. +Las-Casas states that the Lucayas had +500,000, Jamaica and Boriquen 600,000. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">68th Event.</span></span> The domestic animals of +these islands, were among beasts, Alco +dogs, gochi-dogs, agutis, cavias, pecari +hogs and manatis: turtles and guanas +among reptiles: parrots, doves, partridges, +fowls, ducks and red cranes among birds: +remoras among fishes; and even cucuyos +or fire flies used for lamps among insects. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such were found either in one or all +the islands; which were not therefore destitute +of domestic animals, as commonly +believed. Columbus found tame fowls at +Cuba in 1492; which were probably the +Powis fowls. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">69th Event.</span></span> Beroica was king of Jamaica +(about the year 1420) he began a +dynasty; his two successors were Bemberoica +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Abem-beroica</span></span>, meaning Beroica +II., Beroica III. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Garcia states this fact; but in 1503 +Columbus found Ameyro Cazic of the east, +and Huarco of the west of Jamaica. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">70th Event.</span></span> The island Puta or Cahiri +now Trinidad at the furthest east end of +the Antilles was still inhabited by several +Aruac tribes, Cahiris, Yaoy &c. which +resisted the inroads of their constant foes +the Galibis and Caribas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">71st Event.</span></span> Between 1450 and 1480 +Guaramatex was the greatest king and +Cazic of Hayti, in Bainoa and Maguana. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">72d Event.</span></span> Cayacoa was king of Caizimu +and Higuey in the east from about 1460 to +1494 when he died. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">73d Event.</span></span> About 1470 some Caribs +settle in Samana, the east peninsula of +Hayti; and two valiant brothers Caonabo +and Manicatex, form themselves a small +kingdom inland near to the Mayoriex nation, +Mayo-banex their king admits them +as allies. Caonabo conquers 3 provinces, +Dahabon, Zibaho and Manababo. He was +so much esteemed for his valor, that Anacoana +the Venus of Hayti, sister of the +king of Xaragua, becomes his wife soon +after.<a id="noteref_81" name="noteref_81" href="#note_81"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">74th Event.</span></span> About 1475, Behechio is +king of Guacarima in the west, till 1500. +His capital was Xaragua. He became a +conqueror of several provinces, as far as +Neyba and Ozama rivers. He had 32 vassal +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Cazics, and 30 wives, his favorite queen +was Guanahata. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dangleria calls him Beuchicus Anaca-choa, +and says that as usual with great +kings, he received many titles, being called +Shining Copper, Bright Highness, and +Rich Flood. These titles were really +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tureigua hobin</span></span>, Heaven-like of Yellow Copper.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Siarei-huibo</span></span>, Star-bright Highness.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Duyh-zinequen</span></span>, Wealthy in Streams.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">75th Event.</span></span> In 1480 Guarionex succeeds +Guaramatex as the greatest king of Hayti. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">76th Event.</span></span> In 1486 the Cubans send a +colony to Florida, in search of a river and +spring restoring to youth; they visit the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pola</span></span> islands, now Martyrs or Florida keys, +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Colas</span></span> nation of South Florida, and +settle the town of Abaiba near the cape of +Florida.—Herrera.<a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" href="#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This proves a previous trade and knowledge +of Florida. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Colas</span></span> are perhaps +descendants of the ancient Cara-<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cols</span></span> of +Hayti: they dwelt in Florida till 1760, +when they removed to Cuba. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">77th Event.</span></span> In 1490 and previous to it, +war in Cuba between the kingdom of Cuba +or Colba, and Cavilla king of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cami</span></span> +nation, in the country of Bafan, whose +capital was Fava.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Columbus' Narrative.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Columbus heard of this war in 1492. +The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cami</span></span> are the same as the Cama-yegua, +the foreign people of Cuba.<a id="noteref_83" name="noteref_83" href="#note_83"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> +<a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VII.</span></h1> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">The Haytian or Taino Language</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">restored, +with fragments of the dialects of +Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen, +Eyeri, Cairi, Araguas. Grammar, +roots, and comparative Vocabularies.</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At an early period I endeavored to collect +all the scattered fragments of this language, +in order to elucidate and support +the historical traditions. This labour concluded +in 1828, has given very important +results, which shall now be explained. At +the time of the Spanish discovery and conquest, +many Spaniards spoke that language; +many slaves were sent to Spain; but philology +was not then attended to. Therefore +we have no dictionary nor grammar of this +language. Meantime the very nation has +disappeared, destroyed by Spanish cruelty. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +However, nearly all the early travellers +and writers on the West Indies have preserved +by chance, some words of it. Columbus +himself mentions some of them in +his original journal. Roman and Dangleria +explain many of the quoted words. Others +are scattered in Acosta, Gomara, Oviedo, +Garcia, Diaz, Las-Casas &c.; which had +never been all collected even by Vater nor +Edwards. Gili alone undertook to give a +long list of Haytian words; but three-fourths +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of them are geographical or historical names +unexplained and unavailable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I have used, compared and brought together +all these loose materials, and thus +succeeded in restoring about 234 words of +this language, a list ample enough for all +historical purposes. This contains besides +50 words of the Eyeri and eastern dialects, +with 38 of the Cuban or western dialects, +useful to show the variations of dialects. +We know that from Bahama to Cuba, +Boriquen to Jamaica, a same language +was spoken in various slight dialects, but +understood by all: Columbus himself says so. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But this language, which had also partly +spread in Florida, and in South America, +has the appearance of being a mixt speech. +This appears from the many synonyms, the +deviations of dialects, and the double forms, +or relative position of words. In the small +eastern islands the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeris</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabres</span></span> had +been destroyed by the Caribs, who preserved +the women, and these preserved their own +language, mixt with some Carib words and +taught it to their daughters; so as to produce +a double language, that of the women +being quite peculiar. This singular fact +well authenticated, will enable us to presume +a similar conquest and custom, wherever +we shall meet in America, with a peculiar +female idiom. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The many nations or tribes mentioned +in the traditions, which had gradually amalgamated; +and the settlement in Cuba and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Hayti of the Mayas, will account for this +mixture of synonyms. But the existence +also of many homonyms, leads us to a former +more simple speech, probably monosyllabic +and quite regular as the oriental idioms, to +which it is most akin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +From the primitive languages of North +Africa and South Europe, it had received +this regular position of ideas; but by the +mixture with the Maya and Mexican nations +using the inverse form, it borrowed +that new form. The same happened in +Europe to the Celtic and Oriental tribes, +who received in Greece and Italy the inverse +form of speech from the Scythian, +Illyrian and Gothic tribes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The comparative examination of the +Haytian and dialects, was pursued by me, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">upon all the languages of the earth</span></span>, as I +was determined that one American nation +at least, should be traced philologically to +its real origin. Thus I found many thousand +analogies of it, out of which I have +used about 1500 in the annals, notes and +vocabularies. A single American language +does then contain more comparative analogies +in about 200 words than all those collected +by Vater and Malte, out of 400 +American languages; and this fact upsets +all the illusions, theories and false views, +based thereon by them, Humboldt and +others. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But this comprehensive labour teaches +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +other facts, by far more important and +available. 1. That American languages +have analogies with all the languages of +the earth, 2. That they have similar analogies +with each other, 3. That it is only the +superior number of analogies that may indicate +a filial or parental connection out +of America, 4. And that also similar greatest +number of analogies, indicate the parental +relations of American languages and +nations between themselves, 5. Lastly that +unless a language and nation is compared +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">with all the others</span></em>, we can never ascertain +accurately, nor trace its real parentage +philologically. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This consequence is obvious, although it +will not please the lazy or timid philologists +and historians. It shall be further pursued +and elucidated hereafter; but now let us +apply these rules to the Haytian. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I could give 400 comparisons. Let us +select a few. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ainu of Choka</span></span> islands between Japan +and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kamchatka</span></span>, 22 comparable words 4 +alike in Haytian—Boat, house, no, drink—Mutual +affinity only 21 per cent. No parentage. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Singala</span></span> of Ceylon, 50 comparable +words, 16 analogies, with Haytian—Mutual +affinity 32 per cent. Very distant parentage. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanch</span></span> of the Canary island nearest +to Hayti in the east, 32 comparable words, +14 akin. Mutual affinity 42 per cent. +Distant connection. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mandara.</span></span> Handsome black nation +in the centre of Africa, 12 words comparable, +6 akin,—one, water, man, king, mother, +river—Mutual analogies 50 per cent. +Nearer connection than with the Guanch, +or separation less remote. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pelagic</span></span>, or ancestors of the Greeks +and Italians. Comparable words in all the +ancient and modern dialects nearly 200, +whereof about 160 offer more or less analogies!—Mutual +affinity 80 per cent! Complete +and near connection. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Therefore the Haytians are of Pelagic +origin!</span></span> No other group of languages offer +anything like as many. The nearest after, +are the Atlantic L. Lybian, Egyptian, Bask, +Sanscrit, Persian &c. who are all connected +with the Pelagic nations. The analogies +with the Tartars, Chinese, Polynesians &c., +are all less in amount. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In America the Haytian affinities are of +course the greatest with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> nations +of South America; who are their brothers, +and extend to the Taos of Tucuman and +the Tinguis or true Patagons of Pigafetta. +Yet they may have been divided long ago, +or ever since their American settlement: +since out of two selected for comparisons, +after the vocabularies, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Araguas</span></span> had +only 70 per cent of analogy, and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cairi</span></span> +only 56 per cent. The nearest affinities +after these, were with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apalachis</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nachez</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cadoz</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huastecas</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mexican</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarasca</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maya</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chontal</span></span> &c. of N. America, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Darien</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Betoy</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peruvian</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chili</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mbaya &c.</span></span> of South America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Those with the nations of N. America of +Asiatic origin, and the nations of South +America of African origin, such as the +Linapis and Guaranis, were much reduced. +See the compared vocabularies. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Haytian shall now become therefore +one of the touchstones of other American +languages, to verify their eastern or Atlantic +origin, and above all the connection +with the American Pelagians. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Let us now consider the forms and peculiarities +of this interesting language, and +first its phonology. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It appears to have all the sounds of the +Italic languages; but it lacks the Greek +TH, PS, the Cairi had <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">TH</span></span>. It has been +written by Spaniards, and their simple orthography +applies well to it; but leaves a +doubt whether it had the Celtic and French +û (unless it be y) Hebrew and English SH, +lacking in Spanish. Their CH is as in +English, and the French TCH.—It had +the gutural X of the Greeks and Spanish, +written X and J. Also the Spanish LL, +GN or Ñ, and TZ. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It had few P being changed to B; few +F often changed to V; few L changing to +Y; few S changed to Z; few D changed +to T.—It had no nasal sounds as in Italian, +AN becoming <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ana</span></span> &c. Many dipthongs +AO, OEI, IA, AI, UA, AU, EI &c. as in +Italian, each vowel sounded. This made +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the language soft, pleasing and musical as +in Italian and Polynesian. Dangleria says +the accent was always on the last syllable, +as in French. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On the grammar of it, nothing has been +written; what Vater has said is quite loose +and inaccurate. We have not even the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord's Prayer</span></span> in it, so as to serve as a +model. Our only guides are a few translated +phrases of Roman and Dangleria; +but they enable us to perceive the main +features of it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of the chief was the great use of +articles, as in Italian; but with a peculiar +one GUA, put commonly before, but sometimes +after the nouns. It was a demonstrative +article, meaning <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">such</span></span>, or +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">this</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">that</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">these</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">those</span></span>; but never changing and common +as our <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The</span></span>: while this indicative <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The</span></span> +was declinable or changing as in the Italic +languages, and extremely various, although +always prefixed, expressed by I, HI, HIN, +NI, N', ZI, LI &c. A third kind of article +was O, which when added, appears to +have been comparative, and to mean <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Akin</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Like</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Similar</span></span>, or our English AS. The +relative article <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Of</span></span> was A prefixed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Examples of Articles. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-yava</span></span> This pear.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-ma</span></span> This great, or lord.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-tiaos</span></span> Those brothers.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma-za-gua</span></span> Great plain such.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bala-gua</span></span> Sea such, the ocean.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">I-Guana</span></span> The guana or lizard.</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ni-taino</span></span> The good or noble.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Mi-taino</span></span> My noble lord.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Li-ani</span></span> The wife. Eyeri dialect.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Hin-Guaili</span></span> The such-sons, the children.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba o</span></span> Stone like, stony.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">A-na</span></span> Of bloom, a flower.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">A-boria</span></span> Of labor, a vassal.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">A-maca</span></span> Of wood, a bed.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">A-ma</span></span> Of great, water.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">A-reiti</span></span> Of rite, song.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These articles formed probably the declinations +of nouns, as we do not perceive +a different desinense. This form was more +like the Celtic, Oscan, and Greek, than the +Latin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The feminine was formed nearly as in +Italian, O changing to A.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taino</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taina</span></span>, +Lord, Lady—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hito</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hita</span></span>, Man, Woman; +but there must have been irregularities +difficult to trace: as some words masculine +end in I, S, N, U, L. Perhaps some were +neutral. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Some words are formed by duplication, +implying an amplitude, as in the Oriental +language.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bi</span></span> life, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bibi</span></span> mother and wife +in dialects. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ba</span></span> habitation, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baba</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vava</span></span> +Father. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma</span></span> great, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mama</span></span> mother. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xau</span></span> +cake, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xauxau</span></span> bread or large cake. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The plurals are chiefly in I as in Italian, +or in S as in Spanish; but there are some +irregular plurals. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taino</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taini</span></span>, Lord, +Lords. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hito</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">hitos</span></span> man, men. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +EL son. ILI sons. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemi</span></span> angel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemes</span></span> +angels. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Eyeri dialect forms many plurals in +UM. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeri</span></span> man, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyerium</span></span> +men; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inaru</span></span> +woman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inayum</span></span> women. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The adjectives are put before or after +the substantives, blending the two forms; +and the prevailing form in compound words +is doubtful, perhaps the regular as in Latin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Examples of regular position. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Hay-ti</span></span> Land-high.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ana-caona</span></span> Flower (of) gold.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Buhui-tihu</span></span> Priest high or eminent.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Examples of inverse positions. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bo-hito</span></span> Old man or priest.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Jaya-el</span></span> Earth-son.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">N'abor-itas</span></span> The working men.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The adjectives are chiefly formed from +nouns, and often by a simple O added, thus +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba</span></span> stone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibao</span></span> +stony, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibayo</span></span> mount. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Turei</span></span> heaven, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tureigua</span></span> heavenly or +heaven-like. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Duhos</span></span> wealth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Duihzi</span></span> wealthy or +wealth-is. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The superlatives are commonly formed +by duplication. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ua</span></span> old, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uaua</span></span> very old. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Co</span></span> fruitful, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coco</span></span> very fruitful, the coco +nut. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Or else by the affix <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma</span></span> which amplifies +every thing. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The pronouns appear very simple. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +MI, M' first person for I, me, my, mine; +but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">our</span></span> is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ahia</span></span>? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +TI, T' Second person for thee, thou, thy, +thine. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +LI, L' Third person for he, she, his, her. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +NI, N' Common like <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">It</span></span> or rather <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On</span></span> of +the French. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +How their plurals are formed, is doubtful; +but perhaps the inflexions alone formed +them. These pronouns are pure Italian! +or rather primitive. They were often dispensed +with as in Italian. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of the verbs we know little or nothing. +By a few examples of the verb <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">to be</span></span>, it was +quite irregular as with us. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ei</span></span> To be—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tei</span></span> +be thou—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bei</span></span> being.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Beira</span></span> a being—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Dacha</span></span> I am.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">El</span></span> he is—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zi</span></span> it is, this is.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In these <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ei</span></span> appears the root, derives +from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eil</span></span>, and was then similar to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">El</span></span> son, +as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zi</span></span> to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Izi</span></span> eyes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This verb joined to others was added to +words. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guarocoel</span></span> we know he is, may be +analyzed <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-roco-el</span></span> such-know-he-is. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have an example of negative verbs +in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macabuca</span></span> I do not care, which is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macabuca</span></span> +not-care, or never-mind; in French +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">n'importe</span></span>, in Italian <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">non curo</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of the syntax we may form an idea by +the few preserved phrases; which I have +analyzed as follow, and compared with the +Italian. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">1. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Teitoca</span></span> thou be quiet. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tacitu</span></span> Italian.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">tocheta</span></span> much. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">molto.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">zinato</span></span> angry. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">irato.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Guame-chyna</span></span> this +great God. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">gran-Nume.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">2. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-ibba</span></span> that go. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Vai</span></span> It.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">zinato</span></span> angry. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">irato.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">macabuca</span></span> not care. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">non curo.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">3. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Dios</span></span> Spanish God. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Dio</span></span> It.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Aboria</span></span> Servant. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Servo.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">dacha</span></span> I am. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sono.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This idiom or position of words is perfect +in Italian which admits of many transpositions; +but in English syntax and idiom +these phrases mean +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">1. Be quiet, God will be very angry.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">2. Begone, I do not care if he is angry.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">3. I am the servant of the Spanish God.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Haytian numbers have not been +transmitted to us, and I could only collect +the following secondary numbers—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ata</span></span> +first, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bem</span></span> second, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Abem</span></span> third: which +however are primitive and indicate a binary +numeration: although the language +had probably the decimals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +By a careful analytical process I have +been able to decompose the compound +words, and even reach their monosyllabic +roots. All the long words can be thus +analyzed, and show that this compound +form only arises, as usual in American +languages, by the blunders of the Spanish +writers, who wrote long words instead of +short ones; blending articles and affixes. +The Haytian thus analyzed and reduced +is a very simple language, approximating +to the primitive and oriental forms, wherein +short monosyllables of generic import, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +formed the base of the speech, and became +modified by union and relative position. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +By these means the following essential +roots of the language have been collected, +and are given to help future similar investigations +of American languages. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Examples of composition. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazabi</span></span> Bread. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ca-za-bi</span></span> soil-fruitful-life.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Manati</span></span> Sea cow. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma-na-ti</span></span> great-thing-eminent.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Turei</span></span> Heaven. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">T'ur-ei</span></span> Thou-light-be.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Furzidi</span></span> Cloudy. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Fur-zi-di</span></span> +gloom-it-is-day. (or now)</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Areiti</span></span> Song, rites. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">A-rei-ti</span></span> +of reality eminent.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Nanichi</span></span> Soul. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Na-ni-chi</span></span> +thing the active.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Maroyo</span></span> Moon. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma-ro-yo</span></span> great lovely.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +74 essential monosyllabic roots of this +language or genera of ideas. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">A, Of, as, like.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ac</span></span>, Holy, sacred, religious.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Am</span></span>, Water, root, plenty.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">An</span></span>, Male thing, man, people, folk.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">At</span></span>, One, alone, first, unic.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ba</span></span>, Father, ancestor, dwelling.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bal</span></span>, Raft, floating, wave, sea.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ban</span></span>, Wind, air.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bao</span></span>, Music, lyre, instrument.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bat</span></span>, Beating, game, play, ball.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bem</span></span>, Second, double, twin, two, next.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bi</span></span>, Life, wife, mother.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boa</span></span>, Habitation, house.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bor</span></span>, Labor, work, vassal, service.</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ca</span></span>, Land, soil, earth, dry.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Can</span></span>, Fish, swift, bad.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chi</span></span>, Active, soul, work, wine, lively.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chon</span></span>, Hot, dry, fever.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chuc</span></span>, Take, grasp, hold.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Co</span></span>, Soil, fruitful, fountain, dog, thread.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coai</span></span>, Joy, delight, happiness.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cu</span></span>, Chapel, altar, hearth, fire, all.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cus</span></span>, Worm, creeping.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Di</span></span>, Day, now, actual.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Duh</span></span>, Wealth, riches, treasures, property.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ei</span></span>, Existence, to be.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">El</span></span>, Son, tribe, child, he is.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fur</span></span>, Gloom, dark, cloud, fury.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gia</span></span>, Fowl, bird, flying.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gua</span></span>, Such, this, that, these, those.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guey</span></span>, Shell, hollow, closed.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ha</span></span>, Yes, sure, certain.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hi</span></span>, The, indication, here.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hio</span></span>, House, hut, cottage.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huib</span></span>, Head.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I, The, sign of life and action.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Io</span></span>, God, the living-type.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">It</span></span>, Man, male.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In</span></span>, Woman, female.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Iz</span></span>, Eyes, looks.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">L', LI, He, she, they, his &c., oft. changed to Y.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MA, Great, big, larger, increase, mothers, water &c.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mas</span></span>, Food, to eat &c.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MI, M', Me, my, mine.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Na</span></span>, Thing, bloom, lizard.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ni</span></span>, N', The thing, my thing.</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">No</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Noa</span></span>, +Boat, navigation, noble.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">O, Like, similar, akin.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ob</span></span>, Copper, yellow.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Op</span></span>, Dead.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pu</span></span>, Wood, purple.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ra</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rei</span></span>, Real, rite, evidence, +offspring.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ris</span></span>, Red.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ro</span></span>, Love, belove.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ri</span></span>, Male, people, men.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sor</span></span>, West, Eve, late, far.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Toa</span></span>, Breast, milk.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ti</span></span>, High, lofty, eminent.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tab</span></span>, Tube, pipe.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tai</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tiao</span></span>, Brother, friend, +good.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Toc</span></span>, Rest, peace, quiet.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ua</span></span>, Old, ancient.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ur</span></span>, Light.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ut</span></span>, Rabbits.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Va</span></span>, Cave, hollow, father, origin.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Var</span></span>, War, warrior.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Xau</span></span>, Cake, baked, bread.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Xi</span></span>, Strong, pungent, pepper.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yar</span></span>, End, tail, vent.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yu</span></span>, White, bright.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Za</span></span>, Grass, fruitful, plenty.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zem</span></span>, Angels, deities, idols.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zib</span></span>, Stone, rock.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zic</span></span>, King, ruler.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such was the Haytian language, once +spoken by several millions, and a western +branch of the Pelagic stock; that derived +from the Asiatic <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pelegs</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Palis</span></span>, once +peopled nearly all the shores of the Mediterranean +3 or 4000 years ago. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The following comparative vocabularies +will prove this fact. They have not been +made to support it; but to find the truth, +and the probable ancestors of this American +nation, by seeking them all over the +earth. If this nation one of the nearest to +the eastern hemisphere, is thus found of +such remote antiquity, those further removed +and inland may well be deemed +equally old, or rather older still: which +their own history shall disclose. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Out of the 234 words collected; many +it will be perceived, are hardly comparable; +being names of peculiar animals and plants. +About 200 offer comparisons with our languages +well known. It must be remarked +that the Spaniards borrowed many Haytian +words, which have since been introduced +into Spanish and other European languages. +Humboldt has given a list of them. Those +admitted in the English language now are, +hurricane, canoe, keys or islands, tobacco, +pimento, yam, tomato, cassava, savana, +mahogany, patatas, mangrove, indigo, copal, +maize, bananas, parrot, guano, coco, +cacao, guava, hammock or hanging bed &c.; +which must not be compared, since they +have been borrowed by us from the Haytian. +The Spaniards have besides, chichas, +balza, Cazic spelt cacique, aguti, manati, +maguey, tiburo, guayac, macana, bejuco, +nigua, tuna, aji, zeyba, &c. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yet several of those words may be usefully +compared in ancient languages often +extinct, previous to the late connection +with America. Thus we find analogies +for maize, canoe, cazic, cayman, yam, +chicha, macana, manati &c., in many: indicating +very ancient connections.—Even +the words manati, hurricane, canoe, nigua +&c., have affinities in modern Italic languages, +not derived from Hayti. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Comparative</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taino</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vocabulary of +Hayti.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Authorities</span></span>,—R. Roman—C. Columbus—D. +Dangleria,—Ac. Acosta,—Her. +Herrera,—M. Munoz,—L. Las-Casas,—O. +Oviedo,—G. Garcia or Gili,—E. Edwards,—H. +Humboldt,—V. Vater,—A. all +or nearly all of them,—Laet,—Diaz,—St. +Mery,—Ey. Eyeri Dialect. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All or whole <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Quis</span></span> R. D. Xus O. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Analogies, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Congo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jikoga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chukoat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nepal, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Qualunque</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Italy.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ixquich</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kiyih</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Mohigan &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Angel and Idol. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zemi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemes</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemes</span></span> +A. analogies in annals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Alligator or crocodile. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cayman A.</span></span>— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caram</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bornu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taymah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Arabic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bechuana, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caimio Chamoa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egyptian +Dialects.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cayman</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peruvian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Camac</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amangam</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Linapi. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ants or pismires <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Comexon R.</span></span> see notes. +Apple, pear, guava. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guava</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaiva</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guayaba</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xagua A.</span></span>— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Apis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Puar</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, old French, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Apple</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> English, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aguas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Carba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Carpos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Carpath</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ribi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt. +</span></div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Angry <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zynato</span></span> D.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Irato</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ital, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Orgytheis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cato</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (bad) Ausonian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yahat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Malay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tonga. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Am, I am <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dacha</span></span> D.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nach</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Da</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +(is) Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Davo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Naca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Maipuri, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ehaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Arachis or ground-nut. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mani</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manis</span></span> +A.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nux</span></span> +Latin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Aloe <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maguey</span></span>. Magheih H.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agave</span></span> +Greek. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Annona or Papaw <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guanavan</span></span> H. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ananas or pine-apple <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boniama</span></span> G. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fanpolomi</span></span> +E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Annato or red paint <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Achioto</span></span> H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bixa</span></span> G. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Apart, aside, the side <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nara</span></span> +R.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Parte</span></span> +It., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Share</span></span> English &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Armadillo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Atatu</span></span> E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Army <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guaravara</span></span> G., see War. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Air, see Wind. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Above <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ubek</span></span> in Eyeri. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Super</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ubique</span></span>, +Latin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Breast and milk <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Toa</span></span> R—primitive word +found in all languages,— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Teth</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Saxon, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tad</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chaldaic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Toho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ainu, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (milk) Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Guanche, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tea</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bisharis, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Doa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Hindu &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bread or cake <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cazabi</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazavi</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuac</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maru</span></span> in dialects.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Also primitive found in 100 languages. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oguia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahran</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic and Berber, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shakua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Abask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kabaka</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Nuba, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Haikan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maru</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Zingani, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yacu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Dhagul +mountains, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Axaus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Artos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek &c.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuzavi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Tayrones, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cosque</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chili, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Casaah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cado, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cancu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shokua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Atakapas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pasca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Be, to be, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tei</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ei</span></span> D.—Primitive. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ei</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">E</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Italic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hei</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Armoric, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hei</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Esti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">E</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Haikan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hein</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, +Eolian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pet</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt &c.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eini</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Tarasca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Atz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chaymas +&c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Being, and a being, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bei</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beira</span></span> A.—primitive, +same roots, +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Boat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Canoa</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pages.</span></span>— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Primitive word of 100 languages, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nau Sanscrit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Pelagic, +Osset, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nave</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Barca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Italic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Naus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guyon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Guanch, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Scafo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cahekiu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Sicilian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Xepec</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lybian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bacolo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Illyric, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cahani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ainu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cayic</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Turk, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Doa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Arabic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Naos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Haikan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bastul or Iberian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Naoi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Teutonic &c.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Noatek</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mbaya, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Canahua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Canabir</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Galibis, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Palayak</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aleutian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Banias</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Panama &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bird, fowl, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bogiael</span></span> R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ipis</span></span> +in Cuba.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Compare </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Halit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> and </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ibis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Egypt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pirid</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> old Saxon, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ipira</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Hindu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vogel</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +German, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pollo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ugedu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Sicily, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ogia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uchel</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Ausonian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Burman, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mapel</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Suanic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haliga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Pelagic &c.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gualpa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coxol</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huasteca &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bed. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Amaca</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Amazas</span></span> +L. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barbacoa</span></span> +H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nehera</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nekera in Dialects</span></span>.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ekia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kunera</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tamapat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Malay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nedokuri</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lusitanian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Make</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Egypt—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Camata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Akat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibi, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mucara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Betoy? </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yaoy, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chinchero</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guarauna. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Blue and violet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tunna</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quibey</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guei</span></span>, +dialects.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cyanus</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chuanta</span></span> Abask. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Beer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chicha</span></span> A.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Alicha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cheruisa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Gauls, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chelia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cantabrians, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chacoli</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shashu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> China, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ichua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Isua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> African Atlantes, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Acha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (Wine) Aramic—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chica</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chicha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chili, +Mbayas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cachina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huicu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibis &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Beloved, loved, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rozi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Berozi</span></span> R.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eros</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Behar</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Careich</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Italic and Hebrew, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Heri</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eiras</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Meres</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amore</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amuri</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sicilian. +</span></div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ball, ball-game, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Batos</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Batei</span></span> G.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Orpatos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ballota</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Italic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Baton</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bandy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bate</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> old English—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pali</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Palican</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chili. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Beast, beastly, wild, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caracol</span></span> R.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caracal</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lybian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Car</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Turan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Heraca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ferua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italy, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caracol</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Berber Atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caracoler</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +old French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ho-lo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +old Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Olo-olo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bugis and Macasar. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Basket, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hava</span></span> G.—Primitive, see Cave. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bright, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tureigna</span></span> D.—see Light. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bananas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bananas</span></span> Her. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Camois</span></span> G. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bad fellow, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vaquiano</span></span> Ac.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paquiano</span></span> +Sicily. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Brother, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guatiao</span></span> Her.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tayo</span></span> +Polynesia, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fratielo</span></span> Ital. D. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Blood, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moinalu</span></span> Ey.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Omoina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Idoimen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +African Atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Odola</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zemo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Zend, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tola</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haimai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haematos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aimonos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Romaic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hamanos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Illyric, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mulu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Koriak and Kamchatka. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Corn, maize, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mahiz</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mayz</span></span> A.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maiza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Nepal and Congo. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">May</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kirata of +Imalaya, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Me</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maiz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turan, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zimidi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zimind</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Caucasian languages, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mozen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guanch, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tiemzin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">timezin tomzin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +African Atlantic—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hazez</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Apalachi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iziz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huasteca, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yasit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Umita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chili. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cold, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ymizui</span></span> R.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hima</span></span> +Sanscrit, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiems</span></span> +Latin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Frimat</span></span> French. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cave, cavern, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cova</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vava</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Giaga</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beina</span></span> O.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cava</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cabina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Phinon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caura</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Lybian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Thebi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +old Egyptian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tabaita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ketena</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Phian</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan +and Etruscan? </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Libanah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuena</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Sicily, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Deina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Teuton ... Primitive. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cotton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mapu</span></span> E. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zeiba</span></span> +A.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gosupon</span></span> +Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kapas</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kipi</span></span> Sanscrit language, +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bombaz</span></span> Pelagic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cosib</span></span> old Arabic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cloth, see dress. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Club, see sword. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Copper, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tuob</span></span> C. Yellow copper, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hobin</span></span> +D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kuop</span></span> Pelagic, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kupros</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cupreus</span></span> +Latin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Careless, I don't care, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Macabuca</span></span> +D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bucanaco</span></span> +Congo. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cutting, knife, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Henequen</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ecuta</span></span> +Bask, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totenika</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sikunatant</span></span> +Pehlvi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kangiac</span></span> +Arabic &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Children or tribe, EL, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ili</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guaili</span></span> R.—Primitive, +analogies already given in annals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Clusia alba, or copal tree, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Copei</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Copal</span></span> +G. H. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Conch-shell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maguey</span></span> C. as Aloe. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cake, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Xauxau</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Akes</span></span> C. see Bread. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xau</span></span> is primitive. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cocos, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coco</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coquillas</span></span> in Boriquen. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cedar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cauvana</span></span> G. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cacao, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cacao</span></span> A. same in Mexico &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Church, temple, chapel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cu</span></span> +Acosta, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tzia</span></span>.—Primitive, +same name in Maya, Chontal, +Mexican &c. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gu</span></span> Japan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tia</span></span> Chinese D. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cloudy, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Furzidi</span></span>, Her. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cane, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yaruma</span></span>, Her. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Crabs, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taracolas</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Grankio</span></span> Italian, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Harkinos</span></span> Greek. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dress, mantle, cloth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cochio</span></span> D. R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yaguas</span></span> +Her.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahico</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guanch, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haico</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Berber, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cachaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Gaul, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cochaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Slavonian—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Poncho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chili, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuayo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibi. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Danse and song, rites and worship <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Areitos</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +A., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Areites</span></span> D., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Areiti</span></span> +G., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Batocos</span></span> G.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iroitos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> sacred songs of Greeks, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ticos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Illyrian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Artesis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Orchesis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Xoreite</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, danses of Pelagians and +Greeks, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ariette</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (song) French +and Ital., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hurah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Saxon, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahura</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Havay—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yaravis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mitotes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dog, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuchis</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gochis</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Alco</span></span> (a peculiar +kind.)— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khoy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Caucasus, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cunis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kiuen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> China, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chiu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Mungur of Nepal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chien</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> French, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cucus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cucura</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cucha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Newar, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuxur</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nepal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuncha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Guanch Atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuch</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Curdish, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Siam—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chichi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Alco</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chegua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Chili, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cule</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lule, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Allco</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vichu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Day, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Di</span></span>—Primitive +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dies</span></span> Latin and all +Pelagic languages. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Daughter, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rahen</span></span> Ey.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chera</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Raena</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nuora</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Italic—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ninah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Darien, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tahira</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Omagua. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dead, ghost, spirit, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Opia</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Opoyem</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Goeiz</span></span>.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Boa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> old Ethiopic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aporoya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bishri, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Obit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Leoba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Irish, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zabi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Obiah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oabye</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +Africans—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pitini</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Conopas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Obihi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Othomi, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maboya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chipi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ottawa. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Devil and Evil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tuyra</span></span> D., see Annals. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabuya</span></span> Eyeri is Carib. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Eternal, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mamona</span></span> R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jemao</span></span>, title of God, +see Annals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Earth, land, and island, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Khaya</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cayos</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hay</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaca</span></span> &c. A.—Primitive, +see Annals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Eat, to eat, food, to feed, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Imas</span></span>, Mani A.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mets</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yam</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Slavic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jian</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ishamas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kamchatka, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Macanu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Malay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uem</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit and +Thibet, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mashu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nepal—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Micuni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peruvian. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +End, tail, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yarima</span></span> D.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uras</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ora</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Anglo-Saxon, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gomera</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oari</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ura</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Manchu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Brim</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Teutonic—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Tarasca. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Emerald, gem, and money, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aguacat</span></span>, +O.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Achates</span></span> +Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agata</span></span> Latin &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Eyes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Izi</span></span>, O.—Primitive, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mizi</span></span> in Polynesia, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Opsis</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aiz</span></span> +English, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iz</span></span> Oriental +language—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cosi</span></span> Cahiri. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Field, plain, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conuco</span></span> G. V. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zavana</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zanaga, +Mazagua</span></span>, A.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pehlvi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bashan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +old Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chonu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yakut, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Azagar, Zahal, Caha, Amaza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, African +Atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ager</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kuni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nabeku</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Iberian Spanish—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cog</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Guarani, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Omaguas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tzallan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huasteca. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fly, flying-insect, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cocuyo</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuinix</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zievas</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huica</span></span> +Pelagic, Cuic Sanscrit, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Musca</span></span> +Latin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fountain, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maca</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mini</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cum</span></span> +Hindi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ain</span></span> Arabic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hecoas</span></span> Pelagic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Frog, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Toa</span></span> G. Onomatopeia. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Father, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ahia</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baia</span></span>, R., +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vava</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baba</span></span> Ey.—Primitive, +found in 500 languages.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bap</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lybian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ibas Babas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +of atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ab</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oriental Lang, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Thibet, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Kawi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Babo Avo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ayenl</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> French, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ay</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Votiac and Edda, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oaba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Abase, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask; </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ba +Ab Baba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Sanscrit; </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bay</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Jolof.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iyay</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Taos, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sheba, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ochai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Yaqui, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yapa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lahai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Cochimi and Lamones, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahay</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Eslen, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aoy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Eclemac, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yarura, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Zamuca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yameos, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yare</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Puri, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Baba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Saliva, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Papa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tamanac and Cuna, etc. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Frolic, Intoxication.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barbasco</span></span> St. +Mary, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Frasco</span></span> Sicilian. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fish, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ican</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaycan M</span></span>.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ihan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Malay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Icthos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guiena</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Iolof, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gna</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Limbua and Newar of Nepal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Piscan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ica</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tonga +and Nukahiva, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sakana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iguah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Java,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yacun</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Wokon, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hucat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Makach</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nachez. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fire, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cuyo</span></span> D, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuxo</span></span> H.— +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ecu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Hottentot, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taquat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> afr Atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kawi, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Koke</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Coptic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ogiak</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turk, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuasi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Fuyo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Iberian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Fuoco</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ucut</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Moluccas.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Totecuh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Muscolgi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Sussih, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Icu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lulè, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eguza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Saliva, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yucu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Xucu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Moxas, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cutha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Chili, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuyah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Malali, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuati</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sapibo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kueh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Taculis. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fire-fly, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cucuyos</span></span> G. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cucuyo</span></span> H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Locuyos</span></span> +H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cucuix</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zievas</span></span> in Lucayas O. +see Fire and Fly. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Foe, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Anaki</span></span> O. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Akani</span></span> Ey.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Katahi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Neikos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +(strife) Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uaina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Slavic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vahini</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Katalki</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kendy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Anakim</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Acanitu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sicilian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nemico</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italian. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Flower, Blossom, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ana</span></span> A.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Anu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Egypt, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Anota</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Singala, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Anathos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Suan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Newar, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Athina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Palo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Othomi. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fruit. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Inas</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guauanas</span></span>, +Ac.—Derived +from Flower. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fruitful Co.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Com</span></span> Iberian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Comestible</span></span> +French. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fever, see heat. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Flamingo, Red bird. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ipiris</span></span> Diaz in Cuba. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +God. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jovana</span></span> O. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yocahuna</span></span> R. and +many other names and titles in all the Islands. +See the annals and notes. All are +compound primitive words: additional analogies.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Janus of Etruscans, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ju</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ombrian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jovis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yauna</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Juncva</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jaungoieva</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> of +Basks—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jo-cauna</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Janum</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> of Lybians, IEUE of Moses, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Joh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Luchu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yavang</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sunda, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Troyan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iunak</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Slavic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Achaman Ahican</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guanch, +&c.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">yoha +vah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chactah, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hioh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> New Albion, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yaho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oyuac</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Old Peruvian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jahuagon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huron, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wakon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ozages, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Conome</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yaruras, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aleutian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ogha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Othomi, &c. +</span></div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Great, Big, Large. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ma</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Magua</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guama</span></span>, +A.—Primitive, akin to all old Languages, +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Magnus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Megas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oriental and Sanscrit +Languages, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Masa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pehlvi, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mese</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Zend, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Hindu and Bali, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maque</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Jolof, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maunu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Fulah, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Iran, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mag</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Medic and Irish, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guadul</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Phenician, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maigh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Magla</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Carthuli, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Waka</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ecuah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tzuluki, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nachez, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guazu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Guarami, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zhuma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Muyzcas, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Manaho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Othomi. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Green. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huarahua</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaragua</span></span> Laet.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Xloris</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Viridis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huryo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nepal,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Veragua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Chontal. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gold. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Caona, Cauni</span></span>— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Canchana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Hindu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> China, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sanu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Manding, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sun</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nepal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cancha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Peru. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Go and Come. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ha.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaiba</span></span> D.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Odebo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amòular</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Va</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italic D, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hanba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Cosa afr, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gati</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Sanscrit,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hoye</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarahumara, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hupua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yaqui, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Chactah, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Patagon, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Auha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Aleutian. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gourd. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Higuera</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hibuera</span></span> +D. O. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hibue +ra</span></span> M.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cucurbita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gentle, mild, tame. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Matum</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boniatum</span></span> +O.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Manso</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Matio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +(Foolish,) </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amato</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (beloved), </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bonus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">mitis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gathos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Guitar, Lyre. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Habao.</span></span> R.— +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiuhaba</span></span> Bask, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chobao</span></span> +Hindi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balajo</span></span> Jolof, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oboe</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hinoa</span></span> Italic D. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Garden, Delight, Joy, Happiness. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coai</span></span> +R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chali</span></span> Ey.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lali</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Loula</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chagla</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shali</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cashmir, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shialar</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sicily, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gala</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Italy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yaul</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Scand, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hali</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Zend, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Noali</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Armoric,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Quali</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haylli</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ululaez</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maya. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ghost, Spirit of Dead. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Goeiz.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Opoyem</span></span> +Ey.— +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Necuya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Epirian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Goe</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ghaib</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic and Persian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Goiti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Slavic—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Goz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Vilela, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coyocop</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nachez, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aguis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Grand-father. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ahiacavo</span></span> R. See Father. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narguti</span></span> In Eyeri D. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Guayac, Holy-wood. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guayac</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guayacan</span></span> +H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guacum</span></span> O. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Grove, Forest. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arcabutos</span></span> Ac. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Good. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tiao</span></span> R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taino</span></span> D. See noble. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +House, Habitation. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boa</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohio</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bai</span></span> +R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canei</span></span> M. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tunohoko</span></span> +Eyeri D. Primitive.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ocos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hustau</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Romanic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Acam</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Afr Atlantic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uyon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Uigur, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Old French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khaneh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kanaba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Thibet, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oneh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Egypt, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bantaba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Fulah, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Beit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">baith</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Pelvi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Batos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Beotes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Xoa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Dorian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bohiga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Etruscan, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Abode, Booth</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> English—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bohio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Apalachi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Buhio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maya, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ochoch</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Poconchi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aothi, +Baua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pokos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tao, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nixai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Quiché, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lulé, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bahi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Aruac, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huachi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Guarani, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Omagua, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Mizteca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chaho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Head, Summit, beginning, upon, peak. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zimu</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huibo</span></span>.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Suma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Italic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ima Sama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic and Sanscrit, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Imula</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ombay Id, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kimita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Yedzo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ligurian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iman</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zimba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Bunda Congo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yuma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Peruvian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chémé</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Quiché, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">China</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Poconchi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Umitz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Nutka, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Muhuti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Othomi. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Heliconia. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bihao</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +High, lofty, eminent, excellent, strong, +raised. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tihu</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tichetu, Car, Huibo, +Uta</span></span>— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tien</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tithos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Auti, Alti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Italic, L. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tith</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lybian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tip</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Saxon, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Timal</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tohu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gibor</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bop</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Jolof, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Obo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Mogol, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ube</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Singala.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uebo, Uipo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hayo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Cado. +</span></div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Heaven, sky. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Turei</span></span> D. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Siela</span></span> O, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coaiba</span></span> +R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coyaba</span></span> (Paradise.) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Soraya</span></span> (West +sky.) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ubec</span></span> Ey.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uranus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Skia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Turan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Persian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Irem</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aru</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Osset, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ciel</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coelum</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Arai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tahiti, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coelba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Suraga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Bugis, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Suroloyo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kawi, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Surya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sora</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uren</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Armoric, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Arai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turan, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Serua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Baik, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Urain</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hyalla</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Fullah.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Capu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Yaoy and Tamanac, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coane</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maya, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cabu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Otomacas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Turci</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Paria, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hetucoba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Apalachi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yabe</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guarani, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Purini</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cabo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tacab</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Poconchi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pacha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Aymara. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Heart and Soul. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nanichi</span></span>— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nasha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chaldic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Anima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Han</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Turk, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huchi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Deri Persian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uhane</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Havay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zinio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Afgan, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amé</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Egypt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Anichal</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nehima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Congo,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kaueshin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Aleutian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ichick</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huazteca, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Agna</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cumana, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nashawanith</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Powhatan, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ninohuani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nandi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Ottomaca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Juani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yarura, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amitani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maipuri, &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Holy. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Auc</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yac</span></span> +G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guaca</span></span> R.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cadish</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aucus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Old Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hagios</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Agi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Touga, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Turan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hancus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khuab</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Egypt,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">huaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wakon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Dacota, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huacan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hualic</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huazteca. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Heat, hot, fever, dry. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zechon</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zeziones</span></span> +M.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ako</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sicus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Xerone</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chaone</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chaud</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +(Cho) French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cau</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Romanic,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Achi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Chili. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hog, Swine, Pecari. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zaino</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scuna</span></span> Ac. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sis-ino</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chinia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Ausonian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Suina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Russian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zayos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zanno</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zinial</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ligurian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Muaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Charcu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taguazen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Guanch,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tayasu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guarani, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sayones</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Calamari, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nigda</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mbaya. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +His, her, He, she. LI. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hill. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huibo</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Carive</span></span> Laet, see mountain. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hollow, hole, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yara</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yari</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yaru</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coatris</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trou</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Creux</span></span> French. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hut. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boharque</span></span> M. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canei</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuhonoko</span></span> +Ey. See House. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Insect. See Little. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Island, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Caya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caic</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caiz</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caiques</span></span>. All—see +Earth and Land. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Infinite, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rapita</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apito</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Virita</span></span> R. D. O. +title of God with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaca</span></span> holy. Analogies +with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rapid</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Veritas</span></span> Latin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Invisible, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guimazoa</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zuimaco</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quinazona</span></span> +R. D. O.—other title of God, compound +words, perhaps of different import: +with many affinities in divine names of +Lybia, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In, Within, Inside. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiqui</span></span> in Cuba Laet. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nacan</span></span> C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Indigo, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Digo</span></span> R. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Is, it is, this is. ZI—primitive <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ze</span></span> in Mosaic +and Oriental Languages.—He is, she +is, EL or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">eil</span></span>, see Grammar. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +King. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cazic</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cacique</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caciqui</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caxicus</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Casiche</span></span> Various spellings.—See the +Annals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Knowledge, to know. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guaroco</span></span>, +D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Char</span></span> +Aramic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Imparar</span></span> Italic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rasaca</span></span> +Malay. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Life. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bi</span></span> G.—Primitive. I Oriental L. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vita</span></span> Italic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bios</span></span> +Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vie</span></span> French. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lizard. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guana</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iguana</span></span> +A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yuanas</span></span> +Her,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aguana</span></span> Guinea, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iagandu</span></span> Congo, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Athaguan</span></span> Pelagic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manatha</span></span> +Aramic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guha</span></span> +Singala,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iuganas</span></span> Cumana, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Leguan</span></span> +Aruwak. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Labor. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boria</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Laborer, Vassal, Servant. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nabor</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anaboria</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Naboritis</span></span>. See Annals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Little, Small, Nothing, Insect. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nigua</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nianti</span></span> Ey.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nigu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">niga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sicily, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Niente</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ngai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Birman, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Naga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Hindi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ngni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Newar, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Minizi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Gothic,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Piqua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chigua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Darien, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nechet</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Adaiz, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Enchique</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Yaoy. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Land. See Earth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lord. See Noble. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Light, Shining. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tureigna</span></span> D. See Heaven. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lake, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Haguai</span></span>. See Water. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Man, men, male, husband, people. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hito +Guani</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cari</span></span> R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Magua</span></span> G. 3 roots IT, +RI, AN, connected all over the world: IT +found in +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iota</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Gothic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Itua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Polynesia, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Toy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Egypt, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hitnos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ati</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Zend, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Itga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nubian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hetus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Het</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Talahet, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dito</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kawi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Fito</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tuhihuit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cumanche, &c.— +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +RI in </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ria</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Congo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vir</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hari</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tombuctu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ira</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Tambu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Er</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turk, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Air</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Celtic and Haikan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yeri</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Hungarian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ari</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peruvian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nieri</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Illyrian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vair</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Gothic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Viro</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Timuacan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ir</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, &c.— +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +AN in </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yang</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +Chinese D. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Anam, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gens</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Han</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mbaya, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huinac</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Tzendal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aner</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Orang</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Malay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Gaunch,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huentu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Chili, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guanas, &c. +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mother. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mama</span></span> D.—Primitive word, +found in 500 Languages; identic or nearly +so in all the Sanscrit and European Languages, +the Atlantic Dialects, Bask and +Manchu, Egypt and Tartary, Thibet and +Polynesia; changed to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mu</span></span> in Chinese; +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Am</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Om</span></span> in Arabic Languages—In America +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +quite common also, least changed in +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hama</span></span> Shebaoy, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Amani</span></span>, +Adaiz <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma</span></span> Mobima, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mama</span></span> Betoy, Omagua and Peru. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Moon. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maroyo</span></span> R. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Marohus</span></span> O. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mona</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kati</span></span> in Eyeri. See the Annals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Much, Many. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tocheta</span></span> +D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tucho</span></span> Iberian, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chuanti</span></span> Ausonian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chehel</span></span> Persian, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totus</span></span> Latin.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tacha</span></span> +Achagua, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mioch</span></span> +Mexican, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tobu</span></span> Brazilian. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mammeafruit. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mamey</span></span> D. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Millet. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Panycke</span></span> D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Panicum</span></span> Latin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mountain or hill, highlands, rough country. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tihui</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huibo</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baino</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibao</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hayti</span></span>.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mtay</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Carthul, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oiten</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Lusitanian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hauteur</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (pr hotoer) +French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tith</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Buno</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Romaic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guibo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tohu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uibui</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caquihuin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Totonaca, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Titi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Collas of Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ehuata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Omagua, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hatez</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chontal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guetia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mbaya, &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Music, Noise. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Habao</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Giahuba</span></span>.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hapan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hubub</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Buba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Congo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bhatai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Bali, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Behan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turan and +Khorazan.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Paypa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahbal</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huazteca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tupan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guarani. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Me, I, my, mine, myself—NI, N', MI, +M'.—Primitive, found in all the European +and Asiatic Languages more or less deviated— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mich</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Negro Langs, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ne</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Me</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican Languages, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Na</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Linapi Dial, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pimas +Muscolgi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Dacota, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gane</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kuno</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Metal, hard. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nin</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanin</span></span> +C. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hobin</span></span> +D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irania</span></span> Sanscrit, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vina</span></span> Jolof,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Panilgue</span></span> +(Iron) Chili. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Manati, Sea-Cow. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Manati</span></span> A.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lamantin</span></span> +French, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mamatino</span></span> Sicilian. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mosquito. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jejen</span></span> D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zinzara</span></span> Toscan. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mushroom. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yegan</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guayegan</span></span> +R.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fungus</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agaricus</span></span> Latin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mycos</span></span> +Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guarib</span></span> +Slavic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaygrion</span></span> Celtic, and Old +French. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Meadow. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zavana</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zabana</span></span> A. See +Field. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Master, Lord. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guama</span></span>. See Prince. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mantle. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yaguas</span></span>. Her. See Dress. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Moving. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mana</span></span>. See Grammar. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Manioc. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boniata</span></span> O, is the mild kind, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yuco</span></span> D. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mahogany. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mahogani</span></span> H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cahoba</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mangrove tree. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mangle</span></span> H. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Noble, good, fine, handsome, lord, chief. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taino</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mato</span></span> +Her, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nitaino</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mitaino</span></span> +Dialects.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Thano</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hainac</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Theano</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tuyano</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Pelagian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Turanos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zain</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Turk, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Atueyn</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Birman, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">No</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (fine) Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ethauo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Singala, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tayon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kamchatka, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Talen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Iberian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +(good) Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sitino</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Arabic; +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tonos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taminas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Scythian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maitai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Polynesia,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Toani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Mexican, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tzalleine</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huazteca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Votan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chontal, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Noen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mocobi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Abipon, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hitana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +No, Not, Nothing, Bad. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mayana</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maca</span></span> +D.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eyni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mozabi, Lybian; </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Romanic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">May</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Dorian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Niani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Niente</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Italian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tahiti, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mabi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Birman, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">An</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Othomi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Isana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cado, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nitio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Guarani, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mayan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Puncays; </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Matar</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maya, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Poconchi. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nuts. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibayos</span></span> D—Derived from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba</span></span> +Stone. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now, To-day. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Di</span></span>. See Grammar.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adesso +Oggidi</span></span> Italian. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One, first, alone, unique. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ata</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Atu</span></span> R. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +D.—Primitive, found in 200 Languages. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Kong Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Atus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ada</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ath</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tahi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Polynesia, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Gaman Afr, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Auto</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Shilo Atlantic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Suat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Sumatra.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Muyzcas, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hatun</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mato</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pimas, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Innuit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aguit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Vilela, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Carata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sapibo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nacut</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Micmac, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Scatta</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Onondago. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Old, oldman. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ua</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boh</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beh</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohito</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohique</span></span> A. See Priest.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Holbo</span></span> +Copt,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bial</span></span> +Huazteca, &c.—Very old Uaua +as in Mexican. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Oldest, Eldest. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nenechin</span></span>, R.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ainé</span></span> +French. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Onion, Bulb. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cabaicos</span></span> R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macoanes</span></span> +D.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cepa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ceba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tonga +Isl., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kipo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nepal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cipola</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cipuda</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sicilian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zaibel</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +German, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bacang</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bawang</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Malay and Javan. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Omnipotent. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Liella</span></span> R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Siela</span></span>. Title of +God, analogies with EL, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ciel</span></span> Heaven +in French, pr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Siel</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Opossum. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tona</span></span> R. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ocymum. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zochen</span></span> R. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Paddle, Oar. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pagaya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pages</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nae</span></span> D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pahi</span></span> +(boat) Tahiti, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nae</span></span> is the root of +boat in all Oriental and Pelagic Languages. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pheasant. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babiayas</span></span> Her. +Cuba.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phasianus</span></span> +Latin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Palace. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Canei</span></span> H. See House. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Peace, repose, rest, quiet. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Toca</span></span> +D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sata</span></span> +Lybian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Netuc</span></span> Tozi old Arabic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cueto</span></span> +Sicilian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paca</span></span> Aussonian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thegi</span></span> Scand. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pepper, pungent, sharp, strong taste. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Axi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aji</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ages</span></span> A.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ac</span></span> is a primitive +word for sharp. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ac</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ag</span></span> +Celtic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Acutus</span></span> Latin, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oxus</span></span> Greek,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Axi</span></span> Cumana. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Priest. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bohito</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bautio</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Buhui</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohique</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Behique</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boition</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bouiti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Buutio</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boyeto</span></span>, &c., by different writers, and in +Dialects. See the Annals and Notes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pontif, High-priest. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Buhui-tihu</span></span> A. See +High. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Part or Share. See Apart. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pipe, Tube. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tobaco</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tubus</span></span> Latin, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sipos</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hukah</span></span> +Hindi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chibuc</span></span> Turk,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bacana</span></span> +Carib. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Purple. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ragui</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anigua</span></span> +D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uarg</span></span> Celtic, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Banicos</span></span>, Iberian. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Patatos. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Batatas</span></span>.—The same in South +America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Place. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guara</span></span> R. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +People, men. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chivi</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ibar</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabres</span></span> +Eyeri. See Man. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Parrot. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Paraca</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maca</span></span> Cuba and Aruac. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Psidium pyriferum. Guava pear. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guayava</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaxaba</span></span> D. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pimento. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pimento</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pimienta</span></span> Maya. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Poke. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cucato</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xucato</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pocan</span></span> Powhatan, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coacum</span></span> Mohigan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuechiliz</span></span> Mexican. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Plain. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Magua</span></span>. See Field. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Palm. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yagua</span></span> O. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caico</span></span> Eyeri. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Paradise. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coaibai</span></span> R. Her. See Heaven. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Physician. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boiti</span></span> G. See Priest. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Parsnep. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaieros</span></span> D. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Plumbtree, Myrobolan. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Xobos</span></span> R. Plumbs +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hicaco</span></span> H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cainito</span></span> D. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Prince, Lord. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guama</span></span> D. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tequeni-gua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gua-miniqui</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Her, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hamon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> afr Atlantes, +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Samah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lybian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lucumon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Etruscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vimala</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Magister</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lat., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Menuh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Zend and Old Sanser, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haman</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Iran, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Buyama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Old Arabic—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tequanes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican., +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tuinametin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tequenes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Muyzcas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Inquathil</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Huazteca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Choco, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maya, &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Raft. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Balza</span></span> A.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balza</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balca</span></span> Italian +D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balagan</span></span> Malay. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Root, Yam. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Niames</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ames</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M'ames</span></span>.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Molucas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lami</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Macasar, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nuni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Boniam</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Boan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Niami</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +African L.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nanat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Moniatos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Calamari. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rabbits. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aguti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aguchi</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Utia</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuti</span></span> A. R. Peculiar Genus <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cavia</span></span> like +Rabbits, 4 kinds in Hayti, says Laet.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hutia</span></span> +Largest; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cori</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mohuy</span></span>, +Smallest.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cavia</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pucarara</span></span> in Dialects +E. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quinaxes</span></span> E. Cuba.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Saraguchi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guniyu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sicilian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuniculus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lagotis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuyes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Quito, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huazteca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Curus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tayronas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Quinazis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cauca. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Red. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ris</span></span>. Diaz, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Achioto</span></span> Her. Bay or +Scarlet-red. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bu</span></span>.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Giria</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kiris</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Arab, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Rehita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Rosso</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Rubus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Badius</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Puniceus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Phoenis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Erythros</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bugra</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Maroco, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Arbho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Thibet. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rich, Wealth, Wealthy, Treasure. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Duchi</span></span> +M. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Duhos</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Duyhzi</span></span> D.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Divitia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guhya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Duhut</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Hindi,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dites</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Darien, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cusca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Quichè. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rattle, Holy music. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maraca</span></span>.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bali, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Raya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Pelagic.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Quaqua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huazteca, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amaraca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tupi Brazil, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tamaraca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Aruac and Anzerma, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Malaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Retreat. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tiba</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thbe</span></span> +Moses, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tiba</span></span> Thibet, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Theba</span></span> Egypt. &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Remora fish. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Remora</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reveo</span></span> H. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rambos</span></span> Ac.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Remor</span></span> Pelagic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rope. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cabuya</span></span> G.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cable</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cord</span></span>, English, +French, Italian. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +River. See Stream. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rites, worship, reality. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reiti</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ritus</span></span> +Latin &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sea, Ocean. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bagua</span></span> V. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balahua</span></span> Ey. +Evident analogy with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agua</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aqua</span></span>, (water) +in Spanish and Italian.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Talahua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mogol, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Balua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pela</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Va</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ab</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Baa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Sussu of Afr, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Panyui</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarahum, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cagua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Saliva, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tupi. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Star, Bright. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Starei</span></span> D.—Primitive, +found from England to India. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Asterias</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aster</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sial</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Osset, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taroth</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Hindi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Stara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Izeran</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yethra</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +African Atlantic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Izara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sitarah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sirica</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Galibi, Tamanac and Otomaca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chirica</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yaoy, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Silico</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Betoy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ergrai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Abipon, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Stan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aleutian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Setere</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Patagon. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sword, Club, Weapon. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Macana</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Machana</span></span> +O.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mukenai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Dorian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Makaira</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Magal</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maguila</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maco</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +(spear) Gaunch, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mayado</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (club) +Do. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mazza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mace</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old English,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Macana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Darien, and many other languages of South America. +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Macahui</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Stream, River, Flood, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Niquen</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Neguin</span></span> +D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziniquin</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuhen</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agua</span></span> in Cuba.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dhuni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dunic</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Osset, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dexamen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guanch, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chuen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuemen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hunica Kayan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turan, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nahuen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pehlvi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amnica</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Ausonian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nukil</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Afgan, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Binanga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bugi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Annigan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Scand, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Annegar</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (to drown) +Italian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nikli</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khian</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Lezghi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nikar</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Toba Old Arabic.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wuinic</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Aruac, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Necua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yarura, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuyk</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aleutian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nidachi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cado, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uchi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chacta. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Storm, Hurricane, Fury. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Furacane</span></span> D. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huracanes</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Urogan</span></span> Ey. Derived from +rage and fury of elements, primitive roots.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Rages Soarah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, (rage and storm) Aramic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Racas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Toba Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taravat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> African Negros, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Burasca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Orage</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hurlig</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Saxon, &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sun. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boinial</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Binthaitel</span></span>. See Annals. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kachi</span></span> in Eyeri. See King. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Setting Sun, the West. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Soraya</span></span>. See +Heaven.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Surya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Soir</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +evening in French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sera</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> in Italian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vesper</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hesper</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Spera</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Romaic. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Song, see Dance.—Soul, see Heart.—Small, +see Little. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Son, EL. Sons, ILI. See Annals. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rabu</span></span>, +in Eyeri. See Grammar. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Stone, Rock. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ziba</span></span> A. See the Annals. +Rocky <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibao</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gua</span></span>. Demonstrative article much +employed, found in many old languages.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ath</span></span> +Aramic, Arabic, Hebrew, Egyptian, +&c.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua</span></span> in South America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shell. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guey</span></span> C. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cohob</span></span> O. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Strong. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Carib</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Agi</span></span> A. See Pepper. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shark. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tiburon</span></span> Ac. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tebura</span></span> O. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Stranger. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chapeton</span></span> AC. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guachinango</span></span> +Diaz in Cuba. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Soup, Boiled. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Calalu</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bollito</span></span> +It. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Olla</span></span> +Spt. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Snake. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boba</span></span> in Boriquen.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boa</span></span> +African +L., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ob</span></span> Oriental L., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coluber</span></span> Latin, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ophis</span></span> Greek.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coa</span></span> +Mexican, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boya</span></span> Guarani. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The, English indicative article I, HI, HIN, +ZI, NI, LI.—Primitive, variable in Dialects, +root I, same as I Italian, IL, L' do. +Y, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ye</span></span> Old English, I Persian and Lybian, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yn</span></span> Celtic, Y Old Arabic, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ni</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">N'</span></span> Illyrian, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ohi</span></span> Havay,—TI Cora, TL Mexican, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ini</span></span> Pimal, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ni</span></span> +Lapani D., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nuya</span></span> Achagua, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iu</span></span> Payuri. See Grammar. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This, that, these, those. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gua</span></span>, same as +such. See Grammar. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thou, thy, thine. TI, TE.—Primitive +from Celtic to Sanscrit. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">te</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">toi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">tien</span></span> +Greek and Illiryan, nearly similar in Bask, +Gothic, Pelagic, Latin, Italian, Persian, +Magyar, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Take. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chuc</span></span> C. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chugue</span></span> +Her.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Busca</span></span> +Italian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aku</span></span> Lampung of Sumatra.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huyca</span></span> +Huazteca, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uhca</span></span> Tarasca. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tomato. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tomates</span></span> G. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Temple. See Church. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tree. See Wood. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Town, habitation. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bohio</span></span>, same as house— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bahus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pagus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Urbis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italic L., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Paese</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pays</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Payz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Modern I., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Choyo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek D., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bajeth</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huebo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Iberian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bohus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Scand, &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thread. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hico</span></span> D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hilo</span></span> +Oscan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trico</span></span> +Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hagu</span></span> Nepal—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hito</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pito</span></span> Maya. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tobacco, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cohiba</span></span> O. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cogioba</span></span> +R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cohoba</span></span> +D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dokhan</span></span> Arabic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuhica</span></span> +Nuba. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Turtle. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Icota</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Icotea</span></span> +H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabini</span></span> D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chucua</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Icuma</span></span> Sanscrit, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boco</span></span> +Bali.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cotos</span></span> +Cumana. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Two, or Second. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bem</span></span>?—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bi</span></span> +Bask, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Binus</span></span> +Latin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ambi</span></span> Italian. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Three, or Third. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Abem</span></span>? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tame, Mild. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Matum</span></span> D. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boniatum</span></span> O.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bonus</span></span> +Latin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Throne. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Duchi</span></span> M. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Vine, Creeper. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bejuco</span></span> D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bixuco</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bexucum</span></span> O., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bochuco</span></span> M. Grape-vine. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Uveriu</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uyeros</span></span> +M.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uva</span></span> Italian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Viniera</span></span> +Catalan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibi</span></span> Arabic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ivy</span></span> (pr Aivi) English. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Vassal. See Laborer. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Water. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ama</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bagua</span></span>.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Primitive. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Atlantes and +Lybian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aman</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Modern +Atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aemon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Gaunch, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mohu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nam</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Siam, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maim</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Arabic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Balua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oman</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Arabic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ameh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Affadeh Negros, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Congo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Corana, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Asma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Romaic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Agua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Spanish, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aigo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Romanic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lagus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lacus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (lake) Latin and +Celtic.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">May</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mayu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Peru, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nhama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Puris, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amuk</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tzuluki, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Chontal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">A</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Agua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Veragua, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ak</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Atakapus, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Shebay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yarura, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahay</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Eslen, &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Woman, Wife. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Inuya</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hita</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Iti</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bibi</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inara</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Liani</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Churon</span></span>, Ey.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Several roots, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> same as +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hito</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> man,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bibi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> is wife D. +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gyna</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guine</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Old French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nurin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Desatir and +Hindi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cunica</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Enaztia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Toya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask D., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zaita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (girl) Bask, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zitta</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (bride) Sicilian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tanaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Tedla Atlantic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yuri</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Chinese Dialects, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Itua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Haikan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Australia, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuinta</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Congo, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nuriu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Hindi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Machini</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Polynesia; </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Biana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Puta</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Venitian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Heana Beana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zitella</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (girl) +Italian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nurani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pehlvi, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wanito</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kawi, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uxor</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (wife) Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Boba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chura</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Slavic Bulgar, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Biby</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Malabar, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Muchn</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Iran, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Keron</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +(girl) Dorian Greek, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Koriza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Romanic, &c.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zitua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nuatitu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Saliva, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Esena</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Moxas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tiguy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Muyzcas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tinio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Maypuri, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yatè</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mocobi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nikib</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Atakapus, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (girl) +Othomi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wanita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Uchi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iras</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Cumana, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ira</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Coyba, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Apalachi. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +White. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yuca</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Luca</span></span> A.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Leucas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Turan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Casis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Scythian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chuna</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aluca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lezghi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cucua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Abask,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Luza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chacta, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Elu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lapaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mbaya, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zaco</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Totonaca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Luc</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chili, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yurac</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hacaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cado, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Usca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Ozage, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yutaga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mocobi, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zac</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maya. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wood or Tree. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maca</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mapu</span></span> +A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Butos</span></span> +Ac.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maica Chimala</span></span> Dialects.— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Circaz, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Micha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Abask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khad</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Osset, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taimala</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Lezghi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Makia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, (yet forest in +Toscan.) </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Hindi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gatz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pehlvi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Agaz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Tartar, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cayu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Malay,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Omagua and Guarani, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mbaya, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kag</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Atakapas, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Canch</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nachez, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Manga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Adaiz, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +&c. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Butos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> is like </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bois</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +(bua) French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wood</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (Vud) +English. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +War, Army. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guazavara</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huctu</span></span> Ey. +Warrior. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vara</span></span>.—Root same as in English +and Gothic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guerra</span></span> Italian, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wanderer. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Umakua</span></span> Ey.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Omuvagu</span></span> Sicilian. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wind or Air. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Banzex</span></span> D.—Primitive. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Baud</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bao</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Hindu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bad</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bau</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ruyaga, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Andai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nabha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bentus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kawi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hanem</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Abklia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Abask,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eheca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Mexican, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Acate</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Peco</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Chetimacha, &c. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +West. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Soraia</span></span> R.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Warab</span></span> Old Arabic, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Varapa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saraya</span></span> +Sanscrit, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Urop</span></span> Pelagic, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hesper</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesper</span></span> +Latin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Urai</span></span> Bugis. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sor</span></span> Aramic. See Setting Sun. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +World. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Queya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ocon</span></span> +R. D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On</span></span> Oriental +Root, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xton</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Queya</span></span> +from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quiscaya</span></span> +whole earth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Which, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hiqui</span></span> Laet.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Qui</span></span> +French, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ilquale</span></span> +Italian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cui</span></span> Sicilian. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Worms. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cusi</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Piojo</span></span> +in Jamaica.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cus</span></span> +Lybian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baco</span></span> Toscan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pioc</span></span> (vermin) +Celtic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yes. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ha</span></span>.—Primitive. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ha</span></span> Lezghi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ya</span></span> +Gothic and Lamut, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Do</span></span> Ostiac, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aham</span></span> +Arabic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Am</span></span> Haikan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> Timani and Bulam +Africa, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uaa</span></span> Jolof, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yaga</span></span> Congo, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ay</span></span> +English, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hea</span></span> African Atlantes,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Haha</span></span> +Apalachi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aa</span></span> Aleutian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Haa</span></span> Otomaco, +Othomi and Cumanchi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ya</span></span> Totonac and +Puris, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May</span></span> Chili, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oyah</span></span> Ozage, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ahi</span></span> Cado, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yasay</span></span> Aruac. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yellow. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hobas</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Majob</span></span> +Lezghi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lobidus</span></span> +Ausonian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bahenda</span></span> Biaju of Borneo, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aubain</span></span> (Oben) Old French, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hoang</span></span> Chinese. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yuca gloriosa. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yuca</span></span> E. same in Mexico, +meaning bright, white. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fragments On The Western Dialects Of +Cuba, Jamaica, And The Lucayas Islands +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +C. Cuba, by Herrera, Diaz, Columbus, +Acosta, Laet, Munoz, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +J. Jamaica, by Columbus, Garcia, Gomara, +&c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +L. Lucayas, by Columbus, Acosta, Oviedo, +&c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Land or Country, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Katos</span></span>, L. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xai</span></span> J. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nacan</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaca</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Island, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caya</span></span>, L <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cayo</span></span>, C <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caic</span></span> J. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Stranger, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guachinango</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +House, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohio</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Remora, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reves</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Partridge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lizas</span></span>, C. by Ocampo. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pheasant, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babiayas</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Parrot, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maxa</span></span> C. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macan</span></span>, J. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Prince, Lord, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guami</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rabbits, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Usias</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hutic</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quinaxes</span></span> C. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hutia</span></span> L. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Opuntia, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuna</span></span> C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cacao, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cacao</span></span> C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Priest, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Behique</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohique</span></span> C. L. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +River, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agua</span></span> C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Corn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maysi</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bread, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zabi</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +God, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yocahuna</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guama-coti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guama-oxocoti</span></span>, +C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Supreme being, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Attabex</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ghost, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dupi</span></span>, J. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Life, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bi</span></span>, C. L. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fountain, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mini</span></span>, C. L. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wood, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maica</span></span>, J. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cedar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauvana</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dog, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Alco</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Alligator, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cayaman</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Poke, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cucato</span></span>, J. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fire-fly, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Locuyos</span></span>, C. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zievas</span></span>, L. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Noble, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mato</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cohobas</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Guayac, Guacum, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Red, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ris</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +White Worm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cusi</span></span>, J. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Palm Worm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Piojo</span></span>, J. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +King. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caxicus</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Within, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiqui</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nacan</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gold, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nucay</span></span>, C. L. Columbus. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yams, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mames</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Grape Vine, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uveros</span></span>, C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fragments On The Eyeri Eastern Dialects +Of Boriquen And The Carib Islands. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +B. Boriquen, by Herrera, Acosta, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +E. Dialect of the Women of Carib, quite +different from Carib, by Rochefort, &c. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Land, Island, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kati</span></span>, E. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ca</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ay</span></span>, B. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +God, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iocana</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guama-nomocon</span></span>, B. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Noble, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ditayno</span></span>, B. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Snake, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boba</span></span>, B. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cloudy, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Furzidi</span></span>, B. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mahogany, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maga</span></span>, B. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Poison Apple, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manzanila</span></span>, B. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cotton Tree, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeyba,</span></span> B. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Violet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quibey</span></span>, B. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bananas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Camois</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Coco, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coquillas</span></span>, B. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Guayac, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guage</span></span>, B. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hog, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saine</span></span>, B. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Boat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Piraguas</span></span>, B. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wood, Tree, Bow, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chimala</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Angel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemin</span></span>, Angels, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemignum</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Spirits, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Opoyem</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Moon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mona</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kati</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Storm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Urogan</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Blood, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Moinalu</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Heaven or above, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ubec</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bread, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maru</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Boat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canoa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pages</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Man, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeri</span></span>, Men, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyerium</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Woman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inaru</span></span>, Women, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inuyum</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Foe, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Akani</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Little, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nianti</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +House, Hut, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuhonoco</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Garden, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chali</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +War, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nihuctu</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mother, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bibi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nucu-churon</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Father, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baba</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nucu-chili</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Grandfather, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narguti</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wife, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Liani</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Son, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rabu</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Daughter, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rahen</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ni</span></span>, N'. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Heart, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic"> Nanichi</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Vassal, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Labuyu</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sea, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balana</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bed, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nekera</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sun, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kachi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cochi</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Money, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agucat</span></span>. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Palm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caico</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Red, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pu</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +People, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibas</span></span>, B. Cabres, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Priest, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boyez</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wanderer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Umckua</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Devil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabuya</span></span>, E. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Vocabulary Of The Cairi Of Trinidad +Island, 1594. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This Dialect of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">aruac</span></span> is the nearest +geographically to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeri</span></span>, and yet very +different; nearer in words to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> of +the Continent. Therefore the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taino</span></span> altho' belonging to the same group, +are distinct Languages, and the two people +had been separated for ages. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dudley collected in 1594, about 55 words +of it, which are in Purchas, yet have been +neglected by all the Philologists. Out of +these 27 are in my <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taino</span></span> List, and offer +16 affinities, equal to 56 per cent. The remainder +27, lack there and cannot be compared; +but afford a kind of supplement to it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +16 Comparable Words Akin In Both. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Man, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guttemock</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Woman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiaru</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Heaven, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huihua</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gold, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calcoari</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Maize, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mauris</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pipe, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bayu</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tibetibe</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Water, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bara</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oronuy</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sun, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hadali</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Moon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Katti</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bread, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Callit</span></span>. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fire, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hicket</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Eyes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cosi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scrath</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Boat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canoa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canosin</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Stone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sibath</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Head, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabbo</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +12 Different Comparable Words. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Copper, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arara</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Metal, Iron, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mointiman</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Emerald, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taarao</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sword, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caspara</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This, My, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Da</span></span>, D. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Parrot, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wahowa</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tree, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mentini</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Potato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Halete</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Batatas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caenuda</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Knife, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yedola</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Basket, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Queca</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tobacco, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hurreit</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +27 Additional Words Not Comparable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hand, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Can</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Feet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cutti</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Knees, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cude</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Toes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boda</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hair, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bairo</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barah</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bow, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Marahabo</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Arrow, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Semaro</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Spoon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Heldaro</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Silver, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Perota</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Forehead, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dessi</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tongue, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dill</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ears, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dudica</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lips, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Desire</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Teeth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arehe</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Monkey, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Howa</span></span>. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Chest, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bodad</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Well, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sakel</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bracelet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Techir</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Scissors, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arkeano</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Comb, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baruda</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mouth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lacoak</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Toletilero</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Stick, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adoth</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Beach, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barenaine</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Flying fish, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohery</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tunny fish, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uassa</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I don't know, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nonguo</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nonquapa</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fragment On The Araguas Of Brazil, 1519. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As early as 1519, Pigafetta collected a +dozen words of the Brazilian Language; +which are quite different from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tupi</span></span>; +but very akin to the Haytian. Altho' he +does not name the tribe he visited, they +must have been <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Araguas</span></span>, who are thus +traced to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> Stock. This great nation +was still further extended; since the +Patagons or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tinguis</span></span>, the Chiquitos or +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taos</span></span>, and perhaps the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charruas</span></span> belonged +to it, as I shall show elsewhere. Meantime +adding some words from Cabot & Vespucci, +we have 17 Araguas words, whereof 14 are +comparable with the Haytian, offering 10 +affinities, which gives 72 per cent of mutual +analogy, much more than with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cairi</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +10 Consimilar Words. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +House, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohio</span></span>, by Cabot. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Corn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maiz</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rattle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hanmaraca</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Boat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canoe</span></span>. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sword, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macana</span></span>, Cabot. +King, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cachic</span></span>, (written <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cacich</span></span>) Italian +Orthography. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Good, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tum</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bed, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hamac</span></span>. +Big-land, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taquino</span></span>, by Vespuci, name of +Brazil. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4 Different Comparable Words. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Knife, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarse</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bananas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pacaras</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pear, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caxus</span></span>, by Cabot. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Meal or Cassave, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hui</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3 Words Not Comparable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hook, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pinda</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Scissors, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pirame</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Comb, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chipag</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +End Of First Volume. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> + <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In 1824, I published my first essay +on American history, a pamphlet on the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ancient History of Kentucky</span></span>, or Central +North America, before 1770. Although +it was a mere rude sketch, it contains +many important historical facts. I was +too little advanced then in philological +studies, to give it their support, and many +of my surmises must be rectified by it. +My late researches have also greatly impaired +the general belief of the Tartarian +origin, and western route of the Mexican +nations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">I published this presumed key in +1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but many +accurate comparisons are yet required to +confirm my surmises, although the Lybian +analogies are evident.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In Hughes' Travels in Sicily, Greece +and Albania in 1813-14, published 1820, +we find this fact about Hesiod's mention of +maize, used by the poor in mush and cakes +by the early Greeks: the modern Greeks +call it <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Arabo-sité</span></span>, Arabic corn, in Italy it +is called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Grano-turco</span></span>, or Turkish-corn: +having reached Greece and Italy through +the Arabs, and not from America. It has +been cultivated in Java, Central Africa, +Soudan, &c. from time immemorial, having +native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin +thinks it was known in Assyria. Polo +found it in Tartary in the 13th century. +Frazer lately saw it almost wild in the +Imalaya mts.: it has never been found +quite wild in America.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Poncho</span></span> is a long strip of cloth, +with a hole in the middle for the head, the +ends hanging before and behind, often fastened +on the sides. It was used by the +ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians +and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite +convenient by the Spanish colonists, and +is very becoming when ornamented.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">E-AD'M, Self-Adam, is the name +given by Moses to the first men, pronounced +since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also +ZXR and N'K'BE or male and female. +The 2d AD'M or Adam was subsequent: +although the commentators have blended +them, as they have the floods, days and +other things. Our bible translation of early +events is besides very erroneous; the Talmudist +or Jewish version with points is not +correct, being in a late dialect: the true +text of Moses which I follow, has no points, +but admits of a sheva or soft breathing +between consonants.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Geological comments are not here +required, my business is with mankind. +Moses calls men beside <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aish</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anush</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">G'bforeign</span></span>, and women +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">N'shim</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Itath</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ashe</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ashth</span></span>; which are perhaps as many names +of early tribes! as well as ALEIM or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span>, XRBIM <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cherubim</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nahash</span></span>, &c. +If these primitive names will offer any analogies +in America, they shall be thoroughly +pointed out hereafter. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hue</span></span> is the real Eve. +See the chapter on the Mosaic Ontology +for many other human beings, or early +tribes. But it may be well to add here the +names of the beings of the 7th and 8th +Yums which we all deem animals, although +there are indications to the contrary. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> The MIM waters produced +SH'R'TZ production—translated reptile! +No soul. N'F'SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, +Fowl, made to come from waters, and their +motion. LOUF'F means both flying and +flirting or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But +ALEIM realized or created the TH'NI +NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having +a soul living NFSH-EHIE, verse 21. This +fine word <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">soul</span></span> has been translated creature. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> The earth produces with soul +BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of life? v. 24. +R'M'SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? +HITHU, Beasts or Hunters. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beme</span></span> +are perhaps Herdsmen! and all these +may be men, over whom Adam was to +reign, giving them names. Else all these +animals had real souls like men! The +fishes or fishermen D'G'TH only appear +in v. 26. at subjects of Adam. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the +animals in 3 classes, which represent also +men! and were personified. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. SH'R'TZ, Production—Moses. +LUITH'N of Job. The Leviathan of +Poets. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. N'F'SH, Animated—Moses. OZN or +Hozan of Poets. +Moses has 2 kinds of these: THNINIM +Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong +winged, as he had 2 of the last. SH'R'TZ, +aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beme</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rmsh</span></span>, which are the BEMUTH of Job, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Behemoth</span></span> of Poets. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The +Cherubim were deemed Angels, +but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a lion, +ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing +those names, or the 4 primitive castes +of mankind, the oxen referring to the laboring +caste, the lion to the militant caste.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See his learned work, translation and +paraphrase of the first chapters of Genesis: +wherein the best account of the creation, +antidiluvian history and flood has been +given.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lanca</span></span> was according to the Hindus +a big land under the equator, including +perhaps the Decan or south of India, then +separated by a sea from the Imalaya mountains, +now yet a vast level plain; and united +to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this +land of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lanca</span></span> that many traditions place +Adam, with several early events. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sunda</span></span> land was very different, a +large peninsula south of Asia including +Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps +an island, if Malaca was separated from +Siam by a strait.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The monumental archeology and history +of America, is not the least curious. +Humboldt opened the way; but did little: +the facts since collected in Central and +North America, will astonish all the reflecting +minds, and lead us to times of great +civilization and prosperity. In the single +small state of Kentucky, have already been +found the sites of 200 ancient towns in +ruins, or having monuments. If as many +exist in all the neighbourhood, there must +have been 2000 towns in North America, +west and south of the Apalachian mountains. +Many earthy remains are gradually +disappearing under the plough, and will be +obliterated ere long.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> my account of +monumental sites, published in 1824.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Tao is one of the earliest religions +of China. It is the personification +and worship of the powers of nature, the +earth, air, winds, thunder, sea, mountains, +lakes, trees &c. The spiritual worship of +their souls is the purest part of it, while the +blind material worship of the objects themselves +is the degradation of it, as in Egypt +and Guinea.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See my Memoir on the Domestic +Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832, Atlantic +Journal, where the names of all are +given. But I have collected a few more +since.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href="#noteref_13">13.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">By admixture with American women, +the Spaniards formed a mixed race in +Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &c.; +called Cholas, Mestizos &c.; which partook +of the qualities and vices of both +races; few great men have been produced +by them; although we know of some +exceptions. Lavega one of the best American +historians was son of a Peruvian +princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the +Spaniards having no women, took Guarani +concubines, and all their offsprings were of +mixt breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos +of Brazil born from Portuguese and Tupi +women. These instances, and the production +of mulatoes subsequently, teach us +how some former nations were born in +America.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href="#noteref_14">14.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches, +the Abipons and Talahets of the +vast plains of N. and S. America; are already +become wandering horsemen like +Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many +tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy, +rum and whiskey, liquors of hell, ... make +the savage foes furious and reckless: they +have killed as many as guns have. The +small pox is another scourge sent to America +from Europe, the Cholera may be +another. The Syphilis wrongly ascribed +to America, has been traced to the ancient +continent also: although it was returned +from hence again, like maize.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href="#noteref_15">15.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The precious commodities of America +are numberless. If the Europeans had +traded there for them, as they now do in +China, Persia, Arabia and Africa, how +different would have been the fate of America? +Iron would have purchased gold +and pearls, with every thing else: there +was no need to use the steel swords, nor +thundering guns. Coffee and rice are not +American productions, but lately introduced +from Arabia and India. The origin +of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it +was found wild in South America, as +orange trees were in Florida.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href="#noteref_16">16.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The physical changes undergone in +America within late historical recollections +are very numerous, and ought to be collected +into one connected body by historians +or geologists.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href="#noteref_17">17.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These +two figures of speech, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Personification</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Animalization</span></span>, are two of the +keys of ancient history. By the first is not +meant alone the personification of the passions +or divine attributes; but likewise the +individuality of men, tribes and nations +pervading primitive history, by the frequent +substitution of the singular for the plural, +as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, +and the Americans. It is thus that the +ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros, Gods +&c. are often meant for their followers; +the head for the whole set or social body. +This practice has survived to our days, +and we mean all the English when we speak +of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John Bull</span></span>, the Russians by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Northern +Bear</span></span> (a kind of animalization), all +the Turks by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the Grand Turk</span></span> &c. The +reverse mode of speech or the employment +of the plural for the singular, is less frequent: +but used when we substitute in our +modern languages, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">We</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">You</span></span> instead of +I or Thee. It was less common anciently, +yet it appears Moses employed it when he +called God, ALEIM our <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the +Angels</span></span>, and polytheism was the consequence +of similar mistakes or substitutions; +but in his account of the patriarchs, he has +used the individuality of tribes. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Animalization</span></span> pervades the whole of the +fabulous periods of history. It is to this +mode of speech that we owe the fables of +Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are +made to speak. Whenever we meet in +history or fables, animals acting like men +and conversing, they are surely men, and +often tribes individualized by an animal +appellation: such as might be emblematic +or patronymic, adopted honorable names, +as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames +given in derision by foes, such as snake, +dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had their +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cherubim</span></span>, who were beings like a man, a +lion, ox, and eagle; who drove the Adamites +from Eden. This name is preserved +by the Turks in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cherabi</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chelabi</span></span>, which +means <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lords</span></span> in the old Turkish language +of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">El-abi</span></span>, now Arabians, +which meant <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Angel-fathers</span></span>, +or our forefathers the angelic men. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elapi</span></span> means +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the most manly</span></span> in Linapi! +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href="#noteref_18">18.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The word +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olum</span></span> is remarkable, because +it is analogous to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Olen</span></span>, the +legislator and teacher of Runes of the +Celts. The writings of the Druids and +Irish were called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ocol</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Callan</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ogham</span></span>, +the Irish <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Olam</span></span> were recorders and teachers. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olum</span></span> does not properly mean a writing, +since <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Leki</span></span> is book, paper or letter in +Linapi; but it implies <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a record</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a notched +stick</span></span>, an engraved piece of wood or bark. +It comes from <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ol</span></span> hollow or graved record. +Hekewelder says that <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oluma-pisid</span></span> was in +the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on +the river Susquehanna, who kept the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olum</span></span> +or records of the nation. It is probable +these were part of them.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href="#noteref_19">19.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">These actual +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olum</span></span> were at first obtained +in 1820, as a reward for a medical +cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable. +In 1822 were obtained from another +individual the songs annexed thereto +in the original language; but no one could +be found by me able to translate them. I +had therefore to learn the language since, +by the help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and +a manuscript dictionary, on purpose to +translate them, which I only accomplished +in 1833. The contents were totally unknown +to me in 1824, when I published my +Annals of Kentucky; which were based on +the traditions of Hekewelder, and those +collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis, +Ottawas, &c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href="#noteref_20">20.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This account of the creation is strikingly +similar to the mosaic and oriental +accounts; although it does not speak of +days or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yums</span></span>. +The word for angels <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Angelatawiwak</span></span>, +is not borrowed, but real +Linapi, put in the plural: thus the same +as the Greek <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style="font-style: italic">Angelos</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href="#noteref_21">21.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jin-wis</span></span> is the +AISH or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Adam</span></span> of all +the Linapi tribes. W'IS is identic with +ISH, W' being the article <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">he</span></span>, WI added +to words is common, meaning but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">he</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">she</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">they</span></span>, the plural <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">wak</span></span> +means <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">many</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href="#noteref_22">22.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owini</span></span> +may be analyzed O-WI-NI, +meaning <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">such-they-men</span></em> or beings. O is +the common article for pronouns <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">On</span></span> +and <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">Ce</span></span> +of the French, in English <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">such</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">it</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">this</span></em>, +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">these</span></em>, +preserved in many Linapi dialects, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ni</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ini</span></span> mean both +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">me</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">I</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">my</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">men</span></em>. It must +be noticed that many words of these two +ancient songs are often obsolete now in +some modern dialects; but preserved in +others. This with the peculiar ancient +style, and the many words suppressed in +the narrative, and the constant compound +words, have rendered this translation a +difficult task.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href="#noteref_23">23.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Here +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owini</span></span> become +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ni-jini</span></span>, evidently +the Jins of China and Iran; Jains +of India.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href="#noteref_24">24.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wakon</span></span> +is the god of all the Missouri +tribes, and many Asiatic nations. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akon</span></span> +of Syria.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href="#noteref_25">25.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tula</span></span> is +the ancient seat of the Toltecas +and Mexican nations in Asia: the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tulan</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Turan</span></span> +or Central Tartary. In +Linapi the meaning is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Turtle</span></em> or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Tortoise</span></em>, +names derived from <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style="font-style: italic">Thor</span></span> turtle in Hebrew. +But all derive from strong and tall. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tul-ap-in</span></span> +is the real tortoise of Linapi meaning +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">strong-manly-thing</span></em>: the water soft turtle +is called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Unami</span></span>. The Chinese, Hindus +&c. point also to a turtle as the THBE +refuge of the flood. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nana</span></span> appears Noah; +his title of Hare must allude to his long +ears? All the Linapi tribes have tales and +songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate +as a god; but his symbol is a turtle body +with a large head and nose, and a crest of +feathers or hair on the head.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href="#noteref_26">26.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The symbol is a kind of Hercules, +with a club and arrow; his name appears +to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaning +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the most he</span></em>. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elu</span></span> the root is probably akin +to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aleim</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span> +of Moses, and +<span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style="font-style: italic">Elai</span></span> meaning strong in Hebrew: also to +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Her-cules</span></span> of the Latins, +<span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style="font-style: italic">Hera-cleen</span></span> of the +Greek, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Her</span></span> prefixed meaning Lord.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href="#noteref_27">27.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Here +the people begin to be called +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">O-lini</span></span>, this was probably their old name +when coming to America. The tribes that +used R for L must have said <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">O-rini</span></span>, those +who have neither, as the Niniwas and +Ottawas, say <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">O-nini</span></span>. This will afford +matter for many philological enquiries and +comparisons.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href="#noteref_28">28.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">W'oken-api</span></span> +properly mean <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the fathers +manly</span></em>. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shinaki</span></span> the first seat in +America must have been near Alaska, and +the big <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shinaki</span></span>, the N. W. coast.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href="#noteref_29">29.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless +kings were successive or contemporary +during the civil strifes. But the first is most +probable. If otherwise, this lessens the +generations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href="#noteref_30">30.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This +southern land of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akolaking</span></span>, +and the subsequent <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Minihaking</span></span>, cannot +be identified; but were west of Oregon +mountains, probably the Oregon country.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href="#noteref_31">31.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">As early as 72 generations before +1600 or about 800 years before our era, we +find a recorder of old events, by means of +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olum</span></span>. Compare +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olen</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olam</span></span> +of Celts.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href="#noteref_32">32.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Here this people leave at last the +Sea shores, and strike to the east over the +mountains. In <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oligon</span></span>, we have the etymology +of Oregon.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href="#noteref_33">33.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wisawana</span></span> is either the Missouri or +Yellowstone.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href="#noteref_34">34.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamenend</span></span> is famous in the +songs of the Linapis, and many kings took +that title afterwards. He is also the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amik-wi</span></span> +or great beaver of the Miamis and +Ottawas.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href="#noteref_35">35.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wingenund must have been another +legislator, and high-priest. His festivals +are called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gentiko</span></span>, and known to many +nations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href="#noteref_36">36.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskan-Sini</span></span>, must be the Sioux and +Assinis, called stony or hard people throughout +North America. The subsequent foes +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akowini</span></span> appear to +be the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kowetas</span></span>, the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowanuski</span></span> are +the Esquimaux, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowakon</span></span> +are the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus +this was a period of invasions by many nations, +which compelled the Linapis to go +further east.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href="#noteref_37">37.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The +Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so +says Hekewelder: where began the wars +with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegas</span></span>, the northern Toltecas +or Atlantes, towards 48 generations before +1600, near the beginning of our era, which +continued for 4 generations or over 130 +years, till about 150 after Christ. The +allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois +then united, since called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Delamatan</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lamatan</span></span>. The traditions of Hekewelder +and Cusick both agree here in fact +and time. That of Hekewelder is most +ample, taken from other songs; but these +supply names omitted by both. I rather +think the Nemosipi must have been the +Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi +is called afterwards Masispek, and the +monuments of the Talegas are found west +of it at St. Louis &c. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In my ancient history of Kentucky, having +only for guide Hekewelder and some +other traditions, I placed the conquest of +the Talegas about 500 of our era; but +these annals are more correct and remove +further this event. The computation of +Cusick annals of Ongwis place this great +event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 +years before our era. I knew neither Cusick +nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href="#noteref_38">38.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Here +we find another recorder of +events who probably wrote the former wars +with the Talegas.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href="#noteref_39">39.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Linapi tribes begin to disperse +now, about 600 years of our era.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href="#noteref_40">40.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This prophet, pontiff and king, went +probably to visit many tribes, and became +their legislator.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href="#noteref_41">41.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">These new wars were again with +the Missouri tribes, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowako</span></span> is a new invading +tribe from the north.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href="#noteref_42">42.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The passage of the Alleghanies was +towards 800 of our era: the atlantic states +appear to have had no inhabitants, or but +few. Hekewelder confirms these facts.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href="#noteref_43">43.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hekewelder +has given no etymology +of this river, the name means either branching +or roaring stream, perhaps both. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Winaki</span></span> +was the name of east Pennsylvania.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href="#noteref_44">44.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By this account the Mohigans only +separated towards 970 from the main body. +This may be inaccurate, as the north-east +tribes appear older by their traditions. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +By the account given by the missionary +Beatty in 1766, this event would be still +later: he states that after separating from +the western tribes and long wanderings, the +Lenaps (Linapis) settled on the river Delaware +370 years before 1766, or in 1396; +which was preserved in a mosaic belt.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See +Moulton's Hist. of New-York, Vol I.</span></span></p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href="#noteref_45">45.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is the second Tamenend who +united all the tribes 1010. This famous +name is spelt very variously <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamanend</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamany</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamini</span></span> +&c. all meaning beavering +or acting like a beaver. There are +many songs and traditions on them.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href="#noteref_46">46.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Here +is the first mention of white +men towards 1170 by the computation of +generations: whether they were Eric or +Madoc, or both, will be enquired hereafter. +The Tuscororas of North Carolina were +visited at the same time by Cusick tradition, +the Mohigans had also their <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wach-queow</span></span>. +Hekewelder has omitted this +tradition like many others. But Holm in +his description of New Sweden positively +gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe +Renapis, of a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">white woman</span></em> who came to +America, married an American, had a son, +who went to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or +preachers) who came afterwards with long +beards, and also went to heaven. This +relates to the bishop Eric who went to +convert the Americans between 1120 and +1160, rather than Madoc or a warlike band.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href="#noteref_47">47.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The +Miamis or M'amiwis were descendants +of the first beaver tribe, separated +long before.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href="#noteref_48">48.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This +verse is double, or has 2 symbols +with 6 words, appearing to be two +different readings united, or two modes of +expressing the same thing, the separation +of the real Linapis into three tribes.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href="#noteref_49">49.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This may allude to the subjection of +the Linapis, by the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mahongwis</span></span> (Mengwi +or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the +division of the tribes. The name of failer +is certainly an epithet or nickname given: +most of the names of kings appear of the +same kind or titles. We know they changed +names when becoming kings or after great +deeds.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href="#noteref_50">50.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Otali</span></span> +is the real name of the Cheroki +mountaineers, so says Adair: this recalls +the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be +a fragment. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasioto</span></span> are the Cumberland +mountains, meaning the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">South +Sioto</span></span>. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Siotos</span></span> were a Missouri tribe +that advanced as far as the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sioto</span></span> river in +Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled +by the Ottawas; probably akin to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Otos</span></span> +of Missouri. They bear the snake sign in +the symbol.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href="#noteref_51">51.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The symbolic glyph for this event is +nearly the same as for the arrival of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapsi</span></span> +or Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail, +and cross over it. Every nation is denoted +by a peculiar sign on the head in these annals. +1. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jinwis</span></span> and his wife by an aureole, +2. the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ako</span></span> or snakes by a forked tongue +or 2 horns, 3. the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jins</span></span> by a crown of rays, +4. the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owinis</span></span> by a feather, 5. the kings by +3 feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux +by a T, 7. the Talamatans by the +same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar +pointing to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a +hook, 10. the Europeans by a cross. This +evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan, +like the Mexican; but the symbols are very +seldom similar.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href="#noteref_52">52.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mattanikum</span></span> +appears to be both the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tinikum</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mattahorn</span></span> of the Swedes +and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word, +but Swedish, so as to translate half the +name. He was king in 1645.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href="#noteref_53">53.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Holm +says the Renapis called the +Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect Linapi +would be <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akoli</span></span>, +meaning <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ugly</span></em> or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">snake-looking</span></em>; +the prefix <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Win</span></span>, means either <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the +beings</span></em> or snow, or may refer to Winaki.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href="#noteref_54">54.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The assertion that no land was ever +sold to the colonists is singular. They +thought to buy land with trifling presents; +but the natives understood all the while the +permission to dwell with them.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href="#noteref_55">55.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This +is a third Tamanend, the great +king of the whole nation dwelling at the +forks of the Delaware, which appears in +Penn's treaties, and came in great pomp in +1697. The other chiefs mentioned in deeds, +were only his vassals: he is also called +Taminy; but is very different from <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tatami</span></span> +who was king till 1748 at Welakamika or +Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish +settler. Hekewelder mentions him; but +has many blunders on Tamanend, having +mixt the three into one.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href="#noteref_56">56.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Netawatwis was king in the west +from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or Coquetha-gekton +(Heck.) was regent of his grandson +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Unamiwi</span></span> till 1780, after him Gelelelund +was regent till 1782 when the boy <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Unamiwi</span></span> +was killed by the Bigknives.—(Heck.) this +was the cause of the wars till 1795.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href="#noteref_57">57.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">General Wayne was compared to +their old foes, and called Black Snake, because +he beat the allied nations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href="#noteref_58">58.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">These are the chiefs of the two united +tribes, that appear in the last treaty with +the United States.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href="#noteref_59">59.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The United States here are called +snakes like the oldest foes of mankind. +The insiduous manner in which the English +settled North America, and wronged the +natives, has procured them that appellation. +The French and Canadians are never called +snakes. The former names of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankwis</span></span> +has only been preserved as our Yankees. +The belief of their being <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gishakis</span></span> or children +of the sun-land, at the sun-rise, has +long been exploded here as in South America. +The Spanish cruelties did since procure +to the Castillians the names of devils, +assassins, snakes of the sea &c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href="#noteref_60">60.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Many other notions on the primitive +nations, may be collected from the mythologies +of the various Linapi tribes. Their +true devils are similar to vampyres.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href="#noteref_61">61.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wakon is the god and ancestor of +all the Washashas or Ozage tribes, Arkanzas, +Sioux &c. belonging to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Capaha</span></span> or +Missouri group of nations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href="#noteref_62">62.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The account of these strangers in +Hayti is very slender and confused, some +writers deem them the ancestors of all the +Caribs; yet they acknowledge Caonabo +as a late comer. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayo-banex</span></span> name of +their last king means Maya-head in the +Maya language. They must have been an +ancient colony or remain of the Mayas, +since they had already three dialects. All +strangers were called Caribs at last by the +Haytians, whence the blunder.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href="#noteref_63">63.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Traces +of 44 distinct nations or tribes +are found in the ancient history of the +Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors +of all the American nations of eastern +origin by the Atlantic ocean.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href="#noteref_64">64.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">These titles of the Supreme God might +furnish many pages of compared analogies. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mamona</span></span> is identic +with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mammon</span></span> of +Africa and Asia. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Liella</span></span> has analogies +with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of +the east. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atabeira</span></span> is +identic with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atabyrius</span></span> +the Jove of the Phrygians and +Pelasgians: The meaning <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Unic-being</span></em> has +analogies in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ata-beira</span></span> all over the world. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ata</span></span> is one or first in many languages. +Compare <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atmon</span></span> of Egypt, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baracata</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Paraxacta</span></span> the nature +or mother of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Brama</span></span> +of the Hindus. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mamona</span></span> +with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vimana</span></span> +eternal god of the Jains, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manitos</span></span> +of North America. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Até</span></span> was god in Thracian, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ata</span></span> in Brazil, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Etua</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Heyta</span></span> in +Polynesia. The names of God in the +Cantabrian and Oscan dialects is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ian</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ion</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jauna</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jain</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Janieva</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Janugoieva</span></span> +&c. similar to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jemao</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jocana</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiauna</span></span> +of Hayti.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href="#noteref_65">65.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-ma-o-con</span></span> +was such-great-of-world, +in the early monosyllabic language +of the Antilles. Compare with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Con-el</span></span>, and +the gods of the Atlantes, Guanches &c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href="#noteref_66">66.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compare the following words for winds +with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-banzex</span></span>. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vayajam</span></span> Sanscrit.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Band</span></span> old Arabic.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Watem</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vato</span></span> Zend.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bangin</span></span> Bali.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bentus</span></span> old Latin.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ventus</span></span> Latin.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Andas</span></span> Etruscan.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Abka</span></span> Abask.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sabam</span></span> Ceylon. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href="#noteref_67">67.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jaia</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khaya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cayo</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hay</span></span> in +the dialects and it is pure Greek and Egyptian. +Compare <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ai</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eia</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ia</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gaya</span></span>, +in the Pelasgic dialects, since become <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aya</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yaia</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gea</span></span> in Greek. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kahi</span></span> Egyptian.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akhé</span></span> Zend.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kay</span></span> Deri of Iran.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Iya</span></span> Sanscrit.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ca</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aion</span></span> Phenician.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ay</span></span> Lybian.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aya</span></span> old Irish.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ayate</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gays</span></span> Ausonian and Oscan. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In America numerous analogies are found, +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aya</span></span> Betoy, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> in Lulé, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Catun</span></span> Tzuluki, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Acuti</span></span> Moxos &c. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href="#noteref_68">68.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">EL for son was primitive Haytian +and synonymous with tribe, children, family, +divine or son of God as in Asia. In the +dialects <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rabu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rahen</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Muru &c.</span></span> meant +Son. Compare <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ili</span></span> tribe in Persian, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zitl</span></span> +man in Circassian, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Leh</span></span> Osset, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lez</span></span> Lezghi. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lele</span></span> in Pelasgian, UL in +Turan, now <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oglu</span></span> +in Turk—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olgos</span></span> Eolian, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vulgus</span></span> Latin, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chuli</span></span> in Carthulan, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oleos</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Laos</span></span> in Greek, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eleuth</span></span> in Mongol, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chula</span></span> old Spanish, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Alu</span></span> +Copt, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bail</span></span> Etruscan, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cobayl</span></span> Berber, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Haial</span></span> +in D. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shiluh</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ulu</span></span> +Afgan, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eli</span></span> Hungarian, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Filius</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">fam-ilia</span></span> +Latin &c. Even our +words <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Fellow</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Child</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Folks</span></em> derive +from this ancient source, the oriental EL, +IL, OL.—In America we find it in the +OL-mecas, Chols &c.—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olo</span></span> in Vilela, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yoale</span></span> Abipon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eles</span></span> +Mexican &c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href="#noteref_69">69.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cols</span></span> +are perhaps the Chols, Olmecas, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Colas</span></span> of Florida, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Collas</span></span> of Peru &c. +The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caras</span></span> may be the ancient Caribs, or +the Guaranis, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caras</span></span> of +Peru, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coras</span></span> +of Mexico &c.; compare with the ancient +Carians and many other primitive +nations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href="#noteref_70">70.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Although we do not meet in Hayti +the Greek name of Atlantis, we have so +many allusions to the devils <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Taras</span></span>, and +Amazons <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amayuna</span></span>, that we can connect +these traditions with the Greek accounts. +The ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians +were foes and vassals of the Atlantes; +but allies of the Amazons.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href="#noteref_71">71.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compare +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazic</span></span> with the following +names for king: +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oriental Names.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ach</span></span> Egypt and Etruscan.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vasil</span></span> of Greeks.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kasek</span></span> in Sitka.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazi</span></span> in Iran.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheik</span></span> in Arabic.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zic</span></span> Iberians and Sicules.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Acalic</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Agazi</span></span> Berber.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bazilik</span></span> Pelagian.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cahin</span></span> Lybian.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hazil</span></span> Carian.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cay</span></span> Zend.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Iza</span></span> Tigreh.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazil</span></span> Mindanao island.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazis</span></span> Socotora island.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Izcan</span></span> of Haikans.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Izca</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kan</span></span> of Turans.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Casis</span></span> of Syrians. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Names.</span></span><br /> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Acachi</span></span> of Totonacas.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wachil</span></span> of Nachez.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zac</span></span> of Muyzcas.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cathi</span></span> of Pinindas.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ahatic</span></span> of Huaztecas.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Inca</span></span> of Peruvians.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chiaca</span></span> of Coras.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuchi</span></span> of Puncays.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kiuska</span></span> of Tzulukis. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href="#noteref_72">72.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compare +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba</span></span> with the following +names for stone: +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiban</span></span> in Berber.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Uben</span></span> in Hebrew.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aben</span></span> in Syriac.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Keibe</span></span> Celtic.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Siwa</span></span> Nukahiva island.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ripa</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rupes</span></span> in Latin.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitaba</span></span> Pelasgian.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bahiba</span></span> old Arabic.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Iba</span></span> Samoyed.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Batu</span></span> Malay. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is in America, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Siba</span></span> in +Cahiri, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tabu</span></span> +in Yaoy; <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Saba</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tebu</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tobu</span></span> in Galibi dialects, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tushub</span></span> in Huasteca, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tepe</span></span> in Mexican, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tzacapu</span></span> in Talasca &c. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href="#noteref_73">73.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Although Matinino was one of the +names of Martinico, it may have been given +afterwards, and there may have been another +land of that name, perhaps the Atlantis +or Trinidad. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Garcia gives <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Matalino</span></span> as a synonym, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma</span></span> means great, and thus it would be the +great <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Talino</span></span>, the real great +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atalantis</span></span>. +The conjecture is plausible; but the name +was afterwards transferred to South America. +If the real African Atlantis is meant, +the event must be before the last flood. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href="#noteref_74">74.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This metal Guanin is the Orichalc +of the ancient Greeks; which has so much +puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed +Platina, which would have been infusible. +It was the production of Atlantis!</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href="#noteref_75">75.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">But +Garcia gives a different version +of this fable, he says that the men being in +want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?) +to catch wives, who were like ants +on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some +being caught became the wives of the +Guaninis. Ants were called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comekhon</span></span> +in Haytian, and thus we have another tribe +akin to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comaguas</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comayaguas &c.</span></span> +who were previous settlers of Hayti, and +descendants of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kon</span></span>! +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khons</span></span> of Lybia? +But it is strange that we find here the +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Myrmidons</span></span> of Grecian fable! and many +affinities in the name of that tribe of ants. +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mur-mekon</span></span> in Pelagian +and Greek, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Umekon</span></span> +in Thracian, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Formica</span></span> +in Latin, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camot</span></span> +in Bali, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mohur</span></span> in Iran &c., while in America +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comagen</span></span> of Uraba, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camaxen</span></span> of the +Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps +to the ancient people of Ants; the +Pismires of Gothic tribes; a people of +dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and +Troglodytes! thus traced also to America.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href="#noteref_76">76.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compare with +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anaboria</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Naboritas</span></span> +(working men) the following names +for vassals and laborers—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Naboriti</span></span> in +Coyba, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Labuyu</span></span> of Caribs, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anaconas</span></span> of +Peru and Muyzcas, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Naboria</span></span> of Mayas +&c.—and in the east. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tabara</span></span> in Turan.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Burutis</span></span> in Ausonian.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aborian</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Abeirgon</span></span> Pelagic.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boor</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bura</span></span> Frisic.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ambactos</span></span> in Gaul.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manahunis</span></span> in Tahiti.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nerba</span></span> Hindostani.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bendar</span></span> Pehlvi.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Abondas</span></span> Saxon.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Canabas</span></span>, Knave Gothic.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nebara</span></span> Nepal.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Parias</span></span> India. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href="#noteref_77">77.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">It +is remarkable that the primitive +notions of the Haytians about ghosts &c. +prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles. +The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Obiah</span></span> or +sortilege, and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dupin</span></span> +ghosts, of Jamaica &c., appear to have +survived. If introduced lately by the African +Negroes, it is strange they should be +similar to the Haytian names of old.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href="#noteref_78">78.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The two brothers became gods of +good and evil, as their names indicate—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-tauva</span></span> +implies <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">such goodness</span></em>: while +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pregonero</span></span> is the devil of Cumana, under +the names of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Proruru</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Proguro</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href="#noteref_79">79.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These priests drest in white as in +Central America, and the Druids; are +primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and +Pelagic Bramins. Their name is found in +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hubantes</span></span> in Pelagic.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Faybo</span></span> of the Guanches.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vates</span></span> Ausonian and Gaul.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aobu</span></span> in Aramic.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Behotus</span></span> Dorian.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bedo</span></span> old French.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Phonto</span></span> in Egypt.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Purohito</span></span> in Sanscrit.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Budan</span></span> in Pelvi.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Budha</span></span> of Budhists.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baharas</span></span> Nepal.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Heotes</span></span> Sicanian &c. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href="#noteref_80">80.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Caribs went nearly naked; when +the Spaniards came with clothes and guns +the prophecy was explained. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cochio</span></span> for +dress and mantle has affinities with many +ancient languages, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gonachen</span></span> in Iran, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ahico</span></span> of Guanches, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Poncho</span></span> of Peru and +Chili, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cachaca</span></span> of Gauls, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cochaya</span></span> of Slavonians, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cota</span></span> in Celtic &c.: whence our +coat.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href="#noteref_81">81.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is the most plausible account +of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a Maya +and not a Carib: his name is not Carib, +but Haytian, meaning <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">gold of the house</span></em>. +Anacaona would hardly have married a +Carib? I have attempted to put probable +dates to these retrospective events, loosely +mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish +writers.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href="#noteref_82">82.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The intercourse between Cuba, Florida +and the Lucayas was frequent. Dangleria +says the Lucayas were a happy +people, with beautiful women, for whose +sake many Cubans and Floridans came to +live there.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href="#noteref_83">83.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It will be proper to recapitulate here +the ancient nations and tribes of the Antilles, +mentioned in these traditions and +annals; adding to each some well-known +modern nations of the continent, bearing +nearly the same name, and most probably +descended from them: unless it is preferred +to consider them as ancestors rather than +posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime +we acquire thereby a new clue to +American annals and ethnology: since +nearly all the nations of America may be +connected with those by other links of +languages, traditions &c. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemis</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemes</span></span>, Compare Zemis and +Zemayos of Chaco and Chimus of Peru. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuyras</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Taras</span></span>, Compare Tarascas +and Tarahumara of Mexico, Taricas and +Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guabanz</span></span>, Compare Abays and Abipons +of Chaco? +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khayas</span></span>, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas +of Peru. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Higueras</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hibueras</span></span>, Compare Guaranis, +they called man <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibi</span></span>, the Borias &c. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boinis</span></span>, Bohanes of Charcas, and +names of priests in South America. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +7. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Marohus</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Marocas</span></span>, Muras of Brazil, +Aymaras of Peru, Maronios of Charcas. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +8. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Corocores</span></span>, Coretus of Brazil, Coras +of Peru, Coros of Cumana, Coras of Mexico. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +9. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coles</span></span>, probably same as Cores, Colas +of Florida, Collas of Peru, Chols of Central +America, Cholas of South America. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +10. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caracara</span></span> again same, Caras, Caris, +Carios of Guaranis and Peru, perhaps also +Caribs? +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +11. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manicos</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manacos</span></span>, the great +Nacos—Manicas or Manoas, Maynas of +Peru, Nacos of Comayagua. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +12. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Icotas</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hicoteas</span></span>, Cotos Carib +tribes. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +13. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cautas</span></span> appear same as +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">I-cota</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">I</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hi</span></span> are articles, Cotos and Cotas tribes +of Cumana and Oronoc. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +14. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caanau</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caonas</span></span>, Cagnas, Canaris +of Peru. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +15. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giagau</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Xaguas</span></span>, Changas of Peru, +Achaguas of Guyana. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +16. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amayunas</span></span>, Mayoriexes of Hayti, +Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of Chaco. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +17. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machocha</span></span>, Machicuis of Charcas, +Chunchos of Peru. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +18. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibas</span></span>, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois +of Guyana. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +19. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khoboses</span></span>, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas +of Darien, Mocobis of Chaco. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +20. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gionas</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aunas</span></span>, Yana-conas of +Peru. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +21. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kadrus</span></span>, Aruacs of Guyana. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +22. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giahubas</span></span>, Yaoys, Shiahubas and +Yahus of Guyana. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +23. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaninis</span></span>, Guanas all over South +America. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +24. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tonas</span></span>, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas +of Popayan, Tun of Chili. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +25. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anacac</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manati</span></span>, Tamanacus of +Guyana. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +26. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boras</span></span>, Anaborias of S. America. +Boroas of Chili. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +27. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comos</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comis</span></span> +or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Come-Khon</span></span>, Comayaguas +of Honduras, Comagre of Darien, +Aculma of Mexico. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +28. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Goeiz</span></span>, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of +Oronoc. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +29. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aumatex</span></span>, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, +Amatalas of Moxos. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +30. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guatauvas</span></span>, Guatayos or Aruac +tribes. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +31. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Moretes</span></span>, Muretes of Moxos? Muras +of Brazil. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +32. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caribas</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Canibas</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Canimas</span></span>, The +Calibis or Caribs. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +33. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Timanis</span></span>, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs +and Tamecas of Oronoc. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +34. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Labouyous</span></span>, Abuyas and Abayes +synonym of Mbayas. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +35. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cahiris</span></span> Caris of South America. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +36. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeris</span></span>, Yaros of Parana. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +37. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Toas</span></span>, Taos of Tucuman, and of New +Mexico. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +38. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oumekwas</span></span>, Omaguas, Humayons of +Chaco &c. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +39. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabuyas</span></span>, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of +North and South America. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +40. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cofachis,</span></span> Cofachis or Cowetas of +North America? +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +41. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Apalachis</span></span>, Apalaches, Yamasis of +North America. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +42. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayoriex</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziguayos</span></span>, Mayas, +Guayos of Chaco. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +43. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cons</span></span>, Chons and Yana-Conas of +Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos and Conamas +of South America. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +44. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Els</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ili</span></span> +(children), Eles and Ols +of Mexico, Yoales or Vilelas and Lules or +Pelé of Chaco. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thus, how gratuitous was the common +opinion that only one nation filled the Antilles. +Meantime we find nowhere in these +annals that name of Antilia, which in their +language would have been <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anti-ili</span></span> sons of +Antes, or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ana-ti-ili</span></span> flower-high-children. +It may be a Lybian name like Atlantes, both +referring to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Antis</span></span> or Anteus, the early +inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru. +</p></dd></dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN NATIONS, VOL. 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